Dictionary Of Phrase And Fable

eye
Rania
eae

ed
=i

aoee
ere

teas Li
Cae

FS ae:
Ses

Sansa,
Sis

Library of Concordia

Collegiate Institute
Bronxville, New York

In Memory Of

>I Sa

Adolph F. Konther, M.D.
Pres ented by
Ae Margaret Konther
of
Ste Peter's Ev. Luth.
Church, Hale Ave.
Brooklyn, N.Ye

ALTEMUS’ EDITION

DICTIONARY

PHRASE AND FABLE

GIVING THE

Derivation, Source, or Origin of Common Phrases, Allusions,
and Words that have a Tale to Tell

BY THE REV.

Pee CORHAM,.. BREWER, LE.D.

NEW EDITION
REVISED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED

TO WHICH IS ADDED

. A CONCISE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE

PHILADELPHIA
Henry Attemus Company

¢

VOVTVAA 25 AX MR a

YAANOITIIG

oe
: 4O “
: 7s,

ME oo, d he
Alan ay“ Fem
se SOF wt 4 1
* See id yan
ae ft: a Nae ¥
tte Gamei\ “homeo Ao aig ty oa
Mt shiv > suEh An tod |

~

V9 3HT va
vi d,1
G1 Aaa

AOVAGA, WARK,
GAYKAIAe GAA ATOMAROT

DICTIONARY

,
'
OF
if .
i ’
Wea Mae i Lie Mik 6 4 +B
6 wetiec! ones od fiftion .. a \ % fad i waty q Fah
Se + ’
‘ ow Wee oe Ide oct 7
Nisrteecul? Paacy Ace LOR Poe rate tou Aitus

atten gears od eit
Reaaebes id Teqink pulology. Mere cicthine'fo Cer omy gag sitny,
bens Dichavisee bats heer jobviehed di Vas Cotedy the in any pte g
pore by of Br« acheiaes 2 Creoet, Daitala gpeernanghe> aE.

feve Pwic rudcter (20. aca 2 Kotiphaes of ne ai.

, OS

Mn ove ; tie ; ‘ey Sty OER aes wpm ia

Thr;
v

VAAVOTT DIG

%

FO

hers

+

\

a.

¢
c

{J

r
*
¥

ee.

PREFACE
To THE NEW AND ENLARGED EDITION
OF

‘PHRASE AND FABLE,’ 1894.

It is now about a quarter of a century since the first Edition of ‘‘ Phrase and
Fable’’ was published, and the continuous sale of the book is a proof that it
supplies a want very largely felt.

In the interval much new information has been unearthed on the subjects
reated of in the Dictionary, many errors of philology have been exposed, and
an exactitude has been reached which was almost impossible when the book
was first undertaken more than fifty years ago, During this length of time the
book or its manuscript has been always at the author’s elbow, that new matter
might be laid in store, errors corrected, and suggestions utilized, to render the
work more generally useful, and more thoroughly to be depended on.

It has been thought by those concerned, that, as the author is now in the 85th
year of his age, it would be desirable for him finally to overhaul the entire book—
a revision not compatible with such clipping and verbal changes as can be made
in stereotyped plates; this ‘“‘ New and Enlarged Edition’’ has, accordingly, been
thoroughly recast, and every item has been printed in a freshtype. This has
enabled the author to make additions and corrections, and to substitute new
articles for less useful ones ad /ibitum ; so that this ‘‘ New and Enlarged Edition”’
is virtually a new work on the old lines.

The last ten years of this Nineteenth Century has been pre-eminently distin-
guished for researches in English philology. More dictionaries on our gigantic
and magnificent language have been published in this decade than in any preceding
one, and thousands of ripe scholars in Great Britain and America have “ con-
tributed to improve their character; so that now, no dictionary of any other
language can touch even the fringe of our best English exponents of a tongue
spoken by more than a hundred million of the earth’s inhabitants. “The research,
the accuracy, the precision now demanded are quite unprecedented, and the great
public interest taken in the matter might justify our calling the period ‘‘ Tke Era
of English Philology.”

In this present “‘ New and Enlarged Edition’’ of this “ Dictionary of Phrase
and Fable’’ advantage has been taken of this great literary movement from every

i

iv PREFACE.

available source. More than one-third of the book consists of entire new matter.
Some 350 extra pages have been added, and all that has been retained of previous
editions have been subjected to the severest scrutiny.

Thanks are most deservedly due, and are here most gratefully tendered to the
many hundreds of correspondents who have written to the author on the subjects
contained in his book. Some have been specialists; some have suggested new
articles, some have sent apt quotations ; and others have gone diligently through
the edition in their possession’ from beginning to end, and have sent their observa-
tions to the author, with permission to use them according to his judgment.

Of these last, especial mention should be made of the Rev. Arthur M. Rendell,
M. A., of Coston Rectory, Melton Mowbray, of Dr. Huxley of Bath, Mr. J.
Edward Cooper, Stapleford, (a most judicious and painstaking critic), of Geo.
Martin, Esq., Principal of Wirral Academy, Birkenhead, F, Tolhausen, Esq., a
well-known author, and of a Barrister at law whose name I have not obtained
permission to publish.

To set down the names of others whose correspondence fills'a box of no incon-
siderable size, would serve no useful purpose, and would not interest the general
reader ; but it may, without vanity, be hoped, with all this help, and all the pains
of the author for more than half a century, that this Treasury of Literary bric-a-
brac will become a standard book of reference, and a guide to be relied on.

E. CoBHAM BREWER,
Lidwinslowe, Newark.

Autumn, 1894.

aye

THE

DICTIONARY

OF

PHRASE anp FABLE.

Re

A. This letter is modified from the
Hebrew x» (aleph = an ox), which was
meant to indicate the outline of an ox’s
head.

A among the Egyptians is denoted by
the hieroglyphic which represents the
ibis. . Among the Greeks it was the
symbol of a bad augury in the sacrifices.

_A in logic is the symbol of a universal
affirmative. Ad asserts, Z denies, Thus,
syllogisms in Javdara contain three uni-
versal affirmative propositions.

' Al means first-rate—the very best.
InLloyd’s Register of British and Foreign
Shipping, the character of the ship’s hull
is designated by letters, and that of the
anchors, cables, and stores by figures,
Al means hull first-rate, and also an-
chors, cables, and stores; A2, hull
first-rate, but furniture second-rate.
Vessels of an inferior character are clas-
sified under the letters m, E, and 1.

Blic _ is a prime girl, she is ; she is Al."—Sam

A.B. (See ABLE.)
A.B.C. = Aerated Bread Company.
ABC Book. A primer, a book in

which articles are set in alphabetical.

order, as the 4 BC Railway Guide.
The old Primers contained the Cates
chism, as is evident from the lines :—-
. “Thac is question now; .

And then comes answer like an Absey book.”
- Shukespeare: King John, i. 1.
_ A.B.C. Process (The) of making
artificial manure. An acrostic of Alum,
Blood, Clay, the three chief ingredients.

_ _ A.E.1.0.U. The device adopted

by Frederick V., Archduke of Austria

ihe Emperor Frederick III. — 1440-
493).

Austria Est Impeérare Orbi Universo,

Alles Erdreich Ist Oesterreich Untertban,
Austria’s Empire Is Overall Universal.

To which wags added after the war of
1866,

Austria’s Emperor Is Ousted Utterly.
Frederick IJ, of Prussia is said to have
translated the motto thus :—

“Austria Erit In Orbe Ultima” (Austria wilk
one day be lowest in the world)

A.U.C. Anno urbis condite (Latin),
‘¢ from the foundation of the city ”’—i.¢.,
Rome.

Aaron. An Aaron’s serpent. Some-
thing so powerful as to swallow up minor
powers.—Exodus vii. 10-12,

Ab. Ad ovo. From the very beginning.
Stasinos, in the epic punt eatied the
Little liad, does not rush iz medias
res, but begins with the eggs of Leda,
from one of which Helen was born. If
Leda had not laid this egg, Helen would

| never havebeenborn. If Helen had not

been born, Paris could not have eloped
with her. If Paris had not eloped with
Helen, there would have been no Trojan
War, eto.

Ab ovo usque ad mala, From the first
dish to the last. A Roman cena (dinner)
consisted of three parts. The first course
was the ah ir and consisted chiefly
of eggs, with stimulants ; the second wus
the ‘dinner proper ;”? and the third the
dessert, at which ada (i.¢., all sorts o:
apples, pears, quinces, pomegrarmtes, 4h
80 on) formed the most conspicuous,
—Hor, Sat. I, iii. &

*

Aback

2 Abd

Aback. J was taken aback—I was
greatly astonished—taken by surprise—
startled. It is a sea term. A ship is
‘taken aback’? when the sails are sud-
denly carried by the wind back against
the mast, instantly staying the ship’s
Progress ory dangerous in a strong
gale. ;

Ab‘acus., A small frame with wires
stretched across it. Each wire contains
ten movable balls,
which can be shifted
backwards or for-
wards, so as to vary
ad libitum the num-
ber in two or more
blocks. It is used to
teach children addi-
tion and subtraction.

The ancient Greeks and Romans em-

lv it for calculations, and so do the

hinese. The word is derived from the

Phen. abak (dust); the Orientals used

,tables covered with dust for ciphering
‘and diagrams. In Turkish schools this
method is still used for teaching writing.
\The multiplication table invented b
‘Pythagoras is called Ab’acus Pythagor’s-
‘cus. (atin: abacus ; Greek, éBa£.)

Abaddon. The angel of the bottom-
less pit (Rev.ix.11). The Hebrew abad
means ‘‘ he perished.”’

* “The angell of the bottomlesse pytt, whose

sname in the hebrew tonge is Abadon.’”—Tindale.

Abam‘bou. The evil spirit of the
Camma tribes in Africa. <A fire is kept
always burning in his house. He is
supposed to have the power of causing
pace and death,

—00 ——00000000—
—0000——000000—
—0——000000000—

—0000000——000—
—00000 —— 00000—
—000000000——0—

Abandon means put at anyone’s

orders; hence, to give up. (Latin, ad,
to; dann-um, late Latin for ‘‘a decree.)

Abandon fait larron, As oppor-
tunity makes the thief, the person who
negiects to take proper care of his goods,
leads into temptation, hence the proverb,
‘* Neglect leads to theft.”

Ab‘aris. The dart of Abaris. Abaris,
the Scythian, was a priest of Apollo;
and the god gave him a golden arrow
on which to ride through the air. This

. dart rendered him. invisible; it also
cured diseases, and gave oracles, Abaris
gave it to Pythag oras,

“The dart of Abaris carried the philosopher
wheresdever he desired it,"—Willmott. *
Abate (2 syl.) means properly to knock
down. (French, abattre, whence a batiue,
i.¢., wholesale destruction of game;
O.E. a-bedtan.)

Abate, in horsemanship, is to per-
form well the downward motion. <A
“horse is said to abate when, working
upon curvets, he puts or beats down béth
his hind legs to the ground at once, and
keeps exact time.

Abatement, in heraldry, is a mark
of dishonour annexed to coat armour
whereby the honour of it is abated.

Abiaton. (Greek a, not; Baive, T go.)
As inaceessible as Abdton. Artemisia, to
commemorate her conquest of Rhodes,
erected two statues in the island, one
representing herself, and the other em-’
blematical of Rhodes. When the.
Rhodians recovered their liberty they
looked upon this monument as a kind of
palladium, and to prevent its destruction
surrounded it with a fortified enclosure
which they called Abaton, or the inac-
cessible place. (Lucan speaks of an
island difficult of access in the fens of
Memphis, called Abiton.)

Abb’assides (3 syl.). A dynasty of
caliphs who reigned from 750-1258.
The name is derived from Abbas, uncle.
of Mahomet. The most celebrated of
them was Haroun-al-Raschid (born 765,'
reigned 786-808).

Abbey” Laird (47). An insolvent
debtor sheltered by the precincts of
Holyrood Abbey.

“As diligence cannot be proceeded with on
Sunday, the Abbey Lairds (as they were jocularly
called) were enabled to come forth on that day |
to mingle in our society.”—R. Chambers.

Abbey-lubber (47). An idle, well-

>

' fed dependent or loafer.

“It came into a common proverbe to call him
an Abbay-lubber, that was idle, wel fed, a lon
lewd, lither loiterer, that might workeand wou
not.”—The Burnynge of Paules Church, 1663.

It is used also of religions in con-
tempt; see Dryden’s Spanish Friar.

Abbot of Misrule, or Lord of Misrule.
A person who used to superintend the
Christmas diversions. In France the
“‘ Abbot of Misrule’’ was called L’abbé
de Liesse (jollity). In Scotlund the
master of revels was called the ‘‘ Master
of Unreason.”’

Abbotsford. A name et “by Sir
Walter Scott to Clarty Hole, on the
south bank of the Tweed, after it be-
came his residence. Sir Walter devised
the name from a fancy he loved to in-
dulge in, that the abbots of Melrose
Abbey, in ancient times, passed over the
fords of the Tweed. _ val) boolt!

Abd in Arabic = slave or pervent as
Abd-Allah (servant God), A’ el-

Cot :
| Kader (servant of the Highty Ondy, Abdo

Abdael

Abhor

‘al-Latif (servant: of the Gracious One),
etc.

Abdael (2 syl.). George Monk, third
Duke of Albemarle.
“Brave Abdael o'er the prophets’ school was

placed ;
— with all his father’s virtues ced. ,

ithout one Hebrew’s blood, restored the crown.”
Dryden and Tait: Absalom and Achitophel, Part if,

2 Tate’s blunder for Abdiel (7.v.).

Abdallah, the father of Mahomet,
‘was so beautiful, that when he married
Amina, 200 virgins broke their hearts
from disappointed love.— Washington
Irving: Life of Mahomet.

Abdallah. Brother and predecessor

of Giaffir, pacha of Aby’dos. He was
murdered by Giaffir (2 syl.).— Byron:
| Bride of Abydos.
_ Ab’‘dals. Persian fanatics, who think
it a merit to kill anyone of a different
religion; and if slain in the attempt, are
accounted martyrs.

Abde’ra. A maritime town of Thrace,
said in fable to have been founded by
Abdéra, sister of Diomede. It was so
overrun with rats that it was abandoned,
and the Abderitans migrated to Mace-
donia.

Abderi’tan, A native of Abdéra, a
maritime city of Thrace. The Abderi-
tans were proverbial for stupidity, hence
the phrase, ‘‘ You have no more mind
than an Abderite.’’ Yet the city gave
birth to some of the wisest men of

' Greece: as_Democritos (the laughing
philosopher), Protagéras (the great so-
phist), Anaxarchos (the philosopher and
friend of Alexander), Hecatzos (the
historian), etc.

Abderitan Laughter. Scoffin
laughter, incessant laughter. So calle

from Abdéra, the birthplace of Democ- .

ritos, the laughing philosopher.

Ab‘derite (3syl.). A scoffer, so called
‘from Democ’sitos.

Abde'rus. One of Herakles’s friends,

devoured by the horses of Diomede.

' Diomede gave him his horses to hold,
and they devoured him.

Ab‘diel. The faithful seraph who
withstood Satan when he urged the
angels to revolt. (See Paradise Lost,
Bk. v., lines 896, etc.)

see adheres, with the faith of Abdiel, to the
an W.

ent form of adoratiun.”—Sir W. Scott.

' Abeceda’‘rian. One who teaches or
is learning his AB C. :
Abecedarian hymns. Hymns which

began with the letter A, and each verse

or clause following took up the letters
of the alphabet in regular succession.
(See Acrostic PorTRY.)

AbeI and Cain. The Mahometan
fradition of the death of Abel is this:
Cain was born with a twin sister who
was named Aclima, and Abel with a
twin sister named Jumella. Adam
wished Cain to marry Abel’s twin sister,
and Abel to marry Cain’s. Cain would
not consent to this arrangement, and
Adam proposed to refer the question to
God by means of a sacrifice. God ze-
jected Cain’s sacrifice to signify his dis-
approval of his marriage with Aclima,
his twin sister, and Cain slew his brother
in a fit of jealousy.

Abel Keene. A village schoolmaster,
afterwards a merchant’s clerk. He was
led astray, lost his place, and hanged
himself.— Crabbe: Borough, Letter xxi.

A’‘belites (3 syl.), Abel/ians, or Abe-
lonians, A Christian sect of the fourth
century, chiefly found in Hippo (N.
Africa). They married, but lived in
continence, as they affirm Abel did,
The sect was maintained by adopting
the children of others. No children of
Abel being mentioned in Scripture, the
Abelites assume that he had none.

Abes’sa, The “impersonation of
Abbeys and Convents, represented by
Spenser as a damsel, When Una asked
if she had seen the Red Cross Knight,
Abessa, frightened at the lion, ran to the
cottage of blind Superstition, and shut
the door. Una arrived, and the hon
burst the door open. The meaning is,
that at the Reformation, when Truth
came, the abbeys and convents got
alarmed, and would not let Truth enter,
but England (the lion) broke down the
door.—Faérie Queen, i. 3,

Abesta. <A book said to have been
written by Abraham as a commentary
on the Zend and the Pazend, It is
furthermore said that Abraham read
these three books in the midst of the
furnace into which he was cast by
Nimrod.— Persian Mythology,

Abey’ance pally means something
gaped after (French, bayer, to gape).
The allusion is to men s ing with
their mouths open, in expectation of
some sight about to appear.

Abhigit. The propitiatory sacrifice

. made by an Indian rajah who has slain
a priest without premeditation.

Abhor’ (Latin, ab, away from, and
horreo, to shrink ; originally, to shudder,

Abiala

Above

have the hair on end). To abhor is to
have a natural antipathy, and to show it
by shuddering with disgust.

Abiala. Wife of Makambi; African
deities. She holds a pistol in her hand,
and is greatly feared, Her aid is im-
plored in sickness.

Abida. A god of the Kalmucks, who
receives the souls of the dead at the
moment of decease, and gives them
petmniesion to. enter a new body, either

uman or not, and have another spell
of life on earth. If the spirit is spotless
it may, if it likes, rise and live in the
air,

Abidhar’ma. The book of meta-
physics in the Tripit'aka (q.v.).

Abigail, <A lady’s maid, or lady-
maid. Abigail, wife of Nabal, wh
introduced herself to David and after-
wards married him, is a well-known
Scripture heroine (1 Sam. xxv. 3). Abi-
gail was a popular middle class Christian
name in the seventeenth century. Beau-
mont and Fletcher, in Zhe Scornful
Lady, call the ‘‘waiting gentlewoman”
Abigail, a name employed by Swift,
Fielding, and others, in their novels.
Probably ‘Abigail Hill,’’ the original
name of Mrs. Masham, waiting-woman
to Queen Anne, popularised the name.

Abim’elech is no proper name, but
a regal title of the Philistines, meaning
Father-king.

Able, An able seaman is a skilled
seaman. Such a man is termed an A,B.
(Able-Bodied) ; wnskilled seamen are
called ‘‘ boys” without regard to age.

Able-bodied Seaman. A sailor of
the first class. A crew is divided into
three classes:—(l) able seamen, or
skilled sailors, termed A.B. ; (2) ordin-
ary seamen; and (3) boys, which in-
clude green- hands, or inexperienced
men, without regard to age or size.

Aboard. He fell aboard of me—met
me; abused me. A ship is said to fall
aboard another when, being in motion,
it runs against the other,

To go aboard is to embark, to go on
the board or deck.

Aboard main tack is to draw one of
the lower corners of the main-sail down
to the chess-tree. Figuratively, it means
“to keep to the point,”

Aboll'a. An ancient military garment
worn bythe Greeks and Romans, opposed
to the’ toga or robe'of peace. The abolla
being worn by the lower orders, was

affected by philosophers in the vanity of
humility.

Abom'inate (abominor, I pray that
the omen may be averted ; used on men-
tioning anything unlucky), As ill-omened
things are disliked, so, by a simple figure
of speech, what we dislike we consider
ill-omened.

Abomina'tion of Desolation (77c).
The Roman standard is so called (Matt.
xxiv. 15). As it was set up in the a
temple, it was an abomination ;\ and,
as it brought destruction, it was the
‘* abomination of desolation.’’

Abon Hassan, A rich merchant
transferred during sleep to the bed and
palace of the Caliph Haroun-al-Raschid.
Next morning he was treated as the
caliph, and every effort was made to
make him forget his identity. Arabian
Nights (‘‘The Sleeper Awakened’’).
The same trick was played on Christo-
pher Sly, in the Induction of Shake-
speare’s comedy of Taming of the Shrew ;
and, according to Burton (Anatomy of
Melancholy, ii. 2, 4), by Philippe the
Good, Duke of Burgundy, on his mar-
riage with Eleono'ra.

“Were I caliph for a day, as honest Abon
Hassan, I would scourge me these jugglers out
of the Commonwealth.”—Sir Walter Scott.

Abonde (Dame). The French Santa
Claus, the good fairy who comes at
night to bring toys to children while
they sleep, especially on New Year's
Day.

Abortive Flowers are those which
have stamens but no pistils.

Abou ebn Sina, commonly called
Avicenna. A great Persian physician,
born at Shiraz, whose canons of medi-
cine were those adopted by Hippoc rates
and Aristotle. Died 1037.

_Abou-Bekr, called Father of the
Virgin, i.e., Mahomet’s favourite wife.
He was the first caliph, and was founder
of se sect called the Sunnites. .(571-
634, z

Abou Jahi'a. The angel of death
in. Mohammedan mythology. Called
Azrael by the Arabs, and Mordad by
the Persians. .

Aboulomri (in Mohammedan mytho-
logy). A fabulous bird of the vulture
sort which lives 1,000 years. Called by
the Persians Kerkés, and by the Turks
Ak-Baba.—Herbelot. s+ cetyl

Above properly applies only tomatter _

_ on the same page, but has been extended -

Above-board

to any previous part of the book, as See
above, p. *.

Above-board. In a straightforward
manner. Conjurers place their hands
under the table when they are preparing
their tricks, but wove when they show
them. “Let all be above-board”
means ‘‘let there be no wnder-hand
work, but let us see everything.”

Above par. Acommercial term mean-
ing that the article referred to is more
than its nominal value. Thus, if. you
must give more than £100 for a £100
share in a bank company, a railway
share, or other stock, we say the stock
is above par.’? .

If, on the other hand, a nominal
£100 worth can be bought for less than
£100, we say the stock 1s ‘‘ below par.’’

Figuratively, a person in low spirits
or ill health says he is ‘below par,”’

Above your hook—i.¢., beyond your
comprehension; beyond your mark. ‘The
allusion is to hat-pegs placed in rows;
the higher rows are above the reach of
sinall statures.

Abracada’bra. A charm. It is said
that Abracadabra was the supreme deity
of the Assyrians, Q. Sevérus Sammon
icus recommended the use of the word
as a powerful antidote against ague,
flux, and toothache, The word was to
be written on aaa and suspended
round the neck by a linen thread, in the
form given below :—~

ABRACADABRA
ABRACADABR
ABRACADAB
ABRACADA
ABRACAD
ABRACGA
ABRAG
AURA
ABR
AB

A

Abrac’ax, also written Adrax'as or

Abras‘ax, in Persian mythology denotes
the Supreme Being. In Greek votation
it stands for 365. In Persian mythology
Abracax presides over 365 impersonated
virtues, one of which is supposed to pre-
vail on each day of the year. In the
second century the word was employed
by the Basilid’ians for the deity ; it was

the pele of the Gnostic hier-
archy, and that from which sprang their
‘numerous /Hons. (See ABRAXAS STONES.)

“ AbRoB ie. Saiahnersar
is parents. According to Moham-
wedun mythology, the parents of Abra- ; hemian deists, so ca

Abrahamites

ham were Prince Azar and his wife,
Adna.

His infuney. As King Nimrod had
been told that one shortly to be born
would dethrone him, he commanded the
death of all such; so Adna retired toa
cave where Abraham was born. He
was nourished by sucking two of her
fingers, one of which supplied milk and
the other honey.

ITis boyhood. At the age of fifteen
months he was equal in size to a lad of
fifteen, and very wise; so his father
introduced him to the court of King
ergs eri : Dibliothéque Orien-
tale.

ITis offering. According to Moham-
medan tradition, the mountain. on
which Abraham offered up his son was
Arfaday ; but is more generally thought
to have been Moriah.

His death. The Ghebers say that
Abraham was thrown into the tire by
Nimrod’s order, but the flame turned
into a bed of roses, on which the child
Abraham went to sleep.—- Tavernier.

“Sweet and welcome as the bed

For their own infant prophet spread,

When nitying Heaven to roses turned

The death-flames that beneath him burned.”
7. Moore ; Fire Worshippers,

To Sham Abraham, To pretend illness
or distress, in order’to get off work.
(See ABRAM-MAN.)

“T have heard people say Sham Abram you may,
But must not sham Abraham Newland,”
1, Dibdin ov Upton,

Abraham Newland was cashier of the
Bank of England, and signed the notes,

Abraham’s Bosom. The repose of
the happy in death (Luke xvi. 22). Tho
figure is taken from the ancient custom
of allowing a dear friend to recline at
dinner on your bosom. Thus the beloved
John reclined on the bosom of Jesus.

There is no leaping from Deli'lal’s lay
trto Abrahan’s bosom—i.e., those who
live and die in notorious sin must uot
expect to go to heaven at death,—Dos-
ton; Crook in the Lot,

Abraham Newland. (42), -A bauuk-
note. Socalled because, in theearly part
of the nineteenth century, none were
genuine but those signed by this name.

Abraham‘ic Covenant. The cove-
nant made by God with Abraham, that
Messiah should spring from his seed.
This promise was given to Abraham,
because he left his country and father’s
house to live in a strange land, as God

‘told him,

Abrahamites (4 yl). Certain Bo-
led because they

Abram-colour

Absquatulate

professed to believe what Abraham be-
lieved: before he was circumcised. The
sect was forbidden by the Emperor
Joseph II. in 1783.

Abram-colour. Probably a_cor-
ruption of Abron, meaning auburn.
Halliwell quotes the following from
Coriolanus, i. 3: ‘Our heads are some
brown, some black, some Abram, some
bald.’? And again, ‘‘Where is the
eldest son of Priam, the Abram-ecoloured
Trojan?’’ ‘A goodly, long, thick
Abram- coloured beard.” —Bhut, Master
Constable.

Hall, in his Satires, iii. 5, uses abron for auburn.
“A lusty courtier . . . with abren locks was
fairly furnishéd.”

Abram-Man, or Abraham Cove, A
Tom-o’ Bedlam; a naked vagabond; a
begging impostor.

The Abraham Ward, in Bedlam, had
for its inmates begging lunatics, who
used to array themselves ‘‘ with party-
coloured ribbons, tape in their hats, a
fox-tail hanging down, a long stick with
streamers,”’ and beg alms; but “for all
their seeming madness, they had wit
- enough to steal as they went along.”’
—Canting Academy,

See King Lear, ii. 3.

In Beaumont and Fletcher we have
several synonyms :—

“And these, what name or title e’er they bear,
Jackman or Pat‘rico, Cranke or pins ta mst lh
Fraier or Abram-mean, I speak to all.

Beggar's Bush, ii. 1.

Abraxas Stones. Stones with the
word Abraxas engraved on them, and
used as talismans. They were cut into
symbolic forms combining a fowl’s head,
a serpent’s body, and human limbs. (See
ABRACAX.)

Abreast. Side by side, the breasts
being all in a line.

The ships were all abreast—i.e., their
heads were all equally advanced, as
soldiers marching abreast.

Abridge is not formed from the
word bridge ; but comes from the Latin
abbrevidre, to shorten, from brevis
(short), through the French abreger (to
shorten).

Abroach, To set mischief abroach is
to set it afoot. The figure is from a
cask of liquor, which is broached that
the liqubr may be drawn from it. (Fr.,
brocher, to prick, abrocher.)

Abroad. You are all abroad. Wide
of the mark; not at home with the sub-
ject. Abroad; in all directions. .

“An elm displays her dusky arms abroad.”
Dryden,

Abrogate. When the Roman senate
wanted a law to be passed, they asked
the people to give their votes in its fa-
vour, ‘The Latin for this is rogare legem
(to solicit or propose a law). If they
wanted a law repealed, they asked the
people to vote against it; this was ab-
rogare legem (to solicit against the law).

Absalom. James, Duke of Mon-
mouth, the handsome but rebellious son
of Charles II. in Dryden’s Absalom
and Achitophel (1649-1685).

Absalom and Achitophel. A poli-
tical satire by Dryden (1649-1685).
David is meant for Charles II,; Absalom
for his natural son James, Duke of Mon-
mouth, handsome like Absalom, and,
like him, rebellious. Achitophel is
meant for Lord Shaftesbury, Zimri for
the Duke of Buckingham, and Abdael for
Monk. The selections are so skilfully
made that the history of David seems
repeated. Of Absalom, Dryden says
(Part i.) :-—

“ Whate’er he did was done with sd much ease,

In him alone 'twas natural to please ;

His motions al] accompanied with grace,

And paradise was opened in his face.”

Abscond’ means properly to hide;
but we generally use the word in the ~
sense of stealing off secretly from an

employer. (Latin, abscondo.)
Absent. ‘Out of mind as soon as

out of sight.” Generally misquoted

“Out of sight, out of mind,’’—Lord

Brooke. d

The absent are always wrong. The
translation of the French proverb, Les
absents ont toujours tort.

Absent Man (The). The character
of Bruyére’s Adsent Man, translated
in: the Spectator and exhibited: on the
stage, is a caricature of Comte de
Brancas.

Absolute. 4 Captain Absolute, a
bold, despotic man, determined to have
his own way. The character is in Sheri-
dan’s play called The Rivals.

Sir Anthony Absolute, a warm-hearted,
testy, overbearing country squire, in the
same play. William Dowton (1764-1851)
Nine snick-named “Sir Anthony Abso-
ute. 2

Absquat'ulate. To run ‘away or ab-
scond, A comic American word, from
ab and sguat (to go away from your
squatting). A squatting is a tenement
taken in some unclaimed part, without
purchase or permission, The persons
who take up'their squatting are termed

| squatters,

Abstemious

Acadia

Abste’mious, according to Fabius
and Aulus Gellius, is compounded of abs
and teme'tum. ‘* Teme'tum” wasa strong,
intoxicating drink, allied to the Greek
methu (strong drink).

“Vinum prisca lingua temétum appeUabant.”—
Aulus Gellius, x. 23.

Abstract Numbers are numbers
considered abstractly—l, 2, 3; but if
we say | year, 2 feet, 3 men, etc., the
numbers are no longer abstract, but con-
erete. ;

Taken in the abstract. Thingsare said
to be taken in the abstract when they
are considered absolutely, that is, with-
out reference to other matters or per-
sons. Thus, in the abstract, one man is

as — as another, but not so socially

politically.

Abstrac'tion. An enpty Abstraction,
a@ mere ideality, of no practical use.
Every noun is an abstraction, but the
narrower geuera may be raised to higher
ones, till the common thread is so fine
that hardly anything is left. These high
abstractious, from which everything but
one common cord is taken, are called
empty abstractions,

‘or example, man is a genus, but may
be raised to the genus animal, thence to
organised being, thence to created being,
thence to matter in the abstract, and so
pe everything but one is emptied
ou’

Absurd means strictly, quite deaf.

(Latin, ad, intensive, and surdus, deaf.)
Reductio ad absurdum, Proving a
proposition to be right by showing that

every supposable deviation fromit would |

involve an absurdity.

Abu'dah. A merchant of Bagdad,
haunted srery night by an old hag; he
finds at last that the way to rid himself
‘of this torment is to ‘‘fear God, and

keep his commandments.”’— Tales of the, |

Genii.

! “« Like Abudah, he is always looking out for the

Fury, and knows that the night will come with
the inevitable hag with it.”—Thackeray.
Abundant Number Saal A num-
ber such that the sum of all its divis-
ors (except itself) is greater than the
_ number itself. Thus 12 is an abundant

number, because its divisors, 1, 2, 3, 4,6 |

= 16, which is greater than 12,
A-Deficient number is one of ‘which

the sum of all its divisors is less than

itself, as. 10, the divisors of which are 1,

2, 5 = 8, which is less than 10,

A Perfect number is one of which the

sum of all its divisors exactly measures

itself, as 6, the divisors of which are 1,
2,3=6.
Abus, the river Humber.

“For by the river that whylome was hight
The ancien Abus . . . {was from
Their chieftain, Humber, named aright,”

And Drayton, in his Polyolbion, 28,

says :— /
; _‘For my princely name
From Ramipers king of Huns, as anciently it
came.”

See Geofirey’s Chronicles, Bk. ii. 2,

Ab’yla. A mountain in Africa, op-
posite Gibraltar. This, with Calpé in
Spain, 16 m, distant, forms the pillars of

ercules. :

“ Heaves up huge Abyla on Afric’s sand,

Crowns with high Calpé Europe’s salient
strand.”
Darwin: Economy of Vegetation.

_ Abyssin‘ians. A sect of Christians
in Abyssinia, who admit only one nature
in Jesus Christ, and reject the Council
of Chalce'don.

Acace'tus, One who does nothing
badly, If was a name given to Mercury
or Hermés for his eloquence. (Greek,
a, not; kakos, bad.) ©

Academiics The followers of Plato
were so called, because they attended his
lectures -in the Acad’emy, a garden
planted by Acade’mos.

** See there the olive grove of Académus, Plato’s
retreat.” Dilton: Puradise Lost, Book iv.

Academy. Divided into—Old, the
philosophic teaching of Plato and his
immediate followers; Middle, a modifi-
cation of the Platonic system, taught by
Arcesila‘os ; New, the half - sceptical
school of Car’neadés.

Plato taught that matter is eternal
and infinite, but without form or order;
and that there is an intelligent cause,
the author of everything. He maintained

_ that we could grasp truth only so far

as we had elevated our mind by thought
to its divine essence,
Arcesila‘os was the great antagonist of

the Stoics, and wholly denied man’s ca-
| pacity for grasping truth.

Car’neadés maintained that neither our
senses nor our understanding could sup-
ply us. with a sure criterion of truth.

The talent of the Academy, so Plato
called Aristotle (B.c. 384-322).

Academy Figures, Drawings in
black and white chalk, on tinted paper,
from living models, used by artists. So
calledfrom the Royal Academy of Artists,

Aca‘dia—i.e., Nova Scotia, so called
by the French from the river Shuben-
acadie. The name was changed in 1621,

Acadine

Yn 1755 the ol French inhabitants were
driven into exile by order of George IT.

“Thus dwelt together in Jove those simple
Acadian farmers.” Longfellow : Evungeline.

Acadine. A fountain of Sicily which
revealed if writings were@uthentic and
genuine or not. The writings to be
tested were thrown into the fountain,
and if spurious they sank to the bottom.
Oaths and promises were tried in the
same way, after being written down.—
Diodorus Siculus.

Acan'thus, Theleafy ornament used

in the capitals of Corinthian and com-
posite columns. It is said that Callim’-
achos lost his daughter, and set a basket
of flowers on her grave, with a tile to
keep the wind from blowing ‘it away.
The next time he went to visit the grave
an acanthus had sprung up around the
basket, which so struck the fancy of the
architect that he introduced the design
in his buildings,
_ Accep'tance. A billor note accepted.
This is dove by the drawee writing on it
‘accepted,’’ and signing his name. The
person who accepts it is called the
*‘acceptor.’””

Ac‘cessory. Accessory before the fact ~

is one who is aware that another intends
to commit an offence, but is himself ab-
sent when the offence is perpetrated.

Accessory after the fact is one who
screens a felon, aids him in ‘eluding
justice, or helps him in any way to
profit by his crime.
of stolen goods, knowing or even sus-’
pecting them to be stolen, isan accessory
ex post facto.

Ac’cident. A logical accident is some
property or quality which a thing pos-
8eSses, but which does not essentially
belong’to it, as the tint of our skin, the
height of our body, the redness of a
brick, or the whiteness of paper. If
any of these were changed, the sub-
stance would remain intact.

Accidental or Subjective Colours,
Those which depend on the state of our
eye, and not those. which the object
really possesses. Thus, after looking at
the bright sun, all objects appear dark;
that dark colour is the accidental colour
of the bright sun. When, again, we
come from a dark room, all objects at
first have a yellow tinge, This is es-

ecially the case if we wear blue glasses, :-

‘or a minute or two after we have taken
them off. ‘
Thé accidental colour of red is bluish

Thus, the receiver .

Jecting.

Accost

reen, of orange dark blue, of violet yel-
ow, of black white ; and the converse.

Acciden'tals in music are those
sharps and flats, etc., which do not
propérly belong to the key in which the
music 1s set, but which the composer
arbitrarily introduces.

Accidente! (4syl.) An Italian curse
or oath: ‘*Ce qui veut dire en bon fran-
cais, ‘Puisses-tu mourir d’accident, sans
confession,’ damné,"—L, About : Tolla,

Ac‘cidents, in theology. After con-
secration, we the Catholics, the substance
of the bread and wine is changed into
that of the body and blood of Christ,
but their accidents (flavour, appearance,
aud so on) remain the same as before.

Ac'cius Na‘vius. A Roman augur
in the reign of Tarquin the Elder, When
he forbade the king to increase the num-
ber of the tribes without consulting the
augurs, Tarquin asked him if the thought
then in his mind was feasible. “ Un-
doubtedly,”” said Accius. ‘Then cut
through this whetstone with the razor
in your hand.’’ The priest gave a bold
cut, and the block fell in two. This
story (from Livy, Bk. i., chap. 36) is
humorously retold in Bon Gaultier’s
Ballads.

Accolade (3 syl.). The touch of a
sword on the shoulder in the ceremony
of conferring knighthood; originally an _
embrace or touch by the hand on the
neck. (Latin, ad col/um, on the neck.)

Accommoda'tion. A loan of money,
which accommodates us, or fits a want.
Accommodation Note or Bill, An

acceptance given on a Bill of Exchange

for which value has not been received by

- the acceptor from the drawer, and which,

not representing a commercial transac-
tion, is so far fictitious.

Accommodation Ladder. The light
ladder hung over the side of a ship at
the gangway.

Accord’ means ‘‘heart to heart.’
(Latin, ad corda.) Tf two persons like
and dislike the same things, they are
heart to heart with each other.

Similarly, ‘‘con-cord’’ means_ heart

with heart ; ‘‘dis-cord,’’ heart divided

from heart; ‘‘re-cord ’’ properly means
to recollect—i.e., re-cordare, to bring
again to the mind or heart; then to set
down in writing for the purpose of recol-

Accost! means to “come to the side” _
of a person for the purpose of speaking ©

tohim. (Latin, ad costam, to the side.)

‘
¥
7s
*
«

‘

Account

Account’. Zo open an account, to
euter a customer’s name on your ledger
for the first time. (Latin, accomputdare,
to reckon with.)

To keep open accountis when merchants
agree to honour each other’s bills of ex-

unge,

A current account or ‘account cur-
rent, a/e, A commercial term, meaning
that the customer is entered by name in
the creditor’s ledger for goods purchased
but not paid for at the time. The
account runs on for a month or more,
according to agreement.

To cust accounts. To give the results
of the debits and credits entered, bal-
ancing the two, and carrying over the

lus.*
« sale for the account in the Stock
ange means : the sale of stock not
for immediate payment, but for the
fortnightly settlement. Generally this
is speculative, and the broker or cus-
tomer pays the difference of price be-
tween the time of purchase-and time of
settlement.
We will give a good account of them—
i.e. we will give them a thorough good
drubbing.

Ac’curate means well and carefully
done. (Latin, ad-curdre, accurdtus.)

Accu’'sative he. Calvin was so
called by his college companions, We
speak of an ‘‘ accusative age,’’ meaning
searching, one eliminating error by ac-
cusing it.

“This hath been a very accusative ‘age.”—
Sir B. Dering. -

Ace (1 syl.). The unit of cards or
dice, from as, the Latin unit of weight.
(Italian, asso; French and Spanish, as.)

Within an ace. Withinashave. An
ace is the lowest numeral, and he who
wins within an ace, wins within a single
mark. (See AMBES-AS.)

Toa bate an ace is to make an abate-
ment, or to give a competitor some

gtart or other advantage, in order to

jyender the combatants more equal. It
jis said that the expression originated in
‘the reign of Henry VIII., when one of
the courtiers named Bolton, in order to

flatter the king, used to say at cards, .

“ Your ia jesty must bate me an ace,
- I shall have no chance at all.’’

Taylor, the water poet (1580-1654),

speaking of certain women, says—

“Though had they be, they will not bate an ace
_ To or tage Prudence, Temp'rance, Faith, and

_ Aceldama. A battle-field, a place
where much blood ias been shed. To

‘the All-in- All.

Achemon

the south of Jerusulem there was a field
so called ; it was purchased by the priests
with the blood-money thrown down by
Judas, and appropriated as a cemetery
for strangers (Matt. xxvii. 8; Acts.1.
19). (Aramaic, 6kél-damd.,)

Aceph’alites (4 syl.) properly means
men without a head, (1) A faction
among the Eutych'ians in the fifth cen-
tury after the submission of Mongus their
chief, by which they were “deprived
of their head.’’- .(2) Certain bishops
exempt from the jurisdiction and disci-
pine of their patriarch. (3) A sect of
evellers in the reign of enry I., who
acknowledged no leader. (4) The fabu-
lous Blemmyés of Africa, who are de-
scribed as having no head, their eyes
and mouth being placed elsewhere,

(Greek, a-keph'alé, without a head.)

Acesites (3 syl.). The Arrow of
Acestes. Ina trial of skill Acestes, the

Sicilian, discharged his arrow with such

force that it took fire. (Zn. 5, line 523.)
“ Like Acestes’ shaft of old,
The swift thought kinwes as it flies.”
Longfellow.
Achsx‘an League.» A confederacy
of the twelve towns of Achea. It was
broken up by Alexander the Great, but
was again reorganised 8.0. 280, and
dissolved by the Romans in 147 B.o.

Achar in Indian -philosophy means
The world is spun out
of Achar as a web from a spider, and
will ultimately return to him, as a spider
sometimes takes back into itself its own
thread. Phenomena are not independ-
ent realities, but merely partial and in-
dividual manifestations of the All-in-All,

Acha'tes (3 syl.). A jidus Achatés.
A faithful companion, a bosom friend.

_Achates de 4Aineid is the chosen

companion of
all kinds,
chutes! sir Waller See 010% FOF. ‘s,s

Ache’mon, or Achmon, and | his
brother Bastlas were two Cercépés for
ever quarrelling. .One day they saw
Hercules asleep under a tree and insulted
him, but Hercules tied them by their
feet to his club and walked off with them,
heads downwards, like a brace of hares,
Everyone laughed at the sight, and it
became a proverbial cry among the
Greeks, when two men were seen quar-
relling—‘‘ Look out for Melampy’gos!”’
(i.e, Hercules). ;

4 Ne insidas in Melampygumn.”
% According to Greek fable, momkeys

e hero in adventures of

Acheron .

Achitophel

are degraded men. The Cercdpés were
changed into monkeys for attempting to
deceive Zeus,

Acheron. The ‘ River of Sorrows”
(Greek, achos rods) ; one of the five rivers
of the infernal regions.

“Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep.”
Milton: Paradise Lost, ti. 578,

Pabulum Acherontis. Food for the

churchyard ; said of a dead body,

Acheron'tian Books. The most cele-
brated books of augury in the world.
They are the books which the Etruscans
received from Tagés, grandson of Jupiter.

Acheruw’sia. A cavern: on the bor-.
ders of Pontus, said to lead down. to the
infernal regions. It was through this
cavern that. Hercules dragged Cerberus
to earth.

Achillea, The Yarrow, called by
the French the herbe aux charpentiers—
4.e., carpenter’s wort, because it was
supposed to heal wounds made by car-
penters’ tools. Called Achilléa from
Achillés, who was taught the uses and
virtues of plants by Chiron the centaur:
The tale is, that when the Greeks in-
vaded Troy, Teléphus, a son-in-law of
King Priam, attempted to stop their
landing; but Bacchus caused him to
stumble over a, vine, and, when he had
fallen, Achillés wounded him with his
spear. The young Trojan was told by
an oracle that ‘‘Achillés (meaning mil-
foil or yarrow) would cure the wound ;”
but, instead of seeking the plant, he
applied’ to the Grecian chief, and pro-
mised to conduct the host to Troy if he
would cure the wound, Achillés con-
sented to do so, scraped some rust from
his spear, and from the filings rose the
plant milfoil,. which, being appuad to
the wound, had the desired effect.

~ Achilles (3 syl.). King of the.Myr’-
midons (in Thessaly), the hero of Homer’s
epic poem called the. Zviad. He is re-
presented as brave and relentless. * The
poem begins with ‘a quarrel between

im and Agamemnon, the commander-
in-chief of the allied Greeks ; in conse-
quence of which Achilles refused to go
to battle. The Trojans prevail, and
Achilles sends forth his friend Patroc'los
to oppose them. Patroc’los fell; and
Achilles, in anger, rushing into the battle,
killed Hector, the commander of the
Trojans.
poems, fell in battle a few days after-
wards, before Troy was taken.

He himself, according to later |

| traitorous counsellor, who de

Achilles,

Army : The Myrmidons followed him to Troy.
_ Death of; It was Paris who wounded Achilles
in the heel with an arrow (a post-Homeric story).

Father: Peleus (2 syl.), King of Thessaly.

Friend: Patroclos, c

Horses: Balios (= swift-footed) and Xanthos
( = chestnut-coloured), endowed with, humap
speech.

Mistress in Troy:
Briseis (2 sy].). _

Mother: Thetis, a sea goddess.

Son: Pyrrhos, surnamed Neoptolémos ¢ = the
new warrior),

Lomb: In Sigceeum, over which no digg ever flies.
—Pliny, x, 29, , i

Tutors: First, Phoenix, who taught him the
elements ; then Chiron the centaur,

Wife: Deidamia, (5 syl.) De-i-da-my’-ab.

Achilles (pronounce A-kil’-leez). The

English, John Talbot, first Earl of
Shrewsbury (1373-1453). ;

_ Achilles of England, the Duke of
Wellington (1769-1852). ‘ |

Of Germany, Albert, Elector of Bran-
denburg (1414-1486).

Of Lombardy, brother of Sforza and
Palamédés. All the three brothers were
in the allied.army of Godfrey (Jerusalem
Delivered). Achilles of Lombardy was
slain by Corinna, This was not a com-
plimentary title, but a proper name.

Rome, Lucius Sicinius Dentatus,
the Roman tribune; also called the
Second Achilles, Put to death B.c. 450.

Achilles of the West. Roland the
Paladin; also called ‘*‘The Christian
Theseus ”’ (2 syl.).

Achilles’ Spear. (See ACHILLEA.)

Achilles’ Tendon. <A strong sinew
running along the heel to the calf of the
leg. The tale is that Thetis took her
son Achilles by the heel, and dipped him
in the river Styx to make him invulner-
able. The water washed every part,
except the heel covered with his mother’s
Hane It was on this vulnerable point
the hero was slain; and the sinew of the
heel is called, in consequence, tendo
Achillis. A post-Homeric story

The Heel of Achilles, The vulnerable
or weak point in a man’s, character: or
ofanation. (See above.) :

Aching Void (An), That desolation
of heart which arises from the recollec-
tion of some cherished endearment no
longer possessed. tev felt :

_ “What peacefy) hours:I once enjoyed!

_ _ How sweet their memory still ! yas
ma rena ietanogh as vt
ore Cowper Walking with God.»

Sone ee ie Reg ety
AcHiToPHEL.) Achitophel was David’s
‘] we to

aa} aaW o

Hippodamia, surnamed

a

pas

i of adamant ;

Achor

Acrostic

Absalom; but his advice being disre-

éd, he hanged himself (2 Sam. xv.).

he Achitophel of Dryden’s satire was
the Earl of Shaftesbury :—

“Of Passe itihe rebels) the false Achitophel was

7 ¢

A name to all succeeding ages curst ;

For close designs and crooked counsels fit ;

Sagacious, bold, and turbulent of wit ;

Restless, unfixed in principles and place ;

In power unpleased, impatient in disgrace.”

Part i. 150-5.

A'chor. God of flies, worshipped by
the Cyre‘neans, that they might not be
in elas these tiny tormentors.
(See Fires, God of.) ,

Acis. The son of Fauaus, in love
with Galate’a. Polyphe’mos, his rival,
erushed him under a huge rock.

Acme. The crisis of a disease. Old
medical writers used to divide the pro-
gress of a disease into four periods: the
ar-che, or beginning; the anab‘asis, or
increase, the ae'me, or term of its utmost
violence , and the pa-rac’-me, or decline.
rae weal the highest point of any-

ing

Acmon'ian Wood (The). The tryst-
place of unlawful Jove. It was here
that Mars had his assignation with
Harmonia, who became the mother of
the Amazons.

“Clest 14 que. . Mars eut les faveurs de la
nymphe Harmonie, commerce dont naquirent les
Amazones "—Etienne; Géographie.

Acoimets. An order of monks in
the fifth century who watched day and
night. (Greek, watchers.)

Ac'olyte (3 syl.). A subordinate officer
in the Catholic Church, whose duty is
to light the lamps, prepare the sacred
elements, attend the officiating priests,
ete. (Greek, @ follower.)

Aconite. The herb Monkshood or
Wolfsbane. Classic fabulists ascribe its
isonous qualities to the foam which
opped from the mouths of the three-
headed Cerb&rus, when Hercules, at the
command of Eurystheus, dragged the
monster from the infernal regions.

(Greek, axdvirov, Latin, aconitwm.)

“ Lurida terribiles miscent Aconita noverce.”

: Ovid : Metamorphoses, i, 147.
Acra'sia (Self-indulgence). An en-
chantress who lived in the ‘‘ Bower of
Bliss,” situate in ‘‘ Wandering Island "’
She transformed her lovers into mon-

strous shapes, and kept them captives.
Sir Guyon having crept up softly, threw

a net over her, and bound her in chains
then broke down her

bower and burnt it to ashes,—Spenser :
Faéry Queen, ii. 12,

Acra'tes (3 syl.), t.¢., incontinence ;
called by Spenser the father of Cymoch’-
lés and Pyroch’lés.—Faéry Queen, ii. 4.

Acre. ‘‘God's acre,’’ a cemetery or
churchyard. The word ‘‘acre,” Old
English, @cer, is akin to the Latin
ager and German acker (a field).

A‘cre-fight. A duel in the open field.
The-combats of the Scotch and English
Borderers were so called.

_ Acre-shot. A land tax. ‘‘Acre"’
is Old English, ecer (land), and ‘‘shot ”
is scot or sceat (a tax).

Acres. A Bob Acres—i.e., acoward,
From Sheridan’s comedy called The
Rivals, His courage always ‘‘ oozed out
at his fingers’ ends.”

Acroamatics. Esoter‘ical lectures ;
the lectures of Aristotle, which none but
his chosen disciples were allowed to
attend. Those given to the public gene-
rally were called exoter1e. (Acroamatic
is a Greek word, meaning delivered to an
audience, axpodouar, to attend lectures.)

Acroatiic. Same as esoteric. (See
ACROAMATICS.)

Acrobat means one who goes on his
extremities, or uses only the tips of his
fingers and toes in moving about. (It is
from the two Greek words, akros batno,
to go on the extremities of one’s limbs.)

Acrop‘olis. The citadel of ancient
Athens.

Of course, the word is compounded of akros and
polis = the city on the beight, ¢.e,, the bigh rock

Acros'tic (Greek, akros stichos). The
term was first applied to the verses of
the Erythrean sibyl, written on leaves.
These prophecies were excessively ob-
scure, but were so contrived that when
the leaves were sorted and laid in order,
their initial letters always made a word,

_ —Dionys., iv. 62.

Acrostic poetry among the Hebrews
consisted of twenty-two lines or stanzas
beginning with the letters of the alphabet
in succession, as Psalm cxix., etc.

Acrostics. Puzzles, generally in verse,
consisting of two words of equal length
The initial letters of the several lines
constitute one of the secret words, and
the final letters constitute the other
word,

Also words re-arranged so as to make
other words of similar significance, as
‘‘ Horatio Nelson ’’ re-arranged into

Act

12

Ad valorem

Honor est a Nilo. Another form of
acrostic is to find a sentence which reads
the same backwards and forwards, as
E.T.L.N.L.T.E., the initial letters of
‘* Bat To Live, Neyer LiveToEat;”’ which
in’ Latin would be, E.U.V.N.V.U.B.
(Ede Ut Vivas, Ne Vivas Ut Edas).

Act-and Opponency. An ‘‘ Act,”
in our University language, consists of
a thesis and ‘disputation’ ‘thereon,
covering continuous parts of three hours,
The person ‘‘ disputing ’’ with the
‘‘keeper of the Act’’ is called the ‘‘ op-
ponent,’’ and his function is called an
PR es In some degrees the
stu

carried to and fro in our own ships.
Passive commerce is when they are carried
in foreign vessels, “The commerce of
England is active, of China passive.

Activity. Zhe sphere of activity, the
whole field through which the influence

_of an object or person extends,

Acton. A taffeta, or leathor-quilted
dress, worn under the habergeon to kee
the body from being chatod or bruised.

_ (French, hoegueton.)

ent is required to keep his Act, and

then to be the opponent of ‘another
disputant. Much alteration in these
matters has been introduced of late,
with other college reforms.

Act of Faith (auto da fé), iw Spain,
is a day set apart by the Inquisition for
the punishmert of heretics, and the
- absolution of those who renounce their
heretical doctrines. The sentence of the
Inquisition is also so called; and so is
the ceremony of burning, or otherwise
torturing the condemned.

Act of God (47). ‘‘Damnum fatile,”’
such as loss by lightning, shipwreck,
fire, etc. ; loss arising from fatality, and
not from one’s own fault, theft, and so
on. A Devonshire jury once found a
verdict—‘*That deceased died by the
act of God, brought about by the flooded
condition of the river.”

Actzon. <A hunter, In Grecian
mythology Actzon was ahuntsman, who
surprised Diana bathing, was changed
by her into a stag, and torn to pieces
by his own hounds. Hence, a man
whose wife is unfaithful. (See Horns.)
“Go thou, like Sir Actwon, with Ringwood at thy

heel.” Shakespeare: Merry Wives, ii. 1.

“Divulge Page bimself for a secure and wilful
Actzon,” Ibid, iii. 2.

Acttian Years. Years in which the
Actian games were celebrated. Au-
gustus instituted games at Actium to
celebrate his naval victory over Antony.
They were held every five years,

Action Sermon. A sacramental
sermon (in the Scots Presbyterian
Church).

“} returned home about. seven, and addressed
myself towards my Action Sermon, Mrs, Olivant,”
—E. Irving. :

Ac'tive. Active verbs, verbs which act
on the noun governed.

Active capital. Property in actual
employment in a given concern,

* Active commerce. Exports and imports

Actresses, Female characters used
to be played by boys. Coryat, in his
Crudities (1611),-says, ‘‘When I went
to a theatre (in Venice) I observed
certain things that I never saw before ;
for I saw women acte. . . . I have

‘heard that it hath sometimes been used

| some complaint.

in London’? (Vol. ii.),

“Whereas, women’s parts in plays have hitherto
been acted by men in the habits of women .. .
we do permit and give leave for the time to come
that all women’s parts be acted by women, 1662,’
—Charles If, :

The first female actress on the English aad
was Mrs, Coleman (1656), who played Tanthe
in the Siege of Rhodes. ‘

The last male actor that took the part of a
woman on the English stage, in serious drama,
was Edward Kynaston, noted for his beauty
(1619-1687),

Acu tetigisti. You have hit the
nailon the head. (Lit., you have touched
it with a needle.) Plautus (Rudens, v
2, 19) says, ‘‘ Rem acu tetigisti;’’ and
Cicero (Pro Miléne, 24) has ‘* Vulnus acu
punctum,’’ evidently referring to a sur-
geon’s probe,

Acutia'tor. A person in the Middle
Ages who attended armies and knights

to sharpen their instruments of war.
(Latin, acuo, to sharpen.)

Ad Grecas Calerdas. (Deferred)
to the Greek Calends—i.c,, for ever.
(It shall be done) on the Greek Calends
—i.e., never. There were no Calends
in the Greek notation of the months,
(See NEVER.)

Ad inquirendum,
commanding an inquiry to

A judicial writ
made into

Ad libitum. Without restraint.

Ad rem (Latin). To the point in
hand; to_the purpose. (Acu rem tety-
gisti.) (See above, Acv.) ° ;

Ad unum omnes. All to a man
(Latin), :

Ad valo'rem. According to the pricé
charged. Some custom- duties vary
according to the different values of the
goods imported, Thus, at one time teas

Ad vitam

Adamant

paid duty ad valorem, the high-priced tea
paying more duty than that of a lower
‘Price.

Ad vitam aut culpam. A Latin
hrase, used in Scotch law, to indicate
the: legal permanency of an appoint-
ment, unless forfeited by misconduct.

Adam. The Talmudists say that
Adam lived in Paradise only twelve
hours, and account for the time thus :—

The first hour, God collected the dust
and animated it.

‘The second hour, Adam stood on his
feets

The fourth hour, he named the
animals.

_ The sixth hour, he slept and Eve was
created,

The seventh hour, he married the
‘woman.

The tenth hour, he fell.

‘The twelfth hour, he was thrust out
of Paradise.

The Mohamniedans tell us he fell on
Mount-Serendib, in Ceylon, where there
is a curious impression in the granite
resembling a human foot, above 5 feet

Jong and 24 feet broad. They tell usitwas
‘athe by Adam, who stood -there on one
foot for 200 gers to expiate his crime ;
‘when Gabriel took him to Mount Ara-
siren where he found Eve, (See ADau’s

‘Adam was buried, according to Arabian
tradition, on Aboucais, a mountain of
Arabia.

Adam. The old Adam; beat the
offending Adam out of thee; the first
Adam. Adam, as the head of unre-
Mleemed man, stands for ‘original sin,”’
or “man without regenerating grace.’’

The second Adam; the new Sadie ete;
L will give you the new Adam. Jesus
Christ, as the covenant head, is so called ;
also the ‘‘ new birth unto righteousness.”’

When Adam delved and Eve span.
“¢ Au temps passé, Berthe filait.”” This
Bertha was the wife of King Pepin.

“When Adam delved and Eve span,
Who was then the gentleman?”

Adam. A sergeant, bailiff, or any
one clad in buff, or a skin-coat, like
Adam.

Py Not that dam that kent Faradize, bat that
ae be te RS prison.” — Shakespeare:

A. Leh. Adam, A faithful old
servant, e character is taken from
Shakespeare’s comedy of As You Like
it, where a retainer of that name, who
had served the family sixty-three years,
effers to accompany Orlando in his flight,

and to share with him his thrifty savings
of 500 crowns.

Adam BelL A northern outlaw,
whose name has become a synonym for
a good archer. (See CLYM OF THE
CLOUGH.)

Adam Cupid—i.e., Archer Cupid,
perhaps with allusion to Adam Bell,
the celebrated archer. (See -Percy’s
Reliques, vol. i., p. 7.)

Adam’s Ale. Water as a beverage ;
from the supposition that Adam had
nothing but water te drink. In Scotland
wee or a beverage is called Adam's

Vine,

Adam’s Apple. The protuberance
in the fore-part of a. man’s throat; so
called from the superstition that a piece
of the forbidden fruit which Adam ate
stuck in his throat, and occasioned the
swelling.

Adam’s Needle, The yucca, so called
because it is sharp-pointed like a needle.

Adam’s Peak, in Ceylon, is where the
Arabs say Adam pewalea his expulsion
from Paradise, and stood on one foot till
God forgave him. It was the Portuguese
who first called it ** Pico de’ Adam.”
(See KaaBa,)

in the granite is the mark of a human foot,
above 5 feet long by 24 broad, said to have been
made by Adain, who, we are told, stood there on
one foot for 200 years, to expiate his crime. After
his penance he was restored to Eve, The Hindis
assert that the footprint is that made by Buddha,
when he ascended to heaven,

Adam’s Profession. Gardening,
agriculture. Adam was teeta by
God to dress the garden of Eden, and to
keep it (Gen. ii. 15) ; and after the fall
he was sent out of the garden ‘to till
the ground’’ (Gen. iii. 23).

“There is no ancient gentlemen, but gardeners,
ditcbers, and grave-makers ; they hold up Adam’s
profession.”—The Clown in “ Hamlet,” v. }.

Adams. Payson Adams, the ideal of
a benevolent, simple-minded, eccentric
country clergyman; ignorant of the
world, bold as a lion for the truth, and
modest as a girl. The character is in
Fielding’s novel of Joseph Andrews,

Adamant is really the mineral cor-
undum; but the word is indifferently
used for rock crystal, diamond, or any
hard substance, and also for the magnet
orloadstone. It is often used by poeta
for no specific substance, but as hardness
or firmness in the abstract. Thus,
Virgil, in his neid vi, 552, speaks of
‘‘adamantine pillars ’’ merely to express
solid and strong ones; and Milton free
quently uses the word in the same way,

Adamastor

Adept

Thus, in Paradise Lost, ii. 436, he says

the gates of hell were made of burning
adamant:
“This huge convex of fire
Outrageous to devour, immures us round
Ninefold, and gates of burning adamant
Barred over us prohibit all egress.”
Satan, he tells us, wore adamantine
armour (Book vi. 110):
“Satan, with vast and haughty strides ad-
vanced, | i
Came towering, armed in adamant and gold.”
And a little further on he tells us his
shield was made of adamant (vi 255):

“ He (Satan) hasted, and opposed the rocky orb
Of ten-fold adamant, his ample shield
A vast circumference.”

Tasso (canto vii. 82) speaks of seudo
di lucidissimo diamante (a shield of
clearest diamond).

Other poets make adamant to mean

the magnet; Thus, in Troilus and Cres-

sida, iil. 2:
“ As true as steel, as plantage to the moon,,
As sun to day, as turtle to ber mate, =
As iron to adamant.” ;
(“* Plantage to the moon,” from the notion that
plants grew best with the increasing moon.)
And Green says: _
“ As true to thee as steel to adamant.”
So, in the Arabian Nights, the “ Third
Calendar,”’ we read:

“To-morrow about noon we shall be near the
black mountain, or mine of adamant, which at
this very minute draws all your fleet towards it,

by virtue of the iron in your ships.”

Adamant is @ (negative) and damao (to
conquer). Pliny tells us there are six
unbreakable stones (xxxvii. 15), but the
classical adamas (gen. adamant-is) is
generally supposed to mean the diamond.
Diamond and adamant are originally the
game word

Adamastor. The spirit of the
stormy Cape (Good Hope), described by
Camoéns in the Lusiad as a hideous
phantom. According to Barre'to, he was
one of the giants who invaded heaven.

Adamiic Covenant. The covenant
made with God to Adam, that “the
seed of the woman should bruise the
serpent’s head’? (Gen. iii. 15).

Ad’amites (3 syl.). A sect of fanatics
who spread themselves over Bohemia
pnd Moravia in the fifteenth and six-
teenth centuries. One Picard, of Bo-
hemia, was the founder in 1400, and

led himself ‘‘ Adam, son of God.”’

e professed to recall his followers to
the state of primitive innocence. No
clothes were worn, wives were in com-

and there was no such thing as
goed and evi but all actions were in-
ifferent.

Adaran’, according to the Parsee
superstition, is a sacred fire less holy
than that called Behram (g.r-). 3

_Adays. Nowadays, at the present
time (or day). So in Latin, Nun dizgrum
and Wune tempsris. The prefix “a” =
at, a; or on. Simularly, anights, of late,
on Sundays, All used adverbially.

Ad'dison of the North—i.c,, Henry
Mackenzie, the author of the Man of
Feeling (1745-1831).

Addixit, or <Addixerunt (Latin).
All right. The word uttered by the
rig when the “‘ birds” were favour-
able.

Ad'dle is the Old English adela
(filth), hence rotten, putrid, worthless,

Addled egg, better ‘‘addle-ege,” a
worthless egg. An egg which tas not
the vital principle.

Addle-headed, addle- pate, empty-
headed. -As an addle-cfe sense no
tiving bird,. so an addle-pate lacks
rains

‘Addie Parliament (The)—5th April to
7th June, 1614. So called because it

did not pass one single measure. (Sze.
PARLIAMENT.)

Adelantado. A big-wig, the great
boss of the place. ItisaS anish word
for “his excellency” (adelantar, to

-excel), and is given to the governor.

of a province.

“Open no door. If the adelantado of Spain
Were. bere be should not enter."—Zen Jonson:
Every Mgn out of his Humour, v. 4,

Fokerel,, Artec aaa
ivered). ishop o: ‘gio, an
ecclesiastical wari, who with hed <4
liam, Archbishop of Orange, t
Pope Urban on his knees ate.
might be sent on the crusade, He took
400 armed men from Poggio, but

sneaked off during a drought, and le:
the crusadé (Book xiii.). .Ademar was
not alive at the time, he had been slain
at the attack on Antioch by Clorinda
Gow xi.); but in the attack on
erusalem, his spirit came with three
uadrons of angels to aid the besiegers

Kk XvViil.). :
Adept’ properly means one who has
attained (from-the Latin, adepius, parti-
ciple of adipiscor). The a.

applied the term vere ‘tus to

who professed to have “‘ attamed

tb the knowledge of” the elixir of li
or of the philosopher’s stone, ;

iex¥¥
tell us there are
‘Sie

chemists always
éliber wore wor less. Like the sacred

Adessenarians

Adonai

of Compostella, of which there are only 2 and
always 2—a cock and a hen,

“In Rosicrucian lore as learn’d
As be that vereadeptus earn'd.”
S. Butler : Hudibras.

Ades'sena'rians. A term applied to
those who hold the real presence of
Christ’s body in the eucharist, but do
not maintain that the bread and wine
lose. any of their original properties.
(The word is from the Latin adesse, to
be present.)

Adeste Fidelés. Composed by
John Reading, who wrote ‘‘Dulcé
Domum.”’ - It is called the “ Portuguese
/Hymn,” from being heard at the Portu-
guese Chapel by the Duke of Leeds, who
supposed it to be a part of the usual
Portuguese service.

Adfiliate, Adfilia'tion. The ancient
Goths adopted the children of a former
marriage, and put them on the same
footing -as those of the new family.
(Latin, ad-filius, equal to a real son.)

Adha, al (the slit-eared). The swiftest
of Mahomet’s camels,

_Adhab-al-Cabr. The first purgatory
of the Mahometans,

Adiaph'‘orists. Followers of Me-
Janchthon ; moderate Lutherans, who
hold that some of the dogmas of Luther
‘are matters of indifference. " (Greek,
gidaaph'oros, indifferent.)

Macaulay : Essay, Burleigh.

Adieu, good-b’ye. A: Dieu, an ellip-
tical form for J commend you to God.
Good-b’ye is God be with ye.

Adis'sechen. The serpent with a
thousand heads which sustains the uni-
verse. (Indian mythology.)

Adjective Colours are those which
require a mordant before they can be
used as dyes.

Adjourn’. Oncewritten ajorz. French,
f-journer, to put off to another day.

“He ajorned tham to relie in the North of
Gavrlele."—Longtoft : Chronicle, p. 309.

Adjournment of the House. (See
MovInc THE ADJOURNMENT.)

Admirable (Zhe). Aben-Ezra, a
Spanish rabbi, born at Tolédo (1119-
1174). L
-Admirable Crichton (Z/ic). James
Crichton (kry-ton), (1551-1573.)

_Admirable Doctor (Docior admira-
biks), Roger Bacon (1214-1292),

Admiral, corruption of <Amir-al,
Milton, speaking of Satan, says :—
“ His spear (to equal which the tallest pine
Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast
Of some tal! amiral, were but a wand)
He walked witb.”—Paradise Lost, i, 292.

The word was introduced by the Turks
or Genoese in the twelfth century, and
is the Arabic Amir with the article al
(lord or commander); as Amir-al-ma
(commander of the water), -Amir-al-
Omra (commander of the forces), Amir
pl grit | (commander of the faith-
ful).
English admirals used to be of three
Pre according to the colour of their

ac—

dnitiel of the Red, used to hold the
centre in an engagement.

Admiral of the White, used to hold
the van.

Admiral of the Blue, used to hold the
rear.

The distinction was abolished in 1864 ;
now all admirals carry the white flag.

Admirals are called Flag Officers.

Admiral of the Blue. A butcher who
dresses in blue to conceal blood-stains.
A tapster also is so called, from his blue
apron. A play on the rear-admiral of
the British navy, called ‘‘ Admiral of the
Blue (Flag).’’

“ As soon a8 customers begin to stir
The Admiral of the Blue cries, ‘ Coming, Sir.’”
Poor Robin, 1731

Admiral of the Red. A punning
term applied to a wine-bibber whose
face and nose are very red.

Admittance. Licence. Shakespeare
says. ‘Sir John, you are a gentleman of
excellent breeding, of great admittance”
—1.¢., to whom great freedom is allowed
(Merry Wives, ii. 2). The allusion is to
an obsolete custom called admission, by
which a prince avowed another prince
to be under his protection. Maximilian,
Emperor of Mexico, was the“ admittant”’
of the Emperor Napoleon III.

Admonitionists or Admonition-
ers. Certain Puritans who in 1571 sent
an admonition to the Parliament con-
demning everything in the Church of
England which was not in accordanee
with the doctrines and practices of
Gene’va.

Adolpha. Daughter of General
Kleiner, governor of Prague and wife
of Idenstein. Her only fault was
“excess of too sweet nature, which
ever made another’s grief her own.””—
Knowles: Maid of Mariendorpt. (1838).

Adonai. Son of the star-beam, and
god of light among the Rosicru cians,

Adonais

Adrastus

One of the names given by the Jews to
Jehovah, for fear of breaking the com-
mand, ‘‘Thou shalt not take the name
of the Lord [Jehovah] thy God in vain.”’

Adonais (4 syl.). The song about
Ado'’nis; Shelley’s elegy on Keats is so
called. Sce Bion’s Lament for Adonis.

Ado‘nies, Feasts of Adonis, cele-
brated in Assyria, Alexandria, Egypt,
Judea, Persia, Cyprus, and all Greece,
for eight days, ucian gives a long
description of them. In these feasts
wheat, flowers, herbs, fruits, and
branches of trees were carried in pro-
cession, and thrown into the sea or some
fountain.

Ado’nis, A beautiful boy. The allu-
sion is to Ado’nis, who was beloved by
Venus, and was killed by a boar while
hunting.

“ Rose-chéeked Adonis hied him to the chase ;

Hunting he loved; but love he laughed, to

Bick-thoughted Venus makes amain unto him,

And, like a bold-faced suitor, gins to woo him,”
Shakespeare: Venus and Adonis,

_ Adonis of 50. Leigh Hunt was sent
to prison for applying this term to
George IV. when Regent..

Adonis Flower (7c), according to
Bion, is the rose; Pliny (i. 28) says it
is the anemone; others say it is the field

oppy, certainly the prince of weeds ;

ut what we now generally méan by the
Ad$nis flower is pheasant’s eye, called in
French goute-de-sang, because in fable
it sprang fromthe blood of the gored
hunter. ,
“Asa podoy Tike, Ta Se Saxpva tay avepwvav.”

Blood brings forth roses, tears anemone.)—Bion :
hlegy on Adonis. See also Ovid; Metamorphoses,
Bk. x., Fable 15.)

Adonis Garden, or A garden of
Adonis (Greek). A worthless toy; a
very perishable good. The allusion is
to the fennel and lettuce jars of the
ancient Greeks, ‘called ‘‘ Adonis gar-
dens,’’ because these herbs were planted
in them for the annual festival of the
young huntsman, and thrown away the
next morning. (1 Henry VJ., i. 6)

Adonis River. A river in Pheenicia,
which always runs red at the season
of the year when the feast of Adonis is
held. The legend ascribes this redness
to sympathy with the young hunter;
others ascribé it to a sort of minium, or
red earth, which mixes with the water.

“Thammuz came next beblind,

Whose annual wound in Lebanon allure

The Syrian damsels to lament his fate

Jn amorous ditties all a summer's day,

While smooth Adonis from bis native rock

Ran purple to the sea, supposed with blood

Of Thammuz yearly wounded.” |
Milton: Paradise Lost, Book 1, line 445, ete,

Ado'nists, Those Jews who maintain
that the proper vowels of the word Je-
hovah are unknown, and that the word
is never to be pronounced Ado‘nai.
(Hebrew, adon, lord.)

Adop'tion. Adoption by arms. An

. ancient custom of giving arms to a

person of merit, which laid him under
the obligation of being your champion
and defender.

Adoption by baptism. Being god-
father or godmother to a child. Tha
child by baptism is your god-child,

Adoption by hair. Cutting off your
hair, and giving it to a person in proof
that you receive him as your adopted
father. Thus Bo’son, King of Arles, cut

off his hair and gave it to Pope John
VIII., who adopted him.

Adoption Controversy. Elipand,
Archbishop of Tole’do, and Felix, Bishop
of Urgel, maintained that Jesus Christ
in his Auman nature was the son of God
by adoption only (Rom. viii. 29), though
in his pre-existing state he was the ‘‘ be-
gotten Son of God’ in the ordinary
catholic acceptation. Duns Scotus, Du-
randus, Calixtus, and others supported
this view.

Adop'tionist. A Keer of Elipand,
Archbishop of Tole’do, and Felix, Bishop
of Urgel (in Spain), is so called.

Adore (2 syl.) means to “carry to
one’s mouth” “to kiss”? (ad-os, ad-~
ordre). The Romans performed adora-
tion by placing their mee hand on their
mouth and Peet he Greeks paid
adoration to kings y putting the royal
robe to their lips. The Jews kissed in
homage: thus God said to Elijah he
had 7,000 in Israel who had not bowed
unto Baal, ‘‘every mouth which hath
not kissed him.” (1 Kings xix. 18;
see also Hos, xiii. 2). ‘Kiss the Son
lest He be angry ’’ (Psalm ii, 12), means
worship, reverence the Son, Even in
England we do homage by kissing the
hand of the sovereign.

Adram‘melech. God of the people
of Sepharva'im,*to whom infants were
burnt in sacrifice (Kings xvii. 31), Prob-
ably the sun,

Adrastus. An Indian prince from
the banks of the Ganges, who aided the
King of Egypt against the crusaders.
He wore a serpent’s skin, and rode on
an elephant. Adrastus was slain
Rinaldo.—Zasso . Jerusalem Deliv
Book xx,

Adrian

Advowson

Adrian (St¢.), represented, in Chris-
tian art, with an anvil, and a sword or
axe close by it. He had his limbs cut
off on a smith’s anvil, and was after-
wards beheaded. St. Adrian is the
patron saint of the Flemish brewers,

Adriel, in Dryden’s <Abdsalom and
Achitophel, is meant for the Earl of
Mulgrave.

“Sharp-judging Adriel, the muses’ friend,
Himself a muse: in Sanhedrim's debate
True to bis prince, but not a slave of state ;
Whom Dayid’s love with honours did adorh,
That from his disobedient son were torn.”

Part I.

Adrift. Jam alladrift. He is quite
adrift. To turn one adrift, Sea phrases.
A ship is said to be adrift when it has
broken from its moorings, and is driven
at random by the winds. To be adrift
is to be wide of the mark, or not in the
right course. To turn one adrift is to
turn him from house and home to go
his own way.

Adroit’ properly means ‘‘to the
right’ (French, @ droite). The French
call a person who is not adroit gauche
Creede), meaning awkward, boor-
ish,

Adsidel'te. The table at which the
flamens sat during sacrifice.

Adullamites (4 syl.). The adherents
of Lowe and Horsman, seceders in 1866
from the Reform Party. John Bright
said of these members that they retired
to the cave of Adullam, and tried to

ther round them all the disconténted.

e allusion is to David in his flight
from Saul, who “escaped to the cave
Adullam; and every one that was in
distress, and every one that was in debt,

and every one that was discontented, .

gathered themselves unto him”’ (1 Sam,
xxii. 1, 2).

The second branches of
@ stag’s horn.

“Ina hart the main horne itself they call the
beame. The lowest antlicr is called the brow-
antler; the next, rojal ; the next that, surroial ;
and then the fom

“In a buck, they say bur, beame, braunch, ad-
tara, palme, and speilers.'—Marwood : Forest

Advent. Four weeks to comme-
morate the first and second coming of
Christ; the first to redeem, and the
second to judge the world. The season
begins on Bt. drew’s Day, cr the Sun-
day nearest to it. (Latin, ad-tentus, the
coming to.) .
hs alan (The). Satan. (1 Pet.
vy (x ,

_ Advocate (4) means one called to

assist clients in a court of law. (Latin,
advocdre.)

The Devil’s Advocate. One who brings
forward malicious accusations. When
any name is proposed for canonisation
in the Roman Catholic Church, two
advocates are appointed, one to oppose
the motion and one to defend it. The
former, called Advoca'tus Diab'oli (the
Devil’s Advocate), advances all he can
against the person in question; the
latter, called Advoca'tus Dei (God's
Advocate), says all he can in support
of the proposal,

Advocates’ Library, in Edinburgh,
founded 1682, is one of the five libraries
to which copyright books are sent. (See
CopyRIGHT.

Advow’son means the right of ap-
pointing the incumbent of a church or
ecclesiastical benefice. In medieval times
the ‘‘advocacy’’ or patronage of
bishoprics and abbeys was frequently in
the hands of powerful nobles, who often
claimed the right to appoimt in the event
of a vacancy; hence the word (from
Latin, adcocatio, the office of a patron).

A presentative advowson is when the
patron presents to the bishop a person to
whom he is willing to give the place of
preferment. om

A colla'tive advowson is when the
bishop himself is patron, and collates his
client without any intermediate person.

A don‘ative advowson is where the
Crown gives a living to a clergyman
without presentation, institution, or in-
duction. This is done when a church or
chapel has been founded by the Crown,
and is not subject to the ordinary.

Advowson in gross is an advowson
separated from the manor, and belong-
ing wholly to the owner. While at-
tached to the manor it is an advowson
appendant. ‘*Gross’’ (French) means
absolute, entire ; thus gross weight is

| the entire weight without deductions,

A villain in gross was a villain the
entire property of his master, and not
attached to the land. A common in gross
is one which is entirely your own, and

which belongs to the manor.
Sale o dvowsons. When lords of
manors built churches upon their own

demesnes, and endowed them, they he-
came private property, which the lord
might give away or even sell, under
certain limitations. These livings are
called Advowsons appen'dant, being ap-

mded to the manor. After atime they
ae regular ‘‘ commercial property,”

nm Adytum

Aion

and we still see the sale of some of them —

in the public journals.

Ad'ytum; The Holy of Holies in the
Greek and Roman temples, into which
the general public were not admitted.
(Greek, a-duton = not to be entered;
duo, to go.)

Avdiies (2 syl.). Those who, in
ancient Rome, had charge of the public
buildings (@des), such as the temples,
theatres, baths, aqueducts, sewers, in-
cluding roads and streets also,

J&geus (2 syl.). A fabulous king of
Athens who gave name to the Agéan
Sea. His son, Theseus, went to Crete
to deliver Athens from the tribute ex-
acted by Minos. Theseus said, if he
succeeded he would hoist a white sail on
his home-voyage, as a signal of his
safety. This he neglected to do; and
Z£geus, who watched the ship from a
rock, thinking his son had perished,
threw himself into the sea,

This incident has been copied in the
tale of Sir Tristram and Ysolde. Sir
Tristram being severely wounded in
Brittany, sent for Ysolde to come and
see him before he died. He told his
messenger, if Ysolde consented to come
to hoist a white flag. Sir Tristram’s
wife told him the ship was in sight with
a black flag at the helm, whereupon
Sir Tristram bowed his head and died.
(TRistRaM.}

ZEgine'tan Sculptures. Sculptures
excavated by a company of Germans,
Danes, and English (1811), in the little
island of Agina. They were purchased
by Ludwig, Crown Prince of Bavaria,
and are now the most remarkable orna-
ments of the Glyptothek, at Miinich.

fEgir’. God of the ocean, whose wife
is Rana. They had nine daughters, who
wore white robes and veils (Scandin-
avian mythology). 'These daughters are
fhe billows, etc. The word means “to
ow.

#'gis. The shield of Jupiter made
by Vulcan was so called, and symbolised
“Divine protection.”? The shield of
Minerva was called an @gis also. The
shield of Jupiter was covered with the
skin of the goat Amalthea, and the
Greek for goat is, in the genitive case,
aigos. The wegis made by Vulcan was
of brass.

I throw my egis over you, I give you
my protection.

figro’tat.. To sport an @grotat. In
university parlance, an xgrotat is a

medical certificate of indisposition to
exempt the bearer from attending chapel
and college lectures.

AETI (4—7), a common motto on
jewellery, means *‘ for ever and for
aye.” (Greek.)

#®lu/rus. The cat. An Egyptian
deity held in the greatest veneration.
Heroddtus (ii. 66) tells us that Diana,
to avoid being molested by the giants,
changed herself into a cat. The deity
used to be represented with a cat’s head
on ‘sete body. (Greek, ailous‘os,
a cat,

Jimilian Law. Made by milius
Mamercus the pretor. It enjoined that
the oldest priest should drive a nail every
year into the capitol on the ides of Sep-
tember (September 5).

4imonia Aimo’nian (Hzmonta
Hemontay),

ine'as. The hero of Virgil’s epic.
He carried his father Anchi’sés on his
shoulders from the flames of Troy. After
roaming about for many years, he came
to Italy, where he founded a colony
which the Romans claim as their origin,
The epithet applied to him is piws=pious,
dutiful.

#Ene'id. The epic poem of Virgi
(in twelve ole & called “ied
Ene'as and the suffix -is, plur. idés
(belonging to).

“The story of Sinon,” says Macrdbius, “and the

taking of Troy is borrowed from Pisander

“The loves of Dido and Ainéas are taken from
those of Medéa and Jason, in Apollénius of
Rhodes. » :

“The story of the Wooden Horse and burning
of Troy is from Arctinus of Milétus,.”

folic Digamma. An ancient
Greek letter (F), sounded like our w.
Thus oinos with the digamma was
sounded woinos; whence the Latin
vinum, our wine, Gamma, or g, was
shaped thus [, hence digamma =
double 7.

Zolic Mode, in music, noted for its
simplicity, fit for ballads and songs.
The Phrygian Mode was for religious

‘music, as hymns and anthems,

#olus, in Roman mythology, was
“¢ god of the winds.”’ r

vlianharp. The wind-harp. A box
on which strings are stretched. Being
placed. where a draught gets to the
strings, they utter musical sounds, be

f&on. (Greek, aion), eternity, an im-
measurable length of time; any be
that is eternal. Basilidés reckons there

| have been 365 such mons, or gods; but

Aira

19

Aetites

t
Valentinius restricts the number to 30.
Sometimes written “éon.’’

Tn geology each series of rocks covers an zon
S an indefinite and immeasurable period of
me.

JEra, [ERA.]

Aérated Bread. Bread made light
by means of carbonic acid gas instead of
leaven.

Aérated Water. Water impregnated
with carbonic acid gas, called jixed air,

Ae’rians. Followers of Ae'rius, who
maintained that there is no_ difference
between bishops and priests.

JEs’chylus (Greek, Aicyvios), the
most sublime of the Greek tragic poets.
He wrote 90 plays, only 7 of which
are now extant. /ischylus was killed
by a tortoise thrown by an eagle (to
break the shell) against his bald head,
which it mistook for a stone (8.0. 535-
456). See Horace, Ars Poetica, 278.

Pronounce Ees’-ke-lus.

Zfs'chylus of France. Prosper
Jolyot de Crébillon, (1674-1762.)

ZEscula‘pius. The Latin form of
the Greek word Asklépios, the god of
medicine and of healing. Now used for
‘*a medical practitioner.’’

JEsir, plural of As or Asa, the celestial
gods of Scandinavia, who lived in As-
(god’s ward), situate on the hea-
-venly hills between.earth and the rain-
bow. The chief wasOdin. Wearetold
that there were twelve, but it would be
hard to determine who the twelve are,
for, like Arthur’s dpaleblsy the number
seems variable. The evan fey, be
mentioned :—(1) Odin; (2) or (his
eldest son, the god of thunder) ; (3) Tyr
another son, the god of wisdom) ; (4)
aldur (another son, the Scandinavian
‘Apollo) ; (5) Bragi (the god of elo-
uence); (6) Vidar (god of silence) ;. (7)
Tsdur the blind (Baldur’s twin brother) ;
48) Hermod (Odin’s son and messenger) ;
9) Heenir (divine intelligence); (10)
ur (husband of Freyja, the Scandin-
avian Venus); (11) Loki (the god of
mischief, though not an asa, lived in
Asgard); (12) Vali (Odin’s youngest
son) ; another of Odin’s sons was Kvasir
the keen-sighted. Then there were the
Vanir, or gods of air, ocean, and water ;
the gods of fire; the gods of the Lower
World ; and the Mysterious Three, who
sat on three thrones above the rainbow.
Their names were Har ae perfect), the
Like-perfect, and the Third person.
_ Wives of the Asir: Odin'’s wife was

Frigga; Thor's wife was Sif (beauty) ;

Baldur’s wife was Nanna (daring) ;
Bragi’s wife was Idina; Oduvr’s wife
was Freyja (the Scandinavian Venus) ;
Loki’s wife was Sigiina.

The Atsir built Asgard themselves,
but each god had his own private man-
sion. That of Odin was Gladsheim ;
but his wife Frigga had also her private
abode, named Fensalir; the mansion of
Thor was Bilskirnir; that of Baldur
was Broadblink; that of Odur’s wife
was Folkbang; of Vidar was Landvidi
(wide land); the private abode of the
goddesses generally was Vingolf.

The refectory or banquet hall of the
Z&sir was called Valhalla,

Niord, the water-god, was not one of
the Aisir, but chief of the Vanir; his son
was Frey; his daughter, Freyja (the
Scandinavian Venus); his wite was
Skadi; and his home, Noatun.

fison’s Bath, Sir Thomas Browne
(Religio Medici, p. 67) rationalises this
into ‘‘hair-dye.’’ The reference is to
Medea renovating ison, father of
Jason, with the juices of a concoction
made of sundry articles. After son
had imbibed these juices, Ovid says :~

“Barba comeque,
Canitie posita, nigrum rapuére, colorem.”
Metamorphoses, Vii, 288,

#Zsonian Hero (Zhe). Jason, who

was the son of Aéson.

Zx'sop’s Fables were compiled by
Bab’rios, a Greek, who lived in the Alex-
andrian age. .

<isop, a Phrygian slave, very de-
formed, and the writer of fables. He
was contemporary with Pythagéras,
about B.c. 570.

= g .
Almost all Greek and Latin fables are ascribed
tg sop, as all our Psalms are ascribed to David.
The Latin fables of Phidrus are supposed to be
translations of AZsopian fables,

sop of Arabia, Lokman (?). Nasser,
who lived in the fifth century, is gencr-
ally called the ‘‘ Arabian AXsop,”’
wee of England. John Gay. (1688-

sop of France, Jean dela Fontaine,
(1621-1695.)

LE sop of Cermany: Gotthold Ephraim
Lessing. (1729-1781.)

Atisop of India, Bidpay or Pilpay.
(About three centuries before the Chris-
tian era.)

A‘etites (3 syl.). Eagle - stones.
(Greek, a&tos, an eagle.) Hollow stones
composed of several crusts, one within
another. Supposed at one time to form
part of an eagle’s nest. Pliny mentions
them. Kirwan applies the name to

«

4itolian Hero

clay ironstones having a globular crust
of oxide investing an ochreous, kernel.
Mythically, they are supposed to have
the property of detecting theft.
JEtolian Hero (The). Diomede, who
was king of Astolia, Ovid.
Affable means ‘ one easy to be spoken

to.” (Latin, ad fari, to speak to.)
Affect’. To love, to desire. (Latin,
afficto.)

“Some affect the light, and some the shade.”
Blair: Grave.

lAffection aveugle raison (French).
Cassius says to Brutus, ‘‘ A friendly eye
could never see such faults.”’ “ L’esprit
est presque toujours la dupe du coeur.”
(La Rochefoucauld : Maximes.)

Again, ‘‘a mother thinks all her geese
are swans,’’

Italian: A ogni
suol grollatini, A
nido € bello.

French; A chaque oiseau son .nid
parait beau,

Latin: Asinus asino, sus sui, pulcher.
Sua cuique res est car’ssizna.

- Affront’ properly means to stand
front to front, savage nations oppos-
ing armies draw up front to front before
they begin hostilities, and by grimaces,
sounds, words, and all conceivable
means, try to provoke and terrify their
vis-d-vis, When this “affronting”’ is
over, the adversaries rush against each
other, and the fight begins in earnest.

Affront,. A salute; a coming in front
of another to salute,

“Only, sir, this I must caution you of, in your
affrout, or salute, never to move your hat.”—
Green; Tu Quoque, Vii. 95.

Afraid. He who trembles to hear a
leaf fall should keep out of the wood.
This is a French proverb: ‘‘ Qui a peur
de feuilles, ne doit aller au bois.’? Our
corresponding English proverb is, ‘‘ He
who fears scars shouldn’t go the wars.’’
The timid should not voluntarily expose
themselves to danger.

“Little boats shou)d keep near shore,
Larger ones may venture more.”

Africa. Teneo te, Africa (I take
possession of thee, O Africa), When
Cesar landed at Adrumétum, in Africa,
he tripped and fell—a bad omen; but,
with wonderful presence of mind, he
pretended that he had done so intea-
tionally, and kissing the soil, exclaimed,
‘Thus do I take possession of thee, O
Africa,’ Told also of Scipio. (See Don
Quixote, Pt. II. Bk. vi. ch. 6.) .

Africa semper aliquid novi affert.
“Africa is always producing some
novelty,” A Greek proverb quoted

eels paion belli i
ogni uccello, suo

20

\

Agag

(in Latin) by Pliny, in allusion to the
ancient belicf that Africa abounded in
strange monsters.

African Sisters (Zhe). The Hes-
perides (4 syl.) who lived in Africa.
‘They were the daughters of Atlas.

Afriet, or ‘‘ Afrit.”?> The beau ideal
of what is terrible and monstrous in
Arabian superstition. A sort of ghoul
or demon. Solomon, we are told, once
tamed an Afrit, and made it submissive
to his will.

Aft. The hinder part of a ship.
Fore and Aft. The entire length (of
a ship), from stem to stern, :

After-cast. A throw of dice after
the game is ended ; anything done too

late.
“Ever he playeth an atter-cast
Of all that be shall say or do,"—Gower.

After-clap. Beware of after-claps,
An after-clap is a catastrophe or threat
after an affair is supposed to be over.
It is very common in thunderstorms to
hear a “‘clap’’ after the rain subsides,
and the clouds break.

“What plaguy mischief and mishaps
Do dog him still with after-claps,” .
Butler: Hudibras, Pt. i. 3.
After Meat, Mustard. In Latin,
‘Post bellum, auxilium.’? We have
also, ‘‘ After death, the doctor,”” which
is the German, ‘‘ Wann der kranke ist
todt, so kommt der arztnei’’ (when the
patient’s dead, comes the PAYS To
the same effect is ‘‘ When the steed is
stolen, lock the stable door,’’ Meaning,
doing a thing, or offering service when
it is too late, or when there is no longer
need thereof..

After us, the Deluge. ‘I care not
what happens when I am_dead and
gone.’ So said Mdme. de pies noe |
the mistress of Louis XV. (1722-1764).
Metternich, the Austrian statesman
(1773-1859), is credited with the same;
but probably he simply quoted the words
of the French marchioness,

Aft-meal. An extra meal; a meal
taken after and in addition to the ordin-
ary meals,

At aft-meals who shall pay a rs ain ny 4

A’gag, in Dryden’s satire of Adsa-
lon and Achitiophel, is meant for Sir
Edmondbury Godfrey, the magistrate
before whom Titus Oates made his de-
claration, and was afterwards foun
barbarously murdered in a ditch near

Agamarshana

Primrose Hill. Agag was hewed to
pieces by Samuel (1 Sam. xv.).
‘“And Corall (Titus Oates) might for Agag’s

mu der call
In terms as coarse as Samuel used to Saul.”
1, 675-6.

Agamarshana. A passage of the
Veda, the repetition of which will purify
the soul like absolution after confession.

Agamemnon, King of Argos, in
Greece, and commander-in-chief of the
allied Greeks who went to the siege of
Troy. The fleet being delayed by ad-
verse winds at Aulis, Agamemnon sacri-
ficed his daughter Iph'igeni’a to Diana,
and the winds became at once favourable.
—Homer’s Iliad.

"Till Agamemnon’s daugbter’s blood

Appeased the gods that them withstood.”

2 - £arl of Surrey.

His brother was Menelaos. ‘

His daughters were Iphigenia, Electra, Ipbian-
assa, and Chrysotbemis neat.

He was grandson of Pe oe pee

He was killed in a bath by his wife Clytem-
nestra, after his return from Troy. |

His son was Orestés, who slew his mother for
murdering his father, and was called Agamem-

ast. : ,

is wife was Clytemnestra, who lived in adult-
ery with Egistheus. At Troy he fell in love with
Cassandra, a daughter of King Priam.

Vixére fortes anté Agamemnona (‘there
are hills beyond Pentland, and fields
beyond Forth’’), 7.e., we are not to
suppose that our own age or localit
monopolises all that is good.—Hor. Od.
iv. 9,25. We might add, et post Aga-
memnona vivent.

“Great men there lived ere Agamemnon came.
And after him will others rise to fame.”—E. C. B,

Aganice (4 syl.), or Aglaonicé, the
Thessalian, ing able to calculate
eclipses, she pretended to have the moon
under her command, and to be able
when she chose. to draw it from heaven.
Her secret being found out, her vaunting
became a laughing-stock, and gave birth
to the Greek proverb cast at braggarts,
** Yes, as the Moon obeys Aganice.”’

Aganippe (4 syl.). A fountain of

Beeotia at the foot of Mount Helicon
dedicated to the Muses, because it had
the virtue of imparting poetic inspira-
tion. From this fountain the Muses are
called Aganippedés (5 syl.) or Aganip-
pidés (5 syl.)..
_ Ag’ape (3 syl.). A love-feast. The
early Christians held a love-feast before
or after communion, when contributions
were made for the poor. These feasts
became a scandal, and were condemned
at-the Council of Carthage, 397. (Greek,
agapé, love.)

- Agapem’one (5 syl.). A somewhat
disreputable association of .men and

21

Agdistes

women living promiscuously on a com-
mon fund, which existed for a time at
Charlynch, near Bridgewater, in Somer-
setshire. (Greek, agapé, love.)

Agapetsx. Women under vows of
virginity, who undertook to attend the
monks. (The word is Greek, and means
beloved.)

Ag’ate (2syl.). So called, says Pliny
(xxxvii. 10), from Acha’tés or Gaga‘tis,
a river in Sicily, near which it is found
in abundance.

“ These, these are they, if we consider well,
That sapbirs and the diamonds doe excell,
stg anda the emerauld, and the turkesse

eu
The sanguine corrall, amber’s golden hiew,
The cbristall, jacinth, achate, ruby red.”
Taylor: The Waterspout (1630),

Agate is supposed to render a person

invisible, and to turn the sword of foes

against themselves.

Agate.. A very diminutive person.
Shakespeare speaks of Queen Mab as no
bigger than an agate-stone on the fore
finger of an alderman.

“J was never manned with an agate till now.”

Shakespeare: 2 Hen. 1V.i. 2,

Agatha. Daughter of Cuno, the
ranger, in love with Max, to whom she
is to be married, provided he carries off
the prize in the annual trial-shot. She
is in danger of being shot by Max m-
wittingly, but is rescued by a hermit,
and becomes the bride of the young
huntsman.—/Weber’s Opera of Der
Freischitz,

Agatha (St.). Represented in Chris-
tian art with a pair of shears, and

-holding in her hand a salver, on which

her breasts are placed. The reference
is to her martyrdom, when her breasts

- were cut off by a pair of shears.

_against wild beasts.

Agave (3 syl.) or ‘American aloe,”’
from the Greek, agauos, admirable.
The Mexicans plant fences of Agavé
round their wigwams, as a defence
The Mahometans

of Egypt regard it ds a charm and

religious symbol ; and pilgrims to Mecca
indicate their exploit by hanging over
the door of their dwelling a leaf of
Agavé, which has the further charm of
warding off evil spirits. The Jews in
Cairo attribute a similar virtue to the
plant, every part of which is utilised.
Agdistes (self-indulgence). The- god
who keyt the porch of the ‘‘ Bower of
Bliss.’ He united in his own person the
two sexes, and sprang from the stone
Agdus, parts of which were taken b
Doeucalion and Pyrrha to cast over their

Age as accords
shoulders, after the Hood, for re-peopling
the world.
book ii. 12.) Ag-dis’-tes in 3 syl.

Age as accords (Jo). To do what

ry

is fit and right (Scotch law term). Here

**Age’’ is from the Latin agére, to do.
“To set about the matter in a regular manner,
or,ashetermedit . . . to‘*ageas accords,’ "—
Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet, chap. 2.
Age of Animals. An oid Celtic
rhyme,.put into modern English, says :—
“Thrice the age of a dog is that of a horse ;
Thrice tue age of a horse is that of a man ;

Thrice the age of a man is that ofa deer ;
Thrice the age of a deer is that of an eagle.”

Age of Women (Ze). Though many
women are mentioned in the Bible, the
age of only one (Sarah, Abraham’s wife)
is recorded, and that to show at her
advanced age she would become the
mother of Isaac.

“Elizabeth, the mother of the Baptist,” we
ate told by St. Luke, “ was well-stricken in age.”

Age of the Bishops (The). The
ninth century. (Hallam: Middle Ages.)

Age of the Popes (Zhe). The
twelfth century. (Hallam: MiddleAges.)

Agé hoc. “Attend to this.”” In
sacrifice the Roman crier perpetually
repeated these words to arouse attention.
In the ‘Common Prayer Book’? the
attention of the congregation is fre-
quently aroused by the exhortation,
“* Let us pray,’’ though nearly the whole
service is that of prayer.

Ages. Varro (Fragments, p. 219,
Scaliger’s edition, 1623) recognises three
ages :—

(1) From the beginning of mankind
to the Deluge, a time wholly unknown.

(2) From the Deluge to the First
Olympiad, called the mythical period.
~ (3) From the first Olympiad to the
present time, called the historic period.

Titian symbolised the three ages of
man thus :— :

1) An infant in a cradle.

2) A shepherd playing a flute.
6 An old man meditating on two
skulls.

According to Lucre'tius also, there are
three. ages, distinguished by the materials
employed in implements (v, 1282), viz. :

(1) The age of stone, when celts or im-
plements of stane were employed.

(2) The age of bronze, when implements
were made of copper or brass.

(3) The age of iron, when implements
were made of iron, as at present,

(Spenser: Fatrie Queene,

Agist

Hesiod names five ages, viz. -—

4 ahs Golden or patriarchal, under the care of
aturn. .

The Silver or voluptuous, under the care ef
Jupiter. 2

The Brazen or warlike, under the care of
Neptune. _ 5

ae Heroic or_renaissant, under the care of

ars,

The Iron or present, under the care of Pluto.

¢@ The present is sometimes called
the wire age, from its telegraphs, by
means of which well-nigh the whole
earth is in intercommunication.

Fichte names five ages also: the ante-
diluvian, post-diluvian, Christian, satanic,
and millennian.

Ag’elasta. The stone on which
Ce’rés rested when worn down by fatigue
in searching for her daughter. (Greek,
joyless.)

Agenoriides (5syl.). Cadmos, who
was the son of Agénor,

Agent. Fs man a free agent? This
is a question of theology, which has lon
been mooted. The point is this:
God fore-ordains all our actions, they
must take place as he fore-ordains them,
and man acts.as a watch or clock; but
if, on the other hand, man is responsible-
for his actions, he must be free to act as
his inclination leads him. Those who
hold the former view are called necessita-
rians ; those who hold the latter, libertae
rians.

Aggluitinate Languages. The
Tura‘nian family of languages are so
called because every syllable is a word,
and these are glued together to form
other words, cat may be unglued so as
to leave the roots distinct, as‘*‘inkstand,’”

Aghast’. Frightened, as by a ghost;
from Anglo-Saxon gast, a ghost.

Agi'o. The percentage of. charge’
made for the exchange of paper money
into cash. (Italian).

“The profit is called by the Italians aggio.”"—
Scarlett. ,

Agis. King of Sparta, who tried to
deliver Greece from the Macedonian
yoke, and was slain in the attempt.

“To save a rotten state, Agis, who saw.

E’en Sparta’s self to servile avarice sink.”

Thomsen : Winter, 488-9,

Agist’. To take the cattle of another
to graze at acertain sum. The feeding
of these. beasts is called agistment. The
words are from the Norman agiser (to
be levant and couchant, rise wp and lie
down), because, says Coke, beasts are
levant and couchaut whilst they are on
the land, ib

Agila

Agrimony

Agia. A cabalistic name of God,
formed from the initial letters of Attah,
Gibbor, Leholam, Adonai (Zhou art
strong for ever, O Lords). (See Nort-
ARICA.)

Aglaos. The poorest man in Arcadia,
ronounced by Apollo to be far happier
han Gyges, because he was ‘‘ contented

with his lot?”

“Poor and content is rich and rich enough ;

But riches endless are as poor as winter
To him who ever fears he shall be poor.”
Shakespeare: Othello iii. 3.

Agnes. She is.an Agnes (elle fat
? Agnés)—t.e., she is a sort of female
“‘ Verdant Green,’’ who is so unsophistic-
ated that she does not even know what
love means. It is a character in Mo-
litre’s L’ Ecole des Femmes.

Agnes (St.) is represented by Dom-
enichino as kneeling on a pile of fagots,
the fire-extinguished, and the executioner
about to slay her with the sword. The
introduction of a lamb (agnus) is a
modern innovation, and play on the
name. St. Agnes is the patron of young
virgins.

“St. Agnes was first tied to a stake,
but the fire of the stakes went out;
whereupon Aspasius, set to watch the
martyrdom, drew his sword, and cut off
her head,’’

Agnes’ Day (S¢.), 21st January. Upon
St. Agnes’ night, you take a row of pins,
and pull out every one, one after another.
Saying a pater-noster, stick a pin in
your sleeve, and you will dream of him
or her you shall marry.— Autrey; Mis-
cellany, p. 136.

Agnoites (3 syl.). Ag'-no-ites, or
Ag-no’-i-tz (4 syl.).

(1) Certain heretics in_the fourth
century who said ‘‘God did not know
everything.”

(2) Another sect, in the sixth century,
who maintained that Christ ‘did not
know the time of the day of judgment,’*
(Greek, a, not; yyvionw, to know.) -

Agnostic (47). A term invented by
Prof. Huxley in 1885 to indicate the
mental attitude of those who withhold
their assent to whatever is incapable of
proof, such as the absolute. In regard
to miracles and revelation, agnostics
neither dogmatically accept nor reject
such matters, but simply say Agnosco—I
do not know—they are not capable of
proof,

.Agnus-castus, A shrub of the Vitex
fue. called agnos (chaste) by the

eeks, because the Athenian ladies, at

——4

the feast of Cerés, used to strew their
couches with vitex leaves, as a palladium
of chastity. The monks, mistaking
agnos (chaste) for egnus (a lamb), but
knowing the use made of the plant,
added castus to explain its character,
making it chaste-lamb. (For another
similar blunder, see 1.H.S.)

Agnus- Dei. A cake of wax or
dough stamped with the figure of a
lamb supporting the banner of the Cross,
and distributed by the Pope on the
Sunday after Easter as an amulet. Our
Lord is called Agnus Dei (the Lamb of
God). There is also a prayer so called,
because it begins with the words, Agnus
Der, qui tollis pecca'ta mundi (O Lamb of
God, that takest away the sins of the

-world).

Agog’. He is all agog, in nervous
anxiety ; on the gui vive, ike a horse in
clover. (French, @ gogo, or vivre d gogo,
to live in clover.)

Agonis'tes (4syl.). Samson Agonistes
(the title of Multon’s drama) means
Samson wrestling with adversity—Sam-
son combating with trouble. (Greek,
agonv'zomaz, to combat, to struggle.)

' Agonis'tics. A bratich of the Dona-

‘tists of Africa who roamed from town to

town affirming they were ministers of
justice. The Greek adn (an assembly)
=the Latin nundine, days when the .
law-courts were opened, that country
people might go and get their law-suits
settled.

Ag’ony properly means contention in
the athletic games ; and to agonise is the
act of contending. (Greek, agor, a game
of contest, as well as a ‘‘place of
assembly ’’). ;

Agony, meaning ‘‘ great pain,”’ is the
wrestle with pain or struggle with suffer-
ing..

Agony Column of a newspaper. A
column containing advertisements of
missing relatives and friends ; indicating
great distress of mind in the advertiser.

Agrarian Law, from the Latin ager
(and), is a law for making land the
common property of a nation, and not.
the particular property of individuals.
In a modified form, it means a re-
distribution of land, giving to each citizen
a portion.

Agrimony. The older spelling was
Argemony, and Pliny calls it agemonia,
from the Greek agemos, a white speck
on the eye, which this plant was supposed
to cure. :

Ague

Ague (4 cure for). (See Homer.)

Ague-cheek. Sir Andrew Ague-
cheek, a straight-haired country squire,
stupid even to silliness, self-conceited,
living to eat, and wholly unacquainted
with the world of fashion. Thecharacter
is in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night.

A’gur’s Wish (Prov. xxx. 8), ‘‘Give
me neither riches nor poverty.”’

Ahasue rus, or Ahashverosh. - A title
common to several Persian kings. The
three mentioned in the Bible are sup-
posed to be Cyaxarés (Dan. xi. 1);
Xerxes (Esther); and Cambyses (Ezra
iv. 6).

An alabaster vase found at Halicarnassus gives
four renderings of the name Xerxes, viz., Persian,
dthsha@yarsha; Assyrian, Khisiharsaha; Egyptian,
Khshyarsha, and the Greek, Xerres; the Sans-
krit root Kshi means “to rule,” Kshathra (Zend
Ksathra), a king.

Ahead. The wind’s ahead—i.e., blows
in the direction towards which the ship’s
head points; in front. If the wind
blows in the opposite direction (i.¢.,

-towards the stern) it is said to be astern.
When one ship is ahead of another, it is
re it, or further advanced. ‘‘ Ahead
of his class,’? meansatthe head. Ahead
in arace, means before the rest of the
runners.

To go ahead is to go on without hesi-
tation, as a ship runs ahead of another.

Ahith’ophel, or Achitophel. A
treacherous friend and adviser. Ahitho-
phel was David’s counsellor, but joined
Absalom in revolt, and advised him
‘*‘ like the oracle of God” (2 Sam. xvi.
20-23). In Dryden’s political satire,
Achitophel stands for the Earl of Shaftes-
bury. (See ACHITOPHEL.)

Ahmed (Prince). Noted for the tent
given him by the fairy Pari-ban’ou, which
would cover a whole army, but might be
carried in one’s pocket; and for the
apple of Samarcand’, which would cure
all diseases, — Arabian Nights, Prince
Ahmed, ete.

This tent coincides in a marvellous
manner with the Norse ship called Skid-
bladnir (g.v.). (See SoLomon’s CaRPert.)

Aholibah (Ezek. xxiii. 4, 11, etc.).
The personification of prostitution. Used
by the prophet to signify religious adult-
ery or harlotry. (See HaRwor.)

_ “The great difficulty in exposing the immoral-
itios of this Aholibab is that ber [acts] are so
revolting.”"—Papers on the Social Evil, 1885. ;

Aholibamah. A granddaughter of
Cain, loved by the seraph Samia’sa, She
isa proud, ambitious, queen-like beauty,
a female type of Cain, When the flood

24

Air one's opinions

came, her angel-lover carried her under
his wings to some other planet.— Byron :
Heaven and Earth.

Ahriman, or Ahrim'anés. Theprin-
ciple or angel of darkness and evil in the
Magian system. (See ORMUSD.)

“T recognise the evil spirit, sir, and do honour
to Ahrimanes in this young nian,"—Thackeray.

Aide toi et le Ciel t’aidera (God
will help those who help themselves). The
party-motto of a political society of
France, established in 1824. The object
of the society was, by agitation and the
press, to induee the middle classes to
resist the Government. Guizot was at
one time its president, and Le Globe and
Le National its organs. This society,
which doubtless aided in bringing about
ihe poroluuice of 1830, was dissolved in

Algrette (2 syl.). A lady’s head-
dress, consisting of feathers or flowers.
The French call the down of thistles and
dandelions, as well as the tuft of birds,
aigrette,

Aim. To give aim, to stand aloof.
A term in archery, meaning to stand
within a convenient distance from the
butts, to give the archers information
how near their arrows fall to the mark
aimed at.

“But, gentle people, give me aim awhile,

For nature puts me toa heavy task; —

Stand all aloof.”

Shakespeare: Titus Andronicus, V. 3,

To cry aim, To applaud, encourage,
In archery it was aay to appoint
certain persons to cry aim, for the sake
of encouraging those who were about to
shoot.

“ All my neighbours shall cry aim.*-
Shakespeare: Merry Wives of Windsor, iii, 2.

Aim-crier. An abettor, one who
encourages. In archery, the on em-
ployed ta ‘‘cry aim.” (See above,)

“Thou siniling aim-crier at princes’ fall.”
nglish Arcadia. .

Air, an element, Anaxagoras held
air to be the primary form of matter.

Aristotle gives Fire, Air, Earth, and

Water as fhe four elements. =~

Air, a manner, as “the air of the

“eourt,” the ‘‘air of gentility ;’’ **a good

air’? (manner, deportment
pervading habit. .
Air, in music, is that melody which
predominates and gives its character to
the piece. Aoory
Air one’s opinions (7v) To state
emly based

opinions without having

means the

Air-brained

them on proper data. To let them fly
loose, like a caged bird.

To ventilate an opinion means to suggest for the
Purpose of having it duly tested. A conceited
™man airs his opinions, a discreet one ventilates
them, as corn when it is winnowed; and the chaff,
is blown off.

Air-brained. “Giddy, heedless. This
word is now generally spelt ‘‘ hare-
brained ;’’ but, by ancient authors, Aazr-
brained. In ©. Thomson’s <Autobio-
graphy it is a “« Air-brained,’’ which
seems plausible.

Air-line signifies (in the United
States) the most direct and shortest
possible route between two given places,
as the Eastern and Western Air-line
Railway.

Air-ship (47). A balloon.

“Presently a north-easterly curtent of wind
struck the air-ship, and it began to move with
great velocity upon a horizontal line.” — Max
Adeler: The Captain's MS.

Air-throne. Odin’s throne in Glads-
heim. His palace was in Asgard.
Airs. To givé oneself mighty airs:

25

to assume, in manner, appearance, and.

tone, a superiority to which you have
noclaim, The same as dir, manner (q..).

The plural is essential in this case to take it out
of the category of mere eccentricity, or to dis-
tinguish it from “‘air’ in the sense of deport-
ment, as “ be had a fine, manly air,” “bis air was
that of agentleman.” Air, in the singular, being
generally complimentary, but “ airs "in tbe plural
always conveying censure. In Italian, we find
tbe phrase, Si da dell avie.

Airap'adam. The white elephant,
one of the eight which, according to
Indian mythology, sustain the earth.

Aisle (pronounce i/e). The northand

south wings ofa church. Latin, ala
(axilla, ascella), through the French, ai/e,
a wing. In German the nave of a

church is schiff, and the aisle flugel (a
wing). In some church documents the
aisles are called alleys (walks), and
hence the nave is still sometimes called
the ‘‘ middle aisle”’ or alley. The choir
of Lincoln Cathedral used to be called
the ‘‘ Chanters’ alley ;’’ and Olden tells
us that when he came to be church-
warden, in 1638, he made the Puritans
‘come up the middle alley on their
knees to the raile.”’

Aitch-bone of beef. Corruption of
“ Naitch-bone,”’ i.e. the haunch-bone
(Latin, nates, a haunch or buttock).

Similarly, “an apron” is a corruption of a
by 9 i nl ; “an adder” is a corruption of a nadder
ld Eng., neddre). In other words, we have
reversed the order ; thus ‘ta newt" is an ewt; “a
nag” is an 6g\ Danish). Latin, eg{wus], a horse.

Ajax, the Greater, King of Sal’amis,
@ man of giant stature, arta h and self-
confident, Generally called Tel’amon

Aladdin's Window

Ajax, because he was the son of Tel’a-
mon. When the armour of Hector was
awarded to Ulysses instead of to himself,
he turned mad from vexation and stabbed
himself.—Homer’s Jad, and later poets.

Ajax, the Less. Son of Oileus (3 syl.),
King of Locris, in Greece. The night Troy
was taken, he offered violence to Cas-
sandra, the prophetic daughter of Priam ;
in consequence of which his ship was
driven on a rock, and he perished at sea.
—Homer's Iliad, and later poets.

“Ipsa (Juno), Jovis rapiduin jaculata e nubibus

_ ignem, ;
Disjecitque rates, evertitque equora yentis ;
Ilium (Ajax) expirantem transfixo pectore
flammas i
Turbine corripuit, scopuloque infixit acuto.”
Virgil: £ncid, i. 42, ete.

Akbar. An Arabic word, meaning
‘*Very Great.’’ Akbar-Khan, the ‘very
great Khan,”’ is applied especially to the
Khan of Hindistan who reigned 1556+
1605.

Ak'uan, the giant whom Rustan
slew. (Lersian mythology.)

Ak'uman, The most malevolent of
all the Persian gods.

Alabama, U.S. America. The name
of an Indian tribe of the Mississippi
Valley, meaning ‘‘ here we rest.”

Alabaster. <A stone-of great purity
and whiteness, used for ornaments. So
called from ‘‘ Alabastron,’”? in Upper
Egypt, where it abounds.

Alad'din, in the Arabian Nights’

. Tales, obtains a magic lamp, and has a
’ splendid palace built by the genius of the

lamp. He marries the daughter of the
sultan of China, loses his lamp, and his
palace is transported to Africa. Sir
Walter Scott says, somewhat incor-
rectly :-—

“Vanished into air like the palace of Aladdin.”

The palace did not vanish into air,
but was transported to another place.

Aladdin’s Lamp. The source 01
wealth and good fortune, “After Aladdin
came to his wealth and was married, he
suffered his lamp to hang up and get
rusty.

“It was impossible that a family, bolding a
document which gave them access to the most
powerful noblemen in Scotland, should have
suffered it to remain unemployed, like Aladdin's
rusty lamp.”—Senior {

Aladdin’s Ring, given him by the
African magician, was a ‘‘ preservative
against every evil.’—Arabian Nights;
Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp.

Aladdin’s Window. 70 finsh Alad-

din'’s Window—i.e. to attempt to com-

Aladine

Albatross

pels something begun by a great genius,
ut left imperfect. The genius of the
lamp built a palace with twenty-four
windows, all but one being set in frames
of precious stones; the last was left for
the sultan to finish ; but after exhausting
his treasures, the sultan was obliged to
abandon the task as hopeless.

Tait’s second part of Dryden’s Absalom
and Achitophelis an Aladdin’s Window.

AYadine (3 syl.). The sagacious but

cruel old king of Jerusalem in Tasso’s:

Jerusalem Delivered, book xx. This
is a fictitious character, inasmuch as the
Holy Land was at the time under the
dominion of the caliph of Egypt. Alad-
ine was slain by Raymond.

AlYako. Son of Baro-De'vel, the
great god of the gipsies, The gipsies

say that he will ultimately restore them,

to Assas in Assyria, their native country.

The image of Alako has a pen in his left.

hand and a sword in his right.

Alans. Large dogs, of various species,
- used for hunting deer.

“Skins of animals slain in the chase were
stretched on the ground . . . and upon a heap
of these lay 3 alans, as they were called, i.e., wolf
greyhounds of the largest size."—Sir W. Scott: The
Talisman, chap. vi.

Alar'con. King of Barca, who joined
the armament of Egypt against the
Crusaders. His men were only half
armed.—Jerusalem Delivered.

Alarm, An outcry made to give
notice of danger. (Italian, all’? arme,
‘to arms;’’ French, alarme.)

Alar‘um Bell. In feudal times a
*Jarum bell was rung in the castle in
times of danger to summon the retainers
toarms, A variant of alarm (¢.v.),

“ Awake! awake!
Ring the alarum bell! Murder and treason '”
Shakespeare: Macbeth, ii. 3.

Alasnam. Alasnam’s lady. In the |

Arabian Nights’ Tales Alasnam has
eight diamond statues, but had to go in
quest of a ninth more precious still, to
fill the vacant pedestal. The prize was
found in the lady who became his wife,
at once the most beautiful and the most
perfect of her race.

“There is wanting one pure and perfect model,
and that one, wherever it is to be found, is like
Alasnam's lady, worth them all.°—Sir Walter

Scolt. -

Alasnam’s Mirror, The “touch-
stone of virtue,” given to Alasnam by
one of the Genii. If he looked in this
mirror it informed him whether a damsel
would remain to him faithful or not. If
the mirror remained unsullied so would
the maiden; if it clouded, the maiden

would prove faithless.—Arabian Nights:

Prince Zeyn Alasnam.

Alas'tor, The evil-genius of a house:
a Nemesis. Cicero says: ** Who medi-
tated Killing himself that he might
become the .A/astor of Augustus, whom
he hated.’’ Shelley has a poem entitled
‘* Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude.
The word is Greek (alastér, the aveng
ing god, a title applied to Zeus); the
Romans had their Jupiter Vindex ; and
we read in the Bible, ‘‘ Vengeance is
mine. I will repay, saith the Lord ’’
(Rom, xii, 19).

Alauda. A Roman Iegion raised by
Julius Cesar in Gaul, and so called
because they carried a lark’s tuft on the
top of their helmets, ~

Alawy. The Nile is so called by the
Abyssinians. The word means * the
giant.’’

Alb. The Jong white tunic (Latin,
albus, white) bound round the waist
with a girdle. The dress is emblematical
of purity and continence, and worn by
priests when saying Mass,

Albadara. A boné which the Arabs

say defies destruction, and which, at the

resurrection, will be the germ of the new
body. The Jews called it Luz (q.v.);
and the ‘‘ Os sacrum ”’ (7.0.) refers prob-
ably to the same superstition.

Alban (S¢.), like St. Denis, is re-
presented as carrying his head between
his hands. His attributes are @ sword
anda crown.

- St. Aphrodisius, St. Aventine, St. Desiderius.
St, Clrysolius, St. Hilarian, St. Leo, St Lucanus.
St. Lucian, St, Proba, St. Solangia. and several
other martyrs, are represented as carrying their
heads in their hands. An artist's bungling way
of identifying a beadless trunk.

Albania, Turkey, or rather the
region about the Caucasus, The word
means the ‘‘ mountainous region.”

Albanian Hat (4x), ‘‘Un chapeau
a l’Albanaise,’’? A sugar-loaf hat, such
as was worn by the Albanians in the
sixteenth century.

Alba'no Stone or Peperi’no, used by
the Romans in building ;-a volcanic tufa
quarried at Alba‘no. Fe

Albany. Scotland. (See ALBIN.)

Alba'ti. The white brethren. Certain
Christian fanatics of the fourteenth
century, so called because they. Bansed
in white, Also the recently baptised.
(Latin.) 3

Albatross. The largest of web-
footed birds, called by sailors the Cape
Sheep, from its frequenting the Cape of

Albert

Album

Good Hope. It gorges itself, and then
sits motionless upon the waves. Itissaid
to sleep in the air, because its flight is a
gliding without any apparent motion of
its long wings. Sailors say it is fatal to
shoot an albatross, Coleridge’s -A-
cient Mariner is founded on this super-
stition.

Albert (47). A chain from the
waistcoat pocket fo a button in front of
the waistcoat. So called from Prince
Albert, the consort of Queen Victoria.
When he went to Birmingham, in 1849,
he was presented by the jewellers of the
town with such a chain, and the fashion
took the public fancy.

Albertaz'zo (in Orlando Furioso)
married Alda, daughter of Otho, Duke of
Saxony. His sons were Hugh or Ugo,
and Fulke or Fulco. From this family
springs the Royal Family of England.

Albia‘zar (in Jerusalem Delivered).
One of the leaders of the Arab host which
joined the Egyptian armament agahst

the Crusaders. ‘‘ A chief in rapine, not
in knighthood bred.’’ (Book xvii.)

Athigen’ses (4 syl.). A common name
for heretics prior to the Reformation ; so
called from the Albigeois, inhabitants of
the district which now is the department
of the Tarn, the capital of which was Albi.
It was here the persecution of the Re-
formers began, under the direction of
Pope Innocent IIT., in 1209. The Wal-
den‘ses rose after them, but are not
unfrequently confounded with them.

Albin. A name at qne time applied
to the northern part of Scotland, called
by the Romans “Caledonia.’? This
was the part inhabited by the Picts.
The Scots migrated from Scotia in the
North of Ireland, and acquired mastery
under Kenneth M’Alpin in 843. In
poetry Scotland is called Albin.

Gaelic, ailp; Keltic, alp, our Alps. Alpin is
either Ailp-ben son of the hills, ze, the hill-
country, or <Alp-inn (hilly island), Albania
means the “ hilly country.” "
“Woe to his kindred, and woe to his cause,

When Albin her claymore indignantly draws.”

Campbell: Lochiel’s Warning.

Albi‘no. A term originally applied
by the Portuguese to those negroes who
were mottled with white spots; but now
applied to those who are born with red
eyes and white hair. Albinos are found
among white people as well as among
negroes. The term is also applied to
beasts and plants. (Latin, albus, white.)

Albino-poets. Oliver Wendell
Holmes, in the Autocrat of the eae
Table (chap. viii.), speaks of ke

White as one of the ‘sweet Albino
poets,’? whose ‘‘ plaintive song’’ he
admires, It implies some deficiency of
virility, as albinism suggests weakness,
and possibly is meant as a play upon
the name in this particular instance.

AVbion. England, so named from
the ancient inhabitants called Albio‘nés.
The usual etymology of a/lus (white),
said to have been given by Julius Cesar
in allusion to the ‘* white cliffs,’’ is quite
untenable, as an old Greek treatise, the
De Mundo, formerly ascribed. to Aris-
totle, mentions the islands of Albion
and Jérné three hundred years before
the invasion of Caesar. Probably
** AYbion’’ or Albany was the Celtic
name of all Great Britain, subsequently
restricted to Scotland, and then to the
Highlands of Scotland. Certainly the
inhabitants of the whole island are im-
plied in the word <Albdiongs in Festus
Avienus’s account ofthe voyage of
Hamilcar in the fifth century B.c. (See
ALBIN.)

“ Beyond the Pillars of Herculés is the ocean
which flows round the earth, and in it are 2 very
large islands called Britannia, viz., Albion and
Jérné.”"—De Mundo, Sec. iii.

Albion. Son of the king of this
island when Oberon held his court in
what we call Kensington-Gardens, He
was stolen by the elfin Milkah, and
brought up in fairyland. When nine-
teen years of age, he fell in love with
Kenna, daughter of King O’beron, but
was driven from the empire by the in-
dignant monarch, Albion invaded the
territory, but was slain in the battle.
When Kenna knew this, she poured the
juice of moly over the dead body, and it
changed into a snow-drop.—T. Tickell.

Albion the Giant. Fourth son of
Neptune, sixth son of Osiris, and brother
of Herculés, his mother being Amphi-
trita. Albion the Giant was put by his
father in possession of the isle of Britain,

‘where he speedily subdued the Samo-

theans, the first’ inhabitants. His
brother Bergion ruled over Ireland and
the Orkneys. Another of his brothers
was Lestrigo, who subjected iol, (See
W. Harrison’s Introduction to Holinshed's
Clhironicle.)

Albrac’ca’s Damsel (in Orlando
Furioso) is Angelica, Albracca is the
capital of Cathay (¢.v,).

Album. A blank book for scraps.
The Romans applied the word to certain
tables overlaid with gypsum, on which
were inscribed the annals of the chief
priests, the edicts of the prators, and

Aicade

Aiderman

rules relating to civil matters. In the
Middle Ages, ‘‘album’’ was the general
name of a register or list; so called from
being kept either on a white (a/bus) board
with black letters, or on a black board
with white letters, For the same reason
the boards in churches for notices, and
the boards in universities containing the
names of the college men, are called
albums.

Alca‘de (3 syl.). A magistrate is so
called iu Spain and Portugal. The word
is the Arabic al cadi (the judge).

Alcaic Verse or Aleaics. A Greek
and Latin metre, so called from Alcéos,
a lyric poet, who invented it. Each line
is divided into two parts, thus:

Saya pe US

The first two lines of each stanza of the
ninth ode of Horace are in Alcaics. The
first two lines of the ode run thus, and
in the same metre:

“See how Soracté groans with its wintry snow,
And weary woodlands bend with the toilsome

weight.”

Alcan'tara (Order of). A military
and religious order instituted in 1214 by
Altonso IX., King of Castile, to com-
memorate the taking of Alcantara from
the Moors. The sovereign of Spain is,
ex-officio, head of the Order. A resusci-
tation of the order of St, Julian of the
Pear-tree, instituted by Fernando Gomez
in 1176, better known by the French
title St. Julien du Poirier. The badge
of the order was a pear-tree,

Alcastus (in Jerusalem Delivered).
The Cap‘aneus of the Crusaders, leader
of 6,000 foot soldiers from Helvetia.

Alce (2 syl.).. One of the dogs of
Acte’on. The word means ‘strength.’’

Alces'te (2.syl.). The hero of Mo-
litre’s Misanthrope. Not unlike Shake-
speare’s character of Timon.

Alchemilla or Lady’s Mantle. The
alchemist’s plant; so called because al-
chemists collected the dew of its leaves
for their operations. Lady means the
Virgin Mary, to whom the plant was
dedicated,

Alchemy (Al’-ki-m%) is the Arabic
al kiméa (the secret art); so called
not only because it was carried on in
secret, but because its main objects: were
the three great secrets of science.—the
transmutation of baser metals into gold,
ae universal solvent, and the elixir of

Ce pe

Alcim’edon. A generic name for a
first-rate carver in wood.
; “Pocula ponam
Fagina, ccelatum divini opus Alcimedentis,”
‘ Virgil: Eclogue, tii. 36,
Alci‘na. The personification of car-
nal pleasure in Orlando Furioso; the
Circé of glassic fable, and Laté of the
Arabians. She enjoyed her lovers for a
time, and then changed them into trees,
stones, fountains, or beasts, as her fancy
dictated.

Alcinoo poma dare (to give apples
to Alcindus). To carry coals to New-
castle ; sending cider to Herefordshire.
The orchards of Alcindus, King of
paneyts (Corfu), were famous for their
Tuits.

Alcofribas, The pseudonym of
Rabelais in his Gargantua and Panta-
gruel. Alcofribas Nasier is an anagram
of ‘‘ Francois Rabelais.”” The introe
duction runs thus: ‘‘The inestimable
life of the great Gargantua, father of
Pantagruel, heretofore composed by M.
Alcofribas, abstractor of the quint-
essence, a book full of pantagruelism.’’

Alcuith, mentioned by the Venerable
Bede, is Dumbarton.

Aldabella or <Aldabelle (in Orlando
Furioso), Sister of Oliviero and
Brandimarte, daughter of Monodantés,
and wife of Orlando.

Aldabella. A marchioness of Florence,
who gave entertainment to the mag-
nates of the city. She was very haud-
some, heartless, and arrogant. When
Fazio became rich with Bartoldo’s
money, Aldabella inveigled him from
his wite, and his wife, out of jealousy,
accused her husband of being privy to
Bartoldo’s death. Fazio being con-
demned for murder and robbery, his
wife Bianca accused Aldabella of in-
veigling him, and the marchioness was
condemned by the Duke of Florence to
spend the rest of her life in a nunnery.
—Dean Milman; Fazio.

Aldeb’aran, The sun in Arabian
mythology. In astronomy, the star
called the Bull’s eye in the constellation
Taurus. (Arabic al the, debaran.)

Alderman. One of the seniors or
elders. Now applied to a class of
magistrates in corporate towns. - In
London an alderman is the chief magis-
trate in a ward appointed by election.
There are also aldermen of the County
Council. rid?

A turkey is called anu alderman, both
from its presence in aldermanic feasts,

Alderman

and also because of its red and purple
colours about the head and neck, which
make if a sort of poultry alderman,

An alderman in chains, by a similar
effort of wit, is a turkey hung with
sausages,

Alderman (4).
a crowbar for forcin
from the high ran
burglars.

Alderman (47). A cant term for
half-a-crown. An alderman as chief
magistrate is~half a king in his own
ward ; and half a crown is half a king.

Aldgate Pump. A draught on
Aldgate Pump. A cheque with- no
effects. A worthless bill.: The pun is
on the word draught, which means
either an order on a bank for money or
a sup of liquor.

Al dibo-ron'te-phos'co-phor'nio. A
courtier in Henry Carey’s farce called
Chro‘non-ho'ton-thol'ogos.

Aldiger (in Orlando Furioso),
Buo’vo’s son, of the house of Clarmont,
who lived in Ag’rismont Castle. He
was brother of Malagi’gi and Vivian; all
Christians,

Aldine (2 syl.). Leader of the second
squadron of Arabs who joined the Egyp-
tian armament against the Crusaders,
— Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered. (See
SypHax,)

Aldine Editions. Editions of the
Greek and Latin classics, published and
printed under the superintendence of
Aldo Manuz'o, his father-in-law Andrea
of Asolo, and his son Paolo (1490-1597) 3.
most of them in small octavo, and all
noted for their accuracy. The father
invented the type called itadics, once
called Aldine, and first used in printing
Virgil, 1501.

Aldingar (Sir). Steward of Queen
Eleanor, are of Henry II. He im-
peached her fidelity, and submitted to
a combat to substantiate his charge ;
but an angel, in the shape of a child,
established the queen’s innocence, —
Perey’s Reliques,

Ale is the Scandinavian 67, called ealo
inourisland. Beer, written dere, even in
the reign of James I., is the Anglo-Saxon
beor, from bere (barley). A beverage
made from barley is mentioned by
Tacitus and even Herodotus, Hops were
introduced from Holland and used for
brewing in 1524, but their use was pro-
hibited by Act of Parliament in 1523—a

A burglar’s tool;
safes. So called
it holds with

Alectromancy

prohibition which soon fell into disuse.
Ale is made from pale malt, whence its
light colour; porter and stout from malt
more highly dried. Beer is the general
word, and in many parts of England
includes ale, porter, and stout. The
word ade was introduced by the Danes,
and the word deer by the Teutons.
Among London brewers dees meaus the
dark form, called also stout or porter.

“Called ale among men; but by the gods called
beer.”—The Alvismal.

Aleberry, a corruption of ale-bree,
A drink made of hot ale, spice, sugar,
and toast. Burns speaks of the barley-
bree (Anglo-Saxon drin, broth).

_ “Cause an aleberry to be made for ber, and put
into it powder of camphor.” —The Pathway to
Health.

_ Ale-dagger (dn). <A dagger used
in self-defeace in ale-house brawls.

“He that drinkes with cutlers must not he
without his ale-dagger.” (1589), (See N, BE. D.)

Pierce Pennilesse says :—“ All that will not...
weare ale-house daggers at your backes (should
abstain from taverns)."—See Shakespeare Society,
p. 55. -

Ale-draper, a tapster. Ale-drapery,
the selling of ale, ete.

“No other occupation have. T but to bean ale-
draper.”—H. Chettle: Kind-harts' Dreame, 1592,

Ale Knight (47). -A knight of the
ale-tub, a tippler, a sot.

Ale-silver. A yearly tribute paid to
the corporation of London, as a licence
for selling dle.

Ale-stake. The pole set up before
ale-houses by way of ‘‘sign.’? A bush
was very often fixed to its top. <A
tavern.

“A garland had he set upon his head

As great as it werein for an ale-stake.”
Chaucer,
“T know many an ale-stake.”
Hawkins; English Drama, i, 100,
Ale-wife, The landlady of an ale-

house or ale-stand.

Alec'te. One of the Furies, whose
head was covered with snakes,
“Then like Alecto, terrible to view,
Or like Medusa, the Circassian grew.”
Hoole; Jerusalem Delivered, b, vi,
Alectorian Stone (47). A stone
said to be of talismanic power, foun
in the stomach of cocks, Those who
ossess it are strong, brave, aud wealthy.
Tilo of Croténa owed his strength to
this talisman. As a philtre it has the
ower of preventing thirst or of assuag-
ing it. (Greek, alectér, a cock.)

Alectromancy. Divination by a
cock. Draw a circle, and write i
succession round it the letters of the

Aleria

Alexandrian School

alphabet, on each of which lay a grain
of corn. Then puta cock in the centre
of the circle, and watch what grains he
eats. The letters will prognosticate the
answer, Libanius Ae Jamblicus thus
discovered who was to succeed the
emperor Valens. The cock ate the
grains over the letters t, h, e, 0, d=
Theod forus]. Greek alector, cock;
manteia, divination.

Ale‘ria (in Orlando Furioso). One
of the Amazons, and the best beloved of
the ten wives of Guido the Savage.

Alert. To be on the watch. From
the Latin erectus, part. of erigére, to
set upright ; Italian, erto ; French, erte,
a watch-tower. Hence the Italian staré
all’ erta, the Spanish estar alerta, and
the French éire ad Verte, to be on the
watch.

Alessio. The lover of Liza, in Bel-
Wni’s opera of La Sonnambula (Scribe’s
libretto).

Ale'thes (3 syl.). An ambassador
from Egypt to King Al‘adine. He is
represented as a man of low birth raised
to the highest rank, subtle, false, de-
ceitful, and wily.—TZasso: Jerusalem
Delivered.

Alexander and the Robber. The
robber’s name was Diomedés.—Gesta
Romanorum, cxlvi.

You are thinking of Parmenio, and I
of Alexander—i.e., you are thinking
what you ought.to receive, and I what
I ought to give; you are thinking of
those castigated, rewarded, or gifted;
but I of my own position, and what
punishment, reward, or gift is con-
sistent with my rank. The allusion is
to the taleabout Parmen'‘io and Alex-
ander, when the king said, ‘‘ I consider
not what Parmenio should receive, but
what Alexander should give.”’

Only two Alexanders. Alexander said,
“There are but two Alexanders—the
invincible son of. Philip, and the inimit-
able painting of the hero by Apellés.’’

The continence of Alexander, Having
ary the battle of Issus (B.c. 333) the

amily of King Darius fell into his
hand; but he treated the ladies as
queens, and observed the greatest de-
corum towards them. A eunuch, having
escaped, told Darius of this noble con-
tinence, and Darius could not but admire
such nobility in a rival.—Arrian Ana-
basis of Alexander, iv. 20. (See Con-
TINENCE.)

Alexander, so Paris, son of Priam,

was called by the shepherds who brought
him up.

Alexander of the North. Charles
XII. of Sweden, so called from his mili-
tary achievements, He was conquered at
Pultowa, in Russia (1709), by Czar Peter
the Great (1682-1718).

- “ Repressing here
The frantic Alexander of the North.”
Thomson: Winter.

The Persian Alexander. Sandjar (1117.
1158).

Alexander the Corrector. Alex-
ander Cruden, author of the ‘“‘ Concord-
ance to the Bible,’ who petitioned
Parliament to constitute him “ Corrector
of the People,’? and went about con-
stantly with a sponge to wipe out the
licentious, coarse, and profane chalk

scrawls which met his eye, (1701+
1770.)
Alexander’s Beard, <A smooth

chin, no beard at all. An Amazonian
chin.
“ Disgracéd yet with Alexander’s bearde.”
Gascoigne: The Steele Glas.
Alexandra (in Orlando Furioso).
Oronthea’s daughter; the Amazon
queen.

Alexandra, so Cassandra, daughter
of Priam, is called. The two names are
mere variants of each other.

Alexan’drian, Anything from the
East was so called by the old chroniclers
and romancers, because Alexandria was
the depét from which Eastern stores
reached Europe,

“Reclined on Alexandrian carpets (i.¢., Persian),
Rose: Orlando Furioso, x. 37.

Alexandrian Codex. A manuscript
of the Scriptures in Greek, which be-
longed to the library of the patriarchs
of Alexandria, in Africa, A.D. 1098.
In 1628 it was sent as a present to
Charles I., and (in 1753) was placed in
the British Museum. It is on parchment,
in uncial letters, and contains the Sep-
tuagint version (except the Psalms), a

art of the New Testament, and the
pistles of Clemens Romanus.

Alexandrian Library. Founded
by Ptolemy So’'ter, in Alexandria, in
Egypt. The tale is that it was burnt
and partly consumed in 391; but when
the city fell into the hands of the calif
Omar, in 642, the Arabs found books
sufficient to ‘‘ heat the baths of the city
for six months,” It is said that it con-
tained 700,000 volumes.

‘Alexandrian School. An academy
of literature by Ptolemy, son of La‘gos,

Alexandrine Age

Alhambra

especially famous for its grammarians
and mathematicians. Of its gram-
marians the most noted are Aristarchos,
Harpocra‘tion, and Eratos‘thenés; and
of its mathematicians, Ptolemy and
Euclid, the former an astronomer, .and
the latter the geometer whose Elements
are still very generally used.

Alexandrine Age. From 4.pD. 323
to 640, when Alexandria, in Egypt, was
the centre of science and literature,

Alexandrine Philosophy. The
system of the Gnostics, or Platonised
form of Christianity.

Alexan’drines (4 syl.), Iambic
verses of 12 or 13 syllables, divided into

two parts between the sixth and seventh ©

syllable; so called because they were
rst employed in a metrical romance of
Alexander the Great, commenced by
Lambert-li-Cors, and continued by
Alexandre de Bernay, also called Alex-
andre de Paris. The final line of the
Spenserian stanza is an Alexandrine,
“ A needless Alexandrine ends the song,
Which, like a wounded snake, | dragsits slow
lengtb along.”
Pope: Essay-yn Criticism, Part ti., lines 356-7.
Alexandrite @ syl.). A variety of
chrysobery found in the mica-slate of
the Urals. So named from Czar Alex-
ander II. (1818, 1855-1881), because it
show? the Russian colours, green and
red.

Alexis (Si.). Patron saint of hermits
and beggars. The story goes that he
lived on his father’s estate as a hermit
till death, but was never recognised,

He is represented, in Christian art,
with a pilgrim’s habit and staff. Some-
times he is drawn as if extended on a
mat, with a letter in his hand, dying.

Alfa'der (father of all). The most
ancient and chief of the Scandina'vian
~ gods. Odin, father of the “sir, or
gods.

Alfana. (See Horse.)

Alfar’, The good and bad genii of
the Scandina‘vians.

Alfheim (home of the good genii). A
celestial city inhabited by the elves and
fairies. (Scandinavian mythology.)

Alfonsin. An instrument for ex-
tracting balls. So called from Alfonse
Ferri, a surgeon of Naples, who in-
vented it. (1552.)

_ Alfonsine Tables. Astronomical
tables constructed in 1252, by Isaac
Hazan, a Jewish rabbi, who named

them in honour of his patron, Alfonso
X., King of Castile, surnamed ‘‘The
Wise.”’ 7

Alfonso, to whom Tasso dedicated
his Jerusalem Delivered, was Alfonso
d’Este, Duke of Ferrara.

Alfonso XI., of Castile, whose
‘favourite’? was Leonora de Guzman.
Being threatened with excommunication
unless he put her away (as Leonora was
in love with Ferdinando, a brave officer),
the king created Ferdinando Marquis
of Montreal, and gave him the hand of
his mistress in marriage. As soon as
Ferdinando discovered who Leonora
was, he restored her to the king, and
retired to a monastery. — Donizetti's
Opera, La Favorita,

Alfred’s Scholars. Werfrith, Bisho
of Worcester; Ethelstan and Werwulf,
two Mercian priests; Plegmund (a
Mercian), afterwards Archbishop of Can-
terbury; Assera Welshman; Grimbald,
a great French scholar, etc., invited over
to England by King Alfred.

Al garsife (3 syl.). Son of Cambus-
can, and brother of Cam’balo, who
‘¢won Theod’ora to wife.’ It was in the
‘¢ Squire’s Tale,’’ by Chaucer, but was
never finished. (See Canacz.)

“Call him up that left half told

The story of Cambuscan bold,

Of Camball, and of Algarsife,

And who bad Canace to wife.”
Milton ; It Penseroso,

Algebra 1s the Arabic al gebr (the
equalisation), ‘‘the supplementing and
equalising (process) ;’’ so called because
the problems are solved by equations,
and the equations are made by supple-
mentary terms. Fancifully identified
with the Arabian chemist Gebir. ;

Algrind, of Spenser, is meant for
Grindal, Bishop of London in the be-
ginning of Elizabeth’s reign. He was
a Marian exile, and not a very cordial
co-operator with Bishop Parker.

“The bills where dwelléd holy saints

I reverence and adore ;

Not for themselves, but for the saints,
Which had been dead of yore.

And now they been to heaven for went,
Their good is with them go ;

Their sample to us only lent,
That als we mought do so,

“ Shepherds they weren of the best,

And lived in lowly Jeas,

And sith their souls be now at rest,
Why done we them disease ?

Such one he was (as I have beard)
Old Algrind often saine,

That whilome was the first shepherd,
And lived With little gain.” !

Eclogue vii.

Alham’bra.. The palace of the
ancient Moors in Grana‘da. The word

Ali

32

All cannot do all

is the Arabic al-hamra, or at full length
kal’-at al hamra (the red castle).

Ali. Cousin and son-in-law of Ma-
homet, the beauty of whose eyes is with
the Persians proverbial; insomuch that
the highest term hey employ to express
beauty is Ayn Halt (eyes of Ali).—
Chardin.

Alias. ‘You have as many aliases
as Robin of Bagshot,’? one of Mac-
heath’s gang: he was Robin of Bag-
shot, akas Gordon, aXas Bluff Bob, ahas
Carbuncle, alias Bob Booty.—Gay: The
Beggm’s Opera.

Alibi Colspwrhere)s A plea of having
been at another place at the time that
an offence is alleged to have been com-
mitted.

“Never mind the character, and stick to the

alley bi, Nothing like an alley bi, Sammy, no-
thing.”—Dickens:; Pickwick Papera,
A clock

Alibi Clock (4n), 1887.

which strikes one hour, while the hands
int to a different time, the real time
ing neither one nor the other.

Aliboron. Maitre Aliboron, Mr.
Jackass. Aliboron is the name of a
jackass in La Fontaine’s Fadles. (See
Gonrn.)

Alice. The foster-sister of Robert le
Diable, and bride of Rambaldo, the
Norman troubadour, She came to Pa-
lermo to place in the duke’s hand her
mother’s will, which he was enjoined
not to read till he was a virtuous man.
When Bertram, his fiend-father, tempted
his son to evil, Alice proved his good
genius; and when, at last, Bertram
claimed his soul as the price of his ill
deeds, Alice’read the ‘ will,’? and won
him from the evil one. ~— Meyerbeer’s
Opera, Roberto it Diavoto,

Alice Brand. Wife of Lord Richard,
cursed with the ‘‘ sleepless eye.’? Alice
signed Urgan the dwarf thrice with the
sign of the cross, and he became ‘the
fairest knight in all Scotland; ’? when
Alice recognised in him her own brother.
—Sir Walter Scott: The Lady of the
Lake, iv. 12,

Alichi’no (wing-drooped). A devil, in
The Inferno of Dente,

Aliok and Sandie. Contractions of
Alexander; the one being Alex” and the
other ’xander.

Alicon. The seventh heaven, to
which Azrael conveys the spirits of the
just. (Mahometan mythology.)

_ Alien Priory (An). A priory which
owes allegiance to another priory, A

sub-priory, like Rufford Abbey, Notts,
which was under the prior of Rievaulx

-in Yorkshire.

Alifan’‘faron, the giant. Don Quixote
attacked a flock of sheep, which he
declared to be the army of the giant
Alifanfaron, Similarly Ajax, in a fit of
madness, fell upon a flock of sheep,
which he mistook for Grecian princes.

Alilat. The name by which the
Arabs adore nature, which they repre-
sent by a crescent moon.

Aliprando (in Jerusalem Delivered).
One of the Christian knights, Having
discovered the armour of Rinaldo cast
‘on one side, he took it to Godfrey, who
very naturally inferred that Rinaldo had
been slain, (See Gén, xxxvii, 31-35.)

.Aliris, Sultan of Lower Bucharia.
Under the disguised name of Fer‘amorz,
he accompanied Lalla Rookh, his be-
trothed, from Delhi, and won her heart by
his ways, and the tales he told on the
journey. The lady fell in love with the
poet, and was delighted to find, on the
morning of the wedding, that Feramorz
was, in fact, the sultan, her intended
husband.—7Z, Moore. Lalla Rookh,

Al Kader (the Divine decree). A
particular night in the month Ramad-
han, when the Arabs say that angels
descend to earth, and.Gabriel reveals to
man the decrees of God.—Al Koran,
ch. xcviii.

Alkahest. ‘The hypothetical uni-
versal solvent. The word was invented
by Paracelsus,

Al Rakim. (pronouncé Rah-keem’).
The dog in the legend of the Seven.
Sleepers of Ephesus, ;

Al-Sirat (Arabian, the path). The
bridge over hell, no wider than the
edge of a sword, across which every one
who enters heaven must pass, (a-
hometan theology.)

All. Everything, ‘ Our all,” every-
thing we possess.

“Our allis at stake.” y
} Addison’: State of War,

All and Some. ‘One and all.”
(Old English, eadle @¢ somme, all at once,
altogether.)

“Now stop your noses, readers, all and some.”
Dryden; Absalom and Achitophel.

All and Sundry. All without ex-
ception.

“He invited all and sundry to pirtake freely of
tl e oaten cake and ale,”—Hall Cuine,

All cannot do all. Horace says,
“Non omnia possumus omnes.’’ Ger-
man proverb, ‘‘Hin jeder kann nicht.

All Fools’ Day

33 All Souls’ Day

alles.” All are not equally clever, Or
rather, ‘‘Be not surprised that I cannot
do what you can do,-for we are not all
exactly alike,’’

All Fools’ Day (April Ist).
APRIL Foot.) oF )

All Fours. A game of cards; so
called from the four points that are at
stake, viz. High, Low, Jack, and Game.

To go on all fours is to craw! about
on knees and hands like a little child.

It does not go on all fours means it
does not suit in every minute particular ;
it does not fully satisfy the demand. It
limps as a quadruped which does not go
on all its four legs. Omnis comparatio
claudicat (all similes limp).

“No simile can go on all-fours.”
Macaulay.

All-hallown Summer. The second
summer, or the summerly time which
sets in about All-Hallows-tide. Called
by the French, L’été de St. Martin
(trom October 9th to November.11th).
Also called St. Luke’s Summer (St.
Luke's Day is October 18th). The
Indian summer. Shakespeare uses the
term—

“Farewell, thou latter spring ; farewell, All-
hallown Summer !”
1 Henry IV. i. 2.

All Hallow’s Day (November Ist).
The French call it -Zoussaint, which we
have translated All Saints’ Day. Hallow-
mas is All-Saints’ festival. (Anglo-
Saxon, Adlig, but Halig-ménath was
September, and Halig-deg was simply
a Holy-day.)

All Hallows’ Eve. The Scotch tradi-
tion is, that those born on All Hallows’
Eve have the gift of double sight, and
commanding powers over spirits... Mary
Avenel, on this supposition, is made
to sce the White Lady, invisible. to less
gifted visions,

“Being born on All-hallows’ Eve, she (Mary
Avenel) was supposed to be invested with power
over the invisible world.” (See Sir Walter Scott:
The Monastery, clap. xiv.)

All in all. He is all in ail to me,
that is, the dearest object of my affec-
tion. God shall be all in all means all
creation shall be absorbed or gathered
into God, The phrase is also used ad-
verbially, meaning altogether, as :—

*Take him for allin all,

_ I shall not lock upon his likeagain.” —
Shakespeare: Humiet, ii. 2.

_All in the Wrong. A drama, by

(See

Murphy, borrowed from Destouches, the |

_ French dramatist.
3

. [grant] me, Blessed Martin).

All is lost that is put in a riven dish,
In Latin, ‘‘Pertisum quiequid infun-
ditur in dolium, perit.’”’ (It is no use
helping the insolvent.)

All is not gold that glitters or
glisters. Trust not toappearances. In
Latin, ‘t Nulla fides fronti.”

“Not all that tempts your wandering eyes
And heedless hearts is lawful prize, . ,
Nor all that glisters gold.”
Gray : The Cat and the Gold Fish.

All my Eye (and) Betty Martin.
All nonsense. Joe Miller says that a
Jack Tar went into a foreign church,
where he heard some one uttering these
words—Ah ! mihi, bea'te Martine (Ah!
On givin
an‘account of his adventure, Jack sai

{ he could not make much out of it, but it

seemed to him very like ‘f All my eye
and Betty Martin.’”’ Grose has ‘‘ Mihi
beat Martinis”’ [sic]. The shortened
phrase, ‘‘ All my eye,’’ is very common.

All one, ‘The same in effect. An-
swers the same purpose.

All-overish. A familiar expression
meaning allover ill at ease. ‘I feel all-
overish,’’ not exactly ill, but uncom.
fortable all over. The precursor of &
fever, influeuza, ague, ete.

All Saints or Al Hallows. Yn 610
the Pope of Rome ordered that the
heathen Pantheon should be converted
into a Christian church, and dedicated
to the honour of all martyrs. The
festival of All Saints was first held on
May Ist, but in the year 834 it was
changed to November Ist. ‘‘ Hallows”?’
is from the Anglo-Saxon halig (holy).

All Serene, clerived from the Spanish
word seréna. In Cuba the word is used
as a countersign by sentinels, and is
about equivalent to our ‘All right,” or
** All’s well.””

All Souls’ Day. The 2nd of No-
vember, so called becayse the Roman
Catholics on that day scek by prayer
and almsgiving to‘alleviate the sufferings
of souls in purgatory. It was first insti-
tuted in the monastery of Clugny, in 993.

According to tradition, a pilgrim, re-
turning from the Hol Lan , Was com-
pelled by a storm to land on a rocky
island, where he found a hermit, who
told him that among the cliffs of the
island was an opening into the infernal
regions through which huge flames as-
ecended, and where the groans of the
tormented were distinctly audible. The’
pilgrim told Odilo, abbot of Clugny, of
this; and the abbot appointed the day
following, which was November 2nd, to

All the go

34

Alliteration

be set apart for the benefit of souls in
purgatory. ?

All the go. Allthe fashion. Drapers
will tell you that certain goods ‘‘go off
well.’”’? They are in great demand, all
the mode, quite in vogue,

“Her carte is hung in the West-end shops,
With her name in full on the white below ;
And all day long there’sa big crowd stops
To look at the lady who's “all the go.”
Binns: Lallads of Babylon (“‘ Beauty and the Beast”).

Ai there. Said of a sharp-witted
person. Not all théve, said of one of
weak intellect. The one has all his
wits about-him, the other has not.

All this fora Song! The exclama-
tion of Burleigh, when Queen Elizabeth
ordered him to give £100 to Spenser for
@ royal gratuity.

All to break (Judges ix. 53). ‘A
certain woman cast a piece of millstone
upon Abimelech’s head, and all to
brake his skull’’ does not mean for the
sake of breaking his skull, but that she
wholly smashed his skull. A spurious

' form, owing its existence to a typo-
phical mistake. The to really be-
ongs to the verb; and in the last
passage quoted it should be read “all
to-brake.”” The fo is a Teutonic par-
ticle, meaning asunder, in pieces. It is
very common in Old English, where we

have ‘‘ To-bite,”’ i.e. bite in pieces, to-
cleave, to-rend, to-tear. Wi is the
adverb = entirely, wholly. So ‘‘all to

bebattered’’=wholly battered to pieces,
All-to-frozen. Here to-frozen is in-
tensitive. So in Latin dis-crucior =
valdecrucior. Plautus (in his Menechini,
ji. line 24) uses the phrase “ dis-caveas
malo,’’ i.e, be fully on your guard, etc.,
be very much beware of.

Gothic, dis; O. N., tor; Old High German, zar;
Latin, dis ; Greek, de.

“Mercutio’s icy hand had all-to-frozen mine”
(fe, wholly frozen up mine).—Romeo and Juliet
562).

“Her wings | .. were al-to-ruffled and
sometimes impaired."—Miltun ; Comus,

All waters (J am for). Iam a Jack
of all trades, can turn my hand to any-
thing, a good all-reund man. Like a
fish which can live in salt or fresh

water,
“Tam for all waters.”
Shakespeare: Twelfth Night, iv. 2

All-work. 4 nid of dll work, A
general servant who does all the work
of a house; at once nurse-maid, house-
maid, and cook.

Alla or Allah (that is, a/-ilah). ‘**The
adorable.” The Arabic name of the
Supreme Being.

"Poe city won fo~ Allah from the Giaour,”
{ Byron: wrod,

* .

ee

“when on the

Alla Akbar’. Allah is most inighty.
The cry of the Arabs.—Ockley.

Allan-a-Dale. The minstrel of
Robin Hood’s yeomen. He was assisted
by Robin Hood in carrying off his bride,
2 oint of being married
against her will to a rich old knight.

Allemand. ‘Une querelle d’ Alle-
mand,’’ a quarrel about nothing. We
call pot valour ‘* Dutch courage.”

Allen. (See ALLWORTHY.)

Allestree. Richard Allestree, of
Derby, was a noted almanac maker im
Ben Jonson’s time.

_ “A tittle more
Would fetch all his astronomy from Allestree.”
Ben Jonson; Magnetic La , lY. 3 (1633).

Alley (The). The Stock Exchange
Alley.

“John Riye, after many active years in the
Alley, retired to the Continent, and died at the
age of 118.”—Old and New London, p. 476,

Alliensis (Dies) (June 16th, B.c. 390),
when the Romans were cut to pieces by
the Gauls near the banks of the river
Allia; and ever after held to be a des
nefastus, or unlucky day. -

Alligator. When the Spaniards first
saw this reptile in the New World, the
called it el dagarto (the lizard). Sir Wal-
ter Raleigh called these creatures /agartos,
and Ben Jonson alligartas,

“To the present day the Europeans in Ceylon
apply the term alligator to what are in reality
crocodiles.”"—J. E, Tennent: Ceylon (vol, I. part 2,
chap. iii. p, 186+,

Alligator Pears (the fruit of Persea
gratissuma) is a curious corruption. The
aboriginal Carib word for the tree ia
‘‘aouacate,’? which the Spanish dis-.
coverers pronounced ‘avocado,” and
English sailors called ‘‘alligator,’’ as
the nearest approach which occurred to
them,

Alliteration,

Dr. BETHEL OF ETON.
“ Didactic, dry, declamatory, dull,
Big, burly Bethel bellows like a bull.”
Eton College.
CaRDINAL WOLSEY.
" Begot by butchers, but by hishops bred,
How high his Honour holds bis haughty head.”
{ Hucbald composed an alliterative
poem on Charles the Bald, every word
of which ees with c, a
Henry Harder composed a poem of
100 lines, in Latin hexameters, on cats,
every word ef which begins with ¢. The
title is Canwn cum Catis certamen
carmine compositum currente calamo
C Catudh Canmii. The first line is—
“Cattorum canimus certawina clare canumque.”

Allodials

=r)

Alman

Hamonicus wrote the Certamen cathb-
licum cum Calvinistis, every word of
which begins with ¢, 1

It is a curious coincidence that the
names of these three men all begin with

(In the Materia more Magistralis
every word begins with m._

4 Placentius, the Dominican, who died .

1548, wrote a poem of 258 Latin hexa-
meters, called -Pugna Porcorum, every
word of which begins with p. It begins
thus :—

“ Plaudite, Porcelli, porcorum pigra propago.”
Which may be translated—

“ Praise, Paul, prize pig's prolific progeny.”

@ Tusser, who died 1580, has a rhym-
ing poem of twelve lines, every word
of which begins with ¢.

{| The Rev. B. Poulter, prebendary of
Winchester, composed in 1828 the famous
alliterative alphabetic poem in rhymes.
Each word of each line begins with the
letter of the alphabet which it represents.
It begins thus :—

“An Austrian army awfully arrayed

Boldly by battery besieged Belgrade ;
Cossack commanders, cannonading come,
Dealing destruction’s devastating doom;.. .
=~ Some ascribe this alliterative poem
to Alaric A. Watts (1820). (See H.
SourneaTe, Many Thoughts on Many
Things. :

Another attempt of the same kind
begins thus :—

“About an 5 ago, as all agree,

Beauteous Belinda, brewing best Bohea
Carelessly chattered, controverting clean,
Dublin's derisive, disputatious dean . . .”

Allo’dials. Lands which are held by
an absolute right, without even the bur-
den of homage or fidelity ; opposed to

feudal. The word is Teutonic—all-od

(all property).

Allop’athy is in opposition to Ho-
meopathy. The latter word is from the
Greek, homeon pathos, similar disease ;
and the former is allo pathos, a different
disease. In one case, ‘like is to cure
like”; and in: the latter, the disease is
cured by its ‘‘ antidote.”

Alls. The five Alls, A public-house

sign. It has five human figures, with a

motto to each :—

(DA king in bis regalia... motto J governall.

(2) A bishop, in his pontificals , J pray for all.
(3) A lawyer, in bis gown .. an P for all,
(4) A soldier in regimentals nw Tfght for alt,
(5) A labourer, with his tools ,, I pay for all.
Several of these signs still exist.

Alls, ‘bl afeod ig . The refuse of
all sorts of spirits drained from the

glasses, or spilt in drawing. The
mixture is sold in gin-houses at a cheap
Tate.

Allworth. In 4 New Way to Pay
Old Debts, by Massinger.

Allworthy, in Fielding’s Tom Jones,
is designed for fhe author's friend,
Ralph Allen, of Bristol.

“Let humble Allen, with an awkward shame,

Do good by stealth, and blusl to find it fame.”

Pope: Epilogue to Sat. i. 135, 136.

Alma (the human soul), queer of
‘Body Castle,’? beset by enemies for
seven years (the Seven Ages of Man).
The besiegers are a rabble rout of evil
desires, foul imaginations, and- silly
conceits. Alma conducted Arthur and
Sir Guyon over her castle. ‘The
divine part of a man,’’ says Spenser,
‘is circular, a circle being the emblem
of eternity; but the mortal part. ¢ri-
angular, as it consists of three things—
blood, flesh, and bones.’’—Prior’s Poem.

Alma Mater. A collegian so calls
the university of which he is a member.
The words are Latin for ‘fostering
mother.’’

“Expulsion from bis Alma Mater.”—The Cot
legian and the Porter.

Almack’s. A suite of assembly rooms
in King Street, St. James’s (London)
built in 1765 by a Scotchman named
Macall, who inverted his name to obviate
all prejudice and hide his origin. Balls,
presided over by a committee of ladies
of the highest rank, used to be given at
these rooms; and to be admitted to
them was as great a distinction as to
be presented at Court. The rooms
were afterwards known as Willis’s,
from the name of the next proprietor,
and used chiefly for large dinners,
They were closed in 1890

Almagest. The Synfaris-megisté of
Ptolemy, translated by the Arabians in
800, by order of the calif Al Maimon,
and then called Al-maghesti, i.e. ** the
megisté.’’ It contains numerous obser-
vations and problems of geometry and
astronomy: It is very rare, and more
precious than gold. ° .

a German. The French
Allemand, a German, which, of course,
is the classic Alamanit or -Alamannt.
Similarly, Almany = Germany, French,
Allemagne. : ty
“ Chonodomariusand Vestralpus, Aleman kings
» « « Sat them downe neere unto Argentoratum,
Holland: Ammianus Marcellius.
“Now. Fulko co And dwelt in

Amany.”—Harrington: Orlando Furiogo, iii. 30.

;

‘distributed.

Almanac

36

Aloe

Almanac is the Arabic al manac
(the diary). Verstegen says it is the
Saxon al-mon-aght (all moon heed), and
that it refers to the tallies of the full

and new moons kept by our Saxon an-

cestors. One of these tallies may still
be seen at St. John’s College, Cam-
bridge.

Before printing, or before it was common:
By Solomon Jarchi.. ..in and after 1150

» Peter de Dacia .. ee «+ about 1300
» Walter de Elvendene .. on Se 4327
n dobn Somers, Oxford... +. ++ 138011
» Nicholas de Lynna ee es ++ 1386
y Purbach «- es ee et 1150-1461
First printéd by Gutenberg, at Mentz 1457
By Regiomontanus, at Nuremberg .-. 1472-3
« Zainer,at Ulm .. te Bs et ASTS
» Richard Pynson (Shkeapeheard's
: Qlendar) +» «2 «+ «+ 149713
» Stiéffler, in Venice oe 5d «+ 1499
» Poor Robin's Almanack his -- 1652
« Francis Moore’s Almanack_be-

tween.» +s 1698 and 1713
Stamp duty imposed 1710, repealed 1834.

The Man i? the Almanac stuck with
pins (Nat. Lee), is a man marked with
points referrmg to signs of the zodiac,
and intended to indicate the favourable
and unfavourable times of letting blood.

I shan't consult your almanac (French),
I shall not come to you to know what
weather to expect. The reference is to
the prognostications of weather in al-
manacs.

Almesbury. It was in a sanctuary
at Almesbury that Queen Guenever took
refuge, after her adulterous passion for
Lancelot was revealed to the king
(Arthur). Here she died ; but her body
‘was buried at Glastonbury.

Almighty Dollar.

Washington

Irving first made use of this expression, .

in his sketch of a ‘‘ Creole Village ”’
(1837).

“The almigbty dollar, that great object of uni-
versal devotion throughout our land. . "—
W, Irving: Wolfert's Roost, Creole Village, p.

i Ben ‘Jonson speaks of ‘almighty
gold.

. Almond Tree. adh hairs.
Preacher thus describes old age :—

“Tn the day when the keepers of the house (the
hands) shall tremble, and the strong men (thc legs)
bow themselves, and the grinders (the teeth) cease
because they are few,and those that look out of
the windows ithe eyes) be darkened |. . and tbe
almond-tree shall flourish (grey hairs ov a bald
pate), and the grasshopper be a burden, and de-
Bire sliatl fail... when the silver cord (the
spinal marrow) shall be loosed, the golden bowl
Gintellect) broken, and the pitcber broken at the
gen (the pulse of the heart stopped)."—Ecceles.

i. 3-6,

40,

The

-_Almonry. ‘The place where the
almoner resides, or where alms are
An almoner is a person
whose “duty it is to distribute alms,

r

which, in ancient times, consisted of
one-tenth of the entire income of a
monastery. (See AMBRY.)

Alms. Gifts to the poor.

Dr. Johnson says the word has no singular;
whereas Todd says it bas no plural. Like riches,
it is wholly singular in construction, but is used
both as a noun singular and noun plural. Of
course.it isAlmos-ine, almos-ie, Almose, almessc,
almes, alms, the s is not the plural suffix. Riches
is the French richesse, Both words are singular,
but, as nouns of multitude, prefer the plural con-
struction. (Latin alimosina, Greek eleemosyné,
from the verb eleéo, 1 pity.)

“Alms Basket. To live on the alms
basket. To live on charity.

Alms-drink. Another's leavings; for
alms consists of broken bread and the
residue of drink. It is also applied to
the liquor which a dnnker finds too
much, and therefore hands to another.

Alms-fee. Peter’s pence, or Rome
scot. Abolished in England by Henry
VIL

Alms-house. A house where paupers
are supported at the poe expense; a
poor-house. Also a house set apart for
the aged poor free of rent.

“Only, alas ! the poor who had neither friends
nor attendants,
Crept away to die in the alms-house, home

of. the homeless, ri
Longfellow: Evangeline, part ii. 5, 2.

Alms-man. One who lives on alms.

Alnaschar Dream (47). Counting
your chickens before they ate hatched?
Alnaschar, the barber’s fifth brother,
invested all his money in a basket of
glass-ware, on which he was to make
a certain profit. The profit, being in-
vested, was to make more, and this was
to go on till he grew rich enough to
marry the vizier’s daughter. eing
angry with his imaginary wife he gave
a kick, overturned his basket, and broke
all his wares. I

“To indulge in Alnagchar-like dreams of com-
pound interest ad infinitum."—The Times,

Alnaschar of Modern Literature,
Coleridge has been .so called because he
“dreamt” his Kubla Khan, and wrote
it out nextmorning. (1772-1834.) _

% Probably he. had been reading

‘Purchas’s Pilgrimage, for none can

doubt the resemblance of the two
pieces, f , .

Aloe. A Hebrew word, Greek aloé.
A very bitter plant; hence the proverb,
Plus aloes quam mellis habet, “ (Life) has
more bitters than sweets,” The French
say, ‘‘La odte d'Adam contient plus

Along-shore Men

d’aloés que de miel,”” where céte d’ Adam,
of course, means woman or one’s wife.

Socotrine Aloes came originally from
the island called Socotra, in the Indian
Ocean.

Along-shore Men or Longshoremen,
that is stevedores (2 syl.), or men em-
ployed to load and unload vessels.

Alonzo of A’guilar’, When Fer-_
nando, King of Aragon, was laying siege-

to Grana’da, after chasing Za‘gal from
the gates, he asked who would under-
take to plant his banner on the heights,
Alonzo, ‘‘ the lowmost of the dons,’ un-
dertook the task, but was ‘cut down by
the Moors. His body was exposed in
the wood of Oxije'ra, and the Moorish
damsels, struck with its beauty, buried
it near the brook of Alpuxarra,

Aloof. Stand aloof, away. <A sea
term, meaning originally to bear to
windward, or duff. (Norwegian, Ger-
man, etc., /uft, wind, breeze.)

Alorus, so the Chaldeans called their
first king, who, they say, camé from
Babylon.

A Youtrance. |
(Anglo-French for d outrance.)
*A champion has started up to maintain

4 Voutrance er innocence of the great offence.”
—Standard,

Alp. The Adrian renegade, a Vene-
tian by extraction, who forswore the
Christian faith to become a commander
in the Turkish army. He led the host
to the siege of Corinth, while that
country was under the dominion of the
Doge. He loved Francesca, daughter of
Minotti, governor of Corinth, but she
died of a broken heart because he de-
serted his country and was an apostate.
The renegade was shot in the siege.—
Byron: Siege of Corinth.

Aliph. A mythical “sacred river in
Xanadu,” which ran ‘“ through caverns

maeasureless to man.”’—Coleridge : Kubla

Khan,

Alpha, ‘J am Alpha and Omega,
the first and the last”? (Rev. i. 8).
“Alpha”? is the first, and ‘‘O-meg’a”’
the last, letter of the Greek alphabet.
AQ.

Alphabet. | This is the only word .

compounded of letters only. The Greek
alpha, (a) beta (b); our ABC (book),

“3 ‘The number of letters in an

To the uttermost.

Alphonso

alphabet varies in different languages.
Thus there are

21 letters in the Italian alphabet.
Hebrew & Syriac alphabet

» Latin of
24 ra Greek An
25 ” French a
26 » English, German, Dutch ,,
27 le Spanish *
28 ” Arabic 3
32 ” Coptic rs
33 i Russian ‘.
38 » Armenian »
39 n Georgian "
40 n Slavonic + y)
45 * Persian (Zend), ”
49 ” Sanskrit ”

< The Chinese have no alphabet, but
about 20,000 syllabic characters,

Ezra vii. 21 contains all the letters of the En-
glish language, presuming JandJ to be identical.
Even the Italian alpbahet is capable of more
than seventeen trillion combinations ; that is, 17
followed by eighteen other figures, as—
17,000,000,000,000,000,000 ;
while the English alphabet will combine into
more than twenty-nine thousand quatrillion com-
binations ; that is, 29 followed by twenty-sevea
other figures, as—
29,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,

Yet we have no means of marking the several
sounds of our different vowels ; nor can we show
how to pronounce such simple words as. fovt,
(pull and dull), sugar (father and rather), (gin'and
be-gin), calm, Bourges, Beuf in “ Beuf-gras,”
eufs, and thousands of other words.

*~ We want the restoration of th to
distinguish between this and thin; a
Greek ch to distinguish between Church
and Christ, two g’s (one soft and one
hard), two ¢’s, two o’s, half a dozen a’s,
and so on.

~ Take a, we have fate, fat, Thames
(e), war (0), salt (au), etc. So with e,
we have prey (a), met Ae), England (i),
sew (0), herb (u), etc. The other vowels
are equally indefinite,

Alphe’os and Arethusa. | The

Greek fable says that Alphe’os, the

river-god, fell in love with the nyntph
Arethu’sa, who fled from him in affright.
The god pursued under the sea, but the
nymph was changed into a spring, which.
comes up in the harbour of Syracuse;
“We have seen a moustachioed Alpleos, at
Ramsgate, pursue an affrighted Arethusa.” —
London Review, ‘
Alphe’us (in Orlando Furioso). A
magician and ha Ying in the army of
Charlemagne, slain in sleep by Clorida‘no.

Alphesibe’a or ‘‘ Arsinée,’”’ wife of
Aleméon, She gave her spouse the
ttt collar, the source of numberless
evils. oe

So was the necklace. of Harmonia, and 30
were the collar and’ veil of Eriphylé, wife of
Amphbiaraos, ; KTiF

Alphonso, ete. (See ALFONSO, etc.)

Aipleich

Alvina Weeps

Alpleich or “‘ Elfenreigen’’ (the weird
spirit-song), that music which some hear
before death. Faber refers to it in his
Pilgrims of the Night,

“ Hark, hark, my.soul! Angelic songs are
swelling.”

Pope also says, in the Dying Chris-
tian— x

“Hark ! they whisper ; angels say,
Sister spirit, come away."

Alpue, Alpieu (4/pu), in the game
of Basset, doubling the stake on a
winning card.

WWhieh ail the world subdue
Should, while the lover gazing dies,
Be only on alpue.” Etherege: Basset.

Alquife (al-ké-fy). A famous en-
chanter, introduced into the romances
of ancient times, 2 Began those re-
lating to Am‘adis of Gaul

Alrinach, The demon who presides
over floods and earthquakes, rain and
hail. It is this demon who causes ship-
wrecks. When visible, it isin a female
. form.~ (Eastern mythology.)

Alrtina-wife (An). The Alrunes
were the larés or penatés of the ancient
Germans, An Alruna-wife was the
household goddess of a German family.
An Alruna-maiden is a household
maiden goddess.

“She (Hypatia) looked as fair as the sun, and
ot ain an Alrupa-wife."—Kingsley : Hypatia,

Alsa'tia. The Whitefriars sanctuary
for debtors and law-breakers. Cunning-
ham thinks the name is borrowed from
Alsace, in France, which being a frontier
of the Rhine, was everlastingly the seat
of war and the refuge of the disaffected.
Sir Walter Scott, in his Fortunes of
Nigel, has described the life and state
of this rookery. He has borrowed
largely from Shadwell’s comedy, Ze
Squire of Alsatia. (See PETAND.)

- Alsvidur. (Sce Horsz.)

Altamo'rus (in Jerusalem Delivered).
King of Samarcand’, who joined the
Egyptian armament against the Crusa-
ders. ‘‘He was supreme in courage
as in might.” (Book xvii.) He sur-
roan ah himself to Godfrey. (Book
xXx,

Altan Kol or Gold River (Thibet).
So called from the gold which abounds
in its sands.

Altar (4n), in Christian art. St.
Stephen (the Pope), and Thomas Becket
are represented as immolated before an
altar. St. Canute is represented as
tying before an altar. St. Charles

_by

Borromeo is represented as kneeling
before an altar. St. Gregory (the Pope)
is represented as offering sacrifice before
an altar. And the attribute of Victor is
an altar overthrown, in allusion to his
throwing down a Roman altar in the
presence of the Emperor Maximian. .
Led to the altar, i,e. married. Said
of a lady. The altar is the communion-
table railed off from the body of the
church, where marriages are solemnised.
The bride is led up the aisle to the rail.

Alter eg’o. My double or counter-
part. In The Corsican Brothers, the
same actor performs the two brothers,
the one being the alter ego of the other.
(Latin, ‘‘a second I”). One who has
full powers to act for another.

Altheea’s Brand, a fatal contin-
gency. Althsa’sson was to live so long
as a log of wood, then on the fire, re-
mained unconsumed. She contrived to
keep the log unconsumed for man

ears, but being angry one day wit

eleager, she pushed it into the midst
of the fire, and it was consumed in a
few minutes. Meleager died at the
same time.—Ovid: Metamorphoses, viii. 4.

“Tobe fatal brand Althza burned.”
Shakespeare: 2 Henry VI., Act i. 1.

Althe’a (Divine). The divine Althea
of Richard Lovelace was Lucy Sachev-

_ erell, called by the poet, ‘‘ Lucretia.”

“When love with unconfinéd wings
Hovers within any gates,
And my divine Althea brings
To whisper at my grates,”

The ‘‘grates’’ referred to were the

rison grates. Lovelace was thrown
into prison by the Long Parliament for
his petition from Kent in favour of the
king.

Altisido’ra (in the ‘‘ Curious Imper-
tinent ’’), an episode in Don Quixote.

Altis. The Piet of ground on which
the Greeks held their public games.

Alto relie’vo. Italian for ‘‘ high
relief.”” A term used in sculpture for
figures in wood, stone, marble, etc., so
cut as to project at least one-half from
the tablet. It should be rilievo.(3 syl.).

Alumbra‘do, a perfectionist; so
called from d@ Spanish sect which arose
in 1575, and claimed special iumination.
(Spanjsh, meaning ‘‘ illuminated,” ‘* en-
lightened ”’). 3

Alvina Weeps, or ‘‘ Hark! Alvina
weeps,” i.e. the wind howls loudly,
a Flemish saying. Alvina was the
daughter of & king, who was cursed.

her parents because she_ married

«

Alyface

Amasis

unsuitably. From that day she roamed
about the air invisible to the eye of man,
but her moans are audible. }

Alyface (Annot), servant of Dame
Christian Custance, the gay widow, in
Udall's comedy Ralph Rorster Doister.

Alzir‘do (in Orlando Furioso). King
of Trem’izen, in Africa. He was over-
thrown by Orlando on his way to join
the allied army of Ag’ramant.

A.M. or M.A. When the Latin form
is intended the A comes first, as Artiwm
Magister ; but where the English form
* meant the M precedes, as Master of

rts.

Am/’adis of Gaul. The hero of a
romance in prose of the same title,
originally written in Portuguese in four
books. ese four were translated into
Spanish by Montalvo, who added a fifth.
Subsequent romancers added the ex-
ploits and adventures of other knights,
so as to swell the romance to fourteen
books. The French version is much
larger still, one containing twenty-four
books, and another running through
seven volumes, The original author
was Vasco de Lobeira, of Oporto, who
died 1403.

The hero, called the ‘ Lion-knight,”’
from the device on his shield, and ‘‘ Bel-
tenebros ” (darkly beautiful), from his
personal appearance, was a love-child
of Per‘ion, King of Gaul, and Eliz’ena.
Princess of Brittany. He is represented
as a poet and musician, a linguist and a
gallant, a knight-errant and a king, the
very model of chivalry. a

Other names by which Am‘adis was
called were the Lovely Obscure, the
Knight of the Burning Sword, the
Knight of the Dwarf, etc. Bernardo, in
1560, wrote ‘‘ Amadigi di Gaula.”’

Am’‘adis of Greece. A _ supple-
mental part of the romance called
Amadis of Gaul, added by Felicia‘no
de Silva.

Amai‘mon (3 syl.). One of the chief
devils whose dominion is on the north
side of the infernal gulf. He might be
bound or restrained from ae eerie
the third hour till noon, and from the
uinth hour till evening.

“ An aimon sounds well ; Lucifer well.”
Shakespeare: Merry Wives of Windsor, ii. 2.

‘Amalfitan Code. A compilation of
maritime laws, compiled in the eleventh
century at Ainalfi,, then an important
trading town.

‘Amalivaca, An American spirit,

who had seven daughters. He broke

their legs to prevent their running away,

and left them to people the forests.
Amalthea, (See SIBYLLINE Boos.)

Amalthe‘a’s Horn. The cornucopia
or horn of plenty. The infant Zeus
was fed with goats’ milk by Amalthéa,
one of the daughters of Riles King
of Crete. Zeus, in gratitude, broke off
one of the goat’s horns, and gave it to
Amalthéa, promising that the possessor
should ae have in abundance every-
thing desired. (Sce AXats.)

_ Aman‘da, the impersonation of love
in Thomson's Spring, is Miss Young,
esa oa married to Admiral Camp-
ell.

Am‘arant, A cruel giant slain by
Guy of Warwick.—Guy and Amarant,
Percy's Reliques.

Am’aranth. Clement of Alexandria
says—Amarantus flos, sym'bolum est im-
mortalita'tis. The word is from the
Greek amaran’tos (everlasting). So called
because its flowers never fade like other
flowers, but retain to the last much of
their deep blood-red colour.

“Tmmortal amarant—a flower which once
In Paradise, fast by the tree of life,
Began to bloom ; but soon, for man’s offence,
To heaven removed, where “first it grew, thero

grows
And tlowers aloft, shading the fount of life. ...
With these, that never fade, the spirits elect
Bind their resplendent locks.”

Milton: Paradise Lost tii. 353-61.

In 1653 Christina, Queen of Sweden,
instituted the Order of the ‘‘ Knights of
the Amaranth,’’ but it ceased to exist
at the death of the Queen. Among the
ancients it was the symbol of immor-
tality.

The best known species are ‘‘ Love
lies bleeding”’ (amarantus cauddtus),
and ‘ Prince’s feather ”’ (amarantus hy-
pochondriacus). . ‘‘Cock’s comb” is
now ranked under the genus Ce/osia.

Amaryllis. A pastoral sweetheart.
The name is borrowed from the pastorals
of Theoc’ritos and Virgil.

“To sport with Amaryllis in the shade.”
Milter: Lycidas, 08.

Amasis (Ring of), same as Polyerittés’
Ring. Polycratés, tyrant of Samos, was
80 Sonne in eve ing foes Amasis,
King of Egypt, advised him to part
with something which he highly vieed.
Polycratés accordingly threw into the
sea an engraved ring of exizsondinary
value. A few days afterwards, a fis
was presented to the tyrant, in which
the ring was found. Amasis now re-
nounced all friendship-with Polycratés,

Amati

Ambi-dexter

as aman doomed by the gods; and not
long afterwards, a satrap, having en-
trapped the too fortunate despot, put
him to death by crucifixion.— Herodotus,
iii, 40.

Amati, A first-rate violin; properly,
one made by Ama'ti of Cremona (¢, 1600).
(See CREMONA.)

Amaurot (Greek, the shadowy or
unknown place), the chief city in Utopia
no-place), a political novel by Sir
Thomas Moré, Rabelais, in his Fanta-
gruel, had previously introduced the
word, and tells us that the Amaurots
conquered the Dipsodes (or Duplicians).

Amaurote, a bridge in Utopia. Sir
Thomas More says he could not recollect
whether Raphael Hyghloday told him
it was 500 paces or 300 paces long; and
he requested his friend Peter Giles, of
Antwerp, to put the question to the
adventurer.

“T cannot recollect whether the reception room
of the Spaniard’s Castle in the Air is 200 ur 300
feet long. I will get the next aeronaut who
~ journeys to the moon to take the exact diimen-

sions for me, and will memorialise the learued
society of Laputa."—Dean Swift: Gulliver'sTravels.

Amazement. Not afraid with any
amazement (1 Peter iii. 6), introduced at
the close of the marriage service in the
Book of Common Prayer. The mean-
ing is, you will be God’s children so long
as you do his bidding, and are not
drawn aside by any distraction (mrénss),

No doubt St. Peter meant ‘‘by any -

terror of persecution.’”’? Cranmer, being
so afraid, was drawn aside from the
path of duty.

Amazia, meant for Charles II., in
Pordage’s poem of Azaria and Hushai.
We are told by the poet, ‘‘ his father’s
murtherers he destroyed ;’’ and then he
preposterously adds—

“ Beloved of all, for merciful was he,
Like God, in the superlative degree.”

To say that such a selfish, promise-
breaking, impious libertine was ‘like
God, in the superlative degree,’’ is an
outrage against even poetical licence and
court flattery.

Am/‘azon. A horsewoman, a fighting
‘or masculine woman. The word means
without breast, or rather, ‘‘ deprived of
a pap.’’ According to Grecian story,
there was a nation of women in Africa
of a very warlike character. There
were no men in the nation; and if a
boy was born, it was either killed or
sent to his father, who lived in some
ueighbouring state. The girls had their

right breasts burnt off, that they might
the better draw the bow.

“These dreadful Amazons, gallant viragoes who

+. Carried victorious arms... into Syria and
Asia Minor."—J. E. Chambliss: David Livingstone
(introduction, p. 24).

Amazo’nia. In South America, ori-
ginally called Maranon’. The Spaniards
first called it Orellana; but after the
women joined their husbands in at-
tacking the invaders, the Spaniards
called the people Am’azons and the
country Amazo‘nia.

Amazonian Chin (Az). A beardless
chin, like that of a woman warrior.

“When with his Amazonian chin be drove

The bristled lips before bim.
Shakezpeare: Coriolanus, ii, 2.

Ambassador, a practical joke played
on greenhorns aboard ship. A tub full
of water is placed between two stools,
and the whole being.covered with a
green cloth, a sailor sits on each stool,
to keep the cloth tight. The two
sailors represent Neptune and Amphi-
trité, and the greenhorn, as am or,
is introduced to their majesties. He is

iven the seat of honour between them;

ut no sooner does he take his seat than
the two sailors rise, and the greenhorn
falls into the tub, amidst the laughter
of the whole crew.

Amber. This fossilised vegetable
Tesin is, according to legend, a con-
cretion of birds’ tears. The birds were
the sisters of Meleaiger, who never ceased
peepee the death of their brother.—
Ovid : Metamorphoses, viii. line 270, ete.

“ Around thee shall glisten the loveliest amber
That ever the sorrowing sea-bird hath wept.”
T. Moore: Fire Worshippers.

Amber, a repository. So called be-
cause insects and small leaves are pre-
served in amber.

“You may be disposed to bee it in your
amber.”—Notes and Queries.—W. Dowe. 7
“ Pretty ! in amber, to observe the forms
Of hairs, or straws, or dirt, or grubs, or worms,
The things, we know, are neither rich nor rare,
But wonder now the deyil they got there.”
Pope: £p. to Arbuthnot, 169-72,

Ambérabad’. Amber-city, one of

the towns of Jinnistan, or Fairy Land.

per ote Me i ep ehaetieeay:
e lowest throw in dice; figurative’
bad luck. (Latin, anbo-asses, both or
two aces.) ‘
“T had rather be in this choice than thro
ames-ace for my life.”"—All’s Well, ete. 11.3. *
Ambi-dexter properly means: both
hands right hands; a double dealer; a
juror who takes money from both parties
or -his verdict; one who can use his

left hand as deftly as his right,

Ambition

Amenthes

Ambition, strictly speaking, means
“the going from house to house” (Latin,
ambitio, going about canvassing),. In
Rome it was customary, some time
before an election came on, for the can-
didates to go round tothe different
dw to solicit votes, and those
who did so were ambitious of office.

Ambree (Mary). An English heroine,
who has immortalised her name by her
valour at the siege of Ghent, in 1584,
Mer name is a proverbial one for a
woman of heroic spirit.

“ My daughter wiH be valiant, _
And provea i dears Ambry i’ the business.”
Jonson; Tale of a Tub, i. 4.

Ambrose (S?.), represented in Chris-
tian art in the costume of a bishop.
His attributes are (1) a bee-hive, m
allusion to the legend that a swarm of
bees settled on his mouth when lying in
his cradle; (2) a scourge, by which he
expelled the Arians from Italy.

The penance he inflicted on the Emperor Theo-
dosius has represented by Rubens, a copy
of which, by Vandyck, is in the National Gallery

Ambro’sia. The food of the gods
(@ @ privative, drotos,- mortal; so
called suse if made them not mortal,
i.e. it made them immortal. Anything
delicious to the taste or fragrant in

e is so called from the notion
that whatever is used by the celestials
znust be excellent.

“ Husband and wife met goin
conjugal life; but they must both taste the same
smbrosia, or the same gall."—R. C. Houghton:
Women of the Orient, part lii.

Ambrosian Chant. The. choral
music introduced from the Eastern to the
Western Church by St. Ambrose, the
Bishop of Mil‘an, in the fourth century.
It was used till Gregéiry the Great
changed it for the Gregorian.

Ambro’sian Library. A lib in
Milan, so called in compliment oi St.
Ambrose, the patron sain’

Ambrosig, the hero of Lewis’s ro-
mance, called The Monk. Abbot of the
Capuchins at Madrid. The temptations
of 1 overcome his virtue, and he

from crime to crime, till at last

e sells his soul to the devil. Ambrosio,
being condemned to death by the In-
quisition, is released by Lucifer; but no
sooner is he out of prison than he is
dashed te pieces on a

alms, ete., were deposited. Now used
for holding the sacramental plate, con-
secrated oil, and so on. e secret
drawers of an escritoire are called am-
bries. (Archaic English almary, Latin

armarium, French armoire.)
“ Ther avarice bath al Ties,

And yren-bounden Tes.”

Piers Ploughman, p. 238.

Almonry is from the Latin eleemosyn-
arium, a place for alms.

“The place wherein this Chapel or Almshouse
stands was called the ‘ Elemosinary’ or Almonry
now corrupted into Ambrey, for that the alms of
the Abbey are there distributed to the poor.”—
Stow: Survey.

Ambusca'de (3 syl.) is the: Italian
imbosca'ta (oonoealed Ta a wood),
Ame damnée (French), a scape-goat.

“He is the ame damnée of everyone about the
court—the scapegoat, whois to carry away all
their iniquiies."—Siz Walter Scott; Peveril of the
Peak, chap. 48,

Amedieu (3 syl.). ‘Friends of
God;”’ a religious body in the Church
of Rome, founded in 1400. They wore
no breeches, but a grey cloak girded
with a cord, and were shod with wooden
shoes.

Amelia. A model of conjugal affec-
tion, in Fielding’s novel so called. It ic
said that the character is. intended foi
his own wife. 3

Amelon. A Chaldean hero, who
reigned thirteen sares, A sare = 3,600
years.—_Banier ; Mythology, vol. i.

Amenon is another hero of Chaldea, who
reigned 12 sares. Amphis reigned 6 sares.

Amen Corner, London, the end of
Paternoster Row, where the monks
finished their Pater Noster, on Corpus
Christi Day, as they went in procession
to St. Paul’s Cath They began in
Paternoster Row with the Lord’s prayer
in Latin, which was continued to the
end of the street; then said Amen, at
the corner or bottom of the Kow; then

ing down Ave-Maria Lane, com-
menced chanting the ‘“ Hail, Mary!”
then crossing Ludgate, they chanted the
Credo. Amen Lane no longer exists.

Now the public acknowledgment of

the offence is all that is required.
‘Amen‘thes (3 syl.). The tian

Ha‘dés. The word meaus hiding place.

American Flag

43

Amina

aaa a a EG

American Flag. The American
Congress resolyed (June 14, 1777), that
the flag of the United States should
have thirteen stripes, alternately red
and white, to represent the thirteen
States of the Union, together _ with
thirteen white sfars, on a blue ground.
General Washington’s escutcheon con-
tained two stripes, each alternated with
red and white, aud, like the American
stars, those of the General had only five
points instead of six. A new star is
now added for each new State, but the
stripes remain the same.

Howeyer, before the separation the fag con-
tained thirtcen stripes of alternate rea and white
to indicate the thirteen colonies; and tbe East
India Company flag, as far back a8 1704, had thir-
teen stripes.. The Company flag was cantoned
with St. George’s Cross, the British American
fiag with the Union Jack, j

American Peculiarities :—

Natives of New England .. .. gay Guess.
“5 N.York & MiddleStates ,, Eapect,
7 Sputbern States... 4, JReckon.

we, Western States -» _ ttn Caleulate,
American States, The Americans

ere rich in nicknames: phate state has,
or has had, its sobriquet.. The. people
of
Alabama «+ gre lizards.
Arkansas «sy, toothpicks
California «.« ,, gold-bunters,
Colorado ++ 4) Tovers.
Connecticut +. 4, wooden nutmegs,
Delaware ++ 4 musk rats.
Florida .. ++ 4, fly-up-the-creeks.
Georyia .. e+ gs buzzards,
Illinois .. +» 9, Buckers,
Indiana.- +e 5, hoosiers,
lowa e ++ g hawk-eyes.
ENSUE «+ ee oy Jay-hawkers,
Centucky +s 4) Corn-crackers,
Lonisiana@ «» °,, creoles,
Maine -: aie Fann, TOXEB.,
Maryland se 4, Craw-thumpers.
Michigan ++ 4 Wolverines.
Minnesota «+ 4, gophers.
Mississippi -. ,, tadpoles.
Missourt «+ 45 pukes.
Nebraska «+ 4, bug-eaters,
Nevudu «-« » sage-hens.

granite-boy3.

New Hampshire 4 s
Blues or clam-catchers,

New Jersey ++ 4;

New Fork +s y knickerbockers.
North Carolina ,, tar-boilers 9r Tuckees,
hio oe se gy buck-eyes,

Oregon .» | «+ 4 Wweb-feet or hard cases.
Pennsylvania... ,, Pennamites er Leather-
; heads..

Rhode Tsland.. , gun-fiints,
South Carolina ,, weasels.
Tennessee +s 9 Whelps.

bdeef-heads.

Texas 10, 0s .
green-inountain boys.

Vermont oe Ks
Virginie ++ 4 beadies,
Wisconsin .. ,, badgers.

American States. The cight states
which retain the Indian names of the
chief rivers, as: Alabama, Arkansas,
Illinois, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri,
Qhio, and Wisconsin. :

Ameth’ea. (Sce Horse.)

Amethyst. A species of rock-crystal

to prevent intoxication

supposed ”

(Greek, a-methusta, the antidote of in-
‘toxication). Drinking-cups made of
amethyst were supposed to be a charm
against inebriety. .
-.: If was the most cherished of all
recious stones by Roman matrons
rom the superstition that ‘it would
preserve inviolate the- affection of their

husbands.

pales Nambers, (See AMICABLE,
etc.

Amicable Numbers. - Numbers
which are mutually equal to the sum
of all their aliquot parts: as 220, 284.
The aliquot parts of 220 are 1, 2, 4, 5,
10, li, 20, 22, 44, 55, 110, the sum of,
which is 284. Again, the aliquot parts
of 284 are I, 2, 4, 71, 142, the sum of
which is 220.

Amicus curiz (Latin, « friend to
the court), One in the court who in-
forms the judge of some error he has
detected, or makes ‘some suggestion to
assist the court,

A mi'cus Plato, sed magis ami‘ca Ver'itas
jee I love, but I love Truth more).

noble dictum attributed to Aristotle,
but ‘certainly a very free translation
of a phrase in, the Nicomache'an Ethics
(‘‘ Where both are friends, it is right to
prefer Truth ’’)

Amiel (3 syl.). A form of the name
Eliam (friend of God). In Dryden’s
satire of Absalon and Achitophel it
is meant. for Sir Edward Seymour,.
Speaker of the House of Commons. (2
Sam. xxii. 34.)

“ Who can Amiel’s praise refuse ?

Of ancient race by birth, but nobler yet

In bis own worth, and without title great.

The Sanhedrim long time as chief he ruled,

Their reason guided and their passion cooled.”

“Dryden; Absalom and Achitopnel, i. 899-903.

Amiens (3 syl.). The Peace C4
Amiens, March 27, 1802, a treaty sign
by Joseph Bonaparte, the Marquis of

ornwallis, Azara, and Schimmelpen-~
ninck, to settle the disputed points
between France, England, Spain, and
Holland. It was dissolved in 1803,

Ami'na. An orphan adopted by a
miller, and beloved by Elvi’no, a rich
farmer. The night before her espousals
she is found in the bed of Count Ro-
dolpho, and is renounced by’ her be-
trothed husband. ‘The’ count explains
to the young farmer and his friends that
Ami‘na is innocent, and has wandered
in her sleep, While he is still talking,
the orphan is seen getting out of the
window of the mill, and walking in her
sleep along the edge of the roof undep

Aminadab

Ampersand

which the mill-wheel is rapidly revolving.

She crosses a crazy bridge, and comes

among the spectators. In afew minutes

she awakes, flies to Elvi‘no, and is

elaimed by him as his beloved and inno-

cent bride.—Belli'ni’s dest opera, La
nambula,

Amin‘adab. A Quaker. The Scrip-
fure name has a double m, but in old
comedies, where the character represents
a Quaker, the name has generally only
one. Obadiah is used, also, to signify a
Quaker, and Rachel a Quakeress,

Am‘ine (8 syl.). Wife of Sidi Nou-
man, who ate her rice with a bodkin,
and was in fact a ghoul. ‘‘She was so
hard-hearted that she led about her
three sisters like aleash of greyhounds.”
—Arabian Nights.

Aminte (2 syl.), The name assumed
by Cathos as more aristocratic than her
own. She is courted by a gentleman,
but discards him because his manners
are too simple and easy for “bon ton ;”’
he then sends his valet, who pretends to
be a marquis, and Aminte is charmed
with his “ distinguished style of manners
and talk.’? When the game has gone
far enough, the trick is exposed, and

inte is saved from a meésalliance,—
Moliére: Les Précieuses Ridicules,
It was a prevailing fashion in the Middle

Ages to change names ; Voltaire’s proper name.

was Arouet (1694-1778) ; Melancthon’s was Schwar-
werde (1497-1560). The real names of Desiderius
Erasmus were Gheraerd Gheraerd (1467-1536) ;
Anacharsis Clootz was Jean Baptiste Clootz, etc.
Amiiral or Ammiral. An early
form of the word “‘admiral.’’ (French,
amiral ; Italian, wmimiraglio.) (See Ap-
~ Amiet (Richard). The gamester in
Vanbrugh’s drama called Zhe Con-

ederacy.

Ammon, The Libyan Jupiter; so
called from the Greek ammos (sand),
because his temple was in the desert.
co calls it an Egyptian word

ii, 42).

Son of Jupiter Ammon. Alexander the
Great.” His father, Philip, claimed to
be a descendant of Hercules, and there-
fore of Jupiter ; and the son was saluted
by the priests of the Libyan temple as
son of Ammon. Hence was he called
the son or descendant both of Jupiter
aud of Ammon.

‘Ammonian Horn (Th2), the cornu-
copia. It wasin reality a tract of very
fertile land, in the shape of a ram’s horn,
given by Ammon, King of Libya, to his

mistress, Amalthéa (q:v.) (the mothet of
Bacchus).

Am'monites (3 syl.). Fossil molluscs
allied to the nautilus and cuttlefish.
So called because they resemble the
horn upon the ancient statues of Jupiter’
Ammon. (See above.)

A’mon’s Son (in Orlando Furioso)
is Rinaldo, He was the. eldest son of
Amon or Aymon, Marquis d’Este, and
nephew of Charlemagne,

Am’oret, brought up by Venus in the
courts of love. Sheis the type of female
loveliness—young, handsome, gay, witty,
and good; soft as a rose, sweet as @
violet, chaste as a lily, gentle as a dove,
loving everybody and by all beloved.

’ She is no Diana to make “‘ gods and men

fear her stern frown’’; no Minerva to
‘freeze her foes into congealed stone
with rigid looks of chaste austerity ”’ ;
but a living, breathing virgin, with a
warm heart, and beaming eye, and pas-
sions strong, and all that man can wish
and woman want. She becomes the
loving, tender wife of Sir Scu’damore,
Tim‘ias finds her in the arms of Cor-
flambo (sensual passion); combats the
monster unsuccessfully, but wounds the
lady.—Sypenser ; Faery. Queen, book iii.

Amoret, a love 200g. love-knot, love.
affair, love personified. A Eeptty word,
which might be reintroduced.

“ He will be in bis amorets, and his canzoneta,
his pastorals, and bis madrigals.”—Heywood ?

“For not icladde in silke was he,
Pani in gone and Searetion
PRPS SO pominee of the Rose, 892.
Amorous (The), Philippe I. of France;
so called because he divorced his wife
Berthe to espouse Bertrade, who was
already married to Foulques, count of
Anjou. (1061-1108.)

Amour propre, One’s _self-love,
vanity, or opinion of what is due to self,
‘To make an appeal to one’s amour propre,
is to put a person on his metal. To
wound one’s amour propre, is to gall his
good opinion of himself--to wound his
vanity, (French.) -

Amparo. de Pobres. A book ex-
posing the begging impostors of Madrid,
written by Herrera, physician to Felipe
Ampersand, the character made
thus, *““&’*=and. In the old Hormn=:
books, after giving the twenty-six letters,
the character & was added, and was
called ‘Ampersand,’ a corruption of,

Amphialus

Amundeville

“and roe &’? (and by itself, and),
ASB GoDi Gases 3 AY 208
“ Any odd shape folks understand
To mean my Protean amperzand.”
Punch (17 April, 1869, p. 153, col. 2).

The martyr Bradford, says Lord Russell, waa
“A per se A” with
etc.—Z.e, stood alone in their defence,

Amphi‘alus, son of Cecropia, in love
with Philoclea, but he ultimately
married Queen Helen of Corinth.—Sir
Philip Sidney? The Countess of Pem-
broke’s Arcadia.

Amphictyon'ie Council. A council
of confederate Greeks from twelve of
their tribes, each of which had two
deputies. The council met twice a year
—in the spring at Delphi, and in the
autumn at Thermop'’yle, According to
fable, it was so called from Amphic'tyon,
son of Deuca'lion, its. supposed founder.
(Greek, amphictionés, dwellers round
about.)

Amphig’ons. Words strung together
without any real connection, The two
pleaders in Pantagruel by Rabelais (book
ii. c. 11-13) give an excellent example.

papRIe gure nonsense verse, rigma-
frole.

“A kind of overgtown amphigouri, a hetero-
pais combination,.”—Quarterly Review, i. 50,

¥ Porson’s ‘Three Children slidin
on the Ice’’ is.a good specimen o
amphigouri,

Amphi'on is said to have built Thebes
by the music of his lute, which was so
melodious that the stones danced into
walls and houses of their own accord.
Tennyson has a rhyming jeu @’ esprit.

Amphitri’te (either 3 or 4 syl.), The
sea. In classic mythology, the wife of
Neptune (Greek, amphi-trio for trido,
rubbing or wearing away [the shore] on
all sides).

“His weary chariot sought the bowers

Of Awphbitrité and her tending nympbs.”
Thomson: Summer. (1625-6),

Amphitryon. Le véritable Amphi-
tryon est 0 Amphitryon owl 6n dine (Mo-
jigre), That is, the person who provides

the feast (whether master of the house’
or not) is the real host, The tale is that |
Jupiter assumed the likeness of Am- .

phit'ryon, and gave a banquet; but
Amphitryon himself came home, and

claimed the honour of being the master.

of the house. As far as the servants
and guests were concerned, the dispute
was soon decided—-‘‘he who gave the
feast was to them the host,”

them, “to their comfort,” :

>, Amun'deville, Lady Adeline Am

Amphrysian Prophetess (4m-
phrysia Vatés). The Cumzean sibyl; so
called from Amphrysos, a river of
Thessaly, on the banks of which Apollo
fed the herds of Adine’tos ; consequently
Amphrys‘ian means Apollo’nian, .

Ampoulle (Sainte), The jug or
bottle containing oil used in anointing
the kings of France, and said to have
been brought from heayen by a dove for
the coronation service of St. Louis, It
was preserved at Rheims till the first
Revolution, when it was destroyed.

5 Amram’s Son. Moses. (Exodus vi.
0.
) “As when the potent rod
Of Amram’s son, in Egypt's evil day,
Wayed round the coast.”
Milton: Paradise Lost, i, 338-40.

Amri, in the satire of Absalom and
Achitophel, by Dryden_and Tate, is
designed for Heneage Finch, Earl of
Nottingham and Lord Chancellor,
“Our list of nobles next let Amri grace,

Whose merits claimed the Abethdin’s (Lord

Chancellor's) high place—
To whom the double blessing does belong,
‘With Moses’ inspiration, Aaron’s tongue.”
Part ii,

Amri'ta, The elixir of immortality,
made by churning the milk-sea (Hindu
mythology). Sir William Jones speaks
of an apple so called, because it bestows
immortality on those who partake of it.
The word means immortal. (See AM-
BROSIA,)

Amsanc'tus, A lake in Italy, in the
territory of Hirpi‘num, said to lead down
to the infernal regions. The word means
sacred water.

Amuck’. To run amuck. To falk or
write on a subject of. which you are
wholly ignorant; to run foul of, The
Malays, under the influence of opium,
become so excited that they sometimes
rush forth with daggers, yelling ‘“4mog!

| amog !” (Kill! kill!), and fall foul of

any one they chance to meet.

“Satire’s my weapon, but I’m too discreet

To run amuck and tilt at all J meet.”
ope: Sutires, i, 69-70,

Amulet, Something worn, generally
round the neck, as a charm. b (Arabic;
hamulet, that which is suspended.)

The early Christians used to wear
amulets called Jchthus, fish; the word
is composed of the initial letters of
Ie’sos CMristos THeou Vios Sotér (Jesus
Christ, Son of God, our Saviour). (See
Norarica.)

ine

deville, a lady who “had a twilight tin
‘of blue,” could make epigrams, ‘gi

Amyclean Brothers

Anah

delightful soirées, and was fond of
making matches,—Byron: Don Juan,
XV., XV1. : 4
Amyclzean Brothers (Zhe). Castor
and Pollux, who were born at Amycle.
Amyclez’‘an Silence. More silent
than Amycle, The inhabitants of

Amycle were so often alarmed by false ™

rumours of the approach of the Spartans,
that they made a decree no one should
ever again mention the subject. When
the Spartans actually came against the
town, no one durst mention it, and the
town was taken.

Amyris plays the fool, i.¢. a person
assumes a false character with an ulterior
object, like Junius Brutus. Amyris was
a Sybarite (3 syl.) sent to Delphi to
consult the Oracle, who informed him
of the approaching destruction of his
nation. yris fled to Peloponnesus
and his countrymen called him a fool;
but, like the madness of David, his
‘“folly ’? was true wisdom, for thereby he
saved his life.

A’mys and Amylion. The Pyladés
and Ores'tés of medieval story. —
Ellis’s Specimens.

Anabaptists. A nickname of the
Baptist Dissenters; so called because,
in the first instances, they had been
baptised in infancy, and were again
baptised on a confession of faith in adult
age. The word means the twice-baptised,

Anabaptists. A sect which arose in
Germany in 1521,

Anachar'sis. Anacharsis wnong the
Scythians, A wise man amongst fools;
*6Good out of Nazareth’; ‘* A Sir
Sidney Smith on Salisbury Plain.”” The
opposite proverb is ‘‘Saul amongst the
Prophets,’’ i.e. a fool amongst wise men.

Anacharsis was a Scythian by birth, and

the Scythians were proverbial for their
uncultivated state and great ignorance,
Anacharsis Clootz. Baron Jean Bap-
tiste Clootz, a Prussian by birth, but
brought up in Paris, where he adopted

the revolutionary princi = and called |

himself The Orator of the Human Race,
(1755-1794,)

Anacleth’'ra. The stone on, which

Cerés rested after searching in vain for

her daughter. It was kept as a sacred
deposit im the Prytane‘um of Athens.

Anacreon. <A Greek poet, who
wrote ape in praise of love and wine.
(B.C. 663-47 Py) ;

‘Anacroon ‘of the Twelfth Century,

-Moore’”’ of France:

‘Walter Mapes, also called ‘The Jovial
Toper.”? (1150-1196). His best-known
prece is the famous drinking-song,
““Meum’.est propos'iitum in taber'na
mori,’’ translated by Leigh Hunt.

Anacreon Moore. Thomas Moore, who
not only trauslated Anacreon into Eng-
lish, but also wrote original poems ‘in
the same style. (1779-1852.)

Anacreon of the Guillotine. Bertrand
Bartre de Vieuzac, president of the
National Convention ; so called from the
flowery language and convivial jests
used by him towards his miserable
victims. (1755-1841.)

Anacreon of the Temple. Guillaume
Amfrye, abbé de Chalieu; the “Tom
(1639-1720.)

The French Anacreon. Pontus de
Tyard, one of the Pleiad poets (1521-
1605). P. Laujon. 1727-1811.)

The Persian” Anacreon. Mohammed
Hafiz. | heir century.)

The Scotch Anacreon. Alexander
Scot, who flourished about 1550.

The Sicilian Anacreon, Giovanni Mel.
(1740-1815.)

Anacreon of Painters. Francesco
Alba‘no, a famous painter of lovely
females. (1578-1660.)

Anacreon'tic. Inimitation of Anac’-

-Teon (q.v.).

Anach’ronism, An event placed at
a wrong date; as when Shakespeare, in
Troilus and Cressida, makes Nestor quote
Aristotle. (Greek, ana chronos, out of
time.)

Anag’nostes (Greek). A domestic
servant employed by the’ wealthy
Romans to.read to them at meals.
Charlemagne had his reader ;-and monks
and nuns were read toatmeals, (Greek,
anaginosko, to read.)

Anagrams.

Dame Eleanor Davies (prophetess. in the reigu
of Charles I.) = Never so mad a lady.

Gustavus = Augustus.
Aone Nelson=Honor est a Nilo (made by Dr,

urney).

Qu cou Victoria's Jubilee Year =I require love in
@ awdject,

Quid est Veritas (John xviii, 38) ?= Vir est qui
adest.

Marie Touchet (mistress of Charles 1X, of

France = Je charme tout. (made by Henri IV.),

Voltaire is an anagram of Arouet l(e)j(eune),

These wre interchangeable words :-—-
Alctiinus and Calvinus ; Amor and Roma; Eros

‘and Rose; Evil and Live; and many more-

Anah, a tender-hearted, pious, meek,
and loving creature, middatghter ot
Cain, and sister of Aholiba’mah. Japhet
loved her, but she had set her heart on
the seraph Aza/zicl, who carried her off

Anana,

46

Ancient Mariner

to some other planet when the flood
came.—Byron « Heaven and Earth.

_Ana‘na. The pine-apple (the Bra-
zilian ananas). j
“ Witness thou, best Anana !"thou the pride
Of vegetable life;” Thomson: Summer, 686,686,
Anastasia (St.). Her attributes are
a stake and faggots, with a palm branch
in her hand. ‘The allusion is, of course,
to her martyrdom at the stake.

Anathema. A denunciation or
curse. The word is Greek, and means
to place, or set wp, in allusion to the
mythological custom of hanging in the
temple of a patron god something de-
voted to him. Thus Gordius hung up
his yoke and beam; the shipwrecked
hung up their wet clothes; workmen
retired from business hung up their
tools, ete. Hence anything set apart for
destruction ; and so, set apart from the
Church as under a curse.

“ Me tabula sacer
Votiva paries indicat uvida
Suspendisse potenti
Vestimenta maris deo.”
Horace: Odes (v. 13—16).

Horace, having escaped the love-
snares of Pyrrha, hangs up his votive
tablet, as one who has escaped the
dangers of the sea.

Anatomy. He was like an anatomy—
i.e. a mere skeleton, very thin, like one
whose flesh had been anatomised or cut
off. Shakespeare uses atomy as a syno-
nym. Thus the hostess Quickly says to
the Beadle: ‘‘ Thou atomy, thou!”’ and
Doll” Tearsheet caps: the phrase with,
““Come, you thin thing; come, you
rascal,’’—2 Henry IV., v. 4.

Anaxarete (5 syl.) of Salamis: was
changed into stone for despising the love
of Iphis, who hung himself.—Ovid :
Metamorphoses, xiv. 750,

Anaxar'te My syl.). A knight whose
adventures and exploits form a supple-
mental part of the Spanish romance
ealled Amadis of Gaul. This part
was added by Feliciano de Silva.

Ance’os. Helmsman of the ship
Argo, after the death of Ti'tphys. He
was told by a slave that he would never
live to taste the wine of his vineyards.
When a bottle made from his own

pes was set before him, he sent for
the slave to laugh at his prognostica-
tions; but the slave made answer,
“There’s many a slip ’twixt the cup
and the lip.” At this instant a mes-

a wild boar was laying his vineyard
waste, whereupon he set down his cup,
went out against the boar, and was
killed in the encounter.

Ancalites (4 syl.) Inhabitants of
arts of Berkshire and Wiltshire, re-
erred to by Cesar in his Commen-
taries.

An’chor. That was my sheet anchor
—i.e. my best hope, my last refuge.
The sheet anchor is the largest anchor
of a ship, which, in stress of weather, is
the sailor schief dependence, The word
sheet is a corruption of the word shote
(thrown out), meaning the anchor
“thrown out’? in foul weather. The
Greeks and Romans said, ‘‘my sacred
anchor,’’ because the sheet anchor was
always dedicated to some god,

Anchor (The), in Christian art, is
given to Clement of Rome and Nicolas
of Bari. Pope Clement, in a.p. 80, was
bound to an anchor and cast into the
sea. Nicolas of Bari is the patron
saint of sailors.

The anchor is apeak—that is, the cable
of the anchor is so tight that the ship is
drawn completely over it. (See BowER
AncHoR, SHEET ANCHOR.)

The anchor comes home, the anchor has
been dragged from its hold. Figura-
tively, the enterprise has failed, not-
withstanding the precautions employed.

To weigh anchor, to haul in the anchor,
that the ship may sail away from its
mooring. Figuratively, to begin an
enterprise which has hung on hand.

Anchor Watch (An). A watch of
one or two men, while the vessel rides
at anchor, in port. Y

Ancien Régime. An_ antiquated
system of government. This phrase,
in the French Revolution, meant the
monarchical form of government, or the
system of government, with all its evils,

‘which existed prior to that great change.

| porals,

senger came in, and told Ancwos that -

y

—a

Ancient. A corruption of ensi
istol

flag and the officer who bore it.
was Falstaff’s ‘‘ ancient.’’

“Ten times more dishonourably ragged than
an old-faced ancient.""—Shakespeare: 1 Heary IV.,

iv, 21.
“My whole charge consists of ancients, cor-
lieutenants, gentlemen of companies
."— Shakespeare: 1 Henry IV., iv, 2,

Ancient Mariner. Having shot an
albatross, he and his companions were
subjected to fearful penalties, On re-

entanceé he was forgiven, and on reach-
ing land told his story to a hermit,

Ancient of Days

Android

At times, however, distress of mind
drove him from land to land, and
wherever he abode he told his tale of
woe, to warn from cruelty and persuade
men to love God’s creatures.— Coleridge,

Ancient of Days (Daniel iii, 9).
Jehovah,

Ancile (3 syl.). The Palladium of
Rome. It was the sacred buckler which
Numa said fell from heaven, To prevent
its being stolen, he caused eleven others
to be made precisely like it, and confided
them to twelve priests called Salii, who
bore them in procession through the city.
every year at the beginning of March.

= Idaue ancile vocat, quod ab omni parte recisum
Quemque notes oculis, angulus omnis abest.”
Ovid: Festi, iii. 377,

And. The character “ &” is a mono-

§tam of e¢ (and), made in Italian type, &,

Andirons or Hand-irons, a corrup-
tion of andcria, andéra, andéla, or andéna.
Ducange says, ‘‘Andena est ferrum,
quo appodiantur ligna in foco, ut melius
luceant, et melius comburantur.”’ Far-
ther on he gives anderia, anderius, an-
dellus, etc., as variants. Called ‘‘dogs”’

because they were often made in the.

resemblance of dogs. The derivation of
anderons is not clear; Ducange says,
‘‘dicitur andena, quasi ante vaporem,
t.e. calorem,” but this probably will
satisfy no one, The modern French
word is dandier, old French andier, Low
Latin andaus,

Andrea Ferrara. <A sword. So
called from a famous sword-maker of
the name. (Sixteenth century.)

“We'll put in bail, my boy ; old Andrea Ferrara
shall lodge his security.”—Scott: Waverley, ch. 50,

Andrew, 2 name commonly used in
old plays for a valet or man-servant.
Probably a Merry Andrew is simply
the mirth-making Andrew or domestic
jester. (See MERRY ANDREW.)

Similarly, Abigail is used in. old plays for a
Waiting gentlewoman. (See ABIGALL.)

Andrew (4x). A merchant vessel,
lees so called from Andrew Doria,

e famous Genoese admiral.

“TY should think of shallows and of flats,

n 4 tid

Sle ee ene
Andrew (St.), depicted in Christian
art as an old man with long white hair
and beard, holding the Gospel in his
right hand, and leaning on a cross like
the letter X, termed St. Andrew’s cross.
The great pictures of St. Andrew are his

ellation by Domenichino, and the
. Labtalion of

the Cross by Guido, which |

of joy.
flagellation” means the scourging which always

has also been depicted by Andrea
Sacchi, in “the Vatican at Rome. Both
the Filagellation and the Adoration
form the subjects of frescoes in the
chapel of St. Andrea, in the church of
San Gregorio, at Rome. His day is
November 30th. It is said that he
suffered martyrdom in Patre (4.D. 70).
(See St. RULE.)

The “adoration of the cross” means bis fervent
address to the cross on which he was about to
suffer, ‘* Hail, precious cross, consecrated by the

body of Christ! I come to thee exulting and full
Receive me into thy dear arms,” The

preceded capital puuishiwnents, according to Ro-
man custom,

St. Andrew's Cross is represented in
the form of an x (white on a blue field).
The cross, however, on which the
apostle suffered was of the ordinary
shape, if we may believe the relic in the
convent of St. Victor, near Marseilles,
The error rose from the way in which
that cross is exhibited, resting on the
arcs! the cross-beam and point of the

oot.

According to J. Leslie (History of
Scotland), this sort of cross appeared
in the heavens.to Achaius, King of the
Scots, and Hungus, King of the Picts,
the night before their engagement with
Athelstane, As they were the_victors,
they went barefoot tothe kirk of St.
Andrew, and vowed to adopt his cross

as their national emblem, (See Con-
STANTINE’S CROSS.)

Andrew Macs (Zhe), ‘Fhe crew
of H.M.S. <Androm'aché. — Similarly,

the Bellerophon was called by English
sailors ‘‘ Billy ruffian,”’ and the Achilles
i ‘*Ash heels.’? (See BEEFEATER,
etc.

Androcles and the Lion, An-
drocles was a runaway slave who took
refuge in a cavern. A lion entered, and
instead of tearing him to pieces, lifted
up his fore paw that Androcles might
extract from ita thorn. The slave being
subsequently captured, was doomed ‘to
fight with a lion in the Roman arena.
It so happened that the same lion was
let out against him, and, recognising his

|. benefactor, showed towards him every

demonstration of love and gratitude.

In the Gesta Romanorum (Tale civ.)
the same story is told, and there is
a similar one in Alsop’s Fables. The
original tale, however, is from Aulus
Gellius, on the authority of Plistonices,
who asserts that he was himself an eye-
witness of the encounter,

Android, An automaton figure of a

Andromeda

48

Angelica

human being (Greek, andros-cidos, a
man’s likeness). One of the most
famous of these machines is that by
M. Vaucanson, called the flute-player.
The chess-player by Kempelen is also‘
celebrated. (See AUTOMATON.)

Androm’eda, Daughter of Cepheus
(2 syl.) and Cassiopeia. Her mother
boasted that the beauty of Androméda
surpassed that of the Nereids; so the
Nereids induced Neptune to send a sea-
monster on the country, and an oracle
declared that Andromeda must be given
up to it; She was accordingly ‘chained
to a rock, but was delivered by Perseus
(2 syl.), After death she was placed
among the stars, (See ANGELICA.)

Ovid: Mctaniorphoses, v. 1, ete.

Androni‘ca {in Orlando Fus'ioso)..
One of Logistilla’s handmaids, famous
for her beauty. She was sent with
Bephros.yne to conduct Astolpho from
India to Arabia...

_Anent. Over against; concerning.
(Old English, on-cmn; later forms, o7-
efen; on-efent, an-’ént.)

Ange do Gréve (French), a hang-
man or executioner, The ‘‘ Place de
res was at one time the Tyburn of

Ars.

Angel. Half a sovereign in gold; so
called because, at one time, it bore the
figure, of the archangel Michael slaying
the dragon.

*? When the Rev, Mr. Patten, vicar
of Whitstable, was dying, the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury sent him £10. |
The wit said, ‘‘ Tell his Grace that now
I am sure he is a man of God, for I have
seen his angels.’’

Angel (a public-house sign), in compli-
ment to Richard II., who placed an
angel above his shield, holding it up in
aes 7 , )

0 write like an angel (French). e
angel referred to was Angelo Yorbue
{Vergezio], a Cretan of the sixteenth
century. He was employed both by
Henri If. and by Frangois I., and was
noted for his caligraphy. (Didot:
Nouvelle Biographie Universelle (1852-

6]).

Angel of the Schools. St. Thomas
Aquinas. (See Anariic Doctor.) ' ;

Angels, say the Arabs, were created
from pure, bright gems; the genii, of
jie; and man, of clay.
gels, according to Dionysius the

Areop’agite, were divided into nine or-
ders:— ,

(i) Seraphim, Cherudim, and Thrones, in the
first circle. | e

Giiy Dominions, Virtues, and, Powers, in the
second circle. E :

ii) Principalities, Archangels, and Angels, in
the third circle.

St. Gregory the Great: Homily W.

“In heaven above,
The effulgent bands in triple circles move.”
Tasso ; Jerusalem Delivered, xi. 13,

Angels, The seven holy angels are~
Abdiel, Gabriel, Michael, Raguel,
Raphael, Simiel, and Uriel. Michael
and Gabriel are mentioned in the Bible,
Raphael in the Apocrypha,

*? Milton (Paradise Lost, book i., from
392) gives a list,of the fallen angels.

Angel-beast. A favourite round
game of cards, which enabled gentlemen
to let the ladies win small stakes. Five
cards are dealt to each player, and three
heaps formed—one for the king, one for
play, and the third for Tri‘olet. The
name of the game was Ja béte (beast).
Angel was the stake. Thus we say,
Shilling-whist. *

- “This gentleman offers to play at Angel-éast,

' though he scarce knows the cards.”—Mulberry

Garden.

Angel Visits. Delightfulintercourse
of short duration and rare occurrence.

(Visits) Like those of angels, short and far

between.” Blair: Grave, pt. ii, 536,

“ Like angel-visits, few and far between.”

Campbell : Pleasures of ope, line 375,

Angel-water, 2 Spent cosmetic,
made of roses, trefoil, and lavender.
Short for Angel’ica-water, because ori-
ginally it was chiefly made of the plant
Angelica. :
Lengel es the worst scent about her.

Angelic Doctor.’ Thomas Aqui’nas
was so called, because he discussed tho
knotty points in connection with the
being and nature of angels, An ex-
ample is, Utrum An'gelus moveatur de
loco ad locum transeundo per me'ditm 2???
The Doctor says that it depends upon
circumstances.

“It is said, by way of a quiz, that one of his

uestions was: “ How many angels can dance on
the point of a pin?”

Angelic Hymn. The hymn begin-
ning with Glory be to God Tae high, etc.
(Luke ii. 14); so-called because the former
part of it was sung by the angel host
that appeared to the shepherds of Beth-
lehem. ere :

Angelica, Daughter of Gal’aphron,
king of Cathay, the capital of which was
Albrac’ca, She was sent to sow discord
among the Christians, Charlemagne

Angelica’s Draught

sent her to the Duke of Bavaria, but
she made her escape from the duke’s
castle. Being captured in her flight,
she was bound to a rock, and exposed
to sea-monsters. Rogéro delivered her,
but she escaped out of his hands by a
magic ring. Orlando greatly loved her,
but she married Medovo, a young Moor,
and returned to India, where Medo’rosuc-
ceeded to the crown in right of his wife.
(Orland Furioso.) (Sce ANDROMEDA)

Angelica’s Draught, something
which completely changes affection,
The tale is that Angelica was passion-
ately in love with Rinaldo, who hated
her,. whereas Orlando, whom she hated,
actually adored her shadow. Angelica
and Rinaldo drink from a certain foun-
tain, when a complete change takes
place; Rinaldo is drunk with love, and
Angelica’s passion changes to abhor-
rence. Angelica ultimately married
Medo'ro, and Orlando went mad.
(4riosto ; Orlando Furioso.)

Angelical Stone. The speculum of
Dr, Dee, He asserted that it was given
him by the angels Raphael and Gabriel.
It d into the possession of the Earl
of Peterborough, thence to Lady Betty
Germaine, by whom it was given to the
Duke of Argyll, whose son presented it
to Horace Walpole. It was sold in
1842, at the dispersion of the curiosities
of Strawberry Hill.

Angelici. Certain heretics of the
second. century, who advocated the
worship of angels.

An’‘gelites (3 syl.). “A branch of the
Sabellian heretics; so called from An-
gelius, in Alexandria, where they used
to meet. (Dr. Hook: Church Dictionary.)

An’gelo. (See MicHaEL ANGELO,)

Angelo and Raffaelle. Michael
Angelo criticised Raffaelle very severely.

“Such — ae language of this false Italian

One tine ue ‘christened Raphael a Pyg- .
swore tliat his maidens were composed
Swore Ws expressions were like owls, so

ain
His drawings, like the lamest cripple, lame ;
And as for composition, be had none.”

v Peter Pindar: Lyric Odes, viii,
_ (See MicHAEL ANGELO.)

Angelus (The). A Roman Catholic
devotion in honour of the Incarnation,
insfituted by Urban II. It consists of
three texts, each said as versicle and
response, and followed by the salutation

49

of Gabriel. The name is derived from _

¢

Angoulaffre

the first words, Angelus Domini (The
angel of the Lord, etc.).

The prayer is recited three times a
day, generally about 6 a.ms, at noon,
and about 6 p,m., at the sound of a bell
called the Angelus.

The Angelus bell sohien wrongly
called the Curfew) is still rung at 8.p.m.
in some country churches.

“Sweetly over the village the bell of the An-
gelus sounded.”
Longfellow: Evangeline.

Anger. Athenodo’rus, the Stoic, told
Augustus the best way to restrain unruly
anger was to repeat the alphabet before
giving way toit. (Sce DANDER.)

«The sacred line he did but oncé Tépeat,

And laid the storm, and cooled the raging

heat.” Lickel: The Horn Book,

Angevin, adjective of Anjou,

Jobn was not the last of the Angevin kings of
England, though be was the last king of England
who reigned over Aijou.

Angioli’na (4 syl.). The young wife
of Marino Falievro, the doge. She was
the daughter of Loreda’no. (Byron:
Marino Fal-ero.)’

Anglaaves Lord. Orlando, who was
lord of Anglant and knight of Brava,

An’gle. 4 dead angle. A term in
fortification applied to the plot of earth
before an angle in a wall which can
neither be seen nor defended from the

parapet,

Angle with a Silver Hook (70).
To buy fish at market.

An’gling. The father of angling,

Izaak Walton (1593-1683), Angling
is called “the gentle craft’’; shoe-
making was also so called. Probably
there is a pun concealed in the first of
these ; a common bait of anglers being
a ‘‘gentle,”” In the second case, St,
Crispin was a Roman gentleman of high
Dirth, and his craftsmen took from him
their title of ‘‘ gentle’? (generdsi).

Angoulaffre of the Broken Teeth,
a giant ‘'12 cubits in height.’? His face
measured 8 feet across; his nose was
9 inches long; his arms and legs were
each 6 feet sibs fingers 6 inches and 2
lines; his enormous mouth was armed
with sharp-pointed yellow tusks. He
was descended from Goliath, and as-
sumed the title of ‘‘ Governor of Jeru-
salem.” Angoulaffre had the strength of
30 men, and his mace was the trunk of
an oak-tree 300 years old, Some say
the Tower of Pisa lost its perpendicu-

Jarity by the weight of this giant, wha

Angry

60

Animals

.

ene day leaned te to rest himself,
He was slain by Roland, the paladin; in
single combat at the Fronsac. (Cro-
quemitaine.)

Angry (The), Christian IT., of Den-
mark, ace and Sweden, was so
called on account of his ungovernable
temper. (1513-1559.)

Angular. Cross-grained ; of a patchy .

temper; one full of angles, whose
temper is not smooth.

' Angurva‘del. Frithiof’s sword, in-
scribed with Runic letters, which blazed
in fime of war, but gleamed with a dim
light in time of peace. (See Sworp.)

An'ime Mundi Nye soul of the world},
with the oldest of the ancient philo-
sophers, meant ‘‘the source of life” ;
‘with Plato, it meant ‘‘the animating
principle of matter,’’ inferior to pure
spirit; with the Stoics, it meant ‘‘ the
whole vital force of the universe.’’

Stahl (1710) taught that the pheno-
. tmena of animal life are due to an im-
mortal anima, or vital principle distinct
from matter.

Animal. 7 go the entire animal, a
facetious euphuism for “To go the
whole hog.’’ (See Hos.)

Animal Spirits. Liveliness and
Q@nimation arising from physical vigour.
Animals admitted into Heaven
(The).. They are ten : (1) Jonah’s whale ;
@ Solomon’s ant ; (3) the ram caught by
raham and sacrificed instead of Isaac;
(4) the cuckoo of Belkis; (5) the camel
of the prophet Saleh; (6) Balaam's ass-;
(7) the ox of Moses ; (8) the dog Kratim
of the Seven Sleepers; (9) Mahomet’s
aes ealled Al Borak ; and (10) Noah’s
a,

Animals in Christian Art. The
ant symbolises prudence; the ape, malice,
lust, and cunning; the ass, sobriety, or
the Jewish nation; the , Christ, or
Christian faith; the Lee, industry ; the
camel, submission; the cock, vigilance ;
the dog, fidelity; the fox, fraud and
cunning ; the joy, impurity; the lamb,
innocence; the Jeopard, sin; the ox,
pride; the wolf, cruelty. -

Some animals are appropriated to
certain saints: as the calf or ox to
Luke; the cock to Peter; the eagle to
John the Divine ; the lion to Mark ; the
raven to Benedict, ete.

The lamb,
oo are symbols of rene

The dragon, serpent, and swine, syni-
- bolise Satan and lis crew,

he pelican, and. the unis |

Animals sacred to special Det-
ties. To Apollo, the wolf, the griffon,
and the crow ; to Bacchus, the dragon
and the panther ; to Diana, the stag ; to
Esculapius, the serpent ; to Hercules, the
deer ; to Isis, the Acifer ; to Jupiter, the
eagle ; to Funo, the peacock and the lamd;
to the Larés, the dog ; to Mars, the horse
and the vulture ;-to agri the cock ;
to Minerva, the owt; to Neptune, the
bull; to Tethys, the halycon ; to Venus,
the dove, the swan, and the sparrow; to
Vulcan, the lion, ete.

Animals (Symbotical). Theant, fru-
gality and prevsion; ape, uncleanness s
ass, stupidity ; bantam cock, pluckiness,
priggishness; bat, blindness; bear, tlle
temper, uncouthness; bee, industry ;
beetle, blindness ; bull, strength, straight.
Sorwardness ; bull-dog, pertinacity ; bit:
terfly, sportiveness, living in pleasure; caty
decert ; calf, lumpishness, cowardice; ci
cada, poetry; cock, vigilance, overbearing
ansolence; “crow, longevity; crocodile,
hypocrisy ; cuckoo, euckoldom ; dog,

elity, dirty habits 7. dove, innocence,
harmlessness ; duck, deceit (French,
canard, a hoax); eagte, majesty, in-
spiration ; elephant, sagacity, ponders
osity ; fly, feebleness, insignificance ; fox,
cunning, artifice ; frog and toad, inspira.
tion ; goat, lasciviousness ; Boose, conceit,
folly; gull, gullibility; gtasshopper,
old age ; hare, timidity; hawk, rapacity,
penetration ; hen, maternal care; horse,
speed, grace ; jackdaw, vain assumption,
empty conceit; jay, senseless ¢hatter ;
kitten, playfulness; lamb, innocence, sacri-
Jice; 1 cheerfudness; lion, noble courage;
lynx, suspicious vigilance s magpie, gar-
rulity ; mole, blindness, obtuseness ; mons
key, tricks ; mule, obstinacy ; mghtin-
gale, forlornness ; ostrich, stupidity ; ox,
patience, strength ; owl, wisdom ; parrot,
mocking verbosity; peacock, pride ;
pigeon, cowardice (pigeon-livered) ; pig,
obstinacy, dirtiness; puppy, empty-headed
conceit ; rabbit, fecundity ; raven, Ulluck ;
robin red-breast, confiding trust} ser-
pent, wisdom ; sheep, silliness, timidity ;
sparrow, lasciviousness ; spider, wiliness;
stag, cuckoldom; swallow, @ sunshine
Jriend; swan, grace ; swine, filthiness,
greed ; tiger, Torooity tortoise, chastity ;
turkey-cock, official insolence ; turtle-
dove, conjugal fidelity ; vulture, rapine ;
wolf, cruelty, savage ferocity, and rapine;
‘worm, cringing ; etc. ‘

Animals (The cries of). A ibber;
asses bray ; 8 heme bestia tienes
bears 7 pr } bitterns boom ; blackbirds
whist; blackcaps— we speak of the

Animosity

Annunciation

*¢ chick-chick’? of the blackcap; bulls
bellow ; canaries sing or quaver; cats
mew, purr, swear, and caterwaub ; calves
bleat and blear ; chaffinches chirp or pink;
chickens pip ; cicada sing ; cocks crow ;
cows moo or low; crows caw; cuckoos
ery cuckoo; deer bell; dogs bark, bay,
howl, and yelp; dovescoo; ducks guack ;
eagles scream ; falcons chant ; flies buzz ;
foxes bark and yelp ; frogs croak ; geese
cackle and hiss; goldfinch—we speak of
the “merry twinkle’’ of the female;
grasshoppers chirp and pitter ; grouse—
we of the ‘“ drumming”’ of the
grouse; guineafowls cry ‘‘ come back’? ;
guineapigs squeak; hares squeak ; hawks
scream; henscackleand cluck; horses neigh
and whinny; hyenas laugh; jays chatter;

ittens mew ; lambs daa and dleat ; larks
sing ; linnets chuckle in their call ; lions
roar; magpies chatter ; mice squeak and
squeal ; monkeys chatter and gibber ;
pa pive and warble—we also
speak of its ‘‘jug-jug’’ ; owls hoot and
screech ; oxen low and bellow; parrots
talk ; peacocks scream; peewits cr.
pee-wit ; pigeons coo ; pigs grunt, squeak,
and squeal; raveus croak; redstarts
whistle; rooks caw; screech-owls screech
or shriek ; sheep baa or bleat; snakes
hiss ; ows chirp or yelp; stags
bellow and call ; swallows twitter; swans
ery—we also speak of the “‘ bombilation ”
of the swan; thrushes whistle; tigers
growl ; tits—we speak of the ‘“ twit-
twit’’ of the bottle-tit; turkey-cocks
gobble; vultures scream; whitethroats
chirr-; wolves hovl,

Animosity means animation,
as the fire of a horse, called in
equi animositas, Its present exclusive
usé in @ bad sense is an instance of the
tendency which words originally neutral
have to assume a bad meaning. (Compare
churl, villain.)

Animulea,
“ Animula, vagola, blancula,
Hospes, comesque, corporis ;
Que nune abibis in loca,
llidula, rigida, nudula?’’
‘The Emperor Hadrian to his Soul.
ived, blithe-little, fluttering Sprite
Bea an : Satie thie Pony os sy, :
Whither, ah! whither, departing in flight,
Rigid, bait-naked, péle minion, away?

Anna (Donna), A lady beloved by
Don Otta’vio, but seduced by Don Gio+
vanni, who also killed her father, the
‘* Commandant of the City,’’ in a duel.
(Mozart's opera of Don Giovanni.)

Annabel, in Dryden’s satire of

irit,
tin

Absalom and Achitophel is designed for
the Duchess of Monmouth, Her maiden
name and title were Anne Scott, Countess
of Buccleuch, the richest heiress in
Europe, The duke was faithless to
her, and after his death, the widow,
still handsome, married agait

“To all his [(Monmouth’s] wishes, nothing he
oe denied; “
And made the charming Annabel his bride,”
: Part i. lines 33, 34

Anna Matilda (4), an ultra-senti-
mental girl. Mrs. Hannah Cowley used
this pen-name in her responses im the
World to Della Crusca (R, Merry),
(See the Baviad by Gifford.)

Au'nates (2 syl.). One entire year’s
income claimed by the Pope on the
appointment of a bishop or other eccle-
siastic in the Catholic Church. This is
called the jirst fruits (Latin, annus, a
year). By the Statute of Recusants
(25 Hen, VIII. c. 20, and the Confirm--
ing Act), the right to English Annafes
and Tenths was transferred to the
Crown; but, in the reign of Queen
Anne, annates were given up to form a
fund for the augmentation of poor
livings. (See Bounty, QuEEN ANNE’S.)

Anne, Sister Anne, Sister of Fat'ima,
the seventh and last of Bluebeard’s
wives, A

Anne’s Fan (Queen). Your thumb
to your nose and your fingers spread.

Anne’s Great Captain. The Duke
of Marlborough (1650-1722).

Annie Laurie was eldest of the

‘three daughters of Sir Robert Laurie,

of Maxwellton, borri December 16, 1632.
William Douglas, of Fingland (Kirke
cudbright), wrote the popular song, bué
Annie married, in 1709, James Fer-
gusson, of Craigdarroch, and was the
mother of Alexander Fergusson, the hero
of Burns’s song called The Whistle.

William Douglas was the hero of the song
“ Willie was a wanton wag.”

Annulo Dei figuram ne gestato
(In). Wear not God’s image in a rem
(or inscribe . . . .), the 24th symbo
of the Pyotreptics. Jamblicus tells us
that Pythagoras wished to teach by this
prohibition that God had an “‘incor-
poreal subsistence.’? In fact, that it
meant ‘‘ thou shalt not liken God to any
of His works,” :

. Probably the ring, symbolising etérhity, bore
‘upon the special prohibition.

Annuncia’tion. Day of the Annun-
ciation, The 25th of March, also called
Lady Day, ou which the angel announced

Annus Luctus

to the Virgin Mary that she would be
the mother of the Messiah.

Annus Luctus, the period during
which a widow is morally supposed to
remain chaste, If she marries within
about nine months from the death of

her late husband and a child is born, a

doubt might arise as to the paternity of
the child. Such a marriage is not
illegal, but it is inexpedient.

Annus Mirab‘ilis. The year of
wonders, 1666, memorable for the great
fire of London and the successes of our
arms over the Dutch. Dryden has
written a poem with this title, in which
he describes both these events,

Anodyne Necklace (Ax), a halter.
An anodyne is a medicine to relieve
pain. Probably a pun on xodus, a knot,
is intended also. George Primrose says:
rite I die by an anodyne necklace,
but 1 had rather bo an under-turnkey
than an usher in @ boarding-school.”’

Anomor’ans or Unlikists, A sect in
the fourth century which maintained
that the essence of the Son is wholly
unlike that of the Father. (Greek,
an'omoios, unlike.)

Anon, immediately, af once, The
Old English an-on or an-ane = at once,
Variants, on one, anone.

“They knewye hym in brekyng of brede, and
onone he vanyste awaye fro hem.’—MS. Lincoln,

; “Spek the lion . .
To the fox anone his wille.”
Wright's Political Songs.

2 ‘*For the nonce ” ig a corrupt
form of ‘‘ For the-n once,” where the-n
is the accusative case, meaning ‘‘ For
the once ”’ or “ For this once.”’

Anon-rightes, Right quickly.
“ He had in town five hundred knightes,
He hem [them] of [of] sent anon-rightes.”
Arthur and Merkin, p. 83.
Ansa’rian. The Moslems of Medi‘na
were called Ansarians (auxiliaries) by
Mahomet, because they received him and
took his part when he was driven from
house and home by the Koreishites
(Kore-ish'-ites).
Answer is the Old English and-swaru,
verb and swar-ian or swerian, where
And is the preposition =the Latin re

in ve-spond-co. (See SWEAR.) x
To answer like a Norman, that is,
evasively. ‘
“ We

aay. in France, * Answering like a Nor-

man,’ which means to give an evasive answer,

weither yesnor no.”—Maz O' Rell: Friend M'Donald,
v.

‘To answer its purpose, to carry out

52

Anthony

what was expected ot what was in-
tended. Celsus says, ‘‘ Medicina sxpius
respondet, interdum tamen fallit.””

To answer the bell is to go and see
what it was rung for.

To answer the door is to go and open
it when a knock or ring has been given.

In both the last two instances the
word is ‘answering to a summons.”
To swear means literally ‘‘ to affirm
something,”’ and to an-swear is to ‘say
something’? by way of rejoinder ; but
figuratively both the ‘‘swer’”’ and the
‘answer ’’ may be made without words.

“,,.,. My story being done,

She {Desdemona} swore [agirmea) "twas
strange, . '

Twas pitiful, ‘twas wondrous pitiful.”
Shakespeare; Othello, i. 3.
Answer more Scotico (Zo). To
divert the direct question by starting
another question or subject.

down to your honour
and take your advice, in case re trouble should
come back.’"—Sir Walter Scott: The Abbot, ch,
Xxvi.

Antz’os, in Greck mythology, was a
gigantic wrestler, whose strength was
invincible so long as he touched the
earth; and every time he was lifted
from if, was renewed by touching it
again. (See MaLz’Gar.)

“ ag once Antwos, on the Libyan strand,

More fierce recovered when he reached the
sand.” Hoole's Artosto, book iv.

It was Hercules who succeeded in killing
this charmed giant. He

“Lifts proud Anteos from his mother’s plains,
And rats strong grasp the struggling giant
strains ;
Back falls his panting head and clammy hair,
Writhe his weak limbs and flits his life in air.”
Darwin: Economy of Vegetation.

Antece'dents. Iknow nothing of his
antecedents—his previous life, character,
or conduct. (Latin, antecedens, fore-
going.)

Antedilu'vian. Before the Deluge,
meaning the Scripture Deluge.

Anthi’a. The lady-love of Abroc’-
omas in Xenophon’s romance, called
Ephesi‘aca. Shakespeare has borrowed
from this Greek novel the leading
incidents of his Romeo and Juliet, es-
pecially that of the potion and mock
entombment. N.B. This is not the
historian, but a Xenophon who lived in
the fourth Christian century.

Anthony. pellet

Anthony (St.). Patron saint or swine-
herds, because he always lived in woods
and forests, fap

Anthroposophus

Antrustions

St, Anthony’s Cross. The taucross,

‘ ed a lace. |

St. Anthony’s Fire. Erysip’elas is so
called from the tradition that those who
sought the intercession of St. Anthony
recovered from the pestilential erysipelas
called the sacred fire, which proved ex-
tremely fatal in 1089,
St, Anthony’s Pig. A pet pig, the
smallest of the whole litter. St. An-
thony was originally a swineherd, and,
therefore, the patron saint of pigs.

Anthropos‘ophus. The nickname of
Dr, Vaughan, rector of St. Bride’s, in
Bedfordshire. So called from his An-
throposoph'ia Teomagica, to show the
condition of man after death.

Anti-Christ, or the Man of Sin, ex-
pected by some to precede the second
coming of Christ. St. John so calls
every one who denies the incarnation of
the eternal Son of God.

Antigone. The Modern Antigone.
Marie Thérése Charlotte, Duchesse d’An-
gouléme, daughter of Louis XVI.; so
ee for her attachment to Louis

VIIi.,; whose companion she was.

(1778-1861.)

An’‘timony. Said to be derived from
the Greek dntimon'achos (bad for
monks). The taleisthat Valentine once
gave some of this mineral to his convent,
pigs, who thrived upon it, and became
very fat, He next tried it on the
monks, who died from its effects; so
Valentine said, ‘tho’ good for pigs, it
was bad for monks.” ‘This fable is
given-by Furetiére. 7

Another derivation 18s anti +monos
faveme to being alone), because it is

ound in combination. with sulphur,
silver, or some other substaice,

Littré suggests isthimmit, and connects
it with stibiwn,

Antino’mian. (Greek, anti - nonios,
éxempt from the law.] One who believes
that Christians are not bound to observe
the “law of God,’’ but ‘may continue
fn sin that grace may abound.” The
term was first applied to John Agricola
by Martin Luther,

Antin’ous (4syl.), A model of manly

beauty. He was the page of Hadrian,
the Roman Emperor.

Tele:

Antipathy (of human beings)
To Animals: Henri JIL. “and the
Duke of Schoenberg felt faiat at the
sight of a cat, Vanghelm felt the same

“The polished grace of Antindus.” — Daily
graph.

at the sight of a pig, and abhorred pork ;
Marshal Brézé sickened at the sight of
a rabbit; the Duc d’Eperuon always
swooned at the sight of a leveret, though
he was uot affected at the sight of 6
hare.

To Fish: Erasmus felt grievous
nausea at the smell of fresh fish. .

To Flowers and Fruits: Queen Anne,
Grétry the composer, Faverite the Italian
poet, and Vincent the painter, all ab-
horred the smell of roses; Scaliger had
the same aversion to watercresses ; and
King Vladislas sickened at the smell of
apples,

To Music: Le Mothe de Nayer felt
faint at the sound of any musical instru-
ment ; Nicano had a strong aversion to
the sound of a flute.

To Thunder: Augustus trembled at
the noise of thunder, and retired to @
vault when a thunderstorm was ape
prehended, ;

Witches have an autipathy fo running
water. —

Some thatare mod if they eboid a ctr

Shakespeare: Merchant of Venice, iv. 1.

Antip‘athy ee animals). According
to tradition, wolves have a mortal anti-
pathy to scillaroots ; geese to the soil of
Whitby ; snakes to soil of Ireland; cate
to dogs; all animals dislike the castors
oil plaut; camphor keeps off insects; Rus-
sian leather is disliked by bookworms;
parafiin by flies ; cedar-wood is used for
wardrobes, because its odour is disliked
by moths, Ants dislike green sage,

Anti-pope is a pope elected ts
y

hing in opposition to the pope electe

the cardinals; or one who usurps the
popedom in opposition to the rightful.
pope. Geddes gives alist of twenty-four
anti-popes, three of whom were deposed
by the council of Constance,

Antis‘thenes, Founder ofthe Cynic
School in Athens. He wore a-ragged
cloak, and carried a wallet and staff like
a beggar. Soc'ratés wittily said he
could ‘‘see rank pride peering through
the holes of Antis’thenés’ rags.”*

Antoninus. Zhe Wall of Antonine,
A turf entrenchment raised by thé
Romans from Dunglass Castle, on.the
Clyde, to Caer Ridden Kirk, near the
Firth of Forth, under the direction of
Lollius Urb'icus, legate of Antoni‘nus
Pius, A.D. 140.

An'tony. (See ANTHONY.)

Antrus'tions. The chief followars of
the Frankish kings, who were specially

Ants

oe

(Old German, frést,

trusty. to them.
trust, fidelity.)
“None but the ki 1 jons,”
= ohRe isting ls have ontroton
Ants. ‘Go to the ant, thou sluggard,
+ « « - which provideth her meat in the
summer?’ (Proverbs vi. 6-8; and xxx.
25). The notion that ants in general

gather food in harvest for a winter’s-

store is quite an error; in the first place,
they do not live on grain, but chiefly on

animal food; and in the next place | jokes; to play silly

they are torpid in winter, and do not

require food. Colonel Sykes, however, .

says there is in Poonah a grain-feeding
species, which stores up millet-seed ; and
according to Lubbock and Moggridge,
ants in the south of Europe and ip
Texas make stores.

*§-What are called “ant eggs’’ are
not eggs, but the pupz of ants.

Anubis. In Egyptian mythology,
similar to the Hermés of Greece, whose
office it was to take the souls of the dead

before the judge of the infernal regions. }

Anu’bis is represented with a human
body and jackal’s head.

Anvil. Jt is on the anvil, under de-
liberation ; the project is in hand. Of
eourse, the reference is to a smithy.

“She had another arrangement on the anvil.” |

—Le Fawn: The House in the Churchyard.

Any-how, i.e. in an irregular
manner. ‘‘He did it any-how,” in a
careless, slovenly manner. ‘‘He went
on any-how,’’ ina wild, reckless manner.
Any -how, you must manage it for me ; by
hook or crook; at all events, (Old
English, e7ig-hi.)

Aon‘ian. Poetical, pertaining to the

Muses. The Muses, according to Grecian .|

mythology, dwelt in Adn‘ia, that part of
Beeo'tia which contains Mount Helicon’
and the Muses’ Fountain, Thomsoz
calls the fraternity of poets
“The Aonian hive
Who praised are, and starve right merrily.”
Castle of Ludolence, ii, 3.

A optrance. (French.) To the
farthest point. The correct form of
the phrase. (Sce A L’OUTRANCE.)

Ape. The buffoon ape, in Dryden's
poem called The Hind and the Panther,
means the Free-thinkers.

“Next ber [the bear) the buffoon‘ane, as atheists

icked gil sects, and had bis own to choose,”
Mimicked gil sects, a d had Hak roa i

He keeps them, like an ape, in the corner
of his jaw ; first mouthed, to be last swale

wed (Hamlet iv. 2). Most of the Old .

World monkeys have cheek pouches,
ased as receptacles for food.

mm

Apis

To lead apes or To lead apes in helt.
It is said of old maids. Hence, to die
an old maid. :

"7 will éven take sixpence in éarnest of tke
bear-ward, and lead his apes into hell."—Shake

-epeare: Much Ado about Nothing, ii. 1.
Fadladin’da says to Tatlanthe (3 syl ):
* Pity that you who’ve seryed so long and weld
Should die a virgin, and lead apes in bell.”
H. Curey : Chrouonkotonthologoa,
“Women, dying maids, lead apes in helL”—7'he

London Prodigal, i. 2.

To play the ape, to pi ractical

lily tricks} to make

facial imitations, like an ape.
_ To put an ape into your lad (or) cap—
i.e. to make a fool of you. Apes were
formerly carried: on the shoulders of
fools and simpletons.

To smypan ape’s paternoster, is to chatter

. with fright or cold, tike an ape.

Apellés, A famous Grecian painter,

{ contemporary with Alexander the Great,

“There comelier forms embroidered rose to view
Than e’er Apelies’ wondrous pencil drew.”
Artoato: Orlando Furioso, hook xxiv.

Ap‘eman’'tus, A chuzlish philoso
pher, in Shakespeare’s Timon of Athens.

“The cynicism of Apemantus contrasted with
the misanthropy of Timon,”-—Sir Welter Scott.

A-persse. An A 1]; @ person or
thing of unusual merit, ‘A?’ all alone,
with no one who can follow, nemo proxi-
mus aut secundts, i

Chaucer calls-Cresseide **the floure
end. A-per-se of Troi and Greek.””

** Zondon, thou'ayt of to A-per-se,"—Lane
downe MSS.. hi won oe

Apex, the topmost height, really
means the pointed olive-wood spike on,
the top of the cap of a Roman priest.
The cap fitted close to the head and was
fastened under the chin bya fillet. It
was applied also to the crest or spike of
a helmet. The word now means the

Aphrodite (4 syl.), The Greek
Venus; so called because she sprang
from the foam of the sea, (Greek,
aphyos, foam.) |.

Aphirodite’s Girdle. Whoever wore
Aphrodite’s, magic girdle, bs pm
became the object of love, (Gree
mythology.)

Apiciius; A gourmand, Apicius
was a Roman fourneny whose income
being reduced by his luxurious living to
, £80,000, put an end to his life, to-avoid
the misery of being obliged to live on
plain diet.

A-pigga-hack, (Sce PicBack.)

A'pis, in Egyptian mythology, is
fhe Pall yymbolicnt of the god Age It
was not suffered to live more thas

_ summit or tiptop,

Aplomb

55

Apostles

twenty-five years, when it was sacrificed
and buried in great pomp. The mad-
ness of Cambysés is said to have been in
retribution for his killing a sacred bull.

Aplomb means true to the plumb-
line, but is generally used to express
that self-possession which arises from
perfect self-confidence. We also talk
of a dancer’s aplomb, meaning that he
is a perfect master of his art. (French,
@ plombd.)

“Here exists the best stock in the world
men of aplomb and reserve, of great range and
many moods, of strong instincts, yet apt for
culture."—Emerson: English Traits, p. 130.

Apocalyp'tic Number. The mys-
tic number 666. (Rev. xiii. 18.) (See
NUMBER OF THE BEAST.)

Apo'crypha. Those books included
in the pepeuagint and Vulgate versions
of the Old Testament, but not considered
to be parts of the original canon. They
are accepted as canonical by Catholics,
but not by Protestants, and are not
_ priuted in Protestant Bibles in ordinary

circulation. The word means hidden
(Greek, apokrupto), ‘‘ because they were
wont to be read not openly. Bir
but, as it were, in secret and apart”’
(Bible, 1539, Preface to the Apocrypha).
As the reason why these books are not
received as canonical is because either
their genuineness or their authenticity
is doubtful, therefore the word ‘‘apo-
cryphal’’? means not genuine or not
authentic.

Apollina‘rians. An ancient sect
founded in the middle of the fourth
century by Apollina'ris, bishop of Lao-
dice’a. ey denied that Christ had a
human soul, and asserted that the Logos
supplied its place. The Athanasian
ereed condemns this heresy.

Apollo. The sun, the god of music.
(Roman mythology.)

* Apollo's angry, and the heavens themselves

Do strike at my injustice.”
Shakespeare: Winter's Tale, iii. 2.
A perfect Apolio. A model of manly
beauty, referring to the Apollo Belvidere

(q.0.).

The Apollo of Portugal. Luis
Camoéns, author of the Luszad, so
called, not for his beauty, but for his
poetry. He was god of poetry in Portu-
gal, but was allowed to die in the streets
of Lisbon like a dog, literally of starva-
tion Our own Otway suffered a similar
fate. (1527-1579.)

_ Apollo Belvidere [ Bel’-ve-dear]. A
‘marble statue, supposed to be from the
chisel of the Greek sculptor Cal’amis,

a

who flourished in the fifth ante-Christian
era. It represents the god holding a
bow in his left hand, and is called
Belvidere from the Belvidere Gallery of
the Vatican, in Rome, where it stands.
It was discovered in 1503, amidst the
ruins of An’tium, and was purchased by
Pope Julius II.

Apollodo’ros. Plato says: ‘‘Who
would not rather. be a man of sorrows
than Apollodoros, envied by all for his
enormous wealth, yet nourishing in his -
heart the scorpions of 2 guilty con-
science ?’’ (The Republic). This Apollo-
doros was the tyrant of Cassan‘drea
(formerly Potide'a). He obtained tho
supreme power B.C. 379, exercised it
with the utmost cruelty, and was put to
death by Antig‘onos Gon’atas.

Apollo‘nius. Master of the Rosi-
crucians. He is said to have had the
pore: of raising the dead, of making

imself invisible, and of being in two
places atthe same time.

Apoll'yon. King of the bottomless pit.
(Rev. ix. 11.) His contest with Chris-
tian, in Bunyan’s allegory, has made his
name familiar. (Greek, the destroyer.)

Apos'tate (The). Julian, the Roman
emperor. So called because he forsook
the Christian faith and returned to
Paganism again. (331, 361-363.)

A poster io‘ri [Latin, from the latter].
An ¢@ posteriori argument is proving the
cause from the effect. Thus, if we see
a watch, we conclude there was a watch-
maker. Robinson Crusoe inferred there
was another human being on the desert
island, because he saw a human foot-
print in the wet sand. It is thus theex-
istenve and character of Deity is inferred
from his works. (Sce A PRIORI.)

Apos'tles. The badges or symbols of
the fourteen apostles.

Andrew, @ cross, because he was crucificd on @
cross shaped Jike the letter x.

Bartholomew, @ knife, because he was flayed
with a knife.

James the Greater, @ acallop-shell, a. pilgrim's
staf, or a. gourd bottle, hecause he is the patron
saint of pilgrims. (See SCALLOP-SHELL.)

James the Less, a fuller's pole, because he was

killed by a blow on the head with a pole, dealt
him by Simeon the fuller,
» Jon, a cup with a winged flying out of tt,
in allusion to the tradition about Aristade’mos,
priest of Diana, who challenged John to drink »
cup of poison. Jolin made the sign of & cross on
the cup, Satan like a dragon flew from it, and
John then drank the cup, which was quite in-
nocuous,

Judas Iscariot, a bag, because he had the bag
and “ bare what was put therein” (John xii. 6).

Jude, eclub, because be was martyred witb aclub.

Matthew, a hatchet or halbert, because he was
slain at Nad’abar with a halbert.

Matthias, a battle-are, because he was first
stoned, and then beheaded with a battle-axe.

Apostles 5

Apparel

Paul, a sword, because hig head was cut off with
a sword. The convent of La Lisla, in Spain,
boasts of possessing the very instrument. :

Peter, a bunch of keys,because Christ gave bim
the “ keys of the kingdom of heaven.” A cock,
because he went out and wept bitterly when he
heard the cock crow. (Matt. xxvi. 75.)

Philip, a long staf surmounted with a cross, be-
cause he suffered death by being suspended by
the neck to a tall pillar,

Simon, @ saw, because he was sawn to death,
according to tradition. i .

Thomas, @ lance, because he was pierced
through the body, at Mel’iapour, with a Jance.

(See EVANGELISTS.)

Apostles, where buried. Accord-
ing to Catholic legend, seven of the
Apostles are buried at Rome. These
seven are distinguished by a star (*).

ANDREW lies buried at Amalfi (Naples).
BARTHOLOMEW,* at Rome, in the church of
Bartholomew Island, on the Tiber,
. JAMES THE GREATER was buried at St. Jagode.
Compostella, in Spain, 0
JAMES THE LESs, * af Rome,in the church of
the Holy Apostles.
JOHN, at Ephesus,
JUDE,* at Rome.
MATTHEW, at Salerno (Naples).
MATTHIAS,® at Rome, under the altar of the
Basilica.
PAUL, somewhere in Italy.
PETER,® at Rome, jin the church of St. Peter,
PAILIP,* at Rome,
Simon or SIMEON,* at Rome,
THOMAS, at Ortdna (Naples), (? Madras.)
@ MARK THE EVANGELIST is said to have been
buried at Venice. F
LUKE THE EVANGELIST is said to have been
buried at Padua. 3
N.B.—Italy claims thirteen of these apostles or
evangelists—Rome seven; Naples three, Paul
somewhere in Italy, Mark at Venice, Luke at
adua.

Apostles of

Abyssinians, St. Frumentius, (Fourth century.)
Alps, Felix Neff. 1798-1829.)

Ardennes, St. Hubert. (656-720.)

Armenians, Gregory.of Armenia. (256-331.)~
English, Bt, Augustine. (Died 607.) St. George.
Ethiopta, (See ABYSSINLANS.) ,

Free Trade, Richard Cobden. 41804-1865.)
French, St. Denis. (Third century.)

Frisians, 8t. Wilbrod. (637-738.) = ‘
Gouls, St. Irenzus (130-200); St. Martin. (316-

397.).-
Genviles, St, Paul.
Germany. St. Boniface. (680-755.)
Highlanders, St, Columb. (521-597.)
Hungary, St. Anastatius. (954-1044.) :
Indians (American), Bartolomé de Las Casas .
(1474-1500); Rev. John Eliot. (1603-1690.) :
Indies (East), St. Francis Xavier. (1506-1552.)
Infidelity, Voltaire. (1694-1778.)
Treland, St. Patrick, (372-493.) ;
t sean St. Armand, Bishop of Maestricht.
North, St. Ansgar or Auscarius (801-864) ; Ber- ;
nard Gilpin, (1517-1583,) + ‘
Picts, St. Ninian.
Scottish Reformers, John Knox. (1505-1572.)
Slava, St. Cyril. (Died 868.)
ain, St. James the Greater. (Died 44.)
emperance, Father Mathew. (1700-1856. +
Yorkshire, Pauli‘nus, bishop of York and =
Rochester. (597-644.) 4
Wales, St. David, (480-544.)

The Twelve Apostles. The last twelve ;
names on the poll or list of o de-
grees were so called, when the list was /
arranged in order of merit, and not

alphabetically, as now ; they were also |

called the Chosen Twelve, The last of the

4

twelve was designated St. Paul from a
play on the verse 1 Cor. xv. 9. Thesame
term is now applied to the last twelve
in the Mathematical Tripos.

Apostle of the Sword. So Mahomet
was called, because he enforced his creed
at the point of the sword. (570-632.)

Prince of the Apostles. St. Peter.

(Matt. xvi. 18, 19.)

Apos'tie Spoons. Spoons formerly
given at christenings ; so called because
one of the apostles tigured at the top of
the handle. Sometimes twelve spoons,
representing the twelve apostles; some-
times four, representing the four evan-
gelists; and sometimes only one, was
presented. Sometimes, but very rarely,
a set occurs containing in addition the
‘‘ Master Spoon”? and the ‘ Lady
Spoon.”’ e still give at christenin
a silver spoon, though the apostolic
handle is no longer retained.

Apostles’. Creed (7he). A church
creed supposed to be an epitome of
Scripture doctrines, or doctrines taught
by the apostles. It was received into
the Latin Church, in its present form,
in the eleventh century ; but a formula
somewhat like it existed in the second
century.. Items were added in the
fourth and fifth centuries, and verbal
alterations much later.

* It is said that Tullo, Bishop of Antioch, in-
be the Creed as part of the daily service in

Apostolic Fathers. Christian au-
thors born in the first century, when the
apostles lived. John is su ed to
have died about a.p. 99, and Polycarp,
the last of the Apostolic Fathers, born
‘about 80, was his disciple. These three
are tolerably certain: Clement of Rome
(30-100), Ignatius (Wied 115), and Poly-
carp (80-169), Three others are Barna-
bas, Hermas, and Papias. Barnabas
was the companion of Paul, Hermas is a
very doubtful name, and Papias (Bp. of
Hierapolis) is‘mentioned by Eusébius.

ey Poly could hardly have been a
disciple of John, although he might have
received Christian instruction the
old ‘‘ beloved one.” F

Apostolic Majesty. A title borne
by the Emperor of Austria, as of
ungary. It was conferred by Pope
Sylvester II. on the King of Hungary
in 1000.

Appar’el. Dress. The ornamental
parts of the alb, at the lower edge and
at the wrists. Catechu’mens used to
talk of putting on their apparels, or fine

Appéal

Apple-pie Bed.

white surplices, for the feast of Pente- |

cost.

Pugin says: “The albe should be made with
appare)s worked in silk or gold, embroidered with
ornaments.”

Rock tells us—“ That apparels were stitched on
the upper part of the amice, like a collar to it.”

Appeal to the Country (47).
Asking electors by their choice of repre-
sentatives to express their opinion of
some moot question. In order to obtain
the public opinion Parliament is dissolved,
and a new election must be made.

Ap'piades (4 syl.). Five divinities —

whose temple stood near the fountains
of Ap’pius, in Rome. Their names are
Venus, Pallas, Concord, Peace, and
Vesta. They were represented on horse-
back, like Amazons,

Ap’pian Way. The oldest and best
of all the Roman roads, leading from the
Porta Cape'na of Rome to Cap’ua. This
“queen of roads’’. was commethced by
Appius Claudius, the decemvir, B.C.

Apple (Newton and the).
tells us that Mrs. Conduit, Newton’s
niece, told him that Newton was at
Woolsthorpe, when, seeing an apple fall,
he was led into a train of thought
which resulted in his discovery of gravi-
tation (1666).

His mother had married a Rey. B. Smith, and
n 1656 bad returned to Woolsthorpe. , Her grand-
(laughter was the wife of Mr. Conduit, who suc-
ceeded Newton in the Mint. Newton was on &
visit to Lis mother.

The apple of discord, A cause of
dispute; something to contend about.
At the marriage of Thetis and Pe’leus,
where all the gods and goddesseg met
- together, Discord threw on the table a
golden apple ‘‘for the most beautiful.”’
Juno, Minerva, and Venus put in their
separate claims; and not being able to
settle the point, referred the question
to Paris, who gave judgment in favour
of Venus, This brought upon him the
vengeance of Juno and Minerva, to
whose spite the fall of Troy is attributed.

% The ‘‘apple’’ plays a large part in
Greek story. Besides the ‘Apple of

Discord,’’ related above, .we have the ,

three spples thrown down by Hippo-
metnés w
The story says that Atalanta stopped to

pick up the apples, whereby Hippo- .

mtnés won the race, and according to
the terms obtained her for wife. .
Then there are the golden apples of
the Hesperidés, guarded by a sleepless
dragon with a hundred heads; but
Herculés slew the dragon and carried

‘

Voltaire -

en he raced with Atalanta. }

some of the apples to Eurystheus,
This was the twelfth and last of his
‘‘Jabours,’?

Of course, the Bible story of Eve and
the Apple will be familiar to every
reader of this dictionary.

Apples of Istakhar’ are ‘all sweetness
on one side, and all bitterness on the
other.’’

_ Apples of Paradise, according to tradi-
tion, had a bite on one side, to coms
memorate the bite given by Eve.

Apples of Pyban, says Sir John Mande-
willy fed the pigmies with their odour
only.

Apples of Sodom. ‘Thevenot says—
‘There are apple-trees on the sides of
the Dead Sea which bear lovely fruit,
but within are full of ashes.’? Josephus:
speaks of these apples. Witman says
the same is agastton of the oranges there.
(See Tacitus, Hist., v. 7.)

“Like to the ares on the Dead Sea’s shore,

All ashes to the taste.” ; A
Byron: Childe Harold, iii, 34.

The apple of perpetual youth. This is
the apple a Idun, eaohter of the
dwarf Svald, and wife of Bragi. It is
by tasting this apple that the gods pre-
serve their perpetual youth. (Scandin-
avian mythology.)

The singing apple had the power of
persuading any one to anything. (Chery
and Fairstar : Countess D’ Anois.)

Prince Ahmed’s apple —a cure for
every disorder. This apple the prince
Rare ased’ at Samarcand’. (Arabian

ights, Prince Ahmed, etc.)

The apple of the eye. The pupil, of
which perhaps it is a corruption. If

‘not, it is from an erroneous notion that

the little black spot of the eye is a little
round solid ball like an apple. . Any-
thing extremely dear or extremely sen-
sitive. ‘

“He kept him as the apple of his eye.’—Deut.
XXXiL. 3,

Apple-john (47). An apple so
called from its being at maturity about
St. John’s Day (May 6th). We are told
that apple-johns will keep for two

"years, and are best when shrivelled. —

* Tam withered like an old apple-john.” .
Shakespeare: 1 Henry LY. iit. 3.

*." Sometimes called the Apples of Kiang Jobn,

which, if correct, would militate against the -

notion about “St. Joha’s Day.” a

“There were some things, for instance, the

Apples of King John, . ... [should be tempted
to oe opie rh : Safe of B. Franklin. |

In the United States there is a drink called

“« Apple-Jack,” which is apple or cider brandy..

Apple-pie Bed. A bed in which the
sheets are so folded that a person cannot

Apple-pie Order

58

Aquarians

get his legs down; from the apple

turnover ; or, more probably, a corrup-

tion of ‘a nap-pe-pli bed.” (French,
nappe pliée, a folded sheet.)
Apple-pie Order. Prim and precise

order, 4
The origin of this phrase is still
doubtful, - Some suggest cap-d-pie,

like aknightin completearmour. Some |

tell us that apples made into a pie are
quartered and methodically arranged
when the cores have been taken out.
Perhaps the suggestion made above of
nap-pe-plt (French, nappes pliées, folded
linen, neat as folded linen, «Latin, plico,
to fold) is nearer the mark.

It bas also been suggested that “ Apple-pie
order” may bea corruption of alpha, beta, mean-
ing as orderly as the letters of the alphabet.

“Everything being in apple-pie order, ... Dr.
Johnson ... proposed that we should accompany

him... to M’Tassa’s kraal.”—4dventures in Mash-
onaland, p. 294 (1898).

April. The opening month, when
the trees unfold, and the womb of
nature opens with young life. (Latin,
aperi're, to open.)

April Fool. Called in France wn
poisson d’ Avril (q.v.), and in Scotland a
gowk (cuckoo). In Hindustan similar
tricks are played at the Huli Festival
(March 3lst). So that it cannot refer
to the uncertainty of the weather, nor
yet to the mockery trial of our Redeemer,
the two most popular explanations. A
better solution is this: As March 25th
used to be New Year’s Day, April Ist
was its octave, when its festivities
culminated and ‘ended.

For the same reason that the “Mockery of
Jesus” is rejected as a solution of this custom,
the tradition that it arose from Noah sending out
ai eva on the first of the month may be set
aside.

Perhaps it may be a relic of the Roman
“Cereal,” held at the beginning of April. The

tale is that Proserpina Was sporting in the Elysian |

meadows, and had just filled her lap with daffo-
dils, when Pluto carried her off to the lower
world. Her mother, Cerés, heard the echo of her
screams, and went im search of “the voice ;" but
her search was a fool’s errand, it was hunting
the gowk, or looking for the“ echo of a scream.”
es Of course this fable is an allegory of seed-
me. 4

My April morn—i.e. my weddin:
day; the day when I was made a foo
of. The allusion is to the custom of
making fools of each other on the Ist of
April.

_ April Gentleman (4n). A man

newly married, who has made himself
thus ‘‘an April fool.”

April Squire (An). A nobne homo,
A man who has accumulated money,
and has retired into the country, where

his money may give him the position of
a squire.

A prio'ri (Latin, from an antecedent].
An @ priort argument is when we
deduce a fact from something ante-
cedent, as when we infer certain effects
from given causes. All mathematical
proofs are of the a priori kind, whereas
judgments in the law courts are of the
a@ posteriori evidence; we infer the animus
from the act. (See A POSTERIORI.)

Apron. This is a strange blunder.
A napperon, converted into An apperon.
‘‘Napperon’’ is French for a napkin,
from nappe (clothin general). Halliwell,
in his Archaic Dictionary, p. 571, gives
Nappern (an apron) North.

Other examples of n attached to the following
noun, or detached from it, aré an adder for a
nadder (Old Enghish, needdre); a newt for an ewt;
ar (Danish, 6g); nuncle (Shakespeare), mine
uncle ; For the nonce (this once), where 7 is trans-
ferred fram the preceding pronoun tha-n or the-n,
t.e, this-n (accusative case after “for”.

Apron-string Tenure (dz). A
tenure held in virtue of one’s wife.

Tied to his mother’s apron-string, com-
pletely under his mother’s thumb.
Applied to a big boy or young man who
is still under mother rule.

A propos de bottes ch).
Turning to quite another subject; @
propos de rien,

Aqua Re'gia {royal water]. Socalled
because it dissolves gold, the king of
metals. It consists of one part of nitric
acid, with from two to four of hydro-
chloric acid,

Aqua Tofa‘na or Acqua Tofanica, A
poisonous liquid much used in Italy in
the seventeenth century by young wives
who wanted fo get rid of their husbands,
It was invented by a woman named
Tofana, who called it the Manna of St.
Nicholas of Bari, from the widespread
notion that an oil of miraculous efficacy
flowed from the tomb of that saint. In
Italian called also Aquella di Napoli,

Aqua Vitze [water of life]. Certain
ardent spirits used by the alchemists.
Ben Jonson terms a seller of ardent
spirits an “‘ aqua-vite man” (Al-
chemist, i. 1). e *‘ elixir of life’? was
made from distilled spirits, which were
thought to have the power of prolonging
life. (See Eav-pDE-VIE.) °

Aquarians. A sect in the early
Christian Church which insisted on the
use of water instead of wine+in the
Lord’s Supper,

Aquarius

Arbaces

Aqua’rius [the water-bearer].
of the signs of the zodiac y anuary 20th
to February 18th). So called because it
appears when the Nile begins to over-

ow.

A‘qneons Rocks. Rocks produced

t the agency of water, such as bedded

estones, sandstones, and clays; in

short, all the geological rocks which are
arranged in layers or strata.

Aquilant (in Orlando Furioso), A
knight in Charlemagne’s army, son of
Olive'ro and Sigismunda, He was called
black from his armour, and his brother
Gryphon white. While Aquilant was
searching for his brother he met Marta‘no
in Gryphon’s armour, and took him
bound to Damascus, where his brother
was.

Aq'uiline (3 syl.). Raymond’s match-
less steed, ed = fa tanks of the

Tagus. (Georgics, iii. 271-277; and
Tas30, peter. Delivered, book vii.)
(See Horse, )

Aquinian Sage (Zhe). Ju'venal is
80 called because he was born at Aqui’-
num, 2 town of the Volscians.

Arabesque ete Oi The gor-
a Moorish patterns, like those in
e Alhambra, especially employed in
‘architectural decoration. _ During the
— wars, in the reign of Louis
., arabesque decorations were pro-
fusely introduced into France, (French,
‘* Arab-like.’”)

Arabian Bird (Zhe). The pheenix ;
@ marvellous man, quite sui generis.
“© Antony! O thou Arabian bird!”
Shakespeare: Antony and Cleopatra, iii. 2.
Arabian Nights (Zhe). First made
known in Europe by Antoine Galland, a
French Oriental scholar, who translated
them and called them The Thousand and
One Nights (from the number of nights
occupied in their recital), They are of
Indian, Persian, Egyptian, and Arabian
origin.
ommon English translations—

4 vols. 12mo, -1792, by_R. Heron, published in
Edinburgh and London.
3 vols. 12mo, 1794, by Mr. Beloe, London,
_» .. 1798, by Richard Gough, enlarged.

Paris edition.
& Vols. 8v0, 1302, by Rev. Edward Foster,

» » 1830, by Edw, Wm. Lane, .

‘The Tales of the Genii, b Sir Charles
Morell (i.e. Rev. James Ridley), are
excellent imitations.

Arabians. A class of Arabian here-
tics of the third century, who maintained
that the soul dies with the body.

One |}

Arabic Figures, The figures 1, 2,
3, 4, etc. So called because they were
introduced into Europe (Spain) by the
Moors or Arabs, who learnt them from
the Hindus. Far more important than
the characters, is the decimalism of these
figures: 1 figure = units, 2 figures =
tens, 3 figures = hundreds, and so on ad
infinitum.

The figures i, ii, iii, iv, v, v1, vii, vili, ix, x, ete.,
are called Roman figures,

The Greeks arranged their figures under three
columns of nine figures, units, tens, and hun-
dreds, and employed the Jetters of the alpbabet.
As there are but twenty-four letters, a sansculotte
letter bad to be introduced into each column.
In the units column it represented 6, and was
called episémon. In the tens column it represented
90, and was called koppos. And; in the third
column it represented v0, and was called sanpi.
Thousands were represented by a dash under
some letter of the first three columns;

As, B =2, but B = 2,000;

e=5, but €=5,0005
o@ 2200, but o = 200,000 ;
and 80 on.

Ar’abs. Street Arabs. The houseless
r; street children. So called because,
e the Arabs, they are nomads or

wanderers with no settled home.

Arachné’s Labours. Spinning and
weaving. Arachné was so skilful a
needlewoman, that she _ challenged
Minerva to a trial of skill, and hanged
herself because the goddess beat her.
Minerva then changed her into a spider.

* Aracbné’s labours ne’er her hours divide,
Her noble hands nor looms nor spindles guide,”
Hoole's Jerusalem Delivered, book ii.

Avraf, Al [the gerste). A region,
according to the Koran, between Para-
dise and Jehennam, for those who are
neither morally good nor bad, such as
infants, lunatics, and idiots. The in-
mates of Al Araf will be allowed to con-
verse with the blessed and the cursed;
to the former this region will appear a
hell, to the latter a heaven. (See
Lims0.)

Aras'pes (in Jerusalem Delivered),
King of Alexandria, more famed for
devices than courage. He joined the
Day phan armament against the Cru-
saders,

Ara‘tos of Achza, in Greece, mur-
dered Nic’oclés, the nt, in order to
restore his country to liberty, and would
not allow even a picture of a king to
exist, He was poisoned by Philip of
Macedon.

“ Aratus, who awhile relumed the soul
Of fondly-lingering liberty in Greece.”
Thomson: Winter, 41, 492.

Arba’ces (3 syl.). A Mede and As.

syrian satrap, who conspired ogainst

Arbor Day

Sardanapa‘lus, and founded the empire
of Me'dia on the ruins of the Assyrian
kingdom, (Byron: Sardanapalus.)

Arbor Day. A day set apart in
Canada and the United States for plant-
ing trees, (See Historie Note Book,
p: 42.

Arbor Judx. Said to beso called
because Judas Iscariot hanged himself
thereon. This is one of those-word-re-
semblances so delusive to etymologists.
Jude is the Spanish jud'ia (a French
bean), and Arbor Jude is a corruption
of Arbol Judia (the bean-tree), so called
from its bean-like pods,

Arcades Ambo [Arcddes 3 syl.],
both sweet innocents or simpletons,
both Verdant Greens. From Virgil’s
Kelogue, vii. v. 4. (See below, ARCADIAN
Your.) Byron’s ' translation. was
‘‘blackguards both,”?

Arca‘dian. A shepherd, a fancy
farmer; so called because the Arcadians
were a pastoral people, and hence pas-
toral poetry is called Arca’'he,

An Arcadia youth. A dunce or
blockhead; so called because the Arca-
dians were the least intellectual of all
the Greeks.
centres Aicadicus jwenis tor a stupid
O01,

Arcadian Nightingales, Asses.

" Aprilis the month of love; and the country
of ChasteJeraud abounds with Arcadia nightin-
evles.”—Ravelais: Pantagruel, y. 7 (rote).

Archangels, According to the Koran,
there are four archangels. Ga'briel, the
angel of revelations, who writes down
the divine decrees; Mfi'chael, the cham-
pion, who fights the battles of faith ;
Azrael, the angel of death; and Az‘rasil,
who is commissioned to sound the trum-
pet of the resurrection.

Arch-monarch of the World. Na-
poleon IIT. of France. (1808, 1852-1870,
died 1873.),

Archers. The best archers in British
history and story are Robin Hood and
his two comrades Little John and Will
Scarlet.

The famous archers of Henry II. were
Tepus his bowman of the Guards,
Gilbert of the white hind, Hubert of
Suffolk, and Clifton of Hampshire,

Nearly equal to these were: Egbert of
Kent and William of Southampton.

Domitian, the Roman emperor, we are told
could shoot four arrows between the spread
flugers of a man’s hand,

. Tell, who shot an apple set on the head of bis
gob, ia & replica of the Scandinavian tale of Egil,

Juvenal (vii. 160) uses the:

Archimedes Screw

who, at the command of King Nidung, performed
a precisely similar feat,
Robin Hood, we are told, could shoot an arrow

a mile or more,

Arches (The Court of). The most
ancient consistory court of England, the
dean of which anciently held his court
under the arches of Bow church, Of
course we refer to the old church, the
steeple of which was supported on
arches. The present structure was the
work of Sir Christopher Wren.

Arche’us (3 syl.), according to the
Paracelsiaus, is that immaterial prin-
ciple which energises all living sub-
stances. There were supposed to be
numerous archéi, but the chief one was
said to reside in the stomach,

Archiloch‘ian Bitterness. _ IIl-
natured satire, so named from Archil’-
ochos, the Grecian satirist (B,c. 714-676).

Ar’chimage (3 syl.). The name given
by Thomson to the ** demon Indolence,”’
Archima‘gus. is the title borne by the
High Priest of the Persian Magi.

““T will he cried, ‘so belp me God ! destroy

That villain Archimage.’”” ;
Thomson: Castle of Indolence, c. ii.

Archima’go [Hypocrisy]. In Spen-
ser’s Faérie Queene (ii. 1), He assumes
the guise of the Red Cross Knight, and
ceceives Una; but Sansloy sets upon
him, and reveals his true character.
When the Red Cross Knight is about to
be married to Una, he presents himself
before the King of Eden, and tells him
that the Knight is betrothed to Duessa.
The falsehood being exposed, Archimago
is cast into a vile dungeon (book ek In
book ii, the ere is loosed
again for a season, and employs Bragga-
docchio to attack the Red Cross Knight.
These allegories are pretty obvious :.
thus the first incident means that Truth
(Una), when Piety (the Red Crosa
night) is absent, is in danger of being
led astray by Hypocrisy; but any In-

tidel (Sansloy) can lay bare religious

hypocrisy.
“Such wbhenas Archimago them did yiew
He weenéd well to worke some uncouth wyle.”
Spenser: Faerie Queene, ii, 1, st. 8,

~ Sometimes ‘Spenser employs the
shortened form ‘* Archimage.’ :
Archime‘des Principle, The quan-
tity of water removed by any body
immersed therein will equal in bulk the
bulk of the body immersed. This scien-
tific fact was. noted by the philosopher
Archime'dés, (See EUREKA.) ;

Archime’des Screw. An endless
screw, used for raising water, propelling

Architect

Argantes

ships, etc., invented by Archime‘dés of
Syracuse.

Ar‘chitect of his own Fortune.
Appius says, “‘ Fabrum sue esse quemque
Sortune.” Longfellow says, ‘All are
architects of Fate.” (The Builders.)

Archon'tics. Heretics of the second
century, who held a number of idle
stories about creation, which they attri-
buted to a number of agents called
“archons.’’ (Greek, archon, a prince
or ruler.)

Ar‘cite (2 syl.). A young Theban
knight, made captive by Duke Theseus,
and shut up with Pal’amon in a prison at
Athens. Here both the captives fell in
love with Emily, the duke’s sister-in-
law. After a time both captives gained
their liberty, and Emily was promised
by the duke to the victor in a tourna-
ment. Arcite was the victor, but, as he
was riding to receive the prize of his
prowess, he was thrown from his horse,
and died. So Emily became the bride
of Pal'tamon. (Chaueer> The Knight's
Tale.)

The story is perhaps. better known

through Dryden’s version, Palamon and-

Areite,

Ar‘cos Barbs. War steeds of Arcos,
in Andalu’sia, very famous in Spanish
ballads, (See BARBED STEEDS.)

Arctic Region means the region of
Arctu'ros (the Bear stars). Ark in San-
skrit means ‘‘to be bright,’’ applied to
stars or anything pighi 'The Greeks
translated ark into arkt(os), ‘‘a bear” ;
hence Arctu'rus (the Beay stars), and
Arctic region, the region where the
north star is found.

Arden (Enoch). Mr.G.R. Emerson,
in a letter to the Atheneum (August
18th, 1866), points out the resemblance
of this tale b Bensyeon to .one entitled
Homeward Bound, by Adelaide Anne
‘Procter, ‘in a volume of Legends and
Lyrics, 1858. Mr. Emerson concludes
his letter thus: ‘‘Atthis point (¢.e. when
the hero sees his wife ‘seated by the
fire, whispering baby words and smiling
on the father of her child’) Tennyson
departs from the story. “Enoch goes
away broken-hearted to die, . without
revealing his secret; but Miss Procter
makes the three recognise each other,
and the hero having blessed his wife,
leaves her, to roam ‘over the restless
ocean,’ ” 1.

Mrs, Gaskell’s Munchester, Marriage is 2. similar

Je. In this tale“ Frank” is made to drown
h lf; and his wife (then Mrs, Openshaw) never
knows of his return,

Area-sneak. <A boy or girl who
= Sen about areas to commit petty
thefts.

Areop'agus or Mars’ Hill. The seat
of a famous tribunal in Athens; so
called because the first cause tried there
was that of Mars or Arés, accused by
Neptune of the death of his son Halir-
rhoth‘ius,

“Then Panl stood in the midst of Mars’ Hill.”

—Acts xvii, 22.

Ar‘etine (3 syl.), or rather Pietro
Aretino, patronised by Frangois I. of
France. A poet noted for his dis-
reputable life and licentious yerses.
(1492-1557.)

' “(Shakespeare) tried his hand with Aretine on

a licentious subject.”—Steevens,

Aretiniian Syllables. Ut, re, mi,
Ja, sol, la, used by Guido d’Arezzo in
the eleventh century for his system of
hexachords. Hexachord means a scale
of six notes. They are the first syllables
of some words in the opening stanza of a
hymn for St. John’s Day. ‘‘ Ut queant
laxis re-sonare fibris,’’ etc. Si, the
seventh note, was not introduced till the
seventeenth century. Originally thescale
consisted of six notes only. (See Do.)

“ Auparavant on ne se servait que de six notes ;
et on remplacait le st au moyen de combinaisons
appelées nuances.” — Bow lie; Dictionnarie des
Sciences, P. 1523, col. 2.) ¢

Argan, a miserly hypochondriac. He
reduceq himself to this dilemma: if his
apothecary would not charge less, he
could not afford to be sick; but if he
swallowed fewer drugs, he would suffer
in health. (Moliére’s Le Malade. Imagi-
naire.)

‘Argand’ Lamp. A lamp with a
circular wick, through which a current
of air flows, to supply oxygen to the
flame, and increase its brilliancy, In-
vented by Aimé Argand, 1789.

Argan’te (3 syl.). A giantess of un-
bridled licentiousness, in Spenser’s Faerie
Queene, iii. 7.

“That geauntesse Arganté is behight,

A daughter of the Titans .
Her sire Typheeus was, +... %

Argan'tes (3 syl.). A Circassian of -
high rank and matchless- courage, but
fierce to brutality, and an ultra-despiser
of the sect of the Nazarenes. He was
sent as an ambassador from Egypt to
King Al‘adine. He and Solyman were
by far the most doughty of the Pagan
knights. The former was slain by
Rinaldo, and the other by Tancred.
(Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered.)

“ Bonapatte stood before the deputies like the
Argantis of Italy’a heroic poet. and gave them

Argenis

62

Ariel

the choice of peace and war, with the air of a
superior being, capable at once of dictating their
fate.”—Sir Walter Scott.

Argenis. A political allggory by
John Barclay, containing allusions to the
state of Europe, and more bot seep to
France, during the time of the league.
(1582-1621.) (See Utopia.)

Ar‘gentile and Cur‘an. Argentile
was the daughter of King Ad‘elbright,
who, on his a
charge to King Edel. Edel kept her a
close prisoner, under hope of getting
into his possession her lands and do-
minion. Curan, the son of a Danske
king, in order to woo her, became a
kitchen drudge in Edel’s household, and
Edel resolved to marry Argentile to this
drudge, but she fled away. Curan now
turned shepherd, and fell in love with a
neatherd’s maid, who turned out to be
Argentile. The two_were married, and
Curan claiming his wife’s dominions,
became King of Northumberland, and
put Edel to death. (Perey’s Religues.)

Argentine Republic. The Republic
of the Argentine, or Silver River; in
other words, the Confederation of the
Rio de la Plata.

Arge’o (in Orlando Furioso). Baron
of Servia, and husband of Gabri’na.
He is a sort of Potiphar. His wife tried
to seduce Philander, a young Dutch
knight, and failing in her effort, she
accused him to her husband of adultery ;
whereupon Arge’o threw the ‘‘faithiess
guest’’ into durance. In the course of
time Gabri‘na implored the young cap-
tive to defend her against a wicked
knight who had assatled her virtue.
He consented to be her champion, and
was placed in concealment. esently
a knight drew near, and Philander,
rushing on him, dispatched him; but
the suppused ‘‘adulterer’? was, in
reality, Arge’o himself, and Gabri‘na,
being now a widow, was free to marry
her Dutch ‘‘ Joseph.”

Ar’gillan (in Jerusalem Delivered).
A haughty, turbulent knight, born on
the banks of the Trent. Accusing God-
frey and his brother of having murdered
Rinaldo, he induced the tians to
revolt. The revolt spread to the Swiss
and English, but Godfrey succeeded in
restoring order. Argillan was arrested,
but made his escape, and was slain in
hattle by Solyman. (Books viii. ix.)

Argo. A ship sailing on an adven-
ture. The galley of Jason that went in
search of the Golden Fleece was so
called, from the Greek argos (swift).

eathbed, committed her in‘

Ar’gonauts. The sailors of the ship
Argo. Apollo’nios of Rhodes wrote an
epic poem on the subject, (Greek, argo

Raus.)

Argosy. <A merchant ship. A cor-
ruption of ‘‘ ragusea.’”? Ships of the
largest size were built at Ragusa in
Dalmatia and Venice.

“ He bath an argosy bound fo Tripolis, another
tothe Indies . . . . athird to Mexico,a fourth
to England.”—Shakespeure: Merchant of Venice,

i, 3.

Argot [.47'go]. Slang or flash lan-
guage (French).

“ Sans le (le mot d’argot) faire venir du grec argos,
eg. comme l'on a prétendu avant nous, nous
verrions logiquement undiminute du vieux mot
argu qui,signifiait injure, reprocke, et aussi ruse,
Jinesse, sudtrlité.”—Larchey: Dictionnaire d’ Argot.

‘Francisque-Michel, however, in his Philo
Comparée, says, “L'ancienne langue Frangalse
avait le mot argu, mais dans un-sens bien differ-
ent, que l'on{peut établir par les passages suivant
© se? He then gives five examples.

Ar’gus-eyed. Jealously watchful.
According to Grecian fable, Argos had
100 eyes, and Juno set him to watch Io,
of whom she was jealous.

Argyle (2 syl.)—of whom Thomson
says, inhis Autumn (928-30)—
“On thee, Argyle,
Her hope, her stay, her darling, and her boast,
Thy fond, imploring country turns her eye—”

was John, the great duke, who lived

only two years after he succeeded to the

dukedom. Pope (£p, Sat. ii. 86, 87)

says—

“ Days the state’s whole thunder born to wield,
And shake alike the senate and the field.”

Arians, The followers of Arius, a
presbyter of the church of Alexandria,
in the fourth century. He maintained
(1) that the Father and Son are distinct
beings; (2) that the Son, though divine,
is not equal to the Father; (3) that the
Son had a state of existence previous to
His appearance on earth, but not from
eternity; and (4) that the Messiah was
not real man, but a divine being in a
case of flesh.

Arideus [4-ree'-de-us] in Jerusalem
Delivered, herald in the Christian army..
The other herald is Pindo’rus.

Ariel. A spirit of the air and guar-
dian of innocence. He was enslaved to
the witch Syc’orax, who overtasked him ;
and in punishment for not doing what
was beyond his power, shut him up in a
pine-rift for twelve years, On the death
of Sycorax, Ariel became the slave of
Caliban, who tortured him most cruelly,
Pros’pero liberated him from the pine-
rift, and the grateful fairy served him
for sixteen years, when he was set free.
(Shakespeare : Tempest.) ;

A'riel. The sylph that watched over
Belinda. (Pope: Rape of the Lock, i.)

Aries

63 Armenians

Ariel. One of the angels cast out of
heaven, The word means lion of God.
(Milton: Paradise Lost, book vi. 371.)

Aries. The Ram. The sign of the
Zodiac in which the sun is from March
2lst to April 20th.

“ At last from Aries rolls the bouuteous sun.”

omson ; Spring, 20.
Ariman’es (4 sy1.). ‘<The prince of

earth and air,”’ and the fountain-head of

evil. Itisa personage in Persian my-

thology, introduced into Grecian fable

under the name of Ariman‘nis. Byron

ome him in his drama called Man-
red.

» Arimas’pians. A one-eyed people
of Scythia, who adorned their hair with
gold. They were constantly at war with
the gryphons who guarded the gold
moines.

“ As when 4 eryphon, through the widernsee oere

Pursues the Arimaspian, who by stealth
Had from his wakeful custody purloined
The guarded gold.”
ditlton: Paradise Lost, li, 943-6,

Ariioch. One of the fallen angels
cast out of heaven, The word means @
ans lion, (Milton: Paradise Lost, vi.

Arion. A Greek musician, cast into
the sea by mariners, but carried to Te-
naros on the back of a dolphin.

Ari‘on, The wonderful horse which
Herculés gave to Adras’tos, It sprang
from Cerés and Neptune, had the power
ef speech, and its feet on the right side
were the feet of aman. (See Horse.)

Arios'to was privately married to
Alessandra Benucci, widow of Tito
Strozzi; she is generally called his
mistress.

ean the North. So Lord Byron
calls rics alter Scott. (Childe Harold,
iv.

Ariste‘as. The wandering Jew of
Grecian fable. (See JEw.)
Aristides (4 syl.).
Just. An Athenian statesman.
* Then Aristides lifts his honest front,
Rposless of heart ; to whom the unflattering
Of Freedom gave the noblest name of ‘Just.'”
Thomson: Winter, 459-61.
The British Aristides. Andrew
Marvell (1620-1678).
The French Aristides. Mons, Grévy,
rn 1813, president of the Third Re-
public 1879-1887, died 1891. He was a
ster by profession.

Aristippos. (Sce HEDONISM.)

» Aristac'racy. The cold shade of the
aristocracy —t.e. the unsympathising

Surnamed The |

patronage of the great, The expression
tirst occurs in Sir W, F, P.. Napier’s
History of the Peninsular War.

The word “ aristocracy ’’ is the Greek
aristo-cratia (rule of the best-born).

Aristoph’anes. Zhe English or
modern Aristophanes, Samuel Foote
(1722-1777). y

The French Aristophanes, J. Baptiste
Poquelin de Moliére (1622-1673).

Aristotle.

Aristotle of China. Tehuhe, who died
A.D. 1200, called the ‘‘ Prince of Science.”’

‘Aristotle of the nineteenth century.
Baron Cuvier, the great’ naturalist
(1769-1882).

Aristotelian Philosophy. ris-
totle maintained that four separate causes
are necessary. before anything exists:
the material cause, the formal, the final,
‘and the moving cause. The first is the
antecedents from which the thiig comes
into existence; the second, that which
gives it its individuality ; the moving or
efficient cause is that which causes matter
to assume its individual forms; and the
final cause is that for which the thing
exists. According to Aristotle, matter
is eternal.

Aristotelian Unities: Aristotle,
the Greek philosopher, laid it down as
a rule that every tragedy, properly con-
structed, should contain but one cata-
strophe ; should be limited to one denou-
ment; and be circumscribed to the action
of one single day. These are called the
Aristotelie or Drainatie wnrities. To
these the French have added a fourth,

‘the unity of wniformity, i.e. im tragedy

all the ‘‘ dramatis persone’ should be
tragic in-style, in comedy comic, and in
farce farcical,

Ark, You must have come out of the
ark, or you were born in the ark; because
you are so old-fashioned, andignorant ob:
current events,

Arma‘da. The Spanish Armada,
The fleet assembled by Philip II. of
Spain, in 1588, for the conquest of
England. Used for any fleet.

Arme’nians. <A religious sect so
called from Arme‘nia, where Christianity
was introduced in the second century.
They attribute only one nature to Christ
and hold that the Spirit proceeds from
the Father only. They enjoin the ado-
ration of ‘saints, have some peculiar ways
of administering baptism and the Lord’s
Supper, but do not maintain the doctrine
of purgatory.

Armida

64

Arn-monat

Armida. One of the prominent
female characters in Tasso’s Jerusalem
Delivered. She wasa beautiful sorceress,
with whom Rinaldo’ fell in love, and
wasted his time in voluptuous pleasure.
Two messengers were sent trom the
Christian army with a talisman to dis-
enchant him. After his escape, Armida
followed him in distraction, but not
being able to allure him back, set fire to
her palace, rushed into the midst of a
combat, and was slain.

In 1806, Frederick William of Prussia
declared war against Napoleon, and his
young queen rode about in military cos-
tume to arouse the enthusiasm of the
peeve. When Napoleon was told of it,

e wittily said of her: ‘‘ She is Armi‘da,
in her distraction setting fire to her own
palace.””

Armin‘ians * (Anti - Calvinists), so
called from James Harmensen, of Hol-
land, whose name, Latinised, is Jaco’bus
Arminius. He asserted that God bestows
forgiveness and eternal life on all who
repent and believe; that He wills all men
to be saved; and that His predestination
is founded on His foreknowledge.

Armory. Heraldry is so called,
because it first found its special use in
direct connection with military equip-
ments, knightly exercises, and the mélée
of actual battle.

“Some great man’s badge of war or armory.”

Morris; Earthly Paradise, ii. 167,
_ Armoury. The place where armour
is kept. “ But the sword
Of Michael from the armoury of God
Was given him,”
Milton: Paradise Lost, vi. 820. See also vii. 200.

Arms. In the Bayeux tapestry, the
Saxons fight on foot with javelin and
battle-axe, and bear shields with the
British characteristic of a boss in the
centre. The men were moustached.

The Normans are on horseback, with
long shields and pennoned lances. The
men are not only shaven, but most of
them have a complete tonsure on the
back of the head, whence the spies said
to Harold, ‘‘ There are more priests in
the Norman army than men in Harold’s.’’

Arms of England (ike Royal), The
__ three lions leopardised were the cog-
nisance of William the Conqueror; the
lion rampant in the second quarter is
from the arms of Scotland; and the har
in the fourth quarter represents Ireland.
The lion supporter is in honour of
England, and the unicorn in honour of
Scotland. These two supporters were
introduced by James I,

William I. had only two lions passant
gardant ; the third was introduced by
Henry II. The lion rampant first ap-
peared on Scotch seals in the reign of
Alexander II. (1214-1249). The harp
was assigned to Ireland in the time of
Henry VII. ; before that time the arms
of Ireland were three crowns. The uni-
corn was not a supporter of the royal
arms of Scotland before the reign of
Mary Stuart.

Which arin of the service. Military or
naval ?

The -secular arm. Civil, in_contra-
distinction to ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

“The relapsed arm delivered to the secular
arm."—Priestley : Corruption of Christianity.

To arm a magnet, To put an armas
ture on a loadstone.

A coat of arms, An heraldic device.

A passage of arms. A literary con-
troversy ; a battle of words.

An assault at arms (or ¥ arms), An
attack by fencers;' a hand-to-hand
military exercise.

At arm’s length, At’a distance. “To
keep one at arm’s length is to repel
familiarity.

In arms. <A child in arms is an infant
carried about in one’s arms,

A city in arms is one in which the
people are armed for war.

King of arms. A chief herald in the
College of Heralds, Here arms means
heraldic devices.

Small arms, Those which do not, like
artillery, require carriages.

To appeal to arms. To determine to
decide a litigation by war.

To arms! Make ready for battle.

“To arms ! cried Mortimer,
And coucbed his quivering lance.”
Gray: The Bard.

Come to my arms. Come, and let me
embrace you.

To lay down their arms, To cease
from armed hostility ; to surrender.

Under arins, Prepared for battle; in
battle array.

[Up in arms. Yn_ open rebellion ;
roused to anger, as the clergy were up
in arms against Colenso for nace
his Lectures on the Pentateuch. The latter
is a figure of speech.

With open arms. Cordially; as per-
sons receive a dear friend when they
open their arms for an embrace.

Arnauts [brave men]. Albanian
mountaineers,
“Stained with the best of Arnaut's blood.”
Byron: The Giaour,
Arn-monat. Anglo - Saxon, e@rn-
monath, barn month. The AngloSaxoa

Arnold

"the

Artemus Ward

name for August, because it was the,
month for garnering the corn.

Arnold, of Melch’thal, patriareh of
the forest cantons of Switzerland. He
was in love with Matilda, a sister of
Gessler, the Austrian governor of the
district. When the tyranny of Gessler
drove the penis into rebellion, Arnold
gave up Matilda and joined the in-
surgents; but.when Gessler was shot by
William Tell, he became united to her in
mye (Rossini’s opera of Guglielmo

ell.

Arnol‘dists. The partisans of Arnold
of Brescia, who raised his voice against
the abuses and vices of the papacy in the
twelfth age He was burnt alive by
Pope Adrian IV.

Arod, in the satire of Absalom aid
Achitophel, by D den and Tate, is
designed for Sir William Waller.

But in the sacred annals of our plot

Industrious Arod never be forgot,
The labours of this midnight magistrate

May vie with Corab (Titus Oates) to preserve
the state.” Part ii.
Aroint thee. Get ye gone, be off.

rynt ye, witch ;

In Cheshire they say,
s ‘4 their cows when

and milk-maids say
they have done milking them, ryxt ye,
(or ’roint) my beauties; but it is doubtful
whether this is connected with the word
in question,

Aron'teus (4 syl.), in , Jerusalem
Delivered, An Asiatic king, who joined
the Egyptian armament against the
Crusaders, ‘‘not by virtue fired, but
vain of his titles and ambitious of fame.’’

Ar‘oundight, The sword of Sir

Launcelot of the Lake. (Sce Sworn.)
“It is the sword of a good knight,
Though homespun was his mail,
What matter if it be not hight,
Joyeuse, Cola’da, Durindale,
Excalibar, or Aroundigbt ?”
Loagfellow.

Arras, tapestry. So called from Arras,
in Artois, famed for its manufacture.
When rooms were hung with tapestry it
was a common thing for persons to hide
behind it, especially the arras curtain
before the door. ubert concealed the
two villains who were to put out
Arthur’s eyes behind the arras. Polo’-
nius was slain by Hamlet while con-
cealed behind the arras. Falstaff pro-

sed to hide behind the arras at
Rede ete.

Arria, a Roman lady, the wife of
Cecina Petus. Petus being accused of
conspiring against the Emperor Claudius

\

was condemned to death and sent by sea
to Rome. Arria accompanied him, and
stabbed herself in the boat, then pre-
senting the dagger to her husband, she
said: ‘*Petus, it gives no pain” (non
dolet). (Pliny, vii

* Her daughter Arria, ‘wife of
Thraseas, when her husband was con-
demned to death by Nero, opened her
veins; but Thraseas entreated her to
live, for the sake of her children.

_Arriére Pensée (plural arri¢res pen-
sées), a hidden or reserved motive, not
apparent on the surface.

Arrot, the weasel, in the tale of
Reynard the Fox.

Arrow. The broad arrow, thus 4.
A mark used by the British Board of Ord-
nance, and placed on their stores, (See
BroaD ARROW.)

Arrowroot is araruta, the Indian
word ara is the name of the plant.
There is no evidence of its being used to
absorb the poison of poisoned arrows in
fleshy wounas,

Arse'tss (in Jerusalem Delivered),
The aged evnuch who brought up Clo-
rin‘da, and attended her steps.

Artaxerx’es, called. by the Persians
Kai-Ardeshir, and surnamed diraz-dest
(long-handed), because his right hand
was longer than his left. The Romans
translated diraz-dest into longi-manus ;
the Greek Arta into Arde (‘‘ noble’’).

Artegai (Sir) (in Spenser’s Fuérie
Queene), is the hero of the fifth book,
and impersonates Justice, the foster child
of Astrea. In the previous books he
occasionally appears, and is called Sir
Arthegal, It is said that Arthur, Lord
Grey of Wilton, was the prototype of
this character. He was sent to Ireland
as Lord Lieutenant in 1580, and the poet
was his secretary. In book iv., canto 6,
Sir Art‘egal is married to Brit’omart, and

roceedsto succourIre‘na fieeland) ,whose

eritage had been withheld by the tyrant
Grantorto, (See ARTHEGAL.

Ar'temus Ward. A showman, very
cute, and very American. The hypo-
thetical writer of the essays or papers
so called, the real author being Charles
F. Browne.

Being asked if his name was Artémus
or Artémus, he wrote on his address
card :—

“ Don't bother me with your etas and sbort e's,

Nor ask me for more than you have on my

card ;
Ob! spare me from etymological sorties,
Aud simply accept me as Artemus Ward”

Artesian Wells

66

Ayrans

‘? Which, however, leaves the pro-
nunciation of “‘ Ward’? doubtful.

Artesian Wells. So called from
Arte'sium (the Latin for Artois), in
France, where they were first bored.

Artful Dodger. A young thief, a
most perfect adept in villainy, up to
every sort. of wicked dodge. (Dickens:
Oliver. Twist.)

Ar'thegal. Uterine brother of Prince
Arthur. Spenser, in his Fuerie Queene
(book iii.), makes Brit‘omart see --his
porte and name in the magic glass,

he falls in love with the looking-glass
hero, and is told by Merlin that she will
marry him, and become the mother of
‘a. line of- kings that would supersede
both the Saxons and Normans. He.re-
ferred, of course, to the Tudors, who
were descendants of Cadwallader. (See
ARTEGAL.)

Arthur, King of the Sil'urés, a
tribe of ancient “Britons, was mortally
wounded in the battle of Camlan, in
Cornwall, raised by the revolt 6f his
nephew, Modred. He was taken to
Glastonbury, where he.died. :

His wife was Guinever, who com-
mitted adultery with Sir Launcelot of
the Lake, one of the Knights of the
Round Table.

He was the natural son of Uther and
Igerna (wife of Gorlois, duke of Corn-
wall), and was brought up by Sir Ector.

He was born at Tintad ‘gel or Tintagel,
a castle in Cornwall.

His habitual residence was Caerleon, in
Wales; and he was buried at Av‘alon.

His sword was called Excalibar or
Excatibor ; his spear, Rone (1 syl.), and
his shield, Pridwin. His dog was named
Cavall. (See Round TaBLB KNIGHTS.)

Arthurian Romances, These may
be divided into six parts:

(1) The romance of the San Graal.
By Robert Borron.

(2) The Merlin, which celebrates the
birth and exploits of King Arthur. By
Walter Mapes.

Os The Launcelot. Perhaps by

rich.

(4) The search or Quést of the San
‘Graal.’ It is found by Sir Gal’ahad, a
knight of pure heart and great courage ;
but no sooner does he find it than he
is taken up to heaven. By (?) Walter
Mapes.

(5) The Mort d’ Arthur,.or Death of
Arthur. By (?) Walter Mapes.

(6) Sundry Tales, but especially the |

adventures of Sir Tristan. By Luke
Gast, of Salisbury. ©

Arthur’s Seat, a hill near Edinburgh,
is A’rd Seir (hill of arrows), where
people shot at a mark,

Articles of Roup (Scotch). Con-
ditions of sale at an auction annouriced
by a crier. (Roup is the Teutonic re-
open, to cry out.)

Artists, The Prince of, Albert
Diirer; so called by his countrymen.
(1471-1528.)

Ar‘totyrites (4 syl.). Certain here-
tics from among the Montanists; so
called because they used bread and
cheese in the Eucharist. They admitted
women to the priesthaod. (Greek, artos,
barley-bread, and turos, cheesé.)

Arts. Degrees in Arts. In the medi-
zeval ages the(full course consisted of the
three subjects which constituted the
Trivium, and the four subjects which
constituted the Quadriv'ium :—

The Triv'iwm was grammar, logic, and
rhetoric.

The Quadriv'ium was music, arithme-
tic, geometry, and astronomy.

The Master of Arts was the person
qualified to teach or be the master of
students in arts; as the Doctor was the
person qualified ta teach theology, law,
or medicine,

Arundel. The heraldic device of the
family is, six. swallows (hirondelles), a
pun upon the name,

Arundel, (See Hors8.) ;

Arundelian Marbles, <A collection
of ancient sculptures collected at great

‘expense by Thomas Howard, Earl of

Arundel, and presented to the Univer-
sity of Oxford in 1667 by his grandson,
Henry Howard, afterwards Duke of
Norfolk. They contain tables of an-
cient chronology, especially that of
Athens, from B.c. 1582 to 264, engraved
in old Greek capitals. Date of the
tables, B.c. 263.
Arvakur’. (See Horse.)

_ Aryans, The parent stock of what
is called the Indo-European family of
nations, They lived probably in Bactria,
i.e. between the river Oxus and the
Hindu-koosh mountains. The Aryan
family of languages include the Persian
and Hind, .with all the European
except Basque, Turkish, Hungarian,
and Finnic. Sometimes called the Indo-
European, sometimes the Indo-Germanic

_and sometimes the Japetic.

Sanskrit, Zend: Latin, Greek, and Celtic are, ef

| course, inc

Arzina 67

‘na, A river that flows into the
North Sea, near Wardhus, where Sir
Willoughby’s three ships were frozen,
_ the whole crew perished of starva-
ion.

“Jn these fell regions, in Arzina caught,
And to the stony deep his idle ship
mm te sealed, he with his hapless crew.. ,
roze into statues.”

As you were, in military drilling,
means, Return to the position in which
you were before the last exercise. As
you were before.

Asa was a term.of address to all the
Rods of Gladsheim ; as Asa Odin, Asa

hor, Asa Loki, Asa Tyr, etc.
“_* © That’s all vet
OE en aa
f Asgard, D. 73. ai

Asa Loki. Descended from the
ge ts and received among the celestials.
He is represented as a treacherous
maligrant power, fond of. assuming
disguises, and plotting evil. One of his
progeny is Hela (7.v.). (Scandinavian
myt

well, Asa Odin,’ answered

ology,) (See AXsIB.)

Asa Thor. Eldest son of Asa Odin,
and the first-born of mortals. (Scan-
dinavian mythology.)

Asaph. A famous musician in
David’s time (1 Chron. xxv. 1,2). Mr.
Tate, who wrote the second part of
Absalom and Achitophel, lauds Dry ints
under this name.

“While Judah's throne and Sion’s rock stand

The sobs of Asaph and the famé shall last.” |

Absalom and Achitophel, part il. 1063-4.

As’bolos, One of Ackoons
The word means soot-coloured,
| AMARYNTHOS.).

AscaYaphos, Turned by Proserpine,

dogs.
(See

for mischief-making, intoanowl, (Greek

fable.)

As’capart. A giant conquered by
Sir Bevis of Southampton, He was thirty
feet high, and the space between his eyes
was twelve inches, This mighty giant,
whose effigy figures on the city gates of
Southampton, could carry under his arm
without : Te distressed Sir Bevis with
his wife and horse. (See GIANTS.)
faiorh ocerenryen alway Meee

Ascendant. In casting a horoscope
the easternmost star, representing the

house of life, is called the ascendant, be-

cause it is in the act of ascending. This
is a man’s strongest star, and so long as
it is above the horizon his fortune is
said to be in the ascendant. When a

man’s circumstances begin to improve,

Asgard

and things look brighter, we say his
star is in the ascendant. (See Housus,
Stars.)

House of the Ascendant includes five
degrees of the zodiac above the point
just rising, and twenty-five below it.
Usually, the point of birth is referred to.

The lord of the Ascendant is any planet
within the ‘“‘house of the Ascendant.”’
The house and lord of the Ascendant
at birth were said by astrologers to
exercise great influence on the future
life of the child. Perhaps Deborah re-
ferred to the influence of the stars when
she said ‘‘the stars in their courses
fought against Sisera,’’? (Judges y, 20.)

Ascension Day or Hay Thursday.
The day set apart by the Catholic and
Anglican Church to commemorate the

ascent of our Lord from earth to

heaven.

Formerly it was customary to beat the bounds
of each respective parish on this day,and many
practical jokes were played even during the first
quarter of the nineteenth century, to make the
boys remember the delimitations: such as “ bump-
ing them,” pouring water clandestinely on thei
from house windows, beating them with thin
rods, etc. Beating the bounds was called in Scot-
land Riding the marches (bounds). ’

Asclepi’adics or <Aselepiadie Metre,
A Greek and Latin verse, so called from
Asclepi’adés, the inventor. Bach line is
divided into two parts, thus: —

Te ee ee

The first ode of Horace is Asclepi‘adic.
The first and last two lines rug thus,
and in the same metre :—

.Dear friend, patron of sohg, sprung from the
ae

raceof kings; . Pe or:
Thy name ever a grace and a protection brings.

My name, if to the lyre haply you chance to
Wi 2

Pride would bigh as the stars lift my exalted
head.. E. 0. B.

Ascod'rogites (4 syl.). Certain
heretics who said ‘they ‘were vessels
full of new wine’’ (Greek, askos). By
new wine they meant the Gospel. (Matt.
ix. 17.)ad

Ascot Races. A very fashionable
‘meet,”? run on Ascot Heath, Berkshire
(6 miles from Windsor), The best horses
of all England compete, and at a some-

' what more advanced age than at the

‘¢ sreat classic races”? (q.v.).

Ascre'an Poet or Sage, Hesiod,
the Greek didactic poet, born at Ascra:
in Beeotia, Virgil calls him the “Old
Ascreon.” (Eclogues, vii. 70.)

As’gard. The fortress of the Asir or
the Northern gods, the Olympos of,

Ash Tree

Scandina'vian mythology. Itissaid to be
situated in the centre of the universe, and
accessible only by the rainbow-bridge
(Bifrost), The word As means a ‘ god,”’
and gard an “enclosure,” our ‘ yard.”’
Odin was priest of Asgard before he
nce to the Lake Logur or Mcelar
ea.

Ash Tree, or ‘‘ Tree of the Universe.’’
(See YGGDRASIL.)

Ash Wednesday. The first Wednes-
day in Lent, so called from an ancient
Roman Catholic custom of sprinklin
ashes on the heads of those condemne
to do penance on this day.

The ashes weré those of the palms burnt on
Palm Sunday. URE Renee were sprinkled with
ashes, the less offending were signed on the fore-
head with the sign of the cross, the officiating
minister saying, “ Memento, homo, quia pulvis es,
et in pulverem reverteris.” The custom, it, is
said, was introduced by Gregory the Great.

Ashmolean Museum. Presented to
the University of Oxford in 1682 by
Elias Ashmole.
Trades'cant, because it belonged to the
Tradescant family.

Ash'taroth. The ose in
Syrian mythology, called by Jeremiah
(vii. 18, xliv. 17, 25) ‘‘the queen of
heaven.’’ Goddess of the Zidonians.
“ Moonéd Ashtaroth,
Heaven’s queen and mother both.”
Milton: The Hymn.

Ashur. The highest god of the
Assyrians. It had the head of an
eagle and four wings, but the body
of a man,

“Out of that land went forth Asshur, and
builded Nineveh.’—Gen. x, 11.

Asinus. <As‘inus asinum _ fricat
(Latin, “‘one ass rubs another’’), that
is, we fraternise with persons like our-
selves; or, in other words, ‘‘ Birds of a
feather flock together.’? The allusion
needs no explanation.

A’sir. [See Zsrr.]

~Ask. The vulgar Ar is the more
correct (Saxon, arian, to ask). In as-
senting to Bills, the king used to reply,
‘Be it as it is axed.’? Chaucer says in
the Doctor of Medicine's Tale, ‘‘ For my
werke nothing will I axe.’? Launfal,
1027, has, ‘‘Ho that wyll there axsy
justus.”” Other quotations could easily
e added. ;

Ask and Embla. The Adam and
Eve made by Odin, one from ash-wood
and the other from elm.

\Aslo. ' (See Horse.)

Sometimes called the.

68

Aspen

Asmode'us [the destroyer]. The
demon of vanity and dress, called in the
Taimud “the king of devils.”

The Asmode'us of domestic peace (in the
Book of Tobit). Asmode’us falls in love
with Sara, daughter of Rag’uel, and
causes the death of seven husbands in
succession, each on his bridal night. After
her marriage to Tobit, he was driven
into Egypt by a charm, made by Tobias
of the heart and liver of a fish burnt on
perfumed ashes, and being pursued was
taken prisoner and bound.

_ “Better pleased
Than Asmode’us with the fishy fume
That drove him, though enamoured, from the
spouse

Of Tobit’s son, and with a vengeance sent
* From Media post to Egypt, there fast bound,”

Milton: Paradise Lost, iv. 167-71.

_Asmode’us. The companion of Don
Cle’ofas in The Devil on Two Sficks.
(Chap. iii.)

Asmode'us flight, Don Cle’ofas, catch-
ing hold of his companion’s cloak, is
perched on the steeple of St, Salva/dor.
Here the fowl fiend stretches out his
hand, and the roofs of all the houses open
in a moment, to show the Don what is
going on privately in each respective

welling.

“Could the reader takean Asmodeus-flight, and,
waving open all roofs and privacies, look down

| from the roof of Notre Dame, what a Paris were

it!"—Carlyle: French Revolution II., vi. chap. vi.

As’oka of Magad’ha, In the third
century the ‘‘ nursing father’? of Buddh-
ism, as Constantine was of Christianity.
He is called ‘‘the king beloved of the
gods.”’

Aso’ors. Evil genii of thé Indians.

Aspa/sia, a courtesan, She was the
most celebrated of the Greek Hetere, to
whom Per‘iclés attached himself, On
the death of Pericles she lived with
Lys‘iclés, a cattle-dealer.

t The Hetere of Athens were, many
of them, distinguished for talents and
accomplishments, Those of Corinth
were connected with the worship of

_Aphrodité (Venus). ‘

Aspa’tia, in the Maid’s Tragedy, of
Beaumont and Fletcher, is noted for her
deep sorrows, her great mesignation, and
the pathos of her speeches. Armyn’tor
deserts her, women point at her with
scorn, she is the jest and bye-word of
every one, but she bears it all with
patience.

Aspen. The aspen leaf is said to
tremble, from shame and horror, because
our Lurd’s cross was made of this wood.
The fact is this: the leaf is broad; and

Aspersions.

69

Ass

placed on a long leaf-stalk so flexible
as scarcely to be able to support it in
an upright position. The upper part
of the stalk, on which the ipemanly
depends, is flattened; and, being at
right angles with the leaf, is peculiarly
liable to be acted on by the least breath
of air.

Aspen leaf. Metaphorically, a chatter-
ing tongue, never quiet,

“Those aspen leaves of theirs never leave
wagging.”—Sir T. More.

Asper’sions properly means “ sprink-
lings’’ or “‘scatterings.’”? Its present
meaning is base insinuations or slanders.

“No sweet 7 a aa {rain} shall the heavens

let fall
To make this contract grow.”
: Shakespeare: The Tempest, iv. 1.

Casting aspersions on one, i.e. sprink-
ling with calumnies, slandering or in-
sinuating misconduct.

the two handles, In London we call it
walking dodkin, because the man is
sheathed like a bodkin and powerless..
Our expression is probably a corruption
of the French Faire le panier d deux
anges >(‘‘ put your arms akimbo’’ or
“make yourself a basket with two
hanities*)

The ass waggeth his ears, This pro-
verb is applied to those who lack
learning, and yet talk as if they were
very wise ; men wise in their own con-
ceit. The ass, proverbial for having
no ‘taste for music,’’ will neéeverthe-
less wag its ears at a ‘‘concord of
sweet sounds,’ just as if it could well

appreciate it.

~ never.

“1 defy all the world to cast a just aspersion on’

my character."—Fielding : Tom Jones,

Aspnal’tic Lake. The Dead Sea,
where asphalt abounds both on the
surface of the water and on the banks,
Asphalt isa bitumen. (From the Greek
asphaltos.)

' As’raelL, (See AZBAEL.)

Ass. (See GOLDEN Ass.)

Ass. The ass on which Mahomet
went to heaven to learn the will of God
was called 4/ Borak (the lightning).

Ass, There is a dark stripe running
down the back of an ass, crossed by
another at the shoulders, The tradition
is that this cross was communicated to
the creature when our Lord rode on the
back of an ass in His triumphant entry
into Jerusalem. (See CHRISTIAN TRA-
DITIONS.)

Ass, deaf to music, This tradition
arose from the hideous noise made by
‘Sir Balaam” in braying. Because
Midas had no power to appreciate music,
Apollo gave him the ears of an ass. (See
ASS-EARED.)

“Avarice is as deaf to the voice of virtue,

as the ass to the voice of Apollo.” — Orlando
Furigso, xvii.

An ass in a lion’s skin. A coward
who hectors, a fool that apes the wise
man. The allusion is to the fable of
an ass that put on a lion’s hide, but was
betrayed when he began to bray.

An ass with two panniers. A man
walking the streets with a lady on each
arm. is occupies the whole pave-
ment, and is therefore bad manners well
‘meriting the reproach. In Italy they
call such a simpleton a pitcher with two
handles, his two arms akimbo forming

wl the ass ascends the ludder—i.e.
A rabbinical expression. The
Romans had a similar one, Cum as’inus
in teg’ulis ascen'derit (when the ass
climbs to the tiles). And Buxtorf has
Si ascen'derit as/inus per scalas.

Sell your ass, Get rid of your foolish

ety
hat which thou knowest not perchance
thine ass can tell thee; An allusion to

Balaam’s ass,

To make an ass of oneself. To do
something very foolish. O expose
oneself to ridicule. ii

To mount the ass (French). To be-
come bankrupt. The allusion is to a
custom very common in the sixteenth
century of mounting a bankrupt on an
ass, with his face to its tail. Thus
mounted, the defaulter was made to ride
through the principal thoroughfares of
the town.

Asses have ears as well as pitchers.
Children, and even the densest minds,
hear and understand many a word and
hint which the speaker supposed would
pass unheeded.

. Asses that carry the mysteries (as’inus
portat myste’ria). A classicat knock at
the Roman clergy. The allusion is to
the custom of employing asses to carry
the cista which contained the sacred
Phot when processions were made
through thestreets. (Warburton; Divine
Legation, ii. 4.) j

ell, well! honey is not for the ass's
mouth, Persuasion will not persuade
fools. The gentlest words will not divert
the anger of the unreasonable.

Wrangle for an ass’s shadow, To
contend about trifles. The tale told by
Demosthénés is, that a man hired an ass
to take him to Megira ; and at noon, the
sun being very hot, the traveller. dis-
mounted, and sat himself down in the
shadow of the ass. Just then the owner

Ass's Bridge

Astarte

came up and claimed the right of sitting
in this shady spot, saying that he let out
the ass for hire, but there was no bargain
made about the ass’s shade. The two
men then fell to blows to settle the point
in dispute. A passer-by told the tra-
veller to move on, and leave the owner
of the beast to walk in the ass’s shadow
as long as he thought proper.

Ass’s Bridge (The). Prop. 5, book
i. of Euclid. This is the first difficult
proposition in geometry, and stupid
boys rarely get over it the first time
without tripping.

It is the ass’s pitfall, not his bridge.

If this be rightly called the “ Bridge of Asses,”

He's not the fvol who sticks, but_he that
passes, E. C. B.

Asses (Feast of). (See Foots.)

Ass-eared. Midas had the ears of
anass. The tale says Apollo and Pan
had a contest, and chose Midas to decide
which was the better musician. Midas
gave sentence in favour of Pan; and
Apollo, in disgust, changed his ears into
those of an ass.

Assas’sins. A band of Carmathians,
collected by Hassan, subah of Nish’-
apour, called the Old Man of the Moun-
tains, because he made Mount Leb’anon
his stronghold. This band was the
terror of the world for two centuries,
when it was put down by Sultan
Bib/aris. The assassins indulged in
haschiscle (bang), an intoxicating drink,
and from this liquor received their name.
(a.D. 1090.)

“The Assassins .... before they attacked the
enemy, would intoxicate themselves with a
powder made of hemp-leaves.... called
hashish.’—J. Wolf.

Assay’ or Essay’, To take the assay
is to taste wine to prove it is not
poisoned. Hence, to try, to taste; a
savour, trial, or sample. Holinshed
says, ‘‘ Wolsey made dukes and earls
serve him of wine with a say taken”’
(p. 847).

Edmund, in King Leur (v. 5), says
to Edgar, ‘‘Thy tongue, some’ say of
breeding breathes;” i.e. thy speech
gives indication of good breeding — it
savours of it. Hence the expression, J
make my first assay (trial).

»“[(He) makes vow before his uncle never more
‘oO give the assay of armsagainst your majesty.”
Shakespeare: Hamlet, ii. 2.

A cup of assay. A cup for the assay
of wine.

a put it in assay. To put it to the

‘‘Manfred,” and vanished,

Assaye Regiment. The 74th Foot,
so called because they first distinguished
themselves in the battle of Assaye, where
2,000 British and 2,500 Sepoy troops
under Wellington defeated 50,000 Mah-
rattas, commanded by French officers,
in 1803. This regiment is now called
“the 2nd Battalion of the Highland
Light Infantry.”” The first battalion
was the old No. 71.

Assien’to Treaties. [Spanish, agree-
ment treaties.) Contracts entered into
by Spain with Portugal, France, and
England, to supply her South American
colonies with negro slaves. England
joined in 1713, after the peace of
Utrecht.

Ass/ine’go. A young ass, a simple-
ton (a Portuguese word).

“Thou hast no more brain than IL have in mine
elbows; an assinego may tutor thee,”—Shake-
speare: Trollus and Cressida, ii. 1.

Assumption (Feast of the). The
15th of August, so called in honour of
the Virgin Mary, who (according to the
Roman and Greek Churches) was taken
to heaven that day (a.D. 45), in her
corporeal form, being at the time
seventy-five years of age.

This seems very {raprobable, if Christ was
crucified a.p. 33. It would make Mary survive
her son twelve years, and to havé been thirty
years old at his birth instead of about fifteen.

Assurance. Audacity, brazen self-
confidence. ‘‘His assurance is quite
unbearable.’’

To make assurance double sure. To
make security doubly secure.

“ But yet I'll make assurance double sure,
And take a bond of fate.”
Shakespeare: Macbeth, iv. 1.

Astag’oras (in Jerusalem Delivered).
A female fiend, who had the power of
raising storms, and whose partners were
the three Furies: Tisiph’oné, Meg’ara,
and Alec’to.

Astar’te (3 syl.). Goddess of the
Moon, in Pheenician mythology.

“With these in troop
Came Astoreth, whom the Phoniciuns called
Asturté, queen of heaven, with crescent horns.”
Milton: Paradise Lost, i. 437-9.

Astarte (3 syl.).. The lady beloved
by Manfred. In order to see and speak
to her, the magician entered the hall of
Arima/nés, and the spirits called up the
phantom of the young lady, which told
the count that “ to-morrow would end
his earthly ills. When Manfred asked
her if she loved him, she sighed
(Byron :
Manfred.) ' ay

“ astarte, my beloved, speak to me,”

aanjrea,

Astolat

Ate

As‘tolat. By some identified with | seventeen dramatic pieces. She died

Guildford, in Surrey.

Astol’pho (in Orlando Furioso), An
English duke (son of Otho), who joined
Charlemagne against the Saracens. He
was carried on the back of a whale to
Alci’na’s isle; but when Alcina tired of
him, she turned him into a myrtle. He
was disenchanted by Melissa, Astolpho
descended into the infernal regions, and
his flight to the moon (book xviii.) is
one of the best parts of the whole poem.
(See INFERNO.)

It came upon them like a blast from
Astolpho’s horn—i.e. it produced a

nic, Logistilla gave'Astolpho a magic

orn, and whatever man or beast heard
its blast was seized with panic, and be-
came an easy captive. (Orlando Furioso,

book viii.)
Like Astolpho’s book, it told you
everything. The same fairy gave

Astolpho a book, which would not only
direct him aright in his journeys, but
would tell him anything he desired
to know. (Ariosto: Orlando Furioso,
book viii.)

As’toreth.

Astrz’a, Equity, innocence. During
the Golden Age this goddess dwelt on
earth, but when sin began to prevail, she
reluctantly left it, and was metamor-
phosed into the constellation Virgo,

“ When hard-hearted interest first-began

To poison earth, Astrea left the plain.”
Lhomson: Castle of Indolence, canto 1.

Astral Body (Zhe). The noumenon
of a phenomenal body.
body ”’ survives after the death of the
material body, and is the ‘‘ghost’’ or
*‘double.’’ Macbeth’s dagger was an
astral body; so, in theosophy, is the
’ “*kama-rupa”’ or mind body; and in
transubstantiation the veritable ‘‘ blood
and flesh ’’ of Christ is the astral body
of the accidents ‘‘ bread and wine.”

(See ASHTAROTH.)

Man is supposed to consist of body, soul, and
. &

spirit. The last is the astral body of man.

Astral Spirits. The spirits of the
stars. According to the mythology of
the Persians, Greeks, Jews, etc., each
star has its special spirit. Paracelsus
maintained that every man_had his
‘attendant star, which received him at
death, and took charge of him till the
great resurrection.

_ Astre’a. "A poetical. name of Mrs.

A ‘Behn, born of
reign of Charles I. Her works are very
_pumerous and very indecent, including

head of the chief rebel of Dublin, set on

This ‘spirit -

od family in the.

1689, and was buried in Westminster

Abbey.
“The stage how loosely does Astrea tread;”
Pope; Satires, v. 290,

Astrology. (Sce Diapason, Micro-

COsM.)

Astronomer of Dublin (Zhe). The’
a tall white-painted stake on the highest
point of Dublin Castle, where it remains
till it falls to decay or is replaced b
the head of a greater rebel. The Ivis
say: “God send to Dublin many more
astronomers,”’
“ His head is poled high
Upon the castle here,
Beholding stars as though he were
A great astronomer.” Derric .
Astronomers Royal: (1) Flamsteed,
1675; (2) Halley, 1719; (3) Bradley,
1742; (4) Bliss, 1762; (5) Maskelyne,
who originated the Nautical Almanack,
1765 ; (6) Pond, 1811; (7) Airy, 1835,
(8) Christie, 1881.

As’trophel. Sir Philip Sidney.
“Phil. Sid.’ being a contraction of
Philos Sidus, and the Latin sidus being
changed to the Greek astron, we get
astron-philos (star-lover); The ‘‘star”
that he loved was Penelope Devereux,
whom he called Stella (star), and towhom
he was betrothed. Edmund penser
wrote a pastoral called Astrophel, to the
memory of his friend and patron, who
1586) the battle of Zutphen. -(1554-

Asy’lum means, literally, a place
where pillage is forbidden (Greek, a
(negative), swlon, right of pillage), The
ancients set apart certain places of
refuge, where the vilest criminals were
protected, both from private and public
assaults,

Asyniur. The goddesses of Asgard.
The gods were called the Aisir, the sin-
gular of which is 4sa.

At. Strain at a gnat (Matt. xxiii. 24).
Greek, di-aultzo, to strain off. Here
‘at’? is an error, pronatly, in the first
instance typographical, for ‘‘ out.”’
‘‘Out”’ is given in the Bible of 1603, and
has been restored by the Revisers,

Ate (2’syl.). Goddess of vengeance
and mischief. This goiilers was driven
out of heaven, and took refuge among
the sons of men,

“With Até by bis side come bot from hell,

Cry ‘Havoc,’ and let slip the dogs of war.”
Shakespeare: Julius Cesar, ii. 1,

Atellance

Atomic Philosophy

Atella/neze or Afell/an Fables. Inter-
ludes in the Roman theatres, introduced
from Atella, in Campa/nia. The char-
acters of Macchus and Bucco are the
foundations of our Punch and Clown.
(See Punca.)

Ater’gata, A deity with the upper

art like a woman and the lower part
Fike a fish, She hada temple at ‘As’ca-
lon. (See Dacon,)

Athana/sian Creed, so-called be-
cause it embodies the opinions of Atha-
na’sius respecting the Trinity. It was
compiled in the fifth century by Hilary,
Bishop of Arles.

‘In the Episcopal Prayer Book of
America this creed is omitted.

Athel’stane (3 syl.), surnamed ‘‘ The
Unready”’ (i.e. impolitic, unwise), thane
of Coningsburgh. (Sir Walter Scott:
Ivanhoe.) i

Athenzeum (thé review so called)
was founded by James Silk Buckingham
in 1829. It was named after the insti-
tution founded by Hadrian, where works
of art and learning were dedicated to
Athéné.

Athe/nian Bee. Plato, a native of
Athens, was so called because his words
flowed with the sweetness of honey.

Athens. The Modern Athens, i.e.
Edinburgh. Willis says that its singular
resemblance to Athens, approached from
the Pirzeus, is very striking.

“An imitation Acropolis is commenced on the
Calton Hill, and has the effect of the Parthenon.
Hyimnettus is rather more lofty than the Péntland
hills, and Pentel’icus is farther off ard grander
than Arthur's Seat; but the old Castle of Edin-
burgh is a noble feature, superbly magnificent.”
—Pencillings,

Athens of Ireland, Belfast.

Athens of the New World, Boston,
noted for its literary merit and institu-
tions.

Athens of the West, Cor’dova, in Spain,
was so called in the Middle Ages.

Athole Brose (Scotch). A coms
pound of oatmeal, honey, and whisky.

At Home (47). A notification sent
to friends that the lady who sends it
will be at home on the day and at the
hour specified, and will be glad to see
the persons mentioned in the card of
jnvitation.. These ‘‘At homes’’ are
gemerely held in an afternoon before

inner, Light refreshments are pro-
vided, and generally some popular games
are introduced, occasionally music and
dancing.

Not at Home. Not disengaged, or

prepared for the reception of visitors;

not in the house,

Atin. Strife. The squire of Py-
rochlés, and stirrer up of contention.
(Spenser : Facrie Queene, book ii.)

Atkins, (See Tommy ATKINS.)

Atlante’an Shoulders. Shoulders
able to bear a great weight, like those
of Atlas, which, according to heathen
mythology, supported the whole world.

“Sage he stood,
With Atlantean shoulders fit to bear
The weight of mightiest monarchies,”
Muton: Paradise Lost, book ii. 305-7.

Atlan’/tes, Figures of men, used in
architecture instead of pillars. So called
from Atlas, who in Greek mythology
supported the world on his shoulders,
Female figures are called Caryat’idés
(q.v.). (See TELAMONES.)

Atlan’tes (3 syl.) (in Orlando Furioso),
A sage and a magician who lived in an
enchanted lace, and brought up
Roge’ro to all manly virtues.

Atlan’tic Ocean. An ocean, s0 called
from the Atlas mountains,

Atlant’is. A mythic island which
contained the Elysian Fields.

The New Atlantis. Anisland imagined
by Lord Bacon, where was established a
philosophical commonwealth bent on the
cultivation of the matural sciences. (See
Uropra, CITY OF THE Sun.)

Atlas. King of Mauritania in Africa,
fabled to have supported the world upon
his shoulders, f course, the tale is
merely a poetical way of saying that the
Atlas mountains prop up the heavens,
because they are so lofty. e call a
book of maps an ‘‘ Atlas,’? because it
contains or holds the world. The word
was first employed in this sense by Mer-
ca’tor, and the Merten of his collec-
tion of maps had the figure of Atlas
with the world on his back,

“ Bid Atlas, propping heaven, as poets feign,

His subterranean wonders spread!” __
Thomson: Autumn, 797-8,

Atman, in Buddhist philosophy, is the
noumenon of one’s own self. Not the
Ego, but the ego divested of all that is
objective; the “spark of heavenly
flame.’’

“The unseen and unperceivable, which was
formerly calJed the soul, was now ‘called the self,
Atman. Nothing could be predicated of it ex-
cept that it was, that it perceived and thought,
and thatit must be blessed.” — Maz Muller:
Nineteenth Century, May, 1893, p. 777.

Atom’ic Philosophy. The hypo-
thesis of Teucippus, Democritus, and
Epicirus, that the world is composed
ve a congeries of atoms, or particles of

Atomic Theory

Atticus

matter so minute as to be incupable of
further diminution.
Of course it is quite impossible even t-) think of

a portion of matter which has not an upper and
under side, with some breadth and thickness,

“ According to Democritus, the expounder of the
Atomic Theory of matter, images composed of
the finest atoms floated from the object to the
mind."—McCosh: Psychological Cognitive Powers,
Pp. 23.

Atomic Theory. That all elemental
bodies consist of aggregations of atoms,
not united fortuitously, but according to
fixed proportions. he four laws of
Dalton are—constant proportion, recip-
rocal proportion, multiple proportion,
and compound proportion.

‘. This has meeting to do with the atomic
theory of Leucippus. It merely means that gases

aud other elements always combine in certain
known ratios or units.

Atom‘ic Volume. The space occu-
pied by a quantity, compared with, or
in proportion to, atomic weight.

Atom‘ic Weight. The weight of an
atom of an- element, compared with an
atom of hydrogen, the standard of unity.

Atos’sa. Sarah, Duchess of Marl-
borough, so called by Pope, because she
was the friend of y Mary Wortley
Montague, whom he calls Sappho. He-
rod’otus says that Atossa, the mother
of Xerxes, was a follower of Sappho.

Atrip. The anchor is atripy when it
has just been drawn from the ground
in a perpendicular direction. A sail is
atrip when it has been hoisted from the
cap, and is ready for trimming. The
word is from the Norwegian and Danish
trip, a short step.

Attaint. A term in chivalry, mean-
ing to strike the helmet and shield of an
antagonist so firmly with the lance, held
in a direct line, as either to break the
lance or overthrow the person struck.
Hence to ‘‘attaint of treason,”’ etc,

“ Attaint was a term of tilting, used to express
the champion’s having attained his mark, or, in
other words, struck his lance straight and fair
against the helmet or breast of his adversary.”—
Sir Walter Scott: The Monastery (note).

At'tercop. An ill-tempered. person,
who marsallsociability. Strictly speak-
ing, the attercop is the poison-spider.

Anglo-Saxon, atter, pala ; cop, spider.

ur cob-web should be cop-web, i.e.
spider-web.)

Attic Bee (Zhe). Soph’oclés, the
tragic t, a native of Athens; so
Silod rom the great sweetziess of his
compositions, (B.C. 495-405.)

Attic Bird (The). The nightingale ;

| the ‘ Attie.’’

so called because Philomel was the
daughter of the King of Athens.

; f “Where the Attic bird :
Trills her thick-warbled notes the summer long.”
Milton: Paradise Regained, iv, 245-6.
Attic Boy (The). Cephilos, beloved
by Aurora or Morn; passionately fond
ot hunting.
“ Till civil-suited Morn appear,
Not tricked and frounced, as she was wont
With the Attic boy to hunt,
But kerchiefed in u comely cloud.”
Hilton: Il Penseroso.

Attic Faith. Inviolable faith, the
very opposite of ‘‘ Punic Faith.’’

Attic Muse (Zhe). Xenophon, the
historian, a native of Athens; so called
because the style of his composition is a
model of elegance, (B.C. 444-359.)

Attic Order, in architecture, a square
column of any of the five orders. (See
ORDERS.)

Attic Salt. Elegant-and delicate wit.
Salt, both in Latin and Greek, was a
common term for wit, or sparkling
thought well expressed: thus Cicero
says, ‘‘Seipio omnes sale supera'bat”
(Scipio surpassed all in wit). The
Athenians were noted for their wit and
elegant turns of thought, and hence
Attic salt means wit as pointed and
delicately expressed as by the Athenians,
“ Attic point,” wit.

_ Attic Science.
Attic Greek.

Attics, Attic Storey. Attics are the
rooms in the attic storey, and the attic
storey generally is an extra storey made
in the roof. In the Roman and Renais-
sance styles of architecture the low storey
above the cornice or entablature is called
Professor Goldstiicker
derives the word from the Sanskrit
attaka (a room.on the top of a house).
(See The Transactions of the Philo-
logical Society, 1854.)

Attie storey. The head; the body
being compared to a. house, the head is
the highest, or attie storey.

“ Here a gentleman present, who had in his attic

More pepper than brains, shrieked : ‘The man’s

* a fanatic,’”
Lowell; Fable for Criticg (stanza 50).

Il furnished in the attic storey. Not
clever, dull.

Queer in the attic storey. Fuddled,
partially intoxicated,

Atticus. The most elegant and
finished scholar of the Romans, His
admirable taste and sound judgment
were so highly thought of t even
Cicero submitted to him several of hig
treatises,

A knowledge of

Attingians

74

Augsburg Confession

The English Atticus, Joseph Addison ;
so called by Pope, on account of his
refined taste and philosophical mind.
{1672-1719.)

The Christian Atticus, Reginald
Heber, Bishop of Calcutta. (1783-

1826.)
Lhe Irish Atticus. George Faulkner ;
Een by Lord Chesterfield. (1700-
BN .

Attin’gians. Heretics of the eighth
century, who solemnised baptism with
the words, ‘‘I am the living water.”
(Attin, a name of Neptune.)

Attock. The forbidden river, beyond
which no pure Hindoo can pass,

Attorney, Solicitor (French,
atourner, to attorn, or turn over to
another). One legally qualified to
manage matters in law for others, and
to prosecute or defend others, as the case
may be. A solicitor is one who solicits
or petitions in Courts of Equity on
behalf of his clients. At one time
solicitors belonged to Courts of Equity,
and attorneys to the other courts.

From and after Act 36, 87 Vict. Ixvi. 87, “all
persons admitted as solicitors, attorneys, or
proctors ... . - empowered to practise in any
court, the jurisdiction of which is hereby trans-
ferred to the High Court of Justice, or the Court
of Appeal, shall be called Solicitors of the Su-
pre...e Court.” (1873.)

Power of Attorney. Legal au-
thority given to another to collect rents,
pay wages, invest money, or to act in
matters stated in the instrument on your
behalf, according to his own judgment.
In such cases geod aliquis facit per ali-
quem, fucit per se.
+. Warrant of Attorney. The legal in-
strument which confers on another the
“* Power of Attorney.”

A’tys. Metamorphosed into a fir-tree
by Cyb’elé. See the poem by Catullus,
translated by Leigh Hunt.

Au Courant (French), “acquainted
with ”’ (lit.=in the current [of events)]).
To keep one au courant of everything
that passes, is to keep one familiar with,
or informed of, passing events.

Au Fait (French). Skilful, thorough
master of ; as, He is quite au fait in those
matters, i.e. quite master of them or
conversant with them.

_Au Grand Sérieux (French): In
sober earnest.

'“ Weare not asked to take these narratives au
grand sériewx. They are*rather sketches of the
past, illustrating what could have been done,
and may be.done again PE women -

5459) and Queries (Notcs on Books, June
p. 459).

3) ae

10, 1893,

Au Pied de la Lettre (French).
Literatim et verbatim ; according to*the
strict letter of the text.

“Tn reading au pied de lu lettre the story of his
{Buddha's} fatal illness supervened on a meal of
dried boar's flesh,’ served to him by @ certain
Kunda,.”— Nineteenth Century (June, 1898, p. 1020),

Au Revoir (French). ‘Good bye
for the present.”’ Literally, tid? seeing

you again.
Aubry’s Dog. (See Doc.)
Au'‘deanism. The doctrine of Au’-

deus of Mesopotamia, who lived in the
fourth century. He,maintained that the
Old Testament justifies the belief that
God has a sensible form (Gen. i. 26).

Audhum'la [the nourishing power),
in Scandinavian mythology, is the cow
created by Surt to nourish Ymir. She
supplied him with four rivers of milk,
and was herself nourished by licking the
rocks. (See YMiIR.)

~ Bor, the first man, was made by.
Audhumla licking salt from the snow.
Odin was the son of Bor.

The breath of Audhumla was very sweet, but
ber milk was bitter.

Audiey. We will John Audley it,
i.e. abridge it, A theatrical phrase.
In the eighteenth century one Shuter
had a travelling company which visited
different fairs. It was his custom to
lengthen out his performance till a
goodly number of newcomers had col-
lected on the open stage of his theatre,
when a boy called out John Audley, and
the play which was going on inside was
brought to an end as soon as possible,
(1759.)

Aud’rey. A country wench, who ~-
jilted William for Touchstone. © (Shake.
speare : As You Like It.)

‘Auge’an Stables. The stables of
Augéas, King of Elis, in Greece, In
these stables he had kept 3,000 oxen,
and the stalls had not been cleansed for
thirty years, When Herculés was ap-
pointed to cleanse these stables,
caused two rivers to run through them.

To cleanse the Augean stables, To
clear away an accumulated mass of
corruption, moral, religious, physical, or
legal. To reform Bae almost past
the power of man to tackle. :

Augsburg Confession. The chief
standard of faith in the Lutheran
church. So called because, while the
Diet of the German Empire was ating
at Augsburg, in 1530, the confession o:
faith drawn up by Melancthon and
Luther was presented to Charles VY. _

. . rn

August 15

Fi ow

Aunt Sally

Au’gury means properly the func-| ' preceding piety and moral conduct, but

tion of an augur (perhaps from avium
garritus), St. Pierre says:
first navigators, when out of sight of
land,’ watched the flight of birds, as
indications of the shore, and with no
other guidance discovered many new
islands.’? From this custom (he says)
arose the practice of consulting birds

before entering on any important enter- .

prise, (Staudies.)

August... The sixth month (beginning
from March) was once called seztilis,
but was changed to Augustus in com-
pliment to Augustus Cesar of Rome,
whose ‘lucky month” it was, in which
occurred many of his most fortunate
events,

The preceding month (July), origin-
ally calied Quintilis, had already been
changed to Julius in honour of Julius

sar.

Augusta, London; so called by the

Romans.
“ Oft let me wander o'er the dewy fields,
Fh el Ani Ge estiss pee, OF ascend
Some eminence, Augusta, in thy plains,
And see the country far diffused around.”
; Thomson ; Spring, 102, 107-9,
Augustan Age. The best literary
period of a nation; so called from Au-
gustus, the Emperor of Rome, the most
palmy time of Latin literature, Horace,
vid, Propertius, Tibullus, Virgil, etc.,
flourished in this reign,

Augustan Age of English Literature.

Beginning in the reign of Elizabeth and
ending in that of JamesI. For list of

authors, see Historic Note-book, p. 59. *

Augustan Age of China, France,

Germany, Hindustan, Portugal, etc., see
ditto. = «!
! Augustan. History. A series of
histories of the Roman Empire from 157
to 285, ascribed to the six following
aathors: Delius Spartianus, Julius
Capitolinus, Zlius Lampridius, Vul-
-eatius Gallicanus, Trebellius Pollio, and
Flavius Vopiscus.
' Augustine :
“Aquinas, also called the Angelic Doctor.
(1224-1278.) |

Augustinians, Friars or nuns of
the Augustine Order, established in the
pmerea century in commemoration of
St. Augustine, and: in imitation of the
ancient. order founded by him in the
fourth century.

. Those who believe, on the authority
of St. Augustine, in absolute predestina-
tion and effectual grace. That is, that
predestination is quite independent. of

man, and that grace has no reference to

stThe |

The Second), Thomas

{1s vouchsafed by God’s own absolute
‘will. Whom He would He did pre-
¢destinate, and ‘‘whom He did predés-
i tinate, them He also called’? (Romans
& viii. 30).

Augustus. No proper name, but a
mere title given to Octavian, because
ihe was head of the priesthood. In the
freign of Diocle'tian the two emperors
j were each styled Augustus (sacred
j majesty), and the two viceroys Cesar.
Prior to that time Ha’drian limited the
\title of Cesar to the heir presumptive.
. Augustus, Philippe II. of France ; so
called because he was born in the month
i of August. (1165, 1180-1223.)
©. Sigismund IT. of Poland. . (1520, 1648-
; 1972.)

Aulay, in Indian mythology, is the

.| {horse with a huge trunk, on which Baly

ithe giant rode.

* “Through these wide portals oft had Baly rode
Triumphant from his proud abode
‘When, in his greatness, he bestrode
The Aulay, bugest of four-footed kird,
The Aulay-borse, that in his force
With elephantine trunk, could bind
And lift the elephant, and on the wind
Whirl him away, witb sway and swing
BH’en Jike a pebble from the practised sling.”
Southey; Curse of Kehama, xvi. 2.
_. Auld Brig and New Brig, of Robert
| Burns, refers to the bridges over the

‘river Ayr, in Scotland.

Auld Hornie. After the establish-
‘ment of Christianity, the heathen deities
were degraded by the Church into fallen
angels ; and Pan, with his horns, crooked
nose, goat’s beard, pointed’ ears, and
goats’ feet, was transformed to his Sa-
tanic majesty, and called Old Horny.

“© thou, whatever title suit thee,
Auld Hornie, Satan, Nick, or Clootie.”
# Burns.
1d Reekie. Edinburgh old town;
so talled because it generally appears
to-be capped by a cldud of ‘‘reek’’ or
smoke.

Aulic Council. The council of the
Kaiser in the old German Empire, from
which there was no appeal (1495-1806)
(Latin, azla, & court). The name is
now given in Austria to a council of
Vienna which manages the war depart-
ment of the Austrian Empire. ,

Aunt Sally..A game in which a
wooden head is mounted on a pole. The
fun of the game is to knock the nose of
the figure, or break the pipe stuck in its
mouth. This is to be done by throwing
at it, from a stated distance, a short
club. The word aunt was anciently

Aureola

Autolycus

applied to any old woman: thus, in
Shakespeare, Puck speaks of
“ The wisest aunt telling the saddest tale.”
Midsummer Night's Dream, ii. 1.
Aure’ola, A circle of light, emble-
matical of glory, placed by the old
painters round the heads of martyrs and
saints. The notion was derived from
Exod, xxv, 25, Facies coro'nam aure'olam
(‘Thou shalt by thine own merits make
for thyself a crown, besides that of gold
which God has promised to the faith-
ful’') (Donne: Sermons). Strictly speak-
ing, the glory confined to the head alone
is a numbus, and only when it envelops
the entire body is it called an aureola.

Du Cange informs us that the aureola of nuns
is white, of martyrs red, and of doctors green.

* The nimbus of a Christ should contain a
cross ; of the Virgin Mary, a citclet of stars ; of
God the Father, a triangle with rays ; of @ living
saint,a square without rays. |

“They say, who know the life divine,
And upward gaze with eagle eyne,
That by each golden crown on high,
Rich with celestial jewelry, 7
Which for our Lord’s redeemed is set,
There hangs a radiant coronet, :

All gemmed with pure and living light
Too dazzling for a sinner’s sight,
Prepared for virgin souls, and them
Who seek the martyr’s diadem.”

Keble: Christian Year,

Auri. <Auri sacra famés (the cursed
hunger for wealth), applied to that rest-
less craving for money which is almost a

monomania.

Aurora. Early morning. Accord-
ing to Grecian mythology, the goddess
Aurora, called by Homer ‘‘rosy-fin-
gered,’’ sets out before the sun, and is
the pioneer of his rising.

"You cannot slut the windows of the sky,
ebtoneh which Aurora shows her brightening
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, canto ii. 3,
Aurora’s tears.. The morning dew.

Auro'ra Australis. The Southern
lights, a similar phenomenon to the
‘* Aurora Borealis.’

Auro’ra Borealis (Latin). The elec-
trical lights occasionally seen in the
northern part of the sky; also called
‘‘ Northern Lights,”? and ‘ Merry
Dancers.’”’? (See DERWENTWATER.)

Aurora Raby. Arich, noble English
orphan ; left to the care of guardians; a
Catholic in religion ; and in person

‘A rose with all its sweetest leaves yet folded.”
Byron: Don Juan, xv. 43.

Aurora Septentrionalis. Same

as Aurora Australis (¢.v.).

-Auso’nia. An ancient name of Italy ;
so called from Auson, son of Ulysses, and
father of the Auso’nés.

“ All the green delights Ausonia pours.”
. Thomson ; Summer, 966,

Aus'pices. Under your good auspices,
i.e. through your influence, or the in-
fluence of your good name, In Rome
only the Commander-in-Chief wasallowed
to take the auspices of war. Ifa legate
gained a victory, he was said to win it
under the good auspices of his superior
in command, ;

‘‘Auspex”’ is from avispex (avis and
spicio), one who abserves the flight, etc.,
of birds.

Aus'ter. A wind pernicious to flowers
and health. In Italy one of the South
winds was so called; its modern name is
the Sirocco, (Greek, auste'ros, hot, te
In England it is a damp wind, generally
bringing wet weather.

“ Nought but putrid streams and noisome fogs,
For ever hung on drizzly Auster’s beard.”
Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 78.

Austin Friars. Friars of the Order
of St. Augustine. (See BEGGING.)

Austrian Lip. The thick under-lip,
characteristic of the house of Haps’burg.
Derived from Cymburgis, daughter of
Ziemovitz, Duke of Maso'via, and niece
of the then King of Poland, Cymburgis
was noted for her beauty and unusual
strength.

Aut Cesar aut nullus [Latin,
Either Cesar or no one}, everything or
nothing ; all or not at all. Cesar used
to say, ‘“he would sooner be first in a
village than second at Rome.’’ Milton
makes Satan say,

“ Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven.”
Bilton > Pas, Lost, i. 263.
(See Srx.)

Authen'tic Doctor.

Grego of
Rimini, ad

(Fourteenth century.)

Auto da Fe. [An act of faith.) A
day set apart by the Inquisition for the
examination of ‘ heretics.”?. Those not
acquitted were burnt. The reason why
inquisitors durnt their victims was, be-
cause they are forbidden to ‘shed
blood ’’; an axiom of the Roman Cath-
olic Church being, ‘ Eccle'sia non novit
san'guinem”’ (the church is untainted
with blood).

Autol’ycus. Thecraftiest of thieves.

He stole the flocks of his neighbours, and

changed their marks. Si’syphos out-
witted him by marking his sheep under
their feet, a device which so tickled the
rogue that he instantly “ cottoned” to
him. Shakespeare introduces him in
The Winter's Tale as a pedlar, and says
he was called the son of Mercury, becays

Automaton

77

Avernus

.

he was born under that ‘thieving
planet.”’

“ Autolycus 1s no lapidary, though he drives a
a trade in flash jewellery.” — Pall Mall
e.

Autom‘aton—plural, automatons or
automata. Machines which imitate the
actions, ete., of living creatures. The
most famous are the following :—(1)"The
pigeon that could fly, made, B.c, 400, by
Archy tas, of Tarentum ; (2) the wooden
-_ of Regiomonta‘nus, the German,
which tlew from the city of Kenigsberg
to meet the emperor, saluted him, and
returned, 1436-1476; (3) the duck of
Vaucanson of Grenoble, which could eat
and drink, and even in a way digest
food; its wings, viscera, bones, etc.,
minutely resembled those of a living
animal. Vaucanson also made an image
of Pan, which, at the beck of Syrinx,
rose from his seat, played on his pipe,
bowed when siplao ted. and sat down
again. He also made an asp which,
on being touched by an actress, in the
character of Cleopatra, flew at her breast
with a malignant hiss. Louis XV set
him to make a human figure, but he died
before he had completed it. (Greek,
autos-mao, I self-move.) (Sce ANDROID.)

< Pierre Droz and his so.+Louis were
noted for their automatons; so was
Frederick of Knause (Vienna), The
chess-player of Wolfgang, baron of
Kempelen, in 1784, created quite a furor
in Paris. Napoleon on one occasion

layed chess with this automaton. (See
be HEaDs.)
Autom’edon. A coachman. He was

the charioteer of Achilles.

Autumn. He is come to his autumn,
i.e. to be hanged, to his ‘‘fall.”? A

un on the plan of ‘‘turning a men off ”’
by dropping the plank on which he
stands. The drop is the “leaf,’’ and
- autumn is called the “ fall,’’ or ‘‘ fall of
the leaf.”’

A‘va, it. Burmah, has marble quarries
of which idols are made, and only priests
are allowed to trade there. (Symes, vol.

ii. p. 376.)
“ As on Ava’s snore,
Jn tian Dest marble of which gods sre mada"
— DT Macks Lalla Rookh, part 1.
Avalanche (3 syl.) means properly
something _ which goes downwar
(French, @ val). The word is applied to
amass of snow mixed with earth, ice,
and stones, which slips down a mountain
‘side to the lower ground. Metaphoric-
ally, we speak of an ‘avalanche of
a plause »? an ‘avalanche of bouquets”
wered on the stage, etc.

Avalon. An ocean island, where
King Arthur resided and was buried.
The word means “ Apple island” (avai,
apple ; yn’, island) ; and it is. generally
thought to mean Glastonbury, a name
derived from the Saxon glastn (green
like glass),

Avant Courier. (French, avant
courrier.) A ‘messenger sent before”
to get things ready for a party of tra-
vellers, or to announce their approach.
Anything said or done to prepare the
way for something more important to
follow ;’a feeler, a harbinger.

Avant Garde, (French.) The van
or advanced guard of an army.

Avatar’. The advent to earth of a
deity in a visible form. The ten avita’ras
of Vishnu, in Hindd mythology, are by.
far the most celebrated. Ist advent, in
the form of a fish; 2nd, in that of a
tortoise; 3rd, of a hog; 4th, of a mon-
ster, half man and half lion, to destroy
the giant Iranian ; 5th, in the form of a
dwarf (this Avatar is called Varumna) ;
6th, in human form, under the name of
Rama ; 7th, under the same figure and
name, to slay the thousand-armed giant
Cartasuciniargunan; 8th, as a child named
Krishna, who performed numerous mir-
acles (this is the most memorable of
all the advents) ; 9th, under the form
of Buddha. These are all past. The
10th advent will be in the form of a
white horse (Kalki) with wings, to
destroy the earth.

“In Vishnu land what avatar ?
Or who ip Moscow, towards the czar?”
Browning.

Ave Mari'a [Hail, Mary !] (Ave, 2
syl.). The first two words of the
angel’s salutation to the Virgin Mary.
(Luke i. 28.) In the Roman Catholie
Church the phrase is applied to an in-
vocation to the Virgin beginning with
those words; and also to the smaller
beads of a rosary, the larger ones being
termed pater-nosters.

Avenel (2 syl.). White Lady of
Avenel. <A tutelary spirit in Scott’s
Monastery.

Avenger of Blood (Zhe). The man
who, in the Jewish polity, had the right
of taking vengeance on him who had
slain one of his kinsmen. The Avenger
in Hebrew is called goe?.

Cities of refuge were appointed for the pro-
tection of homicides, and of those who had
caused another's death by accident. The Koran
sanctions the Jewish custom. Family feuds
have been a common hunting ground of poets
and novelists,

Aver'nus (Greek, a-ornis, ‘‘ without
abird’’). A lake in Campa’/nia,so called

Avertin

from the belief that its sulphurous and
mephitic vapours killed any bird that
happened to inhale them. Poets call it
the entrance to the infernal regions ;
hence the proverb, The descent to Avernus
is easy, but coming back again is quite
another matter, meaning that all bad
habits are easily acquired, but very hard
to be abandoned.

Av’ertin (St.). The patron saint of
lunatics; so called from the French
avertineux (lunatics), ,

Aves'ta. The sacred Scriptures of the
Magians, composed by Zoroaster. Better
known as the Zend-Avesta or ‘living
word in the Zend language.”

Aveu'gle. Son of Erebus and Nox.
(Spenser : Faerie Queene.)

Avie'‘nus. A writer of fables in the
decline of the Roman empire. In the
Middle Ages, a collection of fables used
to be called Av’ynet, or E’sopet.

A. vinculo matrimonii (Latin).
- Divorced from marriage ties, A total
divorce. A divorce a mensa et thoro is
a partial divorce. The divorce @ vinculo
matrimonii is because the marriage was
never legal, as in the case of bigamy, or
marriage within the prohibited degrees ;
but a divorce a mensa et thoro is because
the parties cannot live together from
incompatibility of temper, in which case
they may, if they choose, come together
again, ;

Aviz. An order of knighthood in
Portugal, founded by Sancho I., and
having for its object the subjugation of
the Moors,

Avoid Etxremes, The wise saw of
Pit'tacos of Mityle'né, (B.c. 652-569.)

Avoir. Avoir Martel en téte Cech),
To be distracted. Martel is a hammer,
hence distraction, torment, torture.

Avoirdupois, French, woir, aver or
avier, goods in general, and poise=poids
(weight). Not the verb, but the noun
avoir. Properly avoir de poids (goods
having weight), goods sold by weight.
We have the wor:
in general, hence also cattle; whence
such compounds as aver-corn, aver-
pony aver-silver, aver-land, and so’on.

ehavealso thenoun “having, havings”’
= possessions,

There is a common French phrase avoir du poids

to be weight), with which our word avoirdupois

$s been muddled up. i
“pared my present havings [property] to bestow

y bounties upon you.” F
“ Shakespeare: Ienry VIII, iii. 2.

aver, meaning goods.

78

Axinomancey

‘stitute an army.

“One of your having, and-yet cark and care,”
*'" Muses’ Looking Glass.

Even medicines, as wholesale goods, are bought
and sold by avoirdupois weight.

A-weather. The reverse of a-lee.
‘* A-weather”’ is towards the weather,
or the side on which the wind strikes.
‘© A-lee”? is in the lee or shelter, and
therefore opposite to the wind side; as
helm a-weather.

Awkward. French, gauche, not dex-
terous. Awk means the left hand.
Hence in Holland’s Plutarch we have
“‘The awke or left hand”; and again,
‘They receive her awkly when she pre-
senteth . . . the right hand.’ (See
SINISTER. ) > Dun

Awkward Squad. In military lan-

guage means recruits not yet fitted to

take their place in the regimental line.

*. A squad is a troop or company of soldiers
under a sergeant. It 1s a contraction of squad-
ron. <A squadron of cavalry is the unit of a
regiment. Three or four squadrons inake a regi-
ment, and a certain number of regiments con-
u In naval affairs a squadron is a
section of a fleet,

Awl, “J’ll pack up my awls and

be gone,” i.e. all my goods. The play is
on awl and all. ;

Axe. “ To hang up one’s axe.” To
retire from business, to give over a use-
less project. The allusion is to the
ancient battle-axe, hung up to the
gods when the fight was done, All
classical scholars will call to mind the
allusion of Horace to a similar Roman
custom. Being snubbed, by. Pyrrha,
he says, ‘‘He will hang. up his axe
upon her wall,’”’ or more literally, his
‘drenched garments on the temple-
walls of Neptune.” (1 Odes, V. 14-17.)
(See ASK.)

To put the axe on the helve.. To solve
a difficulty. To hit the right nail on
the head.

To send the axe after the helve. To
spend good money after bad, or under
the hope of recovering bad debts.

He has an axe to grind. Some selfish
motive in the background; some per-
sonal interest to answer. Franklin tells
of aman who wanted to grind his axe,
but had no one to turn the grindstone.
Going to the yard where he saw young
Franklin, he asked the boy to show him
how the machine worked, and kept
praising him till his axe was ground,
and then laughed at him for his pains.

Axinoman’cy. Divination by an
axe; much practised by the ancient
Greeks with a view of discovering

¢

Ayah

29

Azymites

crime. An agate was placed on a red-
hot axe, and indicated the guilty person
by its motion. (Greek, ax’iné yanteia.)

A'yah (Angio-Indian),.. A native
Hindi. nurse or lady’s maid.

“ The ayals, or nurses, are sgid to be the best in
ete to seg Taylor: Visit to India, chay. ii.
1. Ole

Aye’shak (3 syl.). Mahomet’s second
and favourite wife. _He married her
when she was only nine years old, and
died in her arms,

Ayrshire Poet. Robert Burns, born
near the town of Ayr. (1759-1796.)

Azazel. The scape-goat; so called
by the Jews, because the high priest
cast lots on two goats; one lot was for
the Lord, and the other lot for Azaz'el or
Satan, and the goat on which the latter
lot fell was the scape-goat.

monster to let her see her father, if only

for a few moments; so drawing aside a

curtain, he shows him to her in a magic

mirror, . This mirror was a sort of tele-

scope, which rendered objects otherwise.
too far off distinctly visible.

Azoth. The panace'a of Paracelsus,

‘regarded by his {. lowers as ‘‘ the tince

ture of life.”’

Azrael (3 syl.). The angel that
watches over the dying, and takes the

.soul from the body. The angel of death.

Azaziiel. A seraph who fell in love.

with An’ah, a granddaughter of Cain.
When the flood came, he carried her
under his wing to some other planet.
(Byron : Heaven and Earth.)

Azazil. In Milton’s Paradise Lost,
Azazil is the standard-bearer of. the in-
fernal host, According to the Koran,
when God_ commande
‘worship Adam, Azazil replied, ‘*‘ Why
‘should the son of fire fall down before a
son of clay ?’’ and God cast him out of
heaven. His name was then changed
to Eblis, which means “‘ despair.”’
**Then piralats commands that at the warlike

Of era pees loud, and clarions, be upreared

Bis mighty standard; that proud honour

claimed

Azazil, as his right, a cherub tall.”

Milton: Paradise Lost, hook i, 531-4,

Azim. The young convert who joined
‘‘the creed and standard ”’ of the veiled
prophet of Khorassan, in Moore’s Lalla
Rookh, When he was witness of the
prophet’s infamy, he joined the caliph’s
army, and was mainly instrumental in
defeating that of the veiled prophet.

Az’o, Marquis of Est€, married Pari-
sina, who fell in love with Hugo, a
natural’ son of Azo. The marquis
ordered Hugo to be beheaded; but no
one knows what the fate of Parisi‘na
was. Azo; at any rate, married again,
and had a family. This Azo was in
reality Niccolo of Ferra'ra. (Byron:
Parisina.)

A‘zor’s Mirror. Zemi'ra is the name
of the lady, and Azor that of the bear,
in Marmonitel’s tale of Beauty and the

the angels to ,

‘teenth centuries.

He will be the last to die, but will do so
at the second trump of the archangel.

“The Mobammedan doctors say that Azrael was
commissioned to inflict the penalty of death onall
mankind."—H, Christmas,

The wings of Azrael. The approach
of death ; the signs of death coming on
the dying.

“Those who listen in the . . . watches of the
night for the wings of Azrael.”—Besant,

Azrafil, The archangel commissioned
to blow the trumpet of the resurrection.
(The Koran,) ;

Aztees. An indigenous people of
Mexico who, in 1325, founded Tenoch-
titlan. They were in the zenith of
their power in the fourteenth and fif-
When the Spaniards
arrived, their king was Montezuma ;
their supreme god was Taoti; and
Huitzilopochtli was the divine protector
of their nation, to whom they offered
human victims.

- Azuce'na, An old gipsy, who stole
Man'rico, infant son of Garzia, the

Conte di Luna’s brother. (Verdi: Ii
Trovatore.)
Azure. Sky blue... Represented: in

royal arms by the planet Jupiter, in
noblemen’s by the sapphire. The

‘ground of the old shield of France was

Beast. Zemi'ra entreats the kind |

azure. Emblem of fidelity and truth.
Represented in heraldic devices by hori-
zontal lines.

Azuriel. The fairy whoowned what
we call Holland Park. .King O’beron
gave him his daughter Kenna in mar-
riage when ‘he drove Albion from his
empire. Albion invaded Kensington, the
territory of King Oberon, but was slain
in battle by Azuriel. (Fickell.) .

Az’ymites (3 syl.). The Roman Cath:
olics are so called by the Greek Church,
because the holy wafers used by them
in the eucharist are made of unleavened
bread. (Greek, azimos, unleavened.) . .

:

B

B

This letter is the outline of a
house. It is called in Hebrew Jeth (a
house). In Egyptian hierology this
letter is a sheep.

B stands for 800. Scit B. trecentum
vidi cognatum retinére. And, again, Et
B. trecentum per se retinere videtur. But
‘with a line above, it denotes 3,000. :

For Becarre and Bemot (French for B sbarp
end B flat», see BECARKE.

Marked with a B (French), i.e. a poor
thing. In the French language almost
all personal defects begin with the letter
B; e.g. bigle (squint-eyed), borgne (one-
eyed), Jossz (humpty), doitewx (lame),
et

Ce

Not to know B from a battledoor. To
be quite illiterate, not to know even his
letters. Miege tells us that hornbooks
used to be called battledoors. The
phrase might therefore originally mean
not to know the B of, from, or out of,
your hornbook. But its more general
meaning is not able to distinguish one
letter from another.”’

“He knoweth not a B from a battledoore.”—
Howell ; English Proverbs.

“ Distinguish a B from a battledore.”"—Dekker:
WGuls Hornebook.

I know B from @ Bull’s foot, Similar
to the proverb, “I know a hawk from
ahernshaw.”? (See Hawx.) The bull’s
parted hoof somewhat resembles a B.

“There were members who scarcely knew B
from a bull's foot.” — Brackenbridye: Modern

Chivalry.
B. C. Marked with B.C. (bad
character). When a soldier disgraced

himself. by insubordination he was
formerly marked with ‘‘B. C,” before
he was drummed out of the regiment.

‘B.and 8. Brandy and soda-water.

B. K. S._ The name of “ residence”’
given by officers in mufti, who do not
wish to give up their address. The word
stands for BarracKS,

B Flats. Bugs. The pun is “B”
eg initial letter), and “ flat,’’ from the

atness of the obnoxious insect. Also
called Norfolk Howards, from Mr. Bugg,
who advertised in the Zimes that he
should in future change his name into
** Norfolk Howard.” (See F Swarr.)

B’s. Four B.’s essential for social
success. Blood, brains, brass, brads
(money). (American.) ‘

Beware of the B.’s, i.e, the British,
A Carlow caution.

’ B. of B. K. Some mysterious initials

80

applied to himself in his diary by

Babel

Arthur Orton, ‘“‘ the Tichborne Claim-
ant.’”’? Supposed to denote ‘‘ Baronet of
British Kingdom,”

Baal-Peor or Belphegor. The Pria’-
pus of the Mo’abites and Midianites.

nest Samin. The god of celestial
places.

Baal Shemesh. The Sun-god.

Baal’ Zeboub [Beelzebub], god of
corruption or of flies. (See FLIEs.)

Baba. Same aspapa (Turkish). Ali-
baba, is “ father Ali.”

Babau. The bogie with which
nurses in Languedoc terrify unruly
children,

Babes in the Wood. (1) Simple
trustful folks, mever suspicious, and
easily gulled.

(2) Insurrectionary hordes that in-
fested the mountains of Wicklow and
the woods of Enniscorthy towards the
close of the eighteenth, century. . (See
CHILDREN.)

(3) Men in the stocks or in the pillory,

Babes (Deities of), in Rome. VATI-
CAN, or, more correctly, VAGITAN-US
(qg.v.), the god who caused infants to
utter their first cry. FABULIN-US
(q.v.), the god to whom Roman parents
made an offering when an infant uttered
its first word. CUBA (q.v.), the goddess
who kept infants quiet in their cots.
DOMIDU’CA, the goddess who brought
young children safe home, and kept
guard over them when out of their
parents’ sight,

Babies in the Eyes. That is, love
in the expression of the eyes, Love is
the little babe Cupid, and hence the
conceit, originating from the reflection
of the onlooker in the pupil of another’s
eyes.

TS. In each of her two crystal eyes.
Smileth a naked boy [Cupid).” ;
Lord Surrey.
‘She clung about his neck, gave him ten kisses

“Toyed with bis locks, looked babies in bis
eyes.” Heywood: Love's Mistress,

Babel. A perfect Babel. A thorough
confusion. ‘‘A Babel of sounds.’”? A
confused uproar, in which nothing can
be heard but hubbub. The allusion is
to the confusion of tongues at Babel.
(Genesis xi.)
“God... comes down to see their city,
eR a eae and in derision sets
Upon their tongues a various spirit, to raze
unite out their native Jangusg and instead
osowa angling noise of words unknown.
Forthwith a hideous gabble rises loud
Among the builders ; each to other calls
Not understood. . .. Thus was the bi raise left
Ridiculous, and the work Confusion nai a7
Milton: Paradise Lost, xii. 48-68

Babouc

81

Bacchus

Babouc. (See Bacsuc.)

Babouin, Taisez-vous, petite babouin;
laissez parlez votre mére, qui est plus sage
gue vous. The tale or fable is this: A

lone day went to make an offering to

enus, and prayed the goddess to give
her for husband a young man on whom
she had fixed her affections, A young
fellow happened at the time to be behind
the image of Cupid, and hearing the

tition, replied, ‘‘So fine a-gentleman
is not for such as you.’? ‘The voice
seemed to proceed from the image, and
the girl replied, ‘‘Hold your tongue,
you little monkey; let your mother
speak, for she is wiser than you.”

Baby Charles. So James I. used
to call his son Charles, afterwards
Charles I,

Babylon. The modern Babylon. So
London is sometimes called, on account
of its wealth, luxury, and dissipation.

Babylonian Numbers. Ne Baby-
lonios tentaris numeros. Do not pry into
futurity by astrological calculations and
horoscopes. Do not consult fortune-
tellers, The Chaldeans were the most
noted of astrologers, (Horace: Odes,
book i. xi, 2.)

Babylonish Captivity. Theseventy
Mor that the Jews were captives in

abylon. They were made captives by
N cpanel and released by Cyrus
(B.C. 038).

Babylonish Garment (4). Baby-
loniea vestis, a garment woven with
divers colours. (Pliny, viii. 74.)

“IT saw among the spoils a goodly Babylonish
garment.”—Josbua vii. 21.

Baca. The Valley of Baca, also
called the Valley of Tears, translated in
the New Version “‘ the Valley of Weep-
ing,” apparently a dry sterile valley,
the type of this earth spoilt by sorrow
and sin. ‘Blessed is the man .. .
in whose heart are the ways of them.
Who passing through the valley of Baca
make it a well . .’ (Psalm lxxxiv.
6). That manis blessed whose trust in
God converts adverse circumstances into

roofs of divine love. ‘‘ Whom He loveth

echasteneth.’’ They ‘‘go from strength
to strength.”’ :

in the mountains of Lebanon is a
valley called Baca, but it is described as
fertile and very delicious. The Valley
of Lebanon (Joshua xi. 17) is encom-
passed by mountains, one of which is
very barren, and abounds in thorns,
flints,

, and but another is called
6

a terrestrial paradise. Baca’ means
‘“mulberry frees,” but Bekah means
a ‘‘plain.’? Perowne says Bacah is
from a Hebrew root which means
‘*weeping.’’

, " Our sources of common pleasure dry up as we
journey on through the vale of Ba/cha,”—sir
Walter Scott: The Antiquary.

Bacbuc. The Holy Bottle, and also
the priestess of the Holy Bottle, the
oracle of Lantern-land consulted by
Panurge on the momentous question
whether or not he ought to’‘marry. The
Holy Bottle auswered with a click like
the noise made by a. glass snapping.
Bacbuc told Panurge the noise meant
trine (drink), and that was the response,
the most direct and positive ever giveu
by the oracle. Panurge might interpret
it as he liked, the obscurity would
always save the oracle.

So Pic or Glitck (say I) or neither,

Or both, for aught [ care, or either;
More undecided than Bacbue,

Here's heads for Pic, and tails for pe

Bacchanalia. Festivals in honour
of Bacchus, distinguished for their licen-
tiousness and debauchery. Plato says he
has seen the whole population of Athens
drunk at these festivals.

Bacchanalian. Drunken, rollick-

oe devoted or pertaining to Bacchus
g.v.).

Bacchant. A person given to habits
of drinking; so called from the ‘‘ bac-
chants,’’ or men admitted to the feasts of
Bacchus. Bacchants wore fillets of ivy.

Bacchante = syl.). “A female wine-
bibber ; so called from the “‘ bacchautés,”’
or female priestesses of Bacchus, They
wore fillets of ivy.

Bacchis, A sacred bull which changed
its colour yer hour of the day.
(Lgyptian mythology.)

Bacchus [wine]. In Roman mytho-
logy the godof wine. He is represented
as a beautiful youth with black eyes,
golden locks, flowing with curls about
his shoulders and filleted withivy. In
peace his robe was purple, in war he
was covered with a panther’s skin. His
chariot was drawn by panthers.

The famous statue of Bacchus in the

palace of Borghese (3 syl.) is represented

with a bunch of grapes in his hand and
a panther at his feet. Pliny tells us
that, after his conquest of India, Bacchus
entered Thebes in a chariot drawn by
elephants.

* The Etruscan Bacchus was called
sar or Nesar ; the Umbrian Desar ; the

\

Baccoch

a

Assyrian Jssus ; the Greek Dion-ysus ;
the Galatian Wyssus ; the Hebrew Nizziz:
a Gréek form was Jecchus (from Taché,
@ shout); the Latin Bacchus; other
forms oi the word are the Norse Sis; =:
the Indian J¢3; the Persian Yes;
Gaulish Hes; the German Hii;
the Chinese Jos,

* As joliy Bacchus, god of pleasure,

Charmed the wide world with anak and dances,

And all his thousand airy fancies,

Alas! he quite forgot the while

His favourite vines ia Lesbos isle." Parnell,

Bacchus, in the Lusiad, is the evil
demén or antagonist of J upiter, the lord
of. destiny. As Mars is the ‘guardian
power of Christianity, Bacchus is the

power of Mohammedanism.

Bacchus sprang ones the thigh of Zeus.
The tale is that Sem’elé asked Zeus to
appear before mn in all his glory, but
the foolish request proved her death,
Zeus saved the child which was prema-
turely born by sewing it up in his thigh
till it came to maturity. The Arabian
_ tradition is that the infant Bacchus was
nourished during infancy in a cave of
Mount Meros. As “ Meros”* is Greek
for naan the Greek fable is readily

€

What has that to do with Bacchus?
t.¢, what has that to do with the matter
in hand? When Thespis introduced
recitations in the vimtage songs, the
innovation was suffered to pass, so long
as the subject of recitation bore on the
exploits of Bacchus; but when, for
variety sake, he wandered to other
subjects, the Greeks pulled him up with
the exclamation, ‘* What has that to do
with Bacchus?” (See Hecupa, Mou-
TONS.)

Bacchus a noyé plus @hommes que
Nepiune. The ale-house wrecks more
men than the ocean.

A t of Bacchus, A toper.

“The Paeny old —— of a the parlour

Nake their libations of claret."—J. S, Le Fanu:
The House in the Churchyard. P Stra

A son of Bacchus, A toper.
Baccoch. The travelling cripple of
Ireland. Generally, a talkative, face-

tious fellow, prompt at repartee, and
pot e the ancient jester.

‘ta man employed a grazing-farm
Ww Tate fod vacca, & COW).
bachelier, bachelette te (a "

A Bachelor of Arts. The student w.
has his examination, but is not
yet of standing to be a master. For-
the bachelor was the candidate
The word used to

eo Ie of the brig Cama rah i.
ceedings ©
p. 7 we read:— The king
that the bachillers should ane saan
able pay for their trouble.”
styles Richard TI. le ji

damoisel. Richar?, The Italian is don-
sella.

Bachelor <a (The). Don
Cherubim. He in different
situations of life es po to asso-

ciate with all society. (Le
Sage: The Bachelor of F Belen te
novel).)

Bachelor's eigen Several flowers
are so called. Red Bachelor's prea
the double red campion; yellow.
elor’s Buttons, the * upright pa *;
white Bachelor's Buttens, the white
ranunculus and white campion,

The similitude these Sowers “have fo ‘the
ounce cloath buttons anciently worme ... s3ve

occasion . to callthem tour's Buttons.
Gerard: Herbal. ar

Or else: from a custom still sometimes

if
the flower dies, it is a bad omen; but if
orig not fade, they may hope for the

To wear bachelor’s butions, To remain
a bachelor. (Sve above.)

Bachelor's Fare, Bread and cheese
and Kisses,

Bachelor's Poreh. The north door

- B

Back and Edge

83

Back-stair

>
tees chine cz tengey A pegven
“Englishmen will fight now as well as ever
= did ; and there isample power to back them,”
—W. Robertson: John Bright, chap. Xxxi. p. 298.
Back and Edge. Entirely; heartily,
tooth and nail, with might and main.
The reference is to a wedge driven home
to split wood.
“They were working back and cdge for me,"~—
joldrewood: Robbery under Arnis, cb. ii.
To back and fill, A mode of tacking,
when the tide is with the vessel and the
wind against it, Metaphorically, to be
irresolute.
To draw back from an
engagement, bargain, etc., because it
does not seem so plausible as you once
thought it. Many horses are unwillin
to go out of a stable head foremost, wat
are backed out.

“ Octavius backs out; his caution and reserve
come to her rescue."—C. Clarke; Shakespeare.

To back the field, To bet on all the
horses bar one. A sporting term used
in betting.

To back the sails. So to arrange them
that the ship’s way may be checked.

To back up. To uphold, to support.
As one who stands at your back to
support you.

t the back of. Behind, following
close after. Figure from following a
leader,
“With half the city at his back.”
Byron; Don Juan.

To see his back ; to see the back of any-
thing. To get rid of a person or thing ;
to see it leave.

Back the oars or back water is to row

that the boat may move the
reverse of its Sy oat pete rare

On the back of.

igure from soldiers on the march.

Do the back, that is, to the backbone,

ney:
To break the back of a thing. To
surmount the hardest part.

His back is up. He is angry, he
shows that he is annoyed. The allusion
is to acat, which sets its back up when
attacked by a dog or other animal.

To get one’s back up, To be irritated

(See above). _

| Zo have his back at the wall. To eat
ne

planted his cepeurine.s eauisaat
attitude Sg dy with his bright glancing
rapier to do with all the heavy fierce un-

ewe eee

ediately after. .

To set one's back up. (See above.)
* That word set my back up.”
Dame Huddle’s Letter (1710).

To turn one’s back on another. To
leave, forsake, orneglect him. To leave
one by going away.

“At Jength we ... . turn our backs on the
outskirts of civilisation."—Tristram : Moab, ii. 19,

Behind my back. When I was not
present. When my back was turned.

Laid on one’s back. Laid up with
chronic ill-health ; helpless. Figure from
persons extremely ill.

Thrown on his back. Completely
worsted. A figure taken from wrestlers.

Backbite (Zo). To slander behind
one’s back.

“The only thing in which all parties agreed was
to backbite the manager.”"—W. Irving: Traveller,
Buckthorn, p. 193.

Backbone (Tie). The main stay.

“Sober .... practicalmen. .. constitute
the moral backbone of the country."—-W Booth:
in Darkest England (Part i. 2, p. 17).

To the backbone, Thoroughly, as true
to the backbone.

“A union man, and 8 nationalist to the back-
a eg Boosevelt: T. H. Benton, chap. y. p.

Backgammon is the Anglo-Saxon dae
gamen (back game), so called because
the pieces (in certain circumstances) are
taken up and obliged to go back to enter
at the table again. ~

Background. laced in the back-
cround, te, made of no consequence,
Pictures have three distances, called
grounds: the foreground, where the
artist is supposed to be; the middle
ground, where the most salient part of
the picture is placed; and the back-
ground or distance, beyond which the
eye cannot penetrate.

Back-hander. A blow on the face
with the back of the hand. Also one
who takes back the decanter in order to
hand himself another glass before the
decanter is passed on.

“111 take a back-hander, as Clive don’t seem to
drink."—Thackteray : The Newcomes.

Back-speer (Zo). To cross-examine.
(Scotch.)

“He has the wit to lay the scene in such a

remote ... gone. that no! should be
able to back-speer bim.”—Sir W. Scott: The
Betrothed (\ntroduction).

Back-stair Influence. Private or
unrecognised influence. It was cus-
tomary to build royal palaces with a
staircase for state visitors, and another
for those who sought the sovereign A ge
private matters. If any one wanted a

rivate interview with royalty, it was
highly desirable to conciliate those

Backwardation

84

Badaud:

appointed to guard, the back stairs, as

they could admit oy exclude a visitor.

“ Once, we confess, beeath the patriot’s cloak,
From the cracked ta the dropping guineas

broke, | .
And, jingling dowy the back stairs. told the
crew
“Old Cato is as great a rogue as you.’”
. Pope: Epistle to Lord Bathurst, 35-8.

Backwardation (Stockbrokers’ term).

The sum paid by aspeculator on a “‘bear

account,” (7.e. a speculation on a fall in.

the price of certain stock), in order
to postpone the completion of the
transaction till the next settling day.
(See ConTANGO.}

Backward Blessing (Muttering a).
Muttering a curse. To say the Lord’s
Prayer backwards was to invoke the
devil.

Backwater. (1) Water at the
lower end of a millrace to check the
‘speed of the wheel.

the deposit of sand and-silt left by the
action of the sea; as the Backwater of
Weymouth.

Bacon. The Bacon of Theology. Bishop
ceo author of the Analogy. (1692-
Bacon’s brazen head. (See BRAZEN.)

To baste your bacon. To strike or
scourge one. ‘The Saxons were called
‘*hogs”’ by their Norman lords. Henry
VIII. spoke of the common people as
the “‘swinish multitude”; and Falstaff

says to the travellers at Gadshill, ‘“‘On, |

bacons, on!”? (1 Henry IV., ii. 2).
Bacon is the outside portion of the sides
of pork, and may be .considered gener-
ally as the part which would receive a
blow.

To save one’s bacon. To save oneself
from injury.
“ “ But as he rose to save his bacon,

By hat and wig he was forsaken.”
Coombe: Dr. Syntax, canto yi. line 240,

“There soems to be another sense in
which the term is. used—viz. to escape
loss; and in this sense the allusion is to

the care taken by our forefathers to save ~

from the numerous dogs that frequented

their houses the bacon which was laid up _

for winter store, the loss of which would
have been a very serious calamity.
A chaw-bacon.- A rustic. Till com-

paratively modern times the only meat”

which rustics had to eat was bacon. I

myself know several farm labourers who. |

never taste any meat but
on club and feast days.
He may fetch a, flitch of
Dunmow, i.e. he is so amiable and
tempered he will never quarrel with his

bacon, except
bacon fi

(2) A current of-.
water frem the inland, which clears off.

rom.
good-

books.

wife. The allusion is to’a custom founded
by Juga, a noble lady, in 1111, and
restored by Robert de Fitzwalter in
1244; which was, that “any person
from any.part of England going to
Dunmow, in Essex, and humbly kneel-
ing on two:stones at the church door,
may claim a gammon of bacon, if ‘he
can swear that for twelve months and a
day he has never had a household brawl

or wished himself unmarried.”®

Baco‘nian Philosophy. A system
of philosophy based on principles laid
down by Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam,
in the 2nd book of his Novum Orga-
num, It is also called inductive philo.
sophy.

Baconian Theory. The theory that
Lord Bacon wrote the plays attributed
to Shakespeare.

Bac'trian Sage. Zoroaster, a native
of Bactria (Balkh), about 500 years

_. before the birth of Christ.

Bad. Charles le mauvais. Charles II.

| of Navarre (1332-1387).

He is gone to the bad. Has become a
ruined man, or a depraved character.
He has gone amongst bad people, in bad
ways, or to bad circumstances.

0 the bad. On the wrong side of the
account; in arrears.

Bad Blood. Vindictiveness, ill-
feeling.

“Tf there ig any bad blood in the fellow he will
be sure to show it.”— Brother Jonathan.

To make bad blood, to stir up bad blood,
To create or renew ill-feeling and a vin-
dictive spirit.

Bad Books. You are in my bad
Under disgrace. Also Jn my
black books, (See under Buack Books.)

Bad Debts. Debts not likely to be

_ paid.

Bad Form, not comme il faut. Not
in good taste.

Bad Lot (4). A person of bad moral
character, or one commercially unsound.
Also a commercial Bei a or stock of
worthless value. he allusion is to
auctioneering slang, meaning a lot which
no one will bid.for. So an inefficient
soldier is called one of the Queen’s bad

bargains.

_ Bad Shot (4). A wrong guess. A.
‘sporting phrase ; a bad shot is one which
does not bring down the bird shot at,
one that misses the mark.

Badaud. <A booby. C’est un frane

_badaud, he is a regular booby. Le

Badge

Bag

—_—_—_—_— ene

badaud de Paris, a French cockney,
From the Italian, badare, to gaze in the
air, to stare about one,

_Badge of Poverty. In former
times those who received parish relief
had to weara badge. It was the letter
P, with the initial of the parish to which
they belonged, in red or blue cloth, on
the shoulder of the right sleeve, (See
Dyvour.)

Badge-men, Alms-house men; 80
called because they wear some special
dress, or other badge, to indicate that
they belong to a particular foundation.
“ He quits the gay and rich, the young and free,

Among the badge-men with a badge to be.”

Crabbe: Borough.

Badger (4), A licensed huckster,
who was obliged to wear a badge.
By 5 Eliz., ¢. 12, it was enacted that
‘* Badgers were to be licensed annually,
under a penalty of £5.”

“Under Dec, 17, 1565, we read of ‘Certain
persons upon Humber side who . , by great

uantities of corn, two of whom were authorised
dgers.’ "—State Papers (Domestic Series),

Badger (Zo). To tease or annoy by
superior numbers. In allusion to the
ancient custom of badger-baiting. <A
badger was kennelled in a tub, where
dogs were set upon him to worry, him
out. When dragged from his tub the

or beast was allowed to retire to it till

e recovered from the attack. This
process was repeated several times,
pte It is a vulgar error that the
legs of a badger are shorter on one side
than on the other.

“T think that Titus Oates was ag uneven as a
badger.”—Lord Macaulay.

Drawing a badger is drawing him out
of his tub by means of dogs.

Badinage. Playful raillery, banter
(French), from the verb badiner, to joke
or jest. The noun dadine means a
switch, and in France they catch wild

ducks by carers boat with switches, .
in which the ducks seek protection. A

person quizzed is like these wild ducks,

Badinguet, A. nickname given to
Napoleon III, It was the name of the
workman whose clothes he wore when he
contrived to escape from the fort -of
Ham, in 1846.

“If Badinguet and Bismarck have a row to-
gether. let them settle it between them with their

sts, instead of troubling hundreds of thousands
of menwho , . . have no wish to fight.”—Zola:
The Downfall, chap. ii, (1802). :
_ Badingueux. The of the
Emperor Napoleon III. The party of
the Empress were called ‘‘ Montijoyeux”’
and ‘‘ Montijocrisses,’’ from Montijo in

+ Beaufort of Badminton.

fish, or other anima:

Spain. She was the second daughter of
the Count of Montijo.

Badminton is properly a ‘‘copus
cup,’”’ made of claret spiced and sweet-
ened, a favourite with the Duke of
As the duke
used to be a great patron of the prize
ring, Badminton was used as equivalent
to claret as the synonym of blood.

Also a game similar to lawn tennis,
pay. played with shuttlecocks instead of

alls.

Baffle. To erase the cognisance of
a recreant knight. To degradea knight
from his rank. To be knocked about by
the winds,

“Tam disgraced, impeached, and bafMed here,”

Shakespeare: Richard II., acti. 1.

Bag. Dag and Baggage, as ‘‘ Get
away with you, bag and baggage,” i.e.
pct away, and carry with you all your

elongings. The bag or sack is the
pouch in which a soldier packs his few
articles when he moves from place to
lace. Baggage is a contemptuous term
or a woman, either because soldiers
send their wives in the baggage wagons,
or from the Italian bagascia (a harlot),
ake bagasse, Spanish bagazo, Persian,
Ag As

Bag and baggage policy, In 1876 Mr.
Gladstone, speaking on the Eastern
question, said, ‘' Let the Turks now
carry away their abuses in the only
possible manner, namely, by“tarrying
away themselves, . . . One and all, bag
and baggage, shall, I hope, clear out
from the province they have desolated
and profaned.”? This was termed by
the Conservatives the bag and baggage
policy.

A bag of bones, Very emaciated;
generally ‘* A mere bag of bones.”’

A bag of game. <A large battue,
From the custom of carrying game
home in ‘‘ bags,”

A bag of tricks or A whole bag of
tricks, Numerous expedients. In al-
lusion to the fable of the Fox and the
Cat. The fox was commiserating the
cat because she had only one shift in the
case of danger, while he had a thousand
tricks to evade it, Being set upon by
a pack of hounds, the fox was soon
caught, while puss ran up a tree and
was quite secure.

d good bag. A page catch of game,

s sought after by
sportsmen.
" Got the bag, Gothis dismissal. (See

ACK.)
The hottom of the bag. The last

Bag

86

Baillif

expedient, having emptied every other
one out of his bag,

To empty the bag. To tell the whole
‘matter and conceal nothing. (French,
vider le sac, to expose all to view.)

To let the cat out of the bag, (See
under CAT.)

Bag (Zo). To steal, or slip into one’s
bag, as a poacher or pilferer who slyly
slips into his bag what he has con-
trived to purloin. ;

Bags. A slang word for trousers,
which are the bags of the body. When
the pattern was very staring and ‘‘loud,”’
they once were called howling-bags.

Bag-man (4). <A commercial tra-
veller, who carries a bag with specimens
to show to those whose custom he
solicits. In former times commercial
travellers used to ride a horse with
saddle-bags sometimes so large as almost
to conceal the rider,

Bag o’ Nails. Some hundreds of

Yeats ago there stood in the Tyburn
oad, Oxford Street,.a public-house

called The Bacchanals: the Sen was
Pan and the Satyrs. The jolly god,
with his cloven hoof and his horns, was

called ‘‘ The devil;” and the word Bac-
chanals soon got corrupted into ‘‘ Bago’
Nails.’”’ The Devil and the Bag 0’ Nails

is a sign not uncommon even now in ~

the midland counties.

Baga de Secrétis. Records in the
Record Office of trials for high treason
and other State offences from the reign of
Edward IV. to the close of the reign of
George III. These records contain the

roceedings in the trials of Anne Boleyn,
Bir Walter Raleigh, Guy Fawkes, the
regicides, and of the risings of 1715 and
1745. (Baga = Bag.)

Bagatelle (4). A trifle; a thing of
no consideration. ‘‘Oh! nothing. A
mere bagatelle.” In French, ‘ Z/ dé-
pense tout son argent en bagatelles”
means, he squanders his money on trash.

. dent or magistrate.

‘Tl ne s'amuse qu'd des bagatelles,”” he -

finds no
Bagatelle
Nonsense! as ‘‘ Vous dites Bd me fera
un proces. Bagatelle!” (fiddlesticks !)

“ He considered his wife a bagatelle, to be shut
up at pleasure” [i.e. 2 toy to be put away at
pleasurt).—The Depraved Husband,

The

Baguette d’Armide (Iza).
sorcerer’s wand, Armida is a sorceress
in Tasso’s Jerusalem Delivered. Ba-
guette is a rod or wand,

Bahagni
Bohemians. 1330.)

pleasure except in frivolities,

as an exclamation, .means-

a, Bohemia; Bahaignons,

Bahr Geist (4). A banshee or greys
spectre.

“Know then (said Eveline) it (the Babr Geist’
is a spectre, usually the image of the departe
person, who, either for wrong suffered, sustained
during life, or through treasure hidden, . . |.
haunts the spot from time to time, becomes fami«
liar to thase who dwell there, and takes an
interest im their fate."—Sir W. Scotts The Be-
trothed, chap. 15. j

Bail (French, gry To deliver up.

Common bail or bail below. A bail
given to the sheriff, after arresting a’
person, to guarantee that the defendant
will appear in court at any day and time
the court demands. j

Special bail or bail above, consists of
persons who undertake to satisfy all
claims made on the defendant, and to
guarantee his rendering himself up to
justice when required,

Bail. (See LeG-Batt.)

To buil up. To disarm before robbing,
- oe to throw up the arms, (Austra-
ian.

Bailey. The spacé enclosed within
the external walls of a castle, not
including the ‘‘ Keep.’? The entrance
was over a drawbridge, and through the
embattled gate (Middle-age Latin daliwm
or ballium, a corruption of vallum, a
rampart). LG |
When there were two courts to a
castle, they were distinguished as the
outer and inner bailey (rampart), Sub-
sequently the word included the court
and all its buildings; and when the
court was abolished, the term was
attached to the castle, as the Old Bailey
(London) and the Bailey (Oxford).

Bailiff, At Constantinople, the per-
son who had charge of the imperial
children used to be called the dajulus,
from baios, a child. . The word was sub-
sequently attached to the Venetian con.
sul at Constantinople, and the Venetian
ambassador was called the dalio, a word
afterwards extended to any superinten-
In France the barllt
was a superintendent of the royal do-
mains and commander of the troops. In
time, any superintendent of.even a
private estate was so called, whence_our
farmer's bailiff. The sheriff is the king’s
bailiff—a title now applied almost ex-
clusively to his deputies or officers. (Sce
BuMBAILIFF. ) ~

Bailleur. .Un bon bdélleur en fait
bdiller deux (French), Yawning is catch-
ing. ~ A ie

Baillif ep Mine host in
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. When the
poet began the second “ Fit" of the

-

———e

Bain Marie

Balaam

Rime of Sir Thopas, Herry Baillif
interrupts him with unmitigated con-
tempt :—
“*No mor-of this, for Goddes dignitie 1!’
juod our — for thou makest me
MWETY . . «
Mine eerés aken for thy.nasty speeche.”
Verse 15327...

Bain Marie. A saucepan containing
hot water into which a smaller sauce-
pan is plunged, either to keep it hot, or
that it may boil without burning. A
gine pot is a good example. . Mons.

ouillet says, ‘‘ Ainsi appelé du nom de
Pinventeur”? (Balneum Marie). But
derivations from proper names require
authentication, as

Bairam (3 syl.). The name given to
two movable Moslem feasts. The first,
which begins on the first day of the
moon which follows that of Ramadan,
and lasts three days, is a kind of Paschal
feast. The second, seventy days later,
lasts four days, and is not unlike the
Jewish Feast of Tabernacles. _

‘ As the Mohammedan yearis a lunar
one, in 33 years these feasts will have
occurred at all the four seasons.

Baisser. 1 semble qwil n’y a qu’a se
daisser et en prendre (French). One
-would think hehas only to pick and choose.
Said of a person who fancies that fortune
-will fall into his lap, without his stir-

Literally, ‘to stoop down and

Picken what he wants.”’

Bait. Food to entice or allure, as
Sait for fish. Bait for travellers is a

“‘feed’”? by way of refreshment taken |

en passant. (Anglo-Saxon, Jetan, to

bait or feed.)

Bajaderes. Indian dancing girls.
A corruption of the Portuguese daila-
deira, whence bai’adera, bajadere.

Bajulus, A pedagogue. A Grand
Bajulus, a “hig”? pedagogue, In the
Greek court, the preceptor of the Em-
“peror was called the Grand Bajulus.
Originally “‘porter.’? (Gf. Baltirr.)

Bajura. Mahomet’s standard,

Baked.. Half-baked. Imbecile, of
weak mind. The metaphor from half-
baked food. °

Baked Meat means meat-pie. *‘The
funeral baked meats did coldly furnish
forth the marriage table”? (Hamlet) ; 1.e.
the hot meat- pies (venison pasties) served
at the Zandra and not eaten, were served
cold at the marriage banquet.

Baker (The). Louis XVI. was called
#‘the Baker,’” the queen was called

“the baker’s wife”’ (or La Boulangére),
and the dauphin the “shop boy ;”’ be-
cause a heavy trade in corn was carried
on at Versailles, and consequently very
little was brought to Paris.

“The return of the baker, bis wife, and the
shop-boy to Paris [after the king was brought
from Versailles] had not had the expected effect.
Flour and bread were Still scarce.’—-A. Dumas:
The Countess de Charny, cliap. ix.

Baker’s Dozen. Thirteen for twelve.
When a heavy penalty was inflicted for
short weight, bakers used to give a
surplus number of loaves, called the
inbread, to avoid all risk of incurring
the fine. The 13th was the ‘“‘ vantage
loaf.”

Mr. Riley (Liber Albus) tells us that
the 13th loaf was ‘“‘the extent of the
profit allowed to retail dealers,’ and
therefore the vantage loaf means, the
loaf allowed for profit.

To give one a baker’s dozen, in slang
phraseology, is to give him a sound

ubbing—,e. all he deserves and one
stroke more.

Baker’s Knee (4). A knop-knee,
or knee bent inwards, from carrying the
heavy bread-hasket on the right arm.

Bakshish. A Persian word for a
gratuity. These gifts are insolently de-
manded by all sorts of officials in Turkey,
Egypt, and Asia Minor, more as a claim
than a gratuity.

Bal. Donnerlebala quelqu’um (French).
To make one dance for it; to abuse one,
In several games played with a ball, the
person who catches the ball or to whom
the ball is given, is put to an immense.
amount of labour. Thus, in Hurling,
the person who holds the ball has one of
the labours of Hercules to pass through.
His opponent tries to lay hold of him,
and the hurler makes his way over hills,
dales, ~hedges, and ditches, through
bushes, briars, mire, plashes, and even
rivers. Sometimes twenty or thirty per-
sous lie tugging together in the water,
scrambling and scratching for the ball.
(See Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, section
xii.) (See Bat.)

Balaam. The Earl of Huntingdon,
one of the rebels in Monmouth’s army.
“And, bE Rd name of dulness, be
The Tryden Absalom and Achitophel, 1573-4.
Balaam. A ‘citizen of sober’ fame,’”
who lived hard by the Monument of
London; ‘‘he was a plain, good man}
eee punctual, and frugal,’ his
week-day meal being only ‘“‘one solid
dish.”’ e grew rich; got knighted;

Balaam

Balder

seldom went to church ; became a cour-
tier ; ‘‘ took a bribe from France; ’’ was
hanged for treason, and all his goods
were confiscated to the State, (See
Diamond Pitt.) It was Thomas Pitt,
grandfather of the Earl of Chatham,
who suggested to Pope this sketch.
(Pope: Moral Essays, Ep. iii.)

Balaam. Matter kept in type for fill-
ing up odd spaces in periodicals. These
are generally refuse bits—the words of
an oaf, who talks like ‘* Balaam’s ass.’’
(Numb, xxii. 30.) (American.)

Balaam Basket or Box (4). An
ass’s pannier. In printer’s slang of
America, it is the place where rejected
articles are deposited, (See BALAAM,)

Balafre, Le [the gashed]. Henri, son
of Frangois, second Duke of Guise. In
the Battle of Dormans he received a
sword-cut which left a frightful scar on
his face (1550-1588). So Ludovic Lesly,
an old archer of the Scottish Guards,
_is called, in Sir Walter Scott’s Quentin
Durward,

Balai. Donner tro tours de balai

ar la cheminée (French). To bea witch.
Fiteratly, to run your brush three times
up the chimney. According to an
ancient superstition, all witches had to
pass their brooms on which they rode
three times up the chimney between one
Sabbath and the following.

Balak, in the second part of Adbsa-
lom and Achitophel, a satire by Dryden
and Tate, is meant for Dr. Bumet,
author of Burnet’s Own Time.

Balam the ox, and the fish Nun, are
the food of Mahomet’s paradise; the
mere lobes of the livers of these animals
will suffice for 70,000 saints. (4/ Koran.)

Balan. Bravest and strongest of the
giant race, Vasco.de Lobeira, in Amadis
of Gaul, Also, Emir of the Saracens,
Te it of Ferumbras or Fierabras

g.v.).

Balance (TZhe). ‘Libra,’ the 7th
sign of the zodiac, which contains the
autumnal equinox. According to fable
it is Astrea, who, in the iron age, re-
turned from earth to heaven. Virgil, to
praise the equity of Augustus, promises

im a future residence in this sign.

* According to Persian mythology,
at the last day there will be a huge
balance big as the vault of heaven.
The two scale pans will be called that
of light and that of darkness. In the
former all good will be placed, in the
latter all evil. And each individual will

receive an award according to the judg-
ment of the balance.

Balance. He has a good balance at
his bankers. His credit side shows a
large balance in his favour.

Balance of power. The States of
Europe being so balanced that no one
nation shall have such a preponderance
as to endanger the independence of
another.

Balance of trade. The moncy-value
difference between the exports and mm-
ports of a nation.

To balance an account, To add up the
debit and credit sides, and subtraet the
less of the two from the greater. The
remainder is called the balance.

To strike a balance. To calculate the
exact difference, if any, between the
debit and credit side of an account.

Balayer. Chacun doit balayer devant
sa porte (French), ‘‘ Let everyone correct
his own faults.’’ The allusion is to a
custom, nearly obsolete in large towns,
but common still in London and in
villages, for each housewife to sweep
and keep clean the pavement before her
own dwelling.

Balclutha (The tower of), in Ossian,
is Dun-dee, where Dun means a tower.
Those circular buildings so common in
the Orkney and Shetland Islands, the
Hebrides, and all the north of Scotland,
are duns. Dee is a corruption of Tay,
the river on which the city is built; in
Latin, Tao-dunum.

Bald. Charles le Chauve. CharlesT.,
son of Louis le Débonnaire, (823, 840-
877).

Baldachin. The dais or canopy
under which, in Roman Catholic pro-
cessions, the Holy Sacrament is carried
(Italian, baldacchino, so-called from
Baldacco (Italian for Bagdad), where
the cloth was made). Also the canopy
above an altar.

Baldassa‘re. Chief of the monastery
of St. Jacopo di Compostella. (Doni-
zetti’s opera La Favorita.)

Balder, the god of Bees! second son
of Odin and Frigga. He was killed by
the blind war-god Héder, at the instiga-
tion of Loki, but restored to life at the
general request of the gods. (Scan-
dinavian mythology.)

N.B.—Sydney Dobell (dorm 1824) has
re ipo entitled Balder, published in

4.

Balder is the sun or daylight which is killed by
the blind-god at the instigation of Loki or dark-
ness, but is restored to life the uext day,

Balderdash

Balder’s abode was Broadblink (vast
splendour).

Balderdash. Ribaldry,
(Danish balder, tattle, clatter.)

Baldwin. The youngest and come-
liest of Charlemagne’s paladins ; and the
nephew of Sir Roland.

Baldwin (in Jerusalem Delivered).
The restless and ambitious Duke of Bo-
logna, leader of 1,200 horse in the allied
Christian arm y- He was Godfrey’s bro-
ther ; not so tall, but very like him.

Baldwin, the Ass (in the tale of Rey-
nard the Fox). In the third part of the
Beast-epic he is called ‘‘ Dr. Baldwin.”’
(Old German, bold friend.)

Bale. When bale is highest, boot ts
nighest. When sen have cpme to the
worst they must ueeds mend.

jargon.

Balearica Tormenta. Here tor-
menta means instruments for throwing
stones. Cesar (Gallic War, iv. 25) says:
“* Fundis, tormentis, sagittis hostes pro-
petlergs’ The inhabitants of the Balearic

slands were noted slingers, and indeed
owe their name to this skill, (Greek,
ballo, to cast or hurl.) Pronounce Bal-
é-ari-ca.

Balfour of Burley. Leader of the

89

who visited Solomon.

Covenanters in Scott’s Old Mortality, a

novel (1816).°
Ba‘lios. _(Sce Horse.)

Balisar'da or Balisardo. Roge'ro’s
sword, made by a sorceress, and capable
of cutting through enchantéd substances.

“ With Balisarda’s slightest blow
Nor helm, nor shield, nor cuirass could avail,
Nor strongly-tempered plate, nor twisted mail,”

Ariosto Orlando Furioso, book-xxiii.

Balistra‘ria. ,
the form of a cross in the walls of an-
cient castles, through which cross-bow-
men discharged their arrows.

Baliverso (in Orlando Furioso). The
basest knight in the Saracen army.

Balk means the high ridge between
furrows (Anglo-Saxon Jalca, a beam, a
hence a rising ground.

Narrow apertures in. |

ridgal) = '
A balk of timber is a beam running

across the ceiling, etc., like a ridge. As
the balk,is the part not cut by the
plough, therefore ‘‘to balk’’ means to
eave untouched, or to disappoint.

To make a balk. To miss.a-part of
the field in ploughing. Hence to dis-
appoint, to withhold deceitfally.

0 make a balk of good ground, “To
throw away a good chance,

Balls

Balker. One who from an eminence
balks or directs fishermen where shoals
of herrings have gathered together.
(Anglo-Saxon, bele-an, to shout.)

Balkis. The Queen of Sheba.or Saba,
(Al Koran, ¢, ii.)

Ball, To strike the ball under the
line. To fail in one’s object. The al-
lusion is to the game of tennis, in which a
line is stretched in the middle of the
court, and the players standing on each
side have, with their rackets, to knock
it alternately over the line.

“Thou hast stricken the hall under the Jine.’"-
John Heywoode's Works (London, 1566), .

To take the ball before the bound. To
anticipate an opportunity ; to be over-
hasty. A metaphor from cricket, as
when a batsman runs up to meet the

ball at full pitch, before it bounds. (See
BALE.)
Ball of Fortune (A). One tossed,

like a ball, from pillar to post ; one who
has experienced many vicissitudes of
fortune.

“ Brown bad becn from infancy 4 ball for fortune
a spurn at."—Sir Walter Scolt: Guy Mannering,
chap, xxi.

The ball is with you. Tt is your turn

now.

To have the ball at your feet. To have
a thing in one’s power. A, metaphor
from foot-ball. :

“We hare the hall at our feet; and, if the
government willallow it... Wecan now crush

‘out the rebellion.”—Lard Auckland.

To keep the ball a-rolling. To con-
tinue without intermission, To keep
the fun alive; to keep the matter going.
A metaphor from the ‘game of bandy,
or la jew de la cross.,

“Tt is Russia that keeps tbe ball rolling [the
Servian and Bulgarian War, 1885, fomented and
encouraged by Russian agents).” — Newspaper
paragraph, 1885. _

To keep the ball up. Not to let con-
versation or fun flag ; to keep the thin
going: A metaphor taken from severa
games played with balls,

, “T put ina word’now and then to keep the ball
up."—Benth

_ Lo open the ball. To lead off the first

am,

dance at a bail. (Italian, bal/aro, to

dance.).

Balls. The three golden-balls. ‘The
emblem of St. Nicholas, who is said to

- have given three purses of gold to three

virgin sisters to enable them to marry.
ie cognisance of the Medici family,
they probably represent three golden pills

-—a punning device on the name. Be

this, however, as it may, it is from the

Ballad 90

Bambino

Lombard family (the first great money-
lenders in England) that the sign has
been appropriated by pawnbrokers. (See
MuceEtxo for another account.)

Ballad means, strictly, a song to
dance-music, or a song sung while
dancing. ie ballare, to dance,
ballata, our ballad, ballet [g.v.]).

Ballads. ‘ Let me make the ballads,
and who _wili may make the laws.”
Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, in Scot-
land, wrote to the Marquis of Montrose,
“T knew a very wise man of Sir
ee Musgrave’s sentiment. He
believed, if a man were permitted to
make all the ballads, he need not care
who should make the laws’ (1703).

Ballambangjan (The Straits of). A
sailor’s joke for a place where he may
lay any wonderful adventure. These
straits, he will tell us, are so narrow
that a ship cannot pass through without
jamming the tails of the monkeys which

aunt the trees on each side of the
strait; or any other rigmarole which his
fancy may conjure up at the moment.

Ballast. A man of no ballast. Not
steady; not to be depended on. Un-
steady as a ship without ballast. A
similar phrase is, ‘‘The man wants
ballast,’’

Balle. rendre: la baile aw bond
(French), Strike while the iron is hot;
make hay while the sun shines. The
allusion is to certain games at ball,
which must be struck at the moment of
the rebound.

Renvoyer Ja balle a quelqu’un (French).

To pay one off in his own coin. Liter-
ally, to strike back the ball to the
sender.

Ballendino (Don Antonio). Intended
for Anthony Munday, the dramatist.
(Ben Jonson, The Case Altered, a comedy.)

Ballet (pronounce Jal-lay). A
theatrical representation of some adven-
ture or intrigue by pantomime and
dancing. Baltazari‘ni, director of music
to Catherine de’ Medici, was the in-
‘ventor of modern ballets.

Balliol College, Oxford, founded in
1263, by John de Baliol, Knight (father
of Baliol, King of Scotland).

Balloon (4 pilot). Metaphorically,
a feeler, sent to ascertain public opinion.
“The pilot baNoon sent from... bas shown
, {the sender] the direction of the wind, and be

now f)ims his sails accordingly.” — Newspaper
parugraph, January, 1886,

Balloon Post. During the siege of
Paris, in 1871, fifty-four balloon posts
were dispatched, carrying two-and-a-
half million letters, weighing ten tons.

Balm (French, daume). Contraction
of balsam (g.v.). The Balm of Gilead
= the balsam of Gilead.

Is there no balm in Gilead ? Is there
no remedy, no consolation, not even in
religion ?

Balmawhappie. A stupid, obstinate
Scottish laird in Scott’s Waverley, a
novel (1805).

Balmérino (Lord) was beheaded,
but the executioner at the first stroke
cut only half through the neck, and (we
are told) his lordship turned round and
grinned at the bungler.

Balmung or Gram. The sword of
Siegfried, tonsed by Wieland, the Vulcan
of the Scandinavians. Wieland, in a
trial of merit, clove Amil'ias, a brother
smith, through steel helmet and armour,
down to the waist; but the cut was so
fine that Amilias was not even aware
that he was wounded till he attempted
to move, when he fell into two pieces,
(Scandinavian mythology.)

Balmy. ‘I am going to the balmy”
—i.e. to ‘*Balmy sleep; ’’ one of Dick
Swiveller’s pet phrases. (Dickens; Old
Curiosity Shop.)

Balmy-stick (Zo put on the). In
prison slang means to feign insanity ;
and the “ Balmy Ward” is the prison
ward in which the insane, real orfeigned,
are confined.

Balnibar’bi. A. land occupied by
projectors. (Swift: Gulliver's Travels.)

Baltha’‘zar. One of the kings of
Cologne—i.e. the three Magi, who came
from the East to pay reverence to the

infant Jesus. The two other magi were .

Melchior and Gasper.

Baltic. The Mediterranean of the
north (Swedish, Jalé; Danish, dbalié ;
Latin, baltéus ; English, det), the sea of
the “ Belts,”’ :

Balwhidder (Zhe Rev. Micah). A
Scotch Presbyterian minister, full of
fossilised national prejudices, but both

kind-hearted and sincere. (Galt: Annals

of the Parish, a novel (1821).)

Bambino. A picture or image of

the infant Jesus, swaddled (Italian,
bambi'no, a little boy). The most -cele-

brated is that in the church of Sta.

Maria, in the Ara Coeli of Rome. —

ae

Bambocciades 91

Bamboe'ciades (4-syl.). Pictures
of grotesque scenes in low life, such as
country wakes, penny weddings, and so
on. They are so called from the Italian
word bamboccio (a cripple), a nickname
given to Pieter yan ‘Laer, the first; Dutch

ainter of such scenes, distinguished in

ome,
(Se

Bamboc'cio. or Bambovhe.

MIcHAEL-ANGELO DES BAaMBOCHES,
Bamboo'zle. To cheat by cunning,

or daze with tricks, .

“\The third refinement observable in the letter
T send you, consists of the choice of certain
words Invented by some pretty fellows, sych as
banter, bamboozle ... and kidney ». . some of
which are now struggling for the vee and
others are in possession of it,”—Swift: The Tatler
Wept. 28, 1710), ,

To bamboozle into (doing something),
To induce by trickery, i

To bamboozle one out of something. To
get something by trickery;

Bampton Lectures. ‘ Founded by
the Rey. John Bampton, canon of Salis-
bugs He left an estate to the university ,
of Oxford, to pay for eight divinity lec-
tires on given subjects, to be preached
at Great St, Mary’s, and, printed after-
wards, ‘

Ban. A proclamation' of ar eed
a denunciation by the church (Anglo-
Saxon, ge-ban, a proclamation ; verb,
ge-bannan), f

Marriage bans, (See BANNS.)

Zo ban is to make a proclamation of
outlawry. To danish is.to proclaim a’
man an exile. (See Banpit.) |

Lever le ban et Varriére ban (French),.
To levy the ban was to call the king’s
vassals to active service; to levy the
arriére ban was to levy the vassals of a
suzerain or under-lord,

“Le mot ban, qui signifie banniére, se disait de
Yappel fait par le seigneur a ses vassaux pour les
convoquer sous son étendard. On distinguait le
ban pomporeiies vassaux imimédiats, qui etaient
convoqués par le rot luiméme, et l'arriére ban,
composé des vassanx conyoqués par leurs
suzerains.”—Bouiliet : Dictionnaire d' Histoire, etc.

Banagher. (See wnder Bears.)
Ban’at. A territory under a ban

(lord), from the Illyrican word bojan, a

lord. The Turks gave this title to the

lords of frontier provinces—e.g. the

Banat of Croatia, which now forms part_
of the kingdom of Hungary.

Banbury. 4 Banbury-man—i.e. a
Puritan Ga Jonson); abigot. From the
reign of Elizabeth to that of Charles II.
Banbury was noted for its number of
Puritans and its religious ‘‘zeal,’’

As thin as Banbury cheese. In Jack
Drwi’s Entertainment we read, ‘You

Bande Noire

are like a Banbury cheese, nothing but
paring ;”’.and Bardolph compares Slender
to Banbury cheese (Merry Wives, i. a
The Banbury cheese is a rich mi
cheese about an inch in thickness,
Banco. Sittings in Banco. Sittings
of the Superior Court of Common Law

‘in its own bench or court, and not in

circuit, as a judge of Nisi Prius (q.».).
(Bane is Italian for ‘‘ bench’? or ‘seat
of justice.’’)

So much banco—t.e. 80 much bank

| money, as distinguished from current.

coin, At Hamburg, etc., currency is in-
ferior to “‘ bank money.”’ (Not money

in the bank, but the fictitious value set

on cash by bankers.)

Bancus Regius, .The king’s ‘or
queen’s bench. Bancus Communis, the
bench of common pleas,

Bandan’‘a or Bandanna, A pocket-
handkerchief. It is an Indian word,
properly applied to silk goods, but now
restricted to cotton handkerchiefs having
a dark ground of Turkey red or blue,
with little white or yellow spots. (Hin-
di, dandhni, a mode of dyeing.)

Bandbox. Hé comes. out of a band-
box—i.e.. he is so neat and precise, so
carefully got up in his dress and person,
that he looks like some company dress,
carefully kept in a bandbox. ~

Neat as a bandbox. ‘Neat as clothes
folded and put by in a bandbox.

Bandbox Plot (Zhe). Rapin (His-

‘tory of England, iv. 297) tells us that a

bandbox was sent to the lord-treasurer,
in Queen Anne’s reign, with three pistols
charged and cocked, the triggers being
tied to a pack-thread fastened to the
lid. When the lid was lifted, the pistols
would go off, and shoot the person who
opened the lid. He adds that [dean]
Swift happened to be by at the time, an

‘seeing the pack-thread, cut it, thereby

saving the life of the lord-treasurer,

‘Two ink-horn tops your Whigs did fill

With gunpowder and lead;

Which with two serpents made of quill,
You in a bandhox Jaid;

A tinder-box there was beside,
Which had a trigger to it, 4

"phat vas desgget a doit?

was designed to do it. 7
Plot upon Plot (about 1718),
Bande Noire.

weiter a black
band; metaphorically, the Vandal Sow
ciety, Those capitalists that bought up
the Church property confiscated in the

eat French revolution were so called,

ecause ay recklessly pulled down
ancient buildings and destroyed relics of
great dntiquity.

Bandit

Banner

Bandit, plural danditti or bandits,
peeey. means outlaw (Italian, dandito,

anished, men pronounced ‘‘ banned”),
As these outlaws very often became
robbers, the term soon came to signify
banded highwaymen.

Bands, Clerical bands are a relic of
the ancient amice, a square linen tippet
tied about the neck of priests during. the
administration of mass (Discontinued
by the parochial clergy the latter part of
the 19th century, but still ‘used by
clerics on the Continent.)

Legal bands are a relic of the wide col-
lars which formed a part of the ordinary
dress in the reign of Henry VIII., and
which were especially conspicuous in the
reign of the Stuarts. In the showy days
of Charles II, the plain bands were
changed for lace ends.

* The eighth Henry, as I understand,

Was the first prince that ever wore a band.”
John Taylor, the Water Poet (1580-1654),

Bandy. J am not going to bandy
words with you—i.e, to dispute about
words, The reference is to a game
called Bandy. The players have each a
stick with a crook at the end to strike a
wooden or other hard ball. The ball is
bandied from side to side, each party
trying to beat it home to the opposite
goal. (Anglo-Saxon, dendan, to bend.)

“The bat was called a bandy from its being
ee ton Popular Antiquities (article“Golf,

Bane really means ruin, death,‘or
destruction (Anglo-Saxon, dana, a mur-
derer) ; and ‘‘ I will be his bane,’’ means
I will ruin or murder him. Bane is,
therefore, a mortal injury.

“My bane and antidote are both before it.
his (sword) in a moment pune me to an end,
ut this (Plato) assures me I shall never die.”
Addison: Cato.

Bango'rian Controversy. A theo-
logical paper-war stirred up by asermcn

eached

., by Dr. Hoadly, Bishop of Bangor,
on the text, ‘‘ My kingdom is not of this
world.’’? The best reply is by Law, ina
series of Letters to Hoadly.

Bang-up, or Slap-bang. First-rate
thumping, as a ‘thumping legacy.
It is a slang punning synonym of
thumping or striking. Slap-bang is
double bang, or doubly striking. ~~

Banian or Banyan (4). A loose
coat (Anglo-Indian),
“ His coat was brownish black perbaps of yore,
In summer time a banyan loose he wore.”
Lowell: FitzAdam's Story (stanza 15),
Banian Days [Ban-yan]. Days when
no meat is served to aship’s crew. The

arch 31st, 1717, before George

term is derived from the Banians, a class
of Hindu merchants, who carried on a
most extensive trade with the interior of
Asia, but being a caste of the Vaisya,
abstained from the use of meat, (Sans-
knit, danij, a merchant.)

Bank. A money-changer’s bench or
table. (Italian banco or banca.)

Bank of a River. Stand with
your back to the source, and face to the
sea or outlet: the /eft bank is on your
left, and right bank on your right hand.

Sisters of the Bank, i.e. of the bank-
side, ‘the brothel quarter’? of London.
Now removed to a different quarter,
and divided into ‘‘North”’ and “South.”

“On this side of the Banke was sometimes the
bordello or stewes,”—Stow ; Survey.

Bankrupt. Money-lenders in Italy
used to display the money they had to
lend owt on a banco or bench. When
one of these money-lenders was unable
to continue business, his bench or coun-
ter was broken up, and he himself was
spoken of as a dancorotto—i.e, a bank-
Tupt,

Bankside. Part of the borough of
Southwark, noted in the time of Shake-
speare for its theatres and retreats of the

lemi -monde, called ‘Sisters of the
Bank.”’

“Come, I will send for a whole coach or two of
Bankside ladies, and we will be jovial."—Ran-
dolph: The Muses’ Looking Glass,

Banks’s Horse. A learned horse,
called Marocco, belonging to one Banks,
in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It is
said that his shoes were of silver. One
of his exploits was ‘‘the ascent of St.
Paul’s steeple.”

Ban‘natyne Club. A literary club
which takes its name from George Ban-
natyne, to whose industry we owe the

reservation of very much of the early,
Beotch poetry. It was instituted in 1823
by Sir Walter Scott, and had for its
object the publication of rare works
illustrative of Scotch history, poetry,
and general literature. The club was
dissolved in 1859,

Banner means a piece of cloth.
(Anglo-Saxon, fana; Latin, pannus ;
Welsh, baner ; Italian, bandie'ra; French,
banniére.)

“An emperor’s banner should be sixe foote
longe, and the same in breadth; a king's banner
five foote ; a prince's and a duke's banner, four
foote; a marquys’s, an erle’s, a yiscount’s, a
baron’s, and a banneret’s banner shall be but
three foote square.”—Park,

The banner of the Prophet is called

St aie

Banneret

Baptes

Sanjek-sherif, and is kept in the Eyab
mosque of tinople.

e two black banners borne before the
Califs of the house of Abbas were called
Night and Shadow.

é sacred banner of France is the
Oriflamme (q.v.).

anners in churches. These are sus-

ded as thank-offerings to God. Those
in St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, Henry
VIL.’s Chapel, Westminster, etc., are to
indicate that the knight whose banner is
hung up, avows himself devoted to God’s
service.

Ban‘neret. One who leads his-vassals
to battle under his own banner. A
knight made in the field was called a
banneret, because the chief ceremony
was cutting or tearing off the pointed
ends of his banner. ?

Banniére. Cent ans banniére, cent
ans civiere. The ups and downs of life.
A grand seigneur who has had his
banner carried before him for a century,
may come to drive his hand-barrow
through the streets as a costermonger.

Banniére. I] faut la croix et la
banniére pour Pavoir, If you want to
have him, you must make a great fuss
over him—you must go to meet him
with cross and banner, ‘‘ aller au devant
de lui avec un croix et la bannicre.”

Banns ef Marriage. The publi-
cation in the ish church for three
successive Sundays of an intended mar-
riage. It is made after the Second
Lesson of the Morning Service. To
announce thé intention is called ‘‘ Pub-
i + J _ fe arom the aoa a §
ubli e banns ©: iage between
ns --7? (Anglo-Saxon, Gchariaes to

pepelaia, to announce).
To forbid the banns. To object to the

“ And a better fate did poor Maria deserve than
to have a banns forbidden by the curate of the
. parish who published them.”—Sterne: timen-

tal Journey.

Banquet used at one time to mean
the dessert. Thus, Taylor, in the
Pennyless Pilgrim, says: ‘‘ Our first and
second , bei

banquet.”” (French banquet ; bane, a
or table. We use “table” also

bene
for a meal or feast, as ‘‘ the funeral
baked meats did coldly furnish forth

the marriage table,”’ 7.c. feast.)
“ After su) e a delicate banquet, with
A banquet of brine. A flood of tears.

“My heart was charged to overflowing, and >

forced into my eyes a banquet of brine,”"—C,
Thomson: Autobiography, p. 263.

Ban’quo. A Scotch general of royal
extraction, who obtained several victories
over the Highlanders and Danes in the
reign of Donald VII. He was murdered’
by the order of Macbeth, and his ghost
haunted the guilty usurper. (Shake-
speare: Macbeth.)

Banshee. The supposed ‘domestic
spirit of certain Irish or Highland

Scottish families, supposed to take an

interest in its welfare, and to wail at
the death of one of the family. The
Welsh ‘‘Cyhyraeth’’ is a. sort of
Banshee,

+ The distinction of a Banshee is
allowed only to families of pure Milesian
stock. (Gaelic, ban-sith, a woman-
fairy.)

Bantam. 4 little bantam cock. A
little Plucky fellow that will not be
bullied by a person bigger than himself,
The bantam cock will encounter a dung-
hill cock five times his own weight, and
is therefore said to “‘ have a great soulin
a little body.”” The bantam originally
came from Bantam, in Java.

Banting. Doing Banting. Reducing
superfluous fat by living on meat diet,
and abstaining from beer, farinaceous
food, and vegetables, according to the
method adopted by William Banting, a
London cabinet-maker, once a very fat
man (born 1796, died 1878). The word
was introduced about 1864.

Bantling. A child. Mahn suggests
the German, Jdankling, a_ bastard.
(Query, bandling, a little one in swadd-

_ling-clothes.)

Banyan, A Hindi shopkeeper. In
Bengal it denotes a native who manages
the money concerns of a European, and
also serves as an interpreter. In M
such an agent is called Dubash (i.¢. one
who can speak two languages). (See
Bantan Days.)

Bap or Bap'homet. An imagini
idol or symbol, which the Templars were
said to employ in their mysterious rites.
The word is a mee CFT of Mahomet.
one Baphomet ; Old Spanish, Mato«
mat.

Bap’tes (2 syl.). Priests of the god-
dess Co ab, ose midnight orgies
eee tog

e ess of obscenity e
received ther name from the Greek
verb bapto, to wash, becausé they bathed
themselves in the most effeminate man-
ner. (Juvenal, ii. 91.) ‘o-,

Baptist

Barbary

Baptist. John the Baptist. His
symbol is a sword, the instrument by
which he was beheaded.

Bar. The whole body of barristers ;
as bench means the whole body of
bishops,

“ A dinner was given to the English Bar.”—The
Times,

Bar, excepting. In racing phrase a
man will bet ‘‘ Two to one, bar one,”’
that is, two to one against any horse in
the field with one exception. The word
means “ barring out” one, shutting out,
or debarring one.

Bar. At the ber, As the prisoner at
the bar, the prisoner in the dock before
the judge. ;

vial at bar, i.e. by the full court of
judges. The bar means the place set
apart for the business of the court.

To be called to the bar. Tobeadmitted
abarrister. The bar is the partition
separating the seats of the benchers
from the rest of the hall, Students
having attained a certain status used to
be called from the body of the hall
within the bar, to take rt in the
proceedings of the court, To disbar is
‘to discard from the bar. Now, ‘‘to be
called within the bar’? means to be ap-
Peeters king’s (or queen’s) counsel; and

disbar means to expel a barrister
from his profession.

Bar, in heraldry. An honourable or-
dinary, consisting of two parallel lines
frawn across the shield and containing
@ fifth part of the field.

“A barre. .. is drawne overthwart the es-
cochon . . . it containeth the fifth part of the
Field.”—Gwillim : Heraldry.

A Bar sinister in an heraldic shield
means one drawn the reverse way ; that
is, not from left to right, but from right
to left. Popularly but _ erronéously
supposed to indicate bastardy.

Bar Cee at). The examination of
@ difficult cause before the four judges
in the superior courts,

Barabas. The hero of Marlow’s
tragedy, The Jew of Malta.

“A mere monster, brought in with a large
inted nose... . He kills in sport, poisons whole
Powter invents infernal machines. . . .”"—C,

Barata‘ria. Sancho Panza’s island-
city, over which he was appointed go-
vernor. The table was presided over
by Doctor Pedro Rezio de Ague’ro, who
caused every dish set upon the board to
be removed without being tasted—some
because they heated the blood, and others
because they chilled it; some for one ill

effect, and some for another; so that

Sancho was allowed to eat nothing. The
word is from barato (cheap).

“The meat was put on the table, and whisked
away, like Sancho's inauguration feast at Bara-
taria.”—Thackeray.

Baradthron. A deep ditch behind
the Acropolis of Athens into which
malefactors were thrown: somewhat in
the same way as criminals at Rome were
cast from the ‘‘ Tarpeian Rock.”’

Barb, An arrow. The feathers under
the beak of a hawk were called dard
JSeathers (beard feathers), The point of
an arrow has two iron ‘‘ feathers,” which
stick out’ so as to hinder the extraction
of the arrow. (Latin, barba, a beard.)

N.B.—The dard is not the feather on
the mayer part of the shaft, but the
hooked iron point or head.

Barb. A Barbary steed, noted for
docility, speed, endurance, and spirit.
(See BARBED STEEDS, )

_Bar‘bari. Quod non fece'runt Barbari,
Sece'runt Barberini (W hat the barbarians
left standing, Barberini contrived to
destroy). Pope Barberini robbed the
roof of the Pantheon to build the Bald-
acchi‘no, or canopy of St. Peter’s, It is
made entirely of bronze, and weighs.
ninety tons.

Barbarians is certainly not derived
from the Latin barba (a beard), as many
suppose, because it is a Greek word, and
has many analogous ones. The Greeks
and Romans called all foreigners bar
barians (babblers ; men who spoke a lan-
guage not understood by them); the Jews
called them Gentiles (other peony:
the Russians Ostiaks (foreigners). c)
reproachful meaning crept in from the
natural egotism of man. It is not very
long ago that an Englishman looked
with disdainful pity on a foreigner,
and the French still retain much of
the same national exclusiveness, (Sco
WUNDEBBERG.) in

“If then I know not the meaning of the voice
words), I shall be to him that speaketh a bar-

rian [a foreigner], and he that speaketh will
bea barbarian unto me.”—1 Cor, xiv, ll.

Barbarossa [Red-beard, similar to
Rufus}. The surname of Frederick I.
of Germany (1121-1190), Also Khair-
eddin Barbarossa, a famous corsair of
the sixteenth century.

Barbary. St. Barbary, the patron
saint of arsenals and powder magazines,
Her father qelizered her a to ian,

overnor of Nicome'dia, for being a
hristian, After hope subjected
to the most cruel tortures, her unnatural

4

£ © ra
nA =

: Barbason . 95

Barcelona

father was about to strike off her head,
when a lightning flash laid him dead at
her feet. Hence, those who invoke
saints select St. Barbary in thunder-
storms. (See BABBE.)

Roan Barbary. The favourite horse
of Richard II. (See Hozsz.)

“O, how it yearned my heart when I beheld
In London streets that coronation day,
When Bolingbroke rode on roan Barbary !
That horse that thou [Rich. I1.] so often hast

bestrid,
That horse that I so carefully have dressed.”
Shakespeare: Richard IT., v. 5.

Barbason. A fiend mentioned by
Shakespeare in the Merry Wives of
Windsor, ii. 2, andin Henry V., ii, 1.

“ Amajmon sounds well, Lucifer well, Barbason
well; yet they are... jhe names of fiends.”—
Merry Wives.

Barbazure (or Blue-Beard). See
és h?s Prize Novelists,’’ by Thack-
eray.

Barbe (S¢e.). The powder-room ina
French ship ; so called from St. Barbara,
the patron sainf of artillery. (See Ban-

BARY.)

A barbe de fou apprend-on a@ raire
(French). An apprentice is taught to
shave on the chin of a fool.

Tel a fait sa barbe, qui n'est pas beau
Jjiis (French). You may waste the
day on making your toilet, and yet not
come forth an Adonis. You cannot
make a silk pursé ef a sow’s ear.
every block will make a Mercury.
“ Heap lying curls a million on your head;

On socks, a cubit bigh, plant your proud tread,

Yow ’'re just what you are—that’s all about it.”

Goethe: Faust (Dr. Anster), p. 163.

Barbecue (3 syl.). A West Indian
dish, consisting of a hog roasted whole,
stuffed with spice, and basted with
Madeira wine. Any animal roasted
whole is so called.

“ Oldfield, with more than harpy throat subdued,
Cries, ‘Send me, ye gods, 2 whole hog bar-
becued!’" Pope: ires, li, 25, 26.

Barbed Steed (a corruption of
barded). A horsein armour, (French,
bardé, caparisoned.

“ And now, instead of mounting barbéd steeds
To frigbt the souls of fearful adversaries,
He capers nimbly in a lady’s chamber,

To the lascivious pleasing of a lute.”
. aitkespeat ve Pichard TIT, acti. 1.

Barbel. Latin, barbellus (the barbed
a: so called from the barbules, or
fleshy appendages round the mouth.

Barbeliots. A sect of Gnostics. Their
first immortal son they called Barbeloth,
omniscient, eternal, and incorruptible.
He engendered light by the instrument-
a Christ, aren of iirerlens Youn

Wisdom sprang Autogenés, and from
cand (male and female),

Not |

and from Adam, matter. The first
angel created was the Holy Ghost,
from whom sprang the first prince,
named Protarchontés, who married Ar-
rogance, whose offspring was Sin.

Barber. very barber knows that

“Omnibus notum tonsoribus.” :
Horace: 1 Satires, VIT. 3,

In Rome the tonstri’ne or barbers’ shops
were the fashionable resort of loungers
and idlers, Here every scandal was
known, and all the talk of the town was
repeated.

Barber Poet. Jacques Jasmin, last
of the Troubadours, who was a barber
of Gascony. (1798-1864.)

Barber’s Pole. The gilt knob at the
end represents a brass basin, which is
sometimes actually suspended on the
pole. The basin has a notch cut in it to
fit the throaf, and was used for lathering
customers who came to be shaved. The
pole represents the staff held by persons
in venesection ; and the two spiral ribbons
painted round it represent the two ban-
dages, one for twisting round the arm
previous to blood-letting, and thé other
for binding. Barbers used to be the
surgeons, but have fallen from ‘their
high estate” since Science has made its
voice ‘‘ to be heard on high.”’

N.B.—The Barbers’ Hall stood in
Monkwell Street, Cripplegate. The last
barber-surgeon in London was Middle-
ditch, of Great Suffolk Street, in the
Borough. He died 1821,

“To this year” (1541), says Wornum...
“belongs the Barber-Surgeons’ picture of Henry:

- WIL) “Sasy a charter to the Corporation,
D

The barbers and surgeons of London, originall
constituting one company, had
but were again, in the 32 Henry VIIT., combin
into a single society. and it was the ceremony of
presenting them with a new charter ou a is
commemorated by Holbein’s picture, now in theiw
hall in Monkwell Street.”

Barbican (Zhe) or Barbacan. The
outwork intended to defend the draw-
bridge in a fortified town or castle
(French, darbacane). Also an opening
or loophole in the wall of a fortress,
through which guns may be fired.

Barbier.
a Caw me and I'll caw thee.

e good turn deserves another. One
barber shaves another,

Barcarole (3 sl). A song sung by
Venetian barcaroh, as they row their
gondolas. (Italian, barcarolo, a boatman.)

Barcelona (4). A fichu, piece of
velvet for the neck, or small neck-tie,

made at Barcelona, and. common in-

been separat

Un barbier rase Tautre

Barclayans

Bark

England in the first quarter of the nine-
teenth century. Also a neckcloth of
some bright colour, as red with yellow
spots.
“ And on this handkerchief so starch and white

She pinned a Barcelona black and tight.”

Peter Pindar: Portfolio (Dinah),

,_ A double Barcelona protected his neck.”—
Scott; Peveril of the Peak (Prefutory Letter.)

Barclayans, (See BERE’ANS.)

Barco'chebah or Barchdchebas
(Shimeon). A fanatical leader of the
Jews who headed a revolt of the Jews
against the Romans a.p. 132, took Jeru-
salem in 132, and was slain by Julius
Sevérus in an assault of Bethel, a.p. 135.
(Didot : Nouvelle Biographie Universelle.)

“Shared the fall of the Antichrist Barco-
chebah,.”—Professor Seeley: Ecce Hoio,

Bardesanists. Followers of Bar-
desanes, of Edessa, founder of a Gnostic
sect in the second century. They be-
lieved that the human body was ethereal
till it became imbruted with sin. Milton,

_in his Comus, refers to this :—
“ When Lust
By unchaste looks, loose gestures, and foul talk,
But most by lewd and lavish acts of sin,
Lets in defilement to the inward parts,
The soul grows clotted by contagion,
Imbodies and imprutes.” s
Bardit. The ancient German chant,

which incited to war.

Bardo de’ Bardi. <A wealthy Flor-
entine scholar, father of Romola, in
George Eliot’s Romola, a novel (1863).

Bardolph. One of Falstaff’s inferior
officers. Falstaff calls him ‘‘ the knight
of the burning lamp,’’ because his nose
was so red, and his face so ‘full of
meteors.’”? He is a low-bred, drunken
swaggerer, without principle, and poor
as a church mouse. (Merry Wives ;
Henry IV., i., ii.)

“We must have better assurance for Sir John
than Bardolf's. We like not the security.”—Lord
Macaulay.

Bards. The oldest bardic composi-
tions that have been preserved are of the
fifth century ; the oldest existing manu-
script is the Psalter of Cashel, a col-
lection of bardic legends, compiled in the
ninth century ,b Cotnac Mac Culinan,
bishop of Cashel and king of Munster.

Bard of Avon, Shakespeare, who was
born and buried at Stratford-upon-Avon.
Also called ‘‘The bard of all times.”

(1564-1616.)

Bard of Ayrshire, Robert Burns, a
native of Ayrshire. (1759-1796.)

Bard of Hope. homas Campbell,

author of The Pleasures of Hope, (\777-_

1844.)

Bard of the Imagination. Mark Aken-
side, author of Pleasures of the Imagina-
tion, (1721-1770.)

Bard of Memory. Rogers, author of
The Pleasures of Memory. (1762-1855. )

Bard of Olney. Cowper, who resided
at Olney, in Bucks, for many years.
(1731-1800.)

The Bard of Prose.

“ He of the hundred tales of love.”
> A Childe Harold, iv. 56.
i.e. Boccaccio.

The Bard of Rydal Mount. William
Wordsworth ; so called because Rydal
Mount was his mountain home. Also
called the ‘‘Poet of the Excursion,”
from his principal poem, (177021850.)

Bard of Twickenham. Alexander Pope,
who resided at Twickenham. (1688-1744.)

Barebone Parliament (7Z/e). The
Parliament convened by Cromwell in
1653 ; so called from Praise-God Bare-
bone, a fanatical leader, who was a
prominent member,

Barefaced. Audacious, shameless,
impudent. This seems to imply that
social and good manners require con-
cealment, or, at any rate, to veil the face
with ‘‘ white lies.” In Latin —retecta
facie; in French—d visage découvert.
Cassius says to his friend Brutus, ‘‘ If I
have veiled my looks ...,” that is,
concealed my thoughts from you.

Barefooted. Certain monks and
nuns, who use sandals instead of shoes.
The Jews and Romans used to put off
their shoes ‘in mourning and public
calamities, by way of humiliation. The
practice is defended by the command of
our Lord to His disciples: ‘ Carry
neither purse, nor scrip, nor shoes”
(Luke x. 4).

Bare Poles Keon. implies that the
weather is rough and the wind so high
that the ship displays no sails on the
masts. Figuratively applied to a man
reduced to the last extremity. Figura-
tively, a disingenuous person sails under
bare poles. :
“We were scudding before a heavy gale, under
bare poles.”—Capt. Marryat,

Bargain. Into the bargain. In adi
dition thereto; besides what was bar-
gained for.

To make the best of a bad bargain. To
bear bad luck, or a bad bargain, with
equanimity.

Bark. Dogs in their wild state never
bark ; they howl, whine, and growl, but
do not bark. king is an acquired
habit; and as only domesticated dogs

Barker

Barnacle

bark, this effort of a dog to speak is no
indication of a savage temper.

Barking dogs seldom inte, TUuffing,
bouncing, hectoring fellows rarely pos-
sess cool courage.

French: ‘Tout chien qui aboye ne
mord pas.”

Latin: “Canes timidi vehementius
latrant quam mordent.”

Jtalian: ‘Can che abbaia non morde.””

German : **Ein hellender hund beisst
nicht leicht,”

To bark at the moon. To rail at those
in high places, as a dog thinks to
frighten the moon by baying at it.
There is a superstition that it portends
death or ill-luck.

“1d rather be a dog, and bay the moon,
Than such a Roman.” :
espeare : Julius Cesar, iv. 3

His bark is worse than his bite. He
scolds and abuses roundly, but does not
bear malice, or do mischief. The pro-
verb says, ‘‘ Barking dogs never bite.”

Barker. A pistol, which barks or
makes a loud report.

Barktan. The famous black stone in
the eastern corner of the Kaaba; itis 44
feet in length, and is surrounded with a
circle of gold. The legend is that when
Abraham wished to build the Kaaba, the
stones came to him of their own accord,
and the patriarch commanded all the
faithful to kiss the Barktan.

Barlaham. A hermit who converted
Jos‘aphat, an Indian prince. This Ger-
man romance, entitled Barlaham gnd
Josaphat, was immensely popular in the
Middle Ages. It was written by Rudolf
of Ems (13th century).

Barley. To ery barley. To ask for
truce (in children’s games). Query, a
corruption of parley.

“A proper lad o” his quarters, that will not cry
barley in a brulzie.”—Str W. Scott: Waverley, xiil.

Barley-bree. Barley-broth; thatis,
malt liquor brewed from barley (Scotch).

“The cock may craw, the day may daw,
And aye we'll taste the barley-bree.”
Burns; Willie Brew'd a Peck o' Maut.

Barley Cap. To wear the Saly
cap. To be top-heavy ar tipsy wi
Lachey <beve: The liquor got into the

Barleycorn. John or Sir John Bar-
er A personification of malt liquor.
The term fee been made popular by
Robert Burns.

_. “Inspiring bold Jobn Barleycorn,
rtp What dangers thou canst make us scorn !”
_— : Burns: Tam o’

7

Barley-mow. A heap of barley
housed, or where it is housed. (Anglo-
Saxon, move, a heap; Italian, mucchio ;
Spanish, mucho.)

Barley Sugar. Su boiled in a
decoction of barley. It is not now made
so, but with saffron, sugar, and water,
flavoured with oil of citron, orange, or
lemon.

“Barley sugar was prepared by boiling down
ordinary a in a decoction of pearl-barley."—
Knowledge (July 6th, 1883).

Barmecide (3 syl.). The svord is
used to express the uncertainty of things
on which we set our heart. As the
beggar looked forward to a feast, but
found only yi ee 80 ga a
joy is found to be mere illusion when
we come to partake of it.

“To-morrow ! the kee unknown t

Who cries aloud, ‘ Remember Barmecide

And tremble.to be happy with the rest.’”
Longfellow.

Bar'mecide’s Feast. A feast where
there is nothing to eat; any illusion.
Barmecide asked Schac’abac, a cape
starving wretch, to dinner, and set
before him an empty plate. “«How do
you like your soup?” asked the mer-

chant. ‘‘Excellently well,” replied
Schac’abac, ‘‘Did you ever see whiter
bread?’’ ‘Never, honourable sir,’

was the civil answer. Wine was then
brought in, and Schac’abac was pressed
to drink, but excused himself by saying
he was always quarrelsome in his cu
Being over-persuaded, he fell foul of
his host, and was provided with food to
his heart’s content. (Arabian Nights:
Barber's Sixth Brother.)

Bar’nabas, St. Barnabas’ Day, June
1l. St. Barnabas was a fellow-labourer
of St. Paul. His symbol is a rake,
beéause the 11th of June is the time of
hay -harvest.

Barnahites (3 syl.). An Order of
monks, so called because the church of
St. Barnabas, in Milan, was given to
them to preach in. They are also called
evan Aa antes gms the origi-
nal society € @ poin reading
Paul’s Epistles.

Barnaby Lecturers. Four lec-
turers in the University of Cambridge,
elected annually on St. Barnabas’ Day
(June 11), to lecture on mathematics,
philosophy, rhetoric, and logic.

Barnaby Rudge. A _ half-witted
lad whose companion is a raven.
(Dickens: Barnaby Rudge.) Loe

Barnacle. The Solan goose. The
gtrange tales of this creature have arisen

Barnacles

Barratry

from a tissue of blunders. The Latin
pernac'ula is a ‘small limpet,” and ber-
nacula (Portuguese, bernaca; French, bar-
nache) 1s the Scotch bren-clake or ‘‘ Solan

oose.’? Both words being corrupted
mto “‘ barnacle,’’ it was natural to look
for an identity of nature in the two
creatures, so it was given out that the

oose was the offspring of the limpet.

erard, in 1636, aS of ‘broken
pieces of old ships on which is found

certain spuine or froth, which in time |

breedeth into shells, and the fish which
is hatchéd therefrom is in shape and
habit like a, bird.”

Barnacles. Placemen who stick to
their offices but do little work, like the

barnacles which live on the ship but |

impede its progress.

“The redundants would be‘ Barnacles’ with a
vengeance ... and the work be all the worse
done for these hangers-on.’’—Nineteenth Century
(August, 1888, p, 280).

Bar‘nacles. Spectacles, or rather
reading-glasses; so called because in
shape they resemble tho twitchers used
by farriers to keep under restraint unruly
horses during the process of bleeding,
dressing, or shoeing. This instrument,
formerly called a barnacle, consisting of
two branches joined at one end by a
hinge, was fixed on the horse’s nose.
Dr. Latham considers the word a cor-
ruption of binocles (double-eyes), Latin,
binus oculus, Another suggestion is
‘‘binnacle,”? the case on board ship in
which the steering compass is placed,
illuminated when it is dark by a lamp.

dine. A reckless, dissolute
fellow, ‘fearless of what’s past, present,

and to come.” (Shakespeare: Measure
for Measure.)
Barn-burnérs. Destructives, who, |

like the Dutchman of story, would burn
down their barns to rid themselves of
the rats.

Barnet. An epicure who falls in
love with, and marries, a lady on account
of her skill in dressing a dish of stewed
carp. (Edward, a novel by Dr. John
Moore, 1796.)

_ Barnwell (George). The chief cha-
racter in a prose tragedy, so called, by
George Lillo, He wasa London appren-
tice, who fell in with a wanton in8 ore-

ditch, named Sarah Millwood, whom he |

visited, and to whom he gave £200 of his
master’s money, and ranaway. He next

robbed his uncle, a rich grazier at Lud- |

low, and beat out his brains. Havin,

*pent the money, Sarah turned him out

of doors, and each informed sgatess the
other. Sarah Millwood and George
Barnwell were both hanged. (Jill,
1693-1739.)

_Baro-Devel. The great god of the
gipsies. His son is named Alako.

Baron properly means a man (Old
High German, dao). It was a term
applied to a serving-soldier, then to a

ilitary chief, and ultimately to a lord.
The reverse of this is seen in our word

' slave (a servile menial), which is the

Slavonic word slav (noble, illustrious).
Barones vel varrones dicuntur servi mili-
tum, qui utique stultissimt sunt servi vide=
licet stultorum, (Scholiast.) (See Iptot.)

Baron Bung. Mine host, master of
the beer bung.

Baron Munchausen (pron. Moohn:
kow'-zn). Said to be a satire on Bruce,
the Abyssinian traveller, to whom the
work was dedicated, The author was
Raspé, a German fugitive from the
officers of justice, living in Cornwall
(1785). The chief incidents were com-
piled from various sources, such as the

| Menda'cia Ridic'ula of J. P. Lange;

Lucian’s True History of Things Dis-
covered in the Moon ; [adelais ; and the
Fothe'to de Ambas Lis'boa.

Baron of Beef. Two sirloins left
uncut at the backbone. The daronis the
backpart of the ox, called in Danish, the
rug. Jocosely said to be & pun upon
baron and sir loin, ;

Barons’ War (Zhe). An historical
poem by Michael Drayton (1608).

“The pictures of Mortimer and the quéen, and
of Edward's entrance into the castle, are splendid

and spirited.”"—Campbell,

Barrack Hack (Zhe). A lady who
hangs on the sleeve of a military officer,
attends all barrack fétes of every deserip-
tion, and is always ready to get up a
dance, dinner, or picnic, to please the
officers on whom she dances attendance.

Barracks means huts made of the
branches of trees (Gaelic, barr, the top
of anything ;. barrach, the top-branches
of trees; a rpeciiny a hut made of
branches). Our word is plural, indica-
tive of the whole collection; but the
French daraque is singular. (See B. K. 8.)

Barratry or Barretry. Qui fait
barat, barat lui vient (French), Wak
what measure ye mete, it shall be
measured to you again, Barratry is
false faith to one’s employers. It is a
sea term, and means the commission of
a fraud on the owners or insurers of a

Barrel Fever

ship by the captain or the crew The
fraud may consist of many phasés, such
as deserting the ship, sinking her, falsi-
fying her cargo, etc. The French have
other proverbs to the same effect: as,
La tricherie revient presque toujours a son
maitre, ‘*He made a pit and... is
fallen into the ditch which he made.
His mischief shall return upon his own
head,” (Psalm vii. 14, 15, 16.)

Barrel Fever. Intoxication or ill-
ness from intemperance in drink.

Barrell’s Blues. The 4th Foot;.
so called from the colour of their facings,
and William Barrell, colonel of the
regiment (1734-1739). Now called ‘‘The
King’s Own (Royal Lancaster Regi-
ment).’? They were called ‘ Lions’’
from their badge, Zhe Lion of England,

Barrette. Parler alabarrette (French).
To give one a thump o’ the head. The
word barrette means the cap worn by
the lower orders.

“Et moi, je pourrais bien parler a ta barrette.”
Moliére: L'Avare.

It is also used to signify the ordinary
Girretta of ecclesiastics and (probably)
of French lawyers. JI a recu le chapeau
or la barrette. He has been made a
cardinal,

“Qe pape lui enyoyait la-barrette, mais elle ne
servit qu’ a le faire mourir cardinal.”—Voltaire:
Siécle de Louis XFV., chap, XXxix.

Barrica‘de (3 syl.). To block up.
The term rose in France in 1588, when
Henri de Guise returned to Paris in
defiance of the king’s order.
sent for his Swiss Guards, and the
Parisians tore up the pavement, threw
chains across the streets, and piled up
barrels filled with earth and_ stones,
behind which they shot down the Swiss
as they passed through the streets. The
French for barrel 1s barrigue, and to
barricade is to stop up the streets with
these barrels.

The day of the Barricades: {

(1) May 12th, 1588, when the people
sores’ Bue une BEN es noe Paris.

ugust 5th, 1648, the beginnin
of the Fronde War. ; 6

(3) July 27th, 1830, the first day of
le grand semain which drove Charles X.
froth the throne,

(4) February, 24th, 1848, which drove
Louis Philippe to abdicate and flee to
pugiene,

(5) June 28rd, 1848, when Affre,
Archbishop of Paris, was shot in his
attempt to quell the insurrection.

(6) December 2nd, 1851, the day of
the coup d’état, when Louis Napoleon

> /

The king -

99

Barristers’ Bags

made his appeal to the people for re-
election to the Presidency for ten years.

Barrier Treaty, November 5th, 1715,
by which the Dutch reserved the right of
holding garrisons in certain fortresses of
the Spanish Netherlands.

Bar'rikin, Jargon, wards not under-
stood. (Old French, da‘acan, from the
Breton, bara gwyn, ‘‘white bread,”
taken as a type of barbarous words;
modern French, daragowin, gibberish.)

Barring-out. A practice of barring
the master out of the schoolroom in
order to dictate terms to him, It was
once common, but is now numbered
with past customs. Miss Edgeworth has
a tale so called.

Barrister. One admitted to plead
at the bar; one who has been “ called
to the bar,’? The bar is the rail which
divides the counsel from the audience,
or the place thus enclosed. Tantamount
to the rood-screen of a church, which
separates the chancel from the rest of
the building. Both these are relics of
the ancient notion that the laity are an
inferior order to the privileged class,

< A silk gown or bencher pleads
within the bar, a stuff gown or outer
barrister pleads without the bar.

An Outer or Utter Barrister, Thig
phrase alludes to an ancient custom
observed in courts of law, when certain
barristers were allowed to plead; but
not being benchers (king’s counsel or
sergeants-at-law) they took their seats
‘Cat the end of the forms called the
bar.”? The Utter Barrister comes next
to a bencher, and all barristers inferior
to the Utter Barristers are termed {‘Inner
Barrisiers.”” ,

*? The whole ‘society is divided into
three ranks: Benchers, Utter Barristers,
and Inner Barristers,

An Inner Barrister. A barrister in-

‘ferior in grade to a Bencher or Utter

sented with it by a si

Barrister. ;

A Revising Barrister. One appointed
to revise the lists of electors. F

A Vacation Barrister. One newly
called to the bar, who for three years
has to attend in ‘‘ long vacation.”’

‘Barristers’ Bags. In the Common
Law bar, barristers’ bags are either red
or dark blue. Red bags are reserved for
Queen’s Counsel and sergeants; but a
stuff gownsman may carry one ‘“‘if pre-
»” Only red bags
may be taken into Common Law Courts;

blue bags must be carried no farther,

- a
r) =
é
oT

~

Barristers’ Gowns

100

Bas Bleu

than the robing room. In the Chancery
Courts the etiquette is not so strict.

Barristers’ Gowns, “ Utter barris-
ters wear a stuff or bombazine gown,
and the puckered material between the
shoulders of the gown is all that is now
left of the purse into which, in early
days, the successful litigant . . . dropped
his . . . pecuniary tribute... for
services rendered’? (Notes and Queries,
11 March, 1893, p. 124). The fact is
that the counsel was supposed to appear
merely as a friend of the litigant, Even
now he cannot recover his fees.

Barry Cornwall, poet. <A nom de
plume of Bryan Waller Procter. It is
an anagram of his name. (1788-1874.)

Barsa‘nians. Heretics who arose in
the sixth century. They made their
sacrifices consist in taking wheat flour
on the tip of their first finger, and
carrying it to their mouth.

Bar-sur-Aube (Prévot). Je ne rou-

- drais étre rot, si jetais prévot de
Bar-ser-Aube (French). I should not
care to be king. if I were Provost of
Bar-sur-Aube [the most lucrative and
honourable of all the provostships of
France]. Almost the same idea is ex-
pre in the words

“ And often to our comfort we shall find,
The sharded beetle in a safer hold
Than is the full-winged eagle.”

Almost to the same effect Pope says ;

“ And more true joy Marcellus exiled feels,
Than Cesar with a senate at his heels.”

<% See CastLE OF Buneay.

Bartholo. A doctor‘in the comedies
of Le Mariage de Figaro, and Le Barbier
de Séville, by Beaumarchais,

Bartholomew (St.). The symbol
of this saint is a knife, in allusion to the
knife with which he was flayed alive.

St. Bartholomew's Day,
Probably Bartholomew is the apostle
called ‘* Nathanael’? by St. John the
Evangelist (i, 45-51).

Massacre of St. Bartholomew. The
slaughter of the French Protestants in
the reign of Charles IX., be on St,
Bartholomew’s Day, i.e. between the
24th and 25th August, 1572. It is said
that 30,000 persons fell in this dreadful
persecution.

Bartholomew Fair. Held in West
Smithfield (1133-1855) on St. Bartholo-
mew’s rap f

A Bartholomew dolt. A tawdry, over-
dressed woman ; likéa flashy, bespangled
doll offered for sale at Bartholomew

.

ugust 24th. |

A Bartholomew pig. A very fat
person. _At Bartholomew Fair one of
the chief attractions used to be a pig,
roasted whole, and sold piping hot.
Falstaff calls himself,

“A little tidy Bartholomew hoar-pig.”—2 Henry
TV. ii. 4,

Barthram’s Dirge (in Sir Walter
Scott’s Border Minstrelsy), Sir Noel
Paton, in a pares letter, says: ‘The
subject of this dirge was communi-
cated to Sir Walter as a genuine
fragment of the ancient Border Muse
by his friend Mr. Surtees, who is in
reality its author, The ballad has no
foundation in history; and the fair
lady, her lover, and the nine brothers,
are but the creation of the poet’s fancy.”’
Sir Noel adds: “I never painted a
Picture of this subject, though I have
often thought of doing so. The engrav;
ing which appeared in the Art Jownal
was executed without my concurrence
from the oil sketch, still, I presume, in
the collection of Mr. Pender, the late
M.P., by whom it was brought to the Ex-
hibition of the Royal Scottish Academy
ae, (at Edinburgh) November 19th,

66.

Bartol'do. A rich old miser, who
died of fear and penurious self-denial.
Fazio rifled his treasures, and, being
accused by his own wife Bianca, was
put to death. (Dean Milman: Fazio.)

Bartole 4 syl.). He knows his “ Bar-
tole’’ as well as a cordelier his ** Dormi””
(French). Bartole was an Italian lawyer,
born in Umbria (1313-1356), whose autho-
rity amongst French barristers is equal
to that of Blackstone with us. The cor-
deliers or Franciscans were not great at
preaching, and perhaps for this reason
used a collection called Dorm, contain-
ing the best specimens of the fourteenth
and fifteenth centuries. This compila-
tion was called Dormt from the first
word in the book. The compilation is
anonymous.

Bartolist. One skilledinlaw. (See
above.)
Barzillai (3 syl.). The Duke of

Ormond, a friend and staunch adherent
of Charles II. The allusion is to Bar-
zillai, who assisted David when he was
expelled by Absalom from his kingdom
(2 Sam. xvii. 27-29).

“Barzillai crowned with honours and with
In exile with bis godlike prince he mourned,

For him hei suffered, and with him returned.” —
Dryden: Absalom and Achttuphel, }. 817-94

Bas Bleu. (See Buue Stocgre.) ©

Base

101

Bass

Base. The basis, or that on which
an animal walks (Greek, baino, to go,
and dasis, a footstep). The foot is
the foundation—hence, base of a pillar,
ete. It is also the lowest part, and
hence the notion of worthless. Bass in
music (Italian, basso) is the lowest part,
or the part for the lowest compass of
voice.

Base Tenure. Holding by copy of
court-roll, in opposition to freeholders,

Base of Operation, in war, That
is, a fortified or otherwise secure spot,
where the magazines of all sorts can be
formed, whence the army can derive
stores, and upon which (in case of
reverse) it can fall back, If a fleet, it is
called a movable base; if a fortified or
other immovable spot, it is called a fixed
base. The line from such a base to the
object aimed at is called “‘the Line of
Operation.”

Bashaw’. An arrogant, domineering
man; so called from the Turkish vice-
roys and provincial governors, each of
whom bears the title of bascha (pacha).

A three-tailed bashaw. A beglerbeg
or prince of princes among the Turks,
having a standard of three horse-tails
borne before him. The next in rank is
the bashaw with two tails, and then the
bey, who has only one horse-tail.

Basilian Monks. Monks of the Order
of St. Basil, who lived in the fourth
century, This Order has produced 14
popes, 1,805 bishops, 3,010 abbots, and
11,085 martyrs.

Basilica. Originally the court of
the Athenian archon, called the basileus,
who used to give judgment in the stoa
basiliké, At Rome these courts of
justice had their nave, aisles, porticoes,
and tribunals; so that when used for
Christian worship very little alteration
was needed, The church of St. John
Lat’eran at Rome was an ancient basilica,

Basilics or Basilica. A digest of
laws begun a. the Byzantine emperor
Basilius in 867, and completed by his
son Leo, the philosopher, in 880,

Basilidians. A sect of ‘Gnostic
heretics, followers of SBasilidés, an
Alexandrian Gnostic, who taught that
from the unborn Father ‘“‘ Mind” was
begotten; from Mind proceeded ‘‘The
Word”; from the ord or Logos

rocecded ‘‘ Understanding ”’ ; from Un-
eeaeat $6 Wisdom’ and ‘‘ Power”? ;
from Wisdom and Power ‘‘ Excellen-
cies,” ‘* Princes,’? and ‘ Angels,’’

the agents which created heaven.
Next to these high mightinesses come
365 celestial beings, the chief of whom
is Abraxas (q.v.), and each of whom has
his special heaven. What we call Christ
is what the Basilidians term Zhe jirst-
begotten ‘* Mind.”

Bakilisco, <A braggart; a: character
in an old play entitled Solyman and
Perseda, Shakespeare makes the Bas-
tard say to his mother, who asks him
why he boasted of his ili-birth, ‘‘ Knight,
knight, good mother, Basilisco-like ’'—
i.e. my boasting has made me a knight.
(King John, i, 1.)

Basilisk. The king of serpents
(Greek, basileus, a king), supposed to
have the power of ‘‘looking any one
dead on whom it fixed its eyes.’’ Hence
Dryden makes Clytus say to Alexander,
“Nay, frown not so; you cannot look
me dead,.”’ This creature is called a king
from having on its head a mitre-shaped
crest. Also called a cockatrice, and
fabulously alleged to be hatched by a
serpent from a cock’s egg.

“ Like a boar

Plunging his tusk in mastiff's gore ;

Or basilisk, when roused, whose breath,

Teeth, sting, and eyeballs all are death,”

King: Art of Love,

Basket, To be left in the basket.
Neglected or uncared for. Left in the
waste-basket. :

To give a basket. To refuse to marry.
In Germany a basket [orb] is fixed on
the roof of one who has been jilted, or
one who, after long courtship, cannot
peuueds the lady courted to become his
wife.

Baso'chians. Clerks of the basilica or
palace. When the Kings of France in-
habited the ‘‘ Palace of Justice,’ the
judges, advocates, proctors, and lawyers
went by the common name of the cleres
de la basoche; subsequently (in 1303)
divided into ‘‘ Clerks of the Palace,’’ and
“Clerks of the Chatelet.’? The chief of
the basochians was called Le 710i de la
basoche, and had his court, coin, and

and officers. He reviewed his ‘‘sub-
jects’? every year, and administered
justice twice a week. Henri III. sup-

‘pressed the title of the chief, and trans-

ferred all his functions and privileges
td the Chancellor, 7 ;

Bass. Matting made of bast, that is
the lime or linden tree. Dutch, dast,
bark ; Swedish, basta, to bind; so called
because used for binding. -‘ Ribbons
from the linden tree give a wreath no
charms to me,” he. shepherds of

Bastard

102

Bath Stone

Carniola make a cloth of the outer bark.
The inner bark is made into Russian
matting, and is serviceable to gardeners
for packing, tying up plants, protecting
trees, etc. Other materials are now
used for the same purposes, and for
hassocks, etc., but the generic word bass
designates both bast-bark and all its
imitations,

Bastard. Any sweetened wine,
but more correctly applied to a sweet
Spanish wine (white or brown) made of
the bastard muscadine grape.

“I will pledge you willingly in a cup of
bastard.”—Sir Walter Scott: Kenilworth, chap. iii.

Baste (1 syl.). Id baste your jacket
for you, i.e, cane you. I'll gwe you a
thorough basting, 2.e. beating. (Spanish,
baston, a stick ; Italian, bastone ; French,
baton.)

Ba'stille means simply a building
para bastir, now bdtir, to build).

harles V. built it as a royal chateau ;
Philippe-Auguste enclosed it with a high
wall; St. Louis administered justice in
the park, under the oak-trees ; Philippe
‘de Valois demolished the old chateau
and commenced a new one; Louis XI.
first used it as a state prison; andit was
demolished by the rabble in the French
Revolution, July 14th, 1789.

Bastina‘do. <A beating (Italian,
bastone ; French, baston, now baton, a
stick). The Chinese, Turks, and Per-
sians punish offenders by beating them
on the soles of the feet. The Turks call
the punishment zarb,

Bastion (4), in fortification, is a
work having two faces and two flanks,
all the angles of which are salient,
that is, pointing outwards towards the
country. The line of rampart which
joins together the flanks of two bastions
1s technically called a curtain.

Bastions in fortifications were invented in 1480
by Achmet Pasha; but San Michueli of Verona,

in 1527, ip said by Maffei and Vasari to have been:

the real inventor.

Bat. Harlequin’s lath wand (French,
batte, a wooden sword).

To carry out one’s bat (in cricket). Not
to be ‘‘ out’? when the time for drawing
the stumps has arvived.

Off his own bat. By his own exertions;
on his own account. A cricketer’s
phrase, meaning runs won by a single
player. ;

Bat-horses and Bat-men. Bat-horses
are those which carey officers’ baggage
during a campaign (French, ddt, a pack-
saddle) Bat-men are those who look

after the pack-horses,

Batavia. The Netherlands; socalled
from the Bata'vi, a Celtic tribe who
dwelt there.

“Flat Batavia’s willowy groves.”
Wordsworth.
Baté me an Ace, (See Borron.)

Bath, Knights of the Bath. This
name is derived from the ceremony of
bathing, which used to be practised at
the inauguration of a knight, asa symbol
of purity. The last knights created in
this ancient form were at the coronation
of Charles II. in 1661. G,.C.B, stands for

- Grand Cross of the Bath (the first-class) ;

K.C.B. Knight Commander of the Bath
(the second class) ; C.B. Companion of
the Bath (the third class),

King of Bath. Richard Nash, gener-
ally called Beau Nash, a celebrated
master of the ceremonies at Bath for
fifty-six years. (1674-1761.)

There, go to Bath with you! Don’t
talk nonsense. Insane persons used to
be sent to Bath for the benefit of its
mineral waters. The implied ped is,
what you say is so silly, you ought to go

| to Bath and get your head shaved.

Bath Brick, Alluvial matter made
in the form of a brick, and used for
cleaning knives and polishing metals,
It is not made at Bath, but at Bridg-
water, being dredged from the river
Parrett, which runs through Bridgwater.

Bath Chair (4). A chair mounted
on wheels and used for invalids, Much
used at Bath, frequented by invalids for
its hot springs.

Bath Metal. The same as Pinch-
beck (g.v.). An alloy consisting of six-
teen parts copper and five of zinc.

Bath Post. A letter paper with a
highly - glazed surface, used by the
highly- fashionable visitors of Bath when
that watering-place was at its prime.
(See Post.) Since the introduction of
the penny post and envelope system,

_ this paper has gone out of general use.

Bath Shillings. Silver tokens coined
at Bath in 1811-1812, and issued for
4s,, for 2s., and for Is., Nh C. Culver-
house, J. Orchard, and J, Phipps,

Bath Stone. A species of limestone,
used for building, and found in the
Lower Qolite, in Wiltshire: and Somer-
setshire. It is easily wrought in the
quarry, but hardens ‘on exposure to the
air. Called ‘‘ Bath’? stone because
several of the quarries are near Bath,
in Somersetshire. :

Bath

103

Battle

Bath (Major). A poor, high-minded
officer, who tries to conceal his poverty
by bold speech and ostentatious bearing.
Colman’s Poor Gentleman. (Lieutenant
Worthington) is a similar character,
(Fielding : Amelia (a novel) 1751.)

Bath-kol (daughter of the voice). A
sort of divination common among the
ancient Jews after the gift of prophecy
had ceased. When an appeal was made
to Bath-kol, the first words uttered after
the appeal were considered oracular.

Bathos (Greek, bathos, depth}. A
ludicrous descent from grandiloquence
to commonplace. A literary mermaid.

“Humano capiti cervicem pictor equinam
Jungere si velit ... ut turpiter atrum
Desinat in piscem mulier formosa superne.”

“ Parturiunt montes, nascetur ridiculus mus,”
Horace: De Arte Poetica, line 139,

A good example is the well-known
couplet:

“ And thou, Dalhousie, the great god of war,
Lieutenant-general to the earl of Mar.”

Bath’sheba. The Duchess of Ports-
mouth, a favourite court lady of Charles
II. The allusion is to the wife of Uri‘ah
the Hittite, criminally beloved by David
(2 Sam. xi.). The Duke of Monmouth
says:

“My father, whom with reverence yet I name,
Charmed into ease, is careless of his fame;
And, bribed with petty sums of foreign gold,
Is grown in Bathsheba's embraces old.”

‘yden: Absalom and Achitophel, i. 707-10.

Bathyllus. A beautiful boy of
Samos, greatly beloved by Polycratés
the tyrant, and by the poet Anacreon.
(See Horace : Epistle xiv. 9.)

“To them (i.e. the resthetic school] the boy-
hood of Bathyllus is of more moment than the
manhood of Napoleon.”—Mallock : The New Repub-
lic, book iv. chap. 1.

Batiste. The fabric is so called from
Baptiste of Cambrai, who first manu-
factured it.

Ba‘trachomy'omachia (pronounce
Ba-trako-my'o-makia). A storm in a
puddle ; much ado about nothing. The
word is the name of a mock heroic
poem in Greek, supposed to be by Pi’grés
of Caria, and means Zhe Battle of the
Frogs and Mice,

Batta or Batty a ae a 8 Per-
quisites ; wages. Properly, an allowance
to East Indian troops in the field. In
garrison they are put on half-batta.

“ He would rather live on half-pay ina garrison
that could boast of a fives-court, than vegetate
on full batta where there was none.”~ G. R. Gleig:
Thomas Munro, vol. i. chap. iv. p. 227.

_ Battar, Al [the Trenchant], One of
Mahomet’s swords, confiscated from the

Jews when they were exiled from Me-
dina.

‘ Battels. ations or ‘commons’?
allowed to students at the University of
Oxford. (To batten, to feast.)

Battel Bills, Buttery bills at the
universities. (See above.)

Battersea, Yow must go to Battersea
to get your simples cut. A reproof to a
simpleton, or one who makes a very
foohsh observation. The market gar-
deners of Battersea used to grow simples
(medicinal herbs), and the London apoth-
ecaries went there to select or cut such
as they wanted. (See Navica.)

Battle. Professor Creasy says there
are fifteen decisive battles; that is,
battles which have decided some political
change: B.c. 490, Mar’athon ; 413, Syra-
cuse; 331, Arbe'la; 207, Metau’rus; the
defeat of the Romans by Varus, 9;
Chalons, a.D, 451; Tours, 732; Hastings,
1066; Joan of Arc’s victory at Orléans,
1429; the Arma’da, 1585; Blenheim;
1704; Pultow’a, 1709.; Sarato’ga, 1777;
Valmy, 1792; and Waterloo, 1815.

Battle royal. A certain number of
cocks, say sixteen, are pitted together ;
the eight victors are then pitted, then
the four, and last of all the two; and
the winner is victor of the battle royal.
Metaphorically, the term is applied to
chess, etc.

Battle scenes. Le Clerc could arrange
ou a small piece of paper not larger than
one’s hand an army of 20,000 men.

The Battle-painter or Delle Battaglie.
(See MIcHAEL ANGELO.)

Battle of the Books, A satire, by Dean
Swift, on the contention among literary
men whether ancient or modern authors
were the better. In the battle the
ancient books fight against the modern
books in St. James’s Library.

Battle of the Giants ; i.e. the battle of
Marignan Me al) in 1515, when
Francois I, won a complete victory over
12,000 Swiss, allies of the Milanese.

Battle of the Herrings, in 1429. A
sortie made by the men of Orléans,
during the siege of their city, to inter-
cept a supply of salt herrings sent to
the besiegers.

Battle of the Moat. A skirmish or

! battle between Mahomet and Abu Sofian

(chief of the Koreishites) before Medina;
so called because the ‘‘ prophet”’ had a
moat dug before the city to keep off the
invaders; and in the moat much of the
fighting took place. j

Battle of the Standard, in 1138, when

Battle

104 Battus paieront

the English overthrew the Scotch, at
Northallerton, in Yorkshire. The stan-
dard was a high crucifix borue by the
English on a wagon.

attle of the Spurs (1302), in which the
allied citizens of Ghent and Bruges won
@ famous peg ts over the chivalry of
France under the walls of Courtray,
After the battle more than 700 gilt spurs
hey by French nobles) were- gathered

tom the field.
In English history the Battle of Guine-
te (1513) is so called, ‘‘ because the
‘renc
almost as soon as they came jn sight of
the English troops.’’

A close battle. A naval fight at ‘‘ close
quarters,’’ in which opposing ships en-
gage each other side by side.

A line of battle. The position of
troops drawn up in battle bs At
sea, the arrangement formed by ships in

a naval engagement. A Jixe-of-battle
chip is a, oa t to teke part in a main
attack. igates do not join in a

general engagement,
- A pitched battle, A battle which has
been planned, and the gegund pitched on
or chosen beforehand, by both sides,

Half the battle. Halt determines the
battle. Thus, ‘‘The first stroke is half
the battle,” that is, the way in which
the battle is begun half determines what
the end will be.

Trial by battle, The submission of a
legal suit to a combat between the liti-

ants, under the notion that God would
fefend the right. It was legal in Eng-
land till the nineteenth century.

Wager of Battle. One of the forms of

ordeal or appeal to the judgment of
God, in the old Norman courts of the
kingdom. It consisted of a personal com-
bat. between the plaintiff, and the defen-
dant, in the presence of the court itself,
Abolished by 59 Geo, ITI. c, 46,

Battle of the Frogs and Mice
(The), [Sce BarRACHOMYOMACHIA.]

Battle of the Kegs (Zie)._ A mock-
heroic by Francis Hopkinson (1738-1791),
In the War of Independence certain
machines, in the form of kegs, charged
with gunpowder, were sent down the

river to annoy the British at Philadel-

phia, When the British found out the
nature of these machines, they waged
relentless war with everything they saw
floating about the river..

Battle of the Poets (Zhe). A
satirical poem by John [Sheffield], Duke
of Buckingham, in which ull the

spurred their horses to flight, |

versifiers of the time are brought into
the field (1725),

Battle of the Whips. The Scythian
slaves once rose in rebellion against
their masters, and many a bloody en-
counter followed, At length, one of
the Scythian masters said to his fol-
lowers: Let us throw away our spears
and swords, and fight in future with
whips. We get killed by the former
weapons and weakened. So in the next
encounter they armed themselves with
whips, and immediately the slaves saw
the whips, remembering former scourg-
ings, they turned tail and were no more
trouble.

Battle (Sarah), who considered whist
thé business of life and literature one of
the relaxations. When a young gentle-

man, of a literary turn, said to her he

had no objection to unbend his mind for
a little time by taking a hand with her,
Sarah was indignant, and declared it
worse than sacrilege to speak thus of
her noble occupation. Whist ‘‘ was her
life business; her duty; the thing she
came into the world to do, and she did
it, She unbent her mind afterwards
over a book.’”? (0, Lamb; Elia.)

Bat'tledore (8 syl.) means, properly,
a baton for washing linen by striking
on it to knock out the dirt. The plan
is still common in France, The word
is the French battoir, a beater used
by washerwomen ; Portuguese, Batidor,
Spanish, detidero, a wash-board,

Battu, Autant plewre mal battu que
bien battu (French). It littie matters
whether stripes are given maliciously or
not, as they smart the same. Whether
misfortunes. come from God or Satan,
they are misfortunes still, <A slight
variant is “ Autant vaut bien battu que
mal battu,’? which means, it is of no

|, consequence whether badly beaten or

not, enough that I am beaten; ‘‘over
shoes, over boots,’’

Battu de fol Oiseau (Fire), or
¢ btve battu de Poiseau,’’ to be utterl
dismayed ; to be dazed. The allusion is
to bird-catching at night, when a candle
or lantern is held up before the birds
aroused from their sleep; the birds,
being dazed, are beaten down easily
with sticks.

Battus paieront (Les). Ve victis!
Those who lose must pay the piper.
“ est le lor du pays de Béarn que le
battu paie Pamende.’’ Again, * C’est la

coutwne, de Lorris, les battus paient

Baubea

108

Bay

Lac aes cenrmneeee eo

Pamende,’’ This is certainly the general
custom in law and war.

Baubee. (See BAWBEE.)

Bauble. 4 fool should never hold a
buble in his hand. ‘Tis a foolish bird
that fouls its own nest.’?’ The bauble
was a short stick, ornamented with ass’s
ears, carried by licensed fools. (French,
babiole, a plaything ; Old French, daudel,
a child’s toy.’

If every fool held a bauble, fuel would
be dear, The proverb indicates that the
world contains so many fools that if each
had a separate bauble there would be
but little wood left for lighting fires.

To deserve the bauble. To beso foolish
as to be gevied to carry a fool’s em-
blem of office.

_ Baucis. (See PHILEMON.)

Ba'viad (Zhe). A merciless satire
by Gifford on the Della Cruscan poetry,
ublished 1794. The word is from
irgil’s Eclogue, iii. 9.
a may with foxes plough, and milk he-goats,
ho praises Bavius or on Mivius dotes.”

Bavie'ca, The Cid’s horse.

eho he Any bad poet. (See Ba-
“May ap choice patron bless each grey goose
May every Bavius have his Bufo still.”
Pope; Prologue to the Satires, 249-50,

Bawbee.

“ Wha'll hire, wha’ll hire, wha’ll hire me ?

Three plumps and a wallop for ae bawbee.”

The tale is that the people of Kirk-
mahoe were so poor, they could not
afford to put any meat into their broth.
Acute cobbler invested all his money
in buying four sheep-shanks, and when
a neighbour wanted to make mutton
broth, for the payment of one halfpenny
the cobbler would ‘‘ plump”’ one of the
sheep-shanks into the boiling water, and
give it a *‘ wallop’’ or whisk round. He
then wrapped it in a cabbage-leaf and
took it home. ‘This was called a gustin
bone, and was supposed to give a rich
‘oust’? to the broth, The cobbler
found his gustin bone very profitable.

Jenny’s bawbee. Her marriage portion.
The word means, properly, a debased
copper coin, equal in value to a half-
penny, issued in the reign of James V.
of Scotland. (French, bas dillon, de-
based copper money.) _

% The word “bawbee’’ is derived
from the laird of Sillebawby, a mint-
master, That there was such a laird
_ is: quite certain from the Treasurer’s
account, September 7th, 1541, “In argento

receptis a Jacobo Atzinsone, et Alexandro
Orok de Sillebawby respective.”

Bawley Boat (4). A small fishing-
smack used on the coasts of Kent and
Essex, about the mouth of the Thames
and Medway. Bawleys are generally
about 40 feet long, 13 feet beam, 5 feet
draught, and from 15 to 20 tons
measurement. They differ in rig from
a outter in having no booms to the
mainsail, which is, consequently, easily
brailed up when working the trawl nets.
They are half-decked, with a wet well
to keep fish alive.

Bawtry. Like the saddler of Bawtry,
who was hanged for leaving his liquor
ae proverb). It was customary
or criminals on their way to execution
to stop at a certain tavern in York for
a *‘parting draught.’”? The saddler of
Bawtry refused to accépt the liquor and
was hanged. If he had stopped a few
minutes at the tavern, his reprieve,
which was on the road, would have
arrived in time to save his life,

Baxte'rians. Those who entertain
the same religious views as Richard
Baxter. The chief points are—(1) That
Christ died in a spiritual sense for the
elect, and in a general sense.for all; (2)
that there is no such thing as reproba-
tion; (3) that even saints may fall
from grace. Dr, Isaac Watts and Dr.
Doddridge held these views,

Bay.

Supposed to be an antidote against
lightning, because if was the tree of
Apollo. Hence Tibe’rius and some
other of the Reman emperors wore a
wreath of bay as an amulet, especially
in thunder-storms, (Pliny.)

“Reach the bays—
I'll tie a garland here about his head ;.
’Twill] keep my boy from lightning.”
The White Devil,

The withering of a bay-tree was sup-
posed to be the omen of a death,

“Tig thought the king is dead, We'll not stay—

The bay-trees in our country are withered,”

Shakespeare; Richard I1,, ti, 4.

Crowned with bays, in sign of victory,
The general who obtained a victory
among the Romans was crowned with a
wreath of bay leaves.

Bay. The reason why Apollo and all
those under his protection are crowned
with bay is a pretty fable. Daphné,
daughter of the river-god Penéos, in
Thessaly, was very beautiful and re-
solved to pass her life in perpetual
virginity. Apollo fell in love with her,

Bay the’ Moon

106

Bead —

‘but she rejected his suit. On one occa-
sion the god was_so importunate that
Daphué fied from him and sought the
protection of her father, who changed
her into the bay-tree. The gallant god
declare@ henceforth he would wear bay
leaves on his brow and lyre instead of
the oak, and that.all who sought his
favour should follow his example.

The Queen’s Bays. The 2nd Dragoon

Guards; so called because. they are’
mounted on bay horses. Now called The |.

Queen's.

Bay. The colour of a horse is Varro’s
equus badius, given by Ainsworth as,
“brown, bay, sorrel, chestnut colour.”
Coles gives the same, Our bayard;
bright bay, light bay, blood bay, etc. .

Bay the Moon (Zo). To bark at the
moon. (French, aboyer, to bark at.)
(See Barx.)

Bay Salt is salt of a bay colour. It
is the salt of sea-water hardened by the
heat of the sun.

Bayadere (bah-ya-dare). A dancing

girl dressed in Eastern costume ; so called.

from the _ dbajaderes of India, whose
duty is to dance before the images of the

ods; but the grandees employ similar .
ancers for their private amusements. .

The word is a corruption of the Portu-
guese bailadeira, ;
Bayard (Chevalier), Pierre du Terrail,
a celebrated French knight (1476-1524),
Le chevalier sans peur et sans reproche,
The British Bayard. Sir Philip Sidney.
(1554-1584.) °

The Polish Bayard. ‘Prince Joseph.

Poniatowski. (1763-1814.)

Bayard of the East (The) or Of the
Indian Army, Sir James Outram
(1803-1863),

‘Bayard. A horse of incredible swift-

ness, belonging to the four sons of
Aymon. If only one of the sons
mounted, the horse was of the ordinary
size; but if all four mounted, his body
became elongated to the requisite length.
The name is used for any valuable or
wonderful horse, and means a ‘‘high-
bay”’ (hay - ard).
Quatre-filz Aymon.) (See FLORsE.)

Keep Bayard in the stable, ig. keep
what is of value under lock and key.
(See above.)

‘Bold as Blind Bayard,.. Foolhardy. |

If a blind horse leaps, the chance is’ he
will fall into a ditch. Grose mentions

the following expression, To ride bayard |
of ten toes—‘‘ Going by the marrow-bone’

stage ’—i.¢, walking,

(Villenenve: Les . Bayonne.

Bayar’do. The famous steed of
Rinaldo, which once belonged to Am‘adis
of Gaul. (See Horas.)

Bayardo’s Leap. Three stones, about
thirty yards apart, near Sleaford. It
is said that Rinaldo was riding on his
favourite steed Bayardo, when the
demon of the place sprang behind him ;
but the animal in terror took three tre-
mendons leaps and unhorsed the fiend.

Bayes, in the Rehearsal, by the Duke
of Buckingham, was designed to satirise
John Dryden, the poet laureate.

Bayes’s Troops, Bead men may rise
again, like Bayes’s troops, or the savages
in the Fantoci'nt (Something New). In
the Rehearsal, by George Villiers, Duke
of Buckingham, a battle is fought be-
tween foot-soldiers and great hobby-
horses. At last Drawcansir kills all on
both sides, Smith then asks how they
are to go off, to which Bayes replies,
“As they came on—upon their legs”;

upon which they all jump up alive.

again.

Bayeux Tapestry. Supposed to
be the work of Matilda, wife of William
the Conqueror. It represents the mis-
sion of Harold to the duke, and all the
incidents of his history. from that event
till his death at Hastings in 1066. Itis
called Bayeux from the place where it
is preserved, A drawing, on a, reduced
scale, of this curious antique is preserved

in the Guildhall Library..

Bayle (2syl.). Dances of the common
people were so called in Spain, ‘in oppo:
sition to the stately court dances, called
danza. The Baylé were of Moorish in-'
vention, the most celehrated being La:
Sarabanda, La Chacona, Las Gambelas,,
and El Hermano Bartolo,

Bay'onet. So called from La Bayo-
nette, a lower ridge of the Montagntie
@Arrhune, A Basque regiment, early in
the seventéenth century, running short
of pond, stuck their knives into their
muskets; and charged the Spaniards with
success, Some derive this word from

Bayonets. A synonym of “rank and

file,’ that is, privates and eoper a of

infantry. As, ‘‘the number of bayonets

‘was 25,000.”

, “It is on the bayonets that‘a Quartermaster-

. General relies for his working and fatigue parties.”

—Howitt: Hist. of Eng, (year 1854, Pp, 260),

Bead (Anglo-Saxon, bed, a prayer).
When ‘little balls with a hole throug!
them were used for keeping‘ account of

a Bead-house

107

Beans. ~~

the number of quayess repeated, the
term was applied to the prayers also,
(See BEADSMAN.)

To count one’s beads. To say one’s
prayers. In the Catholic Church beads
are threaded, on a string, some large
and some small, to assist in keeping
count how often a person repeats a
certain form of words, :

Fo pray without one’s beads.
out of one’s reckoning. (See above.)

Baily’s Beads. When the disc of the
moon has (in an eclipse) reduced that of
the sun to a thin crescent, the crescent
assumes the appearance-of a string of
beads. This was first observed by
Francis Baily, whence the name of the
phenomenon.

St. Cuthbert’s Beads. Single joints
of the articulated stems of encrinites.
They are perforated in the centre, and
bear a fanciful resemblance to a-cross;
hence, they were once used for rosaries
(beads). St. Cuthbert. was a Scotch
monk of the sixth century, and may be
called the St. Patrick of the north of
England and south of Scotland.

St. Martin’s beads. Flash jewellery.
St. Martins-le-Grand was at one time a
noted place for sham jewellery.

Bead-house. An almshouse for beads-
men.

Bead-roll. A list of persons fo be’

prayed'for ; hence, also, any list.

_ Beadle. A person whose duty it is

to bid or cite persons to appear to a

summons; also a church servant, whose

duty it is to did the parishioners to

attend the vestry, or to give notice of

vestry meetings. (Anglo-Saxon, dedel,
from beodan, to bid or summon.)

Beadsman or Bedestian. An in-
habitant of an almshouse; so called
because in Catholic times most charities
of this class were instituted that the
inmates might ‘‘ Brey for the soul of the
founder.” (See BEAD.)

“Seated with some grey beadsman.”
Crabbe; Borough.
~ Beak. Amagistrate. (Anglo-Saxon
beag, a gold collar worn by civic magis-
tes. i

* W. H. Black says, “The term is
derived from a Mr. Beke, who was for-
merly a resident magistrate at the Tower

amlets.

Beaker. <A drinking-glass; a rum-
mer. (Greek, bikos, a wine jar.)
_ “Here, Gerard, reach your beaker.”
t Browning: Blot in the.’ Scutcheon, 1.1.

To be.

head

_ political elections.

. that the perfume of the flowerin;

Beam. Thrown on my beam-ends,
Driven to my last shift. A ship is said
to be on her beam-ends when she is laid
by a heavy gale completely on her beams
or sides. Not unirequently the only

' means of righting her in such a case is

to cut away her masts,

On the -starboard beam. A distant
point out at sea on the right-hand side,
and at right angles to the keel.

On the port beam. A similar point on

“the left-hand side.

On the weather beam, . On that side of
a ship which faces ‘the wind.

Beam (of a stag). That part of the

from which the horns spring.
(Anglo-Saxon déam, a-tree; the horns
are called branches.)

Bean, very bean. has sts black.
Nemo siné vitiis nas‘citeur,-“‘ everyone
has his faults.”? The bean has a black
eye. (Ogni grano ha la sua ns

He has found the bean in the cake, he
has got a prize in the lottery, has come
to some unexpected good fortune. The
allusion is to twelfth cakes in which a
bean is buried, When the cake is cut

- up and distributed, he who gets the bean

is the twelfth-night king.

Beans, slan
is the French diens, goods,
=a guinea, is in Grose.

* Like a beane [alms-money] in a monkeshood.”
—Cotgrare. le

(See BARRISTERS’ GOWNS.)

Beans, . Pythag’oras forbade the use
of beans to his disciples—not the use of
beans as a food, but the use of beans for
Magistrates and
other public officers were elected by
beans cast by the voters into a helmet,
and what Pythag’oras advised was that
his disciples should not interfere with
politics or ‘love beans ”’—7.¢. office.

Aristotle says the word dea means
ven’ery, and that the. prohibition to
‘‘abstain from beans’? was equivalent
to ‘‘ keeping the body chaste.”

** The French have the proverb, “If

for property, money,
car nena?

4

he gives, me peas I will give him be

”»
| Sil me donne des pois, je hi ti Beate

feves, i.e. I will give him tit for tat, a
Rowland for an Oliver, ;

Beans are in flower, les fevres fleurts-
sent, and this will account for your?
being sosilly. Our forefathers imagined
was bad for the head, and made mer
silly or light-headed.

| He knows how many beans go to make

Bean Feast

108 Bear

—_———— OO ee

up five. He is ‘‘ up to snuff;”? he is no
fool; he is not to be imposed upon. The
reference is to the ancient custom of
moving beans in counting.

“IT was a fool, I was, and didn’t know how many
beans make five [that is, how many beans must
be moved to make up five).” —Farjeon.

“Few men better knew how many blue beans
it takes to make five."—Galt,

*t Blue Beans: ‘“ Three blue beans in
a blue bladder.’ A rattle for children.
“F, Hark ! does it rattle ?

S, Yes, like three blue beans in a blue bladder.” -

Old Fortunatus (Ancient Dramas), iii. p, 128.

* “Blue beans’’ are bullets or shot,
Three small bullets or large shot in a
bladder would make a very good rattle
for a child. (See BLUE BEans.)

Full of beans. Said of a fresh and
spirited horse.

Lo get beans. To incur reproof,

I'll give him beans. A licking; a
jolly good hiding. A very common

hrase. Probably from the French re-
erred to above, meaning as good as I
got; ‘‘ beans for his peas.”’

Bean Feast. Much the same as
wayz-goose (q.v.), A feast given by an
employer to those he employs.

Bean Goose (Zhe). A migratory
bird which appears in England in the
autumn of the year, and is so named
from a mark on its bill like a horse-
bean, It is next in size to the Grey
Lag-goose. The term comes from the
northern counties where the bean (goose)
is common.

“ Espéce d'oie dont les mandibules sont taillées
en forme de féveroles,”— Royal Dictiunnaire,

Bean-king (Zhe). Rey de Habas,
the child appointed to play the part of
king on twelfth-night. In France it
was at one time customary to hide a
bean in a large cake, and he to whom
the bean fell, when the cake was dis-
tributed, was for the nonce the bean
king, to whom all the other guests
showed playful reverence. The Greeks
used beans for voting by ballot.

Bean-King’s festival. Twelfth-night.
(See above.)

Bear (A). (Stock Exchange), a fall,
or a speculator for a fall. Zo ope-
rate for a bear. To realise a profitable
bear.

Bearing the market is using every

effort to depress the price of stocks in”

order to buy it.

The arena of bears and bulls, i.e. the
Stock Exchange.

* Dr. Warton says the term bear came
from the proverb of ‘‘Selling the skin

before bie have caught the bear,” and
referred to those who entered into
contracts in the South Sea Scheme to
transfer stock at a stated price. (See
Butt.)

“So was the huntsman by the bear oppressed,
Whose hide he sold before he caught the beast.”
Waller: Battle of the Summer Islands, c. ii,

A Bear account. A speculation in
stocks on the chance of a fall in the
price of the stock sold, with a view of
buying it back at a lower price or re-
ceiving the difference. (See BULLS.)

Bear (The). Albert, margrave of
Brandenburg. He was also called “ The
Fair’’ (1106-1170).

The bloody Bear, in Dryden’s poem
called The*Hind and Panther, means
the Independents.

“The bloody bear, an independent beast,
Unlicked to form, in groans her ee

. 1. 36, 36,
The Great Bear and Little Bear. The
constellations so called are specimens of
a large class of blunders founded on
approximate sounds, The Sanskrit rakh
means “‘ to be bright; ”’ the Greeks cor-
rupted the word into arktos, which
means a bear; so that the ‘‘bear’’
should in reality be the “ bright ones.”
The fable is that Calisto, a nymph of
Diana, had two sons by Jupiter, which
Juno changed into bears, and Jupiter
converted into constellations,
“Tbe wind-shaked surge, with high and mone
strous mane,
Seems to cast water on the burning bear,
And quench the guards of th’ ever-fixéd pole.”
Shakespeare; Othello, ii. l.
“'Twas bere we saw Calisto’s star retire
Beneath the waves, unawed by Juno's ire,”
Camoens : Lusiad, book v.
The Bear or Northern Bear, Russia,

“ France turns from herabandoned friendsafresh,

And soothes the bear that growls for patriot

tiesh.” Campbell: Poland, stanza 5.

A Bridled Bear, A young nobleman
under the control of a travelling tutor.
(See BEAR-LEADER.)

The Bear and Ragged Staff. _A public-
house sign in compliment to Warwick,
the king-maker, whose cognisance it
was, The first earl was Arth or Arth-
gal, of the Round Table, whose cogni-
sance was a bear, because arth means
a bear (Latin, urs’). Morvid, the second
earl, overcame, in single combat, a
mighty giant, who came against him
with a club, which was a tree pulled
up by the roots, but stripped of its
branches. In remembrance of hig victory
over the giant he added “the ragged
staff.” ‘Teen

The Bear and the Tea-kettle (Kame-
chatka). Said of a person who injures

Bear

himself by foolish rage, One day a
bear entered a hut in Kamschatka, where
a kettle was on the fire. Master Bruin
went to the kettle, and smelling at it
burnt his nose, being greatly irntated,

heseized the kettle with his paws, and. |.

squeezed it against his breast. This, of
course, made matters worse, for the
boiling water scalded him terribly,
and he growled in agony till some
neighbours put an end to his life with

their ee

A bear sucking his paws. It is said
that when a bear is deprived of food, it
sustains life by sucking its paws. ‘The
same is said of the English badger.
Applied to industrious idleness.

As savage as a bear with a sore (or
scalt) head» Unreasonably ill-tempered.

As a bear has no tail, for a lion he'll
fails. The same as Ne sutor supra erep'-
idam, *‘let not the cobbler aspire above
his last.’? Robert Dudley, Earl of Lei-
cester, being a descendant of the
Warwick family, changed his own crest,
which was ‘‘a

ragged staff.” When made governor of
the Low Countries, he was suspected of
aiming at absolute supremacy, or the
desire of being the monarch of his
clio as the lion is monarch among

asts. Some wit wrote under his crest
the Latin verse, ‘‘ Ursa caret cauda non
gueat esse leo.”’

“Your bear for lion needs must fail,
Because your true bears bave no tail.”

To take the bear by the tooth. To put
our head into the lion’s mouth; need-
essly to run into danger.

You dare as soon take a bear by his
tooth, You Would no more ‘attempt
such. a thing, than attempt to take a
bear by its tooth.

Bear (Zo). Come, beara hand! Come
and render help! In French, ‘‘Donner
un coup a guelqu’un.} Bring a hand, or
bring your hand to bear on the work
going on.

To bear arms, To do military

Lo bear away (Nautical), To keep

away from the wind.

To bear one company. To be one’s
companion,.

“His faithful dog shall bear him company.”

. Pope: Essay on Man, epistle 1. 112.
“To bear down. To overpower ; to force
down, ;
copa esha es day a fsintines—

To bear down wpon (Nautical). To
approach from the weather side,

109

reen lion with two tails,’’ .
for the Warwick crest, a ‘‘bear and |

service.

Beard

To bear in mind. Remember; do not
forget. Carry in your recollection.

“To learn by heart,” means to learn memorTter.
Mind and heart stand for memory in both
phrases.

To bear out. To-corroborate, to cons

m,

To bear uy. ‘To support; to keep the
spirits up, -

To bear with. To show forbearance;
to endure with complacency,

“How long shall I bear with this evil congre-

" gation ?” = Numbers xiv. 27.

To bear the bell. (See BELL.)

‘Bear of Bradwardine (Z/c) was a
‘wine goblet, bolding about an English
pee and, according to Scott, was made
‘by command of St. Duthac, Abbot of
Aberbrothoc, to be presented to the
Baron of Bradwardine for services ren-
dered in defence of the monastery.
Inscribed upon the goblet was the motto:
‘* Beware the bear.’”’

Bear Account (4). (See Bzar,)

Bear Garden, This place is a perfect
bear-garden—that is, full. of confusion,
noise, tumult, and quarrels. Bear-gar-
dens were places where bears used to be
kept and baited for public amusement.

Bear-leader. One fio undertakes

_the charge of a man of rank

on his travels. Was once customary
to lead muzzled bears about the streets,
and to make them show off in order to
attract notice and gain money.

“Bear ! (said Dr. Pangloss to his pupil). Under
favour, young Bentley, Tam _the bear-teader,
being appointed your tutor.”—G, Colman; Heire
at-Law.,

Bears are caught by Honey. In
French, ‘‘ Id faut avoir mauvaise béte par
douceur,’’ for, as La Fontaine says, ‘Pus
fait douceur que violence,’ Bears are
very fond of honey. Bribes win even
bears.

+.” There is another phrase: Divide honey with @
bear, i.e. It is better to divide.your honey with a
“bear than to provoke its ange.

_ Beard. Cutting the beard. The Turks

‘| ‘think it a dire disgrace to have the beard

cut. Slaves who serve in the seraglio
have clean chins, as a (sign of their
servitude,

Kissing the beard, In Turkey wives
kiss their husband, and children their
father on the beard.

To make one’s beard (Chaucer). This is
the French ‘faire la barbe a quelgwim,”

_ and refers to a barber’s taking hold of a

man’s beard to dress it, or to his shaving
the chin of a customer. To make one’s
beard is to have him wholly at your
mercy. LOv-O6 ia ee

Beard

Do Beasts

I told him to his beard. ‘I ta\d him to
his face;-regardless of consequences; to
speak openly and fearlessly.~

. Beard (70). “To beard one is to def
him, to contradict him flatly, to insult
by plucking the beard,- Among the
Jews, no greater insult could be offered
to a man than to pluck or even touch
his beard.

To beard the lion in his den. To con-
tradict one either in his own growlery,
or on some subject he has made his
hobby. To defy personally or face to
face.

Dar'st thou, then,
To beard the lion in bis den,
The Dougiasin bis ball?"

Sir W, Scott: Marmton, canto vi. stanza 14,
Maugre his beard. In spite of him,
To laugh at one’s beard, To attempt

to make a fool of a person—to deceive
by ridiculous exaggeration.

“* By the: prophet ! but he laughs at our beards,’
exclaimed the Pacha angrily. ‘These are foolis
lies.!"—Marryat: Pacha of Many Tales.

To laugh in one’s beard (‘‘Rire dans
sé barbe’’| To laugh in one’s sleeve.

To run in one’s beard, To offer oppo-
sition to a person; to do something
obnoxious to a person before his face.
The French say, ‘‘d la barbe de quel-
qu’un,’’? under one’s very nose.

With the beard on the shoulder (Span-
ish). In the attitude of listening to
overhear something.; with circumspec-
tion, looking in all directions for sur-
prises and ambuscades.

“They rode, as the Spanish proverb expresses
It, ‘with the beard on the shoulder,’ looking
round from time to time, and using every pre-
caution . , . against pursult.”— Sir W. Scott:
Peveril of the Peak, chap. vii

Tax upon beards. Peter the Great
imposed a tax upon beards. Every one
above the lowest class had to pay 100
roubles, and the lowest class had to pay
a copec, for* enjoying this ‘ luxury.”
Clerks were stationed at the gates of
every town to collect the beard-tax,

Bearded. Bearded Master (Magister
barbatus), So Persius styled Socratés,
under the notion that the beard is the
symbol of wisdom. (8.0. 468-399.)

Pogona'tus. (Bearded). Constantine
IV., Emperor of Rome (648, 668-685).

The Bearded. Geoffrey the Crusader,
and Bouchard of the house of Mont-
morency.

Handsome-beard. Baldwin IV., Earl
of Flanders. (1160-1186.) 4

John the Bearded. Johann Mayo, the

an ‘painter, whose beard touched |

the ground when he stood upright. |

Bearded Women:
ers ngs Gretjé, of Stuttgard, born
The Duke of Saxony had the portrait
taken of a poor Swiss woman, remarkable
for her large bushy beard,
In 1726 a female dancer appeared at
Venice, with a Bek bushy beard.
Charles XII. had in his army a woman
whose beard was a yard and a half long,
She was taken prisoner at the battle of
vt and presented to the Ozar,
» Mile. Bois. de Chéne, born at Genova
in 1834, was exhibited in Lendon in
1852-3; she had a profuse head of hair,
a@ strong black beard, large whiskers,
and thick hair on her arms and back.
Julia Pastra’na was exhibited in Lon-
don in 1857 ; died, 1862, at Moscow; was
embalmed by Professor Suckaloff; and
the embalmed body was exhibited at
191, Piccadilly. She was found among
the Digger Indians of Mexico,
ck Merzarey of Holland had a long, stiff
eard.

Bearings. I’ll bring him to his bear-
ings. ll bring him to his senses,
sea term, The bearings of a ship at
anchor is that part of her hull which is
on the water-line when she is in good
trim. To bring a ship to her bearings is
to get her into this trim. (Dana; The
Seaman's Manual, 84.)

To lose one’s bearings. To become be-

.wildered ; to get perplexed as to which
is the right road.

To take the bearings. To ascertain the
relative position of some object.

Bearnais (Ze). Henri lV. of France ;
so called from Le Be'arn, his native pro-
vince (1553-1610).

Beasts (Heraldic) :

Couchant, lying down,

Counter-passant, moving in opposite
directions,

Dormant, sleeping.

Gardant, full-faced.
. Issuant, rising from the top or bottom
of an ordinary,

Nascent, rising out of the middle of
an ordinary.

Passant, walking. rept ce

Passant gardant, walking, aif ‘with
full face.

Passant regardant, walking and loak»
ing behind,

ampart, rearing,

Regardant, looking back.

Seant, seated:

Salient, springing, e!

Statant, standing still, _~

Beastly Drunk

111

Beaten

Beastly Drunk. It was an ancient
notion that men in their cups exhibited

the vicious qualities of beasts. Nash |

describes seven kinds of drunkards :—
(1) The Ape-drunk, who leaps and sings;
(2) The Lion-drunk, who is quarrelsome ;
(3) The Swine-drunk, who is sleepy and
poking ; (4) The Sheep-drunk, wise in

is own conceit, but unable to spzak,
(5) The Martin-drunk, who drinks him-
self sober again; (6) The Goat-drunk,
who is lascivious; and (7) The Jor-
drunk, who is crafty, like a Dutchman
in his cups. [See MAUDLIN.}

Beat. <A track, line, or appcinted
ag A walk often trodden or beaten
by the feet, as a goliceman’s beat. ‘The
word means a beaten path.

Not in my beat, Not in my lina; not
in the range of my talents or iiclination.

Of his beat. Not on duty ; not in his
ao walk; vot his speciality or
ine.

“Off his own beat his opinions were of no
value,"—Emerson: English Traits, chap. i.

~ On his beat. In his appointed walk ;
on duty.

Out of his beat. In his wrong walk ;
out of his proper sphere.

To beat up one’s quarters. To hunt
out where one lives; to visit without
ceremony, A military term, signifying
to make an unexpected attack on an
enemy in camp.

“To beat up the quarters of some of our less-
known relations.”—Lamb; Lesays of Elis,

Beat (Zv). To strike. (Anglo-Saxon,
beatan.)

Lo beat an alarm, To give notice of
danger by beat of drum.

7 beat or drum «a thing into one. To
repeat as a drummer repeats his strokes
on a drum.

To beat a retreat (French, battre en
retraite); to beat to arms; to beat a
charge. Military terms sunilar to the
above.

To beat the air. To strike out at no-
thing, merely to bring one’s muscles into

lay, as pugilists do before they begin to
fight; to toil without profit ; to work to
no: purpose.

“So fight {, not as one that beateth the air.”
1 Cor. ix, 26.

To beat the bush, One beat the bush
and another caught the hare. ‘‘J/ a@
battu les buissons, et autre a pris les
oiseaux.’ “ Il bat le buisson sans prendre
les oisillons’’ is a slightly different idea,
meaning he has toiled in vain. ‘‘ Other
men laboured, aud ye are entered into
_their labours’’ (John iv. 48). The allu-
' gion is to beaters, whose business it is to

beat the bushes and start the game for a,
shooting party.

To beat the Devil’s Tattoo. (See
TaTTOoO.)

To beat the Dutch. To draw a very
long bow; to say something very in-
credible,

“ Well! if that don’t beat the Dutch!”

To beat time, To mark time in music
by beating or moving the hands, feet, or
# wand.

To beat w supporters. To hunt them
up or call them together, as soldiers are
by beat of drum.

Beat (Jo). To overcome or get the

tter of. This does not mean to strike,
which is the Anglo-Saxon dedtan, but to
better, to be better, from the Anglo-
Saxon verb détan.

Peat beat. So completely beaten or
worsted as to have no leg to stand on.
Like a dead man with no fight left in
him; quite tired out.

“Tm dead beat, but I thought I'd like to coms

fa and see you all once more."—Roe: Without a
Home, jp), 32.

Dead beat escapement (of a watch).
One in which there is nv reverse motion
of the escape-wheel.

That beats Ban‘agher. Wonderfully
inconsistent and absurd — exceedingly
ridiculous. Banagher is a town in
Ireland, on the Shannon, in King’s
County. It formerly sent two members
to Parliament, and was, of course, a
famous passe borough. When a mem-
ber spoke of a family borough where
every voter was a man employed by the
lord, it was not unusual to reply, ‘‘ Well,
that beats Banagher.”’ ;

“Well, says he, ‘to gratify themI will. So just
amorsel. But, Jack, this beats Bannagher’ (sic).”
Pe oe Yeats: Fairy Tales of the Irish Peasantry,

That beats Termagant. Your ranting,
raging pomposity, or exaggeration, sur-
passes that of Termagant (q.v.).

To beat hollow is to beat wholly, to be
wholly the superior.

To beat up against the wind. To tack
against an adverse wind; to get the
better of the wind.

Beat. (French, abattre, to abate.)

To beat down. To make a seller
“abate ”’ his price.

Beaten to a Mummy. Beaten so
that one can distinguish neither form
nor feature.

Beaten with his own Staff. Con-
futed by one’s own words. » An a7yu-
mentum ad hominem. r

“Can High Church bigotry go fartber than
this? And how well have I since been beaten
with mine own staft."—J Wesley. (He refers to

©

z Beating 11

2 Beauty

bis excluding Bolzius from “ the Lord's table,”
because he had not been canonically baptized.)

Beating about the Bush. Not
coming directly to the matter in hand,
but feeling your way timidly by ixtdirec-
tion, as persons beat bushes to ascertain
if game is lurking under them.

Beating the Bounds. On Holy
Thursday, or Ascension Day, it used to
be customary for the parish school chil-
dren, accompanied by the clergymen and
parish officers, to walk through their
parish from end to end. The boys were
struck with willow wands all along the
lines of boundary. Before maps were
common, the boys were thus taught to
know the bounds of their own parish.
The eustom still prevails insome parishes.

. Beati Possidentes, Blessed are
those who have [for they shall receive].
‘* Possession is nine points of the law.”

Beatific Vision. The sight of the
Deity, or of the blessed in the realms of
heaven. re Isaiah vi. 1-4, and Acts
vii. 55, 56.

Beatrice, beloved from girlhood by
Dante, a native of Florence, was of the
Portinari family. She died under
twenty-four years of age (1266-1290).
Beatrice married Simone -de’ Bardi, and
Dante married Gemma Donati.

~Bean.
. Beau Brummel, George Bryan. (1778-
1840.)

Le Beau D’ Orsay. Father of Count
D’Orsay, and called by Byron Jeune
Cupidon.

Beau Fielding, called ‘Handsome
Fielding’? by Charles II., whose name
was Hendrome Fielding. Ue died in
Scotland Yard, London.

Beau Hewitt. The ‘Sir Fopling
Flutter’? of Etheredge. (Zhe Man of
Mode ; or, Sir Fopling Flutter.)

Beau Nash, Son of a Welsh gentle-
man, a notorious diner-out. He under-
took the management of the bath-rooms
at Bath, and conducted the public balls
with a splendour and decorum never
before witnessed. In old age he sank
into poverty. | (1674-1761.)

Beau Tibbs noted for his finery,
vanity,and poverty. (Goldsmith: Citizen
of the World.)

Beau Ideal. The model of. beauty
or excellency formed by fancy.

Beau Jour beau Retour (4). My
turn will come next. (Never used in a

>

good sense, but always to signify the
resentment of an injury.)

Beau Lion (Un). A fine dashing
fellow ; an aristocrat every inch; the
“‘lion”’ of society. The lion is the king
of beasts. ‘ z

Beau Monde. The fashionable
world; people: who make up the coterie
of fashion.

Beau Trap. A loose pavement
under which water lodges, and which
squirts up filth when trodden on, to the
annoyance of the smartly dressed.

Beauclere [good scholar]. Applied
to Henry I., who had clerk-like accom-
plishments, very rare in the times in
which he lived (1068, 1100-1138).

Beaumontague [pronounce b0-mone
taig]. ~Bad work, especially ill-fitting
carpenter’s work; literary padding:
paste and Brieons literature ; so called.
rom putty use enters, ete,, for
filling up cracks and bed jomery: ‘Ger-
man, teig, dough ; and Emile Beaumont,
the geologist (1798-1851), who also gives
his name to ‘‘ Beaumontite.”’

Beautiful. Beautiful or fair as an
angel. Throughout the Middle Ages it
was common to associate beauty with
virtue, and ugliness with sin; herice
the expressions given above, and the
following also—‘ Seraphic beauty,”
“‘Cherubic loveliness,’’ ‘‘ Ugly as sin,”
etc.

Beautiful Parricide. Beatrice Cenc,
the daughter of a Roman nobleman, who

lotted the death of her father because

e violently defiled her. (Died 1599.)

“Francesco Cenci (xvi. siécle) . . . avait quatre.
fils et une fille (Béatrix) J1 les maltraitait
cruellement, ou les faisait servir 4 Bes plaisirs
brutaux. ... Revoltée de tant d’horreurs,
trix, sa fille, de concert avec deux de ses frerés,
et Lucrece leur mere, fit _assassiner Francesco
Cenci, Accuses de parricide, ils périrent tous
quatre sur l’échafaud par la sentence de Clement
VIII. 0.605)."—Bouillet. bese

*. This is Muratori’s version of the affair, but it
is much disputed. 1t is a favourite theme for
tragedy.

Beauty. Tout est beau sans chan-
delles, ** La nuit tous les chats sont gris,”

Beauty is but skin deep, =

“O formose puer, nimium ne crede colori.”
Virgil, B , Hi.

Beauty and the Beast. The hero
and herome of Madame Villeneuve's
fairy tale. Beauty saved the life of
her father by consenting to live with
the Beast; and the Beast, being dis-
enchanted by Beauty’s love, became a
handsome prince, and married ;
(Contes Marines, 1740.) i 0m

Beauty

118

Bed-post

2 A handsome woman with an un-
couth or uftcomely male companion.

Beauty of Buttermere. Mary
ret ing Ts a to be ped, a

eartless Im execu or forgery
at Carlisle in 1803.

Beauty Sleep. Sleep taken before
midnight. Those who habitually go to
bed, especially during youth, after mid-
night, are usually pals and more ar less

wi Would. I Please to remember thas I had roused
im up at ni -... (in) bis uty sleep.”—
Blackmore: ‘Lorn Doone, chap. 64. of

Beaux Esprits (French). Men of
wit or genius (si number, Un bel
esprit, a wit, a genius).

Beaux Yeux (French). Beautiful
eyes or attractive looks. ‘I will do it
for your beaux yeux” (because you are
so pretty, or because your eyes are so
attractive).

Beaver. A hat; 80 called from its
being made of beaver-skins,

Beaver. That part of the helmet
which lifted up to enable the wearer to
drink. Similarly bever, the afternoon
draught in. the harvest-field, called
fours’s. (Italian, devere, to drink;
Spanish, beber; Latin, dibo; French,
buveur, a drinker ; oric, beuvrauh,

owe A — you ae ‘a his face. a
ai ninbtees ene
Becarre, Bemol. Sauter de bécarre
en bémol (French), to jump from one
subject to another without 0
inence; ‘“‘ Sauter du cog a Vane,’
m Genesis to Revelation. Literally,
to rom tae to flats. Becarre
is the Latin B guadratum or B quarré.
In old musical notation B s was

expressed by a square B, and B flat by

a round B,

<= Bémol is B mollis, soft (fat).

Becasse. You pat ; you simple-
ton; you booby. Sakbe is @ wood-
cock. ‘*C’est une becasse,’’ he or she is
a fool.

Becket’s Assassins. William de
Tracy, Hugh de Morville, Richard Brito
(or le Bret), and Fitz-Urse,

Bed. The great bed of Ware. A bed

twelve feet square, and capable of hold-
ing twelve ms ; assigned by tradi-
tion to the Earl of Warwick, the king-
maker. It is now in Rye House,

* Although the sheet were big enough for the
ea 'of svare in England."—-Shakespears: Twelfeh

To make the bed. To arrange it and
make it fit for use. In America this
sense of ‘‘make’’ is much more common
than it is with us, ‘Your room is
made,’ arranged in- due order, To
make it all right,

As you make your bed you must lie on
it. Everyone must bear the conse-
quences of his own acts.
so must you reap.”
must you bake.”’

To bed out. To plant what are called
“hedding-out plants ” in a flower-bed.

< Bedding-out plants are reared in
pots, generally in a hot-house, and are
transferred into garden-beds early in
the summer. Such plants as geraniums,
marguerites, fuchsias, penstemons, pe-

ias, verbenas, -lobelias, calceolarias,
etc., are meant,

You got out of bed the wrens way, OF
with the left leg foremost. Said of a
eee who is patchy and ill-tempered.

+ was an ancient superstition that it
was unlucky to set the left foot on the
ground first on age of bed, The
same superstition applies to putting on
the left shoe first, a “fancy” not fet
wholly exploded.

= Augustus Cesar was very supers
stitious in this respect,

Bed of Justice. (See Lrr.)

Bed of Roses (4). A situation of
ease and pleasure. -

Bed of Thorns (4). A situation of
great anxiety and apprehension,

Bed-post. In the twinkling of a bed-
post. As quickly as possible. In the
‘ancient bed-frames movable staves were
laid as we now lay iron laths; there
were also staves in the two sides of the
bedstead for ee the bed-clothes
from rolling off; and in some cases a
staff was used to beat the bed and
clean it. In the reign of Edward L,
Sir John Chichester hada mock skirmish
with his servant (Sir John with his
rapier and the servant with the bed-
staff), in which the servant was acci-
dentally killed. Wright, in his Domes-
tic Manners, shows us a chamber-
maid of the seventeenth century using
a bed-staff to beat up the bedding.
“ Twi mer ae or
turn. (Old French, guincher;: Welsh,
gwing, gwingaw, our wriggle.)

“}l] do it instantly, in the twinkling of a bed-
staff.”—Shadwell ; Virtuoso, 1676.

“ He would hayre cut him down in the twinkling
of a bed-post.”—" Rabelais,” done into English, -

Bobadil, in Every Man in his Humour,

* As you sow,
‘* As you brew, 80

Bede 114

Bee

and Lord Duberley, in the Heir-at-Law,
use the same expression.

Bede (Adam). A novel by George
Eliot (Marian Evans), 1859. One of
the chief characters is Mrs, Poyser, a
woman of shrewd observation, and as
full of wise saws as Sancho Panza.

Bedell. Zhe Vice-chancellor’s bedell
(not. beadle). . The officer who carries the
mace before the Vice-Chancellor, etc.,
in the universities is not a beadle but a
bedell (the same word in an older form),

Be'der. A valley famous for the
victory gained by Mahomet, in which
‘he was assisted by 3,000 angels, led by
Gabriel, mounted on his horse Haizum.”’
(Al Koran.)

Beder, King of Persia, who married
Giauha/ré, daughter of the most power-
ful of the under-sea emperors, Queen
Labé tried to change him into a horse,
but he changed her into a mare instead.

Arabian Nights, ‘ Beder and Giau-
aré.’’)

Bedford. Saxon, Bedean-forda (for-
tress ford)—that is, the ford at the
fortress of the river Ouse.

Bedford Level. Land drained by
the Earl of Bedford in 1649. This large
tract of fenny land lay in the counties
of Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Hunt-
ingdonshire, Northamptonshire, and
Lincolnshire.

Bedfordshire. I am off to Bedford-
shire, To the land of Nod, to bed. The
language abounds with these puns,
e.g. ‘‘the marrowbone stage,’ ‘ A
Dunse scholar,’”’ ‘‘ Knight of the beer-
barrel,’’ ‘‘ Admiral of the blue,’’ ‘‘ Mas-
ter of the Mint” (q.v.), ‘‘ Master of
the Rolls”’ (q.v.), etc. And the French
even more than the English.

Bed'iiver. A knight of the Round
Table, and the butler of King Arthur.

Bedlam. A lunatic asylum or mad-
house; a contraction for Bethlehem, the
name of a religious-house in London,
converted into a hospital for lunatics,

Tom o’ Bedlam. (See Tom.)

*. St. Mary of Bethlehem, London, was founded

as a priory in 1247, and in 1347 it was given to the -

mayor and corporation of London, and incorpor-
ated as a royal foundation for lunatics.

Bed lamite (3 syl.). A madman, a
fool, an inhabitant of a Bedlam.

Bedouins Berwin. The homeless
street poor are so called. Thus the
Times calls the ragged, houseless boys
‘the Bedouins of London.’’ The
Bedouins are the nomadic tribes of

Arabia (Arabic, bedawin, a dweller in
a desert; dadw, a desert). (See SrREET
ARABS.)

“ These Bedouins of the prairie invariably carry
their lodges with them."—A, D. Richardson: Be-
yond the Mississippi, chap. v. ;

Bed'reddin’ Hassan, in the story
of Noureddin' and his » in the
Arabian Nights.

“Comparing herself to Bedreddin Hassan, whom
the vizier ,.. discovered by his superlative skill
in composing cream-tarts without pepper in
them.’’—Scott: Heart of Midlothian.

Bed-rock, American slang for one’s
last shilling. A miner’s term, called in
England the ‘‘ stone-head,’’ and» in
America, the ‘ Bed-rock,’”’ the hard
basis rock. When miners get to this
bed the mine is exhausted. ‘I’m come
down to the bed-rock,” #.e, my last
dollar.

“*No, no!’ continued Tennessee’s_ partner,
hastily, ‘I'll play this yer hand alone, I’ve come
down to the bed-rock ; it’s just thig: Tennessee,
thar, has played it pretty rough and expensive,
like, on a stranger. . Now what's the fair
thing? Some would say more, and some would
say less. Here’s seventeen hundred dollars in
coarse gold and a watch—it’s about all my pile—
and call it square,’"—Bret Harte? Tennessee's

Partner,

Bedver. King Arthur’s butler;
Caius or Kaye was his sewer. (Geoffrey:
British History, ix, 13.)

Bee. The Athenian Bee. Plato. ‘(See
ATHENIAN BEE, page 72, col, 1.)

It is said that when Plato was in his
cradle, a swarm of bees alighted on his
mouth. The story is good enough for
poets and orators. e same tale is
told of St. Ambrose.’ (See AMBROSB,
page 41, col. 1.)

The Bee of Athens. Soph’oclés. (See
Artic BEE, page 73, col. 1.)

Xenophon (B.c. 444-359) is also called
‘‘the Bee of Athens,’ or ‘* the Athen-
ian Bee.”’

~ See also ANIMALS
page 50, col. 2.

To have your head full of bees. Full
of devices, crotchets, fancies, inventions,
and dreamy theories. The connection
between bees and the soul was once
generally maintained: hence Mahomet
admits bees to Paradise. Porphyry seve
of fountains, ‘‘ they are adapted to the
nymphs, or those souls which the an-
cients called bees.” The moon was
called a bee by the priestesses of Cerés,
and the word lunatic or moon-struck
still means one with ‘‘ bees in his head.’”

*Tla des rats dans la téte."—French Proverb.

(See Maccor.)

To have a bee in your bonnet. To be
cranky ; to have’ an idiosyncrasy ; also,

(SYMBOLICAL),

' Yeverse,

Bee

115

Beefeaters

to carry a jewel or ornament in your
cap, (See BIGHES.)
“ For pity, sir, find out that bee
That bore my love away—
* [ll seek him in your bonnet brave, ...”
Herrick: The Mad Maid’s Song:
Bee. A social. eathoving for some
useful work. The object generally pre-
cedes the word, as a spelling - bee_(a
gathering to co in spelling), There
are apple-bees, husking-bees, and half
‘a dozen other sorts of bees or gatherings.
It is an old Devonshire custom, which
was carried across'the Atlantic in Eliza-
bethan times,

Bee-line. The line that a bee, takes
in making for the hive; the shortest
distance between two given points.

“Our footmarks, seen afterwards, showed that
we had steered a bee-line to the brig.”—Kane;
Arctic Explorations, yol, 1, chap, xVij, p. 198,

Bees.

Jupiter was nourished by bees’ in in»
fancy. (See ATHENIAN BEE, p, 72, col. 1,

Pindar is said to have been nourishe
by bees with honey instead of milk.

The coins of Ephesus had a bee on the

The Greeks consecrated bees to the
moon.

With the Romans a flight pf bees was
considered a bad omen, Appian (Civil
War, book ii,) says a swarm of bees
lighted on the altar and prognosticated
the fatal issue of the battle of Pharsalla.

The priestesses of Cerés were called

ees,

In Christian Art St, Ambrose is repre-
sented with a beehive, from the tradi-
tion that a swarm of bees settled on his
mouth in his infancy,

Beef, Ox. The former is Norman,
and the latter Saxon. The Normans
had the cooked meat, and when set
before them used the word they were
accustomed to, The Saxon was. the
herdsman, and while the beast was under
his charge called it by its Saxon name.

Nant, when he h
faws that are destined to consume him,”—Jvanhoe.

Weaver's beef of Colchester, i.e, sprats,
caught abundantlyin the neighbourhood,
(Fuller: Worthies.)

Beefeaters, Yeomen of the Guard
in the meee eae ys aor in
1485, by Henry VIL., orm part of
the royal train in banquets and other

d occasions. The old theory was
t the word means ‘‘an attendant on
the royal buffets,” Anglicised into

sv

4

buffeters or buffeteers, and corrupted into

Beefeaters ; but Professor Skeat says no
such word as buffeter has yet been found
in any book; nor does deuffetier exist in
French, _

A plausible reply to this objection is that
the word may have got corrupted almost
ab initio in those unlettered days; and
the earliest quotation of ‘‘ Beefeater,”’
already adduced, is above 150 years from
the institution of the force, and even
then the allusions are either satirical or
humorous: as ‘* Begone, yee greedy
beefe-eaters, y’ are best”? (Histrio-
mastix, ii. 1; A.D. 1610); ‘Bows, or
Beefeaters, as the French were pleased
to terme us’’ (1628) ; ‘‘ You beef-eater,
you saucy cur ”’ » he Not one of the
quotations fixes the word on the Yeomen
of the Guard, and that the English have
been called Beefeaters none will deny
Even if the allusion given above could
be certainly affixed to Yeomen of the
Guard it would only prove that 150 or
160 years after their establishment in
the palace they were so called (corruptly,
humorously orotherwise)

_ Arguments in favour of the.old déerivas

tion: — po
(1) Certainly Henry VII. himself did
not call these yeomen ‘‘ beef-eaters.’?

He was as much French as Welsh, and
must have been familiar-with the buffet
(bu-fey) ; he had no spark of humour in
his constitution, and it is ‘extremely
doubtful whether beef was a standing
dish at the time, certainly it was not so
in Wales. We have a good number of
menus extant of the period, but beef does
not appear in any of them,

_ (2) We have a host of similar corrup-
tions in our language, as Andrew Macs
(ge), a Riri (see BELLEROPHON),

ull and Mouth (q.v,), Charles’s Wain

@r.), Bag-0o’- “thet Goat on eb Ae

arrow-grass (asparagts), ancient (en-
sig reanieg (lustring, from lustre),

Dog-cheap (god-kepe, i.e. a good bars

. gain), and many more of the same sort.

(3) There can be no doubt that the
‘¢ heefeaters’” waited at the royal table,
for in 1602 we read that ‘‘the dishes
were brought in by the halberdiers
pee , who are fine, big fellows”
quoted in Notes and Queries, February
th, 1893, p. 86).

(4) If beef was a general food in the
sixteenth century, which. is extremely
doubtful, it would be supremely ridic-
ulous to call a few yeomén “eaters of
beef,’’? unless beef was restricted to
them. In the present Argentine Re-
public, beef dried, called ‘‘ jerked beef,’”

Beef-steak Club

116

Before the Mast

is the common diet, and it would be
foolish indeed to restrict the phrase
“eaters of jerked beef’? to some half-
score waiters at the President’s table.

(5) That the word duffetcer or
buffetier is not to be found (in the
English sense) in any French author,
does not prove that it was never used
in Anglo-French. We have scores of
perverted French words, with English
meanings, unrecognised by the French ;
for example: encore, double entendre,
surtout (a frock coat), epergne, and so on,

(6) Historic etymology has its value,
but, like all other general rules, it re-
quires to be narrowly watched, or it may
not unfrequently over-ride the truth.
Historically, Rome comes from Romulus,
Scotland from Scota or Scotia, Britain
from Brutus. All sorts of rubbishy
etymology belong to the historic craze,

Beefeaters. Yeomen Extraordinary of
the Guard appointed as warders of the
Tower by Edward VI. They wear the
same costume as the Yeomen of the
fara mentioned above. (See BupHa-
GOs.

Beef-steak Club owed its origin to
an accidental dinner taken by Lord
Peterborough in the scene-room of Rich,
over Covent Garden Theatre, The
original gridiron on which Rich broiled
the peer’s steak is still preserved in the

alladium of the club, and the members
ave it engraved on their buttons.
(History of the Clubs of London.)

Beefington or Milor Becfington, a
character in Canning’s mock tragedy,
The Rovers, a burlesque, in the Anti-
Jacobin,.on the sentimental German
dramas of the period. Casimere is a
Polish emigrant, and Beefington an
English nobleman, exiled by the tyranny
of King John.

Beelzebub. God of flies, supposed
to ward off flies from his votaries. One
of the gods of. the Philistines. (See
Acuor.) The Greeks had a similar deity,
Zeus ia The Jews, by way of
reproach, changed Beelzebub into Baal
Zeboub (q.v.), and placed him among
the demons,
in rank to Satan, and stood

“with Atlante’an shoulders, fit to bear
The weight of mightiest monarchies.” |.
(Book ii.)
“One next himself in power, and next in crime,
Long after known in Palestine, and named
Beélzebub,” Paradise Lost, 1. 79-81.

Beer. Cerés, when wandering over
the earth in quest of her daughter,
taught men the art of making beer,
because ‘‘i/s me ne purent apprendre Vart

Milton says he was next

de faire le vin.’ (Mem, de ?_ Academia
des Inscriptiones, xvii.) _ (See ALE.)

He does not think small beer of himself.
[See Sati BEER.]

Beer and Skittles, Life is not all
beer and skittles, i.e. not all eating,
drinking, and play; not all pleasure;
not all harmony and love. °

“ Sport like life, and life like sport,

Isn't all skittles and beer.”

Beer aux Mouches, or Beer atx cor-
neilles. To stand gaping in the air (at
the flies or the rooks), Béer, Old
French for bayer, to gape.

Beeswing. The film which forms on
the sides of a bottle of good old port.
This film, broken up into small pieces,
looks like the wings of bees. port
drinker is very particular not to “‘ break
the beeswing”’ by shaking the bottle, or
turning it the wrong way up.
__Beeswinged port is old port which bas formed
its second crust or beeswing.

Beetle (Zo). To overhang, to
threaten, to jut over (Anglo-Saxon,
beot-ian, to menace). Hence beetle or
beetled brow. ,

“Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff,
That beetles o’er his base into the sea,”
Shakespeare: Hamlet, i. 4,

Beetle-crusher. A large, flat foot.
The expression was first used in Punch,
in one of Leech’s caricatures. Those
who know London know how it is ever-
run with cockroaches, wrongly called
black-beetles,

Befa‘na. The good fairy of Italian
children, who is supposed to fill their
stockings with toys when they go to bed
on Twelfth Night. Some one enters the
children’s bedroom for the purpose, and
the wakeful youngsters ery out, ‘‘Keco
la Befa'na.” According fo legend,
Befana was too busy with house affairs
to look after the Magi when they went
to offer their gifts, and said she would
wait to see them on their return; but
they went another way, and Befana,
every Twelfth Night, watches to see
them. The name is a corruption of
LEpiphania. 2

Before the Lights, in theatrical par-
lance, means on the stage, before the
foot-lights.

Before the Mast. Zo serve before the
mast. 'To be.,one of the common sailors,
whose quarters are in the forward part of
the ship. The half-deck is the sanctum
of the second mate, and, in Greenland
fishers, of the spikeoneer, harpooners,

Beg the Question

117

Béguins

carpenters, coopers, boatswains, and all
secondary officers ; of low birth.

“ I myself come from before the mast."—Sir W.
Scott: The Antiquary, chap. xx.

Beg the Question (Zo). (See Brc-_

GING.)

Beggar. A beggar may sing before a -

pickpocket. (In Latin, “‘ Cantabit vacuus
coram latrone viator.”’) A beggar may
sing before a highwayman because he
has nothing in his pocket to lose.

Set a beggar on horseback, and he'll ride
to the. de’il. There is no one so proud

and arrogant as a beggar who has sud-

denly grown rich..

“Such is the sad effect of wealth—rank pride—
Mount but a heggar, how the rogue will ride!”
deter Pindar: Epistle to Lord Lonsdale.

Latin : “ Asperius nihil est humili cum.

surgit in altum.”? __ }
rench: ‘Tl n’est- orgueil que de
pauvre enrichi,’?” mag
Italian: ‘Ti vilan nobilitado non con-
nosce il parentado ’ (A beggar ennobled
does not know his own kinsmen).
Spanish: ‘Quando el villano esta ex

el mulo, non conoze a dios, ni al mundo”? .

when a beggar is mounted on a mule,
e knows neither gods nor men).
Beggars. King of the Beggars. Bamp-
fylde Moore Carew (1693-1770).
al ee should not be choosers, Beggars
should take what is given them, and

not dictate to the giver what they like”

ee They must accept and be -thank-
Beggars’ Barm. The thick foam
which collects on the surface of ponds,
brooks, and other pieces of water where
the current meets stoppage. ‘It looks
like barm or yeast, but, being unfit for
use, is only: beggarly barm at best.
Beggars’ Bullets. Stones,
Beggar’s Bush. Zo go by beggar’s

‘bush, or Go home by beggar’s bush—i.e.to |.

‘gotoruin. Beggar’s bush is the name
of a tree which once stood on the left
hand of the London road from Hunting.
‘don to Caxton; so called because it was
a noted rendezvous for beggars. These
punning phrases and proverbs are very
common, er]

Beggar’s Daughter. Bessee, the
beggar’s daughter ‘of Bednall Green.
Bessee._ was very beautiful, and was
courted by four suitors at once—a
knight, a gentleman of_fortune, a Lon--
don merchant, and the son of the inn-

keeper at Romford. ._ She told them that |

they must obtain the consent of her
father ‘the poor blind beggar of Bethnal_

‘her wedding

Green. When they heard that, they all
slunk off. except the knight, who went
to ask the beggar’s leave to wed the
““ pretty Bessee.’”? The beggar gave her
£3,000 for her dower, and £100 to buy
gown.- At the wedding
feast he explained to the guests that he
was Henry, son and heir of Sir Simon
de Montfort. At the battle of Evesham
the barons were routed, Montfort slain,
and himself left on the field for dead.
A baron’s daughter discovered him,
nursed him with care, and married him;
the fruit of this marriage was ‘‘ pretty
Bessee.’? Henry de Montfort assumed
the garb and semblance of a beggar to
escape the vigilance of King Henry’s
spies. . (Percy: Reliques.)

Begging Hermits were of the Au-
gustine order; they renounced all pro-
perty, and lived on the voluntary alms
of ‘ the faithful.”

% Begging Friars were restricted to
four orders: Franciscans (Grey Friars),
Augustines (Black Friars), Carmelites
(White Friars), and Dominicans (Preach-

| ing Friars).

Begging the Question. Assuming
@ proposition which, in reality, involves
the conclusion. - Thus, to say that par-
allel lines will never meet because they

are parallel, is simply to assume as a

fact the very thing you profess to prove.

| The phrase is a translation: of the Latin

term, petitio princip’ii, and was first
“used by Aristotle.

Beghards.. -A brotherhood which
rose in ‘the Low Countries in the twelfth
century, and was so called from Lambert
Bégue. The male society were Beg-
hards, the female, Beguins. They took
no vows, and were free to leave the
-society when they liked: In the seven-
teenth century, those who’ survived the
persecutions of the popes and inquisition
joined the Tertiariu of the Franciscans.
(See BEGUINS.)

Begtash'i. A religious order in the
Ottoman Empire, which had its origin
in the fourteenth century. The word is
derived from Hadji Begtash, a dervish,
its founder. - i

Begue d’entendement. This is a,
really happy phrase for one whose wits
are gone wool-gathering; he is g man
_of ‘*stammering understanding.”

Beguins. <A. sisterhood instituted
in the twelfth century, founded by

. Lambert Bégue or Lambert le Bégue. .

-The members of the male society were -

Begum

118

Belial

called Beghards (9.v.).. The Béguins
were at liberty to quit the cloister,
if they chose, and marry. The cap
called a ‘beguin was named from this
sisterhood.

“Secta quedam pestifera -illorum qui Beguini |

vulgariter appellantur, qui se Fratres Paupeyes
de tertia ordine 8, Francisci communiter nomina-
bant, ex quibus plures fuerunt tanquam heretici
condemnati et combusti.”—Bernard Guido: Life .
of John, xxil, *

Begum. A lady, princess, or woman
of high rank in India;~the wife of a
ruler. (Bey or Beg, governor of a—
Turkish province, a title of honour.)

Behe'moth (Hebrew).
pot’amus; once thought to be the rhino-
ceros, ' (See Job xl. 15.)

“ Behold ! in plaited mail,

Behe’moth rears his bead.

Thomson; Summer, 709, 710,

* The word is generally, but incor-
rectly, pronounced Be’hemoth ; but Mil- ~
ton, like Thomson, places the accent on
the second syllable.

‘Scarce from his mold

Behemoth, biggest born of earth, upheaved
His vastness.” Milton; Paradise Lost, vii. 471,

Beh'menists. A sect’ of visionary
religionists, so called from Jacob Beh-
men sea) their founder. (1575-
1625.

Behram. The most holy kind of
fire, according to Parseeism.
RAN.)

Bejan. A freshman or. greenhorn.
This term is employed in the French and,
Scotch universities, and is evidently a
corruption of bec jaune (yellow beak),
a French expression to designate a
nestling or unfledged .bird. In the-
university of Vienna the freshman is -
termed beanus, and in France footing: .
money is bejaunia.

“His grandmother yielded, and Robert was .
straightway a bejan or yellow-beak.—Macdonald: :
R. Falconer.

Bel-a-faire-peur. A handsome, dare-
devil of a fellow.

Bel Esprit (French). A vivacious
wit; a man or woman of quick and
lively parts, ready at repartee.- (Plural,
beaux esprits.)

Belch. Sir Toby Belch. A reckless,
roistering, jolly knight of the Eliza-

bethan period. (Shakespeare: Twelfth
Night.) s ¢ ea ee
Belcher. A pocket-handkerchief—

properly, a blue ground with white
spots; so called from Jim Belcher, the
pugilist, who adopted it.

The hippo- 7

(See ADA~’ |’
. with each other,

Beldam. An old woman; literally,
a grandmother, The French also use del
age for old age,

st Ola Ton abd beldames in the streets:
© prophesy upon jt dangerously."
eB Shakespeare: King John, iv. 2,

Bele’ses (3 syl.). A-Chaldean sooth-
sayer and Assyrian satrap, who told
Arba’cés, governor of Me’dia, that he
would one day sit on the throne of Sar-
danapa’lus, King of Nineveh and As-
syria. His prophecy was verified, and

‘he was rewarded by Arba’cés with the

government of Babylon. (Byron: ‘Sate

-danapalus.)

Belfast Regiment (Zhe). The 35th
Foot, which was raised. in -Belfast in
1701. There is no such regiment now
in the British Army. What used ta be

called No. 35 is now called the Ist baf-

talion of the Royal Sussex, the 2nd

- battalion being the old No. 107.

Bele-fires. Between Bel’s two fires,
Scylla on one side and Charybdis on the
other. In Irish, Itter dha teine Bheil,
in a dilemma, The reference is to the
two fires kindled on May Eve in every
village, between which all men and
beasts devoted to sacrifice were coms
pelled to pass,

Belford. A ‘friend of Lovelace in
Richardson’s Clarissa Harlowe. These
‘‘friends’? made a covenant to pardon
every sort of liberty which they took

Belfry. A ae tower, pushed
by besiegers against the wall of a be-
sieged city, that missiles may be thrown
more easily against the defenders. Pro-
bably a church steeple is called a belfry
from its resemblance to these towers,

-and not because bells are hung in it.

(French, beffroi, a watch-tower, Old
French, berfreit, belefreit, from German,

_ berg-frit, bergen, to protect, frit [vride],

a place fenced in for security.)

“ Alone, and warming bis five wits,
The white owl in the belfry sits.’
Tennyson: The Owl, stanza 1,

Belial (Hebrew). _ The worthless or

“lawless one, i.e. the devil. Milton, in

his pandemonium, makes him a very
high and distinguished prince of dark-.
ness. (Paradise Lost.)

“what concord hath Christ with Belial?"—2"
Cor. vi. 15.

“Belial came last—than whom a spirit more lewd
Fell not from heaven, or more gross to love
Vice for itself.” » P :

Milton: Paradise Lost, book i. 490-2,

Sons of Belial. Lawless, worthless,
rebellious people. (See above.)
“Now the sons of Eli were sons of Belial.”"—

1Sam. ii. 12, :

Belinda

119

Bells

Belin‘'da. The heroine of Pope’s
serio-comical poem, entitled the ae
of the Lock. The poem is based on a
real incident :—Lord Petre cut off a lock
of Miss Fermor’s hair, and this liberty
gave rise to a bitter feud between the
two noble families. The poet says that
Belinda wore on her neck two curls, one
of which the baron cut off with a pair of

scissors borrowed of Clarissa. Belinda, .

in anger, demanded back the ringlet ;
but it had flown to the skies and become
a meteor, whic
air, and drew behind a radiant trail of
hair,” (See BERENICE.)

Belinun’cia. A herb sacred to Belis,

with the juice of which the Gauls used }

to poison their arrows,

Belisarius. Belisarius begging for
an ob'olus. Belisa’rius, the greatest of
Justinian’s generals, being accused of
conspiring against the life of the
emperor, was deprived of all his
property; and his eyes being put
out, he lived a beggar in Constan-
' tinople. The tale is that he fastened
a bag to his road-side hut, and had
inscribed over it, ‘Give an obolus to
poor old Belisarius.’’ This tradition is

of no historic value. :

Bell. Acton, Currer, and Ellis. <As-
sumed names of Anne, Charlotte, and
Emily Bronté.

Bell. As the bell clinks, so the fool
thinks, or, As the fool thinks, so the bell
clinks. The tale says when Whitting-
ton ran away from his master, and had

ot as far as Hounslow Heath, he was

uDgry, tired, and wished to return.
Bow Bells began to ring, and Whitting-
ton fancied they said, ‘‘Turn again,
Whittington, Lord Mayor of London.”
The bells clinked in response to the
boy’s thoughts. ‘‘ Les gens de pew de
jugement sont comme les cloches, a@ gui
Von fait dire tout ce que Von veut.”
Dickens has the same idea in his Christ-
- mas Chimes.

The Passing Bell is the hallowed bell
which used to be rung when persons
were in extre'mis, to scare away evil

irits which were supposed to lurk

BbdAt the dying, to pounce on the soul

while ‘‘passing from the body to its

resting-place.’? A secondary object was
to announce to the neighbourhood the
fact that all good Christians might offer
up a prayer for the safe passage of the
dying person into Paradise. We now
call the bell rung at a person’s decease
ithe ‘‘ passing bell.”” ‘

“shot through liquid:

The Athenians used to beat on brazen
kettles at the moment of a decease to
scare away the Furies.

Ringing the hallowed bell. Bells were
believed to disperse storms and pesti-
lence, drive away devils, and extinguish
fire: In France it is still by no means
unusual to ring church bells to ward off
the effects of lightning. Nor is this
peculiar to France, for even in 1852 the
Bishop of Malta ordered the church bells
to be rung for an hour to “lay a gale
of wind.” Of course, the supposed
efficacy of a, bell resides in its having
been consecrated.

“ Fu’/nera plango, ful’gura frango, sab/bata Panga,
Ex’cito lentos, dis’sipo ventos, paco cruentos.”
(Death’s tale I tell, the winds dispel, ils feeling

quell,
The slothful shake, the storm-clouds break, the
Sabbath wake. E. 0. B.)

(See RINGING THE BELLS BackWARDS.)
Sound as a bell. (See SmM1Es,)
Tolling the bell (for church), <A relic

of the Avé Bell, which, before the Re-

formation, was tolled before service to
invite worshippers to a preparatory
prayer to the Virgin,

To bear the bell. ‘To be first fiddle ; to
carry off the palm; to be the best. Be-
fore cups were presented to winners of
horse-races, etc., a little gold or silver
bell used to be given for the prize.

¥ It does not refer to bell-wethers,
or the leading horse of a team, but
‘bear’? means bear or carry off, :

Who is to bell the cat 2. Who will risk
his own life to save his neighbours?
Any one who encounters great personal
hazard for the sake of others undertakes
to ‘‘ bell the cat.”” The allusion is to the
fable of the cunning old mouse, who
suggested that they should hang a bell
on the cat’s neck to give notice to all
mice of her approach. ‘‘ Excellent,”’
said a wise young mouse, ‘‘ but who is
to undertake the job?”’ (See BELL-THE-

Can.)

“Ts there a man in all Spain able and willing to
bell the cat [i.e. persuade the queen to abdicate)?"
—The Times.

Bells. The Koran says that bells
hang on the trees of Paradise, and are,
set in motion by wind from the throne.
of God, as often as the blessed wish for.
music. (Sale.)

“ Bells as musical
As those tliat, on the golden-shafted trees

Of Eden, shook by the eternal breeze.”
T. Moore: Lalig Rookh, part t,

Bell, Book, and Candle

120

Bellarmine

At three bells, at five bells, etc. A
term on board ship pretty nearly tan-
tamount to our expréssion o’clock. Five
out of the seven watches last four hours,
and each half-hour is marked by a bell,
which gives a number of strokes corre-
sponding to the number of half-hours
passed. Thus, ‘‘three bells’? denotes
the third half-hour of the watch, “ five
bells” the fifth half-hour-of the watch,
and so on. The two short watches,
which last only two hours each, are
from four to six and six to eight in
the afternoon, At eight bells a new
watch begins, (See WATCH.)

“Do you there hear? Clean shirt and a shave
for-muster at five bells.”—Basil Hall,

I'll not hang all my bells on one horse.
I'll not leave all my property to one son.
The allusion is manifest.

Give her the bells and let her fly.
Don’t throw good money after bad;
make the best of the matter, but do
not attempt to bolster it up. When a
hawk was worthless, the bells were
taken off, and the bird was suffered to
escape, but the advice given above is to
“leave the bells”’ and let the hawk go.

Ringing the bells backwards, is ringin
a muffled peal. Backwards is often use
to denote ‘‘in a contrary direction”
(tout le contraire), as, ‘‘I hear you are
grown rich—” ‘“‘ Yes, backwards,”’ To
ring a muffled peal, is to ring a peal
of sorrow, not of joy.

* In olden times bells were rung
backwards as a tocsin, or notice of
danger.

“Beacons were lighted upon crags and emi-

nences; the bells were rung backwards in the
churches; and the general summons to arm

announced an extremity of danger.”—Sir W, Scott »

The Betrothed, chap. iii.

Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune
and harsh (Hamlet, iii. 1). A most ex-
quisite metaphor for a deranged mind,
such as that of Don Quixote.

Warwick shakes his bells. Beware of
danger, for Warwick is in the field.
Trojans beware, Achilles has donned
his armour. The bells mean the bells of
a hawk, the hawk shakes his bells,

“ Neither the king, nor he that loves him best,

Dares stir a wing, if Warwick shakes his bells.”
R Shakespeare: 3 Henry V1, i.1.
Bell, Book, and Candle. A cere-
‘mony in the greater excommunication
introduced into the Catholic Church in
the eighth century. After reading the
sentence a bell is rung, a book closed,
and a candle extinguished. From that
moment the excommunicated person

is excluded from the sacraments and
even divine worship.

“Bell, book, and candle shall not drive me
back,"—Shakespeare: King John, iii, 3.
_ In spite of bell, book, and candle, i.e.
in spite of all the opposition which the
Christian hierarchy can offer. (See
CURSING.) j

Bell of Patrick’s Will (clog an
eadhachta Phatraic) is six inches high,
five broad, and four deep. It certainly

.was in existence in the sixth century.

a shrine was
silver filigree,

In the eleventh centur
made for it of gold an
adorned with jewels,

Bell Savage, or La Belle Sauvage =
Pocahontas, According to one deriva-
tion it is a contraction of Isabelle Savage,
who originally kept the inn. It is some-
what remarkable that the sign of the inn
was a pun on the Christian name, a
‘bell on the Hope’’ (hoop), as may be
seen in the Close Roll of 1453.. The
hoop seems to have formed a garter or
frame to most signs. The site of the
inn is now occupied by the premises of
Messrs. Cassell & Co.

“They now returned to their inn, the famous
Bell Savage.”—Scott ; Kenilworth, xill.

Bell-the-Cat. Archibald Douglas,
Earl of Angus, was so called. James
III. made favourites of architects and
masons. One mason, named Cochrane,
he created Earl of Mar. The Scotch
nobles held a council in the church of
Lauder for the purpose of putting down
these upstarts, when Lord Gray asked,
‘“Who will bell the cat??? ‘That will
I,”’ said Douglas, and he fearlessly put
to death, in the king’s presence, the
obnoxious minions, (See BELL.)

Bell-wavering. Vacillating, sway-
ing from side to side like a bell. A man
whose.mind jangles out of tune from
delirium, drunkenness, or temporary in-
sanity, is said to have his wits gone bell-
wavering.

“T doubt me bis wits have gone hell-wavering
by the road.”—Sir W. Scott: The Monastery, chap.
Vil.

Belladonna (Italian, deautiful lady)
This name was given to the -Deadly
Nightshade, from a practice once com-
mon among ladies of touching their
eyes with it to make the pupils large
and lustrous.

Bell‘armine (4). A large Flemish
gotch, i.e. a corpulent beer-jug of some
strong ware, one) made in Flan-
ders in ridicule of Cardinal Bellarmine,
the great persecutor of the reformed
party there. These jugs had at the

Bellaston

neck a rude likeness of the cardinal with
his large, square, ecclesiastical beard.

“... like a larger jug, that some men call
A bellarmine...
Whereon the lewder hand of pagan workmen,
Over the proud ambitious head, hath carved
An idol large, with beard episcopal
Making the vessel look like tyrant Eglon.”
Cartright : The Ordinary.

“One of the Fellows of Exeter (College), when
Dr. Prideaux was rector, sent his servitor, after
nine o'clock at night, with a large bottle to fétch
some ale from the alehouse. When he was coming
home with it under his gown the proctor met
him, and asked him what he did out so late, and
what he had under his gown? The man answered
that bis master had sent him to the stationers to
borrow Bellarmine, which book he had under his
arm; and 80 he went home, Whence a bottle
with a big belly is called a Bellarmine to this day,
1667.""— Oxoniana, vol. i. p. 232,

Bellaston (Lady). A profligate,
whose conduct and conversation are
a life-like photograph of the court
‘‘beauties” of Louis XV. (Fielding:
Lom Jones.)

Belle. A beauty. The Belle of the
room. The most beautiful lady in the
room (French),

La belle France. _A common French

hrase applied to France, as ‘‘ Merry

ngland” is to our own country.

Belles Lettres. Polite literature

(French) ; similarly, Beaux arts, the fine

arts,

Bellefontaine (Bencdict). The most
wealthy farmer of Grand Pré etd
Scotia), and tather of Evangeline. en
the inhabitants of his village were
exiled, and he was about to embark,
he died of a broken heart, and was
buried on the sea-shore. (Longfellow :
Evangeline.)

Bellerophon. One of the ships
which took part in the Battle of the
Nile, and was called by the English
sailors *‘ the Bully-ruffran,”’ or “ Belly-
ruffron.”’

“ Why, she atid the Belly-ruffron seem to have

retty well shared and shared alike.”—Captam

arryat: Poor Jack, chap, xiii. j

Beller‘ophon. The J oseph of Greek
mythology; Antxa, the wife of Pre-
tos, being the ‘‘ Potiphar’s wife’? who
tempted him, and afterwards falsely ac-
cused him. Being successful in various
_ enterprises, he attempted to fly to heaven
on the winged horse Peg’asos, but Zeus
sent a gad-fly to sting the horse, and
the rider was overthrown.

Letters of Bellerophon. Letters or
other documents either dangerous or

rejudicial to the bearer. Proetos ‘sent

ellerophon with a letter to the King of

Lycia, his wife’s father, recounting the |

121 Belly

charge, and praying that the bearer
might be put to death.

ausa’nias, the Spartan, sent messen-
gers from time to time to King Xerxes,
with similar letters; the discovery by
one of the bearers proved the ruin of
the traitor.

David's letter sent by Uriah (2 Sam.
xi. 14) was of a similar treacherous cha-
ee hence the phrase, ‘‘Letters of

riah,’"

Bellerus. Belle’rium is the Land's
End, Cornwall, the fabled land of the
giant Belle'rus.

“Sleep'st by the fable of Bellerus old.”
Milton: Lycidas, 160.

Bellicent. Daughter of Gorloise and
Igerna. According to Tennyson, she
was the wife of Lot, King of Orkney;
but in La Morte d@ Arthur Margause is
called Lot’s wife.

Bellin. The ram, in the tale of
Reynard the Fox.

Bellisant. Sister to King Pepin of
France, wife of Alexander, Emperor of
Constantinople. Being accused of in-
fidelity, the emperor banished her, and
she became the mother of Valentine and
Orson. (Valentine and Orson.)

Bellman, Before the new police force
was established, watchmen or. bellmen
used to parade the streets at night, and
at Easter a copy of verses was left at
the chief houses in the hope of obtain-
ing an offering. ‘These verses were the
relics of the old incantations sung or
said by the bellman to keep off elves
and hobgoblins, The town crier.

Bello'‘na. Goddess of war and wife
of Mars. (Roman mythology.)

“Her features, late so exquisitely lovely, in-
flamed with the fury of frenzy, resembled those
of a Bellona."—Sir Walter Scott.

Beliows. The pit of the stomach.
To knock a man on the “ bellows’’ takes
his ‘‘ wind (breath) away.”

Sing old rose and burn the bellows. (See
Srna.)

Bellwether of the Flock. A jocose
and rather depreciating term apphed to
the leader of a party. Of course the
allusion is to the wether or sheep which
leads the flock with a bell fastened to its
neck,

Belly. The belly and its members.
The fable of Menenius Agrippa to the
Roman people when they seceded to the
Sacred Mount: ‘‘Once on.a time the
members refused to work for the lazy
belly; but, as the supply of food was

Belly-timber

122

‘Ben

thus stopped, they found there was a
necessary and mutual dependence be-
tween them.’? Shakespeare introduces
the fable in his Coriolanus, i, 1.

The belly has no ears. A hungry man
will not listen to advice or arguments.
The Romans had the same proverb,
Venter non habet aures ; and in, French,
Ventre affamé n'a point doreilles.

Belly-timber. Food.

“And now, Dame Peveril, to dinner, to dinner.
The old fox must have his belly-timber, though
the hounds have been after him the whole day.”
— Sir W. Scott. Peveril of the Peak, chap, 48,

Belomancy (Greek). Divination by
arrows, Labels being attached to a given
number of arrows, the archers let them
fly, and the advice on the label of the
arrow which flies farthest is accepted and
acted on. This practice is common with
the Arabs.

Beloved Disciple. St.John, (John
‘xiii, 23, etc.)

. Beloved Physician. St.
(Col. iv, 14.)

Below the Belt, (S¢e BELT.)

Bel‘phegor. A_ nasty, licentious,
‘obscene fellow. Bel-Phegor was a Mo-
lubitish deity, whose rites were celebrated
‘on Mount Phegor, and were noted for
their obscenity. The Standard, speak-
ing of certain museums in London, says
‘« When will men cease to be delude
by these unscrupulous Bel'phegors?”’
(meaning ‘‘ quacks ”’). ;

* Phegor, Phogor, or Peor, a famous
mountain beyond the Jordan. Nebo
and Pisgah were neighbouring moun-

Luke,

tains. Beth-Peor is referred to in |

Deut. iii. 29.

Belphoebe, meant for Queen Eliza-
beth. She was sister of Am/’oret.
Equally chaste, but of the Diana and
Minerva type. Cold as an icicle, pas-
sionless,, immovable, She is a white
flower without perfume, and her only
tender passion is that of chivalry.
Like a moonbeam, she is light without
warmth. Youadmire her as youadmire
a marble statue, (Spenser: Faérie
Queene, book iii.)

Belt. To hit below the belt.
strike unfairly. It is prohibited in
prize-fighting to hit below the waist-

r

To call men knaves and fools, to charge a man
with nepotism, to make a slanderous report which
is not actionable, indeed to take away a man's
character in any way where self-defence is im-
Possible, is “hitting him below the belt.”

“Lord Salisbury hits bard, but never bits below
the belt.’”—Daily Telegraph, November, 1886.

To

To hold the belt. To be the champion.
In pugilism, etc., a belt is passed on to
the champion.

Bel'tane (2 syl.). A festival observed
in Ireland on June 2lst, and in some
parts of Scotland on May Day. A fire
is kindled on the hills, and the young
people dance round it, and feast on
cakes made of milk and eggs, It is
supposed to be a relic of the worship of
Baal. The word is Gaelic, and means
Bel’s fire; and the cakes are called
beltane-cakes,

Belted Knight. The right of wear-
ing belt and spurs. Even to the present
day knights of the shire are ‘‘ girt with
a belt and sword,” when the declaration
of their election is officially made,

‘Belted Will, Lord William Howard,
warden of the western marches (1563-
1640).

“His Bilboa blade, by marchmen felt,

Hung in a broad and studded belt;
Hence, in rude phrase, the borderers still
Called noble Howard Belted Wal.” Scott.

Belten‘ebros, Amadis of Gaul so
calls himself after he retires to the Poor
Rock, His lady-love is Oriana, (Amadis
of Gaul, ii, 6.)

Belvawney (diss), of the Ports-
mouth theatre. She always took the
part of a Page, and wore tights and silk,
eeckade (Dickens : Nicholas Nickleby, :

Belvedere {bel-ve-dear]. A sort of
pleasure-house or look-out on the top of
a house. The word is Italian, and means
a fine prospect.

Belvide'ra (in Otway’s Venice Pre-
served). Sir Walter Scott says, ‘* More
tears have been shed for the sorrows
of Belvide'ra and Monim‘ia than for
those of Juliet and Desdemona.’?

“ And Belvidera pours her soul in love.”
Thomson: Winter.

Bemuse (2 syl.). To get into a
dreamy, half-intoxicated state.

bs paueias, himself with beer.”—Sala: Gaslight
and Dayligh -

Ben. The Neptune of the Saxons.

Ben (a theatrical word). Benefit.
é A big ben,”’ a good or bumping bene-
R PuSy

Big Ben of Westminster. A name given
to the large bell, which weighs 13 tons
10 cwt., andis named after Sir Benjamin
Hall, the Chief Commissioner of Works
when the bell was cast. (1856.)

\

|
4

4

Ben Jochanan

‘128

Bendigo

Ben Joc’hanan’, in the satire of
Absalom and Achitophel, by Dryden and
Tate, is meant for the Rev. Samuel
Johnson, who.suffered much persecution
for his defence of the right of private
judgment,

Ce Ge ew [Englishman] of humble parentage was

By trade a Levite [clergyman], though of low

degree.” Part ii. 354, 355.

Ben trovato (Italian). Well found;

a happy discovery or invention.

Benai‘ah (3 syl.), in the satire of
Absalom and Achitophel, by Dryden and
Tate, is meant for George Edward Sack-
ville, called General Sackville, a gentle-
man of family, and a zealous partisan
of the Duke ot York. Benaiah was cap-
tain in David’s army, and was made by
Solomon generalissimo. (] Kings ii, 35.)
“Nor can Benaiah's worth forgotten lie,

Of steady soul when public storms were high ;
Whose conduct, while the Moors fierce onsets

Secured at once our honour and our trade.’
Part ii, 819-20,
~ Bena'res (3 syl.). One of the ‘‘ most
holy” citics of the Hindus, reverenced
oy them as much as Mecca‘is by the
ohammedans,

Benbow (Admiral), in an engage.
ment with the French near St. Martha,
on the Spanish coast, in 1701, had his
legs and thighs shivered into splinters
by a chain-shot, but, supported in a
wooden frame, he remained on the
quarter-deck till morning, when Du
Gasse bore away. Rieey ties the Portu-
guese governor of India, in his engage-
ment with the united fleet of Cambay’a
and Egypt, had his legs and thighs
shattered in a similar manner; but, in-
stead of retreating, had himself bound
to the ship’s mast, where he ‘‘ waved
his sword to cheer on the combatants,”
till he died from loss of blood. (Sce
CyN2&GEROS, JAAFER, etc.)

“ Whirled by the cannon’s tage, in shivers torn,

His thighs far shattered o’er the waves are

berne ; :
Bound to the mast the god-like hero stands,

Waves his proud sword and cheers his woeful

ands ; :

Though winds and seas their wonted aid deny,

To yield he knows not, but he knows to die.”
Camoens : Lusiad, book x.

- Benbow. A sot, generous, free, idle,
and always hanging about the ale-house.
e inherited a good estate, spent it all,
md ended life in the workhouse. The
le is in Crabbe’s Borough.

“ Benbow, 2 boon companion, long approved
4 jovial sets, and (as he thought) beloved,
as judged as one to joy and Tiendship prone,
_ And deemed injurious to himself alone.”
- duck lions ra ‘Letter xvi.

+. = =

Bench. The seat of a judge in the
law courts; the office of judge.

To be raised to the bench. To be made

The King’s {queen's} bench. “The
Supreme Courtof Common Law; so called
because at one time the sovereign pre-
sided in this court, and the court fol-
lowed the sovereign when he’ moved
from one place to another. New a
division of the High Court of Judicature.

Bench. Bench o bishops. The whole
body of English prelates, who sit together
on a bench in the House of Lords.

To be raised to the Episcopal bench. To
be made a bishop.

ae judge.

Bench and Bar. Judges and
pieaders. The hench is the seat on
which a judge sits. The bar of a court
was formerly a wooden barrier, to
separate the counsel from the audience.
Now, silk gowns (g.v.) sit nearer the
judge, and their juniors behind them.
(See BARRISTERS. )

Benchers. Senior members of the
Inns of Court; so called from the bench
on which they used to sit. They exercise
the function of calling students to the
bar, and have the right of expelling the
obnoxious. (See Bar, page of col, 1.)

“He was made successively Barrister, Utter

| Barrister, Bencher, and Reader.”— Wood.

Bend, meaning power, as Beyond my
bend, i.e. my means or power. The
allusion is to a bow or spring; if strained
beyond its bending power, it breake.
(See BENT.)

Bend Sinister. He has a bend
sinister, He was not born in lawful
wedlock. In heraldry, a band running
from the upper right-hand corner to the
lower left-hand corner (as the shield
appears before you on paper) is called a
bend-sinister, and is popularly, but
erroneously, supposed to indicate bas-
tardy. :

Ben’demeer’. <A river that flows
near the ruins of Chil'minar’ or Istachar’,
in the province of Chusistan’ in Persia.
“There's a bower of roses hy Bendemeer’s stream,

And the nightingale sings round it all the day
long.” q'. Moore : Lalla Rookh, Part 1,

Bender. Sixpence.

Ben’digo. A rough fur cap, named
from a noted pugilist, William Thomp-
son; so nicknamed from his birthplace

_in Australia. teste

Bendy

124

Benshie

Bendy (Old). The devil, who is
willing to bend to anyone’s inclina-
tion. The way of sin is so broad that
every shade of error can be admitted
without obstruction,

Benedicite (5 syl.). ‘Bless you:”?
a benediction used in the Roman Catho-
lic Church; also the canticle.

Benedick. A sworn bachelor caught
in the wiles of matrimony, like Bene-
dick in Shakespeare’s comedy of IMuch
Ado about Nothing.

“Let our worthy Cantab be bachelor or Bene-
dick, what concern is it of ours.”—Mrs, Edwards:
A Girton Girl, chap. xv.

*? Benedick and Benedict are used

indiscriminately, but the distinction
should be observed.

Benedict. A bachelor, not neces-
sarily one pledged to celibacy, but simply

a man of marriageable age, not married..

St. Benedict was a most uncompromis-
ing stickler for celibacy.

“Ts it not a pun? There is an old saying,
‘Needles and pins; when a man marries his trau-
ble begins.’ Jf so, the unmarried man is benedic-

_tus."—Life in the West.

Benedictines (4 ea Monks who
follow the rule of St. Benedict, viz.
implicit obedience, celibacy, abstaining
from laughter, spare diet, poverty, the
exercise of hospitality, and unremitting
industry,

Ben‘efice (3 syl.). Under the Romans

certain grants of lands made to veteran |
soldiers were called benejicia, and in the .

Middle Ages an estate held ex mero
beneficio of the donor was called ‘‘a
benefice.” When the popés assumed
the power of the feudal lords with re-
ference to ecclesiastical patronage, a
‘‘living ’? was termed by them a benefice
held under the pope as superior lord.
This assumption roused the jealousy of

France and England, and was stoutly -

resisted,

Benefit of Clergy. Exemption of

the clerical order from civil punishment,
based on the text, ‘‘Touch not mine

anointed, and do my prophets no harm ”’.
(1 Chron. xvi. 22). In time it compre-:

hended not only the ordained clergy,
but all who, being able to write and

read, were capable of entering into holy -

orders. This, law ‘was ‘abolished in the
reign of George IV. (1827).

Ben’en-ge'li. (See Hamer.)

Benet (French). A simpleton, so
called because they were supposed, to be,
in’ a special way, the objects of God's
gare, (French, béni, Old French, deneit,

‘The

from Latin, benedictus.) We call an
idiot an “‘ Innocent”? (q.v.).

Benévolence. <A “forced” gratuity,
under the excuse of a loan, exacted by
some of the Plantagenet kings. First
enforced in 1473, it was declared illegal
by the Bill of Rights in 1689,

“ Royal benevolences were encroaching more
and more on the rigbt of parliamentary taxation.»
—Green:; History oe English People, vol. ii,

book vi, chap. i. p, 197.

Benev’olus, in Cowper’s Zask, is John
Courtney Throckmorton of Weston Un-
derwood.

Bengal Tigers, The old 17th Foot
whose badge, a royal tiger, was granted
them for their services in India (1802-23),

Now the Leicester Regiment.

Bengalese (3 syl.) for Ben’galis or
Bengalees. Natives of Bengal. (Sin-

gular, Ben’gali or Bengalee.)

Bengo'di, A wonderful country

where *‘ they tie the vines with sausages,

where you may*buy a fat goose for a
penny and have the giblets given into
the bargain, In this place there is a
mountain of Parmesan cheese, and peo-
ple’s employment is making cheesecakes
and macaroons. There is also a river
which runs Malmsey wine of the very
best quality. (Boccaccio; Eighth Day,
Novel iii.)

Benicia Boy. John C. Heenan,
the American pugilist, who challenged
and fought Tom Sayers for ‘‘ the belt ’’
in 1860; so called from Benicia in Cali-
fornia, his birthplace,

Benjamin. The pet, the youngest.

‘Queensland. is the Benjamin of our colo.

nial possessions, The allusion is to
Benjamin, the youngést son of Jacob
(Gen. xxxv, 18),

Benjamin. A smart overcoat; so
called from a tailor of the name, aud
rendered popular by its association with
Joseph’s ‘‘ coat of many colours.’”’

Benjamin’s Mess. The largest share.
The allusion is to the banquet given by
Joseph, viceroy of Egypt, to his brethren.
‘‘Benjamin’s mess was five times sq
much as any of theirs’? (Gen. xliii. 34)

Bennaskar. A wealthy ‘merchant

‘and magician of Delhi, in Ridlay’s Tales

of the Genit.

“Tike the jeweller of Delhi, in the house of the
magician Bennaskar, I at length reached a vaulted
Beate dedicated to secrecy and silence.”—Sir W.

cott, + Mi
Benshie, Benshee (see BANSHEE).
Scotch Bodach Glay, or Grey
Spectre, is a’ similar superstition ; and
the Pari-Banou (Nymph of the Air)

re

Bent 125

Berlin Time

of the Arabian Nights is also a sort of
Benshee.

“How oft has the Benshee cried!” [How busy
death has been of late with our notables.]—T,
Moore: Irish Melodies, No. ii.

Bent. Inclination ; talent for some-
thing. Out of my bent, not in gt way,
not in the range of my talent. Bent on
it, inclined to it. Asa thing bent is in-
clined, so a bent is an inclination or
bias. Genius or talent is a bent or bias.

"Whatever is done best, is done from the
natural bent and disposition of the mind.”"—
Hazlitt: Table Talk.

T ‘ool me to the top of my bent, i.e.
as adds the bow oan Bo bent without
snapping. (Hamlet, tii, 2.) (See BEND.)

Benvolio, Nephew to Montague,
a testy, litigious gentleman, who would
“(quarrel with a man that had a hair
more or @ hair less in his beard than he
had.’’ Mercutio says to him, ‘‘ Thou
hast quarrelled with a man for coughin
in the street, because he hath wakene
thy dog that hath lain asleep in the
nae (Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet,
iii, 1.

Beppo. Thé contraction of Giuseppe,
and therefore equal to our Joe. Hus-
band of Laura, a Venetian lady. He
was taken captive in Troy, turned Turk,
joined a band of pirates, grew rich, and,
after several years’ absence, returnéd to
his native land, where he discovered his
wife at a carnival ball with her cavaliero
servente. He made himself known to
her, and they lived together again as
man and wife. (Byron: Beppo.

Berch’'ta [the white lady]. This fairy,
in Southern Germany, answers to Hulda
(the gracious lady) of Northern Germany;
but afterthe introduction of Christianity,
when pagan deities were represented as
demons, Berchta lost her former charac-
ter, and became a bogie to frighten
children, :

Bere‘ans (3 syl.). The followers
of the Rev. John Barclay, of Kin-
cardineshire (1773). They believe that
all we know of God is from revela-
tion; that all the Psalms refer to
Christ; that assurance is the proof of
faith; and that unbelief is the unpar-
donable sin. They took their namé
from the Bereans, mentioned in the
Book of the Acts (xvii. 11), who
“‘received the Word with all readiness
Ae mind, and searched the Scriptures

ally.

Berecyn'thian Hero. Midas, the
Phrygian king; so called from Mount
Berecyntus, in Phrygia.

Berengarians. Followers of Be-
renger, archdeacon of Angers, the learned
opponent of Lanfranc (eleventh cen-
tury), He said that the bread by
consecration did not become the very
body of Christ ‘‘ generated on earth so
many years before, but becomes to the
faithful, nevertheless, the blessed body
of Christ,’’

Bereni’ce (4syl.). The sister-wife of
Ptolemy III., who vowed to sacrifice her
hair to the gods, if her husband returned
home the vanquisher of Asia, She sus-
pended her hair in the temple of the
war-god, but it was stolen the first
night, and Conon of Samos told the king
that the winds had wafted it to heaven,
where it still forms the seven stars near
the tail of Leo, called Coma Berenicés.

Pope, in his Rape of the Lock, con-
yerts the purloined ringlet into a star or
meteor; ‘‘ which drew behind a radiant
trail of hair.”? (Canto v.)

Berg Folk. Pagan spirits doomed
to live on the Scandinavian hills till
the day of redemption. (Scandinavian
mythology.)

Bergean (4). A great liar; so
called from Antiphanes Berga.

Bergelmir. A frost-giant, father of
the Jotuns, or second dynasty of giants.
(Scandinavian mythology.)

Berger. L’heure du Berger (French),

. The shepherd’s hour, i.e, the swain’s or

lover’s hour; the happy hour of tryst ;
the critical moment,

Bergomask. A clown or merry-
andrew; a native of Bergamo, Com-
pare, a gasconader ; a Beeotian.

Berkley (Mr.). An Englishman of
fortune, good-humoured, and humane.
He isa bachelor and somewhat eccentric,
but sound common sense is a silver
thread which is never lost. (Longfellow:

_ Hyperion (a romance), 1839.)

Berkshire (Saxon, Bearoc- sciré,
forest-shire), a name peculiarly appro-
riate to this county, which contains the
forest districts of Windsor and Bagshot.

Berlin Decree. A decree issued at
Berlin by Napoleon I., forbidding any
of the nations of Europe to trade wit:
Great Britain (1806). This mad fancy
Ae the first step to the great man’s
fall.

Berlin Time. The new Berlin Ob-
servatory is 44’ 14” east of Paris, and
53’ 35” east of Greenwich. The Berlin
day begins at noon, but our civil day

| begins the midnight preceding.

Berliners

126 ; Bertha

Berliners, The people of Berlin, in
Prussia,

Berme'ja. Insula dela Torre, from
which Amadis of Gaul starts when he
goes in quest of the Enchantress-Damsel,

ughter of Fin’etor the necromancer,

Bermoothes, An hypothetical island
feigned by Shakespeare to be enchanted,
and inhabited by witches and devils,
Supposed by some to be Bermudas; but
a correspondent in Votes and Queries
(January 23rd, 1886, p. 72) utterly
denies this, and favours the suggestion
that the island meant was Lampedusa,
“From the still-vexed Bermoothés, there she’s

hid.” Shakespeare: The Tempest, i, 2.

Bermudas. To live in the Bermudas,
i.e. in some out-of-the-way place for
cheapness. The shabby genteel hire a
knocker in some West-end square, where
letters may be left for them, but live in
the Bermudas, or narrow passages north
of the Strand, near Covent Garden.

Bernard (St.). Abbot of the monas-
tery of Clairvaux in the twelfth century.
His fame for wisdom was very great,
and few church matters were under-
taken without his being consulted.

Petit Bernard. Solomon Bernard, en-
graver of Lyons. (Sixteenth century.)

Poor Bernard, Claude Bernard, of
Dijon, philanthropist 4989-1641),

Lucullus. Samuel Bernard, capitalist
(1651-1739).

Le gentil Bernard, Pierre Joseph Ber-
nard, the French poet (1710-1775),

Bernard. Bonus Bernardus non videt
omnia (see above), We are all apt to
forget sometimes; events do not always
turn out as they are planned before-
hand,

“Poor Peter was to win honours at Shrewsbury
school, and carry them thick to Cambridge ; and
after that a living awaited him, the gift of his
godfather, Sir Peter Arley ; but Bonus Bernardus
non videt omnia, and Poor Peter's lot in life was
ni different to what his friends had planned.”
—Mrs. Gaskell: Cranford, chap. vi,

Bernard Soup (St.). (See Sronz

Sovup,)

Bernardo, in Dibdin’s Bibliomania
(a romance), is meant for Joseph Hazle-
wood, antiquary and critic (1811).

Bernar'do del Car’pio. One of the
most favourite subjects of the Spanish
minstrels ; the other two being the Vid
and Lara’s seven infants.

Bernard’s Inn. Formerly called

Mackworth Inn, from Dean Mackworth,
who died 1464.

“This house was, in the thirty-first year of the
reign of Henry Vi., a messuage helonging to Dr.
John Mackworth. dean of the cathedral church
of Lincoln, and at that time in the holding of
one Lionel Bernard... ..and it hath ever since
retained the name of Bernard’s Inn.’—Harleian
MSS. No, 1104,

Berners or Barnes (Juliana).
Prioress of Sigal nunnery, near St.
Albans, reputed authoress of the Bokys
of Hawking and Hunting (1486). Gener-
ally called ‘‘Dame Berners.”? Another
book ascribed to her is the Boke of the
Blazing of Arms (1485),

_ Bernese (2 syl.), A native of Berne,
in Switzerland.

Bernesque Poetry. Serio-comic
poetry: so called from Francesco Berni,
of Tuscany, who greatly excelled in it.
(1490-1536.)

Bernouilli’s Numbers or the pro-
erties of numbers first discovered by
ames Bernouilli, professor of mathe-
matics at Basle (1654-1705).

Berser’ker. Grandson of the eight-
handed Starka’der and the beautiful
Alfhilde, called ber-serce (bare of mail)
because he went into battle unharnessed.
Hence, any man with the fighting fever
on him, i

“You say that lam berserker, And... bare-
sark J go to-morrow to the war.”—Rev, 0. Kings
ley: Hereward the Wake,

Berth. He has tumbled into a nice
berth. A nice situation or fortune. The
place in which a ship is anchored is
called its berth, and the sailors call it a
good or bad berth as they think it favour-
able or otherwise. The space also
allotted to a seaman for his hammock is
called his berth, (Norman, berth, a
cradle, ) :

To give a wide berth. Not to come
near a person; to keep a person at a
distance. The place where a ship lies
in harbour is called her berth: hence,
to give a ‘‘ wide berth”? is to give a ship
plenty of room to swing at anchor,

Bertha. ‘The betrothed of John of
Leyden, but, being a vassal of Count
Oberthal, she was unable to marry with-
out her lord’s consent. "When she *vent
with her mother to ask permission of
marriage, the count, struck with her
beauty, determined to make her his
mistress. She afterwards makes her
escape from the castle, and, fancying
that the ‘‘ prophet’? had caused the
death of her lover, goes to Munster
fully resolved to compass his death by
setting fire to the palace. She is appre-
hended, and, being brought before the
prophet-king, recognises ner lover in

Bertha

127

Besom

him, saying, “I loved thee once, but
now my love is turned to hate,’ and
stabs herself. (Meyerbeer’s opera, Le
Prophéte:)

Bertha. The blind daughter of Caleb
Plummer in Dickens’s Cricket on the
Hearth (a Christmas story), 1845.

Bertha (frau). A German: imper-
sonation of the Epiphany, corresponding
to the Italian Befana. Represented as
a white lady, who steals softly into
nurseries and rocks infants asleep in
the absence of negligent nurses; she
is, however, the terror of all naughty
children, Her feet are very large, and
she has an iron nose. (See BEFANA.)

Berthas [Stock Exchange term]. The
London, Brighton, & South Coast Rail-
way Deferred Stock.

Berthe au Grand Pied. Mother of
Charlemagne, and great granddaughter
of Charles Martel; so called because she
had a club-foot,

Bertolde [Bar-told}. Imperturbable
as Bertolde, 1.c. not to be taken by
surprise, thrown off your guard, or dis-

_concerted at anything. Bertolde is the

hero of a little jeu d’esprit in Italian
prose, J. Cesare Croce. He is a com-
edian by profession, whom nothing as-
tonishes, and is as much at his ease
with kings and queens as with persons°
of his own rank and vocation.

Bertram. One of the conspirators
against the Republic of Venice ‘‘in
whom there was a hesitating softness
fatal to a great enterprise.”’ He be-
trayed the conspiracy to the senate.
(Byron: Marino Faliero.)

Bertram (Henry), in Sir W. Scott’s
novel of Guy Mannering, was suggested
by James Annesley, Esgq., rightful heir
of the earldom of Anglesey, of which he
was dispossessed by his uncle Richard.
He died in 17438.

Bertram, Count of Rousillon,
beloved by Heléna, the hero of Shake-
pears comedy, All’s Well that Ends

UW.

“1 cannot reconcile,my heart to Bertram,aman
noble without generosity, and young without
truth; who marries Helena as a coward, and
leaves her asa profligate."—Dr. Johnson. ©

Bertram Risingham. The vassal
of Philip of Mortham. Oswald Wy-
cliffe induced him to shoot his lord at
Marston Moor, and for this vile deed

_the vassal demanded of him all the gold”
and movables of his late master,- Oswald,
being a villain, tried to outwit Bertram,

and even murder him ; but in the end it
turns out that Mortham was not killed,
neither was Oswald his heir, for Red-
mond O’Neale, the page of Rokeby, is

found to be Mortham’s son. (Scott:
Rokeby.)
Bertra‘mo: The fiend-father of

Robert le Diable. After alluring his
son to gamble away all his possessions,
he meets him near the rocks St. Ire’ne,
and Hel’ena seduces him in the ‘‘ Dance
of Love.”” When Bertra’mo at last
comes to claim his victim, he is resisted
by Alice, the foster-sister of the duke,
who reads to him his mother’s will, and
angels come to celebrate the triumph of
good over evil, (Meyerbeer’s opera of
Roberto 11 Diavolo,)

Berwicks [Stock Exchange term],
meaning the North-Eastern Railway
shares, The line runs to Berwick.

Beryl Molozane (3 sy1.). The lady
beloved by George Geith; a laughing,
loving beauty, all sunshine and art-
lessness ; tender, frank, full of innocent
chatter; helping everyone and loving
everyone, Her lot is é infully unhapp
and she dies. (F. G. Trafford tA id
Riddell]: George Geith.)

Berzak [the interval]. The space
between death and the resurrection.
(The Koran.)

Besaile, A great grandfather (French,
bisaiewl), This-word should be restored.

Besants or Bezants. Circular pieces
of bullion without any impression, sup-
posed to represent the old coinage of
Byzantium, and to have been brought
to Europe by the Crusaders.

Beside the Cushion. Beside the
question ; not to the point; not perti-
nent to the matter in hand. French,
hors de propos ; Latin, nihil ad rhombum.
It was Judge Jeffreys who used the
phrase, ‘‘ Besides [sic] the cushion,”

Besom. To hang out the besom. To
have a fling when your wife is gone on
a visit. To be a quasi bachelor once
more. Taking this in connection with
the following phrase, it evidently means,
holding the marriage service in abey-
ance. :

“This is French argot, Rotir le balai (to burny
the besom) means to live the life of a liber-
tine, whence bulochard, Paris slang for a liber-
tine. Probably our phrase, “ burn the bellows,” ,
is pretty much the same as rotir le balat.

Jumping the besom. Omitting the
marriage service after the publication
of banns, and living together as map,

Bess 128

a,

and wife. In Southern Scotch, a street-
walker is called a desom, and in French
balai (a besom) means the life of a liber-
tine, as Rétir le balai ; Ll ont bien roti le
balai ensemble, where balai‘means a de-
bauch or something worse. No further
explanation can be needed or could be
given,

Bess. Good Queen Bess. Queen Eliza-
beth (1533, 1558-1608).

Bess 0’ Bedlam. A female lunatic
vagrant. Bedlam is a common name
for a madhouse, and Bess is a national
name for a woman, especially of the
lower order. The male lunatic is a
Tom 0’ Bedlam.

Bess of Hardwicke. Elizabeth,
Countess of Shrewsbury, to whose
charge, in 1572, Mary Queen of Scots
was committed. The countess treated
the captive queen: with great harshness,
being jealous of the earl her husband.
Bess of Hardwicke married four times:
Alexander Barley (when she was only
fourteen years of uge); William Caven-
dish; Sir William St. Loe, Captain of
Queen Elizabeth’s Guard; and lastly,
George, Earl of Shrewsbury. She built
Hardwicke Hall, and founded the wealth
and dignity of the Cavendish family.

Bessemer Iron. Pig-iron refined,
and converted into steel or malleable

iron by passing currents of air through -

the molten metal, according to a process
discovered by Sir H. Bessemer, and
patented in 1856.

Bessie Bell and Mary Gray. A
ballad. The tale is that these two young
ladies, natives of Perth, to avoid the
plague of 1666, retired to a rural retreat
called the Burnbraes, about a mile from
Lynedock, the residence of Mary Gray.
A young man, in love with both, carried
them provisions. Both ladies died of
the plague, and were buried at Dornock
Hough.

Bessus. A cowardly, bragging cap-
tain, a sort of Bob‘adil UD. eaumont
and Fletcher: A King and no King.)

Best. . At best or At the very best,
Looking at the matter in, the most
favourable light. Making every allew-
ance,

” Life at best is but a mingled yarn.”

_ At one’s best. At the highest er best
point attainable by the person referred to.

For the best. With the best of motives;
With the view of obtaining the best
results.
< I must make the best of my way home.

’

Beth Gelert

Tt is getting late and I must tse my
utmost diligence to get home as soou as
possible,

To have the best of it, or; To have the
best of the bargain. To have the advan-
tage or best of a transaction,

To make the best of the matter, To
submit to ill-luck with the best grace in
your power,

Best Man (at a wedding), The bride-
groom’s chosen friend who waits on him,
as the bride’s maids wait-on the bride.

Best Things (Zhe Wight), according
to Scandinavian mythology :— =

(1) The ash Yggdrasil is the best of

trees ;

2) Skidbladnir, of ships j

3) Odin, of the Asir’}

4) Sleipnir, of steeds ;

5) Bifrost, of bridges ;

6) Bragi, of bards ;

7) Habrok, of bawks
(8) Garm, of hounds.

Bestiaries or Bestials. Books Ferg
popular in the eleventh, twelfth, an
thirteenth centuries, containing the pice
tures of animals and their symbolisms.

“The unicorn bas but one horn in the middle
of its forehead. It is the only animal that ven-
tures to attack the elephant ; and so sharp is the
nail of its foot, that with one blew it can rip
the belly of that beast. Hunters can catch the
unicorn onjy by placing a young virgin in its
haunts, No sooner does he see the damsel, than
he runs towards her, and lies down at her feet, and
so suffers himself to be captured by the hunters,
The unicorn represents Jesus Christ, who took on
Him our nature in the virgin’s womb, was be-
trayed to the Jews, and delivered into the hands
of Pontius Pilate. 1lts one horn signifies the
Gospel of Truth, ...."—Le Bestiaire Divin de
Guillaume, Clerc de Normandie (13th century),

Béte. Morte la héte, mort le venin..
Dead men tell no tales; dead dogs don’t
bite. When one is dead his power of
mischief is over. Literally, if the)beast
is dead, its poison is dead also. ‘

Quand Jean-Béte est mort, il a*laissé
bien des héritiers. Casimir Delavigne
says to the same efiect, Les sots depuis
Adam sont en_majorité, Jean-Béte
means a fool or dolt.

Béte Noire. The thorn in the side,
the bitter in the cup, the spoke in the
wheel, the black sheep, the object of
aversion, A black sheep has plwaye
been considered an eyesore in a flock,
and its wool is really less valuable. In
times of superstition it was looked on as
bearing the devil’s mark.

“The Dutch sale of tin is the béte noire of the
Cornish miners,”—The Times,

Beth Gelert, or “‘the Grave of the
Greyhound.’? A ballad by the Hon.
William Robert Spencer, The tale is that

Bethlemenites

129

Beurré

EE RR chin

one day Llewellyn returmed from hunt-
ing, when his favourite hound, covered

with gore, ran to meet him. The chief-:

tain ran to see if anything had happened
to his infant son, found the cradle over-
turned, and all around was sprinkled
with gore and blood. Thinking the
hound had eaten the child, he stabbed it
to the heart. Afterwards he found the
babe quite safe, and a huge wolf under
the bed, quite dead. Gélert had killed
the wolf and saved the child.

Bethlemenites (4 syl.). Followers
- of John Huss, so called because he used
to preach in the church called Bethlehem
of Prague.

Betrothed (The). One of the Tales
of the Crusaders, by Sir Walter Scott,
1832. Lady Eveline Berenger is the
betrothed of Sir Damian de Lacy, whom
she marries,

Better. My better half. A jocose
way of saying my wife, As the twain
are one, each is half. Horace calls his

frieas anime dimidium mee. (1 Odes
iii. 8.)
To be better than his word. To do

more than he promised.

To think better of the matter. To
give it further consideration ; to form a
more correct opinion respecting it.

Better kind Friend, etc. DBvtter
kind friend than friend kind. Friend is
a corruption of fremd, meaning a stran-

er. Better [a] kind stranger than a

insman who makes himself a stranger,
or an estranged kinsman.

Better off. In more easy circum-
stances. :

Bettina. A mascotte who always
brought good luck wherever she went.
Though a mere peasant, she is taken to
the Prince of FPiombino’s palace of
Laurent, to avert his ill-luck; but by
marrying Pippo (a shepherd) she loses
her gift. owever, the prince is re-
minded that the children of a mascotte
are hereditary mascottes, and makes
Bettina promise that her first child shall
be adopted by the prince. (See Mas-
COTTE.) 1)

Bettina. The name under which
Elizabeth Brentano translated into Eng-
lish Goethe’s Letters to a Child in 1835.
She was the wife of Ludwig Achim von
Arnim, and it was her correspondence
with Goethe which were the Letters to a
Child referred to. Elizabeth Brentano
was born 1785.

Betty. A name of contempt given
to a man who interferes with the duties

J

of female servants, or occupies himself in
female pursuits ; also called a ‘‘ Molly.”

Betty. A skeleton key; the servant
of a picklock. Burglars call their short
crowbars for forcing locks Jevnies and
Jemmies. “Jenny”? is a “small engine,”
1.€.’ginie, and Jemmy is merely a variant,

Betu’bium. Dumsby, or the Cape of
St. Andrew, in Scotland.
“ The north-inflated tempest foams
O'er Orka's wad Betubium's highest peak,”
Thomson: Autumn, 891, 2,
_ Between. Between hay and grass.
Neither one thing nor yet another; a
hobbledehoy; neither a man nor yet a
Oy»
Between cup and lip. (See, Surp.)
Between Scylla and Charybdis, Be-
tween two equal dangers; on the horns
ofa dilemma. (See CHARYBDIS.)
Between two fires, Between two dan-
gers. In war, an army fired upon from
opposite sides is in imminent danger.
etween two stools you come to the
ground, ‘‘Like a man on double busi-
ness bound, I stand in pause where I shall
first begin, and both neglect.’? He who
hunts two hares leaves one and loses the
other.’’ Simul sorbére ac flare non pos-
sum. The allusion is to a children’s
game called ‘‘The Ambassador,”’ also a
practical joke at one time played at sea
when the ship crossed the line. Two
stools are set side by side, but somewhat
apart, and a cloth is covered over them.
A person sits on each stool to keep the
cloth taut, and the ambassador 1s in-
vited to sit in the middle; but, as soon
as he is seated, the two rise and the
ambassador comes to the ground,
Between you and me (French, entre
nous). In confidence be it spoken.
Sometimes, Between you and me and the
gate-post. Thee phrases, for the most
part, indicate that some ill-natured re-
mark or slander is about to be made of a
third person, but occasionally they refer
to some offer or private affair. ‘‘ Be-
tween ourselves’? is another form of the
same phrase.

Betwixt and Between. Neither
one nor the other, but somewhere be-
tween the two, Thus, grey is neither
white nor black, but betwixt and be-
tween the two.

Beurre. Avoir beurre sur la téte, To
be covered with crimes. Taken from a
Jewish saying, ‘‘If you have butter on

our head (i.e. have stolen butter and put
it in your cap), don’t go into the sun,.’”
(Vidoeg : Voleurs, vol. 1. p. 16.)

Beuves

130

Bias

J*y seis pour mon beurre.- Here
Scurre =means argent: I paid for it
through the nose. Beurre or butter has
the seme relation fo food as wealth has
te civil life ; it does not iake the place
of it, and does not make it, but if makes
it go down more pleasantly, and adds
somewhat to its “wholesomeness. As
Shakespeare says, ““ Where virtue is, it
makes more virtuous.”*

Prometive plus de beurre que de pain.
To promise much, bat perform hittle.
To promise more than one, can, or
chooses to, perform.- The butter of a

mise is of no use without substantial

“Be thou fed’ will not fill an

empty stomach. A little help is worth a
deal of pity.

Beuves (1 syl), or Buo’ro of Aygre’-
amont. The father of igi, and uncle
of Rimaldo. (Aristo: Or Friese.)

Bever. A “drink” between —_
(Italian, derere, to drink—onur bererag
Latin, bidere—our im-dibe). At Fton

_ they-used to have “‘ Bever days,”” when
extra beer and bread were served d

withoat prejadice bis bhevers.”"—Scsumont
and Ficicher : Women Haier, Li.

Bevil A model gentleman in Steele’s
Conse:

ious Lovers.
| ay el Bevil showed.”
im generons
Porecn > Winter, S45.

Be’vis The horse of Lard Marmion.
(Sir Walter Scott.) (See Hozsz.)

Bevis of Southampion. A knight of
Pema its are recounted
in Drayton’s Polyolbion. “The Freach

eud Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is
meant for the Marquis of Worcester,
afterwards Duke of Beaufort. ~
“ Becaliel with each erace and virtue fraught,
Serene his looks, —— his fe and eeenei
,On whom so largely Nature heaped her store.
“There Scares. for arts

eth a a

ong: Ly in aici 5 Sees
sent from Spain to Italy, who landed
both ill-accoutred and in want of ey

. tal. besogni, from bisogno, :
thing ae

t ea Se ae zing ees Marauders.”
—s

Great men oft aac by ST
Shakespeare: 2 Henry VI, activ. 1.
a Bezonian? Speak
or die” (2 Hen. IV., act v. 3). Choose
your or take the

uences

7" Canar or Pompey ?.*Sipealeaie gia?
Bheem or Bhima. One of the five
Indian

demi-gods,
rs = -
his body from the hills, there
the Kinchick ravine.

Bizeum, in rhetoric, means converting
the proof into a disproof As thus:

That you were the murderer is pro

Biberius Bible
_Biberius Mero. The pun- Bishop's Billie. The revised edition of
nickname of Tiberius Claudius Eres Parker's version, Published

ning
Nero. Biberius us], drink-loving,
Galton Mowe samara
mero, hot with wine.

ik, but is

raan iblos, a book.)
headings of saapters were pre-

TYPE, or from words :—
The Breeches Bible. So called because

“idole shepherd ”

from a ter’s error in Matt. v. 9,
be? are the placemakers -
makers], for they shall be called the

The Printer’ Bible makes David

[pines Bev complain that ‘‘ the printers

ae me without a
cxix. 161).

The Treacle Bible, 9 (Beck’ s Bible),
in which the word ‘halm” is rendered
“treacle.” The Bishops’ Bible has
tryacle in ni iti. 28; xivi. 11; and in
Ezek. xxvii. 1

not dat 1 the

unrighteous shall
of God?” (1 Cor. vi.

i. 9
an Vinegar Bible. So called becanse

T
E
|
|
|
S|

Coverdale’s B ible, 1535, Translated by
Miles Coverdale, afterwards Bishop of
Exeter. This was the first Bible sanc-
tioned by royal authority.

rien s Bible, 1539. This is Cover-
dale’s Bible corrected by _Archbisho
Cranmer. It was printed in 1540, i
in 1549 every parish church was enjoined
to have a copy under a penalty of i0s.a
month.

The Douay Bibic, 1581. A translation
made by the professors of the Douay
Colleze for the use of English boys de-
signed for the Catholic priesthood.

The Geneva Bible. The Bible trans-
lated by the English exiles at Geneva.
ptt as the “Breeches Bible”

Q.0.

King James's Bible. The Authorised
Version ; so called because it was under-
taken by command of James IL Pub-
lished 1611.

Matthew Parker's Bible, or “The
Great Bible,” published in the reign
of Henry VIIL under the care of Arch-
bishop Parker and his staff (1539-1541).
In 1572 several prolegomena were
added.

Matthews Bible is Tindal’s version. It

was so called by John Rogers, super-
intendent of the churches in

y, and was published with notes
under the fictitious name of Thomas
Matthews, 1537.

The Mazarine Bible, The earliest book
printed in movable metal type. It con-
tains no date. Copies have been re-
cently sold from £2,000 to £3,900. Called
the Mazarine Bible from the "Bibliotheque

Cardinal

* Mazarine, founded in Paris by

Mazarine in 1648,
Sacy’s Bible. So galled from Isaac
Louis (Le-maistre), ee of the

who strangled the

ie Seca ope
“ytd Bible, 1380, but first printed
nm

Bible-backed

132

Bickerstaff

Gi VERSIONS.
he Authorised Version, 1611.
Kina James’s BIBLE.)

The Revised Version. Published in
May, 1885. The work was begun in
June, 1870, by twenty-five scholars, ten
of whom died before the version was
completed. The revisers had eighty-five
sessions, which extended over fourteen
years.

Bible-backed. Round-shouldered,
like’ one whovis always poring over a
book.

Bible-carrier (4). A pogram; creak-
shoes; or saint, in a scornful sense.

“Of all bookes, they least respect the Bible.
Mauy will have statute bookes, cronicles, yea
play-hookes, and such-like toyish pamphlets, but
not a bible in their honse or bands.... Some
vse to carry other bookes with them to church
...to draw away their mindes from hearing
God's word when it is read and preached to them.
Some goe yet further, and will not suffer their
wives, children, or other of their housebold to
reade the Word. And some scoffe at such as
earry the scriptures with them to church, terming
them in reproach Bible-carricrs."—Gouge: Whole

Armour of God, p. 318 (1616),

Bible Christians. A Protestant
sect founded in 1815 by William
O’Bryan, a Wesleyan, of Cornwall;
also called Bryanites (3 syl.).

Bible-Clerk. A sizar of the Oxford
university ; a student who gets certain
pecuniary advantages for reading the
Bible aloud at chapel. The office is
almost a sinecure now, but the emolu-
ment is given, in some colleges, to the
sons of poor gentlemen, either as a free
gift, or as the reward of merit tested by
examination,

Bible Statistics,
The Number of Authors is 50,
About 30 hooks are mentioned in the Bible, but
not included in the canon.

Tn the Old In the New

Testament. Testament, Total.
Books... +. 3 97 66
Chapters -. 929 260 1,189
Verses.» «« 23,214 7,959 31,173
Words... «+ 592,439 181,253 773,692
Letters + 2,728,800 838,380 3,567,180
Apocrypha. Books, 14; chapters, 183; verses,

6,091 ; words, 252,185 ; letters, 1,063,876.
Middle hbook-. +. Proverbs 2 Thess.
Middle chapter .. Job xxix, Rom, xiii, & xiv,
Middle verse .- 2Chron.xx, Acts xvii. 17.
(between verses 17 and 18)

Least verse -. .. 1 Chron. i. 25, John xi, 35.
Smallest chapter Psalm cx vii.
Longest chapter Psalm ecxix.

Ezra vii. 21 contains all the letters of the alpha-
het, except j. d

ings xix. and Isaiah xxxvi. are exactly alike.

The last two verses of 2 Chron. and the opening
verses of Ezraare alike, _ ;
_ Ezra ii. and Nehemiah vii. arealike.

The word and occurs in the Old Testament
35,543 times. t

The word and occurs in the New Testament
10,684 times, ;

The word Jehovah occurs 6,855 times.

The letter Mem in the Hebrew text occurs

77,778 times, -

(See-

The letter Vau in the Hebrew text occurs
76,922 times. (These are the most frequent.)

The letter Teth occurs 11,052 times. *

The letter Samech occurs 13,580 times, (These
are the least frequent.) _

-The Bible was divided into chapters by Cardinal
Hugo de Sancto-Caro, about 1236,

The Old Testament was divided into verses by
Rabbi Mordecai Nathan ; and the New, Testament,
in 1544, by R. Stephens, a French printer, it is
siid, while on horseback. ‘

Of the 3,000 languages and dialects on the earth,
the Bible has been translated into 180,

The Septuagint, a translation into Greek, was
made in Egypt 285 B.c, ( ms

‘The first complete English translation was by
Wicklif, A.D. 1880; the first French translation,
in 1160; the first German, in 1460 ; the first Ameri-
cin edition was printed at Boston in 172,

The oldest MS. of the Bible in the British
Museum is the “Codex Alexandrinus.” Parts of
the New Testament are omitted. The ‘ Codex
Vaticanus” is the oldest in the Vatican Library
at Rome,

Biblia Pau'perum [the poor man’s
Bible], Some forty or fifty pictures of
Bible subjects used in the Middle Ages,
when few could read, to teach the leading
events of Scripture history. (See Mirror

or HuMAN SALVATION.)

Biblical. Father of Biblical criticism
and exegesis, Origen (185-254).

Bibliomancy. Forecasting future
events by the Bible. The plan was to
open the sacred volume at: random, and
lay your finger on a passage without
looking at it. The text thus pointed out
was supposed to be applicable to the

erson who pointed it out. (Greek,
hiblia, Bible ; manteia, prophecy.) (See
SorreEs. )

*: Another process was to weigh a
person suspected of magic against a
Bible. If the Bible bore down the
other scale, the accused was acquitted.

Bib'ulus. Colleague of Julius Cesar,
a mere cipher in office, whence his name
has become proverbial for one in office
who is a.mere fainéant,

Biceps. Muscular strength of the
arm ; properly, the prominent muscles of
the upper arm; so called because they
have two heads. (Latin, biceps, two
heads.)

Biceps Parnassus (Vers. Prol. 2),
i.e. Parnassus with two heads o1 tops
(dis caput). :

“Nec fonte labra prolui caballing,
Nec in bicipiti somniasse Parnasso
Memini, ut repente sic poeta prodiveir
Persius: Sutires (prologue.

Bickerstaff (Isaac), A name as-
sumed by Dean Swift in a satirical
pamphlet against Partridge, the alman-
ack-maker. -This produced a paper war
so diverting that Steele issued the
Tatler under the editorial name of
‘Isaac Bickerstaff, Esq., Astrologer '
(1709). : es) Dele

Bicorn 133

Bicorn. An hypothetical beast sup-
posed to devour all men under petti-
coat government. It is described as
very fat and well liking. There was
another beast called Chichevache, which
ted on obedient wives, but the famished
beast was thinner than the most rascal
of Pharaoh’s lean kine, for its food
always fell short. Of course, bi-corn
(two-horns) contains an allusion familiar
to all readers of our early literature.

Bid. To bid fair. To seem likely:
as ‘‘He bids fair to do well;’’, -‘‘It
bids fair to be a fine day.’’ (Anglo-
Saxon, bédan or bedédan, to promise, to
offer.)

To bid for [votes]. ‘To promise to
support in Parliament certain measures,
in order to obtain votes.

To bid against one. To offer or pro-
mise a higher price for an article at
auction,

I bid him defiance, I offer him de-
fiance ; I defy him,

Bid. J bid you good night. I wish

ou good night, or I pray that you may

ave a good night. This is the Anglo-
Saxon biddan, to ask, pray, or intreat.
Whence ‘‘ beads-men”’ (q.v.), ‘‘ bidding
prayer?’ (g.v.).. ‘* Bid him welcome.”’

“ Nerther bid bim God-speed.”—2 John 10, 11...

To bid the [marriage] banns. To ask
if anyone objects to the marriage of the
persons named. “Si guis’”’ (g.v.).

To bid to the wedding. In the New
‘Testament is to ask to the wedding
feast.

Bid-ale. An invitation of friends to
assemble at the house of a poor man to
oar ale, and thus to raise alms for his
relief,

“The ordinary amusements in country parishes:

(in 1632) were church-ales. clerk-ales, and bid-
ales, . . . consisting: of drinking and sports,
particularly dancing.”—7. V. Short, D.D,:; History
of the Church of England, p. 392,

“ Denham, in 1634, issued an order in the western
circuit to put an end fo the disorders attending
church-ales, bid-ales, clerk-ales, and the like.”"—
Howitt: History of England {Charles I,, chap. iii.
p. 159),

Bidding Beads. Telling off prayers
by beads (Anglo-Saxon, biddan, to ask,
to pray).

Bidding-Prayer. The prayer for
the souls of benefactors said before the
sermon; a relic of this remains in the
prayer used in cathedrals, university
churches, ete, Bidding is from dead or
tede. (Anglo-Saxon, bdiddan, to pray
for the souls of benefactors.)
Berapswan.)

(See .

Big Gooseberry

Biddy (i.e. Bridget). A genericname
for an Irish servant-maid, as Mike is for
an Irish labourer. These generic names
are very common: for example, Tom
Tug, a waterman; Jack Pudding, a
buffoon; Cousin Jonathan, an American
of the United States; Cousin Michel, a
German; John Bull, an Englishman;

-Moll and Betty, English female servants

of the lower order; John Chinaman, a
Chinese; Colin Tompon, a Swiss; Nic
Frog, a Dutchman; Mossoo, a French-
man: and many others.

~ In Arbuthnot’s John Bull Nic Frog
is certainly a- Dutchman; and Frogs
are called ‘“‘ Dutch Nightingales.’’ The
French sometimes serve Lidge frogs at

‘table as a great delicacy, and this has

caused the word to be transferred to the
French; but, properly, Nic Frog is d
Dutchman. E

Bideford Postman. Edward Capern,
the poet (born 1819), so called because
at; one time he was a letter-carrier at
Bideford. He died in 1894,

Bidpai. [See Prupat.]

Biforked Wetter of the Greeks,
The capital U, made thus Y, which re-
senibles a bird flying.

“(The hirds) flying, write upon the sky
“fhe bitorked letter of the Greeks,”
~ Longfeliow : The Wayside Inn, prelude,

Bifrost, in Scandinavian mythology,
is the name of the bridge between heaven
and earth; the rainbow may be consi-
dered to be this bridge, and its various
colours are the reflections of its precious
stones. (Icelandic, difa, tremble, and
rost, Fae ;

t The keeper of the bridge is Heim-
dall. It leads to Doomstead, the palace
of the Norns or Fates,

Big. To look big, To assume a con-
sequential air.

To talk big. To boast or brag.

“The archdeacon waxed wroth, talked big, and
looked bigger.”—Trollope; The Warden, chap.

Big Bird. To get the big bird G.e.
the goose). To be hissed on the stage.
A theatrical expression.

Big-en‘dians, A religious party in
the empire of Lilliput, who made it a
matter of conscience to break their eggs
at the big end; they were looked on as

| heretics by the orthodox party, who

broke theirs at the small end. The Big-
endians are the Catholics, and the Little-
endians the Protestants. fi

Big Gooseberry Season (The), The
time when Parliament is not assembled,

: Big-wig

134

Bill

It is at such times that newspapers
are glad of any subject to fill their
columns and amuse their readers;
monster gooseberries will do for such
a purpose for the nonce, or the sea-
serpent.

Big-wig (A). A person in authority,
a ‘fnob.”? Of course, the term arises
from the custom of judges, bishops, and
80 on, wearing large wigs. Bishops no
longer wear them.

Bigaroon. Incorrectly spelt Bica-
#002. A white-heart cherry. (French,
bigarreau; Latin, bigarelia ; i.e. bis var-
ellus, dGouble-varied, red and white
mixed. The French word, bigarrure,
means party-colour, bigarver).

Bighes (pron. dees). Jewels, female
ornaments. (Also written bie.)

She is all in her bighes to-day—i.e, in
full fig, in excellent spirits, in good
humour,

Bight. To hook the byht—i.e, to get
entangled. The bight 1s the bend or
doubled part. of a rope, and when the
rope of one anchor gets into the ‘ bight ”’
of another, it gets ‘‘ hooked.””

Bigorne (2 syl.). A corruption of
‘* Bicorn ”’ (¢.0.).

Big’ot means simply a worshipper
(Anglo-Saxon, bigan, to worship; Ger-
man, dbigott). Various explanations have
been given from time to time, but none
are well supported.

Bigot and his Castle of Bungay.
(See CastLE, etc.)

Bil’bo. A rapier or sword. So called
from Bilba’o, in Spain, once famous for
its finely-tempered blades. Falstaff says
to Ford:

“T suffered the pangs of three several deaths ;
first, an intolerable fright, to he detected...
next, to he compassed, like a good bilbo. ... hilt
to point, heel to head; and then., ."—Aferry
Wives, iii: 5.

Bilboes. <A bar of iron with fetters
annexed to it, by which mutinous sailors
are linked together. 'The word is de-
rived from Bilba’o, in Spain, where they
were first made, Some of the bilboes
taken from the Spanish Arma’da are
still kept in. the Tower of London;

Bile. It rouses my bile. It makes me
angry or indignant, In Latin, biliosus
“(a bilious man) meant a choleric’ one.
ccording to the ancient theory, bile is
ue of the humours of the body, and

’

when excited abnormally it. produces
choler or rage,

“Tt raised my bile to see him so Tefiect their
grief peice Hage : Plea of Midsummer Fairies,
stanza 54..

Black bile is melancholy.

Bilge Water. Filthy drainings. The
bilge is the lowest part of a ship, and,
as the rain or sea-water which trickles
down to this part is hard to get at, it is
apt to become foul and very offensive,

Bilk, To cheat, to obtain goods and
decamp without paying for them.

“The landlord explained it by saying that ‘a
bilk "isa man who never misses a meal and never

ays a cent.”"—A, K, McClure: Rocky Mountains
etter xxii, p. 211.

% To ‘‘bilk”’ in cribbage is to spoil
our adversaries’ score; to balk ‘him.
erhaps the {wo words are mere variants.

Bilker (4). <A person who gives a
cabman less than his fare, and, when
remonstrated with, gives a false name
and. address. Sometimes a ‘‘ bilker”’
gets out and says,-‘‘ Cabby, I shall be
back in a minute,’’ turns the corner and
is NO more seen.

“The time for taking out a summons expires in
seven days, and it often takes longer than that
to hunt a ‘bilker’ down.’—Nineteenth Century
(March, 1893, p. 177).

Also a cabman who does not pay the
owner for the cab. T

Bill (The). The nose, also called the
beak. Hence, ‘‘ Billy’? is- slang for a
pocket-handkerchief.
“ Lastly came Winter, clothéd all in frize,

Chattering hia teeth for cold that did him

chill
Whilst on his hoary beard his breath did freeze ;
And the dull drops that frum his purple bill

As ch ples ey did adown distill.”
Spenser; Faérie Queene, canto vii.

Bill ey The draft of an Act of
Parliament.,

A public bill'is the draft of an Act of
Parliament affecting the general public.

A private bill is the draft of an Act of
Parliament for the granting of some-
thing to a company, corporation, or
certain individuals,

A true bill, I confess what you say
is true. The case against the accused is.
first submitted to the grand jury. If
they think: the chargé has a fair colour,
they write on the Teclaxatila “CA true
bill,” and the case is submitted to the
petty jury. Otherwise, they write ‘“No

rue bill,”’ or ‘*“Not found,’’ and the case
is at once dismissed or ‘‘ignored.”
To ignore a bill is to write on it tgno-

| ramus, .
“*Tgnoramus' is the word properly used by the
Gran ven Ope the bili

Enquest ... and written upon
Cowell,

‘Bill of Fare

Bills payable. Bills of exchange,
promissory notes, or other documents
promising to pay a sum of money.

Bills receivable. Promissory notes,
bills of exchange, or other acceptances
held by a person to whom the money
stated is payable.

Bill of Fare (4). A list of the menu
provided, or which may be ordered, at a
restaurant. :

Bill of Health. 4 clean bill of health.
A document, duly signed by the proper
authorities, to certify that when the ship
set sail no infectious disorder existed in
the place,

foul bill of health is a documént to
show that the place was suffering from
some infection when the ship set sail.
If a captain cannot show a clean bill, he
is supposed to have a foul one.

Bill of Lading. A document signed
by the master of a ship in acknowledg-
ment of goods laden in his vessel. In
this document he binds himself to deliver
the articles in good condition to the
’ persons named in the bill, certain excep-
tions being duly provided for. These
bills are generally in triplicate—one for
the sender, one for the receiver, and one
for the master of the vessel.

Bill of Pains and Penalties (4).
A legislative act imposing punishment
(less than capital) upon a person charged
with treason or other high crimes.

Bill of Quantities. An abstract of
the probable cost of a building.

Bill of Rights. The declaration de-
livered to the Prince of Orange on his
election to the British throne, confirm-

ing the rights and privileges of the
people. (Feb, 13th, 1689.) —

Bill of Sale. When a person borrows
money and delivers goods as security, he
gives hi
sion to sell the goods if the money is not
returned on a stated day.

Bills of Mortality took their rise
in 1592, when a great pestilence broke
out, which continued till 1595. The
term is now used for those abstracts
from parish registers which show the
births, deaths, and baptisms of the

district, :

Within the Bills of Mortality = within
the district.

Bilis of Parcels. An _ itemised

stafement of articles purchased: These
Pills are itemised by the seller,

135

a bill of sale, that is, permis- -

Billy Barlow

Billee’ (Little), The youngest’ of
“Three sailors of Bristol city,’? who
‘¢ took a boat and went to sea,’

“ There was gorging Jack, and guzzling Jimmy,
And the youngest—he was little Billea,
Now, when they got as far as the equator,
They had nothing left but one split pea.

To gorging Jack says guzzling Jimmy,
‘We've nothing left, we must eat we,’”
Thackeray.

[They decide to eat Little Billee, but

he contrives to escape. ]

Billet-doux [pronounce Dilly doo}.
French, a love-letter, a sweet or affec-
tionate letter,

Billiards. A corrupt form of the
French billard. ‘‘ Autrefois, le baton
avec lequel on poussait les billes”’ ; then
‘+ la table verte sur laquelle on joue’’; and,
lastly, the ‘‘ game itself,”

Similar plural forms are the games called

bowls, cards, dominoes,draughts, marbles, quoits,
skittles, tops, etc.

Billings (Josh), The nom de plume
of H. W. Shaw, an American humorist,
who died 1885, His Book of Sayings was
published in 1866,

Billingsgate (London). Gate =
quay, and. bellan is to bawl or bellow.

his quay is so called from the shouting
of the fishermen in trying to attract
attention and vend their fish,

That’s Billingsgate. -Vulgar and
coarse, like the manners and language
of Billingsgate fish-fags.

“Parnassus spoke the cant of Billingsgate.”

— Dryden; Art of Puctry, c.1.

To talk Billingsgate, i.e. to slang, to
scold in a vulgar, coarse style.

You are no betier than a Billingsgate
Jish-fag, i.e. you are as rude and ill-
mannered as the women of Billingsgate _
fish-market. The French say ‘‘ Maubert ’’
instead of Billingsgate, as Your compli-
ments are like those of the Place Maubert,
i.e. no compliments at all, but v r
dirt-flinging. The ‘‘ Place Maubert’’ has
long been noted for its market.

Billingsgate Pheasant (4). A red
herring.

Billy. A policeman’s staff, which isa
little bill or billet.

A pocket-handkerchief. ‘A blue
billy’? is a handkerchief with' blue
ground and white spots.

Billy Barlow. A street droll, a
merry Andrew ; so called from a half-
idiot of the name, who fancied himself
*“s0me great ersonage.’’ He was well
known in the East of London, and died
in Whitechapel workhouse, Some of his

Billycock Hats

sayings were really witty, and some of
his attitudes really droll.

Billycock Hats, First used by
Billy Coke (Mr. William Coke) at the
great shooting parties at Holkham. The
old-established hatters in the West End
still call them ‘‘ Coke hats.”

Bi-metallism. The employment of
two metals, silver and wold of fixed
relative value. Now gold is the only
standard metal in England and some
other countries. Silver coins are mere
tokens, like copper coins; and if given
in payment of large sums are estimated
at the market value, so much an ounce;
but a gold sovereign is always of one
fixed legal value.

Binary Arithmetic. Arithmetic in
which the base of the notation is 2
instead of 10. The unit followed by a
cipher signifies two, by another wnit. it
signifies three, by two ciphers it signifies
four, andsoon. Thus, 10 signifies two,
a signifies four; while 11 signifies 3,
e

Binary Theory. A theory which
supposes that all definite chemical salts
are combinations of two radicles or
elements, one of which is electro-positive

erie and the other electro-negative'’

acid).

Bingham’s Dandies. The 17th
Lancers; so called from their colonel
the Earl of Lucan, former! Lord
Bingham. The uniform is noted for its
admirable fit and smartness, Now
called ‘The Duke of Cambridge’s Own
Lancers,”’

Bin‘nacle, Thecase of the mariner’s
compass, which used to be written
bittacle, a*corruption of the Portuguese
bitucola, French, habitacle, properly an
abode,

Birchin Lane. / must send you to
Birchin Lane, i.e. whip you. The play
is on birch (a rod). + ee

A suit in Birchin Lane. Birchin Lane
‘was once famous for all sorts of apparel ;
references to second-hand clothes in
Birchin Lane are common enovgh in
Elizabethan books.

“Passing through Birchin Laneamidst a camp-
royal of hose and doublets, I took , . . occasion
to slip into a captain's suit—a valiant buff doublet
stuffed with points and a pair of velvet slops
eres thick with lace.”—Middleton : Bluck Book
‘ ug .

Bird, An endearing name for girl.

“ And by my word, your bonnie bird

In danger shall not tarry ;
So, though the waves are raging white,
Tl row you o'er the ferr,

Campbell : Lord Ulin's Dangkter,

136 Bird in the Hand

Bird is the Anglo-Saxon 6rid, the
young of any animal, hence bride, verb,
beran, to bring forth,

A bird of ill-omen, A person who is
regarded as bared et one who is in the
habit of bringing ill-news. The ancients
thought that some birds indicated gocd
luck, and others evil. Even to the pre-
sent day many look upon owls, crows,
and ravens as unlucky birds; swallows
and storks as lucky ones.

Ravens, by their acute sense of smell,
discern the savour of’ dying’ bodies,
and, under the ‘hope of preying on
them, light on chimney-tops or flutter
about sick rooms; hence the raven indi-
cates death. Owls screech when bad
weather is at hand, and as foul weather
often precedes sickness, 80 the owl is
looked on as 2 funeral bird.

A bird of passage. A person who shifts
from place to place ; a temporary-visit-
ant, hke a cuckoo, the swallows, star-
lings, etc.

A jail-bird, (See Jatt.)

The bird of Juno. The peacock.

‘* Minerva’'s bird is either the cock or
the owl; that of Venus is the dove,

The bird of Washington. The Ameri-
can or baldheaded eagle.

“ The well-known bald-headed eagle, sometimes
called the Bird of Washington.”—Wood.

The Arabian bird. The phosnix.

The green bird tells everything a
erson. wishes to know. (Cherry and
db ike

The talking bird spoke with a human
voice, and could bid all other birds join
in concert. (Arabian Nights.)

Old birds are not to be caught with
chaff. Experience teaches wisdom.

One beats the bush, and another takes
the bird. The workman does the work,
the master makes the money.

’Tis the early bird that catehes the
worm.

“ Barly to bed and early to A

Makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise,”

A little bird told me so. From Eccles.
x. 20: “Curse “not the King, no not in
thy thought, . . . for a bird of the air |
shall carry the -voice, and that which
hath wings shall tell the matter.”

Bird in the hand. 4 bird in the

hand is worth two in the bush. Posses: (

sion is better than expectation.

Italian: “E meglio aver oggi un novo, che’
dimani una gallina.” . q

French: “ t) vaut mieux avoir l’euf aujourd'hui,
que la poule demain” (Turkish). - i

“Un tien vaut mieux que deux tu l’auras,

“Un all quand il est assuré, vaut mieux que
cing en espérance.” ‘

German: “ Bin vogel in der hand ist besser alg
zehen fiber land,” 9

's
:

Bird in thy Bosom

137

Bishop

“ Besser ein spatz in der hand, als ein storch auf
dem dache.” i

Latin; “ Ego spem pretio non emam.”

English: “A pound in the purse is worth two
in the book.” *

On the other side we have: “ Qui ne s'aventure,
n'a ni cheval ni mule.” “Nothing venture, no-
thing have,” “Give a sprat to catch a mackerel.”
“Chi non s'arrischia, non guadagna.”

Bird in thy Bosom. Thou hast
kept well the bird in thy bosom. Thou

hast remained faithful to thy allegiance’

or faith. The expression was used by
Sir Ralph Percy (slain in the battle of
Hedgly Moor in 1464) to express his
having preserved unstained his fidelity
to the House of Lancaster.

Bird of Esté. The white eagle, the
cognisance of the house.

“His dazzling way
The bird of Esté# soars beyond the solar ray.”
Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered, x.

Birds. Birds of a feather flock
together. Persons associate with those
of a similar taste and station as them-
selves, Qui se ressemble_ assemble.
Cicero says, ‘* Similes similibus gaudent,
parescum paribus facillime congregantur.”?
‘* Ne nous associons qu’avec nos égaux ??
(La Fontaine),

To kill two birds with one stone. To
effect two objects with one outlay of
trouble.

Birds (protected by superstitions).

Choughs are protected in Cornwall,
because the soul of King Arthur mi-
grated into a soe ie

The Hawk is held sacred by the
Egyptians, because it is the form as-
sumed by Ra or Horus,

The Ibis is sacred in Egypt, and to
kill one was at one time a capital offence.
It is said that the god Thoth escaped
(as an Ibis) from the ppuraait of Typhon.

Mother Carey's ickens, or Storm
Petrels are protected by sailors, from a
superstition that hey ara the living
forms of the souls of deceased sailors.

The Robin is protected, both from
Christian tradition and nursery legend.
(See Rosin REDBREAST.

The Stork is a sacred bird in Sweden,
from the legend that it flew round the
cross, crying St Mg Styrka, when
Jesus was crucified. (See StorK.)

Swans are papershiicuny: rotected in
Ireland from the legend of the Fion-
nuala (daughter of Lir), who was
metamorphosed into a swan and con-
demned to wander in lakes and rivers
till Christianity. was introduced. (See
Trish Melodies, Silent O’ Moyle.)
eine: The bat (a winged animal) was regarded by
the.Caribs as a good angel, which protected their

dwellings at night ; and it was accounted sacri-
legious to kill one.

Bird’s-eye View. A mode of per-
spective drawing in which the artist is
supposed to be over the objects deline-
ated, in which case he beholds them as
a bird in the air would see them. A
general view.

Birdcage Walk (St. James’s Park,
London) ; so called from an aviary.

Birmingham Poet. John Freeth,
who died at the age of seventy-eight in
1808. He was wit, poet, and publican,
who not only wrote the words and tunes
oF songs, but sang them also, and sang
them well,

Birthday Suit. He was in his birth-
day suit. Quite nude, as when first
born.

Bis. Bis dat, qui cito dat (he gives
twice who gives promptly)—i.e. prompt
relief will do as much good as twice the
sum at a future period (Publius Syrus
Proverbs.)

Purple and bis, i.e. purple and fine
linen (Latin, byssus, fine flax). The
spelling is sometimes diss, bys, etc.

Biscuit (French-Latin, dis, twice;
cuit, baked). So called because it was
originally twice ovened. The Romans
had a bread of this kind.

In pottery, earthenware or porcelain,
after 1t has been hardened in the fire, but
has not yet been glazed, is so galled,

Bise. A wind that acts notably on
the nervous system. It is prevalent in
those valleys of Savoy that open to the
north.

“The Bise blew cold.”
Rogers: Italy, part 1. div. ii. stanza 4,

Bishop (Evéque), the same word,
episcopus ; whence episc, evesc, evesque,
evéque ; also ’piscop, bishop.

Bishop, Cardinal, Pope (as bever-
ages) :

baie is made by pouring red wine
(such as claret or burgundy), either hot
or cold, on ripe bitter oranges. The
liquor is then sugared and spiced to
taste. In Germany, ‘‘bishop’’ is a
mixture of wine, sugar, nutmeg, aid
orauge or lemon. It is sometimes called
“Purple Wine,’”’ and has received its
name of bishop from its colour.

Cardinal is made by using white wine
instead of red.

Pope is made by using tokay.

“When I was at college, Cup was spiced audit
ale; Bishop was “cup" with wine (properly
claret or burgundy) added ; Cardinal was “cup
with brandy added, All were served with a
hedge- hog (i.e. 9 whole lemon Or orange bristling

Bishop Barnaby 188

Bites and Bams

with cloves) floating in the midst. Each guest
had his own glass or cup filled by a ladle from the
common bow! (a large silver one).”

The bishop hath put his foot in it.
Said of milk or porridge that is burnt, or
ot meat over-roasted, Tyndale says,
“Tf the podech be burned-to, or the
meate ouer rosted, we saye the byshope
hath put bis fote in the potte,’”’ and ex-
plains it thus, ‘‘ because the bishopes
burn who they lust.’? Such food is also
said to be bishopped.

Bishop Barnaby.
lady-bird, etc.

Bishop in Partibus.
TIBUS.)

Bishop of Hippo,
(354-430) is often so referred to. He
held the See for many years.

Bishop’s Apron represents the short
. cassock which, by the 74th canon, all
clergymen were enjoined, to wear.

Bishop’s Bible (Zhe). (See under
Brsxe, page 131, col, 2.)

. Bishop’s Mitre. Dean Stanley tells
us that the cleft of a bishop’s mitre
represents the mark of the crease of the
mitre, when folded and carried under
the arm, like an opera hat. (Christian
Institutions, p. 154.)

Bissextile. Leap-year. We add a
day to February in leap-year, but the
Romans Suited the- 24th of February
twice. Now, the 24th of February was
called by them “dies bissextus’’? (sexto
calendas Martias), the sextile or sixth
day before March Ist; and this day
being reckoned twice (dis) in leap-year,
was called ‘‘ annus bissextus.”’ ;

Bisson or Bisen [blind] is the Anglo-

The May-bug,
(See In Par-

Saxon disen, Shakespeare (Hamlet, ii. |

2) speaks of bisson rheum (blinding
tees, and in Coriolands, ii. 1, “What
harm can your bisson conspectuities
glean out of this character ?”’

Biston'ians. The Thracians; so
called from Biston, son of Mars, who
built Biston’ia on the Lake Bis’tonis.

“So the Bistonian race, a maddening train,
Exult and revel on the Thracian plain;
With milk their bloody banquets they allay.
Or from the lion rend bis panting prey;

On some abandoned savage fiercely fly,
Seize, tear, devour, and think it luxury.”

Pitt: Statius, Book ii.

Bit. A piece. ;

A bit of my mind, as ‘‘T'll tell him a
bit of my .mind,’”’ I’ll reprove him.
Same word as dite, méaning a piece
bitten off, hence a piece generally.
(Anglo-Saxon, bitan, to bite.) ;

Bit by bit. A little at a time; piece-
meal, pee

St. Augustine.

Not a bit, or Not the least bit. Not at
all; not the least likely. This may be
not a morsel, dr not a doit, rap, or sou.
‘¢ Bit”? used to be a small Jamaica coin.
We still talk of a threepenny-bit.. Dit,
of course, is the substantive of dite, as
morsel (French morgeau) of mordre,

Bit (of a horse). To take the bit in (or

between) his teeth, To be obstinately
self-willed; to make up one’s mind not
to yield. When a horse has a mind to
run away, he catches the bit ‘between
his teeth,” and the driver has io longer
control over him,

“Mr. X. will not yield. He has taken the bit
between his teeth, and is resolyed to carry out
his original measure.”— Newspaper paragraph,
April, 1886,

Bit. Money. The word is used in
the West Indies for a half pistareen
(fivepence). In Jamaica, a bit is worth
sixpence, English; in America, 124
cents; in Ireland, tenpence.

The word is still thieves’ slang for
money generally, and coiners are called
bit-makers.

~ In English we use the word for a
coin which is a fraction of a unit. Thus,
a shilling being a unit, we have a six-
penny, bit and threepenny bit (or not in

its but in divers pieces). So, taking a
sovereign for a unit, we had seven-shil-
ling bits, etc.

Bite. A cheat; one who bites us.
‘“‘The biter bit’? explains the origin.
We say ‘‘a man was bitten’? when he
“burns his fingers’? meddling with
something which promised well but
turned out a failure.

To bite the dust, as ‘Their enemies
shall bite the dust,’? ae, be slain in
battle.

Bite. To bite one’s thumb at another.
To insult; to provoke to a quarrel.

“Gregory. 1 will frown as JI pass by: and let
them take it as they list. ide
* Sampson. Nay, a8 they dare. I will bite my

* thumh at them ; which is a disgrace to them, if

they bear it.”—Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, i. 1.
To bite the lip, indicative of suppressed

chagrin, passion, or annoyance.

“ She had to bite her lips till the blood came jn
order to keep down the angry words that would
rise in her heart.’—Mrs. Gaskell: Mary Barton,
chap. xi. Tt

To bite upon the bridle. To champ the
bit, like an impatient or restless horse.

Bit'elas. Sister of Fairlimb, and

daughter of Rukenaw, the ape, in the

story of Reynard the Fox, (Alkmar.) °
Bites and Bams. Hoaxes and
quizzes; humbugery. ;

confined to ,.. bites and bams.”” :
Guy Mannering, chap. 3, : ptt ds 2555

“(His] humble efforts at jocularity were chiefly 7
—Sir- Ww. Scott “4

a Biting Remark

139

Black Acts =

Biting Remark (4). 4 remark
‘more biting than Zeno’s. Near‘chos
ordered Ze'no the philosopher to be

ounded to death in a mortar. When

e had been pounded some time, he told
Nearchos he had an important secret to
communicate to him; but, when the
tyrant bent over the mortar to hear
what Zeno had to say, the dying. man
bit off his ear.

“That would have been a biting jest.”
Shakespeare: Richard ILZ., act ii. 4,

Bitt. To bitt the cable is to fasten it
round the ‘‘ bitt’’ or frame made for the
purpose, and placed in the fore part of
the vessel.

Bitten. Imposed upon, let in, made
to suffer loss. .‘‘ I was terribly bitten in
that affair,”” I suffered great loss, To
bite is to cheat or suffer retaliation. -
Thus, Pope says, ‘‘The rogue was bit,’
he intended to cheat, but was himself
taken in. ‘‘ The biter bit ’’ is the moral
of Aisop’s fable called The Viper and the
File ; and Goldsmith’s mad dog, which,
“for some private ends, went mad and

, bit a man,’ but the biter was bit, for
‘*The man recovered of the bite, the
dog itwas that died.’’

Bitter End (The). A outrance ; with:
relentless hostility; also Bpeed to afflic-
tion, as, ** she. bore it to the bitter end;”’
meaning to the last stroke of adverse
fortune. ‘‘ All Thy waves have gone
over me, but I have borne up under them
to the bitter end.”’ Here ‘‘ bitter end”’
means the end of the rope. The ‘‘ bitter-
end” is a sea term meaning
of the cable which is ‘‘ abaft the bitts.”’
When there is no windlass the cables are
fastened to bitts, that is, pieces of timber
so Called; and when a ropé is payed out
to the bitter-end, or to these pieces of

_ timber, all of it is let out, and no more
remains. However, we read in Prov. v.
4, ‘‘Her end is bitter as worntwood,”’
which, after all, may be the origin of
the phrase,

Bitter as Gall, as soot, as worm-
wood. Absinthe is made of wormwood.
(See SrcrEs. )

Bittock. A little bit; -ock as a
diminutive is preserved in bull-ock, hill-
ock, butt-ock, ete. ‘‘A mile and a
bittock”’ is a mile and a little bit. (Sir
Walter Scott ; Guy Mannering, i.)

Biz, in theatrical slang, means “busi-*
ness.”” Good biz means full houses; but
an actor’s Be. 4 “Ee uite ay thing,
meaning by-play. Thus, Hamlet trifling

with Ophelia’s fan, Lord Dundreary’s

“that part |

hop, and go on, are the special ‘ busi-
ness’? of the actor of the part, Asa
tule, the ‘‘ business’’ is invented by the
actor. who creates the part, and is
handed down by tradition. —

Black for mourning was a Roman
custom (Jwvenal, x. 245) borrowed from
the Egyptians.

Black, in blazonry, means constancy,
‘wisdom, and prudence.

Blatk, in several .of the Oriental
nations, is a badge of servitude, slavery
and low birth. Our word blackguar
seems to point to this meaning. The
Latin niger meant bad, unpropitious.
(See BLACKGUAED.)

Black. (See under Corovurs for its
symbolisms, etc.).

Black as a Crow (or as a fae)
‘Cas a raven’s wing;’’ as ink; as hell,
i.e. hades (2 syl.), meaning death or the
grave; as your hat, etc. ‘(See Smazs.)

Black as a Newgate Knocker. A
Newgate knocker is the fringe or lock of
hair which costermongers and thieves

twist back towards the ear.

Black in the Face, Extremely
augry. The face discoloured with passion
or (listress,

“Mr, Winkle pulled . . . till ne was black in the

face.”—Dickens: Pickwick Papers. :
“ He swore himself. black in the face.”—Peter

.. Pindar ‘Wolcott),

Black is White, (Sce SwEaR.)

Beaten black and biue. So that the
ékin is black and blue with the marks of
the beating.

I must have it in black and white, i.e.
in ree writing; the paper being white
and the ink black,

To say black’s his eye, i.e. to vituper-
ate, to blame. The expression, Black’s
the white of his eye, is a modern corrup-
tion. To say the eye is black or evil,
is to accuse a person of an evil heart or
great ignorance. ,The Latin niger also
meant evils (See BLack Prince.)

“A fool may do all things, and no man say
black’s his eye."—The Teli Tale,

Black Act. 9 Geo. I. c, 22 is so
called, beeause it was directed against

. the Waltham deer-stealers, who. black-|
| ened their faces for disguise, and, under

the name of Blacks, appeared in Epping
Forest. This Act was repealed in 1827.

Black Acts. Acts of the Scottish
Parliament between the accession of
James I. and the year 1587; s0 called
because they were printed in black
characters. : jue Me

Black Art

Black Art. The art practised by
conjurors, wizards, and others, who pro-
fessed to have dealings with the devil.
Black here means diabolical or wicked.
Some derive it from nigromancy, a cor-
ruption of necromancy,

Black Assize. July 6th, 1577, when
@ putrid pestilence broke out at Oxford
during the time of assize.

Black-balled. Not admitted to a
club ; the candidate proposed is not ac-
cepted as a member. . In voting by bal-
lot, those who accept the person proposed
drop a-white or red ball into the box, but
those who would exclude the candidate
drop into it a black one. It is now
more usually done by two compartments,
for ‘“‘yes”’ and ‘‘no”’ respectively.

Black Book. A book exposing
abuses in Church and State, which fur-
nished much material for political reform
in the early part of the present century.

(See Buack Books.)

- % Amherst speaks of the Proctor’s
black book, and tells us that no one can
proceed to a degree whose name is found
there. (1726.) It also appears that
each regiment keeps a black book or
record of ill- behaviour.

Black Book of the Admiralty. An old
navy code, said to have been compiled
in the reign of Edward IH.

Black Books. To be in my black
books, In bad odour; in disgrace; out
of favour. The black books were those
compiled in the reign of Henry VIII. to
set forth the scandalous proceedings of
the English monasteries, and were so
called from the colour of their binding.
We have similarly the Blue Book, the
Red Book, and so on.

Black Books of the Exchequer. An
official account of the royal revenues,
payments, perquisites, etc., in thé reign
of Henry II. Its cover was black
leather, There are two of them pre-
served in the Publie Record Office.

Black Brunswickers. A corps of
700 volunteer hussars under the com-
mand of Frederick. William, Duke of
Brunswick, who had been forbidden by
Napoleon to succeed to his father’s
dukedom. They were called ‘‘ Black’’
because they wore mourning for the
decensed Duke. Frederick William fell
at Quatre-Bras, 1815. One of Millais’s
best pictures is called ‘‘The Black
Brunswicker.”’

“Black Cap, or the Judgment Cap,
orn by a judge when he passes

140

Blackfoot

sentence of death on a prisoner, This
cap is part of the judge’s full dress, The
judges wear their black caps on Novem-

er 9th, when the Lord Mayor is pre-
sented in the Court of Exchequer,
Covering the head was a sign of mourn-
ing among the Israelites, Greeks,
Romans, and Anglo-Saxons, (2 Sam.
xv. 30.)

Black Cattle. Oxen for slaughter ;
so called because black is their prevailing
colour, at least in the north.

Black Cattle. Negro slaves.

“She was chartered for the West Coast of
Africa to trade with the natives, but not in black
cattle, for slavery was never our jine of business,”!
—J. Grant: Dick Rodney, chap, xi.

Blgck Death. A putrid typhus,
in which the body turned black with
rapid putrefaction. It occurred in 1348,
and carried off twenty-five millions in
Europe alone, while in Asia and Africa
the mortality was even greater,

Black Diamonds. Coals; also clever
fellows of the lower orders. Coals and
diamonds are both carbon,

Black Dog. A fiend still dreaded in
many country places. (See Doe.)

Black Dog. Base silver coin in the
reign of Anne, Made of pewter double
washed,

Black Doli (4). The sign of a
marine store shop. The doll was a

dummy dressed to indicate that cast-off
garments were bought,

Black Douglas. William Douglas
Lord of Nithsdale. Died 1390; :

Black Flag (4) denotes a pirate,
and is called the ‘‘ Jolly Roger.”

Black Flags. Moslem soldiers, Tho
banner of the Abbasides (3 syL) is black ;
that of the Fatimites (3 syl.) green; and
that of the Ommiades (3 syl,) white.
Hence the banner of the Kalif of Bag-
dad is black, but that of the Sultan, of
Damascus is. green. (Gibbon, chap; iii.)

Black Flags. Pirates of the Chi
Sea who opposed the French in Tonquin,
atc.

Black-foot. There is a powerful and
numerous tribe of No: American
Indians called Black-feet. A blaeck-foot
is an intermediary in love affairs; but if —
perfidious to the wooer he was called a
white-foot, ;

Blackfoot (Zhe). One of the many
Irish factions which disturbed the peace

Black Friars

in the first half of the nineteenth cen-
tury.
* And the Blackfoot, who courted each foeman's
approach,
Faith | 'tis hot-foot (speedily) he'd fly from the
stout Father Roach.” Lover.
Black Friars. The Dominicans were
formerly so called in England,

Black Friday. December 6th, 1745,.

the day on which the news arrived in
London that the Pretender had reached
Derby.

Black Game. Heath-fow]; in contra-

distinction to red game, as grouse. The
‘male bird is called a blackcock. ~
Black Genevan (4). A. black

preaching gown; once used in some
Anglican churches, and still used by
some Dissenters in the pulpit. So called
from Geneva, where Calvin preached in
such a robe.

. “The Nonconformist divine leaves his vestry.in
2
a...)

Black-guards. Those horse-boys
and unmilitary folk, such as cooks with
their pots, pans, and other kitchen
utensils, which travel with an army, and
greatly impede its march.

Gifford, in his edition of Ben Jonson,
says: ‘‘In all great houses there were a
number of dirty dependents, whose office
it was to attend the wool-yards, scul-
leries, etc. Of these the most forlorn
were selected to carry coals to the kit-
chen. ‘They rode with the pots and

ans, and were in derision called the
Piach-piiaeds.” f

In the Lord Steward’s office a pro-
clamation (May 7th, 1683) begins thus:
‘* Whereas . . . a sort of vicious, idle,
and masterless boyes and rogues, com-
monly called the Black-guard, with
divers other lewd and loose fellows . . .
do usually haunt and follow the court.

. . Wee do hereby strictly charge...
all those so called, . .. with all other
loose, idle . . . men . . . who have in-
‘truded themselves .into his Majesty’s
court and stables... to depart upon
pain of imprisonment.’’

Black Hole of Caloutta. A dark
cell in a prison into which Suraja Dow-
lah thrust 146 British prisoners. Next
morning only twenty-three were found
alive (1756 3

2 The punishment cell or lock-up in
barrac

Black Horse. The 7th Dragoon
Guards, or ‘‘the Princess Royal’s D, G.”’

141

Black Mail

Their “‘ facings’’ are black. Also called
“* Strawboots,’’ ‘‘ The Blacks,’’

Black Jack. Bluck Jack rides a good
horse (Cornish). The miners call vlende
or sulphide of zinc ‘‘ Black Jack,’’ the
occurrence of which is considered by
them a favourable indication. The
blende rides upon a lode of good ore.

Black Jack (4). A large leather
gotch for beer and ale, so called from the
outside being tarred.

Black Joke. An old tune, now
called The Sprig of Shillelagh. Tom
Moore has adapted words to the tune,
Begfaning “ Sublime was the warning
which Liberty spoke.”

Black Leg. A swindler, especially
in cards and races. Also, one who
works for less than trade-union wages ;
@ non-ynion workman,

“ Pledging the strikers not to return to work so
long as a single Black-leg was retained in the
Ps tl aon Century, February, 1891, p.
»

Black Letter. The Gothic or Ger-
mantype, So called because of its black
appearance. The initial items of this
book are now called “black letter,”’
sometimes called ‘“ Clarendon type.”’

Black Letter Day. An unlucky
day; one to be recalled-‘with regret.
The Romans marked their unlucky
days with a piece of black charcoal, and
their lucky ones with white chalk. —

Black-letter dogs. Literary antiquaries
who poke and pry into every hole and
corner to find out black-letter copies of
books.

“ By fell black-letter‘dogs ...
That from Gothic kennels eager strut.”
Matthias: Pursuits of Literature.

Black Lists. Lists of insolvency
and bankruptcy, for the private guidance
of the mercantile community. (See Buack
Books.)

Black Looks. Looks of displeasure.
To look black. To look displeased. ‘The
figure is from black clouds indicative of
foul weather.

Black Mail. Money given to free-
booters by way of cxemEuns propert
from depredation. (Anglo-Saxon, mal,
‘yent-tax ;’’ French, mazlle, an old coin
worth:083 farthing). Grass mail was rent
paid for pasturage. Mails and duties
(Scotch) are rents of an estate in money
or otherwise. ‘‘Black” in this phrase
does not mean wicked or wrongful, but
is the Gaelic, to cherish or protect.
Black mail was a rent paid to Free Com-
panies for protecting the property

Black Man

for, from the depredations of freehooters,
etc.

To levy black mail now means to exact
exorbitant charges; thus the cabs and
omnibuses during the Great Exhibition
years “levied black mail”’ on the public.

Black Man (Te). The Evil One.

Black Maria. The black van which
conveys prisoners from the police courts
to jail. ‘The French call a mud-barge a
‘‘Marie-salope.’’ The tradition is that
the van referred to was so called from
Maria Lee, a negress, who kept a sailors’
boarding house in Boston. She was a
woman of such great size and strength
that the unruly stood in dread of her,
and when constables required help, it
was a common thing to send for Black
Maria, who soon collared the refractory
and led them to the lock-up. So a
prison-van was called a ‘‘ Black Maria.”

Black Monday. Easter Monday,
April 14th, 1360, was so called. Edward
III. was with his army lying before
Paris, and the day was so dark, with
mist and hail, so bitterly cold and so
windy, that many of his horses and
men died. Monday after Easter holi-
days is called ‘Black Monday,” in
allusion to this fatal day. Launcelot
says:

' “Tt was not for nothing that my nose fell a-

bleeding on Black Monday last, at six o'clock?’ ,

the morning,’ —Shakespeare : Merchant of Venice,
1. 5. a

February 27th, 1865, was so called in
- Melbourne from a terrible sirocco from

the N.N.W., which produced dreadful
havoc between Sandhurst and Castle-
(Maine. -

Black Monday. In schoolboy phrase-
ology is the first Monday after the
holidays are over, when lessons begin
again,

._ Black Money. Base coin brought
to England by foreigners, and prohibited
by Edward III.

Black Ox. The black ox has trod on
his foot—i.e. misfortune has come to
him. Black oxen were sacrificed to
Pluto and other infernal deities.

Black Parliament. The Parlia-
ment held by Heury VIII. in Bridewell.

Black Prince. Edward, Prince of
Wales, son of Edward III. Froissart
says he was ‘‘styled black by terror of
‘his arms”’ Nec 169).
saying: ‘for his martial deeds, sur-
named Black the Prince” (Antiquities).
Meyrick says there is not the slightest

proof that Edward, Prince of Wales, .

142

Strutt confirms this -

Black Sheep

ever wore black armour (vol. ii.); indeed,
we have much indirect proof against the
supposition. Thus Shaw (vol. i. plate
31) gives a facsimile from a picture on
the wall of St. Stephen’s Chapel, West-
minster, in which the prince is clad in
git armour, Stothard says “‘ the effig
is of copper gilt.” In the Britis
Museum is an ‘llumination of Edward
Til. granting to his son the duchy of
Aquitaine, in which both figures are
represented in silver armour with gilt
joints. The-.first mention of the term
‘“* Black Prince ” occurs in a parliament-
ary paper of the second year of Richard
II.; so that Shakespeare has good reason
for the use of the-word in his tragedy of
that king :—
“ Brave Gaunt, thy father and myselt

Rescued the Black Prince, that young Mars of

men,
From forth the ranks of many thousand French,”
Richard IT,, ti. 3.

“That black name, Edward, black Prince of:
Wales."—Henry V. ii 4.

_Black Republicans, The Repub-
licans were so called by the pro-slavery;
party of the States, because they resisted’
the introduction of slavery into any
State where it was not already recog-
nised. ;

Black Rod, z.c. “Gentleman Usher
of the Black Rod,’’ so called from his
staff of office—a black wand surmounted’
by a lion,

Black Rood of Scotland. The
“*piece of the true cross”’ or rood, set in)
an ebony crucifix, which Margaret, the,
wife of King Malcolm, left at death to
the Scottish nation. It passed into vari-’
ous hands, but was lost at the Reform-
ation.

Black Russia. Central and Southern’
Russia is so called from its black soil.

“The winter crops in the whole of European.
Russia are very_good, especially in the black-,
earth regions. In the government of Northern:
Russia the condition is less favourable.”—News-'
paper paragraph, December, 1893.

Black Saturday. August 4th, 1621;
so called in Scotland, because a violent
storm occurred at the very moment the
Parliament was sitting to enforce episco-,
pacy on the people.

Black Sea. So called from the
abounding black rock in the extensive
coal-fields* between the Bos‘phorus and
Heracle’a. ; us

Black Sheep [Kérd-Koin-loo], A
tribe of Turkomans, so called from their
standards. ‘This tribe was extirpated by
the White Sheep (7-0. oh Boalt

A Black Sheep. disgrace to the

be

Black Standard

family ; a mawvais styet > 2 workman who
will not join in @ strike, Black sheep
are looked oti with dislike by shepherds,
and are not so valuable as white ones,
_ Biactt Standard. The dress, tur-
bans, and standards of the Abbasside
éaliphs were all black. (D’ Hérbelot.)

Blatk Strap. Bad port wine. A
sailor’s name for = bad liquor. In
North America, ‘ ck-strap’’? is a
mixture of rum and molasses, sometimes
vinegar is added.

“The 6 octet hanes ete was pronounced ready

fon nae —Pini nm: Molly Maguires, chap, xvil,
Pp. 174.

Blask Swan. (Sce Rana AVIS.)

Black-thorn Winter (Zhe). The
cold weather which frequently occurs
when the black-thorn is in blossom.
(See Borrowep Days.)

Biack Thursday. February 6th,
1851; so called in the colony of Vic-
toria, from a terrible bush-fire which
then occurred.

Black Tom. The Earl of Ormonde,
Lord Deputy of Ireland in the reign of
Elizabeth ; so called from his ungracious
ways’and ‘* black looks.’’

“ He being very stately in apparel, and erect in
port, despite his great age, yet with a dark, dour,
and menacing look upon his face, so that all who
met his gaze seemed to quake before the same.”
—Hon. Bndly Lawless: With Essex in Ireland, ). 105.

Black Watch. Companies employed
to watch the Islands of Scotiand. They
dressed in a “‘black” or dark tartan
(1725). Subsequently they were en-
rolled info the 42nd regiment, under the
Earl of Crawford, in 1737. Their tartan
is still called ‘‘The Black Watch Tartan.”
The regiment is now called ‘‘ The Royal
Highlanders.”’

Black:--White, Zo swéar black is
white. To persist in an obvious un-
truth. The French locution, Si vous lui
dites blanc, tl répondra noir, means,
He will contradict what you say point
blank.

Biacks, Mutes at funerals, who
wore a black cloak; sometimes called
the Black Guards.

: “Tdo pray ye

To give me leave to live a little longer.
You stand about me like my Blacks.” .
Beaumont and Fletcher: Mons. Thomas, iii. 1

Blacks ae or ‘‘ The 7th Dragoon
Gopenal or ‘The Princess Royal’s D.
Nicknames: ‘‘TheVirgin Mary’s Guard,”
“Straw boots,’” ‘‘ Lingoniers,’”’ etc.

-Blackacre (Widow). The best of
Wycherley’s comic characters; she is a

143

Called blacks from their facings. ©

Blank Cartridge

masculine, litigious, pettifogging, head=
strong woman. (Zhe Plain Dealer.)

Blackamoor. Washing the blacka=
moor white—i.é. engaged upon a hopé=
less and useless:'task: The allusion is té
one of Asop’s fables so entitled:

Blackness, . All faces shall gather
blackness (Joel ti, 6)—t.e. be downcast in
consequence of trouble,

Blacksmith. The learned blacksmith.
Elihu Burritt, U.S. 1811-1879.)

Blad'amour. The friend of Par‘idel
in Spenser’s Faerie Queene. The poet
had his eye upon the Earl of Northum-
berland, one of the leaders in thé northern
insurrection of 1569. (See Par itpzt,)

Blade. 4 ee blade, a sharp
fellow ; @ regular blade, a buck. or fop.
(Anglo-Saxon, b/ad or bled, a branch or

sprig. )

@ Bled= - branch,” whence “ fruit;
rosperity, glory,’’ etc. e compound,
ae -deg= a prosperous day < dado fa,

a glory-giver, 1.¢. a a ‘‘regulai
bie? Rad ponte

Bladud. A mythical mee of oe

land, and father of King Lear. @
built the city of Bath, and dedicated the
medicinal springs to Minerva. Bladud
studied magic, and, attempting to fly,
fell into the temple of Apollo and was
dashed to pieces. (Geoffrey of Monmouth.)

“ Inexhaustible as Bladud’s well.”—Thackeray..

Blanche‘ffieur. The heroine of Boc-
caccio’s prose romance called I? Filocopo.
Her lover, Florés, is Boccaccio himself,
and Blanchefieur was a young lady pas-
sionately beloved by him, the natural
daughter of King Robert. The story
of Blanchefleur and Florés is substan-
tially the same as that of Dor'igen and
Aurelius by Chaucer, and that of Diano'ra
and Ansaldo in the, Decameron. - (See
Dranora and DoriGcEn.)

Blan'diman, The faithful man-’
servant of fair Bellisant (¢.v.), who
attended her when she was -divorced.
( Valentine.and Orson.)

Bianey. A wealthy heir, ruined by
dissipation, in Crabbe’s Borough.

“ Misery and mirth are blended in‘his face, _
Much innate vileness and some outward grace:,,,.
The serpent’s cunning and the sinner’s fail”

Letter xiv,
Blank Cartridge. Cartridge with
powilen only, that is, without shot,
ullet; or ball, Used in drill and in
saluting. ‘Figuratively, empty threats,

a ‘Blank Cheque

144 Blaze js

Blank Cheque. A cheque duly
signed, but without specifying any sum
of money; the amount to be filled in by
the payee.

Blank Practice. . Shooting for prac-
tice with blank cartridges.

Blank Verse, English verse with-
out rhyme.

Blanket. The wrong side of the
blanket. A love-child is said to come
of the wrong side of the blanket,

“He grew up to be a fine waule fallow, like
picny ane that comes o' the wrang side o' the
blanket."—Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary, chap. xxiv.

4 wet blanket. A discouragement, a
marplot. A person is a wet blanket who
discourages a proposed scheme. ‘‘ Treated
with a wet blanket,’’ discouraged. ‘ A
wet blanket influence,’ etc. A wet
blanket is used to smother fire, or to
prevent one escaping from a fire from

eing burnt,

Blanketeers. The Coxeyites were
so called in 1894, ‘‘General’’ Coxey of
the United States induced 50,000 persons
to undertake a 700 miles’ march to Wash-
ington, with blankets on their backs, to
terrorise Congress into finding work for
the unemployed.

Previous to this, the word had been
applied to some 5,000 Radical operatives
who assembled on St. Peter’s Field,
near Manchester, March 10, 1817. They
provided themselves with blankets and
rugs, intending to march to London, to
lay before the Prince Regent a petition
of grievances. Only six got as far as
Ashbourne Bridge, when the expedition
collapsed.

“The Americans have no royal dukes, no bench
of bishops, no House of Lords, no effete mon-
archy; but they have Home Rule, one man one
vote, and Coxey with his blanketeers,”—Liberty
Review, May 5th, 1894, p. 354.

Blare. To cry with a great noise,
like a child in @ tricky temper; to
bellow. (Latin, ploro, to weep with
noise. )

Blarney. Jone of your blarney. Soft,
wheedling speeches to gain some end ;
sugar-words. Cormack Macarthy held
the castle of Blarney in 1602, and con-
cluded an armistice with Carew, the
Lord President, on condition of sur-
rendering the fort to the English garri-
son. Day after day his lordship looked
for the fulfilment of the terms, but re-
ceived nothing except protocols and soft
speeches, till he became the laughing-
stock of Elizabeth’s ministers, and the
dupe of the Lord of Blarney.

To kiss the Blarney Stone. Whoever
does this shall be able to persuade to
anything. The Blarney Stone is tri-
angular, lowered from the north angle
of the castle, about twenty feet from
the top, and containing this inscription :
“Cormac Mac Carthy fortis me fiert
Jecit, A.D. 1446.’? Blarney is near Cork,

Blasé (pronounce Wah-zay). Sur-
feited with pleasure. A man dlasé is
one who has had full swing to all the
pleasures of life, and has no longer any
pr ee for any of them. A worn out
debauchée (French, blaser, to exhaust
with enjoyment).

Blasphemous Balfour. Sir James
Balfour, the Scottish judge, was so
cee because of his apostasy. He died

583,

Blast. In full blast. In the extreme.
In America will be heard such a sentence
as this: ‘‘ When she came to the meet-
ing in her yellow hat and feathers,
wasn’t she in full blast?’? A metaphor
from the blast furnace in full operation.

Blast. To strike by lightning; to
make to wither. The ‘‘ blasted oak.’’
This is the sense in which the word is
used as an exclamation.

“Tf it {the [ghost] assume -my noble father's
person,
I'll cross it, though it blast me.”
Shakespeare: Hamlet, t. 1.

_ Blatant Beast (Zhe). ‘‘Adreadful
fiend of gods and men, ydrad ;”’ type of
“Common Rumour’ or ‘* Slander.”
He has 100 tongues and a.sting; with
his tongues he speaks things ‘‘ most
shameful, most unrighteous, most un-
true ;’’ and with his sting ‘‘steeps them
in poison.’’ Sir Calidore muzzled the
monster, and drew him with a chain to
Faérie Land. After a time the beast
broke his chain and regained his liberty.
Saxon, bletan, to bellow.) (Spenser:

aerie Queene, books v. vi.)

Blayney's Bloodhounds. The old
89th Foot; so called because of their
unerring certainty, and untiring perse-
verance in hunting down the Irish rebels
in 1798, when the corps was commanded
by Lord Blaney.

This regiment is now called ‘ the
Second Battalion of the Princess Vic-
toria’s Irish Fusiliers.’? The first bat-
talion is the old 87th Foot.

Blaze. A white mark in the forehead
of a horse. (Icelandic, dlesi, a white
star on the forehead of a horse; German,
blasz, pale.) gies “his

ee

y’

Blaze

< A star is a sort of white diamond
in the forehead. A blaze is an elongated
star or dash of white.

To blaze a path. To notch trees as a
clue. Trees so notched are called in
America ‘‘ blazed trees,’? and the white
wood shown by the notch is called ‘a
blaze.”’ (Sce above.)

“Guided by the blazed trees . , . they came to
the spot."—Goulding: The Young Marooners, 118.

“They buried him where he lay, a blazed tree
marking his last_ resting-place.”"—Adventwres in

Mashonaland, p. 158.

Blaze (70). To blaze abroad. To
noise abroad is the German verb dlasen,
to blow or sound. Shakespeare uses the
noun blazon :

“ But this eternal blazon must not be
To ears of flesh and blood.”
Hamilet, i. 5.

Blazer (4). A boatman’s jacket.
Properly and originally applied to the
Johnian crew (Camb.), whose boat
jackets are the brightest possible scarlet.

“ A blazer is the red flannel boating jacket worn
by the Lady Margaret. St. John’s College, Cam-
a Boat Club,"—Daily News, August 22nd,

Blazon [Blazonry]. To blazon is -to
announce with a trumpet, hence the
Ghost in Hamlet says, ‘‘ But this eternal
blazon must not be to ears of flesh and
blood,” z.e. this babbling about eternal
things, or things of the other world,
must not be made to persons still in the
flesh. Knights were wont to be an-
nounced by the blast of a trumpet on
their entrance into the lists ; the flourish
was answered by the heralds, who de-
scribed aloud the arms ‘and devices
borne by the knight; hence, to blazon
came to signify to ‘‘ describe the charges
borne’’; and blazonry is ‘‘ the science
of describing or deciphering arms.”’
(German, blasen, to blow.)

Blé. Manger son blé en herbe (French),
to eat the calf before it is cast; to spend
your fortune before it comes to you; to
spend your income in advance. Liter-
ally, to feed off your green wheat,

Blear-eyed (The). Aurelius Bran-
dolini, the Italian poet, called [7 Lippo
(1440-1497).

Bleed. To make a man bleed is to
make him pay dearly tor something ; to
victimise him. Money is the life-blood
of commerce,

It makes my heart bleed. It makes me
very sorro

~ She found them Indeed

But it made her heart bleed.”
Lee ’ Little Bo-Peep. -
_ Bleeding of a Dead Body (The).

It was at one time believed that, at the
10

‘145 Blessing
ne

approach of a murderer, the blood of the
murdered body gushed out. If in a
dead body the slightest change was ob-
servable in the eyes, mouth, feet, or
hands, the murderer was supposed to be
present. The notion still survives in
some places.

Blefus'cu. An island severed from
Lilliput by a channel 800 yards wide,
inhabited by pigmies. Swift meant it
for France. (Guilliver’s Travels.)

Bleidablik [vast splendour). ‘Yhe
abode of Baldur, the Scandinavian
Apollo.

Blemmyes (of Africa). Men said to
have no head, their eyes and mouth
being placed in the breast. (See AcEPHA-
LITES; CAORA.)

Blenheim Dog. A small spaniel; so
called from Blenheim Palace in Oxford-
shire, where the breed has been preserved
ever since the palace was built.

Blenheim House (Oxfordshire), The
house given by the nation to the Duke
of Marlborough, for his victory over the
French at Blenheim, in Bavaria, in the
reign of Queen Anne (1704).

“ When Burope freed confessed the saving power
Of Marlborough’s hand, Britain. who sent him

forth
Chief of confederate hosts, to fight the cause
Of liberty and justice, grateful raised
This palace, sacred to the leader's fame.”
Littleton: Blenheim.
Blenheim Steps, Once noted for
an anatomical school, over which Sir
Astley Cooper presided. Here ‘‘ resur-
rectionists’’ were sure to find a ready
mart for their gruesome wares, for which
they received sums of money varying
from £3 to £10, and sometimes more.
Such phrases as ‘“‘ going to Blenheim
Steps,’’ meant going to be dissected, or
unearthed from one’s grave.
‘‘The hody-snatchers, they have come,
And made a snatch at me;
"Tis very hard them kind of men
Won't let a body be.
The cock it crows—I must be gone—
My William, we must part;
But I’ll be yours in death although
Sir Astley has my heart.”
Hood: Mary's Ghost.
Bless. He has not a [siapence] to
Bless himself wrth, i.e, in -his possession ;
wherewith to make himself happy. This
expression may probably be traced to
the time when coins were marked with
a deeply-indented cross. Cf, To keep
the devil out of one’s pocket.

Blessing with three fingers is sym-
bolical of the Trinity, in the name of
the Father, and of the Son, and of the
Holy Ghost,

ef 5 Blest

Blest. J’Ul be blest if I do it. I

am resolved not to doit. A euphemism | an alley with no outlet.

for curst.

Blikian‘dabol [splendid misery]. The
canopy of the goddess Hel or Hela (g.v.).

Blimber (Miss), A blue-stocking,
who knows the dead languages, and
wears learned spectacles, She is the
daughter of Dr. Blimber, a fossil school-
master of the high and dry eanmar
type. (Dickens: Dombey and Son

Blind. That's a mere blind. <A pre-
tence ; something ostensible to conceal
a covert design. The metaphor is from
window-blinds, which prevent outsiders
from seeing into a room.

Blind as a bat. A bat is not blind,
but when it enters a room well lighted,
it cannot see, and blunders about. It
sees best, like a cat, in the dusk. (Sve
SIMILES. )

Blind as a beetle. Beetles are not blind,
but the dor-beetle or hedge-chafer, in its
rapid flight, will occasionally bump
against one as if it could not see.

Blind as a mole. Moles are not blind,
but as they work underground, their
eyes are very small. There is a mole
found in the south of Europe, the eyes
of which are covered by membranes,
and probably this is the animal to which
Aristotle refers when he says, ‘‘ the mole
is blind.’ (See Srmruss.)

Blind as an owl, Owls are not
blind, but being night birds, they see
better in partial darkness than in the
full light of day. (See SrmixEs.)

You came on his blind side, His soft
er tender-hearted side. Said of persons
who wheedle some favour out of another.
He yielded because he was not wide
awake to his own interest.

“Lincoln wrote to the same friend that the
nomination took the democrats on the blind

jde."—Nicolay and Hay; Abraham Lincoln,
yol. i. chap, xv. p. 275,

Biind leaders of the blind. The allu-
sion is to « sect of the Pharisees, who
were wont to shut their eyes when they
walked abroad, and often ran their
heads against a wall or fell into a ditch.
(Matt. xv. 14.)

The Blind :—

Francesco Bello, called I Cieco.

Lui'gi Grotto, called J? Cieco, the
Italian poet. (1541-1585.)

Lieutenant James Holman, Zhe Blind
Traveller. (1787-1857.)

Ludwig IH., Emperor of Germany,
LD’ Aveugle. (880, 890-934.)

146

Blindmen’s Dinner

A ‘cul de sac,”
It is blind
because it has no ‘eye’? or passage
through it.

Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green
(The). A public-house sign in the
Whitechapel Road. (Hotten > History of
Sign-Boards.) (See BEGGAR.) i

Blind Department (The). In Post’
Office parlance, means that department.
where letters with incoherent, insuffi.:
cient, or illegible addresses are examined, '
and, if possible, put upon the proper,
track for delivery. The clerk so em-,

0 is calle e an.

loyed Ned ‘* The Blind Man.”

“One of these addresses was “ Santlings, Hil |
wite” (St. Helen's, Isle of Wight). 1, myself,
had one from France addressed, “A Mons. E.
Cobham, brasseur, Angleterre,’ and it, reached me.
Another address was ‘Haselfeach in no famt-/
shere’' (Haze]beach, Northamptonshire).”

Blind Ditch (4). One which cannot
be seen. Here blind means obscure, as.
a blind village. _

Blind Harper (The).
who died 1739.

Blind Harry. A Scotch minstrel of
the fifteenth century. His epic of Sir
Wilkam Wallace runs to 11,861 lines.

Blind Hedge (4). A hawhaw
hedge, not easily seen. Milton uses the
word dlind for concealed, as ‘‘In the
blind mazes of this tangled wood,”
(Comus, line 181.)

Blind oid Man of Scio’s rocky
Isle. Homer is so called by Byron in
his Bride of Abydos,

Blind Magistrate (Zhe). Sir John
Fielding, knighted in 1761, was born
blind. He was in the commission of the
Peace for Middlesex, Surrey, Essex, and
the liberties of Westminster.

Blindman’s Holiday. The hour
of dusk, when it is too dark to work,
and too soon to light candles,

Blindman’s Lantern (The),or ‘Eyes
to the Blind.”” A walking stick with
which a blind man guides his way. In
arene argot dougie means a walking.
stick. :

Blindmen’s Dinner (The). A din-
ner unpaid for. A dinner in whieh the
landlord is made the victim. Eulen-
= being asked for alms by twelve
blind men, said, ‘‘Go to the inn; eat,
drink, and be merry, my men; and here
are twenty

Blind Alley (4).

John Parry,

vg

florins to pay the fare.” —
The blind men thanked him; each,

Blinkers

1497 Bloody

supposing one of the others had received
the money. Reaching the inn, they told
the landlord of their luck, and were at
once provided with food and drink to
the amount of twenty florins. On
asking for payment, they all said, ‘‘ Let
him who received the money pay for the
dinner; ’’ but none had received a penny,

Blinkers. Spectacles; the allusion
is to a horse’s blinkers.

Block. To block a Bill. In parlia-
mentary language means to postpone or
prevent the passage of a Bill by giving
notice of opposition, and thus preventing
its being taken after half-past twelve at
night.

“ By blocking the Bill (he) denied to two mil-
lion persons the right of having votes."'—Contem-
porary Review, August, 1884, p. 171,

Blockhead. A stupid person; one
without brains. The allusion is to a
wig-maker’s dummy or ¢éte ad perruque,
on which he fits his wigs.

“Your wit will not so soon ont asanother man’s
will , tis strongly wedged up in a block-head "—
Shakespeare~ Coriolanus, ii. 3.

Blood. A buck, an aristocratic rowdy,
A term taken from blood horses,

“A blood or dandy about town.”—Thackeray:
Vanity Fair, chap. x. p. 49.

Blood. Family descent,

“And hath made of one blood all nations of
men."—Acts xvii. 26,

Blood thicker than water. Relation-
ship has a claim which is generall
acknowledged. It is better to seek tied
ness from a kinsman than from a
stranger, Water soon evaporates and
leaves no mark behind; not so blood.
So the interest we take in a stranger is
thinner and more evanescent than that
which we take in a blood relation.

“Weel! blude's thicker than water, Shes
welcome to the cheeses and the hams just the
same.”—Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering.

A Prince of the Blood, One of the
Royal Family. ;

ad blood. Anger, quarrels; as, It
stirs up bad blood. It provokes to ill-
feeling and contention. ,
Blue blood, (See under BuvE.)
Young blood. Fresh members; as,
Bi To bring young blood into the con-

In cold blood. YDeliberately; not in
the excitement of passion or of battle.
pat: makes al blood boil. It provokes

dignation and anger.

“It runs in the blood. It is inherited or
exists in the family race.
“Tt runs in the blood of our family.”—Sheri-
don: The Rivals, iy. 2.

My own flesh and blood. My own
children, brothers, sisters, or other near
kindred,

Laws written in blood. Dema'dés said
that the laws of Draco were written in
blood, because every offence was pun-
ished by death.

The field of blood. Acel'dama (Acts i.
19), the Biete of ground purchased with
the blood-money of our Saviour, and set
apart for the burial of strangers,

The field of the battle of Canne,
where Hannibal defeated the Ronians,
B.C. 216. :

Blood of our Saviour. An order of
knighthood in Mantua; so called because
their special office was to guard ‘‘ the
drops of the Saviour’s blood ’’ preserved
in St. Andrew’s church, Mantua,

Blood and iron policy—i.e. war policy.
No explanation needed.

Blood - guiltiness.
murder,

Blood-horse (4). A thorough-bred.

Bloodhound. Figuratively, one who
follows up an enemy with pertinacity.
Bloodhounds used to be employed for
tracking wounded game by the blood
spilt ; subsequently they were employed
for tracking criminals and slaves who
had made their escape, and were hunters
of blood, not hunters by blood. The
most noted breeds dre the African,
Cuban, and English,

Blood Money. Money paid to a
_ for giving such evidence as shall
ead to the conviction of another; money
paid to the next. of kin to induce him to
forego his ‘‘ right’’ of seeking blood for
blood; money paid to a person for be-
traying another, as Judas was pai
blood-money for showing the band the
place where Jesus might be found.

Blood Relation (4). One in direct.
descent from the same father or mother;
one of the same family stock.

Blood-thirsty. Eager for shedding
blood,

Blood of the Grograms (The).
Taffety gentility; make-believe aristo-
cratic blood. Grogram is a coarse silk
taffety stiffened with gum (French, gros-
grain).

“Our first tragedian was always boasting of his
being ‘an old actor,’ and was full of the ‘blood
of ae Grograms.’"—C, Thomson: Autobiography,
Bloody, used as an expletive in such

hrases as ‘‘A bloody fool,’ ‘‘ Bloody

unk,” etc., arose from associating
folly and drunkenness, etc., with what,

The guilt of

Bloody

148 Blow

are called ‘‘Bloods,’? or aristocratic
rowdies. Similar to ‘‘ Drunk as a lord.”

“Tt was bloody hot walking to-day.”—Swi/t:
Journal to Stella, letter xxii.

Bloody (Zhe). Otho II., Emperor of
Germany. (955, 973-983.)

The Bloody Eleventh. The old 11th
Foot was so called from their having
been several times nearly annihilated, as
at Almanza, Fontenoy, Roucoux, Os-
tend, and Salamanca (1812), in captur-
ing a French standard. Now called
‘The Devonshire Regiment.”’

Bloody Assizes. The infamous as-
sizes held by Judge Jeffreys in 1685,
Three hundred were executed, more
whipped or imprisoned, and a thousand
sent to the plantations for taking part
in Monmouth’s rebellion.

Bloody Bill. The 31 Henry VIIL.,
c. 14, which denounced death, by hang-
ing or burning, on all who denied the
doctrine of transubstantiation.

Bloody-bones. A hobgoblin; gen-
erally ‘‘ Raw-head and Bloody-Bones,”’

Bloody Butcher. (Sve BurcHER.)

Bloody Hand. A man whose hand
was bloody, and was therefore presumed
to be the person guilty of killing the
deer shot or otherwise slain. (Cf. Rep
Hanp,) Also the badge of a baronet.

Bloody Wedding. St. Bartholo-
mew’s slaughter in 1572 is go called
because it took place during the mar-
riage feast of Henri (afterwards Henri
IV.) and Marguerite (daughter of Cath-
erine de Medici).

Bloody Week (The). The week
ending on Sunday, May 28th, 1871, when
Paris was burning, being set on fire by
the Communists in hundreds; of places.
The destruction was frightful, but Nétre
Dame, the Hotel Dieu, and the magnifi-
cent collection of pictures in the Louvre,
happily escaped demolition.

Bloom. Jom bloom to bloom. A
floral rent. The Lord of the Manor
received a red rose or gillyflower, on the

Feast of John the Baptist, heart (July |
”

5th, O. S.). (See Notes and
Feb, 13th, 1886, p. 135.)

Bloom’erism. A female costume;
so called from Mrs. Amelia Bloomer, of
New York, who tried in 1849 to intro-

leries,

duce the fashion. The dress consisted |
of a short skirt and loose trousers |
paneres closely round .the ankles— |

ecoming enough to young ladies in

their teens, but ridiculous for ‘‘ the fat
and forty.”’

Blount (Charles). . Author of some
deistical writings in the time of Charles
II. (1654-1693.)

“ He heard of Blount, etc.” Crabbe: Borough.

Blouse. A short smock-frock of a
blue colour worn commonly by French

.workmen, Bleu is French argot for

manteau.
“A garment called bliaut or bliaus, which ap-
ears to have been another name for a surcoat.. .,
fr this bliaus we may discover the modern French
louse, &@ . . . smock-frock,”"—Planché: British
Costume,

1. Blow (70), As the wind blows ;
or to blow with the breath. (Anglo-
Saxon, d/awan, to blow or breathe.)

It will,soon blow over. It will soon be
no longer talked about; it will soon
come to an end, asa gale or storm blows
over or ceases.

Yo blow off is another form of the
same phrase.

To blow great guns. The wind blows
so violently that its noise resembles the

roar of artillery.

To blow hot and cold, (0 ) To blow hot
and cold with the same breath. To be
inconsistent. The allusion is to the fable
of a traveller who was entertained by
asatyr. Being cold, the traveller blew
his fingers to warm them, and afterwards
blew his hot broth to coolit. Thesatyr,
in geeat indignation, turned him out of
doors, because he blew both hot and cold
with the same breath.

To blow off the steam, To get rid of
superfluous energy. The allusion is to
the forcible escape of superfluous steam
no longer required.

2. Blow (Zo). To sound a trumpet.
“But when the blast of war blows in our ears,
Let us he tigers in our fleree deportment.”

Shakespeare: Henry V., iii. 1,
To blow. To inform against a com-
panion; to “peach.’? The reference is
to the announcing of knights by blast of

| trumpet.

8. Biow (Zo). To blast as with gun-
powder,

I will blow him up sky bs hin Give him
a good scolding. A regular blowing up
is a thorough jobation, The metaphor

_is from blasting by gunpowder.

< But to blowup a bladder, etc., means
to inflate it.

4. Blow. Astroke, (German, d/duen,
to beat or strike. be ahs

At one blow, By onestroke.

‘The first blow is half the battle. Well
begun is half done.

ythagoras used ta_

eee oy

Blow a Cloud

say, ‘‘ The beginning is half the whole.”
“<Ineipe: Dimrdium facti est cepisse”?
9 usonius). ** Dimidium facti, gui cepit,
tabet”’ (Horace). ‘Ce nest que le
premier pas qui cotite.”

Without striking a blow.
coming to a contest.

Blow a Cloud, To smoke a ci
ipe. This term was in use in
lizabeth’s reign.

Blow Me (an oath). You be blowed
(an oath), a play on the word Dash me,
which is a euphemism for a more offen-
sive oath.

““ Well, if you won't stand a pint,’ quoth the tall
man, ‘1 will, that’s all,and blow temperance,’ "—
Kingsley : Alton Locke, chap. ii.

Blow Out (4). A‘ tuckin,”’ or feast
which swells out the paunch.

' Blow-point. A game similar to our
pea-puffing, ouly instead of peas small
wooden skewers or bits of pointed wood
were puffed through the tube.
game is alluded to by Florio, Strutt,
and several other authors.

Blown, in the phrase “ fly-blown,”
has nothing to do with the verb ¢o blow
(as the wind blows). It means that flies
have deposited their eggs and tainted
the articl2. In French, deposer des eufs
de mouches sur... and a fly-blow is
un cuf demouche. The word seems to be
connected with blot, the egg of a moth
or other insect.

Blown Herrings are bloated her-
rings. The French “boufii (blown) is
analogous to both expressions. Blown
herrings are herrings bloated, swollen,
or cured by snaoking.

Blown upon. Made the subject of a
‘scandal, His reputation has been blown
upon, means has been the subject of
talk wherein something denogatery, was
hinted at or evenasserted. Blown upon
by the breath of slander.

“ Blown,” meaning stale, tainted, is probably
he same as the above; but blown upon can-
aot be.

Blowzelin’da, A country maiden in
ous pastoral called The Shepherd’s

cek.

-“ Sweet is my toil wben Blowzelind is near ;
, Of ber bereft, ’tia winter all the year.... —
Come, Blowzelinda, ease thy swain’s desire,
. My summer's shadow and my winter’s fire.’
Pastoral i.
Blowzy. Coarse, red-faced, bloated ;
applied to women. The word is allied
to blush, blaze, ete, (Dutch, bloozen
and blaazen ; Danish, blusser, to blaze.)

. Blubber. To cry like a child, with

Without

ror
ueen

149

The -

Blue

noise and slavering, Connected with
slobber, slaver,
“T play the boy,and blubber in thy bosom.”
Oiway: Venice Preserved, i. 1.
Blubber Cheeks, Fat, flabby cheeks,
like whale’s blubber. ‘‘The blubber
cheeks of my friend the baronet.’’

Bluchers. Half boots ; socalled after
Field-Marshal von Blucher (1742— 1819).

Blue or Azure is the symbol of Divine
eternity and human immortality. Con-
sequently, it is a mortuary colour—
hence its use in covering the coffins of
young persons. When used for the gar-
ment of an angel, it signifies faith and
fidelity. As the dress of the Virgin, it
indicates modesty. In dlazonry, it sig-
nifies chastity, loyalty, fidelity, and a
spotless reputation.

The Covenanters wore blue as their
badge, in opposition to the scarlet of
royalty. They based their choice on
Numb. xv. 38, “Speak unto the children
of Israel, and bid them that they make
them fringes in the borders of their
garments... and that they put upon
the fringe . . . a rebband of blue.”

(Sce CoLours for its symbolisms.)

Blue (4), or a “staunch blue,”’ de-
scriptive of political opinions, for the
most part means a Tory, for in most
counties the Conservative colour is blue,
(See TRUE BLUE.)

“This was a blue demonstration, a gathering of
the Conservative clans.’—Holme Lee,

A blue, ' (See BLUE Stock1NG.)

A dark blue. An Oxford man or
Harrow boy.

A light bias A Cambridge man or
Eton boy.

An old blue. One who has pulled in

a University boat-race, or taken part in
any of their athletic contests.
maps are five old blues playing."—Standard,

True biue. This is a Spanish phrase,
and refers to the notion that the veins
shown in the skin of aristocratic families
are more blue than that of inferior per-
sons. (See SANG.)

True blue will never stain. <A reall
noble heart will never disgrace itself.
The reference is to blue aprons and
blouses worn by butchers, which do not
show blood-stains.

True as Coventry blue. The reference
is to a blue cloth and blue thread made
ial Coventry, noted for its permanent

e

i Twas Pres
i. 1). The

terian true blue (Hudibras,
usion is to the blue apron,

Blue-apron

Blue Devils

which some of the Presbyterian preachers
used to throw over their preaching-tub
before they began to address the people.
Jn one of the Rump songs we read of a
‘person going-to hear a lecture, and the
song says—
““Where Ta tub did view,
Hung withanapron blue; . ,
Twas the preacher's, I conjecture.”

To look blue. Tobedisconcerted. He
was blue in the face, Aghast with won-
der. The effect of fear and wonder is to
drive the colour from the cheeks, and
give them a pale-bluish tinge.

Blue-apron Statesman (4), A lay
politician, a tradesman who interferes
with the affairs of the nation. The
reference is to the blue apron once
worn by almost all tradesmen, but now
‘restricted to butchers, poulterers, fish-
mongers, and so on.

Biue Beans. Bullets, Lead is blue.

“Many a valiant Gaul had no breakfast that

orning but what the Germans call ‘ blue
: — z.e, bullets."—W. Maccall: My School Days,.
3

Three blue beans in a blue bottle or
bladder. (See under BEANS.)

Bluebeard.
tyrant, in Charles Perrault’s Contcs du

emps, The tale of Bluebeard (Cheva-
lier Raoul) is known to every child, but
many have speculated on the original of
this despot. Some say it was a satire on
Henry VIII., of wife-killing notoriety.
Dr. C. Taylor thinks it is a type of the
castle lords in the days of knight-
errantry. Holinshed calls Giles de Retz,
Marquis de Laval, the original Blue-
beard. This Giles or Gilles who lived at
Machecoul, in Brittany, was accused of
murdering six of his seven wives, and
bir ultimately strangled and .burnt in
1440.

“The Bluebeard chamber of his mind, into °

which no eye but his own must look,”—Carlyle.

~~ Campbell has, a Bluebeard story in
his Zales of the Western Highlands,
called The Widow and her Daughters.
A similar, one is No. 39 of Visentini’s
collection of Italian stories. So is No, 3
of Bernoni’s collection.

A bogey, a merciless

Bluebeard’s Key. When the blood -

stain of this key was rubbed out on one
side, it appeared on the opposite side ; so
rodigality being overcome will appear
in the form of meanness ; and friends,
over-fond, will often become enemies.
Blue Billy (4). A blue neckcloth
with white spots, worn by William
Mace. More likely the allusion is to the
bill or nose. (See BrLLy.) :

Blue Blood. (See page 149, Ti'ue Blue.)

Blue Boar. A public-house sign;
the cognisance of Richard IIL In
Leicester is a lane inthe parish of St.
Nicholas, called the Blue Boar Lane, be-
cause Richard slept there the night
before the battle of Bosworth Field.

“The bristly boar, in infant gore,
Wallows beneath the thorny shade.”
Gray: The Bard.
Blue Bonnets (Zhe). The Scotch
Highlanders ; the Scotch generally.
called from the blue woollen cap at one
time in very general use in Scotland,
and still far-from uncommon,
“Pngland shall many a day
Tell of the bloody fray,
When the blue bonnets came over the border.”
Sir W. Scott,
Biue Books. In England, parlia-
mentary reports and official publications
presented by the Crown to both Houses
of Parliament. Each.volume is in folio,

‘and is covered with a blue wrapper.

~ Short Acts of Parliament, ete., even
without a wrapper, come under the same
designation.-

In America, the “ Blue Books” (like our “Red
Books”) contain lists of those persons who hold
government appointments, The official colour of
Spain is ved, of Italy green, of France yellow, of
Germany and Portugal ehite.

Blue Bottle. A beadsman, a police-
man; -so called from the coiour of his
dress. Shakespeare makes Doll Tear-
sheet denounce the beadle as a ‘* blue-
bottle rogue,”’

“You proud varlets, you need not be ashamed
to wear blue, wher your master is one of your
felluws.”’—Dekker : The Honest Whore (1602).

“Tl have you soundly swinged for this, you
”’

blue-bottle rogue.” — Shukespeare: 2 Hen, IV
act v.4.

Blue Caps or Blue Bonnets. The
Scotch.

“He is there, too,... and a thousand blue
caps more,”—Shaukespeare: 1 Henry IV., ii. 4.

Blue-coat School. Christ’s Hos-
pital is so.called because the boys there
wear a long d/ue eoat girded at the loins
with a leather belt, Some who attend
the mathematical school are termed
King’s boys, and those who constitute
the highest class are Grecians.

Founded by Edward VI. in the year
of his death. There are several other
‘blue-coat schools in England besides
Christ’s Hospital.

Blue Devils, or 4 fit of the blues.

A fit of spleen, low spirits, Roach and

Esquirol affirm,.from observation, that
indigo dyers are especially subject to
melancholy; and that those who dye

Blue-eyed Maid

acarlet are choleric. Paracelsus also
asserts that blue is injurious to the
health and spirits. There may, there-
fore, be more science in calling melan-
choly blue than is generally allowed.
The German dle (lead) which gives rise
to our slang word blue ox binuey (lead)
seems to bear upon the ‘‘ leaden down-
cast eyes ”’ of melancholy.

Blue-eyed Maid (Zhe). Minerva,
the goddess of wisdom, is so called by
Homer.

“Now Prudence gently pulled the poet’s ear,
And thus the daughter of the Blue-eyed Maid,
‘In flattery’s soothing sounds, divinely said,

- ©O Peter, eldest-born of Phebus, hear.’ "+
Peter Pindar; A Falling Minister.
Blue Fish (Zhe). The shark, tech-
nically called: Careharias glaucus, the

upper parts of which are blue.

Blue Flag. He has hoisted the blue
flag. He has turned publican or fish-
monger, in allusion to the blue apron at
one time worn by publicans, and still
worn by fishmongers.

Blue Gown (4). A harlot. Nares
tells us that ‘a blue gown was a dress
of ignominy for a harlot in the House of
Correction. (See below.)

Blue-gowns. The bedesmen, to whom
the kings of Scotland distributed cer-
tain alms. Their dress was a cloak or

wn of coarse blue cloth, with a pewter

ge. The number of these bedesmen
was equal to that of the king’s years, so
that an extra one was added every re-
turning birthday. These paupers were
privileged to ask alms through the whole
realm of Scotland. No new member has
been added since 1833. (See GaBER-
LUNZIE.)

Blue Guards (Zhe). So the Oxford
Blues, now called the Royal Horse
Guards, were called during the cam-
paign in Flanders (1742-1745). ’

Blue Hen. Captain Caldwell used

to say that no cock could be truly .

ame whose mother was not a blue

en, As Caldwell commanded the
Ist Delaware regiment in the war,
the State of Delaware was nicknamed
Blue Hen.

Your mother was a blue hen, no doubt.
A reproof given to-a braggart. (See
above.

Blue-jackets. Sailors ; so called be-
cause the colour of their jackets is blue.

_ Blue John (4). A-petrefaction of
blue fluor-spar, found in the Blue John
mine of Tre Cliff, Derbyshire; and so

151

Blue Peter

called to distinguish it from the Black
Jack, an ore of zinc, Called John from
John Kirk, a miner, who first noticed it,

Blue Laws (The). These were
puritanical laws enacted in 1732, at New
Haven, Connecticut, in the United
States of America. Their object was to
stamp out ‘‘heresy,’? and enforce a
strict observance of the Sunday. Many
pee insist that they are apocryphal ;

ut in October, 1891, the German Ameri-
can Lincoln Club protested against their
enforcement by a democratic judge, and

resolved—

“To call upon all right-thinking citizens te
assist in an effort to have the laws repealed, by
supporting and voting only for such candidates

. for the legislature as would pledge themselves

to vote for their repeal,”

_Blue-light Federalists. A name
iven to those Americans who were be-
ieved to have made friendly (‘‘ blue-
light”) signals to British ships in the
war. (1812.) ;

Blue-mantle. The English pursui-
te at arms is so called from his official
robe.

Blue Monday. ‘ The Monday before
Lent, spent in dissipation. (German,
der blaue Montag.) It is said that dissipae
tion gives everything a blue tinge. Hence
‘“blue ’? means tipsy. (See BLUE Davis.)

“Drink till allis blue. - ~~ le
Cracking bottles till a1] is blue.” ;
vaser’s Magazine, xvii. (18382.

Blue Moon. Once in a blue moon.
Very rarely indeed, :

‘2 On December 10th, 1883, we had &
“blue moon,’”? ‘The winter was uve
usually mild.

Blue Mould. Applied to cheese which
has become the bed of a fungus, tech-
nically called Aspergillus glaucus.

The blue mould of bread, paste, jams,
etc., is the fungus called Mucor Mucedo,

Blue Murder. Zo shout blue murder.
Indicative more of terror or alarm than
of real danger. It appears to be a play
on the French exclamation morbleu ;
there may also be a distinct allusion to
the common phrase ‘‘ blue ruin,”

Blue-noses. The Nova Scotians,

“Pray, sir,’ said one of my fellow-passengers,
‘can you tell me the reason why the Nova Scotians
are called “ Blue-noses" ?” " 3

“Tc is the name ofa potato,’ said I,* which they
promnce in the greatest perfection, and boast to
be the best in the world. The Americans have,
in consequence, given them the nickname of Blu
Noses.’ —Haliburton; Sam Slick, |

Blue Peter. <A flag with a blue
ground and white square in the centre
hoisted as a signal that the ship is abou
to sail. Peter is a corruption of the

Blue-pigeon

Bluff

French partir (leave or notice of de-
parture), The flag is hoisted to give
notice to the town that any person
having a money-claim may make it
before the ship starts, and that all about
to sail are to come on board.

According to Faléoner, it is a corrup-
tion of the ‘‘ blue repeater.”

In whist, it is a ‘‘call for trumps”? ;
that is, laying on your partner’s card a
higher one. than is required.

To hoist the blue Peter. To leave.

“when are you going to sail?’

“*T cannot justly say. Our sbip's bound for
America next voyage... but I've got to go to
the Isle of Man first... And I may have to hoist
the blue Peter any day.’”—Mrs, Gaskell: Mary
Burton, chap, xiii.

Blue-pigeon Flyer. A man who
steals the lead off of a house or church.
“Bluey”? is slang for lead, so called
from its colour. To ‘‘pigeon’’ is to
gull, cheat, or fub, Hence, blue-pigeon,
one who cheats another of his lead, or
fubs his lead. ‘‘ Flyer,’’? of course, is
one who flies off with the stolen lead,

Blue Ribbon (Zhe). ‘‘ To be adorned
with the blue ribbon,’’ to be made
knight of the garter, or adorned with a
blue ribbon at the knee. Blue ribbon
isalsoa temperance badge. (See Conpon
BLEv.)

“Yord Lansdown is to be made Knight of the
Garter ...... though there ig no vacancy. Lord
Derby received the Blue Ribbon in 1859, although
there was no yacancy,”—Zruth ; March, 1804,

The Blue Ribbon of the Turf. The
Derby. Lord George Bentinck.sold his
stud, and found to his vexation that one
of the horses sold won the Derby a few
months afterwards. Bewailing his ill-
luck, he said to Disraeli, ‘‘Ah! you don’t
know what the Derbyis.”’ ‘‘ Yes, I do,’
replied Disraeli; ‘‘it is the blue ribbon
of the turf,’’ alluding to the term cordon
blew (q.v.) ; or else to the blue garter,
the highest of all orders.

< ‘The blue ribbon of the profession”
is the highest point of honour attainable
therein.
is the Archbishopric of Canterbury, that
in law is the office of Lord Chancellor,

Blue Ribbon (1). A wale from.a
blow. A bruise turns the skin blue.
““Do you wanta bine ribbon round those white
eides of yours, you monkey ?' answered Orestes ;
*pecause, if you do, the hippopotamus hide hangs
ready ontside,’ "—Kingaley : Hypatia, chap. iv.

Blue Ruin, Gin, Called dive from
{ts tint, and ruin from ita effects,

Blue Squadron (The). One of tho
three divisions of the British Fleet in
the seventeenth century. (See ApmrraL
op THB BLUE.)

The blue ribbon of the Church ~

Blue Stocking A female pedant,
In 1400 a soeiety of ladies and gentle-
‘men was formed at Venice, distinguished
by the colour of their stockings, and
called della calza, It lasted till 1590,
when it appeared in Paris and was the
rage among the lady savantes. From
France it came to England in 1780, when
Mrs. Mon’tague displayed the badge of
the Bas-bleu club at her evening assem-
blies. Mr. Benjamin Stillingfleet was a
constant attendant of the soirées, The
last of the clique was Miss Monckton,
eee Countess of Cork, who died

40, &

“*You used to be fond enough of hooks... . a
regular blue-stocking Mr, Bland called you,’ ?—
LVS. Phelps: Lhe Gates Ajar, chap. iv,

Blue Talk. Indecent conversation,
from the French, Bibliothéque Blew.
(Harlots are called ‘‘ Blues”? from the
blue gown they were once compelled to
weur in the House of Correction.)

Blue Wonder (4). The German
Blaues Wunder, which means ‘‘a queer
story,” as Du sollst dein blaues wunder
sehen, You will be filled with amaze-
ment (at the queer story I have to
relate). A ‘blue wonder” is a cock
and bull story, an improbable tale,
something to make one stare. Tho
French, contes bleus,

Blue and Red, in public-house signs,
are heraldic colours, as the Blue Pig
the Blue Cow, the Red Lion, the Red,
Hart, ete.

Blue and Yellow (Zhe). The Edin-
burgh Review ; so called from its yellow
and blue cover. The back is yellow, the
rest of the cover is blue,

Blues (Zhe), applied to troops.

The Oxford Blues. The Royal Horse.
Guards were so called in 1690, from the
Earl of Oxford their commander and the
blue facings. Wellington, in one of his
despatches, writes :—‘‘I have been ap-
pointed colonel of the Blues,”

“It was also known as tbe ‘Blue. Guards’
during the campaign in Flanders (1742-1745),"—~
trimen: Regiments of the British Army,

Bluff (2), in the game called Poker,
is to stake on a bad hand. This is a
dodge resorted to by players to lead an
adversary to throw up his cards and
forfeit his stake rather than risk them
against the ‘* bluffer,’?

“The game iocwnetes George, although he
atacied ne lenormnee Pe oraldaty ipeiples
of poker, played like a pov erty Bu he
bluffed extravagantly op absu ae ~~
Truth ; Queer Stuwien, Beppe trd, : ‘ain -

Bluff Harry

153

Boar’s Flesh

Bluff Harry or-Hal. Henry VIIL,
so called from his bluff and burly man-
ners (1491, 1509-1547.)

Blunderbore. A giant, brother of
Cormoran, who put Jack the Giant
Killer to bed and intended to kill him;
but Jack thrust a billet of wood into
the bed, and crept under the bedstead.
Blunderbore came with his club and
broke the billet to pieces, but was much
amazed at seeing Jack next morning at
breakfast-time. When his astonish-
ment was abated he asked Jack how
he had slept. ‘‘ Pretty well,” said the
Cornish hero, “but once or twice I
fancied a mouse tickled me with its
tail.’? This increased the giant’s sur-

rise. Hasty pudding being provided
or breakfast, Tack stowed away such
huge stores in a bag concealed within
his dress that the’ giant could not keep
pace with him. Jack cut the bag open
to relieve “the gorge,’’ and the giant,
to effect the same relief, cut his throat
and thus killed himself. (See Grants.)

Blunderbuss. A short gun with a
large bore. (Dutch, donderbus, a thun-
der-tube. )

Blunt. Ready money.

Blunt (Major-General). An old
cavalry officer, rough in speech, but
very brave and honest, of good under-
standing, and a true patriot, (Shad-
well: The Volunteers.)

Blurt out (75). To tell something
from impulse which should not have
been told. To speak incautiously, or
without due reflection. Florio makes
the distinction, to ‘flurt with one’s
fingers, and blurt with one’s mouth.”’

Blush.. At the first blush. At the
first glance; speaking off-hand without
having given the subject mature deliber-
ation. e allusion is -to blushing at
some sudden or unexpected allusion ;
the first time the_thought has flashed
into your mind,

To put to the blush. To make one
blush with shame, annoyance, or con-
fusion.

“England might blush in 1690, when English-
men trembled at a fool's frown (i.e. James 14, but
not in 1649, when an enraged people cut off his
son’s [Charles 1.) bead. Wendelt Phillips: Ora-
tions, ), 419,

Bo or Boh, in old Runic, was a fierce
Gothic captain, son of Odin. His name
was used by his soldiers when they
would take the enemy by surprise, (Sir
William Temple.)

name

| hunt.

From this name comes our bogie, a
hobgoblin or little Bo, Gifford Castle
is called Bo Hall, being said to have
been constructed by bogies or magic,
Compare Greek, boi, bah! verb, load, to
shout out; Latin, bdo, to bellow like a
bull (dos). (See Bots.)

You cannot say Bo! to @ goose—i.e.
you are. a coward who dare not say bo!
even to a fool. When Ben Jonson was
introduced to a nobleman, the peer was
so struck with his homely appearance
that he exclaimed, ‘‘ What! are you
Ben Jonson? Why, you look as if you
could not say Bo! to a goose.” ‘‘Bo!’’
exclaimed the witty dramatist, turning
to the peer and making his bow. (Latin,
bo-are ; Greek, boa-ein, to cry aloud.)

Bo-tree. A corruption of bodhi or
bodhiru‘ma (the tree of wisdom), under
which Sakyamuni used to sit when he
concocted the system called Buddhism,

Boa. Pliny says the word is from
bos (a cow), and arose from the supposi-
tion that the boa sucked the milk of
cows.

Boanergés (sons of thunder). <A
iven to James and John, the sons
of Zebedee, because they wanted to call
down ‘‘fire from heaven’’ to consume
the Samaritans for not ‘‘ receiving ’’ the
Lord Jesus, (Luke ix, 54; see Mark
iii, 17.)
Boar.

The Boar, Richard IIT. ; so

called from his cognisance,

“ The wretched, bloody, and usurping boar |
That spoiled your summer flelds and fruitful
vines: ..
... This foul swine... liesnow...
Near to the town of Leicester, as we learn.”
Shakespeare: Richard ITI., v. 3.

The bristled Baptist boar. So Dryden
denominates the Anabaptists in his Hind
and Panther,

“The bristled Baptist boar, impure as he [the ape),
But whitened with the foam of sanctity,
With fat pollutions filled the sacred place,
And mountains leyelled in his furious race.”
Part i. 43-6.

The wild boar of Ardennes [Le sanglier
des Ardennes]. ‘Guillaume, Comte de la
Marck, so called because he was fierce
as the wild boar, which he delighted to
Introduced by Sir Walter Scott
as William, Count of la Marck, in Quen-
tin Durward.

Boar (The), eaten every evening in
Valhalla by the sir, was named S.ASH-
RIMNIR. It was eaten every evening
and next morning was restored whole
again, :

Boar's Flesh, Buddha died from
meal of dried boar’s flesh, Mr. Sinnett’

_- ~ Boar’s Head 154

Boaz

‘tells us that the “‘boar”’ referred to was
the boar avatar of Vishnu, and that
‘dried boar’s flesh’? means esoteric
knowledge prepared for popular use.
None but Buddha himself must take
the responsibility of giving out occult
secrets, and he died while so occupied,
i.e, in preparing for the general_esoterte
knowledge. The protreptics:of Jambli-
cus are examples of similar interpreta-
tions, (See Nineteenth Century, June,
1893, p. 1021.)

, Boar’s Head. [The Christmas dish. ]
Freyr, the Seandinavian god of peace
and plenty, used to mde’on the boar
Gullinbursti; his festival was held at
Yuletide (winter solstice), when a boar
.was sacrificed to his honour.
The Boar’s Head. This tavern, made
immortal by Shakespeare, used to stand

in Eastcheap, on the:site of the present .

statue of William IV. It was the cog-
nisance of the Gordons, the progenitor

of which clan slew, in the forest of ,

Huntley, a wild boar, the terror of all:
the Merse (1093).

Board. A council which sits at a
board or table ; as ‘‘ Board of Directors,”
“ Board of Guardians,” *‘School Board,”
‘* Board of Trade,”’ etc. (Anglo-Saxon,
bord, a board, table, etc.) ;

To sweep the board, To-win and carry
off all the stakes in a game of cards.

2. Board, in sea phrases, is all that
space of the sea which a ship passes
over in om Bass

On board. In the ship, ‘To go on
ee to enter the ship ‘or other sea,
vessel. 4 '

Overboard. Fallen out of the ship
into the sea.

To board a ship is to get on board an
enemy’s vessel,

To make a good board. Tomakeagood
or long tack in beating to windward,

To make a short board. To make a
short tack. ‘To make short boards,’’
to tack frequently.

To make @ stern board, To sail stern,
foremost, a 33 ,

Fo run aboard’ of. To run foul of
[another ship]. é

3. Zo board. To feed and lodge to-
gether, is taken from the custom of the
university members, etc., dining together
.at a common table or board.

Board. Toaccost. (French, aborder,
to accost.) s

“Pil board her, though she chide as loud
qaic ehabeny Taming of the Shrew, 1.
Epeare: Tam Tew,
Bee also Hamlet, ii, 2.) as RO od

1

Board of Green Cloth. So called
because the lord steward and his board
sat at a table covered with green
cloth, It existed certainly in the reign
of Henry I., and probably earlier; and
was abolished in 1849.

“Board of Green Cloth, June 12th, 1681. Order
was this day given that the Maides of Honour
should have cherry-tarts instead of gooseberry
tarts, it being observed that cherrys are three-
pence a pound.”

Board School (4). An undenomi-
national elementary school managed by
a School Board, and supported by a
parliamentary grant collected by a rate.

Boarding School, J am going to
boarding school, Going’ to prison to be
taught good behaviour. ;

Boards, He is on the boards, t.e. an
actor by profession.

Boast (Zhe). The vainglory, the
ostentation, that which a person boasts
of, or is proud of.,

“ The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,
Awaits [sic] alike the inevitable hour.”
-Gray: The Elegy, stanza 9,

Boast of England (Zhe). Tom

Thumb or Tomni-a-lin. .Richard Johnson,,

in 1599, published a ‘“‘history of this
ever-renowned soldier, the Red Rose
Knight, surnamed The Boast of .Eng-
land, showing his honorable victories in
foreign countries, with his strange fore.
tunes in Faéry Land, and how he

married the fair Angliterra, daughter of

Prester John... .’

Boat. Both in the same boat.. Both
treated alike; both placed in the same
conditions. The reference is to the boat
launched when a.ship-is wrecked.

To be represented in a boat is the
ordinary symbol of ‘apotheo'sis, Many
sovereigns are so represented on coins,

Boatswain, The officer who has
charge of the boats, sails, rigging, an-
chors, .cordage, cablés, and colours.
Swain is: the Saxon swein (a boy, ser-
‘vant), Swedish sven. Hence, a shepherd

is a swain, and a sweetheart isa woman’s

servant or swain.

Boatswain. The name of Byron's
favourite dog, buried in Newstead Abbey
garden.

Boazand Jachin. The names of the
two brazen pillars set up by Solomon
at: the entrance of his temple—Boaz
strength) on the left hand, and Jachin
stability) on theright. (1 Kings vii. 21.)

"Bawa bud Jachin, thro the Base reagwned?

a Crabve: Borougiy

ee

Bob

155

Bodkin

—_—— - rrwrrre

_ Bob. A shilling. A “bender” is a
sixpence. (Compare BAWBEE.)

Bob, Aset of changesrung on [church]
bells: -as a ‘‘bob major,” a ‘bob-
minor,” a “triple bob.’

To give the bob to any one. To deceive,
to balk. This word is a corruption of
pop: The bob of a pendulum or
mason’s plumb-line is the weight that
pops backwards and forwards. ‘The bob
of a fishing-line pops up and down when
fish nibble at the bait. To bob for apples
or cherries is to try and catch them
while they swing backwards ‘and for-
wards. As this is very deceptive, it is
ih to see how the word signifies to
balk, ete.

_ To 40d means also to thump, and a Jo)
is a blow.

“ He that a fool doth very wisely hit,

Doth very foolishly, although be smart,
Not to seem senseless of the bob.” ;
shakespeare: As You Like It, ii..7.

Bear a bob. Be brisk, .The allusion
is to bobbing for apples, in which it
Zequires great agility and quickness to
catch the apple. _

A bob wig. Awi
bottom locks are turned up into bobs or
short curls. j

Bobadil. A military braggart of
the first. water. Captain Bobadil is a
character in Ben Jonson’s comedy of
Every Manin his Humour. This name was
probably suggested by Bobadilla, first

overnor of Cuba, who sent Columbus

ome in chains. (See VINCENT.)

“ Bobadilis the author's best invention, and is
worthy to march in tbe same regiment with
Bessus and Pistol, Parolles, and the Copper Cap-
tain” (¢.v.).—B. W. Procter.

? See all.these names in their proper

places,

‘Bobbery, as ‘‘ Kicking up a bobbery,”
making .a squabble or tumult, kicking
up a shindy. It is much used in India,
and Colonel Yule says it is of Indian
origin.

Bobbish. Pretty bobbish. Prett
well (in spirits and health), from 60d,
brisk. (See ad#ve.) A very ancient ex-
pression.

Bobbit. Uf it isn’t weel bobbit we'll
bod it again.” If it is not done well
enough, we willtry again. To bob is to
dance, and literally the proverb means,
“TE it is not well danced, we will dance
over again.”

Bobby, A policeman.; 80 called. be-

cause Sir Robert Peel introduced the

in which the’

force, at Jeast- into Ireland. (See
PEELER.)
“ But ob! for the grip of the bobby’s han
Upon his neck that day.” 7 a
unch: July 26, 1884.

Boccus (King). A kind of Solomon,
who not only drank strong poison “in
the name of the Trinite’’ without hurt ;
but also answered questions of -wisdom,
morality, and natural science. (The
History of King Boccus and Sydrack,
from the French.)

Bockland or Bookland, Land severed
from the folcland,.and converted into a
private estate of perpetual inheritance
by a short and simple deed or bock.

‘Bod. The divinity invoked by Indian
women who desire fecundity. Children
born after an invocation to Bod must be
redeemed, or else serve in the temple of
‘the goddess, (Indian mythology.)

Boden-See. The Lake of Constance;
so called because it lies in the Boden, or
low country at the foot’ of the Alps,
(Latin, Senus Bodamicus,)

Bodies. Compound. bodies, in chemi-
cal phraseology, mean those which have
two or more simple. bodies or elements
in their composition, as water.

Simple bodies, in chemical phraseology,
mean the elements,

The heavenly bodies, The sun, moon,
stars, and so on. s

The seven bodies (of alchemists). The
seven metals supposed to correspond
with the seven ‘‘ planets,” ;

Planets. Metals,
1, Apollo, or the Sun, ++ os Gold,
2, Diana, or the Moon... «+ «+ + Silver. :
3. Mercury «+ ++ ye se we ne uicksilver,
4, Venus se te oe os oe oe Copper,
5. MarS .e os seq co co ov of oe JON,
6. Jupiter ss oe om se se oe oe Tin.
7.

Saturn” oe sii ae ve oe pe ee Di
Bodkin, A dagger. (Welsh, bodogyn,
a,small dagger.) ;
Bodkin. When he bias might his
quietus make with a bare bodkin,( Hamlet,
iii, 1), A stiletto-worn by ladies in the
hair, not a dagger. In the Seven Cham-
pions, Castria took-her silver bodkin
from her hair, and stabbed to death first
her sister and then herself., Praxida
stabbed herself in a similar manner.
Shakespeare could not mean that a man
might kill himself with a naked dagger,

| but that even a hair-pin would suffice

to give a man his quietus.
Bodkin, o ride bodkin. To ride in
a carriage between two others, the ace
commodation being only fortwo...
Dr. Payne says that bodkin in this

sense is a contraction of bodykin, a

Bodle 156

Bogtrotters

little body, which may be squeezed into
a small space.

“Jf you can bodkin the sweet creature into the

ch,”’— Gibbon. ‘

oe There is hardly room between Jos and Miss
Sharp, who are on the front seat, Mr, Osborne
sitting bodkin opposite, between Captain Dobbin
and Amelia,’—Thackeray : Vanity Fair.

Bodle. A Scotch coin, worth the
sixth of a penny; so called from Both-
well, a mint-master.

“ Pair play, he car'd na deils a boddle.”
Burns; Tam o' Shanter, tine 110.

To care not a bodle = dur English

phrase, ‘‘ Not to care.a farthing.”

Bodle’ian Library (Oxford). So
called because it was restored by Sir
Thomas Bodley in 1597.

Body. (Anglo-Saxon, Jodig.)

‘A regular body, in geometry, means
one ‘of the five regular solids, called
‘Platonic’? because first suggested by
Plato. (See Puatonic Boprzs.)

To body forth. To give mental shape
to an ideal form.

« Imagination bodies forth
- The forms of things unknown.”
~ Shakespeare : Midsummer Night’s Dream, v.1.

Body and Soul. Zo keep body and
soul together. To sustain life; from the
notion that the soul gives life. The
Latin anima, and the Greek psyché,
mean both soul and life; and, accordin
to Homeric mythology, the departe
soul retains the shape and semblarice
of the body, hence the notion of ghosts.
Indeed, if the soul is the ‘‘ principle of
life,” it must of necessity be the fac-
simile of every living atom of the body.
(See AstRAL Bopy,) |

Body-colour (4). Is a paint con-
taining a body or consistency. In water-
colours it is mixed with white lead and
laid on thickly.

Body Corporate (4). An aggregate
of individuals legally united into a cor-
poration.

Body Politic (4). A whole nation
considered as a political corporation ; the
state. In Latin, totwin corpus reipublice.

Body-snatcher (4). One who
snatches or purloins bodies, newly
buried, to sell them to surgeons for
dissection. By a play on the words, a
bum-bailiff was so called, because his
duty was to snatch or capture the body
of a delinquent.

< The first instance of body-snatching
on record was in 1777. It was the body
of Mrs. Jane Sainsbury from the burial
ground near Gray’s Inn Lane. The
men, being convicted, were imprisoned

for six months,

| Jews with Lilith ;

Boemond. The Christian King of
Antioch, who tried to teach his subjects
arts, laws, and religion. Pyrrhus de-
livered to him a fort, by which Antioch
was taken by the -Christians after an
eight months’ siege. Boemond and
Roge’ro were two brothers, the sons of
Roberto Guiscardo, of the Norman race.
(Lasso ; Jerusalem Delivered.)

Beeo’tia. According to fable it is
so-called because Cadmus was conducted
by an ox (Greek daus) to the spot where
he built Thebes; but, according to fact,
it was so called because it abounded in
cattle. (Greek, Boidtia.)

Beeo'tian. A rude, unlettered person,
a dull blockhead. The ancient Boeotians
loved agricultural and pastoral pursuits,
so the Athenians used to say they were
dull and thick as their own atmosphere ;
yet Hesiod, Pindar, Corinna, Plutarch,
Pelop’idas, and Epaminondas, were all

. Beeotians.

Beeo’tian Ears. Ears unable to ap-
preciate music or rhetoric.

“Well, friend, I assure thee thou hast not got
Beotian ears (because you can appreciate the
be are of my sermons)."— Le Sage: Gil Blas,
vii,

Boé'thius, Last of the Latin authors,
properly so called (470-524). Alfred
the Great translated his De Consolatio’ne
Philosophie into Anglo-Saxon.

Bogie. A scarecrow, a goblin.
garian, bog, a god; Slavonic,
Welsh, dwg, a goblin, our bugbear.)

The Assyrian mothers used to scare
their children with the name of Narsés
(Gibbon); the Syrians with that of
Richard Coeur de Lion; the Dutch with
Boh, the Gothic general (Warton) ; the
the Turks with
Mathias Corvi’nus, the Hungarian king;
and the English with the name of Luns-
fort (g.v.). (See Bo.)

Bo'gio (in Orlando Furioso). One of
the allies of Charlemagne. He promised
his wife to return within six moons, but
was slain by Dardinello.

Bogle Swindle. A gigantic swindle
concocted in Paris by fourteen persons,
who expected to net at least a million
sterling. It was exposed in the Times.

Bogomi’li, A religious sect of the
twelfth century, whose chief seat was
Thrace. So called from their constant
repetition of the words, “ Lord, have
epee upon us,’’ which, in Bulgarian, is
bog (Lord), mili (have mercy),

Bogtrotters. Irish tramps; so called
from their skill in crossing the Trish

Bul-
ogu

Bogus

bogs, from tussock to tussock, either as
guides or to escape pursuit.

Bogus. Bogus currency. Forged or
sham bills, Bogus transactions. Fraudu-
lent transactions, The word is by some
connected with bogie.

Lowel)! (Biglow Papers) says, “I more than sus-
pect the worl to bea corruption of the French
bagasse.” a

In French argot is another word (bogue), the
rind of a green chestnut, or case of a watch ; a
bogus chestnut or watch, —

Bohéme (La). A Bohemian, that is,
one living on his wits, such as a penny-
a-liner, journalist, politician, artist,
dancer, or in fact any chevalier of
unsettled habits-and no settled home.
From the French, Bohémien, a gipsy.

Une maison de Bohéme means a house
wheréno regularity is observed, but all
things are at sixes and sevens,

Bohe’mia, The Queen of Bohemia.
-A public-house sign in honour of Lady
Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James L.,
who was married to Frederick, elector
palatine, for whom Bohemia was raised
into a separate kingdom. It is through
this lady that the Brunswick family suc-
ceeded to the throne-of Great Britain.

Bohemian. A gipsy, an impostor.
The first gipsies that entered France
came from Bohemia, and appeared before
Paris in 1427. They were not allowed to
enter the city, but were lodged at La
Chapelle St. Denis.

A slang term applied to literary men
and artists of loose and irregular habits,
living by what they can pick up by their
brains,

“ Never was there an editor with less about him
of the literary Bohemian. A strong contrast to
his unhappy contemporary, Chatterton.”—Ffort-
nightly Review,: Puston Letter.

Bohe’mian Brethren. A religious
sect formed out of the remnants of the
Hussites, They arose at Prague in the
fifteenth century, and were nicknamed
Cave-dwellers, because they, lurked in
caves to avoid persecution.”

Bohemian Life (4). An irregular,
restless way of living, like that of a gipsy.
_ Bohort eee A knight of Arthur’s
Round Table, brother of Sir Lionel, and
nephew of Lancelot of the Lake. Also
called Sir Bors.

Boi'es (2 syl.). Priests of the savages |

of Florida. Each priest has his special
idol, which must be invoked by the fumes
of tobacco. (American Indian mythology.)

Boiling-point. -He was at_boiling-

int. Ver pe ‘indeed. Praperly -
point of heat at which water, under

157

Bolognese Schocl

ordinary conditions, boils. (212° Fah-
renheit, 100° Centigrade, 80° Réaumur.)

Boiley or Boily. Bread soaked in
water. .A word used in baby-farming
establishments (French, bowilhe). (Pall
Mall Budget, Aug. 22, 1889.)

Boissere’an Collection. A collec-
tion at Stuttgart of the early specimens
of German art, made by the three
brothers Boisseree.

Bolay or Boley. The giant which the
Indians say ponguared heaven, earth, and
the inferno, (Indian mythology.)

Bold. Bold as Beauchamp (Beech-um).
It is said that Thomas Beauchamp, Earl
of Warwick, with one squire and six
archers, overthrew 100 armed men at
Hogges, in Normandy, in 1346:

This exploit is not more incredible
than that attributed to Captal-de-Buch,
who, with forty followers, cleared Meaux
of the insurgents called “‘ La Jacquerie,”’
7,000 of whom were slain by this little
band, or trampled to death in the
narrow streets as they fled panic-struck
(1358). ie

Bold as brass. Downright impudent ;
without modesty. Similarly, we say
‘“ brazen-faced.”

I make bold to say. I take the liberty
of saying ; I venture to say.

“ a poker Promontory.. The Land’s
nd,

Bole’ro,. A Spanish dance; so called
from the name of the inventor.

Bolingbroke. rare IV. of Eng-
land; so called from Bolingbroke, in
Lincolnshire, where he was born. (1366,
1399-1413.)

Bollandists. Editors of the Acta
Sanctorum begun by John Bolland (1596-
1665) ; the sixty-first folio volume was

' published in 1876.

Bollen. Swollen. (Anglo-Saxon,
bolla, a bowl.) Hence ‘‘ joints bolne-
big’ (Golding), and ‘‘bolne in pride’?

Phaer), The seed capsule or pod of
ax is called a ‘‘ boll.’’ ¥

“The harley was in the_ear, and the flax was

-bolled.”—Exod, ix. 31.

Bolo'gna Stone. A variety of barite,
found in masses near Bologna. After
being heated, powdered, and exposed to
the light it becomes phosphorescent in
the dark.

Bolognese School, There were three
riods to the Bolo ec Mapaint-
ing—the Early, the Roman, and the
Eclectic. The firat was founded by

Bolt

Marco Zoppo, in the fifteenth century,
and its best exponent was Francia. The
second was founded in the sixteenth
century by Bagnucavallo, and its chief

onents were Primatic‘io, Tibaldi, and
Nicolo dell’ Aba‘te. The third was
founded by the Carracci, at the close of
the sixteenth century, and its best
masters have been Domenichi'no, Lan-
franco, Guido, Schido’ne, Guerci’no, and
Alba/ni.

Bolt. An arrow, a shaft Gogio-
Saxon, bolta ; Danish, bolt ; Greek, ballo,
to cast; Latin, ello, to drive). A door
bolt is a shaft of wood or iron, which
may ‘be shot or driven forward to secure
adoor. <A thunderbolt is an hypothetical
shaft cast from the elouds; an aerolite,
Cupid’s bolt is Cupid’s arrow.

The fool’s bolt is soon spent. A foolish
‘archer shoots all his arrows so heedlessly
that he leaves himself no resources in
case of need.

I must bolt. Be off like an arrow.

- To bolt food. To swallow it quickly
without waiting to chew it.

To bolt out the truth. To blurt it out;
also Zo bolt out, to exclude or shut out
by bolting the door.

To bolt. To sift, as flour is bolted.
This has a different derivation to the
above (Low Latin, dult-ella, a boulter,
from an Old French word for coarse
cloth).

“1 cannot bolt this matter to the bran

As Bradwarden and holy Austin can.”
Dryden's version of the Cock and Fox,

Bolt from the Blue (4). There feli
a bolt from the blue. A sudden and
wholly unexpected catastrophe or event
occurred, like a “thunderbolt”? from the
blue sky, or flash of lightning without
warning and wholly unexpected.

“Namque Diespiter
{gni corusco nubila dividens,
Plerumque, per purum tonantes
Egit equos volucremque currum..,.
Horace: 1 Ode xxxiy. 5, etc.

”

“On Monday, Dec, 22nd (1890), there fell a bolt
from the blue. The morning papers announced
that the men were out: [on strike).”—Nineteenth
Century, February, 1891, p. 240.

% In this phrase the word ‘ bolt” is

used in the: popular sense for lightning,
the Latin fulmen, the French foudre and
tonnerre, 10 English sometimes for an
_eerolite. Of course, in strict scientific
language, a flash of lightning is not a
thunderbolt. Metaphorically, it means
a sudden and wholly unexpected catas-
trophe, like a thunderbolt ([flash. of
lightning] from a blue or serene sky.

German: Wieein Blitzstrahl aus blauem Aether. |

Italian: Come un fulmine a ciel sereno, _
Latin: Audiit et coli genitor de parte serena
fatonuit bevum. CVirgil: dineid, ix. 630.)

‘188 Bomb

Bolt in Tun, a public-house sign,
is heraldic, In heraldry it is applied to
a bird-bolt, in pale, piercing through a
tun. The punning crest of Serjeant
Balton, who died 1787, was ‘* ona wreath
a tun erect proper, transpierced by an
arrow fesseways or.’? Another family
of the same name has for crest “‘a tun
with a bird-bolt through it proper.”? A
third, harping on the same string, has “a
bolt gules in a tun or.”’ 'The public-
house sign distinguished by this device
or name adopted it ia honour of some
family claiming one of the devices men-
tioned above.

Bolt Upright. Straight as an arrow.
A bolt is an arrow with a round knob at
the end, used for shooting at rooks, ete.

Bolted. Bolted owt, Hither ran off
suddenly, or being barred out of tha
house.

The horse bolted, The horse shot off
like a bolt or arrow.

Bolted Arrow. A blunt arrow for -

shooting young rooks with a cross-bow ;
called ‘* bolting rooks,” A gun would
not do, and an arrow would mangle the
little things too much.

Bolton. The Bolton Ass. This crea-
ture is said to have chewed tobacco and
taken snuff. (Dr. Doran.)

Bate me an ace, quoth- Botton, Give

me some advantage. What you say
must be qualitied, as it is too strong.
Ray says that a collection of proverbs
were once presented to the Virgin Queen,
with the assurance that it contained all
the proverbs in the language; but the
Queen rebuked the boaster with the pro-
verb, “‘ Bate me an ace, quoth Bolton,”
a proverb omitted in the compilation.
John Bolton was one of the courtiers
who used to play cards and dice with
Henry VIII., and flattered the king by
asking him to allow him an ace or some
advantage in the game.

Bolus. An apothecary. Apothecaries
are so called because they administer
boluses, Similarly Mrs. Suds is a washer-
woman; Boots is the shoeblack of an
inn, etc. ">

George Colman adopts the name for
his apothecary, who wrote his labels in
rhyme, one of which was—

“ When taken,
To be well shaken” ;
but the patient being shaken, instead of
the mixture, died.

Bomb. A shell filled with gunpowder.

(Greek: bombos ; Latin, bombus, any

Bomba

159

Bone

deep noise. Thus Festus says: ‘‘ Bom-
bus, sonus non apium tantum, aut poculi
bilbientis, sed etiam tonitris.” And
Catullus appliesit to the blast of a trum-

pet, “‘ eflabant cornua bombis,” \xiv. 263.) ,

Bomba. King Bomba. A nickname
given to Ferdinand II., King of Naples,
im consequence of his cruel bombard-
‘ment of Messi‘na in 1848, ‘in which the
slaughter and destruction of property
was most wanton.

Bomba. II, was the nickname given to
his son Francis II. for bombarding Pa-
lermo in 1860. He was also called
Bombali'no (Little Bomba). '

Another meaning equally: applicable is
Vox et preter’ea nihil, Bomba being the
explosion made by puffing out the cheeks,
and causing them suddenly to collapse.
Liar, break-promise, worthless. tT

Bombast literally means the produce
of the bombyx (Middle, Latin dombaz,

Greek bombux), and applied to cotton- —

wool used for padding. The head of the
cotton plant was called ‘‘bombast’’ or
‘‘bombace’’ in the sixteenth century.
Bombast was much used in the reign of
pre VIII. for padding, and hence in-
flated language was so called.
“ We have received your letters fullof love,...
And in our maiden council rated them...
As bombast and as lining to the time.”
Shakespeare: Love's Labour’s Lost, v. 2.
Bombastes Furio’so. One who
talks big and uses long sesquipedalian
words; the ideal of bombast. He is
the hero of a burlesque opera so called,
by William Barnes Rhodes. (1790.)
Bombas'‘tus. The family name of
Aureolus Paracelsus (1493-1541). He
is said to have kept a small devil
prisoner in the pommel of his sword,

“ Bombastus kept a devil’s bird
Shut in the pommel of his sword,
That taught him all the cunning pranks
Of past and future mountebanks.’ v
S, Butler: Hudibras, part ii. 3.

Bon Gaultier Ballads. Parodies
of modern poetry by W. E. Aytoun and
Theodore Martin (Sir).

Bon gré mal gré. Willing or un-
willing, willy nilly, nolens volens,

Bon Mot (French). A good or witty
saying; apun; a clever repartee.

Bon Ton (French). Good manners,
er manners accredited by good society.
~ Bon Vivant (French). A free liver;
ene who indulges in the “‘ good things of
the table.”
_ Bona Fide. est sentestoees or
deception ; really and truly. iterally.
in good faith (Latin): ;

Bona-ro’ba. A courtesan (Italian) ;
so called from the smartness of their
robes or dresses.

“ We knew where the bona-robas were.”
: Shakespeare: 2 Henry IV., iil. 2.

Bonduca = Boadicea, (Fletcher's

Tragedy, 1647.)

Bone. Bredinthe bone, A part of one’s
nature. ‘* What’s bred in the bone will
come out in the flesh.’? A natural pro-
pensity cannot be repressed. Naturam
Jureé expellas, autem usque redibit.

Bone in my Throat, J have a bone
in my throat. I cannot talk; I cannot
answer your question.

have a bone in my leg, An excuse
given to children for not moving from
one’s seat Similarly, ‘‘I have a bone
in my arm,’’ and must be excused using
it for the present,

Bone of Contention. A disputed
point; a point not yet settled. The
metaphor is taken from the proverb
about ‘“‘ Two dogs fighting for a bone,”
ete.

Bones. Deuca’lion, after the Deluge,
was ordered to cast behind him the bones
of his mother, i.e. the stones of mother
earth. Those thrown by Deuca’lion be-
came men, and those thrown by his wife,
Pyrrha, became women.

Pindar suggests that laas,a stone, is a pun on
laos, the people. Both words, in the genitive
case singular, are alike laou. (Olynthics, 1x. 66.)

Bone to pick (4). <A sop to Cer-
bérus. A lucrative appointment given
to a troublesome opponent in order to
silence him. Thus Ghisholn Anstey was
sent to Hong-Kong as a judge to keep
him away from the House of Commons.
Of course the allusion is to throwing a
bone to a dog barking at you.

“Tn those days the usual plan to get rid of an
oratorical patriot in the House was to give him
‘a bone to pick.’”—Anthony Collins. a

I have a bone to pick with you. An
unpleasant matter to settle with you. At
the marriage banquets of the Sicilian
poor, the bride’s father, after the meal,
used to hand the bridegroom a bone,
saying, ‘‘ Pick this bone, for you have
taken in hand a much harder task.’’

Bone. (See Anpapara; Luz; Os
SACRUM.)
‘Bone (Zo). To filch, as, I boned it.

Shakespeare (2 Henry VTJ., act i. 3) says,
“By these ten bones, my lord...”
meaning his ten fingers; and (Hamlet
iii, 2) calls the fingers: ‘ pickers
stealers.”’ Putting the two together.
there can be no doubt that ‘‘to bone” .

Bone-grubber

means to finger, that is, ‘to pick and
eteal.”’
“You thought that I was buried deep
Quite decent-like and chary,
But from ber grave in Mary-bone 2
They've come and boned your Mary ee
Hood: Mary's Ghost.
Bone-grubber (4). A person who
grubs about dust-bins, gutters, etc., for
refuse bones, which he sells to ‘bone-
grinders, and other dealers in such stores.

Bone-lace. Lace woven on bobbins
‘made of trotter-bones.

Bone-shaker (4).
cab ; ‘also an old bicycle.

“A good swift hansom is worth twice a8 much
as a ‘bone-shaker’ any day,’—Nineteenth Cen-
tury, March, 1893, p. 473,

Boned. J boned. him. Caught or
seized him, (See above, To Bone.)

Bones. The man who rattles or plays
the bones in nigger troupes.

To make no bones about the matter, i.e.
no_difficulty, no scruple. Dice are called
‘*bones,’’? and the French, flattes le dé
(to’mince the matter), is the opposite of
our expression. To make no bones of a
thing is not to flatter, or ‘‘make much
of,’’ or humour the dice in order to show
favour. :

Napier’s bones, (See under Narrer.)

Without more bones. Without further
scruple or objection. (See above, ‘* Make
no bones,’’ etc.)

Bonese (2 syl.). The inhabitants of
Bo’ni, one of the Celebés,

Bonfire. Jgnis ossium,; ‘The Atheneum
shows that-the word means a fire made
of Jones ; one quotation runs thus, ‘‘In
the worship of St. John, the people...
made three manner of fires: one was of

A four-wheel

clean bones and no wood, and that is:

called a bonefire; another of clean wood
and no bones, and that is called a wood-

fire . . . and the third is made of wood .

and bones, and is called ‘St. John’s
fire’’’ (Quatuor Rermones 1499), Cer-
tainly bone (Scotch, bane) is. the more
‘ancient way of spelling the first syllable
of the word; but some suggest that
‘‘bon-fire’’ ds really ‘‘ boon-fire,’?

“In some parts of Lincolnshire... they make
fires in the public streets... with hones of oxen,
sbeep, etc... . heaped together... hence came

the origin of bonfires.”—Leland, 1552,
Whatever the origin of the word, it
has long been uséd to signify either a
beacon fire, or a fire, i.e. a fire ex-
pressive of j f We often find the word
spelt ‘*bane-ftire,’’ where Jane may mean
pone’? or beacon. Welsh ban, lofty ;

‘allied to the Norwegian avn, a beacon.

or cresset..

160 Bonnet

Bon’‘homie’. Kindness; good nature;
free and easy manners; cordial benevo~
lence. (French.) 2

“T never knew a more prepassessing man. His
bonhomie was infectious,"—C. D. Warner: Little
Journey, chap. vi,

Bonhomme (Un). A goody man;
according to Dr. Young’s line, ‘‘ What
is-‘mere good nature, but a fool?’? The
word, divided into two, is used in a good
sense, as Etre un bon homme, Jacques
Bonhomme means a peasant,

Jacques Bonhomme (French), A peas-
ant who ventures to interfere in politics,
Hence, the peasants’ rebellion in 1358
was called La Jacguerie. The term
means “James Goodfellow”’?; we also
often address the poor as ‘My good
fellow.’

Bon/‘iface. A sleek, good-tempered,
jolly landlord. From Farquhar’s comedy
of Lhe Beaua’ Stratagem.

“A regular British Boniface."—The John Bull.

St. Boniface. The apostle of Germany,
an Anglo-Saxon whose original name
was Winifrid or Winfrith, (680-750.)

St. Boniface’s cup. An éxtra cup of
wine (to the health of the For ope
Boniface, we.are told in the Hbrietatis
Encomium, instituted an indulgence to
those who drank his good health after
grace, or the health of the Pope of the
time being. An excuse for an extra
glass. ~

Bonne (French). A nursemaid, 4

“nursery governess.

Bonne ‘Bouche 4: A delicious
morsel ; a tit-bit (tid-bit).

~ “Now lll. give you a real bonne-bouche. This is
fh bottle of the famous.comet port of 1811,."~-The
Epicure.

Bonnet. A pretended player’ at- &
gaming-table, or bidder at an auction,
to lure others to play; so called because
he blinds the eyes of his dupes, just as

if he had struck their bonnet over their-

eyes,

“A man who sits at a gaming tablé,and appears
to he ey tps eco es the table ; when a stranger
appears the Bonnet generally wins.”—The Times,

Bonnet.

Braid Bonnet. The old Scotch cap,

made of milled woollen, without seam or

Glegarty Bonnet. The Highland bon-
“net, which rises to a point in front,

He has a green bonnet. Has failed in
trade. In France.it used'to be custom-
ary, even in the seventeenth century, for
bankrupts to wear a green bonnet. cloth

q ae has a bee in his bonnet, (See Bex.)

ee ee

Bonnet Tairds

161

Book

Bonnet Lairds. Local magnates of
Scotland, who wore the Braid Bonnet.

Bonnet-piece. A gold coin of James
V. of Scotland, the king’s head on which
wears a bonnet,

Bonnet Rouge. The red cap of
Liberty worn by the leaders. of the
- Frénch revolution. It is the emblem of
Red Republicanism.

Bonnie Dundee. John Graham, of
1680), oat Viscount Dundee (1650-
1689).

Bonnyclabber.
beer and buttermilk. (Irish, dainne,
milk ; claba, thick or thickened.)

“ With beerand buttermilk, mingled together, . .

To drink such ... bonny-clapper.” °
Y Ben Jonson: The New Inn, i. 3.

Bono Johnny.
called in the East Indies.

Bontemps. Roger Bontemps (French).
e personification of ‘‘ Never say die.”
The phrase is from Béranger.

“Vous pauvres, pleins d’enyie ;

Vous riches, desireux ;

Vous, dont le char dévie
Aprés un cours heureux ;

Vous, qui perdrez peut-étre
Des titres éclatans,

Eh! gai!
Le gros

renez pour maitre
oger Bontemps.” Béranger,

Ye poor, with envy goaded ;
Ye rich, for more who long ;
Ye who by fortune loaded,
Find all things going wrong
Ye whg by some disaster
See all your cables break,
From henceforth for your master
Bluff Roger Bontemps fake, as

Bonus. A bounty over and above
the interest of a share in any company.
(Latin, bonus questus, a good profit or
*bounty. The interest or fruit of money

ut out in an investment was by the
Samana called the guestus.)

Bonus Homérus. (See HomER.)

Bonzes (sing. Bon’ze). Indian priests.
In China they are the priests of the
Fohists; their number is 50,000, and
they are represented as idle and dis-
solute. In Japan they are men of rank
and family, In Tonquin every pagoda
has at least two bonzes, and some as
many as fifty.

Booby. A spiritless fool, who suffers
himself to be imposed upon. In Eng-
land the Solan goose is called a booby or
noady. (Spanish, bobo ; German, bebe.)

A booby will never make a hawk. The
bird called the booby, that allows itself
to be fleeced by other birds, will never
‘become a bird of prey itself.

A drink made of

John Bull is so.

Booby (Lady). A caricature on
Richardson’s Pam’ela, A vulgar upstart,
who tries to seduce Joseph Andrews.
(Fielding : Joseph Andrews.)

Booby-trap (4). .A pitcher of water,
book, or sumething else, balanced gin-
gerly on the top of a door set ajar, so
that when the booby or victirn is enticed
to pass through the door, the pitcher or
book falls on him.

Book (Ang.-Saxon, boc; Danish, beuke;
German, luche, a beech-tree). Beech-
bark was employed for carving names
on before the invention of printing.

“ Here on my trunk’s surviving frame,
Carved many a long-forgotten name...
As love’s own altar, honour me:

Spare, woodman, spare the beechen tree,”
Campbell: Beech Tree's Petition,

Book. The dearest ever sold. A
Mazarin Bible at the Thorold sale, in
1884, bought by Mr. Quaritch, book-
seller, Piccadilly, London, for £3,900.
In 1873 Lord Ashburnham gave £3,400
for a copy.

Book. The oldest in the world. That
by Ptah-Hotep, the Egyptian, compiled
in the reign of Assa, about B.c. 3366.
This MS, is preserved in the Bibliothé-
que Nationale in Paris. It is written
on, papyrus in hieratic characters, and is
a compilation of moral, political, and
religious aphorisms. It strongly insists
on reverence to women, politeness, and
monotheism. Ptah-Hotep was a prince
of the blood, awd lived to the age of 110
years.

Book. .Logistilla gave Astolpho, at
parting, a book which would tell him
anything he wanted to know, and save
him from the power of enchantment.
(Ariosto: Orlando Furioso, book viii )

Beware of a man of one book. Never
attempt to controvert the statement of
any one in his own special subject. A
shepherd who cannot read will know
more about sheep than the wisest book-
worm. ‘This caution is given by St.
Thomas Aqui‘nas.

That does not suit my book. Does mot
accord with my arrangements. 8
reference is to betting-books, in which
the bets are formally entered.

To bring him to book. To make him

rove his words; to call him to account.

ake him show that what he says
accords. with what is written down in
the indentures, the written agreement,
or the book which treats of the subject.

To book it. To take down an order ;
to make a memorandum; to enter in'a

ok,
To speak by the book. With minute

Book of Books

162

Boots

exactness. To speak literatim, accord-
ing to what is in the book.

Lo speak like a book. To speak with
great precision and accuracy ; to be full
of information. pa6

To speak without book. Without au-
thority; from memory only, without
consulting or referring to the book.

Bell, book, and candle, (See under BELL.)

Book of Books (The). The Bible.

Book of Life (Zhe). In Bible Jan-
guage, is a register of the names of those
who are to inherit eternal life. (Phil.
iv. 3; Rev. xx, 12.)

Books,

He is in my books, or in my good books.
The former is the older form; both
mean to be in favour. The word book
was at one time used more widely, a
single sheet, or even a list being called a
book. To be in my books is to be on
my list of friends. ~

;. “I was so much in his hooks, that at his decease

he left me bis lamp.’"—Addison.
“Tf you want to keep in her good hooks, don’t
call her ‘ the old lady.’ "—Dickens.
In

He is in my black (or bad) books,
disfavour. (oe Buacgk Booxs.)

On the books. On the list of a club, on
the list of candidates, on the list of
voters, etc.

* Jn the universities we say, “on the boards.'®

Out of my books. Not in favour; no

longer in my list of friends,
The battle of the books. The Boyle
controversy (q.v.). (See BaTTis.

To take one’s name off the soit: To

withdraw from a club. In the passive

voice it means to be excluded; or no.

longer admissible to enjoy the benefits
of the institution. The uniyersity phrases

are ‘*to keep my name on the boards” ;:

“to take my name off the boards,’’ etc.

Book-keeper. One who borrows
books, but does not return them,

Book-keeping. The system of keep-
ing the debtor and creditor accounts
of merchants in books provided for the
purpose, either by single or by double

entry.

Wyste-book, A book in which items
are not posted under heads, but are left
at random, as each transaction occurred,

Day-book, A book in which are set
down the debits and credits which occur
day by day. These are ultimately sorted
into the ledger.

Ledger (Dutch, leggen, to lay). The

book which is laid up in counting-houses, |

‘Im the ledger the different items are

regularly sorted according to the system
in use. (LEDGER-LINES.)

By single entry. Book - keeping in
which each debit or credit is entered
only once into the ledger, either as a
debit or credit item, under the cus-
tomer’s or salesman’s name.

By double entry. By which each
item is entered twice into the ledger,
hte on the debit and once on the credit
side,

Bookworm. One always poring over
his books; so called in allusion to the
insect that eats holes in books, and lives
both in and on its leaves.

Boom, A sudden and great demand
of a thing, with a corresponding rise in
its price. The rush of a ship under
press of sail. The word arises from the
sound of booming or rushing water.

“The boom was something wonderful. Every-
body bought, everybody sola.”—Mark Twain:
Life on the Mississippi, chap. 57. .

Boom-Passenger (4). A convict
on board ship, who was chained to the
boom when made to take his daily
exercise.

Boon Companion (4). A convivial
companion. <A bon vivant is one fond
of good eas ‘*Who leads a good
life is sure to live well.’”’ (French, don,
good.)

Boot. I will give you that to boot, i.e.
in addition. The Anglo-Saxon boot or

bot means ‘‘compensation.’’ (Gothic,
béta, profit.)

’ “As anyone shall he more powerful... . or
higher in degree, shall he the more seoply. make
boot for sin, and pay for every misd "—Laws
of King Ethelred, i

Boot-jack. (Sce under Jack.)
Boots, Seven-leagued boots. ‘The

boots worn by the giant in the fairy tale,
called The Seven-leagued Bootie These
boots would stride over seven leagues at
a pace.

LI measure five feet ten inches without my)
boots. The allusion is to the chopine or
high-heeled boot, worn at one time to
increase the stature. Hamlet says of the
lady actress, ‘‘You are nearer heaven
than when I saw you last, by the altitude
of achopine.”’ (ii. 2.)

Boots (an instrument of torture),
They were made of four pieces of narrow.
board nailed together, of a competent
length to fit, the leg. The deat betas
placed therein, wedges were inserted ti

the sufferer confessed or fainted. =

“ All your empirics could never do the like cure
upon the gout as the rack in England or your
Scotch boots.”—Marsion: The Malcontent, ;

Boots

163

Bore =—

Boots, The youngest bishop of the
House of Lords, whose duty it is to read
‘prayers; so called because he walks
into the house in a dead man’s shoes or
boots, t.e. he was not in the house till
some bishop there died, and left a
vacancy.

Boots. Zo go to bed in his boots.
To be very tipsy.

Boots at an Inn. A servant whose
duty it is to clean the boots. The Boots
of the Tiotiy ieee Inn, a Christmas tale
by Charles Dickens (1855).

Bootless Errand. An unprofitable
or futile message. The Saxon dot means
‘‘ reparation ’’—‘‘ overplus to profit”’; as
“T will give you that:to boot’; ‘what.
boots it me ?”’ (what does it profit me ?).

“T sent him
Bootless home and weather-heaten. hack.”
Shakespeare: 1 Henry IV., iii. 1.

Bootes (Bo-o'-tces), or the ox-driver,
a constellation. According to ancient
mythology; Bostes invented the plough,
to which he yoked two oxen, and at
, death, being taken to heaven with his

lough and oxen, was made a constel-
tion. Homer calls it ‘‘ the wagoner.”’

“ Wide o’er the spacious régions of the north,

That see Boutes urge his tardy wain.”
Thomson: Winter, 834-5,
Booth. Husband of Amelia. (Field-
ing : Amelia.)
Boozy. Partly intoxicated. (Russian,.
busa, millet-beer ; Latin, buza, from buo,
to fill; Welsh, bozt ; Old Dutch, buyzen,

to tipple; Coptic, douza, intoxicating

driok.)

“In Egypt there is a beer called ‘ Boozer,
which is intoxicating.”"—Morning Chronicle, Aug.
27th, 1852. ;

Bor (in Norfolk) is a. familiar term of
address to a lad or young man; as,
“Well, bor, I saw the moither you
spoke of ’’—7.e. ‘‘ Well, sir, I saw the
lass... .” ‘* Bor’ is the Dutch doer,
a farmer ; and ‘“‘mor’’ the Dutch meer,
a female.

Borach’io. A drunkard. From the
Spanish borachoe or borrach'o, a bottle
raade of pig’s skin, with the hair inside,
aressed with resin and pitch to keep the
wine sweet. Minshews)

Borachio. follower of Don John,
in Much Ado About Nothing, who thus
plays upon his own name :—

“T will, like a true drunkard [borachio), utter all
to thee."—Act iii.5, 7”

_ Bor’ak or Al Borak (the lightning).
‘The animal brought by Gabriel to carry

Mahomet to the seventh heaven. It had
the face of a man, but the cheeks of a
horse; its eyes were like jacinths, but
brilliant as the stars; it had the wings
of an eagle, spoke with the voice of a
man, and glittered all over with radiant
light. This creature was received into
Paradise, (See ANIMALS, CAMEL.)

Bord Halfpenny. A toll paid by
the Saxons to the lord for the privilege
of having a bord or bench at. some fair
for the sale of articles.

Bordarii or Bordmen. A class of
agriculturists superior to the Villa’ni,
who paid their rent by supplying the
lord’s board with eggs and poultry.
(Domesday Book.)

Border (Tic). The frontier of Eng-
land and Scotland, which, from the
eleventh to the fifteenth century, was

the field of constant forays, and a most

fertile source of ill blood between North
and South Britain,

“ March, march, Ettrick and Teviotdale ;

Why the dcil dinna-ye march forward is

. order?
March, march, Eskdale and Liddesdale—
All the Blue Bonnets are bound for the
border.” __
Sir Walter Scott: The Monastery.

Border Minstrel. Sir Walter Scott,
132) he sang of the border. (1771-
1832.

‘Border States (The). The _ five
#*slave’? states (Delaware, Maryland,

| Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri) which

lay next to the ‘‘free states” were so
called in the Civil War, 1861-1865,

Bordlands. Lands kept by lords in
Saxon times for the supply of their own
board or table. (Anglo-Saxon, bord, a
table.)

Bordlode. Service paid for che land.

Bore (4). A person who bestows
his tediousness on you; one who wearies
you with his prate, his company, or his
solicitations, Verb bear, bore, borne, to
endure. A bore is someone we bore with
or endured.

* At this instant
He bores me with sume trick.” :
Shakespeare: Henry VIII, i.

Bore. A tidal wave.

The most celebrated bores are those
of the Brahmaputra, Ganges, Hooghly,
Indus, and Tsintang (in China). Bores
occur regularly in the Bristol Channet
and Solway Frith ; occasionally (in high
tides), in the Clyde, Dee (Cheshire),
Dornoch Frith, Lune, Severn, Trent

Bore

164 Bos

(eygre}, and Wye. The bore of the Bay
of. undy is caused by the colluston of the
tides. Hodauiie bara, a wave or billow.)

Bore (in pugilistic language) is one
who bears or presses on a man so as to
force him to the ropes of the ring by his

hysical weight ; figuratively, one who

years OF presses on you by his pertin-
acity.

“ All beggaré are liable to rebuffs, with the cer-

tainty besides of being considered bores."—Prince
Albert, 1839,

Bor'eal. Northern.
“Tn radiant streams,
Bright over Europe, bursts the Boreal morn.”
Thomson: Autumn, 98.

Bor‘eas. The north wind. According
to mythology, he was the son of Astreus,
a Titan, and Kos, the morning, and lived
in a cave of Mount Hemus, in Thrace.
(Greek, boros, voracious; Bdreas, the
north wind; Russian, boria, storm.

“ Cease, rude Boreas! blustering railer.”
Goo. Alex, Stevens.

“Omnia pontus haurit saxa vorax,” Lucan.

Borghese (Bor-ga’-zy). The Princess
Borghese. pulled down a church con-
tiguous to her palace, because the in-
cense turned her sick and the organ made
her head uneasy.

Bor’gia. (See LuoreziA.)

Born. Not. born yesterday. Not to
be taken in; worldly wise.

Born Days. Jn all my born days.
Ever since I was born.

Born in the Purple (a translation
of porphyrogenitus). The infant of
royal parents in opposition to born in
the gutter, or child of beggars. This
has nothing to do with the purple robes
of royalty. It refers to the chamber
lined with porphyry by one of the Byzan-
tine empresses for her accouchement.
(See Nineteenth Century, March, 1894,
p. 510.)

4 Zoe, the fourth wife of Leo V1., gave birth to
the future Emperor Constantine AB RNR AN Tg
in the purple chamber of the imperial palace.!"—
Finlay: History of the. Byzantine and
pires, vol. i. -

Born with a Silver Spoon, or Born
with @ silver spoon in one’s mouth. Born
to ae luck; born with hereditary
wealth. The reference is to the usual
gift of a silver spoon by the godfather or

odmother of achild. The lucky cbild
does not need to wait for the gift, for it
is born with it in its mouth or inherits it
from infancy.

‘reek Em-

‘youngest son inherits instead of the

* Borough English is where the

eldest. It is of Saxon origin, and is so
called to distinguish it from the Norman
custom.

“The custom of Borough English abounds in
Kent, Sussex, Surrey, the neighhourhood of
London, and Somerset. In the Midlands it is
rare, and north of the Humber... it does not
seem to occur.”—F. Pollock: Macmillan's Maga-
zine, x}vi. (1882).

Borowe. St. George to borowe, +.e.
St. George being surety. (Danish, borgen,

bail, Swedish, dorgan, a giving of bail.)

Borr. Son of Ymer, and father of
Odin, Ville, Ve, and Hertha or Earth.
The Celtic priests claimed descent from
this deity. (Celtic mythology.)

Borrow. <A pledge. To borrow is to
take something which we pledge our-

selvés to return. ety fot borg, a

loan or pledge; verb borg-ian.)

“Ye may retain as borrows my two priests.”—~
Scott: Ivanhoe, chap. x xxiii.

Borrowed days of February (Tie).
12th, 13th and 14th of February, said
be borrowed from January. If these
days prove stormy, the year will be
favoured with good weather; but if
fine, the year will be foul and unfavour-
able. ese three days are called by.
the Scotch Favilteach, and ‘hence the
word faoilteach means execrable weather.

Borrowed days of March. The
last three days of March are said to be
“borrowed from April.’’

* March said to Aperill,

I see 3 hoggs fascwete sheep) upon a hill;

And if you'll lend me dayes 3 "

I'll find a way to make them dee [die}.

The first o' them wus wind and weet,

The secondo’ them wus.snaw and sleet,

The third o’ them wus sic a freeze_

It froze the birds’ nebs to the trees.

When the 3 days were past and pune i

The 8silly hoggs came hirpling [imping] bame*

Bortell. The bull, in the tale of
Reynard the For, (Heinrich vow Alk-

man.)

Bos[ei] in lingua. He is bribed to
silence; he bas a coin (marked with a
bull’s head) on his tongue. Adalardus,
in Statutis Abbatie Corbeicnsis (bk. i.
c. 8), seems to refer to the bos as a coin.
‘© Boves et reliqguam pecuniam habeat. . .

{ unde et ipse et omnis familia ejus vivere
| possit”? (2.e. plenty of gold and silver. ..).

Plautus, however, distinctly says (Persa,
ii. 5, 16), ‘‘ Boves bint hic sunt in cru-
ména.”? (Two bulls in a purse.) The
Greeks had the phrase, Bous em yAwrrys_
Servius tells us that even the Romans
had a coin with a bull stamped on it.
(See Pliny, 18,3.) Presuming that there
was no such coin, there cannot be a
doubt that the word Bos was used os
the equivalent of the price of anox

Bosh

Bosh. A Persian word meaning non-
sense. It was popularised in 1824 by
James Morier in his Adventures of
Haji Baba. of Fspahan, a Persian
romance. (Turkish, dosh lakerdi, silly
talk.)

“ T always like to read old Darwin's Loves of the
Plants; bosh as it is in a scientific point of view.”
—Kingsley : “wo Years Ago (chap. x.).

Bosky. On the verge of drunken-
ness. University slang, from boskd, to
peer to feed. Everyone will remem-

r how Sir John Falstaff made sack his
meat and drink.

Bosom Friend (4). A very dear
friend, Nathan says, “‘It lay in his
bosom, and was unto him as a daughter.”
(2 Sam. xii. 3.) Bosom friend, amie du
ceur, St. John is represented in the
New Testament as the ‘‘ bosom friend ”’

_ of Jesus.

ei

Bosom Sermons. Written sermons,
not extemporary ones or from notes.
Does it not mean committed to memory
or learnt by heart ? i

“ The preaching from ‘bosom sermons,’ or from
writing, being considered a lifeless practice before
the Reformatiom”—Blunt: Reformation in Eng-
land, p. 179,

Bosphorus—Ox ford, The Thracian
Bosphorus, or Bosporus, unites the Sea
of, Marméra.with the Euxine (2 syl,) or
Black Sea, According to Greek fable,
Zeus (Jupiter) greatly loved Io, and
changed her into a white cow or heifer
from fear of Hera or Juno; to flee
from whom she swam across the strait,
which was thence- called bos poros,
the passage of the cow. Hera dis-
covered the trick, and sent a gadfly to
torment Io, who was made to wander,
in a state of phrenzy, from land to land.
The wanderings of Io were a favourite
subject of story with the ancients,
Ultimately, the persecuted Argive prin-
cess found rest on the banks of, the
Nile.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Valerinis Flaccus
give this account, but Accarion says it wasa ship,
With the prow of an ux, sent by some Thracians
through the straits, that gave name to this pas-
sage,

Boss, a master, is the Dutch daas,
head of the household: Hence the
great man, chief, a masher, a swell.
“Mr, Stead calls Mr. O'Connor the ‘Boss of the
House.” :

Bossum. One of the two chief
deities of the negrdes on the Gold Coast,
the other being Demonio. Bossum, the
-principle of good, is said to be. white is

“and Demonio, the principle of evil, black.
(African mythology.) at

16

~

B i= Bottle-chart

Bostal or Borstall. A narrow road-
way up the steep ascent of hills or downs,
(Anglo-Saxon diorh, a hill; stigelé, a
rising path ; our séile.)

Bot‘anomancy. Divination by leaves.
Words were written on leaves which
were exposed to the wind. The leaves
left contained the response, (SeeBorany.)

‘Bot‘any means a treatise on fodder
(Greek, bot’ané, fodder, from boskein, to
feed). The science of plants would be
‘‘phytol’ogy,’’ from phyton-logos (plant-
treatise), ;

Botch. A patch. Botch and patch
are the same word ;. the older form was
bodge, whence boggle, (Italian pezzo, pro-
nounced patzo.)

Bother, i.¢. pother (Hibernian). Hal-
liwell gives us dlother, which he says
means to chatter idly.

“¢Sir? cries the umpire, ‘cease your pother,

The creature's neither one nor t’other,’”
Lloyd ; The Chameleon,

*: ThelIrish dédhar (buaidhirt, trouble),
or its cognate verb, to deafen, seems to
be the original word.

Bothie System. The Scotch system
of building, like a barrack, all the out-
houses of a farmstead, as the byres,
stables, barns, etc. The. farm men-
servants live here... (Gaelic, bothag, a
cot or hut, our doth.)

“The bothie system prevails, more or Jess, in
ihe eastern and north-eastern districts,”—J. Begg,

Botley Assizes. The joke is to ask
a Botley man, ‘“When the assizes are
coming on?’’ and an innuendo is sup-
posed to be implied to the tradition that
the men of Botley once hanged a man
because he could not drink so deep as
his neighbours. :

Bottes, A propos de bottes. _By the
by, thus: Mais, Mons.,.a propos de bottes,

‘comment se porte madame votre mére ?

“That venerable personage [the Chaldean
Charon) not only gives Izduhar instructions how
to regain bis health, but tells him, somewbat
@ propos des bottes ., . the long story of his per-
fidious adventure.”—Nineteenth Century, June,
1891, p, 911,

Bottle, Looking for a needle in a
bottle of ae Looking for a very small
article amidst a mass ‘of other things.
Bottle is a diminutive of the French
botte, a bundle; as botte de fon, a bundle

of hay.

Hang ute in a bottle. (See Car.). —

Bottle-chart. A chart of ocean sur-
face currents to shaw the track of sealed

| bottles thrown from ships into the gea..

Bottle-holder 166

—_——.

Bottle-holder., One who gives moral
but not material support. The allusion
is to boxing or prize-fighting, where each
combatant has a bottle-holder to wipe off
blood, refresh with water, and do other
services to encourage his man to perse-
vere and win.

“Lord Palmerston considered himself the bottle-
holder of oppressed States... . He was tbe stead-
fast partisan of constitutional liberty in every
part of the world.”—The Times,

Bottle-imps. The Hebrew word for
familiar spirits is oboth, leather bottles,
to indicate that the magicians were wont
to imprison in bottles those spirits which
their spells had subdued.

Bottle-washer (Head). Chief agent;
the principal man employed by another;
a factotum, Head waiter or butler
(dotteller).

Bottled Beer is said to have been
discovered by Dean Nowell as a most ex-
cellent beverage. The Dean was very
fond of fishing, and took a bottle of
beer with him in his excursions, One
-day, being disturbed, he buried his bottle
under the grass, and when he disinterred
it some ten days afterwards, found it
so greatly improved that he ever after
drank bottled beer.

Bottled Moonshine. Social and
benevolent schemes, such as Utopia,
Coleridge’s Pantisocracy, the dreams of

Owen, Fourier, St. Simon, the New:

Republic, and so on.

“Godwin! Hazlitt! Coleridge! Where now
are their ‘novel philosophies and. systems‘?
Bottled moonshine, which dves not improve by
keeping,”—Birrell: Obiter Dicta, p. 109 (1885).

Bottom, i Shy je

A ship's bottom is that part which is
used for freight or stowage.

Goods imported in, British bottoms are
those which come in our own vessels.

Goods imported in foreign bottoms are
those which come in foreign ships.

A full bottom is where the lower half
of the hull is so disposed as to allow’
large stowage.

A sharp bottom is when a ship is capa-
ble of speed.

At bottom. Radically, fundamentally: |.

as, the young prodigal lived a riotous
life, but was good at bottom, or below
the surface.

At the bottom, At the base or root.
“Pride is at the bottom of all great mistakes.”
—Ruskin: True and Beautiful, p, 426.

From the bottom of my heart, With-
out reservation. (Jmo corde.)

“If one of the parties , . . becontent to forgive
from the bottom of his heart all that the other

hath trespassed againgt bim."—Common Prayer '
diel /

’

Boucan

_ He was at the bottom of it. He really
instigated it, or prompted it.

Noe rr all in he eee
one ship. ‘‘Do not put all your e
into one basket.”’ 2 s 7

“My ventures are not in one bottom trusted.”—
Shakespeare: Merchant of Venice, i. 1.

pte have no bottom. To be unfathom-
able,

To get to the bottom of the matter. To
ascertain the entire truth; to bolt a
matter to its bran,

_ Lo stand on one’s own bottom. To be
independent. ‘Every tub must stand
on its own bottom,”’

To touch bottom.
depth. r

A horse of goes bottom means of good
stamina, good foundation,

Bottom (Nick), the weaver, A man

To reach the lowest

who fancies he can do everything, and .

do it better than anyone else. Shake-
speare has drawn him as profoundl
ignorant, brawny, mock heroic, and wit:
an overflow of self-conceit. He is in

One part of Ifidsummer Night’s Dream

represented with an ass’s head, and
Titania, queen of the fairies, under a
spell, caresses him as an Ado/nis,

’ The name is very appropriate, as
the word dottom means a ball of thread
used in weaving, etc. Thus in Clark’s
Heraldry we read, ‘‘The coat- of Bad-
land is argent, three bottoms in fess

gules, the thread or.”

“When Goldsmith, jealous of the attention
which a dancing monkey attracted, said, ‘I can
eh he was but playing Bottom.’”—R. G,

ite,

Bottomless. The bottomless pit. An
allusion to William Pitt, who was re-

_markably thin.

Botty. Conceited. The frog that
tried to look as. big as an ox was a
“botty ” frog (Norfolk). A similar word
is ‘‘ swell,”’ though not identical in mean-
ing. ‘*Bumpkin” and ‘ bumptious’’
are of similar construction. (Welsh, Jot,
around body, our bottle; both, the boss
of a shield; dothel, a rotundity.)

Boucan. Donner un boucan. To
give a dance. Boucan or Bocan was a
musician and dancing master in the
middle of the seventeenth century. He
was alive in 1645. hs

“Thibaut se dit estre Mercure, _
Et lorgucilleux Colin nous jure
pe est aussi bien Apollon

ue Boccan est bon violon.” 7
: Sicur de St, Amant (1661.
“Yes musiciens qui jouent au ballet du roi sont
Histoire Comique de

appelés ‘disciples de Bocan.'"—Hi
Francion (63),

——

Bouders

167

Bow

Bouders or Boudons.
iants and evil genii, the guard of Shiva.
Gages mythology.)

Boudoir, properly speaking, is the
room to Rich a lady retires nee she
is in the sulks, (French, bouder, to pout
or vege :

The first boudoirs were those of the
mistresses of Louis XV. (See Bower.)

Boués de St. Amand (Jes). The
mud baths of St. Amand (that is, St,
Amand-les- Eaux, near Valenciennes,
famous for its mineral waters), These
mud-baths are a “‘ sorte de limon qui se
trouve pres des eaut minérales.”” By a
figure of speech, one says, by way of
reproof, to an insolent, foul-mouthed
fellow, ‘‘I see you have been to the
mud-baths of St. Amand.’”

Bought and Sold, or Bought, sold,
and done for. Ruined, done for, out-

witied.
“ Jocky of Norfolk, be not too bold,
For Diccon, thy master, is bought and*sold,”
Sha eare; Richard III., act v. 3,

“It would make a man mad as 4 buck to be 80
bought and sold.’"—Comedy of Errors, iii. 1,

Bougie. A wax candle; so called
from Bougiah, in Algeria, whence the
wax was imported. A medical instru-
ment used for dilating strictures or re-
moving obstructions.

Boule or Bouwle-work (not Boule A
kind of marquetry ; so called from André
Charles Boule, a cabinetmaker, to whom
Louis XIV. gave apartments in the
Louvre. (1642-1732,)

Bouljanus. An idol worshipped at
Nantes, in ancient Gaul. An inscription
was found to this god in 1592. (Celtic
mythology.)

Bouncer, That's a bouncer. A gross
exaggeration, a braggart’s lie. (Dutch,
bonz, verb bonzen, to bounce or thump.
A bouncing lie is a thumping lie, and a
bouncer is a thumper.)

“He speaks plain cannon, fire, and smoke, and
bounce.”—Shakespeare: King John, ii. 2,

Bounty. Queen Anne’s Bounty. The

roduce of the first-fruits and tenths

ue to the Crown, made over by Queen
Anne to a corporation established in the
year 1704, for the purpose of augmenting
church livings =e £50 a year.

Bouquet. French for nosegay.

“ Mr. Disraeli was able to makea financial state.
ment burst into a bougnet of flowers.”—McCarthy:
Our Own Times, vol ili, chap. xxx. p. 11.

The bouquet of wine, also called its.

nosegay, is its aro’ma,
Bourbon. So named from the castle
and seigniory of Bourbon, in the old

A tribe of | province of Bourbonnais. The Bourbon

Jamily is a branch of the Cap’et stock,
through the brother of Philippe le Bel.

‘Bourgeois (French), our burgess.
The class between the ‘ gentleman”
and the peasantry. It includes all mer-
chants, shopkeepers, and what. we call
the ‘‘ middle class,’’

Bourgeoisie (French). The mer-
chants, manufacturers, and master-
tradesmen considered as a class, Cito
yen is a freeman, a citizen of the State;
bourgeois, an individual of the Bour-
geoisie class. Moliére has a comedy
entitled Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme,

“The commons of England, the Tiers-Etat of
France, the bourgeoisie of the Continent gener-
‘ally, are the descendants of this class [artisans]
genrrets Tie Political Economy Prelim,
p. 12).

Bouse. (See Boozy.)

Boustrap’a. Napoledn III. The
word is compounded of the first syllables
Bou-logne, Stra-sbourg, Pa-ris, and al-
ludes to his escapades in 1836 and 1840,

Boustroph’edon. A method of
writing or printing, ranged ee from
right to left and left to right, like the
ath of oxen in ploughing. (Greek,
ous=strepho, ox-turning.)

Bouts-rimes i A a Reo Kur
person writesa line and givesthe last word
to another person, who writes a second
to rhyme with it, and so on, Dean
Swift employs the term for a poem, each
stanza of which terminates with the same
word. He has given a poem of nine
verses, each of which, ends with Domi-
tilla, to which, of course, he finds nine
rhymes. (French.)

Bovey Coal. A lignite found at
Bovey Tracy, in Devonshire.

Bow (to rhyme with flow). (Anglo-
poe boga ; verb, bogan’ or bugan, to
arch,

Draw not your bow till your arrow is
Jixed. ave everything. ready before:
you begin. =“

He has a famous bow up at the castle.
Said of a braggart or pretender.

He has two strings to his bow. Two
means of accomplishing his: object; if
one fails, he can try the other, The
allusion is to the custom of the British
bowmen carrying a-reserve string in case
of accident, my

To draw a bow ata venture. To attack
with a random remark; to make a rane
dom remark which may hit the truth.

“A certain man drew a bew at a venture and’
smote the King of Israel,”—} Kings xxii, 34,

— - Bow

168

Bower of Bliss

To draw the long bow, To exaggerate, .
The long-bow was the famous English
weapon till gunpowder was introduced,
and it is said that a good archer could
hit between the fingers of a man’s hand
at a considerable distance, and could
propel his arrow a mile, The tales told
about long-bow adventures are so won-
derful that they fully justify the phrase
given above.

To unstring the bow will not heal the
wound (Italian). René of Anjou, king of
Sicily, on the death of his wife, Isabeau
of Lorraine, adopted the emblem of a
bow with the string broken, and with
the words given above for the motto, by
which he meant, ‘‘ Lamentation for the
loss of his wife was but poor satisfac-
ion.

Bow (to rhyme with now), The fore-
end of a boat or ship. (Danish and
Norwegian, bowg or bov, a shoulder; Ice-
landic, dogr.)

On the bass Within a range of 45° on
one side or the other of the prow.

. Bow Bellis. Born within sound of
Bow bells. A true cockney. St. Mary-
le-Bow has long had one of the most
celebrated bell-peals in London. John
Dun, mercer, gave in 1472 two tene-
ments to maintain the ringing of Bow
bell every night at nine o’clock, to direct
travellers on the road to town; and in
1520 William Copland gave a bigger bell
for the purpose of ‘‘ sounding a_retreat

from work.’’ Bow church is nearly the
centre of the City. (This dow rhymes
with flow.)

Bow-catcher (4). A corruption of
‘* Beau Catcher,”’ a love-curl, termed by
the French an accroche ceur. <A love-
curl worn by a man is a Bell-rope, i.e.
a rope to pull the ded/es with.

Bow-hand. The left hand; the hand
which holdsthe bow. (This dow rhymes
with jlow,) :

To be too much of the bow-hand. To
fail in a design; not be sufficiently dex-
terous.

Bow-street Runners, Detectives
who scoured the country to find crim-
inals, before the introduction of the

lice force. Bow Street, near Covent

arden, London, is where the principal
police-court stands. (This bow rhymes
with flow.)
*Bow-window in Front (4) A big
corporation, :

“He was a very Jarge man,... with what is
termed a considerable bow-window im front,”—
Oapt. Marryat: Poor Jack, i.

srhyme with flower.) (See Bouporr.)

| and kindness,

rhyme with flower.)

Bow-wow Word. A word in imita-
tion of the sound made, as hiss, cackle,
murmur, cuckoo, whip-poor-will, etc,
(Max Miller.)

Bowden, Not every man can be vicar
of Bowden. Not everyone can occupy
the first place. Bowdenis one of the best
livings in Cheshire. (Cheshire proverb.)

Bowdlerise (70). To expurgate a
book in editing it. Thomas Bowdler,
in 1818, gave to the world an ex-
purgated edition of Shakespeare’s works.
We have also Bowdlerite, Bowdlerist,
Bowdleriser, Bowdlerism, Bowdlerisa-
tion, etc. (See GRANGERISE.)

Bowels of Meércy. Compassion,
sympathy. The affections were at one
time supposed to be the outcome of
certain secretions or organs, as the bile,
the kidneys, the heart, the head, the

: liver, the bowels, the spleen, and so on,

Hence such words and phrases as melan-
choly (black bile); the Psalmist says
that his revs, or kidneys, instructed him
(Psa. x. 7), meaning his inward convic-
tion; the head is the seat of under-
standing; the heart of affection and
memory (hence “‘learning by heart”), the
bowels of mercy, the spleen of passion or
anger, etc. ;

His bowels yearned over him (upon or
towards him), He felt a secret affection
for him.

“Joseph made haste, for his bowels did yearn
es his brother.’—Gen. xliii. 30; see also 1 Kings
lil. 26.

Bower. A_lady’s private room.
(Anglo-Saxon dur, a chamber.) (To

“By a back staircase she slipped to her own
bower."—Bret Harte: Thankful Blossoms, part ii.
Bower Anchor. An anchor carried
at the bow of a ship. There are two:
one called the dest bower, and the other
the small bower. (Torhyme with flower,)
“Starboard being the best, bower, and gs the
small bower.”—Smyth ¢ Sailor's Word-boo
Bower-woman (4). A lady’s maid
and companion. The attendants were
admitted to considerable freedom of
speech, and were treated with familiarity
(‘ Bower’’ to .rhyme
with jfowe7.) ——
“This maiden, replied Eveline, ‘is my bower-
woman, and acquainted with my most inward
thoughts, JT beseech you to permit her presence
at our conference,’”—Sir W. Scott: The Betrothed,
chap, xi. .
Bower of Bliss, in Wandering
Island, the enchanted residence of Acra’-
sia, destroyed by Sir Guyon. (Spenser ¢

5

Faérie Queene, book ii.) (‘“Bower” to

Bowie’

Bowie Knife. A long, stout knife,
carried by hunters in the Western States
of America. So called from Colonel James
Bowie, one of the most daring characters
of the States. Born in Logan, co. Ken-
tucky. A bowie knife has a horn handle
and the curved blade is 15 in. long, an
14 wide at the hilt, (‘‘ Bowie”? torhyme
with showy.)

Bowing. We uncover the head when
we wish to salute anyone with respect ;
but the Jews, Turks, Siamese, etc., un-
cover their feet, The reason is this:
With us the chief act of investiture is
crowning or placing a cap on the heads
but in the East it is putting on the slip-

ers. To take off our symbol of honour
is to confess we are but ‘‘the humble
servant’’ of the person whom we thus
salute. (‘‘ Bowing’? to rhyme with
ploughing or plowing.)

Bowled. He was bowled out. A
term in cricket. (Pronounce bold.)

Bowling. Tom Bowling. The type
of a model sailor in Smollett’s Roderick
Random. (To rhyme with rolling.)

% The Tom Bowling referred to in
Dibdin’s famous sea-song was Captain
Thomas Dibdin, brother of Charles

Dibdin, who wrote the song, and father

of Dr, Dibdin, the bibliomaniac.

“ Here a sheer hulk lies poor Tom Bowling,

The darling of the crew.” Dibdin.

Bowls. They who play bowls must
expect to meet with rubbers, Those who
touch pitch must expect to defile their
fingers. Those who enter upon. affairs
of chance, adventure, or dangerous
hazard must make up their minds to
encounter crosses, losses, or difficulties,
Those who play with edged instruments
must expect to get cut. Soldiers in
battle must look out for wounds, gam-
blers for losses, libertines for diseases.

< ‘‘Bowls’’ to rhyme with vol/s.

Bowse. (See BRowsE.)

Bowyer God. The same as _ the
‘archer god,’’ meaning Cupid. (‘‘ Bow-
er”? to rhyme with grower.)

Box. I’ve got into the wrong box. TI
am out of my element. Lord Lyttelton
used to say he ought to have been
brought up to some business ; that when-
ever he went to Vauxhall and heard the
‘mirth of his neighbours, he used to
fancy pleasure was in every box but his
own. Wherever he went for happiness,
-he somehow always got into the wrong
sbox. (See Cunistmas Box.)

169

Boy Bishop

Box and Cox. The two chief char-
acters in John M. Morton’s farce, usually
called Box and Cox.

Box the Compass. Repeat in order
the 32 points, (Spanish, dorar, to sail
round.)

Box Days. Two days in spring and
autumn, and one at Christmas, during
vacation, in which pleadings may be
filed. This custom was established in
1690, for the purpose of expediting busi-
ness. Each judge has a private box
with a slit, into which informations may
be placed on box days, and the judge,
who alone has the key, examines the
papers in private,

Box Harry (Zo), among commercial
travellers, is to shirk the table d’hite and
take something substantial for tea, in
order to save expense. Halliwell says,
‘to take care after having been ex-
travagant.’’ To box a tree is to cut
the bark to procure the sap,-and
these travellers drain the landlord by
having a cheap tea instead of an expen-
sive dinner, To “box the fox” is to
rob an orchard.

Boxing-Day. (See Curistmas Box.)

Boy in sailor language has no refer-
ence to age, but only to.experience in
seamanship, A boy ey. be fifty or any
other age. A crew is divided into able
seamen, ordinary seamen, and boys or
greenhorns. A ‘‘boy’’ is not required
to know anything about the practical
working of the vessel, but an ‘‘able
seaman ’’ must know all his duties and
be able to perform them.

“A boy does not ship to know anything.”

Boy Bachelor. William Wotton,
D.D., was admitted at St. Catherine’s
Hall before he was ten, and took his B.A.
when he was twelve und a half. (1666-
1726.)

Boy Bishop. St. Nicholas, From
his cradle he is said to have manifested
marvellous indications of piety, and was
therefore selected for the patron saint of
boys. (Fourth century.)

oy Bishop. The custom of choosing
a boy from the cathedral choir, etc., on
St. Nicholas Day (December 6th), as a
mock bishop, is very ancient. The boy
possessed episcopal honour for three
weeks, and the rest of the choir were his
prebendaries, If he died during the time
of his prelacy, he was buried in pontifica'l-
thus. Probably the reference is to Jesus
Christ sitting in the Temple among the
doctors while He was a boy, The

Boycott

custom was abolished in the reign of
Henry VIII.
Boy in buttons (A). (See Burrons.)

Boycott (Jo). To boycott a ‘person is
to refuse to deal with him, to take any
notice of him, or even to sell to him.
The term arose in 1881, when Captain
Boycott, an Irish landlord, was thus
ostracised by the Irish agrarian insur-
gents. The custom of ostracising is of
very old standing. St, Paul exhorts
Christians to ‘‘boycott’’ idolaters (2
Cor. vi. 17); and the Jews “ boy-
cotted ” the Samaritans. The French
phrases, Damner une boutique and Dam-
ner une ville, convey the same idea ; and
the Catholic Church anathematises and
interdicts freely.

“ One word as to the way in which aman should
he boycotted. When any man has taken a farm
from whicb a tenant has been evicted, or is a
grabber, let everyone in the parish turn his back
on bim ; have no communication with him ; have
no dealings with him. You need never say an
unkind word to bim ; but never say anything at
allto bim. If you must meet him in fair, walk
away from him silently. Do him no violence, but
have no dealngs with him. Let every man’s
door he closed agaiust bim ; and make him feel
himself a stranger and a castaway in his own
neighbourhood.” —J/, Dillon, M.P. (Speech to the
Land Leayue, Feb. 26, 1881).

Boyle Controversy. A book-battle
between the Hon. Charles Boyle, third
Earl of Orrery, and the famous Bentley,
respecting the Epistles of Phal'aris.
Charles Boyle edited the L£prstles of
Phalaris in 1695. Two years later
Bentley published his celebrated Dis-
sertation, to prove that the epistles were
not written till the second century after
Christ instead of six centuries before
that epoch. In 1699 he published an-
other rejoinder, and utterly annihilated
the Boyleists.

Boyle's Law. ‘‘The volume of a
gas is inversely as the pressure.’? If we
double the pressure on a gas, its volume
is reduced to one-half ; if we quadruple
the pressure, it will be reduced to one-
fourth; and so on; so called from the
Hon. Robert Boyle. (1627-1691.)

Boyle Lectures. Fight sermons &
year in defence of Christianity, founded
by the Hon, Robert Boyle.

Boz. Charles Dickens (1812-1870).

“Boz, my signature in the Morning Chronicle,”
he tells us, “was the nickname of a pet child,a
ounger brother, whom I bad dubbed Moses, tn
sonowr of the Vicar of Wakefield, which, being
pronounced Bozes, got shortened into Boz,” «

.“ Who the dickens ‘ Boz’ could be
Puzzled many a learned elf ;
But time revealed the mystery,
~ Wor‘ Boz’ appeared as Dickens’ self.”
: Epigram in the Carthusian.

170

Brag

Bozzy. James Boswell, the bio-
grapher of Dr. Johnson (1740-1795).

Brabangonne. A Belgian patriotic
song, composed in the revolution of 1830,
and so named from Brabant, of which
Brussels is the chief city.

Braban¢gons. Troops of adventurers
and bandits, who made war a trade
and lent themselves for money to any-
one who would pay them; so called
from Brabant, their great nest. (Twelfth
century.)

Brace. The Brace Tavern, south-
east corner-of King’s Bench ; originally
kept by two brothers named Partridge,
2.€. a brace of birds.

Brace of Shakes. Jn @ brace if
shakes. Very soon. (See SHAKES,
Similar phrases are: *‘ In the twinkling
of an eye.’ (Sce Eyx.) ‘In the
twinkling of a bed-post.’’ (See Brp-

POST.)

Brad amant or Bradaman‘te._ Sister
of Rinaldo, in Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso.
She is represented as a most wonderful
Christian Am‘azon, possessed of an irre-
sistible spear, which unhorsed every
knight that it touched. The same
character appears in the Orlanda Inna-.
mora’to of Bojardo.

Bradshaw's Guide was’ started in
1839 by George Bradshaw, printer, in
Manchester. The Monthly Guide was
first issued in December, 1841, and con-
sisted of thirty-two pages, giving tables
of forty-three lines of English railway.

Brad'‘wardine Sane The daughter

of Baron Bradwardine, and the heroine

of Scott’s Waverley. She is in love with

young Waverley, and ultimately marries
im.

Brag. A game at cards: so called
because the players brag of their cards
to induce the company to make bets.
The principal sport of the game is occa-
sioned by any player bragging that he
holds a better hand than the rest of the
party, which is declared by saying ‘‘I
brag,”’ and staking a sum of money on,
the issue. (Hoy/e.) - :

Brag_is a good dog, but Holdfast is a,
better. Talking is all very well, but doing
is far better. p

Jack Brag. A vulgar, pretentious,
braggart, who gets into aristocratic.
society, where his vulgarity stands out’
in strong relief. The character is in
Theodore Hook's novel of the same mal

“He was a sort of literary Jack Brag."—T. 27,
Burton. oe

-—— Braggadochio

171

brandy

Braggado’chio. A braggart. One
who is very valiant with his tongue, but
@ great coward at heart. A barking dog
that bites not. The character is from
Spenser’s Faerie Quéene, and a type of
the ‘*Intemperance of the Tongue.”’
After a time, like the rani in bor-
rowed plumes, Bragga
of all his “ glories’: his shield is
claimed by Sir Mar‘inel; his lady is
proved by the golden girdle to be the

alse Florimel; his horse is claimed by
Sir Guyon; Talus shaves off his beard
and scourges his squire; and the pre-
tender sneaks off amidst the jeers of
everyone. It is thought that the poet
had Felipe of Spain in his eye when he
drew this character. (Faérie Queene, iii.
8, 10; v. 3.) :

Bra’gi. Son of Odin and Frigga.
According to Scandinavian mythology,
jhe was the inventor of poetry; but
unlike Apollo, he is always represented
as an old man with a long white beard.
His wife was Iduna,

Bragi’s Apples. An instant cure of
‘weariness, ey of power, ill temper,
and failing health, ‘hese apples were
inexhaustible, for immediately one was
eaten its place was supplied by another.

Bragi’s Story. Always enchanting,
but never coming to an end.

“But I have made my story long enough ; if I
fay more, you may fancy that it is Bragi who has
come among you, and that he has entered on his
endless story:"—Keary : Heroes of Asgard, p. 224.

‘Bra: ‘do. When Gargantua took
the bells of Notre Dame de Paris to
hang about the neck of his horse, the
citizens sent Bragmardo to him with a
remonstrance. (Rabelais: Gargantua
and Pantag'ruel.)

Brah'ma (Indian). The self-existing
and invisible Creator of the universe ;
represented with four heads looking to
the four corners of the world. The
divine ¢riad is Brahma, Vishnu, and
Siva.

Brahma, One of the three beings
created by God to assist in the creation
of the world. The Brahmins claim him
as the founder of their religious system.

“ Whate’er in India holds the sacred name
Of piety or lore, the Brahmins claim ;
In wildest rituats, vain and painful, lost,
Brahma, their founder, as a god they boast.”
Camoens;: Lusiad, book vii.

Brah’mi. One of the three goddess-
daughters of Vishnu, representing ‘‘ crea-
tive energy.”

Brahmin. A worshipper of Brahma,
the highest caste in the system of Hin-
duism, and of the priestly order.

ochio is stripped.

Bramble (Matthew). A testy, gouty,
benevolent, country squire, in Smollett’s
novel of Humphrey Clinker. Colman
has introduced the same character as
Sir Robert Bramble in his Poor Gentle-
man. Sheridan’s ‘Sir Anthony Abso-
lute” is of the same type.

“A'n’t I a baronet? Sir Robert Bramble at
Blackberry Hall, in the county of Kent? 'Tis
time you should know it, for you have been my
clumsy, two-fisted valet-de-chambre these thirty
years.’—The Poor Gentleman,iii. 1.

Bran. Jf not Bran, it is Bran’s
brother, If not the real ‘‘ Simon Pure,’’
it is just as good. A complimentary
expression. Bran was Fingal’s dog, a
mighty favourite, ©

Bran-new or Brand-new. (Anglo-
Saxon, brand, a torch.) Fire new.
Shakespeare, in Love’s Labour Lost, i. 1,
says, ‘‘ A man of fire-new words,’? And
again in Twelfth Night, iii. 2, ‘* Fire-
new from the mint’’; and again in
King Lear, v. 3, ‘‘ Fire-new fortune”;
and again in Richard IIL, act i. 3,
‘“Your fire-new stamp of honour is
scarce current.’’ Originally applied to
metals and things manufactured in
metal which shine, Subsequently ap-
plied generally to things quite new.

Brand. The Clicquot brand, etc., the
best brand, etc. That is the merchant’s
or excise mark branded on the article
itself, the vessel which contains the
article, the wrapper which covers it, the
cork of the bottle, etc., to guarantee its
being genuine, etc. Madame Clicquot,
of champagne notoriety, died in 1866.

He has the brand of villain in his looks.
It was once customary to brand the
cheeks of felons with an F. The custom
was abolished by law in 1822.

Brandenburg. Confession of Bran-
denburg. A formulary or confession of
faith drawn up in the city of Branden-
burg, by order of the elector, with the
view of reconciling the tenets of Luther
with those of Calvin, and to put an end
to the disputes occasioned by the con-
fession of Augsburg.

Bran‘dimart, in Orlando Furioso, is
Orlando’s brother-in-law.

Brandon, the juggler, lived in the
reign of Henry vil

Brandons, Lighted torches. Dom-
inica de brandonibus (St. Valentine’s
Day), when boys used to carry about
brandons (Cupid’s torches).

Brandy is Latin for Goose. Here
ig a pun between anser, a goose, and

| answer, to reply. What is the Latin for

/

Brandy Nan

172 Breaches

brandy.
ANDLE.)

(See

goose? Answer [anser
TacE THE LaTIN FOR:

Brandy Nan. Queen Anne, who
was very fond of brandy (1664, 1702-
1714). On the statue of Queen Anne
in St. Paul’s Churchyard a wit wrote—
* Brandy Nan, Brandy Nan, left in the lurch,

Her face to the gin-sbop, her back to the

church,”

A ‘gin palace’? used to stand at the
south corner of St. Paul’s Churchyard,

Branghtons (eae é). Vulgar, malicious,
jealous women. The characters are taken
from Miss Burney’s novel called Evelina,
One of the brothers is a Cockney snob.

Brank. A gag for scolds. (Dutch,
prang, afetter; German, pranger, Gaelic,
érancas, a kind of pillory.)

Brasenose (Oxford), Over the gate
is a brass nose, the arms of the college;
but the word is a corruption of brasen-
/wis, a brasserie or brewhouse. (Latin,
brasin'im.) ;

Brass. Impudence. A lawyer said
to a troublesome witness, ‘‘ Why, man,
you have brass enough in your head to
make a teakettle.”” ‘And you, sir,’’
replied the witness, ‘‘ have water enough
in yours to fill it.”

yemupson Brass. A knavish attorney ;
servile, raapine, | phi pal but making
his clients his lawful prey. (Dickens:
Old Curiosity Shop.)

Brat. A child; so called from the
Welsh, drat, a child’s pinafore; and brat
is a contraction of dratiach, a cloth, also
a standard.

“Every man must repair to the brattach of his
tribe.""—Scott.

“O Israel! O household of the Lord! ;
O Abraham's brats! O brood of blessed seed!”
Gascoigne: De Profwndis.

Brave. The Brave.

Alfonso IV. of Portugal (1290, 1824-
1337). ;

John Andr. van der Mersch, patriot,
The brave Fleming (1734-1792),

Bravery. Finery is the French brave-
vie, The French for courage is bravoure.
“ What woman in the city do I name

When that I say the city woman bears

The cost of princes on unwortby sboulders ?

Who can come in and say that I mean her? ...

Or what is he of basest function

That says his bravery is not of my cost?”
Shakespeare: As You Like It, ii. 7.

Bravest of the Brave. Marshal
Ney. So called by the troops of Fried-
land (1807), on account of his fearless
bravery. apoleon said of him, ‘‘ That
man isa lion,’’ (1769-1815.)

Brawn. The test of the brawn’s head.
A little boy one day came to the court of
King Arthur, and, drawing his wand
over a boar’s head, declared, ‘‘ There’s
never a cuckold’s knife can carve this
head of brawn.’’? No knight in the
court except Sir Cradock was able to
accomplish the feat. (Perey’s Reliques.)

Bray. (See Vicar.)

Brazen Age. The age of war and
violence. It followed the silvér age.
“To this next came in course the brazen age,
A warlike offspring, prompt to bloody rage,
Not impious yet. Hard steel succeeded t en,
And stubborn as the metal were the men.”
Dryden: Metamorphoses, 1.
Brazen-faced, Bold (ina bad sense),
without shame,
“ What a brazen-faced varlet art thou!”
Shakespewe: King Lear, il. 2.
Brazen Head. The following are
noted :—One by Albertus Magnus, which
cost him thirty years’ labour, and was
broken into a thousand pieces by Thomas
Aquinas, his disciple. One by Friar
Bacon.
“ Bacon trembled for bis brazen head,”
Pope: Dumciad, iii. 104.
“ Quoth he, * My head's not made of brass,
As Friar Bacon's noddle was,’”
S. Butler: Hudibras, it. 2,
The brazen head of the Marquis de
Ville'na, of Spain. 1 ;
Another by a Polander, a disciple of
Escotillo, an Italian. -
‘: It was said if Bacon heard his head.
speak he would succeed ; if not, he would’
fail. Miles was set to watch, and while
Bacon slept the Head spoke thrice:
“ Time is’’; half-an hour later it said
“Time was.” In another half-hour it
said, ‘‘Time’s past,’’ fell down, and was
broken to atoms, Byron refers to this
legend.
“ Like Friar Bacon's brazen head, I’ve spoken,
*Time is,’ ‘ Time was,’ ‘ Time’s past,’”
Don Juan, i. 217,
Brazen Head. A gigantic head kept
in the castle of the giant Fer'ragus, of
Portugal. It was omniscient, and told
those who consulted it whatever they
required to know, past, present, or to
come. (Valentine and Orson.). i
Brazen out (70). To stick to an
assertion knowing it to be wrong; to
outface in a shameless manner; to dis-
regard public opinion, :
Breaches, meaning crecks or small
bays, is to be found in Judges v. 17.
Deborah, complaining of the tribes who
refused to assist her in her war with
Sisera, says Reuben continued in ‘his
sheepfolds, Gilead remained beyond

Bread 173

Breath

Jordan, Dan in ships, and Asher in his
breaches, that is, creeks on the sea-
shore.

Bread. To break bread. To partake
of food. Common in Scripture langu-
age. Breaking of bread, The Eucharist.
_ “They continued . . . in breaking of bread,and
in prayers.”—Acts ii. 42 ; and again verse 46,

Bread. He took bread and salt, i.e.
he took his oath. Bread and salt were
formerly eaten when an oath was taken.

Cast thy bread upon the waters: for thou
shalt find it after many days (®ccles.
xi. 1). When the Nile overflows its
banks the weeds perish ‘and the soil is
disintegrated. ‘The rice-seed being cast
into the water takes root, and is found
in due time growing in healthful vigour.

Don’t quarrel with your bread and
butter, Don’t foolishly give up the
pursuit by which you earn your living.

To know which side one’s bread is
buttered. To be mindful of one’s own
interest.

To take the bread out of one’s mouth.
To forestall another; to say something
which another was on the point of
saying; to take away another’s liveli-
hood, (See wrder BUTTER.)

Bread-basket (One’s). The stomach.,

Bread and Oheese.’ The barest
necessities of life.

Break (7o). To become a bankrupt.
(See BANKRUPT.)

To break a bond. To dishonour it.

To break a journey. To stop before
the journey is accomplished.

0 break a matter to a person. To be

the first fo impart it, and to do so
cautiously and by piecemeal.

To break bread. To partake of the

Lord’s Supper.

“Upon the first day of the week, when the
disciples came together to break read, Paul
preached to them.”—Acts xx. 7.

To break one's fast. To take food
after long abstinence; to eat one’s
breakfast after the night’s fast.

- To break one’s neck. To dislocate the
bones of one’s neck.

To break on the wheel.. Totorture one
on a “wheel” by breaking the long
bones with an iron bar. (Cf Coup DE
GrAcE.)

To break a butterfly on a wheel. To
employ superabundant effort in the ac-
complishment of a small matter.

“Satire or sense, alas! can Sporus feel,
Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel.”
Pope: Epistle to Dr, Arbuthnot, 307-8.

To break out of bounds. Togo beyond
the prescribed limits. ‘

-at hand.

- Jews.

. suitor which, God approved of.

Break Cover (Zo). To start forth

from a hiding-place.

Break Down (70). -To lose all
control of one’s feelings.

Break Faith (70),
word or pledge.

Break Ground (Zo). To commence
a new project. Asa settler does.

Break In (7 0). To interpose a re-

To violate one’s

‘mark. ‘To train a horse to the saddle or

to harness.
Break of Day. ' Day-break.

‘At break of day I will come to thee again.”
: Wordsworth: Pet Lamb, stanza 15.
Break the Ice (Zo). To prepare
the way; to cause the stiffness and re-
serve of intercourse with a stranger to
relax; to impart to another bit by bit
distressing news or a delicate subject.
Break your Back (70). Make you
bankrupt. The metaphor is from carry-
ing burdens on the back.

Break up Housekeeping (7). To
discontinue keeping a. separate house,

Break with One (Zo). To cease
from intercourse.

“ What cause have I given him to break with
me?"—Florence Marryat.

Breakers Ahead. Hidden danger
Breakers in the open sea
always announce sunken rocks, sand-
banks, etc.

Breaking a Stick. Part of the
marriage ceremony of the American
Indians, as breaking a wine-glass is
part of the marriage ceremony of the
(Lady Augusta Hamilton : Mar-
riage Rites, etc., 292, 298.)

In one of Raphael’s pictures we see
an unsuccessful suitor of the Virgin
Mary breaking his stick, This alludes
to the legend that the several suitors

| were each to bring an almond stick,

which was to be laid up in the sanctuary
over-night, and the owner of the stick
which budded was to be accounted the
It was
thus that Joseph became the husband
of Mary. (Pseudo-Matthew’s Gospel,
40, 41. ;

In Hettaas is a picture in which the
rejected suitors break their sticks on
Joseph’s back.

Breast. Yo make a clean breast of it.
To make a full confession; concealing
nothing.

Breath. Jll in a breath. Without
taking breath, (Latm, continents spurvtu.)

Breathe

174

Brevet Rank

It takes away one’s breath. The news
is so astounding it causes one to hold his
breath with surprise.

Out of breath, Panting from exer-
tion; temporarily short of breath.

Save your breath to cool your porridge. \

Don’t talk to me, it is only wasting
your breath.

“You might have saved your breath to cool your
porridge.” —Mrs. Gaskell: Likbie Marsh (Era 111).

To catch one’s breath. To check sud-
denly the free act of breathing.
“*T see her, replied I, catehing my breath with
joy.”—Capt. Marryat: Peter Simple,
To hold one’s breath. Voluntarily to
cease breathing for a time,
To take breath. To cease for a little

time from somé exertion in order to

recover from éxhaustion of breath.
Under one’s breath, In‘a whisper or
undertone of voice,

Y cmaa To breathe one’s last. To
ie.

-Bréche de Roland. A deep defile
in’ the crest of the Pyrenees; some threé
hundred feet in.width, between two pre-
cipitous rocks, The legend is that Ro-
land; the paladin, cleft the rock in two
with his sword Durandal, when he was
a upon by the Gascons at Ronces.~
Valles,

“Then would-I seek the Pyrenean breach

Which Roland clove with huge two-handed .

sway.” Wordsworth.

Breeches. 7o wear the breeclics. Said
of a woman who usurps the. prerogative
of her husband.- Similar to The grey
mare is.the.betier horsé. (See GREY.)

‘The. phrase is common to the French,
Dutch, Germans, etc., as: Elle porte les
braies. Die vrouw die hosen anhaben.
Sie hat die Hosen,

‘Breeches: Bible. (Sce Brsiz.)

. Breeze, House-sweepings, as fluff,
dust, ashes, and so on, thrown as refuse
into the dust-bin. We generally limit
the meaning now to small ashes and
cinders used for coals in burning bricks.
The word is a corruption of the French,
debris (rubbish, or rather the part broken
or rubbed off by wear, tear, and stress
of weather). The French, dfaise, older
form brese, means small coke or charcoal.

The Breeze-fly. The gad-fly; so called
from: ‘its sting. -(Anglo-Saxon, driose ;

. Gothic, by, a sting.) '

Breeze. A gentle wind or gale.
(French, dyise, a breeze.) Figuratively,
a slight quarrel. ;

Breidablik [wide-shining], The
palace of Baldur, which stood in the
Milky Way. (Scandinavian mythology.)

Brennus. A Latin form of the
Kymric word Brenhin (a war-chief).

' In times of danger the Druids appointed

a brenn to lead the confederate tribes to
battle.

Brent. Without a wrinkle. Burns’
says of John Anderson, in his prime of
life, his ‘‘locks were like the raven,’’.
and his ‘‘bonnie- brow was brent’?
(without a wrinkle).

Brent-goose (4). Properly a drant-
goose, the branta bernicla, .a.brownish-
grey goose of the genus dranta,

“Por the people of the village
Saw the tlock of brant with wonder.”
Longfellow : Hiawatha, part xvi, stanza 32,

Brent-hill means the eyebrows.

Looking or gazing from under brent-
hill. In Devonshire means ‘‘ frowning
at one;’’ and in West Cornwall to brend
means to wrinkle the brows. It is very
remarkable that the word should have
such opposite meanings,

Brentford. Like the two kings of
Brentford smelling at one nosegay. Said
of persons who were once rivals, but
have become reconciled. The allusion
is to an old farce called The Rehearsal,
by the Duke of Buckingham. ‘‘ The
two kings of Brentford enter hand in
hand,’ and the actors, to heighten the
absurdity, used to make them enter
“smelling at one nosegay”’ (act ii. s. 2).

Bressommer, or Brest-summer,
(French, sommier, a lintel or bressummer.)
A beam supporting the whole weight. of
the building above it; as, the beam over
a shop-front, the beam extending over
-an opening through a wall when a
communication bétween two contiguous
rooms is required. Sometimes these
beams support a large superstructure.
(The word bress, brest, or breast, in car-

entry, means a rafter, and the German

rett = a plank.)

Bretwalda (ruler of Britain), The
chief of the kings of the heptarchy who
exercised a certain undetine wer over
the other, rulers ; something like that of
Hugues Cap’et over his peers.

“The office of Bretwalda, a kind of elective
chieftainship, of all Britain, was held by several
Northumbrian kings, in succession,” — Zarle:
English Tongue, p. 26. . s

Brevet Rank is rank one degree
higher than your’ pay. Thus, a brevet-
major has the title of major, but the

Breviary

pay of captain. (French, brevet, a
patent, a concession.)

Breviary. An epitome of the old
office of matins and lauds for daily
service in the Roman Catholic Church,
The Breviary contains the daily ‘‘ Divine
Office,’? which those in orders in the
Catholic Church are bound to recite.
The office consists of psalms, collects,
readings from Scripture, and the life of
some saint or saints.

Brew. Brew ime a glass of grog, i.e.
mix one for me. Brew me a cup of tea,
se. make one for me. The tea is set to
brew, i.e, to draw. The general meaning
of the word is to boil.or mix; the re-
stricted meaning is to. make malt liquor.

Brewer. The Brewer of Ghent. James
van Artevelde. (Fourteenth century.)

’ It may here be remarked that it is a
great error to derive proper names of
any antiquity from: modern words of a
similar sound or spelling. As a rule,
very few ancient names are the names
of trades; and to suppose that such
words as Bacon, Hogg, and Pigg refer
‘to swineherds, or Gaiter, Miller, Jncttings
Ringer, and Bottles to handicrafts, is
agreat mistake. A few examples of a
more scientific derivation will suffice for
a hint :—

Brewer. This name, which exists in
France as Bruhiére and Brugiére, is not
derived from the Saxon briwan (to brew),
but the French druwyéere (heath), and 1s
about tantamount to the German “ Plan-
tagenet”? (br00m-plant). (See Rymer’s
Federa, William [.)

Bacon is from the High German

verb bagan (to fight), and means “the.
2

fighter. ‘cee

Piece and Bice are from the old High
German pichan (to slash),

Hoge is the Anglo-Saxon Ahyge
(scholar), from the verb hogan (to
study). In some cases it may be from
the German och (high).

Borrte is the Anglo-Saxon Bod'-el
ere envoy). Norse, bodi ; Danish,

id :

Garrer is the Saxon Gaid-er (the
darter). Celtic, gais, our goad.
Mitzer is the old’ Norse, mela, our
mill and maul, and means a, “ mauler ’”
or “‘ fighter.”” é ;
RinGer is the Anglo-Saxon hring gar
(the mailed warrior). j
_ Sir is the man who smites. .
. Tanner (German Zhanger, old Ger-
man Danegaud)-is the Dane-Goth. _
This list might dasily be extended,

175 Brick-tea

Briar‘eos or digeon. A giant with
fifty heads and a hundred hands. Homer
says the gods called him Briar’eos, but
men called him Aigeon. (Ziad, i. 403.)

- Not he who brandisbed in his hundred bands

His fifty swords and fifty shields in fight,
Could. pare surpassed the fierce Argantes
a5 Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered, hook vii.
The Briareus of languages. Cardinal
Mezzofanti, who knew fifty-eight dif-
ferent tongues. Byron called him ‘a
walking polyglot; a monster of lan-
guages , a Briareus of parts of speech.”
yy - 1849.) Generally pronounced
1t'-a-ruce,
Bold Briarews. Handel (1685-1756).
Briar-root Pipe. A pipe made from
the root-woodof the large heath(bruyéve),
which grows in the south of France.

Bribo'ci. Inhabitants of part of
Berkshire and the adjacent counties
referred to by Caesar in his Commen-
taries.

Bric-a-brac. Odds and ends of
curiosities, In French, a marchand de
bric-d-brac is a seller of rubbish, as old
nails, old screws, old hinges, and other
odds and ends of small value; but we
employ the phrase for odds and ends of
vertu. (Bricolery in archaic French
means Faire toute espéce dé metier, to be
Jack of all trades. Brac is the ricochet
of brie, as fiddle-faddle and scores of
other double words in English.)

“A man with a passion for bric-a-brac is
always stumbling over antique bronzes, intaglios,

mosaics, and daggers of the time of Benvenute
Cellini."—Aldrich: Miss Mehetuble’s Son, chap. ii.

Brick. 4 regular brick. A jolly
good fellow. (Compare retpéywvos avyp ;
“‘square’?; and ‘‘four-square to all
the winds that blow.’’)

“A fellow like nobody else, and, in fine, a
brick.”—George Eliot: Daniel Deronda, Wook ii.
chap. 16.

Brick-and-mortar Franchise. A
Chartist phrase for the £10 household
system, now abolished.

Brickdusts. The 53rd Foot; so
called from the brickdust-red. colour of
their facings. Also called Five-and-
thre’pennies, a play on the number and
daily pay of the ensigns. !

ow called the Ist battalion of the

‘King’s Shropshire Light Infantry.”

The 2nd battalion is the old 85th.

' Brick-tea. The inferior leaves of the
tea-plant mixed with sheep’s blood aud.

¢

Bride

pressed into cubes; the ordinary drink of
the common people south of Moscow.

“The Tartars swill a horrible gruel, thick and
Slab, of brick-tea, suet, salt, pepper, and sugar,
boiled in a chaldron (sic).'—Lhe Daily Telegraph,
Friday, October 16th, 1891,

Bride. The bridal wreath is a relic of

the corona nuptia'lis used by the Greeks
and Romans to indicate triumph.

Bride Cake, Arelic of the Roman
Confarrea‘tio, a mode of marriage prac-
tised by the highest class in Rome. It
was performed before ten witnesses by
the Pon’tifex Max'‘imus, and the con-
tracting parties mutually partook of a
cake made of salt, water, and flour
(far) _ Only those born in such wedlock
were eligible for the high sacred offices.

Bride or Wedding Favours repre-
sent the true lover’s knot, and symbolise
union,

Bride of Aby’dos. :Zuleika, daughter
of Giaffir, Pacha of Aby’dos, As she
was never wed, she should be called the
affianced or betrothed. (Byron.)

Bride of Lammermoor, Lucy
Ashton, (Scott: Bride of Lammermoor.)
Bride of the Sea. Venice; so called
from the ancient ceremony of the Doge,
who threw a ring into the Adriatic,
saying, ‘‘ We wed thee, O sea, in token,
of perpetual domination.’’
Bridegroom is the old Dutch gom
(a young man), Thus, Groom of the Stole
is the young man over the wardrobe,
Groom, an ostler, is quite another word,
being the Persian garma (a keeper of
horses), unless, indeed, it is a contracted
form of stable-groom (stable-boy). The
Anglo-Saxon -Bryd-guma (guma = man)
confused with groom, a lad.

Bridegroom’s Men. In the Roman
marriage by confarreatio, the bride was
led to the Pon’tifex Maximus by bache-
lors, but was conducted home by married
men. Polydore Virgil says that a married
man preceded the bride on her return,
bearing a vessel of gold and silver. (See
Bride Cake.)

Bridewell.. The city _Bridewell,
Bridge Street, Blackfriars, was built over
a holy well of medical water, called St.
Bride’s. Well, where was founded a
hospital for the poor. After the Re-
formation, Edward VI. chartered this
hospital to the city. Christ Church was

aren to the education of the young; |

t. Thomas’s: Hospital to the cure of
the sick; and Bridewell was made a
penitentiary for uuruly apprentices
and vagrants.

176 Bridport —

Bridge of Gold. According to #

German tradition, Charlemagne’s spirit
crosses the Rhine on a golden bridge at
Bingen, in seasons of plenty, to bless
the vineyards and cornfields. —

“Thou standest, like imperial Charlemagne,
Upon thy bridge of gold.” oS,
Longfellow: Autumn

Made a bridge of gold for him; ¢.e.
enabling a man to retreat from a false
position without loss of dignity.

Bridge of Jehennam. (Sce SERAT.)

Bridge of Sighs, which connects the:

palace of the Doge with the state prisons
of Venice. Over this bridge the state
prisoners were conveyed from the judg=
ment-hall to the place of execution.

“T stood in Venice, on the Ss of Sighs,
A palace and a prison on each hand.”
. Byron: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, iv. 1:

* Waterloo Bridge, in London, used,
some years ago, when suicides were
frequent there, to be called The Bridge
of Sighs.

Bridgewater Treatises. Insti-
tuted by the Rev. Francis Henry Eger-

ton, Earl of Bridgewater, in 1825, He

left the interest of £8,000 to be given to
the author of the best treatise on ‘‘The
power, wisdom, and goodness of God,
as manifested in creation.”? Hight are
published by the following gentlemen :—
(1) The Rev. Dr. Chalmers, (2) Dr.
John Kidd, (3) the Rev. Dr. Whewell,
(4) Sir Charles Bell, (5) Dr. Peter M.
Roget, (6) the Rev. Dr. Buckland, (7)
the Rey. W. Kirby,,and (8) Dr. William
Prout. -

Bridle. To bite on the bridle is’ to
suffer great hardships. The bridle was
an instrument for punishing.a scold ;
to bite on the bridle is to suffer this
punishment..

Bridle Road or Way. A way for a
riding-horse, but not for a horse and cart.

Bridle up (70).
rengorger, to draw in the chin and toss
the head back in scorn or pride. The
metaphor is to a horse pulled up sud-
denly and sharply. af

Bridlegoose (Judge), or Bridoie, wh

| decided the causes brought to him by
the throw of dice. (Rabelais : Gargantua.

and Pantag'ruel, iii. 39.)

Bridport. Stabbed with a Bridport
dagger, i.e. hanged. Bridport, in Dorset-

shire, was once famous for its hempen

goods, and monopolised the manufacture
of ropes, cables, and tackling for the
British navy. The hangman’s rope being

made at Bridport gave birth to the

proverb... (Fuller: Worthies.)

In French, se.

a

—_—_s”

B

Brigadore

177

Brisk

Brig‘adore (3 syl.), (See Horse.)

Brigand properly means a seditious
fellow. The Brigands were light-armed,
irregular troops, like the Bashi- Bazouks,
and like them were addicted to maraud-
ing. The Free Companies of France were
Brigands. (Italian, brigante, seditious ;
briga, variance.)

Brigandine. ‘The armour of a
brigand, consisting of small plates of
iron on quilted linen, and covered with
leather, hemp, or something of the kind.

‘Brigantine (3 syl.) or Hermaphrodite
Brig, A two-masted vessel with a brig’s
foremast and a schooner’s mainmast.

‘(Dana’s .Seaman’s Manual.) A pirate
vessel.

Bright’s Disease. A degeneration
of the tissues of the kidneys into fat,
first investigated ‘by Dr. Bright. The
ema ror under this disease has a flabby,

loodless appearance, is always drowsy,
and easily fatigued.

Brigians, The Castilians; so called
from one of their-ancient kings, named

, Brix or Brigus, said by monkish fabulists

to be the grandson of Noah.

“ Edward and Pedro, emulous of fame .

-Turo’ the flerce Brigians hewed their “ploody’

megy od? oat’
Till in @ cold efnbrace the Feenhenais lay.”

‘amoens: Lusiad, Vv.
Brigliado’ro. (See Horst.)

Brilliant Madman (The). Charles
XII, of Sweden. (1682-1697-1718.)

“ Macedonia’s madman or the Swede.”
Johnson: Vanity of Human Wishes.

//Briney or Briny. , 1’ on the briny.
The sea, which is salt like brine.

Bring About (Zo). To cause a thing
to be done.

Bring Down the House (Zv). To
cause rapturous. applause in a theatre.

Bring into Play (Zo). To cause to
act, to set in motion.

Bring Round (Zo), To restore to
consciousness or health ; to cause one. to
recover [from a fit, ete.].

’ Bring To ‘(70).. -To restore to con-
sciousness ; to resuscitate. Many other
meanings.

“*T ll bring her to, said the driver, with a brutal

grin; ‘I'll give her something better than cam-
phor.’ "—Afrs, Stowe: Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Bring to Bear (70). To cause to
happen successfully.

Bring to Book (7b). To detect one
ina mistake, =~

. Bring to Pass, (To). To cause to

(a i

happen. ail}

af

Bring to the Hammor (70). To
offer or sell by public auction.

Bring Under (70). To bring into
subjection.

Bring Up (70).
or an early age,
meanings,

Brioche: (2 syl.). A sort of bun or
cake common in France, and now pretty
generally soldin England. When Marie
Antoinette was talking about the bread
riots of Paris during the 5th and
6th October, 1789, the Duchesse de
Polignac naively exclaimed, ‘‘ How is it
that these silly people are so clamorous
for dread, when they can buy such nice
brioches for a few sous?’’ ‘This was in
spirit not unlike the remark of our own
Princess Charlotte, who avowed ‘ that
she would for her-part rather eat beef
than starve,’? and wondered that the
people should be so obstinate as to insist
upon having bread when it was su
scarce,

Bris. Ilconte di San Bris, governor
of the Louvre, was father of Valentina,
and leader of the St. Bartholomew mas-
sacre, (Meyerbeer’s Opera: Gli Uganotti.)

Briseis (3 syl.). The patronymic
name of Hippodamia, daughter of -
Briseus (2 syl.), A concubine of Achilles,,
to whom he was greatly attached.
When Agamemnon was compelled to
give up his own concubine, who was the
daughter of a priest of Apollo, he took
Briséis away from Achilles, This so
annoyed the hero that he refused avy
longer to go to battle, and the Greeks
lost ground daily. Ultimately, Achilles
sent his friend Patroclos to supply his
place. Patroclos was slain, and Achilles,
towering with rage, rushed to battle,
slew Hector, and Troy fell.

Brisingamen. Freyja’s necklace
made by the fairies. Freyja left her
husband Odin in order to obtain. this
necklace ; and Odin deserted her because
her love was changed into yanity... It is

To rear from birth
Also numerous other

not possible to love Brisingamen and

Odin too, for no one can serve two
niasters.

As a moral tale this is excellent. If
Freyja personifies ‘‘the beauty. of the
year,’ then the necklace means the nch
autumn tints and flowers, which (soon
as Freyja puts on) her husband leaves
her—that is, the fertility of the genial
year is gone away, and winter is at
hand, :

Brisk as a Bee. (See Simtixs,)

. Brissotins

178

Brittany

Brissotins, A nickname given to
the advocates of reform in the French
Revolution, because they were ‘‘led
by the nose’? by Jean Pierre Brissot.

he party was subsequently called the
Girondists,

Bristol Board. A stiff drawing:
paper, originally manufacturedat Bristol.

Bristol Boy (7he). Thomas Chat-
‘terton the poet (1752-1770).

© The maryellous boy,
The sleepless soul tbat perished in bis pride.”
Wordsworth; Resolution and Independence,

Bristol Diamonds, Brilliant crys-
tals of colourless quartz found in St.
Vincent's Rock, Clifton, near Bristol.

Bristol Fashion (J”). Methodical
and orderly. More generally ‘Ship-
shape and Bristol fashion,”

“In the great inass meeting. October 18th, 1834,
a route of above three miles was observed in one
unbroken line. Nocheenng disturbved the stately
solemnity; no One ran to give any direction; no
noise of any kind was heard. but on, in one un-
broken line, steady and stately, marched the
tbhrongin‘ Bristol fashion.’ ""— Daily News, October
20th, 1584.

Bristol Milk. Sherry sack, at one
time given by the Bristol people to their
friends, ;

“This metaphorical milk, whereby Xeres or
Sherry-sack is intended."—Fuller. Worthies.

Bristol Waters. Mineral waters of
- Chfton, near Bristol, with a temperature
not exceeding 74°; formerly celebrated
in cases of pulmonary consumption.
They are very rarely used now.

Britain. By far the most probable
derivation of this word is that given by
Bochart, from the Phoenician Baratanie

country of tin), contracted into B’ratan’.

e Greek Cassiter1des (tin islands) is a
translation of Baratanic, once apphed to
the whole known group, but now re-
stricted to the Scilly Isles, Aristotle,
who lived some 350 years before the
Christian era, calls the island Britannic,
which is so close to B’ratanic that the
suggestion of Bochart can scarcely admit
of a doubt. (De Mundo, sec. 3.)

Pliny says, ‘‘ Opposite to Celtiberia are
a number of islands which the Greeks
called ‘ Cassiteridés’’’ (evidently he
means-the British group). Strabo says
the Cassiteridés are situated about the
same latitude as Britain. |

Great Britain consists of ‘‘ Britannia
prima”’ (Englan@), ‘‘ Britannia secunda”’

Wales), and ‘North Britain’? (Scot-
d), united under one sway.

Greater Britain. The whole British
empire.

Britannia. The first known repre-
sentation of Britannia as a female figure

-{s Mrs. Stewart's face, .

sitting on a globe, leaning with one arm
on a shield, and grasping a spear in the
other hand, is on a Roman coin of
Antoninus Pius, who died Ap, 161.
The figure reappeared on our copper
coin in the reign of Charles II, 1666,
and the model was Miss Stewart, after.
wards created Duchess of Richmond.
The engraver was Philip Roetier, 1665.
In 1825 W, Wyon made a new design,
“The King’s new medall, where, in little, there
. “and a pretty thing it
is, that he should choose her face to represent
Britannia by."—Pepys' Diary (25 Feb.).

British Lion (7i¢). The pugnacity
of the British nation, as opposed to the
John Bull, which symbolises the sub-
stantiality, solidity, and obstinacy of the
people, with all their prejudices: and
national peculiarities,

To rouse the British Lion is to flourish
a red flag in_the face of John Bull; to
provoke him to resistance even to the
point of war. : :

«To twist the lion’s tail” is a favour-
ite phrase and favourite policy with
some rival unfriendly powers.

Brit‘omart [sweet maid] (see below).
Daughter of. King Ryence of Wales,
whose desire was to be a heroine. She
is the impersonation of saintly chastity
and purity of mind. She encounters the

-‘* savage, fierce bandit and mountaineer”’

without injury ; is assailed by “hag and
unilaid chasteee bil and awiat fairy of
the mine,” but ‘‘ dashes their brute vio-
lence into sudden adoration and blank.
awe,’’ Britomart is not the impersona-;
tion of celibacy, as she is in love with
an unknown hero, but of ‘virgin
peri t (Spenser: Faérie Queene, book
iii. Her marriage, book v. 6.)
“She charmed at once and tamed the Dperin,

Incomparable Britomart,

Brit/omartis. A Cretan nymph
very fond of the chase. King Minos ell
in love with her, and persisted in his
advances for nine months, when she
threw herself into the sea. -(Cretan,
britus-martis, sweet maiden.)

Briton (Like a). Vigorously, perse-
veringly. « To fight like a Briton’’ is
to fight with indomitable courage. ‘ To
work like a Briton’? is to work hard and
i nakir as Certainly, without the
slightest flattery, dogged courage and
perseverance are the strong characteris-
tics of John Bull. A similar: phrase is
“To fight like a Trojan,”

Brit‘tany. | The damsel of Brittany.

Eleanora, daughter of Geofirey, second
son of Henry II., King of England and
Duke of Brittany. At the death of

Broach

Prince Arthur she was the real heir to

the crown, but John confined her in the
castle of Bristol till death (1241).

Broach, To broach a new subject.
To start one in conversation. The allu-
sion is to beer tubs. If one is flat,
another must be tapped. A broach is a

@ or pin, and to broach a cask is to
iow a hole in the top for the vent-peg.

“T did broach this business to your highness.”

Shakespeare: Henry VIII, ii. 4,

Broad as Long. ’ Zis about as broad
as it is long. One way or the other
would bring about the same result,

Broad Arrow on Government stores.
It was the cognisance of Henry, Viscount
Sydney, Earl of Romuey, master-general
of the ordnance. (1693-1702.) <

7 It seems like a symbol of the Trin-
ity, and Wharton says, ‘‘It was used by
the Kelts to signify holiness and royalty.”

Broad Bottom Ministry (1744).
Formed by a coalition of parties : Pelham
retained the lead; Pitt supported the
Government; Bubb Doddington was
treasurer of the navy.

Broadcloth. The best cloth for
men’s clothes. So. called from its great
breadth. It required two ‘weavers, side
by side, to fling the shuttle across it.
Originally two yards wide, now about
fifty-four inches ; but the word is now
used to signify the. best quality of
(black) cloth.

Broadside. Printed matter spread
over an entire sheet of paper. The
whole must be in one type and one
measure, 7.e. must not be divided into
columns. <A folio is when the sheet is
folded, in which case a page occupies
only half the sheet.

“Pamphlets and broadsides were scattered
we on left."—Fiske: American History, chap.
Vil. p. 341,

In naval language, a droadside means
the whole side of a ship; and to “ open
a broadside on the enemy’? is to dis-
charge all the guns on one side at the
same moment.

Brobdingnag. The ‘country of gi-
gantic giants, to whom Gulliver was.a
pigmy ‘not half so big as a round little
worm plucked from the lazy finger of
a maid,”’ .

“You high church steeple, you gawky sta;

Your husband must come from Brobding sae”
Kane O'Hara; Midas,

Brobdingnagii
a church steeple. (See above.)
< Limbs of Brobdingnagian proportions."—The

eae.

179

ian. Colossal; tall as |

Broker

Brosken. The spectre of the Brocken,
This is the shadow of men and other
objects greatly magnified and reflected
in the mist and cloud. of the mountain
opposite. The Brocken is the highest
summit of the Harz range.

Brocklehurst (Zhe Rev. Robert). A
Calvinistic clergyman, the son of Naomi
Brocklehurst, of Brocklehurst Hall, part
founder of Lowood Institution, where
young ladies were boarded, clothed, and
taught for £15 a year, subsidised by
aby subscriptions. The Rev. Robert

rocklehurst was treasurer, and half
starved the inmates in order to augment
his own income, and scared the children
by talking to them of hell-fire, and
making capital out of their young faults
or supposed shortcomings. He and his
family fared sumptuously every day, but
made the inmates of his institution deny
themselves and carry the cross of vexa-
tion and want, (C. Bronté: Jane Eyre.)

Brogue (1 syl.) properly means the
Trish drog, or pide of fuk hide. The
application of brog to the dialect or
manner of speaking is similar to that of
buskin to tragedy and sock to comedy.

“ And put my clouted brogues from off my. feet.”
Shakespeare : Cymbeline, iv. 2,

Brogues (1 syl.). Trousers. From
the Irish drog, resembling those still worn
by some of the French cavalry, in which
trousers and boots are all one garment.

Broken Feather (4). A broken

feather in his wing. A scandal connected

with one’s character.

“Tf an angel were to walk about, Mrs. Sam
Hurst would never rest till she had found out
where he came from; and perhaps whether he had
# broken feather in his wing.’—Mra. Oltphant:
Phebe. ;

Broken Music. <A’ “consort” con-
sisted of six viols, usually kept in one
case. When the six were played to-
gether it was called a ‘‘ whole consort,’
when less than the six were played it
was called ‘‘a broken consort.’? Some-
times applied to open chords or arpeg

ios,

: “ Here is good broken music.”
Shakespeare: Troilus and Cressida, iii. 1.

? Lord Bacon in his Sylva Sylvarun
gives a different explanation: he says
certain instruments agree together and

roduce concordant music, but others
(es the virginal and lute, the Welsh and

trish harps) do not accord,

Broken on the Wheel. (See BREAK.)

Broker. Proper! : king, is, one
who sells wore In Gerians called
maklers, that is, ‘sellers of damaged.

Brontes

stores.’’ (Teutonic, brak or wrak, refuse,
allied with German brauchen.)
Generally some special word is pre-
fixed: as bill-broker, cotton-broker,
ship-broker, stock-broker, etc.

Brontes (2 syl.). A blacksmith per-
sonified , one of the Cyclops. The name
signifies Thunder.

“Not with such weight, to frame the forky
brand,

The ponderous hammer falls from Brontés’

fend. .
Hoole : Jerusulem Delivered, book xx.

Bronzomar’te. (Sce Horsz.)

Brook (Master). The name assumed
by Ford when he visits Sir John Falstaff.
The amorous knight tells Master Brook
all about his amour with Mrs. Ford, and
how he duped her husband by being
stowed into a basket of dirty linen.

“jFord. Vill give you a pottle of burnt sack to

ive me recourse to lim, and tell Lim my name is

Brook, only for a jest.
“ Host. My hand, bully Thou shalt haveegress
and regress, ... und thy name sha}) be Brook.”—
Shakespeare. Merry Wives of Windsor, 11. 1.

_ Brooks of Sheffield. Animaginary
individual mentioned in Damd Copper-
field. (See Harris, Mrs.)

Broom. <A broom is hung at the
mast-head of ships about to be sold, to
indicate that they are to be swept eway.
The idea is popularly taken from Ad-
miral Tromp ; but probably this allusion
is more witty than true. The custom of
hanging up something to attract notice
seems very common. Thus an old

iece of carpet from a window indicates
Seno furniture for sale; a wisp of
straw indicates oysters for sale’; w bush
means wine for sale ; an old broom, ships
to sell, ete. ete. (See PENNANT.)

A new broom. Oue fresh in office.

New brooms sweep clean, Those newly
appointed to an office find fault and
wunt to sweep away old customs.

Brosier. Euting one out of house
and home. At Eton, when a dame keeps
-an unusually bad table, the buys ayree
together on a day to eat, pocket, or
waste everything eatable in the house.

The censure is well understood, and the |

hint is generally effective. (Greek, broso,
to eat.)

Brother or Frére. A friar not in

orders, (See FaTHER.)
Brother (So-and-so). A fellow-bar-
rister.

Brother Benedict. A married man.
(See BENEDICT.)

Brother Brrch:.
_ master.

Brother Blate.

A fellow - school-
A felluw-soldier,

180 Brown

properly ; but now anyone of the same
calling as yourself.
Brother Brush, A fellow-painter.
Brother Bung. A fellow-tapster.
Brother Buskin. A fellow-comedian
oractor. —
A Brother Chip. A fellow-c nter.
A Brother Clergyman. A tellow-
clergyman. ;
A Brother Crispin. A fellow-shoe-

maker.
A Brother Mason. A fellow-Free-
mason.
A Brother Quill... A fellow-author.
A Brother Salt. A fellow-seaman or
sailor.
A Brother Shuttle. A fellow- weaver.
A Brother Stitch. A fellow-tailor.
A Brother String, A fellow- violinist.
A Brother Whip. A fellow coachman.

Brother German. A real brother.
(Latin, germanus, of the same stock ;
yerimen, a bud or sprout.)

“Te in germani fratris dilexi loco."—Terence -
Andria, \. 5, 58,

A uterine brother is a brother by the
mother’s side only. (Latin, ulerinus,
born of the same mother, us “ frater
uterinus,’’ utérus,)

Brother Jonathan. When Wash-
ington was in want of ammunition, he
called a council of officers, but no prae-
tical suggestion could be offered. _*t We
must cousult brother Jonathan,’ said
the general, meaning his excellency,
Jonathan Trumbull, the elder governor
of the State of Connecticut. This was
done, aud the difficulty was remedied.
To consult brother Jonathan then be-
cume a set phrase, and brother Jonathan
grew to be the John Bull of the United
Stutes. (J. R. Bartlett: Dictionary of
Americanisms.) i.

Brother Sam. The brother of Lord
Dundreary (y.v.), the hero of a comedy
based on a German drama, by Jolin
Oxenford, with additions und ‘ultera-
tious by E. A. Sothern and ‘Tl. B. Buck-

stone. (Supplied by 7. B. Buckstone,
Esq.) hoe te if
Browbeat. To beaut or put a man

dowu by knitting the brows. ~~
Brown. A copper coin, a penny; so
called from its colour. Similar] Susie.
reign is w ‘* yellow boy.”? (See Biunr.
To be done brown. To be roast
deceived, taken in. ;

Brown as a Berry. (See Stm1.48. )

Brown, Jones, and Robinson.
‘Three Englishmen who travel together.
Their adventures were published in

>

Brown Bess

181 Brums "

Punch, and were the production of
Richard Doyle. They typify the middle-
class English abroad; and hold up to
ridicule their gaucherie and contracted
notions, their vulgarity and. extrava-
gance, their conceit and snobbism.

Brown Bess means brown barrel.
The barrels were browned to keep them
from rusting. (Dutch, dus, a gun-barrel;
Low German, disse; Swedish, dyssa.
Our arguebus, blunderbuss.) In 1808 a
process of browning was introduced, but
this has, of course, nothing to do with
the distinctive epithet. Probably Bess is
a companion word to Bill, (Sce below.)

Brown Bill, A kind of halbert used
by English foot-soldiers before muskets
were einployed. We find in the me-
diezval ballads the expressions, ‘‘ brown
brand,”*' ‘‘brownsword,”? ‘‘ brown blade,’’
etc. Sometimes the word rusty is sub-
stituted for brown, asin Chaucer: ‘‘And
in his side he had a rousty blade’’;
which, being the god Mars, cannot mean
a bad one. * Keeping the weapons bright

,is n modern fashion; our forefathers
referred the honour of blood stains,
ome say th® weapons were varnished

with a brown varnish to prevent rust,

and some affirm that one Brown was a

famous maker of these instruments, and

that Brown Bill is a phrase similar to.

Armstrong gun and Colt’s révolver.
(See above.)

“So, with a band of bowmen and of pikes,

Brown bills and targetiers.” cs
Marlowe: Edward IT. (1622.)

* Brown also. means shining (Dutch,
brun), hence, “My bonnie brown sword,”’
‘brown as glass,’’ etc., so that a ‘‘ brown
bill’? might refer to the ‘shining steel,
and ‘‘ brown Bess”’ to the bright barrel.

Brown Study. Absence of mind;
apparent thought, but real vacuity, The
corresponding French expression ex-
lains: it—sombre réveric. Sombre and
vets both mean sad, melancholy, gloomy,
“Tovention fags, his brai n gTOws rauddy, ns
son PhP BS Congreve: ain Fripesnibve Thisig,
~ Browns. 7o astonish the Browns. To
do. or say something re \
annoyance it may cause or the shock it
may give to Mrs, Grundy.

.* Anne Boleyn had a whole host of
Browns, or ‘‘ country cousins,’’ who
were welcomed at Court in the reign
of Elizabeth. The queen, however, was
guick to see what was gauche, and did
not scruple to reprove the Browns if

‘she noticed anything in their conduct |

not comme il faut. Her bluntness of
speech often ‘‘ astonished the Browns.”

Brownie. The house spirit in Scot-
tish superstition, He is called in Eng-
land Rabin Goodfellow. At night he
is supposed to busy himself in doing
little jobs for the family over which
he presides. Farms are his favourite
abode. Brownies are brown or tawny
spirits, in opposition to fairies, which
are fair or elegant ones. (See FAIRIES.)

“Tt is not long since every family of consider-
able substance was haunted by a spirit (bey called
Browny. which did several sorts of work and
this was the reason why they gave bim offerings

ob what they called ‘Browny's stone. -~—

‘Martin: Scotland,

Brownists, Followers of Robert
Brown, of Rutlandshire, a-violent op-
ponent of the Established Church in the
time of Queen Elizabeth. The present
‘Independents *’ hold pretty well the
same religious tenets as the Brownists.
Sir Andrew Aguecheek says: f

“Td ag lief be a Brownist as 4 politician ”-
Shakespeare: Twelfth Night, iii 2

Browse his Jib (Jo). A sailor's

hrase, meaning to drink till the face
is flushed and swollen. The ji} means
the face, and to browse here means ‘' to
fatten.”

* The only correct form of the phrase,
however, is ‘to bowse his jib.'" To
bowse the jib means to haul the sail taut ;
and as a metaphor signifies that a man
is ‘' tight.”

Bruel. The goose, in the tale of
Reynard the Fox. The word means
little-roarer,

Bruin. Oue of the leaders arrayed
against Hudibras, He was Talgol, a

ewgate butcher, who obtained a cap-
tain’s commission for valour at Naseby.
He marched next Orsin (Joshua Gosling,
landlord of the bear-gardens at South-

‘wark).

Sir Bruin. The name of the bear in
the famous German. beast-epic, called
Reynard the Fox. (Dutch for drown.)

Brumaire. The celebrated 18th
Brumaire (Nov, 9th,.1799) was the day.
on which the Directory was overthrown

| and Napoleon established his supremacy,,
of the}

Brum’magem. Worthless or very

| inferior metallic articles made in imita-
| tion of better ones. Birmingham is the

great mart and manufactory of gilt toys,
cheap jewellery, imitation gems, mosaic
gold, and such-like. Birmingham was

| called by the Romans ‘' Bremenium.”’

Brums. In Stock Exchange phrase-
ology this means the ‘ London and, |

Brunehild

182

Brutus

North-Western Railway shares.’? The
Brum, t.¢, the Birmingham line.

Brunechild (3 yl.) or Brunehil'da.
Daughter of the King of Issland, be-
loved by Giinther, one of the two great
chieftains of the Nibelungenlied or Teu-
tonic Iiad. She was to be carried off
by force, and Gtinther asked his friend
Siegfried to help him. Siegfried con-
trived the matter by snatching from her
the talisman which was her protector,
but she “never forgave him for his
treachery. (Old German, bruni, coat of
mail; Arlt, battle.)

Brunello (in Orlando Furioso). A
deformed dwarf of Biserta, to whom
King Ag’ramant gave a ring which had
the virtue to withstaud the power of
magic (book ii.) He was leader of the

ingita’nians in the Saracen army. He

also figures in Bojardo’s Orlando Inna-

morato,

Brunswicker. A native of Bruns-
-wick. . (See BLACK BRUNSWICKER.)

Brunt. To bear the brunt. To bear
the stress, the heat, and collision. The
same word as “burn.’’ (Icelandic,
bruni, burning heat, ben ; Anglo-Saxon,
brenning, burning.) The ‘‘ brunt of a
battle ’’ is the hottest part of the fight.
(Compare ‘ fire-brand.’’)

Brush, The tail of a fox or squirrel,
which is brushy.

Brush away. Get along.

Brush off. Move on.

He brushed by me. He just touched
me as he went quey, past, Hence also
brush, a slight skirmish. ~~

All these are metaphors from brushing
with a brush.

Give it another brush. <A little more
attention; bestow a little more labour
on it; return it to the file for a little
more polish.

Brush up (Zo). To renovate or
revive; to bring again into use what
has been neglected, as, ‘‘I must brush
up my French,” When a fire is slack
we brush up the hearth and then sweep
clean the lower bars of the stove and
stir the sleepy coals into activity.

Brut. A rhyming chronicle, as the
Brut d’ Angleterre and Le Roman de
Brut, by Wace (twelfth century). Brut
is the Romance word bruit (a rumour,
hence a tradition, or a chronicle based
on tradition). It is by mere accident
that the word resembles ‘ Brute’’ or
“ Brutus,’’ the traditional king. (See
next column.) .

- store to the throne the banished

Brut d’Angleterre. A chronicle of
the achievements of King Arthur and
his Knights of the Round Table, Arthur
is described as the natural son. of Uther,
Procsepe or ciel of the ancient

ritons, e succeeded his father, in

516, by the aid of Merlin, who gave him

a magic sword, with which he conquered
the Saxons, Picts, Scots, and Irish.
Besides the Brut referred to, several
other romances record the exploits of
this heroic king. (See ARTHUR,

Brute, in Cambridge University clang,
is a man who has not yet matriculated,
The play is evident. A ‘‘man,’’ in
college Paris, is a collegian; and, as
matriculation is the sign and seal of
acceptance, a scholar before that cere-
mony is not a ‘‘man,”’ and therefore
only a “ biped brute,’’

Brute (Sir John).
valiant knight, ignobl
absurdities, (Vandbrugn: The Provoked
Wife.)

Brute or Brutus, in the mytho-
logical history of England, the first
(ne He tha Prins was Bes: oh Sylving
grandsdn o ius an grand-
son of Aine’as), Having ets
killed his father, he first took refuge
in Greece and then in Britain,
remembrance of Troy, he called the
capital of his kingdom Troy-novant
(New Troy), now London. css

% The pedigree was as follows:—
1) Ane’as, (2) Ascanius, (3) Silvius, (4)

rutus, (See Troy Novant.)

Brutum Fulmen (Latin). A noisy
but harmless threatening ; an imnocuous
thunderbolt,

“His [the Pope's] denunciations are but a
brutum fulmen.”—The Standard.

Brutus (Junius), the first consul of
Rome, Hecondemned to death his own
two sons for joining a conspiracy to re-
‘arquin.
“The public father [Brutus], who the private

And on the dread tribunal sternly sat.”

Thomson: Winter.

The Spanish Brutus. Alphonso Perez
de Guzman (1258-1320). While he
was governor, Castile was besieged by
Don Juan, who had revolted from his
brother, Sancho IV. Juan, who held in
captivity one of the sons of Guzman,
threatened to cut his throat unless
Guzman surrendered the city. Guzman
replied, ‘‘Sooner than be a traitor,
I would myself lend you a sword to
slay him,’’ and he threw a sword over ©
the city wall. The son, we are told,.

A coarse, pot-

noted for his -

Brutus

was slain by the father’s sword before
his eyes.

Brutus (Marcus), Cesar’s friend,

jones the conspirators to murder him,
use he made himself a king.

“And thou, unhappy Brutus, kind of beart
Whose steady arm, by awful virtue urged,
Lifted the Roman steel against thy friend.”

Thomson: Winter, 624-6,
Et tu, Brute, What! does my own
familiar friend lift up his heel against
mef The reference is to that Marcus

Brutus whose ‘bastard hand stabbed |

Julius Cesar.”

Bruxellois.
Brussels or Bruxelles,

Brydport Dagger. (Sce Briport.)

‘Bub. Drink. (Connected with bubble
—Latin, dib0, to drink ; ourimbibe.) (See
Gus.)

(Suetonius, )

“Drunk with Helicon’s waters and double--

brewed bub.” —Prior: To a Person who wrote ill.

Bubas'tis. The Diana of Egyptian
mythology; the daughter of Isis and
sister of Horus.

Bubble (4). A scheme of no sterling
worth and of very ephemeral duration
—as worthless and frail as a bubble.

“The whole scheme (the Fenian raid on British
America) was a collapsed hubble."—The Times.

The Bubble Act, 6 George I., cap. 18;

re ak 1719, and repealed July 5th,

825. Its object was to punish the pro-
moters of bubble schemes.

A bubble company. A company whose
object is to enrich themselves at the
expense of subscribers to their scheme,

A bubble scheme. A project for getting
money from subscribers to a scheme of
no value,

Bubble and Squeak. Cold boiled
meat and greens fried. They first bub-
bled in water when boiled,and afterwards
hissed or squeaked in the frying-pan.

Something pretentious, but of no real
value, such as “rank and title,’ or a
bit of ribbon in one’s button hole.

Bucca, A goblin of the. wind, sup-
sed by the ancient inhabitants of
ornwall to foretell shipwrecks,

Buc’caneer’ means sellers of smoke--

dried meat, from the Caribbean word
boucan, smoke-dried meat. The term
. was first given to the French settlers in
_Hayti, whose business it was to hunt
_animals for their skins. The flesh they
.smoke-dried and sold, chiefly to the
_ Dutch,.
When the Spariards laid claim to all
America, many English and French ad-
eventurers lived by buccaneering, and

183

The inhabitants of

Buck-rider

ne

hunted Spaniards aslawful prey, After
the peace of Ryswick this was i» longer
tolerated, and the term was then ap-
plied to any desperate, lawlesv, piratical
adventurer.

Bucen'‘taur, A monster, half-man
and half-ox. The Venetian state-galley
employed by the Doge when he went on
Ascension Day to wed the Adriatic was
so called. (Greek, bows, ox; centauros,
centaur.) ,

Buceph'alos [bull-headed). A horse,
Strictly speaking, the charger of Alex-
ander the Great, bought of a ‘fbessalian
for thirteen talents (£3,500).

“True, true; 1 forgot your Bucepha! ua."—Sir W,
Scott: The Antiguary.

Buc hanites (3 syl.), A sect of fan-
atics who appeared in the west of Scot-
land in 1783, They were nimed after
Mrs. or Lucky Buchan, their founder,
who called herself ‘‘ Friend Mother in
the Lord,” claiming to be the woman
mentioned in Rev. xii., and maintaining
that the Rev. Hugh White, a convert,
was the ‘‘ man-child.””

“J never beard of alewife that turned preacher,
except Luckie Buchan in the West.".—Scott: St,
Ronan's Well, c. ii.

Buck, A dandy. (See below.)

“ A most tremendous buck -hé was, as he sat
there serene, ip state, driving his greya,"—Thack-
eray: Vanity Fair, chap. vi,

Buck-basket. A linen-basket. To
buck is to wash clothes in lye; and a
buck is one whose clothes are buck, or
nicely got up. When Cade says his
mother was ‘‘descendéd from the
Lacies,’? two men overhear him, and
say, ‘‘She was a pedlar’s daughter, but
not being able to travel with her furred
pack, she washes bucks here at home.”
(2 Henry VJ, iv. 2.) (German,
beuchen, to steep clothes in lye; beuche,
clothes so steeped. However, compare
“ bucket,’’ a diminutive of the Anglo-
Saxon due.)

Buck-bean. A corruption of bog-

bean, a native of wet bog-lands.

Buck-rider (4). A dummy fare who
enables a cabman to pass police-con-
stables who prevent empty cabs loitering
at places where cabs will be likely to be
required, as at theatres, music-halls, and
large hotels, A cabman who wants to
get at sucha place under hope of picking
up a fare gives a ‘' buck’’ a shilling to
get into his cab that he may seem to

ve a fare, and so pass the police.

“Constables are stationed at certain points to

Vineteenth

spot the professiona) ‘buck-riders.’ "—N
ury (March, 1893, p, 576).

Buck-tooth

Buck-tooth. A large projecting
front-tooth. (See Butter Toor#.)

Buckwheat. A corruption of boc.
German, buche, beech-wheat:; it is so
called because it is triangular, like beech-
mast. The botanical name is Fago-
pyrum (beech-wheat).

“The buckwheat |
Whitened broad acres, sweetening with its flowers
The Auguat wind.” i
Bryant; The Fountain, stanza 7,

Buckhorse. A severe blow or-slap
on the face, So called from a boxer of
that name.

Buckingham, (Saxon, boccen-ham,
beech - tree village.) Fuller, in his
Worthies, speaks of the beech-trees as
the most characteristic feature of this
county,

Bucklaw, or rather Frank Hayston,
lord of Bucklaw, a wealthy nobleman,
who marries Lucia di Lammermoor (Lucy
Ashton), who had pledged her troth to
_ Edgarmaster of Ravenswood. On the
-wedding-night Lucy murders him, gees
mad, and dies. (Donizetii’s opera o
Lucia di Lammermoor. Sir Walter Scott's
Bride of Lammermoor.)

Buckle. J can’t buckle.to. I can’t
give my mind to work. The allusion is
to buckling on one’s armour or belt.

To cut the buckle. To caper about, to
heel and toe it in dancing. In figs the
two feet buckle or twist into each other
with great rapidity.

“ Throth, it wouldn't lave a laugh in you to see
the parson dancin’ down the road on his way
home, and the ministher and methodist praicber
cuttin’ the buckle as they went along.”—W. B.
Yeats: Fairy Tales of the Irish Peasantry, p. 98
(see also p. 196).

To put into buckle. To put into pawn
at the rate of 40-per cent. interest.

To talk buckle. To talk about marriage.

“TI took a girl to dinner who talked buckle to
me.” —Vera, 154,

Buckler. (Sce SHIELD.)

Bucklersbury (London) was at one
time the noted street for druggists and
herbalists ; hence Falstaff says—

“1 cannot cog, and say thou art this and that,
like a many of these lisping hawthorn buds, that
come like women in men's apparel, and smell like
Bucklersbury in simple time.” — Si eare :
Merry Wives of Windsor, iii. 3.

Buckmaster’s Light Infantry.
The 3rd West India Regiment was so
called from Buckmaster, the tailor, who
used to issue ‘‘ Light Infantry uniforms ’”’
to the officers of the corps without an
authority from the Commander-in-Chiet.

Buckra. Superior, excellent. That’s
buckra. A buckra coat is a smart coat;
‘@ buckra, man, a man of consequence.

184

Budget

This word among the West Indians does
the service of durra among the Anglo-
Indians: as burra saib (great master,
i.e. white man), burra khana (a magni-
ficent spread or dinner),

Buckshish or Baksheesh. A gratuity,
ur boire. A term common to India,
ersia, and indeed all the East,

Buddha means the Wise One. From
the Indian word budh, to know. The
title was giveu to Prince Siddhar’tha,
generally called Saky‘a-muni, the founder
of Buddhism. His wife’s name was
Gopa,

Buddhism. A system of religion
established in India in the third century.
The general outline of the system is that
the world is a transient reflex of deity ;
that the soul isa ‘‘ vital spark’ of deity ;
and that after death it will be bound to
matter again till its ‘‘ wearer” has, by
divine contemplation, so purged and

urified it that it is fit to be absorbed
into the divine essence.

Buddhist. One whose system of
religion is Buddhism.

Bude or Gurney Light. The latter
is the name of the inventor, and the
former the place of his abode. (Golds-
worthy Gurney, of Bude, Cornwall.)

Budge is lambskm with the wool
dressed outwards, worn on the edge of
capes, bachelors’ hoods, and so on.
Budge Row, Cannon Street, is so-called
Lig paty it was chiefty occupied by budge-
makers.

“O foblishness of men! that lend their ears
To those budge-doctors of the stoicfur.” _
Milton: Comus, 706, 787.

Podge be (To) is the French bouger, to
stir.

Budge Baehelors. A company of
men clothed in long gowns lined with
budge or lambs’ wool, who used to
accompany the Lord Mayor of London
at his inauguration. .

Budget. The statement which the

Chancellor of the Exchequer lays before ©

the House of Commons every session,
respecting the national income and ex-
penditure, taxes and salaries. The word
is the old French bougette, a bag, and
the present use arose from the custom of
bringing to the House the papers per-
taining to these matters in a leather bag,
and laying them on the table. Hence,
to open the budget or bag, t.e. to take the
papers from the bag and submit them to
the ler of =i
A budget of news is a bagful of ne
a large stock of news. isd a

Buff 185

Build

Cry Budget. A watchword or shib-
boleth. Thus Slender says to Shallow—

“We have a nay-word how to know oneanother.
Hoe a ea at
Ghakespiaee: Merry Wives of Windsor, v.2.

Buff. Buff is a contraction of buffe
or buffalo; and buff skin is the skin of
the buffalo prepared. ‘To stand in
buff”? is to stand without clothing in
one’s bare skin. ‘‘To strip to the buff ”’
is to strip to the skin, The French for
“buff” is duffle, which also means a
buffalo.

To stand buff, also written bluff,
meaning firm, without flinching. Sheri-
dan, in his School for Scandal, i. 3, says,
“ That he should have stood bluff to old
bachelor so long, and sink into a husband
at last.”” It is a nautical term; a
““bluff shore’? is one with a bold and
almost perpendicular front. The word
buff, a blow or buffet, may have got con-
founded with bluff, bus without doubt
numerous instances of ‘‘ buff’? can be
adduced.

“ And for the good old cause stood buff,
’Gainst many a bitter kick and cuff.”
Butler: Hudibras's Epitaph.
“I must even stand buff and outface him.’”—
Fielding.

Burr in ‘‘Blind-man’s buff,’ the
well-known game, is an allusion to the
three buffs or pats which the “blind-
man’ gets when he has caught a player.
(Norman-French, buffe, a bloses Welsh,
paff, verb, pafio, to thump; our buffet
1s a little slap.) 2

Buffalo Bill. Colonel Cody.

Buffalo Robe (4). The skin of a
bison dressed without removing the hair,
and used asa travelling rug. The word
‘*rebe”’ is often omitted.

‘The large and roomy sleigh was decked with

buffalo robes, red-bound, and furnished with
sham eyes and ears.”—The Upper Ten Thousand,

Pa Leaving all hands under their buffaloes.”—
Kane: Arctic Expedition.

Buffer of a railway carriage is an
apparatus to rebuff or deaden the force
of collision.

‘Buffer (4). A chap. The French
bouffer (older form, bauffer) meant to
eat, as wl bauffera tout seul. Tf this is

the basis of the word, a buffer is one
| the inventor, who settled in Paris during

who eats with us, called a Commoner
in our universities. ;

“1 always said the old buffer would.”—Miss
Braddon: Lady Audley’s Secret.

Buffoon means one who puffs out his -
cheeks, and makes a, ridiculous explosion”

by causing them suddenly to collapse.
This being a standing trick with clowns,
caused the name to be applied to low

jesters. The Italian daffare is “to puff
out the cheeks for the purpose of making
an explosion;’? our puff. — (Italian
buffone, a buffoon ; French bouffon.

Buffoons. Names synonymous with

Huffogn i
obéche. A clown in a small theatre
in the Boulevart du Temple, Paris.
(1815-1825.)

Galimafre. A contemporary and rival
of the former.

Labarin. | (Of the seventeenth
Bruscambille. century. )
Grimaldi. (1779-1837.) (See Scara-

MOUCH, )

Buffs, The old 3rd regiment of foot
soldiers. The men’s coats were lined
and faced with buff , they also wore buff
waistcoats, buff breeches, and buff
stockings. These are the ‘‘ Old Buffs,”
raised in 1689,

At one time called the Buff Howards, from
Howard their colonel (1737-1749). :
_ The “ Young Buffs” are the old 3ist Foot raised
in 1702 ; now called the “ Huntingdonshire Regi-
ment,” whose present uniforin is scarlet with bust

facings.
The Rothshire Buffs. The old 78th,
now the second battalion of the Seaforth

Highlanders.

Bugaboo,
introduced into the tales. of
Italian romancers, (See below.)

A monster, or goblm,
the old

Bugbear. A scarecrow. Bug is the
Welsh dwg, a hobgoblin, called in Russia
buka. Spenser says, ‘‘A ghastly bug
doth greatly them affear’’ (book il.
canto 3); .and Hamlet has ‘‘ bugs and
goblins’? (v. 2).

“ Warwick was a bug that feared us all.”
Shakespeare: 3 Henry IV., v. 3.
“Mo the world no bugbear is so great

As want of figure and a small estate.”
Pope: Satires, iii. 67-68

} The latter half of this word is some-
what doubtful. The Welsh bar=ire,
fury, wrath, whence darog, spiteful,
seems probable.

Buggy. A light vehicle without a

hood, drawn by one horse. (Hindu-
| stani, baghi.)
Buhl-work. Cabinet - work, inlaid

with brass ; so called from Sigvor Boule,

the reign of Louis XIV. (The word
should be spelt BoULE- WORK.)

Build, for make, as, 4 man of strong
build, a man of robust make, The
metaphor is evident. .

Build. Applied to dress. Not so bad
a build after all, not badly made,

Builder's

Builder’s Square. Emblematic of
St. Thomas, patron of architects.

Bulbul. The nightingale. A Persian
word, familiarised by Tom Moore.

“'Twas like the notes, half-ecstasy, half-pain,

The bulbul utters.” i

Moore: Lalla Rookh (Veiled Prophet, part 1,
stanza 14),

Bulis, metamorphosed into a drake ;
and his son, Egypios, into a vulture.

Bull, One of the twelve signs of the
Zodiac (April 20 to May 21). The time
for ploughing, which in Egypt was per-
formed by oxen or bulls.

© At last from Aries rolls the bounteous sun,

And the bright Bull receives him.”

Thomson: Spring, 26, 27.

Bull, A blunder, or inadvertent con-
tradiction of terms, for which the Irish
are proverbial. Zhe British Apollo,
1740, says the term is derived from one
Obadiah Bull, an Irish lawyer of London,
in the reign of Henry VII., whose blun-
dering in this way was notorious.

Bullis a five-shilling piece. ‘‘ Half a
bull”? is half-a-crown. From dalla, a
great leaden seal. Hood, in one of his
comic sketches, speaks of a crier who,
being apprehended, ‘‘swallowed three
hogs (shillings) and a bull.’’

The ‘pope’s bull, So called from the bulla
or capsule of the seal appended to the
document, Subsequently the seal was
called the bulla, and then the document
itself.

The edict of the Emperor Charles IV.
ee had a golden dz//a, and was there-

ore called the golden bull. (Se¢ GoLDEN
BULL.)

Bull. A public-house sign, the cogni-
sance of the house of Clare, The bull
and the boar were signs used by the par-
tisans of Clafte, and Richard, Duke of
Gloucester (Richard ITI.).

Bull,

A bull in a china shop. A maladroit
hand interfering with a delicate busi-
pen one who produces reckless destruc-

ion.

A brazen bull, An instrument of tor-
ture. (See PHALARIS.)

He may bear a bull that hath borne a
calf (Erasmus: Proverbs)—‘‘He that
accustometh hympselia to lytle thynges,
by lytle and lytle shalbe able to goa
waye with greater thynges (Taverner).

Lo take the bull by the horns. To
attack or encounter a threatened danger
fearlessly ; to go forth boldly to meet a
difficulty. The figure is taken from bull-
fights, in which a strong and skilful

186

Bullet

matadore will grasp the horns of a bull
about to toss him and hold it prisoner.
John Bull, An Englishman. Applied
to a native of England in Arbuthnot’s
ludicrous History of Europe. ‘This his-
tory is sometimes erroneously ascribed
to Dean Swift. In this satire the French
are called Lewis Baboon, and the Dutch

Nicholas Frog.
“One would think, in personifying itself,
a nation would ,.. picture something grand,

heroic, and imposing, but it is characteristic of
the peculiar bumuur of the English, and of their
love for what is blunt, comic, and fainiliar, that
they have embodied their national oddities in the

figure of a sturdy, corpulent old fellow... with
red waistcoat, Jeather breeches,and a stout oaken
cudgel ,.. [whom -they call] John Bull.”—Wash-

ington Irving.

Bull and Gate. Bull and Mouth.
Public-house signs. A corruption of
Boulogne Gate or Mouth, adopted out
of compliment to Henry VIII., who
took Boulogne in 1644.

Bull-dog (4). A man of relentless,
savage disposition is sometimes so called
A “bull-dog courage’? is one that
flinches from no danger. The ‘*bull-
dog’? was the dog formerly used in bull-
baiting.

Bull-dogs, in University slang, are
the two myrmidons of the proctor, who
attend his heels like dogs, and are ready
to spring on any offending undergraduate
like bull-dogs, (See MyRMIDONS.)

Bull-necked. The Bull-necked Forger.
Cagliostro, the huge impostor, was so
called. (1743-1795.)

‘Bull-ring. (See Mayor OF THE BULL-
Rina.)

Bull’s Eye. A small cloud suddenly
appearing, seemingly in violent motion,
and growing out of itself. It soon
covers the entire vault of heaven, pro-
ducing a tumult of wind and rain,
(1 Kings xviii. 44.)

Bull’s Eye. The inner disc of a target.

“A little way from the centre there isa spot
where the shots are thickly gathered ; some few
have hit the bull’s-eye.”—Fiske; Excursions, etc.,
chap. vi. p. 178. ;

To make a bull’s eye. To gain some
signal advantage; a successful, coup,
To fire or shoot an arrow right into the
centre disc of the target. —

Bulls, in Stock ere phrase-
ology, means those dealers who “bull,”
or try to raise the price of stock, with
the view of effecting sales. A bull-
account is a speculation made under the

_hope that the stock purchased will rise

before the day of settlement. (Scc BEaR.)

Bullet. Every bullet has its billet.
Nothing happens by chance, and no act

srt se Bulletin

187

Bun

is altogether without some effect. ‘*There
is a divinity that shapes our ends, rough
hew them as we will,’”? Another mean-
ing is this: an arrow or bullet is not
discharged at random, but at some mark
or for some dzliberate purpose.

“Let the arrow fly that has a mark."—Cesar
Borgig, chap, xx.

Bulletin, French for a certificate.
An official report of an officer to his
superior, or of medical attendants re-
specting the health of persons of notor-
iety ; so called because they were au-
thenticated by an official dulla or seal,
(Spauilhy boletin, a warrant; Italian,

ullettino, a roll.)

Bulling the Barrel is pouring water
into a rum cask, when it is nearly empty,
to prevent its leaking, The water, which
gets impregnated with the spirit and is
very intoxicating, is called wil.

Seamen talk of bulling the tcapot
(making a second brew), dulling the
coffee, etc,

Bullion pe erly means the mint
where dol/a, little round coins, are made.
Subsequently the metal in the mint.

Bully. To overbear with words. 4
bully is a blustering menacer, (Anglo-
Saxon, belgian, to bellow like a pally

It is often used, without any mixture
of reproof, as a term of endearment,

asi—

“O sweet bully Bottom.”"~—Midsummer Night's

Pipicda thee: Bully. doctor.” —Merry Wives of
“Bless thee, du octor.” — Mer ives 0,

Windsor, il. 3. , “ cae or at

Bully-boy (4). A jolly companion,
a “brick.” (German, buhle, a lover;
buhler, a gallant.)

‘* We be three poor mariners

Newly come from the seas,
‘We spend our lives in jeopardy,
While others live at ease ;
Shall we go dance the round, the round,
Shall we go dance the round?
And he that isa bully boy
, Come pledge me on this ground.”
Deuteromelia. (1609.)

Bully-rook. A blustering cheat. Like
bully, it is sometimes used without any
offensive meaning. Thus the Host, in
The Merry Wives of Windsor, addresses
Sir John Falstaff, Ford, and Page, etc.,
as bully-rook—‘‘ How now, my bully-
rook?P’’ equal to ‘‘iny fine fellow.’’

% A. bully rake is ‘‘one who fights
for fighting’s sake.’’ To dully-rag is to
intimidate ; dully.ragging is abusive in-
timidation. According to Halliwell, a
rag is a scold, and hencea ‘‘ragging”’
means a scolding. Connected with rage,

Bum-bailiff.

e

The French pousse-cul seems to favour

the notion that bum-bailiff is no corrup-
tion, These officers are frequently re-
ferred to as bums,

Scout me for him at the corner of the orchard,
like a bum-bailiff.”
Shakespeare; Twelfth Night, iii. 4.

Bum-boat. A small wide boat to
carry provisions to vessels lying off shore.
Also called ‘‘ dirt-boats,’’ being used for
removing filth from ships lying in the

Thames, (Dutch, bimboot, a wide fish-
ing boat. In Canada a punt is called a
bun. A bunis a receptacle for keeping

fish alive.)

Bumble. A beadle. So called from
the officious, overbearing beadle in
Dickens’s Oliver Twist..

Bumbledom. The dominion of an
overbearing parish officer, the arro-
gance of parish authorities, the conceit
of parish dignity. (See above.)

Bummarees, A class of middlemen
or fish-jobbers in Billingsgate Market,
who get a living by bummareeing, 1.e.
buying parcels of fish from the sales=
men, and then retailing them. A cor-
ruption of bo»ne marée, good fresh fish,
or the seller thereof. According to the
Dictionnaire de Acadimie, marée means
toute sorte de poisson de mer que n'est pas
salé. Bonne marée, marée fraiche.

Bumper. A full glass, generally
connected with a ‘‘toast.” Dr. Arn
says a bumper is when the surface of
the wine bumps up in the middle,
(French, bomber, to render convex, to
bulge or swell out.)

“A fancied connection with hump, a swelling,
has not ae | influenced the form of the word,
but [has] added the notion of fulness,”—Skeat:
Etymological Dictionary, a

Bumpkin, A loutish person. (Dutch,
boomken, a sprout, a fool.) This word
very closely resembles the word ‘‘ chit.”’
(See CHITTY.)

Bumptious, Arrogant, fullof mighty
airs and graces; apt to take offeuce at
presumed slights. A corruption of pre-
sumptuous, first into ‘‘sumptious,’’ then
to bumptious.

Bun. A small cake. (Irish, boinncog,
Scotch, bannock.)

% In regard to ‘‘hot cross buns’? on
Good Friday, it may be stated that the
Greeks offered to Apollo, Diana, Hecate,
and the Moon, cakes with ‘‘horns,’’
Such a cake was called a bous, and (it is
said) never grew mouldy. The ‘‘cross’’
symbolised the four quarters of the moon.
“ Good Friday comes this month; the old woman

‘Bunch

188

Bourbon .

Whose virtue is, if you believe what’s said,
They'll not grow mouldy like the common
bread.”
Poor Robin: Almanack, 1733,
Bunch of Fives. <A slang term for
the hand or fist,

Bunole (Joke), ‘* A prodigious hand
at matrimony, divinity, a song, and a
peck.”” He marries seven wives, loses all
in the flower of their age, is inconsolable
for two or three days, then resigns him-
self to the decrees of, Providence, and
marries again. (The Life and Opinions of
John Buncle, Esq., by Thomas Amory.)

“John is a kind of innocent Henry VIII. of
private life.’"—Leigh Hunt.

Bundle. Bundle off. Get away. To
bundle « person off, is to send him awa
unceremoniously. Similar to pack off.
The allusion is obvious.

Bundle of Sticks, sop, in one of
his fables, shows that sticks one by one
may be readily broken; not so when
several are bound together in a bundle.
The lesson taught is, that ‘‘ Union gives
strength.”’

“They now lay to heart the lesson of the bun-
dle of sticks,”"—The Times.

Bundschuh [highlows}]. An insur-
rection of the peasants of Germany in
the sixteenth century. So called from
the highlows or clouted shoon of the
insurgents.

Bung. A cant term for a toper.
“ Away, . .. you filthy bung,” says
Doll to Pistol. (2 Henry IV., ii. 4.)

Brother Bung. A cant term for a
publican.

Bung up. Close up, as a bung closes-

@ cask,

Bun'galow (Indian). The house of
a, European in India, generally a ground
floor with a verandah all round it, and
the roof thatched to keep off the hot
rays of the sun. There are English
bungalows at Birchington and on the
Norfolk coast near Cromer, A dék-
bungalow is a caravansary or house
built by the Government for the use of
travellers. (Hindustani, bangla.)

Bungay. Go to Bungay with you !—
i.e. get away and don’t bother me, or
don’t talk such stuff. Bungay, in
Suffolk, used to be famous for the manu-
facture of leather breeches, once very
fashionable. Persons who required new
ones, or to have their old ones new-
seated, went or sent to Bungay for that
purpose. Hence rose the cant saying,
‘“Go to Bungay, and get your breeches
mended,’’ shortened into ‘‘Go to Bungay
with you!”

,

Bungay. fy castle of Bungay. (See
under CASTLE.)

Bunkum. Claptrap. A representa-
tive at Washington being asked why he
made such a flowery and angry speech
so wholly uncalled for, made answer, “t
was not speaking to the House, but to
Buncombe,” which he represented (North
Carolna),

“ America, too, will find that caucuses, stump-
oratory,and speeches to Buncom)e will not carry
meu to the immortal gods,”—Oarlyle: Latter-day
Pamphlets (Parliaments, p. 93).

Bunny. A rabbit. So called from
the provincial word bun, a tail: The
Scotch say of the hare, ‘‘she cocks her
bun.’”’ Bunny, a diminutive of bun
applied to a rabbit, means the anima
with the ‘little tail.”

% ops
daw the Solay column Pape
Bret Harte: Battle Bunny, stanza 1.

Bunsby (Jack). Captain .Cuttle’s
friend ; a Sir Oracle of his neighbours ;
profoundly mysterious, and keeping his
eye always fixed upon invisible dream-
land somewhere beyond the limits of
ante space. (Dickens: Dombey and

(on. ) 23

Bunting. In Somersetshire bunting
means sifting flour. Sieves were at one
time made of a strong gauzy woollen
cloth, which being tough and capable of
resisting wear, was found suitable for
flags, and now has changed its reference
from sieves to flags. <A ‘‘ bunt-mill”’ is
a machine for sifting corn.

“Not unlike .. . a baker's bunt, when he separ-
ates the flour from tbe bran.”—Stedman.

Baphagos.: Pausanias (viii. 24) tells
us that the son of Japhet was called Bu-
phagos (glutton), as Hereules was called
Adephagus, because on one occasion he
ate a whole ox (Athengos x.). The
French call the English ‘“ Beefeaters,’’
because they are eaters of large joints of
meat, and not of delicate, well-dressed
viands, Neither of these has any rela-

. tion to our Yeomen of the Guards,

(See BEEFEATERS, page 116.)

Burbon. <A Imight assailed by a
rabble rout, who batter his shield to
pieces, and compel him to cast it, aside.
‘Talus renders him assistance, and is in-
formed by the rescued knight that Four-
de'lis, his own true love, had been enticed
away from him by Granterto. When
the rabble is dispersed, and Fourde'lis
recovered, Burbon places her on his
steed, and rides off as fast as possible.
Burbon is Henri IV. of France; Fourde’-
lis, the kingdom of France; the rabble
rout, the Roman Catholic party that tried

Buchardise

189

Burn

to set him aside; the shield he is com-
pelled to abandon is Protestantism ; his
carrying off Fourde'lis is his obtaining
the kingdom by a coup after his renunci-
ation of the Protestant cause. (Spenser :
Faérve Queene, v. 11.) ;

Burchardise. To speak ex cathedra ;
to speak with authority. Burchard (who
died 1026) compiled « volume of canons
of such undisputed authority, that any
sentence it gave was beyond appeal.

Burchell ( Mr.). A baronet who passes
himself off as a poor man, his real name
and title being Sir William Thornhill.
His favourite caut word is ‘ Fudge,”
(Goldsmith » Vicar of Wakefield.)

Burd (Helen). The Scotch female
impersonation of the French preur or
prud’ homme, with this difference, that
she is discreet, rather than brave and
wise.

Burden of a Song. The words re-
peated in each verse, the chorus or re-
frain. It is the French bourdon, the big
drone of a bagpipe, or double-diapason
of an organ, used in forté parts and
choruses.

Burden of Isaiah. The “measure” of
a prophecy atfhouncing a calamity, or a
denunciation of hardships on those
against whom the burden is uttered.
(Isa. xiii. 1, ete.)

The burden of proof. The obligation
to prove something.

“The burden of proof is on the party holding
the altirmative” (because no one can prove a
negative, except by reductio ad absurdum).—
Greenteaf : On Evidence (vol. i. part 2, chap. tii.
p. B

Bure (2 syl.). The first woman, and
sister of Borr, the father of Odin. (Scan-

dinavian mythology.)

Bureauc’racy. A system of govern-

ment in which the business is carried on
in bureaux or departments. The French
bureau means not only the office of a
public functionary, but also the whole
staff of officers attached to the depart-
fment. As a word of reproach, bureau-
cracy has nearly the same meaning as
Dickens's word, red-tapeism (q.v.).
- Burglar [burg-larron].
of a burgh, castle, or house, Burglary
is called, in ancient law-books, hame-
secken or ham-secn, house-violation,

Burgun’dian. 4A Burgundian blow,
i.e. decapitation. The Duc de Biron,
who was put to death for treason by
‘Henri IV., was told in his youth, by a
fortune-teller, ‘‘ to beware of a Burgun-
dian blow.””. When going to execution,

The robber’

he asked who was to be his executioner,
and was told he was a man from Bur-
gundy.

Burial of an Ass,

“He shall be buried with the burial of an ass,
drawn and cast forth beyond the gates of Jeru-
salem.”"—Jer. xxii. 19.

Buridan’s Ass. A man of inde-
cision; like one ‘‘on double business
bound, who stands in pause where he
should first begin, and both neglects,”
Butridan the scholastic said: “If a
hungry ass were placed exactly between
two hay-stacks in every respect equal,
it would starve to death, because there
would be no motive why it should go to
one rather than to the other.”

No burial at all.

Burke, To murder by placing some-
thing over the mouth of the person at-
tacked to prevent his giving alarm, So
called from Burke, an Irishman, who
used to suffocate his victims and murder
thein for the sole purpose of selling the
dead bodies to surgeons for dissection.
Hanged at Edinburgh, 1829.

To burke a question. To strangle it in
its birth. Zhe publication was burked -
suppressed before it was circulated,

Burkers. Body-snatchers; those who
kill by burking. sosft

Burl, Burler. In Cumberland, a
burler is the master of the revels at a
bidden-wedding, who-is to see that the
guests are well furnished with drink.
To burl is to carouse or pour out liquor.
(Anglo-Saxon, byrlan.)

“Mr. H. called fora quart.of beer. . He told
mé to burl out the beer, as he was, in a hurry, and
1 burled out_the glass and gave it to him,”"—The
Times: Law Reports.

BurlaworByrlaw. A sort of Lynch-
law in the rural districts of Scotland.
The inhabitants of a district used to
make certain laws for their own observ-
ance, and appoint one of their neigh-
bours, called the Burlaw-man, to carry
out the pains and penalties, The word
is a corrupt form of dbyr-law, byr=a
burgh, common in such names as Derby,
the burgh on the Derwent; Grimsby
(q.v.), Grims-town.

Burlesque. Father of burlesque poetry.
er See of Ephesus. (Sixth century
B.C, :

Burlond, <A giant whose legs Sir
Try’amour cut off. (Romance of Sir
Tryamour.)

Burn. His money burns a hole in_his
pocket, He cannot keep it in his pocket,
or forbear spending it. ;

Burn

190

To burn one’s boats. To cut oneself off
from all means or hope of retreat. The
allusion is to Julius Cesar and other
generals, who burned their boats or ships
when they invaded a foreign country,

in order that their soldiers might feel -

that they must either conquer the
country or die, as retreat would be
impossible,

To. burn one's fingers. To suffer loss
oF speculation or interference. The
allusion is to taking chestnuts from
the fire.

“He has been bolstering up these rotten iron-
works. I told him he would burn his fingers.”—
Mrs. Lynn Linton,

You cannot burn the candle at both ends.
You cannot do two opposite things at
one and the same time; you cannot
‘exhaust your energies in one direction,
and yet reserve them unimpaired for
something else.. If you go to bed late
you cannot get up early. You cannot
eat your cake and have it too. You
cannof serve God and Mammon, You
cannot serve two masters. Pourswis deux
licvres, et les manques, (La Fontaine.)
Simul sorbére ac flare non possum.

We burn daylight. We waste time in
talk instead of action. (Shakespeare :
Merry Wives of Windsor, i. 1,)

Burn, a stream, A variant of bourn
(Anglo-Saxon, burne, a brook, as in
Winterbourne, Burnham,Swinburn, ete. ).

Burning Crown (4)., A crown of
red-hot iron set on the head of regicides.
“He was adjudged
To have his head seared with a burning crown.”
; Tragedy of Hoffmann, (1631.)

Burnt. The burnt child dreads the

Jire. Once caught, twice shy. ‘‘What!

wouldst thou have a serpent sting thee
twice?”

Burnt Candlemas Day, Feb. 2,
1355-6, when, Edward YII. marched
through the Lothians with fire and
sword. He burnt to the ground Edin-
burgh and Haddington, and .then re-
treated from want of provisions, The
Scots callthe period ‘‘ Burnt Candlemas,”’
(See ‘‘Epochs of History,’ England
under the Plantagenets ; and Macmillan’s
series, Little History of Scotland, edited
-by Prof, Freeman.)

Bursa (a bull’s hide), So the citadel
of Carthage was called, The tale is
that when Dido came to Africa she
bought of the natives ‘as much land as
could be encompassed Ay a bull’s hide,”
The agreement was made, and Dido cut
the hide into thongs, so as. to enclose a
space sufficient for a citadel,

The following is a similar story: The
Yakutsks granted to the Russian ex-
plorers as much land as they could
encompass with a cow’s hide; but the
Russians, cutting the hide into strips
obtained land enough for the port an
town of Yakutsk.

The Indians have a somewhat similar
tradition. The fifth incarnation of
Vishnu was in the form of adwarf called
Vamen, Vamen, presenting himself
before the giant Bal , asked as a reward
for services as much land as he could
measure in three paces to build a hut
on. Baly Ling oe at the request, and
freely granted it. Whereupon the
dwarf grew so prodigiously large that,
with three paces, -he strode over the
whole world. (Sonnerat: Voyages, vol.
i. p. 24.)

Burst. To inform against an accom-

lice, Slang variety of “split”? (turn
ing’s evidence, impeach). e person
who does this splits or breaks up the
whole concern. ©

Bury the Hatchet. Let by-gones
be by-gones. The ‘‘ Great Spirit’? com:
manded the North American - Indians,
when they smoked the cal/umet or peace-

ipe, to bury their hatchet, scalping-
ives, and war-clubs. in the ground,
that all thought of hostility might be

| buried out of sight.

“It is much to be regrétted that the American
government, having breneig the great wat to a
conclusion, did not bury the hatchet altogether,”
—The Times.

* Buried was the bloody hatchet ;
Buried was the dreadful war-club ;
Buried were all warlike weapons,
And the war-cry was forgotten ;
Then wag peace among the nations.” _
Longfellow ; Hiawatha, xiii.

Burying, Cremation. The Parsees
neither bury or burn their dead, because
they will not defile the elements (fire
and earth). So they carry their dead
to the Tower of Silence, and leave the
body there to be devoured .by vultures,
(See Nineteenth Century, October, 1893,
p. 611.)

Burying at Cross Roads. (Sce
Cross- ROADS.) ;

‘Bus. A contraction of Omnibus, Of.
course, Omnibi, as a plural, though some-

times used, is quite absurd.

Busby (4). A frizzled wig. Doctor
Busby, master of Westminster school,
did not wear a frizzled wig, but a close
cap, somewhat like a Welsh wig. (Sce
Wis.) 4 eet “Bi

Busby. The tall cap of a hussar,
artillery-man, etc., which hangs from
the top over the right shoulder.

Busby =

r

Bush 191

Bush. One beats the bush, but another
has the hare, i.e. one does the work, but
another reaps the profit. The Latins
said, Sve vos non vobis. The allusion is
to beating the bush to start game. (See
BEaTING.)

Good wine needs no bush. A good ar-
ticle will make itself known without
being puffed. The booths in fairs used
t» be dressed with ivy, to indicate that
wine was sold there, ivy being sacred to
Bacchus. An ivy-bush was once the
common sign of taverns, and especially of

rivate houses where beer or wine could
obtained by travellers, In France, a
peasant who sells his vineyard has to put
a green bush over his door.
he proverb is Latin, and shows that
the Romans introduced the custom into
Europe. ‘* Vino vendibili hed'era non
opus est”? (Columella), It was also com-
mon to France. ‘* du vin qui se vend
bien, il ne faut point de lierre.”

“If it be true that good wine needs no bush, ‘tis
true thata good play needs no prologue.”
Shakespeare: As You Like It Epilogue).

To tuke to the bush. To become bush-
rangers, like runaway convicts who live
by plunder. The bush in this case
means what the Dutch call bosch, the
uncleared land as opposed to towns and
clearings,

“Everything bein
than away in tbe
Woods.

Bushel. Zo measure other peers
corn by one’s own bushel. To make one-
self the standard of right and wrong ; to
appraise everything as it accords or dis-
agrees with one’s own habits of thought
aitd preconceived opinions; to be ex-
tremely bigoted and self-opiniated.

Under a bushel. Secretly ; in order to
hide it.

“Do men light a candle and put it under a
bushel ?"”—Matt. v. 15.

Bushman (Dutch, Boschjesman). Na-
tives of South Africa who live in the
**bush”; the aborigines of the Cape;
dwellers in the Australian ‘‘bush;” a
bush farmer,

“Bushmen, ... are the only nomades in the
country. They never cultivate the soil, nor rear
any domestic animal save wretched dogs.”—
Livingstone: Travels, chap. ii. p. 55.

Bushrangers. Escaped convicts who
have taken refuge in the Australian
*“bush,”’ and subsist by plunder.

“The bushrangers at first were absentees [i.e.
escaped convicts) who were soon allured. or
driven to theft and violence. So early 48 1808
they had, by systematic robbery, excited feelings
‘of alarm,"—West : Tasmania,
~ Business, Busy. Saxon, bysgian, the
verb, bysig (busy) ; Dutch, bezigen ; Ger-
man, besorgniss (care, management) ;

much cheaper in Toronto
ush.”"—Geikie: Infe in the

Butcher

sorge (care); Saxon, seogan (to see).
From the German sorgen we get the
French soigner (to look after something),
soigne, and be-sogne (business, or that
which is our care and concern), with
be-soin (something looked after but not
found, hence ‘‘want’’); the Italian
besognio (a beggar).

Business To-morrow. When the
Spartans seized upon Thebes, they placed
Arc‘hias over the garrison. Pelop‘idas,
with eleven others, banded together to
put Archias to the sword. A letter con-
taining full details of the plot was given
to the Spartan polemarch at the banquet
table; but Archias thrust thé letter
under his cushion, saying, ‘‘ Business to-
morrow.’’ But long ere that sun arose
he was numbered with the dead.

Bu’ssirane (3 syl.). An enchanter
bound by Brit’omart. (Spenser: Faérie
Queene, book iii, 11, 12.)

Busi'ris. A king of Egypt, who used
to immolate to the gods all strangers
who set foot on his shores. Hercules
was seized by him; and would have

fallen a victim, but he broke his chain,
and slew the inhospitable king.

Busi‘ris, according to Milton, is the
Pharaoh who was drowned in the RedSea,
“Vex'd the Red-Sea coast, whose waves o’ér-

Busiris and his Memphian chivalry.” |

Paradise Lost, book i. 306, 307.

Buskin, Tragedy. The Greek tra-
gic actors used to wear a sandal some
two or three inches thick, to elevate
their stature. To this sole was attached
a very elegant buskin, and the whole.
was called cothur’nus, (See Sock.)

“ Or what (though rare) of later age
Ennobled hath the buskined stage.”
Milton: Il Penseroso, 79, 80.

Buss. To kiss, (Welsh, dus, the
human lip; Gaelic, bus, the mouth ;
French, daiser, a kiss.)

“Yon towers, whose wanton tops do buss the;
clouds,

Must kiss their own feet.”

kespeare: Troilus and Cressida, iv. 5.

Busterich. A German god. His
idol may still be seen at Sondershusa,
the castle of Schwartzenburg.

Busy as a Bee. The equivalent
Latin phrase is ‘‘ Satdgis tamquam mus in
matella.”? (See SIMILES.)

Butcher. Zhe Butcher. Achined’
Pasha was called dezzar (the puleher),
and is said to have whipped off the h
of his seven wives. He is famous for,
his defence of Acre against Napoleon I..

The Butcher, John, ninth lord Clifforé,:
also called The Black, died 1461. 4

Butcher

192

The Bloody Butcher. The Duke of
Cumberland, second son of George I.
So called from his barbarities in sup-
pressing the rebellion of the young Pre-
tender.

The Royalist Butcher. Blaise de Mont-
luc, distinguished for his cruelties to the
Protestants in the reign of Charles IX.
of France (1502-1572).

Butcher Boots, The black boots
worn én petite tenue in the hunting field.

Butter. Soft soap, soft solder (pron.
saw-der), “ wiping down” with winning
words. Punch expressively calls it ‘‘the
milk of human kindness churned into
butter.”? (Anglo-Saxon, butere or butyre,
Latin, butyrum, Greek, boutijron, i.e.

bou-turos, cow-cheese, as distinguished

from goat- or ewe-butter.)

Soft words butter no parsnips. Saying
‘« ¢ Be thou fed,’ will not feed a hungry
man.” Mere words will not find salt to
our porridge, or butter to our parsnips.

“ Pine words, says our homely old proverb, but-
ter no parsnips.”—Lowell.

He looks as if butter would not melt in
his mouth. He looks like a dolt. He
looks quite harmless and expressly made
to be played upon. Yet beware, and
“ touch not a cat but a glove.”

, “She smiles and languishes, you'd think that
butter would not meltin her mouth.”—Thackeray:
Pendenniz, Ix.

He knows on which side his bread is
buttered. He knows his own interest.
Scit uti foro.

He that has good ged butter may
lay it thick on his bread. 4 multum est
piptris, etiam oleribus immiscet,

To butter one’s bread on both sides. To
be wastefully extravagant and Inxurious.

Butter-fingera, Said of a poe
who lets things fali out of his hand. His
fingers are slippery, and things slip from
them as if they were greased with butter.
Often heard on the cricket field. ~

“T never was s butter-fingers, though a bad
batter.”—H. Kingeley. _

Butter-tooth (4). A wide front
tooth. (See Buck-r00TH.)

Buttered Ale. A beverage made of
ale or beer (without hops) mixed with
butter, sugar, and cinnamon.

Buttons

—

yellow colour of butter is owing to these
plants.”

Butterflies, in the cab trade, are
those drivers who take to the occupation
only in summer-time, and at the best of
the season. At other times they follow
some other occupation.

“The feeling of the regular drivers against
these orang ON strong.”—Nineteenth
- A kiss with

Butterfly Kiss (4)
one’s eyelashes, that is, stroking thé
cheek with one’s eydlaszhes.

Button. A decoy in an auction-
room; so called because he buttous
ties the unwary to bargains offered for
sale, The button fastens or fixes
else would slip away. r

The button of the cap. The tip-top.
Thus, in Hamlet, says:
‘‘ On fortune’s cap we are not the very
button”? (act ii. se. 2), 4.¢. the most
highly favoured. The button on the
cap was a mark of honour. Thus, in
China to the present hour, the first
grade of li honour is the privilege
of adding a gold button to the cap, a
custom adopted in several co)
schools of England. ps oe the ex-
pression quoted a further . Also,
the several grades of mandarins are dis-~
tinguished by a different coloured button
on the top of their cap.

Button (of a foil). The piece of cork
fixed to the end of a foil to protect the
point and prevent injury in fencing.

Buttons. The two buttons on the
back of a coat, in the fall of the back,
are a survival of the buttons on the back

,
button back the coat-tails. :
A boy in buttons. A page, whose
jacket in front is remarkable fora display
of small round buttons, as close as they
can be inserted, from chin to waist.
a nts Biting Ook Secael ates

dressed to look emalL”—H +: Hazard of Ni
Fortunes, (vol i. part L chap. vii. p. 541. heaped

He has not all his buttons. He is half-
silly ; ‘‘ not all there”; he is “a button
Dash my buttons, Here, “ buttons”
means lot or destiny, and “dash” is a
pose oon form of a more offensive

whe buttons come off the foils, Figura-

tively, the courtesies of eet”

Tt

Button-hole

Bygones

’Tis in his buttons. He is destined to
obtain the prize; he is the accepted
lover. It is still common to hear boys
count their buttons to know what trade
they are to follow, whether they are
to do a thing or not, and whether some
favourite favours them, (Sce BACHELOR.)

“Tis in his buttons: be will carry’t.”—Shake-
speare: Merry Wives of Windsor, iii. 2,

*Tis not in his buttons. ’Tis not in his
power, ’tis not in his lot.

To have a soul above buttons. To be
worthy of better things; to have abili-
ties too good for one’s present employ-
ment. ‘This is explained by George
Colman in Sylrester Daggerwood: “My
father was an eminent button-maker...
but [hada soul above buttons... and
panted for a liberal profession.”

To put into buttons, To dress a boy as
a “page,” with a jacket full in the
front with little buttons, generally me-
tallic and very conspicuous.

To take by the button. To detain one
in conversation ; to apprehend, as, ‘‘ to
take fortune by the button.”” The allu-
sion is to a custom, now discontinued,
of holding a person by the button or
button-hole in conversation.

Button-hole. 7b button-hole a person.
To bore one with conversation. The
French have thesame locution: Server le
bouton [i quel qu’un],

“He went about button-holing and boriog
everyone.”"—H, Kingsley: Jfathilde.

To take one down a button-hole. To
take one down a peg; to lower one’s
conceit,

“Better mind yerselves, or Ill take ye downa
button-bole lower."—Mrs. B. Stowe: Uncle Tom's
Cabin, iv.

Button-hole (4), A flower inserted
in the button-hole of a coat.

“In fine wéather he [the driver of a hansom)
will sport a butten-hole—generally a dablia, or
some flower of that ilk."—Nineteenth Century
(March, 1893, p. 473).

Buy in (Zo). To collect stock by
purchase; to withhold the sale of some-
thing offered at auction, because the
bidding has not reached the “reserve
price.’

Buy Off (Zo). To give a person
money to drop a claim or put an end to
contention, or to throw up a partner-
ship.

Buy Out (Zo). Toredeem orransom.

“ Not being able to buy out his life....
Dies ere the weary sun set.”
: ‘ Shakespeare; Comedy of Errors, i. 2.

Buy Over (Zo). To induce one by a
bribe to renounce his claim; to gain
over by bribery.

13

a Se

To buy over a person’s head. To out-
bid another.

Buy Up (7). To purchase stock to
such an amount as to obtain a virtual
monopoly, and thus command the mar-
ket ; to make a corner, as ‘‘to buy up
corn,”’ ete.

Buying a Pig in a Poke.
Pig, ete.)

Buzfuz (Serjeant). A driving, chaff-
ing, masculine bar orator, who twists
‘*Chops and Tomato Sauce’’ into a de-
claration of love. (Dickens: Pickwick
Papers.)

Buzz. Empty the bottle.
tion of bouse (to drink).

“In bousing a bout "twas bis gift to excel
And ofall jolly topers he bore off the bell.”

(See Boozy.)
Buzz (4).

report.
“Yes, that, on every dream,
Each buzz, each fancy...
He may enguard his dotage.”
: Shakespeare: King Lear,i. 4.
Buzzard (7Zie) is meant for Dr. Bur-
nett, whose figure was lusty.
“The noble Buzzard ever pleased me lest.”
Dryden: Hind and Panther, part iii. 1121,
Buzzard called hawk by courtesy. It
is a euphemism—a brevet rank—a com-
plimentary title. Se
“Of small renown, 'tis true; for, not to lie,
We call (your huzzard) “ bawk” by courtesy.”
Dryden: Hind and Panther, iii, 1122-3.

Between hawk and buzzard. Not quite
a lady or gentleman, nor quite a ser-
vant. Applied to tutors in private
houses, bear-leaders, and other grown-
up persons who are allowed to come
down to dessert, but not to be guests at
the dinner-table. ?

By. Meaning against. ‘I know
nothing by myself, yet am I not thereby
justified.” (1 Cor. iv. 4.)

By-and-by now means a little time
hence, but when the Bible was trans-
lated it meant instantly. ‘‘ When perse-
cution ariseth . . . by-and-by he is
offended’ (Matt. xiii. 21); rendered in
Mark iy. 17 by the word ‘‘ immediately.”’
Our presently means in a little time

(See

A corrup-

A rumour, a whispered

hencé, but in French présentement means

now, directly. Thus in France we see,
These apartments to be let presently, mean-
ing 20#—a phrase which would in English
signify by-and-by.

Bygones. Jet bygones be bygones.
Let yk peat: te forgotten and
never brought to mind. ;

‘By-laws

194

Cabal

a

By-laws. Local laws. From dy, a
borough. Properly, laws by a Town
‘Council, and bearing only on the borough
or company over which it has jurisdic-
tion.

By-road (4), Not a main road; a
local road.

By-the-by. -

En passant, laterally
connected with the main'subject.

“ By-

‘play’? is side or secondary play; “By- .

lanes and streets’? are those which
branch out of the main thoroughfare.
The first ‘‘ by’? means passing from one to
another, as in the phrase ‘‘ Day by day”
Thus * By-the-by ”’ is passing from the
main subject to a dy or secondary one.

By-the-way is au incidental remark ;

thrown in, and fending the same way as!
the discourse itself,

Byron. The Polish Byron.
Mickiewicz (1798-1855).
The Russian Byron.

geivitch Puschkin (1799-1837).
Byrsa. (See page 191, col. 1, Bursa.)
Byzantine Art. That symbolical
system which was develo

Greek or Byzantine artists out of the
Christian symbolism, Its chief features

‘Adam.

are the circle, dome, and round arch; |

and its chief symbols the lily, -cross,
vesica, and nimbus, St. Sophia, at Con-
stantinople, and St. Mark, at Venice, are
excellent examples,

Byzantine Empire (Zhe). The
Eastern or Greek. Empire from 395 to
1453.

Byzantine. Historians. Certain
Greek historians who lived under the
Eastern empire between.the sixth and
fifteenth centuries, They may bedivided
into three groups 0 Those whose
works form a continuous history of the
Byzantine empire, from the fourth cen-
tury
by the Turks; (2) general chroniclers
who wrote histories of the world from
the oldest period; and (3) writers on
Romay antiquities, statistics, and cus-

8.

Byzan'tines (3 syl.). Coins of the

Byzantine empire, generally called Be- |

sants.
Cc .
©. This letter is the outline of the
hollow of the hand, and is called in He-
brew caph (the hollow of the hand).
Cc. Th

e French c, when it is to be
sounded like s, has a mark under it (¢) ;

Alexander Ser- —

d by the early —

to the conquest of Constantinople -

| this mark is called.a cedillé. (A diminu-

tive of z ;-called- zeta in Greek, ceda in
Spanish.)

C. There is more than one poem
written of which every word begins with
C. For example: ;

(1) One composed by HuEBatp in
honour of Charles le Chauve. I¢€ is in
Latin hexameters and runs to somewhat
more than a hundred lines, the last two
of which are

“ Conveniet claras claustris componere cannas
~ Completur clarus carmen cantabile CaLVIs.”

(2) One by Hamcontus, called ‘ Cer
tamen.catholicum cum Calvinistis,”’

(3) One by Henny Harper, of 100
lines in Latin, on “Cats,’’ entitled:
““Canum eum Catis certamen carmine
compositum eurrente ealamo- C, Catulli
Caninii.”’? The first line is—

“ Cattotum canimus certamina clara canumque.”

Cats’ canine caterwauling contests chant.

See M and P for other examples.

Ca Ira (it will $2): Called empha-
tically Le Carillon National of the French
Revolution (Lio), It went to the tune
of the Carillon Notional, which Marie
Antoinette was for ever strumming on
ty pena eae

‘Ca Ira” was the rallyin bor-
rowed by the Federalists from Sank.
lin of erica, who used to say, in
reference to the American revolution,
Ah! ah! ga ira, ga iral”’ (twill de

‘sure todo). The‘refrain of the carillon

is.
Pity ro ie Piso :
pita erat ee
Caa’ba (3 syl.). The'shrine of Mecca,
said by the Arabs to be built on the
exact spot of the tabernacle let down
from heaven at the prayer of repentant
Adam. Adam had been a wanderer for
200 years, and here received pardon.
The shrine was built, according to Arab
tradition, by Ishmael, assisted by his
father Abraham, who. inserted in the

: walls a black stone ‘presented to him
by the angel Gabriel.’”

Cab. A contraction of cabriolet (a
little caperer), a small carriage that scam-

* pers along like a kid.

Cabal’, A junto or council of in-
triguers. One of ‘the Ministries of
Charles II. was called a cabal (1670),
because the initial letters of its members
formed this acrostic: Clifford, Ashley,
Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauder-
dale, ‘This accident may have popular-
ised the word, but, without doubt, we
borrowed it from the French cabale, “an

er ie

Cabala

198

Cachet =

intriguing faction,” and Hebrew cadala,
“secret knowledge.’ <A junto is merel
an assembly ; Spanish, junta, a counci
(See Noranica ; T: Rina.)
“In dark cabalsand mighty juntos met.”
Thomson,

“These ministers were emphatically called the
Cabal, and they soon made.the appellation 80 in»
famous that. it has never since’.... been used
gan as a term of reproach,” ~ Macuulay :

nglund, vol, i, chap. Il. P, 165.

Cab’ala. The oral Jaw of the, Jews
delivered down from father to ‘son by
word of mouth. Some of the rabbins say
that the angel Raziel instructed Adam
in it, the angel Japhiel instructed Shem,
and the angel Zedekiel instructed Abra-
ham; but the more usual belief is that
God instructed Moses, and Moses his
brother Aaron, and so on from age to

e.
“EN .BThe promises held out by the
cabala are: the abolition of sin and
sickness, abundant provision of all
-things needful for our well-being durin;
life, familiar intercourse with deity st
angels, the gitt of languages and pro-
:phecy, the power of transmuting metals,
and also of working miracles.

Cab/alist. A Jewish doctor who
professed the study of the Cabala, a
mysterious science said to have been
delivered to the Jews by revelation,
.and transmitted by oral tradition, This
science consisted mainly in understand-
ing the combination of certain letters,
words, aid numbers, said to he sig-
nificant. a

Cabalis'tic. Mystic word-juggling,
(See CABALIST.) P

Caballe‘ro.: A Spanish dance, grave
and stately ; so called from the ballad-
music to which it was danced. The
ballad begins—

Lsta noche le mataron al caballero.” |

Cabbage, It is said that no sort of
food causes‘so much thirst as cabbage,
especially that called colewort, Paus-
anias’ tells us it first sprang from the
sweat of Jupiter, some drops of which
fell on the earth. Ccelius, Rhodiginus,
Ovid, Suidas, and others repeat the
same fable.

“Some drops of sweat happening. to light on
the earth pradnoed als call cal
—Ribeluis: Pantayruel, pook iv, (Prologue).

Cabbage (Z»). To filch. Sometimes |

@ tailor is called ‘“‘ cabbage,” from his
ilfering cloth given him to make up.
us in Motteux’s Tabelais; iv. 52, we

read of ‘* Poor Cabbage’s hair.” (Old }

French, eabas, theft, verb cabasser;

“of the Cabinet.

“what mortals call cabbage.” ,

Dutch, kabassen; Swedish, -grabba ;
Danish, griber, our grab,)

“Your tailor; instead of. shreds, cabhages whole
yards of cloth.”—Arbuthnot’s John Bull,

Cabbage is also a common. schoolboy
term for a literary crib, or other petty
theft.

Cabinet Ministers. The chief offi-
cers of state in whom the administrative

te a is vested. It contains the

irst Lord of the Treasury (the Premier),
the Lord High Chancellor, Lord Pre-
sident of the Council, Lord Privy Seal,

Chancellor of the Exchequer, six Sécre-

taries of State, the First Lord of the
Admiralty, Lord Lieutenant and Lord
Chancellor of Ireland, President of the
Board of Trade, Chancellor of the
Duchy of Lancaster, the President of
the Board of Agriculture. The five
Secretaries of State are those of the
Home Department, Forei Affairs,
Colonies, War, India, and Chief-Secre-
tary to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
Sometimes other members of the
Government. are included, and some-
times one or two of the above left out
These Ministers are
privileged to consult the Sovéreign in the
private cabinet of the palace.

Cabiri, Mystic divinities worshipped

in ancient Egypt, Phonicia, Asia Minor,

and Greece. They ‘were inferior to

‘the supreme gods, -(Phenician, kadir,

powertul.)

Cable’s Length. 100 fathoms.

¥ Some think to avoid a difficulty by
rendering Matthew xix. 24 “It is easier
for a cable to go through thé eye of a
needle... .’’, but the word is képndov,
and the whole force of the passage rests
on the ‘‘impossibility.”’ of the thing, as
it is distinctly stated in Mark x, 24,
“How hard is it for them that uwst in
[their] riches, emi rots xpijuaow. , .” It is
impossible by the virtue of money or
by bribes to enter the. kingdom of
heaven. (Sce page 205, col. 1, CAMEL.)

Cabochon (Ez). Uncut, but only
polished; applied to emeralds, . rubies,
and other precious stones. (French,
cabochon.)

Cachecope Bell. A bell rung at
funerals, when.the pall was thrown over
the coffin. (French, cache corps, cover
over the body.)

Ca’chet (pron. onsiey) Lettres de
cachet (letters sealed). Under the old
French régime, carte-blanche warrants,
sealed with the king’s seal, might be
obtained for a consideration, and the

Cacodzsemon

196

Cadmean

person who held them might fill in any
name. Sometimes the warrant was to
set a prisoner at large, but it was more
frequently for detention in the Bastille.
During the administration of Cardinal
Fleury 80,000 of these cachets were
issued, the larger number being against
the Jan’senists, In the reigns of Louis
XV. and XVI. fifty-nine were obtained

against the one family of Mirabeau.’

This. scandal was abolished January
15th, 1790.

Cac’odx’mon. An evil spirit. As-

trologers give this name to the Twelfth |

House of Heaven, from which only evil
prognostics proceed. (Greek, sakos
daimon.)
“ Hie thee to hell for shame, and leave the world,
Thou cacodemon.”
Shakespeare: Richard III., i. 3.
Cacoe'thes (Greek), A ‘*bad habit.’’
Cacoethes loquendi. A passion for
making speeches or for talking.
Cacoethes scribendi. The love of rush-
ing into print; a mania for authorship.

Ca‘cus.
sented as three-headed, and vomiting
flames. He lived in Italy,. and was
strangled by Hercules. Sancho Panza
says of the Lord Rinaldo and his friends,
‘«They are greater thieves than Cacus,”’
(Don Quicote.)

Cad. <A low, vulgar fellow; an
omnibus conductor. Hither from cadet,
or a contraction of cadger (a packman).
The etymology of cad, a cadendo, is only
apun, N.B.—The Scotch cadie or eawdie
(a little servant, or errand-boy, or carrier

of a sedan-chair), without the dimi- -

nutive, offers a plausible suggestion.

“All Edinburgh. men and boys know that
when sedan-chairs were discontinued, the old
cadies sank into ruinous poverty, and became
synonymous with roughs. The word was brought
to London by James Hannay, who frequently
used it."—M, Pringle.

Caddice or Caddis. Worsted galloon
crewel. elsh, cadas, brocade; cadac
is a kerchief} Inish, cadan.)

© He bath ribands of all the colours ji’ the rain-
bow ;... caddisses, cambrics, lawns.”—Shake-
speare: Winter's Tule, iv. 3,

Caddice-garter. “A servant, a man of
mean rank. When garters were worn
in sight, the gentry used very expensive
ones, but the baser sort wore worsted
galloon ones. Prince ren! calls Poins
a ‘‘caddice-garter.”” (1 Henry. IV, ii.

: “ Dost hear,

My honest caddis-garter ?”
Glapthorne: Wit in a Constable, 1639.

,

A famous robber, repre-.

Caddy. A ghost, a bugbear, A
caddis is a grub, a bait for anglers.
“ Poor Miater Leviathan Addy !
Lo! bis grandeur so lately a sun,
.. Is sinking (sad fall!) to a caddy.”
Peter Pindar : Great Cry and Little Wool, epistle },
Cade. Jack Cade legislation. -Pres-
sure from without. The allusion is to
the insurrection of Jack Cade, an Irish-
man, who headed about 20,000 armed
men, chiefly of Kent, ‘‘to procure re-
dress of grievances ’’ (1450).

“You that love the conmons, follow me;
Now show yourselves men ; 'tis for liberty.
‘We will not leave one lord, one gentleman:
Spare none but such as go in cfouted sboon.”

Shakespeare: 2 Henry VI., iv. 2.

Cader Idris or Arthur's Seat, If
any man passes the night sitting on this
“‘chair,’’ he -will be either a poet or a
madman.

_ Cades‘sia (Battle of) gave the Arabs
the monarchy of Persia. (a.D.°636.),

Cadet. Younger branches of noble
families are called cadets, because their
armorial shields are marked with a
difference called a cadency. .

Cadet is a student at the Royal Mili-
tary Academy at Woolwich, the Royal
Military Coliege at Sandhurst, or in one
of her Majesty’s training ships, the
Excellent and the Britannia. From
these places they are sent (after passing
certain examinations) into the army as
ensigns or second lieutenants, and into
the navy as midshipmen, | (French,
cadet, junior member of a family.)

.Cadger. One who carries butter,
‘eggs, and poultry to market ; a packman
or huckster. From cadge (to carry).
Hence the frame on which hawks were
carried was called ‘‘a cadge,’’ and the
‘man who carried it, a ‘‘ cadger.””? Aman
of low degree.

“Every cadger thinks bimself as good as an
fe ae Malcolm, part ix, chap, xlv. p.

Ca‘di, among the Turks, Arabs, etc.,
is a town: magistrate or inferior judge.
‘Cadi Lesker”’ is a superior cadi. The
py galley Alcaydé is the Moorish al cadi.
(Arabic, the judge.)

Cadme‘an Letters (Zhe). The sim-
ple Greek letters introduced by Cadmus
from Pheenicia. (Greek yt

Cadme’an Victory (Greek, Kadmeia
niké; Latin, Cadmea Victoria). A vic-
tory purchased with great loss. The
allusion is to the armed men who sprang
out of the ground from the teeth of the
dragon sown by Cadmus. ‘These men
fell foul of each other, and only five of

them escaped death,

“~~ wY

Cadmeans

197 Caftan

Cadme‘ans, The Forte of Carthage
are called the Gens Cadméa, and so are
the Thebans,

Cadmus having slain the dragon
which guarded the fountain of Dircé, in
Bosotia, sowed the teeth of the monster,
when a number of armed men sprang up
and surrounded Cadmus with intent to
kill him, By the counsel of Minerva, he
threw a precious stone among the armed
men, who, striving for it, killed one
another. The foundation of the fable is
this : Cadmus having slain a famous free-
booter that infested Boeotia, his banditti
set upon him to revenge their captain's
death; but Cadmus sent a bribe, for
whieh they quarrelled and slew each
other.

Cadogan (Ca-dug’-an). <A club of
hair worn by young French ladies; so
called from the portrait of the first Earl
of Cadog’an, a print at one time very

opular in France, The fashion was
1ntroduced at the court of Montbéliard
by the Duchesse de Bourbon,

Cadu'ceus (4 syl.). A white wand
carried by Roman officers when they
went to treat for peace, The Egyptians
adorned the rod with a male and female
serpent twisted about it, and kissing each
other. From this use of the rod, it be-
came the symbol of eloquence and also
of office. In mythology, a caduceus
with wings is placed in the hands of
Mercury, the herald of the gods ; and the
poets feign that he could therewith give
sleep to whomsoever he chose; where-
fore Milton styles it ‘“‘ his opiate rod’’
in Paradise Lost, xi. 133. :

“So with his dread caduceus Hermés led
From the dark regions of the imprisoned dead ;
Or drove in silent shoals the lingering train
To Night's dull shore and Pluto’s dreary reign.”
Darwin: Loves of the Plants, ii. 291.
Cadur'ci, The people of Aquita’‘nia.
Cahors is the modern capital.

Coedmon. Cowherd of Whitby, the
greatest poet of the Anglo-Saxons. In
his wonderful romance we find the bold
prototype of Milton’s Paradise Lost, The
portions relating to the fall of the angels
are most striking. The hero encounters,
defeats, and finally slays Grendel, an
evil being of supernatural powers.

Cerite Franchise (Zhe). The fran-
chise 6f a Roman subject in a prefecture.
These subjects had the right of self-

overnment, and were registered by the |

oman censor as tax-payers; but they
enjoyed none of the privileges of a
Roman citizen. Caré was the first

community placed in this dependent posi-
tion, whence the term Cerite franchise.

Ca’erle’on, on the Usk, in Wales,
The habitual residence of King Arthur,
where he lived in splendid state, sur-
rounded by hundreds of knights, twelve
of whom he selected as Knights of the
Round Table,

Cesar was made by Hadrian a title,
conferred on the heir presumptive to the
throne (A.D. 136). Diocle’tian conferred
the title on the ‘two viceroys, calling the
two emperors Augustus (sacred majesty),
The German Emperor still assumes the
title of kaiser (¢.7.).

“Thou art an emperor, Czesar, keisar, and Phee»

- Zar."—Shakespeare: Merry Wives of Windsor, i. 3.

“No bending knees shall call thee Cesar now.”
Shakespeare: 3 Henry V1., iii. 1.

- Cesar, as a title, was pretty nearly
equivalent to our Prince of Wales and
the French dauphin.

Cesar’s wife must be above suspicion,
The name of Pompe'ia having been
mixed up with an accusation against P.
Clodius, Cesar divorced her; not be-
cause he believed her guilty, but because
the wife of Ceesar must not even be sus-
pected of crime, (Suetonius: Julus
Cesar, 74.)

Caesar. (Sce page 76,2, Aut Cmsar.)

Julius C@esar’s sword. Croeea Mors
(yellow death), (See page 76, 2, Sworn.)

Julius Cesar won 320 triumphs,

Cesa‘rian Operation or Cesa'rean
Operation, The extraction of a child
from the womb by cutting the abdomen
(Latin, e@so, cutfrom the womb). Julius
Cesar is said to have been thus brought
into the world.

Ce'sarism. The absolute rule of
man over man, with the recognition of
no law divine or human beyond that of
the ruler’s will. (See CHAUVINISM.)

Ceteris paribus (Latin), Other
things being equal; presuming all other
conditions to be equal,

Caf (Mount). In Mohammedan my-
thology is that huge mountain in the
middle of which the earth is sunk, as a
night light is placed in acup. Its found-
ation is the emerald Sakhrat, the reflec-
hey of which gives the azure hue to the
sky.

Caf'tan, A garment worn in Turkey
and other Eastern countries. It is a
sort of under-tunic or vest tied by a
girdle at the waist.

“Picturesque merchants and their customers
no longer in the big trousers of Egypt, but {in}
the long caftans and abas of Syria.”"—B. Taylor,
Lands of the Saracen, chap. ix, p. 122.

r Cag Mag

198

Calamity

Cag Mag. Offal, bad meat; also a
tough old. goose; food which none can
relish, (Gaelic and Welsh, cag magu.)

Cage. To whistle or sing in the cage.
The cage is a jail, and to whistle in a
cage is to turn Queen’s evidence, or
peach against a comrade.

Caglios'tro. - Conte de Cagliostro, or
Giuseppe Balsamo of Palermo, a char-
latan who offered everlasting youth to
all who would pay him for his ‘secret
(1748-1795).

Cagota. -A sort of gips
Gas'cony and Bearne, su Bere to be des-
cendants of the Visigoths, and shunned
as something loathsome. (See CAQUEUX,
CoLLIBERTS, )

y aes non fuerunt monachi, anachorite, aut
leprosi; ,. . sed genusquoddam hominum ceteris
odiosum, Vasconihbus Cagots, nonnullis Capoti,

Burdegalentibus Gaheti, Vascia et Navarris Agoti,
pal ig ucange : Glossarium Manwale, vol. ii.
pp. 23, 24.

Cahors, Usvriers de Cahors.

Jewish monéy-lenders settled at Cahors,
-which was to France what Lombard
Street was to London.

Cai‘aphas. The country-house of
Caiaphas, in which Judas concluded his
bargain to betray his Master, stood on
ee The Hill of Evil Counsel,’’

Cain-coloured Beard, Yellow,
(symbolic of treason. In the ancient
tapestries Cain and Judas are repre-
sented with yellow beards. (See YEL-
LOW.)

| “He hath but a little wee face, with a little
yellow heard, a Oain-coloured beard.”—Shake-
epeare: Merry Wives cf Windsor, i. 4.

Cain‘ites (2 syl.). Disciples of Cain,

a pseudo-Gnostic sect of the second.

century. They renounced the New
Testament, and ‘received instead The
Gospel of Judas, which justified the false

disciple and the crucifixion of Jesus,
This sect maintained that heaven and
earth were created by the evil principle,

and that Cain with his descendants were ©

ithe persecuted ‘party.

Cairds or Jockeys.
Halliwell tells us ‘“‘Caird’’ in North-

umberland=tinker, and gipsies are great |

menders of potsand pans. (Irish, ccard,
a tinker; Welsh, cerdd, art or.craft.)
“Donald Caird’s come again.” Popular Song.
Caius (Dr.). A French physician in
Shakespeare’s Merry Wives of Windsor.
“The clipyed English of Dr. Caius,”"—AMacaulay.
Caius College (Cambridge), Elévated
by Dr. Joha Key (Caius), of Norwich,

race in

In the |
thirteenth century there was a colony of |

Gipsy tribes,

into a college, being previously only 9
hall called Gonville, Oalled Keys, (Las)

Cake, A fool, a poor thing. (&%
Haur-BakeED.) :

Cake. To take the cake, Tocarry off
the prize, The reference is to the prize-
cake to the person who.succeeded bes'
in a given competition. In Notes an
Queriés (Feb, 27th, 1892, p. 176) @ core
respondent of New York tells us of a
‘‘cake walk’? by the Southern negroes.

| It consists of walking round the prize

cake in pairs, and umpires decide which
‘pair walk the most gracefully. In ancient
Greece a cake was the award of the toper
who held.out the longest.

In Ireland the best dancer in & danc-
ing competition was rewarded, at ons

_ time, by a cake.

“A churn-dish stuck into the earth supported
‘on its flat end a cake, which was to become the
prize of the best dancer... . At length the com-
petitors yielded their clainjs toa young man .,.
who, taking the cake, placed it gallantly in the
lap of a pretty girl to whom... he was about to

r pe :married.”"—Bartlett and Gepsee Scenery and

Antiquities of Ireland, vol. ii. p.

. You cannot: eat your cake and have it
too. You cannot spend your money
and yet keep it, You cannot serye God
and Mammon, tn

Your cake [or. my cake] is dough. AN
my swans are turned to geese. Occisa
est ves tua [or mea]. on Gian ést
manquée ; my project has failed.

Cake...Dough. J wish my cake were
dough again. I wish I had never
married, Bellenden Ker says the pro-
verb is a corruption of Hi w’hissche my
keke was d'how en geen, which he says
is tantamount to ‘‘Something whispers
within me—repentance , would that my
‘marriage were set, aside,”

Cakes. Land of Cakes.
famous for its oatmeal cakes,

“ Land o’ cakes and brither Scots.” Burns,

Calabash. A drinking cup or water-
holder ; so called from the calabash nut
of-which it.is made,

Calamanco Cat (A).

Scotland,

A tortoise-

) shell cat. Calamanco is a.glossy woollen

fabric, sometimes striped .or variegated.
It is the Spanish word Calamdoo.

Calam’ity. The beating down: of
standing corn by wind or storm. The
word is derived, from the Latin ealamus
(a stalk of corn), Hence, Cicero calls a
storm Calamito'sa tempestas (a corn-
levelling tempest),

_ “Another ill accident is droughf, and the spoil-
ing of the corn; jnasmuch as the word ‘calumity’
was first derived from calamus ( talk), when the’
cory could not get out of the ear,'—Bacom,

>

Calandrino

199

Calendar

Calandri‘ne. A typical simpleton
frequently introduced in Boccaccio’s
Decameron ; expressly made to be _be-

fooled and played upon.
Calatra’va ne Cross Knights of).
Instituted at Calatra'va, in Spain, by

Sancho III. of Castile in 1158; their
badge is a red cross cut out in the form
of lilies, on the left breast of a white
mantle.

Calauri’a. Pro Delo Calauria (Ovid:
Metamorphoses, vii. 384). Calauria was
an island in the Sinus Saronicus which
Laténa gave to Neptune in exchange for
Delos. A quid pro quo.

Calceola'ria. Little-shoe flowers ;
so called from their resemblance to fairy
slippers, (Latin, cal'ceolus.)

Calceos mutavit. He has changed
his shoes, that is, has become a senator.
Roman senators were distinguished by
their shoes, which were sandalled across
the instep and up the ankles,

Calculate is from the Latin calculi
(pebbles), used by the Romans for coun-
ters. In: the ab’acus, the round balls
were called cal’culi, and it was by this
instrument the Roman boys were taught
to count.and calculate. The Greeks
voted by pebbles ee into an urn—
a method adopted both in ancient Egypt
and Syria; counting these pebbles was
“calculating ’’ the number of voters,
(See page 2, col. 1, ABACUS.)

I calculate, A peculjarity of expres-
sion common in the western states of
North America. In the southern states
the phrase is ‘‘ I reckon,’’ in the middle
states ‘‘I expect,” and in New England
“T guess,’? All were imported from the
mother country by early settlers.

“Your aunt sets two tables, I calculate; don't
she?"—Susan Warner: Quecchy (vol. i. chap. xix,)

_ Calculators (Zhe). Alfragan, the
Arabian astronomer. Died 820.
Jedediah Buxton, of Elmeton, in
Derbyshire, (1705-1775.)
George Bidder and Zerah Colburn (an
American), who exhibited publicly.
Inaudi exhibited ‘‘his astounding
wers of calculatin’’’ at Paris in 1880,
is additions and subtractions were from
left to right.

“ Buxton, bein: z
eighths-of-an-inch there are ina body whose three
sides are 23,145,786 yards, 5,642,732 yards, and 54,965

ards ?’ replied coprectly without setting downa
igure. ;
Colburn, being asked the square root of 106,929
and the cube root 268,336,125, replied before the
audience had set the figures down."—Price: Par-
llet History, vol. ii. p. 670.

asked ‘How many cubical

Cale. [Sce Katz,]

Caleb. The enchantress who carried
off St. George in infancy,

Caleb, in Dryden's satire of Absalom
and nha g vee is meant for Lord Grey
of Wark (Northumberland), one of the
adherents of the Duke of Monmouth,
“And, therefore, in the name of dulness, be

The well-hung Balaam (Earl of Huntingdon}
“ and old Caleb free.” Lines 612-13.

Ca‘leb Quo'tem. A parish clerk or
jack-of-all-trades, in Colman’s play
called The Review, or Wags of Windsor,
which first appeared in 1808. Colman
borrowed the character from a farce b
Henry Lee (1798) entitled Throw Physic
to the Dogs.

*T resolved, like Caleb Quotem, to have a place
at the review.”— Washington Irving.

Caledon, Scotland. (Sze next article.)

“ Not thus, in ancient days of Caledon,
Was thy voice mute amid the festal crowd."
Sir W. Scott,

Caledo'nia, Scotland. A corruption
of Celyddon, a Celtic word meaning ‘a
dweller in woods and forests,’? The
word Celt is itself a contraction of the
same word (Celyd), aud means the same
thing.

“Sees Caledonia in romantic view.”
Thomson,
“ O Caledonia, stern and wild,
Meet nurse for a poetic child.”
Sir W. Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel.
_Calembour (French); A pun, a jest.
From the ‘‘ Jester of Kahlenberg,’’ whose
name was Wigand von Theben; a cha-
racter introduced in Tyll Eulenspiegel, a
German tale. Eulenspiegel (a fool or
jester) means Owl’s looking-glass, and
may probably have suggested the title
of the periodical called the Owl, the
witty but satirical ‘‘looking-glass”’ of
the passing follies of the day. The jester
of Calembourg visited Paris in the reign
of Louis XV., and soon became noted
for his blunders and puns,

Calendar,

The Julian Calendar, introduced B.0,
46. It fixed the ordinary year to 365
days, with an extra day every fourth
year (leap year). This is called ‘‘ The
Old Style.’’

The Gregorian Year. A modification
be oF J ae Geren day x plo aoe in ribs

(9) Tego! -, and adopted in
Great’ Britain in 1752, This is called
‘* the New Style.”

The Mohammedan Calendar, used in
Mohammedan countries, dates from July
16th, 622, the day of the Hegira. It
consists of 12 lunar months (29 days, 12
hours, 44 minutes). A cycle is 30 years.

The Revolutionary Calendar was the

Calendar

200 Caligula

work of Fabre d’Eglantine and Mons,
Romme.

Calendar. 4 Newgate Calendar or
‘*Malefactors’ Bloody Register,’”’ con-
taining the biography, confessions, dying
speeches, etc., of notorious criminals,
Began in 1700.

Calendars (The Three) were three
royal princes, disguised as begging
dervishes, the subjects of three tales in
the Arabian Nights.

Calends. The first of every month
was so called by the Romans, Varro
says the term originated in the practice
of calling together or assembling the
people on the first day of the month,
‘when the pontifex informed them of the
‘time of the new moon, the day of the
ones, with the festivals and sacred
days to be observed. The custom con-
tinued till a.v.c. 450, when the fasti or
calendar was posted in public places,
(See GREEK CALENDS.)

Cal‘epin (4). A dictionary. (Italian,
-ealepino.) Ambrosio Calepino, of Cale-
‘pio, in Italy, was the author of a dic-
tionary, so that ‘‘my Calepin,” like my
Euclid, my Johnson, according to

(Cocker, etc., have become common -

nouns from proper names, Generally
called Calepin, but the See quota-
‘tion throws the accent on the /e.

“Whom do you prefer .
For the best linguist? And I seelily
Said that I thought Calepine’s Dictionary.”
. Dr, Donne: Fourth Satire.

Caleys (A Stock Exchange term).
Caledonian Railway Ordinary Stock.
A contraction of Cal&-donians. (See
Srock ExcHANGE SLANG.)

Calf-love. Youthful fancy as opposed
to lasting attachment.

“€] thought it was a childish besotment you

had for the man—a sort of calf-love, .. .”"—Khoda

Broughton.

Calf-skin. Fools and jesters used
to wear a calf-skin coat buttoned down
the back. In allusion to this custom,
Faulconbridge says insolently to the
Archduke of Austria, who had acted
most basely to Richard Coour-de-Lion—
“Thou wear a lion’s hide! Doff it, for shame,

And hang a calf-skin on those recreant limbs.”
Shakespeare: King John, iii. 1.

Caliban. Rude, uncouth, unknown ;
as a Caliban style, a Caliban language.
The allusion is to Shakespeare’s Caliban
As Tempest), in which character Lord

alkland, etc., said that Shakespeare
had not only invented a mew creation,
but also a new language.

“Satan had not the privilege, as Caliban, to use
gew phrases, and diction unknown.”—Dr. Bentley.

Coleridge says, “In him (Caliban’, as in some
brute animals, this advance to the intellectual
faculties, without the moral sense, is marked by
the appearance of vice.” | f

(Caliban is Her missing link" between brute

animals and man,
Calibre [kal'i-ber]. A mind of no

calibre: of no capacity, 4 mind of

great calibre ; of large capacity. Calibre
is the bore of a gun, and, figuratively,
the. bore or compass of one’s intelligence,

“The enemy had generally new arms... of
uniform caliber."—Grant: Memoirs, vol. i. chap.
XXXiXx. Dp. 572,

“We measure men’s calibre by the broadest
circle of achievements." — Chapin; Lessons of
Faith, p. 16.

Caliburn. Sanie as Excalibur, King
Arthur’s well-known sword. (See
SWORD.)

“Onward Arthur paced, with hand
On Caliburn’s resistless brand.”
Scott: Bridal of Triermain.

Calico. So called from Cali‘cut, in
Malabar, once the chief port and em-
porium of Hindustan,

Calidore (3 syl.). Sir Calidore is
the type of courtesy, and hero of the
sixth book of Spenser’s Faérie Queene.
He is described as the most courteous of
all knights, and is entitled the ‘ all-
beloved.’’ The model of the poet was
Sir Philip Sidney. His adventure is
against the Blatant Beast, whom he
muzzles, chains, and drags to Faérie
Land.

“Sir Gawain was the Calidore of the Round
Table."’—Southey, §

Calig’orant. An Egyptian giant and
cannibal who used to entrap strangers
with a hidden net. This net was made
by Vulcan to catch Mars and Venus,
Mercury stole it for the purpose of
catching Chloris, and left it in the
temple of Anu’bis; Calig’orant stole it
thence. At length Astolpho blew his
magic horn, and the giant ran affrighted
into his own net, which dragged him to
the ground, Whereupon . Astolpho
made the giant his captive, and de-
spoiled him of his net. This is an
allegory. Caligorant was a great so-
phist and heretic in the days of Ariosto,
who used to entangle people with his
talk; but being converted by Astolpho
to the true faith, was, as it were, caught
in his own net, and both his sophistry
and heresy were taken from him,
(Ariosto : Orlando Furioso.)

Caligula. A Roman emperor; so
called because he wore a military sandal
called a caliga, which had no upper
leather, and was used ote by the com-

- mon soldiers. (12, 37-41.

“«The word calig@, however,’ continued the

Baron . . , ‘means, in its primitive sense, i

”

Caligula's Horse

201

Callabre

sandals ; and Caius Cesar ,,. received the cog-
nomen of Caligula, a caligis, sive caVigis levio'-
ribus, quibus adolescentior non fuerat in exercitu
German’ici patris sui. And the calige@ were also
proper to the monastic bodies ; for we read in the
ancient Glossarium, upon the rule of St. Benedict
..+ that calig@ were tied with Jatchets,’—Scott :
Waverley, x\viii,

Caligula’s Horse. Incita’tus. It
was made a priest and consul, had a

manger of ivory, and drank wine from .

a golden goblet. (See HORSE.)

Caliph or on A title given to
the successors of Mahomet. Among the
Saracens a caliph is one vested with
supreme Seer: The caliphat of Bag-
dad reached its highest splendour under
Haroun al Raschid, in the ninth cen-
tury. For the last 200 years the ap-
pellation has been swallowed up in the
titles of Shah, Sultan, Emir, and so on,
(Arabic, Khalifah, a successor; khalafa,
to succeed.)

Calis'ta. The heroine of Rowe’s
Fair Penitent,

. Calis'to and Arcas. Calisto was
an Arcadian nymph metamorphosed into
a.she-bear by Jupiter. Her son Arcas
having met her in the chase, would have
killed her, but Jupiter converted him
into a he-bear, and placed them both in
the heavens, where the
as the Great and Little

Calix'tines (3 syl.). A religious sect
of Bohemians in the fifteenth century ;
so called from Calix (the chalice), which
they insisted should be given to the laity
in the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper,
as well as the bread or wafer.

Call (4). A “divine” summons or
invitation, as ‘‘a call to the ministry.”

A call before the curtain. Anapplause
inviting a favourite actor to appear
before the curtain, and make his bow to
the audience.

A Gospel call, The invitation of the
Gospel to men to believé in Jesus to the
saving of their souls.

ee morning call. A short morning
visit.

A call on shareholders, A demand to
pay up a part of the money due for
shares allotted in a company.

Payable at call. To be paid on de-
m

Call Bird (4). A bird trained asa
decoy.

‘Call-boy (The). A boy employed in
theatres to ‘‘call’’ or summon actors,
when it is time for them to make their
appearance on the stage.

ear,

_ prepare for battle.

are recognised °

Call of Abraham. The invitation
or command of God to Abraham, to leave
his idolatrous country, under the promise
of being made a great nation.

Call of God. An invitation, exhor-
tation, or warning, by the dispensations
of Providence (Isa. xxii. 12); divine
inffience on the mind to do or avoid
something (Heb. iii. 1).

Call of the House. An imperative
summons sent to every Member of Par-
liament to attend. This is done when
the sense of the whole House is required.
At the muster the names of the members
are called over, and defaulters reported.

Call to Arms (Zo). To summon to
“ Ad arma voeare.’’

Call to the Bar. The admission of
a law student to the privileges of a bar-
rister. The names of those qualified are
called over, (Seepage 94, col. 1, Bar.)

Call to the Pastorate. An invia-
tion to a minister by the members of a
Presbyterian or Nonconformist church
to preside over a certain congregation.

Call to the Unconverted, An in-
vitation accompanied with promises and
threats, to induce the unconverted to
receive the gospel. Richard Baxter

’ wrote a book so entitled.

Call (Jo). I call God to witness. 1
solemnly declare that what I state is true.

Fi call, Yo invite: as, the trumpet
calls.

“Jf honour calls, where’er she points the way,
The sons of honour follow and obey.” q
Churchill: The Farewell, stanza 7,

To call [a man] out. To challenge him;
to appeal to a man’s honour to come
forth and fight a duel. :

To call wn question. To doubt the
truth of a statement; to challenge the
truth of a statement. ‘In dubium
vocare.””

To call over the coals.

To call to account. To
planation ; to reprove.

Called. He is called to his account.
He is removed by death. Called to the
judgment seat of God to give an account
of his deeds, whether they be good, or
whether they be evil. (See page 202,
col. 1, CALLING.)

Calla’bre or Calaber. A Cala’brian
fur. Ducange says, ‘‘ At Chichester the
‘priest vicars’ and at St. Paul’s the
‘minor canons’ wore a calabre amyce ;’’
and Bale, in his Image of Both
Churches, alludes to the ‘* fair rochets
of Raines (Rennes), and costly grey

See Coats.)
emand an ex-

amicés of calaber and cats’ tails.’

Caller Herrings

202

Calumict

“The Lord Mayor and thosealdermen above the
chair ought to have their coats furred with grey
amis, and also with changeable taffeta; and those
below the chair with calabre and with green
taffeta,"—Hutton: New View of London,

Caller Herrings.
Hence ‘‘ caller air,”
calian, to cool.)

Calligraphy (Zhe art of). Writing
wery minutely ard yet clearly. Peter
#Bale, in the sixteenth century, wrote in

e compass of a silver penny the Lord’s
Prayer, the Creed, the Ten Command-
ments, two Latin prayers, his own naine,
the day of the month and date of the
i since the accession of ‘Queen

lizabeth, and a motto. With a glass
this writing could be read. By photo-
graphy a sheet of the Times newspaper
has been reduced to a smaller compass,
(Greek, calos-grapho, I write beauti-
fully.)

Fresh herrings,
(Anglo-Saxon,

Gallim'achos. The Italian Calli-
machos. Filippo Buonaccorsi (1437-1496).

. Calling. A vocation, trade, or pro-
fession.- The.allusion is to the calling of
the apostles by Jesus Christ to follow
Him. In the legal profession persons
must still be called to the bar before they
can practise, _ a

Effectual . calling. An invitation to
believe in-Jesus, rendered effectual by
on immediate operation of the-Holy
xhost. .

Calliope [Kal'-li-o-pe, 4 syl., Greek,
«ards, sp, beautiful voice]. The muse of
epic or heroic poetry. Her emblems
are a stylus and wax tablets. . The

ainting -of this Muse by Ercolana

reolanetti (1615-1687) and her statue
by Clementi (who died in 1580) are very
celebrated. ,

* The Greek word is KaAAcémm, in which

the 4 is short. Erroneously called

‘* Caliope.’’

Callip‘olis. A character in the Batile
of Alcazar (1594) by George Peele. It
is.referred to by Pistol in 2 Henry LV.
act ii.4; and Sir W. Scott uses the word
over aiid over again as the synonym of
lady-love, sweetheart, charmer. Sir
Walter always spells the word Calli-
polis, but Peele calls it Calipdlis.
drunken Mike Lambourne says to Amy
Robsart —

“Hark ye, most fair Callipolis, or most lovely
countess of clouts, and ‘dive duchess of dark
corners.”—Kenilworth, chap. Xxxili-

And the modest Roland Graeme calls the
beautiful Catherine his ‘‘ most fair Cal-
ipolis.” (Zhe Adbot, chap. xi.)

The.

Callippic Period. The correction
of the Meton‘ic cycle by Callippos. In
four cycles, or seventy-six years, the
Metonic calculation was seven and a-half
in excess. Callippos proposed to quad-
ruple the period or Meton, und deduct a
day at the end of it: at the expiration
of which period Callippos. imagined that
the new and full moons returned to the
same day of the solar year.

Callir'rhoe (4 syl.). The lady-love
of Che'reas, in Char‘iton’s Greek ro-
mance, entitled the Loves of Che'reas and
Callirrhoé, written in the eighth century.

Cal'‘omel. Hooper says—

“This name, which means ‘beautiful black,’
was originally given to the Athiop’s mineral, or
black sulphuret of mercury. It was afterwards
applied iF Oke by Sir Theodore Mayerne to the
chloride of mercury, in honour of a favourite
negro servant whom he employed to prepare it.
As calomel is a white powder, the namé_is merely
@ jocular misnomer.’—Medical Dictionary. .

Greek, xadés, beautiful, wéAas, black,

Calo’yers. Monks in the Greek
Church, who follow the rule of St.
Basil. They are divided into cen/obites,
who recite the offices from midnight to
sunrise ; an'chorites, who live in hermit-
ages; and recluses, who shut themselves
up in caverns and live onalms. (Greek,
kadds and yépwr, beautiful, old man.)

Calpe (2:syl.). Calpé and Ab'yla.
The two pillars of Hercules.. According
to one account, these two were originally
only one mountain, which Hercules tore

asunder ; but some say he piled up each
ed t

mountain separately, and pour

between them.

“ Heaves up huge Abyla on Afric’s sand,
Crowns witb high Calpé Europe's salient strand,
Crests with opposing towers the splendid scene
And pours from urns immense the sea between.’

Darwin: Economy of Vegetation.

Calumet [the peace- pipe]. When
the North American Indians make peace
or form an alliance, the high contracting
parties smoke. together to ratify the
arrangement.

The peace-pipe is about two and a-
half feet long, the bow] is made of highly-
polished red’ marble, and the stem of a.
reed, which is decorated’ with eagles’
quills, women’s hair, and so on.

“The Great Spirit at an aneient
period called the Indian nations together,
and standing on the precipice of, the réd

ipe-stone rock, broke’ off a piece which

ii moulded into the bow] of a ‘pipe, and

fitting on it a long reed, filled the pipe

with the bark of red willow, and smoked
over them, turning .to the four winds.

He told them the red colour of the pipe

represented their flesh, and when they

e sea

-*
,

x

Calvary

203

Camacho

smoked it they must bury their war-
clubs and scalping-knives. At the last
whiff the Great Spirit disappeared.”’

To present the calumet to a stranger
isa mark of hospitality and good-will;
to refuse the offer is an act of hostile
defiance.

“ Wash the war-paint from your faces,
Wash the war-stains from your fingers,
Bury your war-clubs and your weapons;...
Smoke the calumet together,
And as brothers live henceforward.”
Longfellow : Hiawatha, t.

Calvary [dare skull], Gol'gotha
Peal? The place of our Lord’s cruci-

ion; so called from some. fanciful
resemblance which it bore to a human
skull The present church .of ‘ the
Holy Sepulchre’’ has no claim to be
considered the site thereof; it is far
more likely that the ‘‘ mosque of Omar,’
or the dome of the rock, occupies the real
site.

A Calvary. <A representation of the
successive scenes of the Passion of Christ
in a series of pictures, etc., in a church.
Theshrinecontaining the representations.

Calvary Clover said te have sprung’
up in the track made by Pilate when he
went to the cross to see his ‘title
affixed”? [Jesus of Nazareth, king of the
Jews}. It isa common trefoil, probably
a native of India: or Turkey. Each of
the three round leaves has a little car-
mine spot in the centre. In the day-
time the three leaves of the trefoil form
‘a sort of cross; and in the flowering
season the plant bears a little yellow
flower, like a ‘‘ crown of thorns,.”’ Julian
tells us that each of the three leaves had
in his time a white cross in the centre,
and that the centre cross lasts visible
longer than the crosses of the other
two leaves. (See CHRISTIAN TRADITIONS.)

Calvary Cross (A). A Latin cross
mounted on three steps (or grises),

Calvert’s Entire. The 14th Foot,
Called Calvert from their colonel, Sir
Harry Calvert (1806-1826), and entire,

- because three entire battalions were kept

up for the good of Sir Harry, when ad-
jutant-general. The term is, of course,
a play on Calvert’s malt liquor. The
regiment is now called The Prince of

“Wales’s Own (West Yorks. Regiment).

Calves. The inhabitants of the Js/e
of Wight are so called from a legendary
joke which states that a calf once got
its head firmly wedged in a wooden pale,
and, instead of breaking up the pale, the
farm-man cut off the calf’s head. .

' Calves gone to Grass Mae Said
of a spindle-legged man, And another

mocking taunt is, ‘‘Veal will be dear,
because there are no calves.”

Caives’ Head. There are many ways
of dressing a calf?s head. Many ways
of saying or doing a foolish thing; a
simpleton his many ways of showing
his folly; or, generally, if one way
won’t ilo we must try another. The
allusion is to the great Calves’ Head
Club banquet, when the board was
laden with calves’ heads cooked in
sundry ways and divers fashions.

Calves’ Head Club. Instituted in
ridicule of Charles I. The great annual
banquet wae held on the 30th January,
and consisted of a cod’s head, to repre-
sent the person of Charles Stuart, in-
dependent of his kingly office; a pike
with little ones in its mouth, an emblem
of tyranny; a boar’s head with an apple
in its mouth to represent the king prey-
ing on his subjects; and calves’ heads
dressed in sundry ways to represent
Charles in his regal capacity. After the
banquet, the king’s book (leon Basil/iké)
was burnt, and the parting cup was,
“To those worthy patriots who killed
the tyrant.’

Calvinism, Tho five chief points
of Calvinism are: ;

(1) Predestination, or particular elec-

| tion,

(2) Irresistible grace,

(8) Original sin, or the total depravity
of the natural man, which renders it
morally impossible to believe’ and turn
to God of his own free will.

(4) Particular redemption.

(5) Final perseverance of the saints,

Cal'ydon. A forest supposed, in the
romances relating to King Arthur, to
occupy the northern portion of England,

Calypso, in Fénelon’s Zélémaque, is
meant to represent Madame de Monte-
span. In fairy mythology, she was

ueen of the island Ogyg’ia on which

lysses was wrecked, and where he was
detained for seven years.

Calypso’s Isle, Gozo, near Malta.
Called in classic mythology Ogygiia.
Cam and Isis. The universities of
Cambridge and Oxford ; so called from
the rivers on which they stand.
“May you, my Cam and Isis, preach it long,
‘The right divine of kings to govern wrong.’”
Pope: Dunciad, iy. 187.
Cama. The God of love and mar-
riage in Indian mythology.
Camacho, ‘‘richest of men,’? makes
grand preparations for his wedding with

Camaldolites yy

O4

Cambyses

Quite’ria, ‘‘ fairest of women’’; but, as
the bridal party were on their way,
Basil'ius cheats him of his bride by pre-
tending to kill himself. As he is sup-
osed to be dying, Quiteria is given to
Fim in marriage as a mere matter of
form; but, as soon as this is done, up
jumps Basilius, and shows that his
wounds were a mere pretence, (Cer-
vantes; Don Quixote, pt. u, bk. 2, ch. 3, 4.)

Camal dolites (4 syl.), A religious
order of great rigidity of life, founded
in the vale of Camal'doli, in the Tuscan
Apennines, by St. Romuald, a Bene-
dictine, (Eleventh century.)

Camaral’zaman (Prince) fell in love
with Badou'ra, Princess of China, the
moment he saw her. (Arabian Nights -
Prince Camaralzaman.)

Camarilla (Spanish). A clique; the
confidants or private advisers of the
sovereign. It literally means a small
private chamber, and is in Spain applied

. to the room in which boys 4re flogged.

“ Encircled witb 8 dangerous camarilla."—The
Times.

Camari'na. Ne movéas Camarinam
(Don't meddle with Camarina). Cama-
rina was a lake in Sicily, which, in time
of drought, yielded a pestilential stench.
The inhabitants consulted an oracle
‘about draining it, and epone replied,
‘Don't meddle with it.'’ Nevertheless,
they drained it, and ere long an enemy
marched an army over the bed of the
lake and plundered the city. The pro-
verb is applied to those who remove one
evil, but thus give place to a greater.
he Chanuel may be an evil to those
who suffer sea-sickness, but it is a
million times better to endure this evil
than to make it a high road to invaders.
The application is ee 2 extensive, as:
Don't kill the smal] birds, or you will be
devoured by insects. One pest is a. safe-
guard against a greater one.

* A similar Latin phrase is dnagyrin
movére.

“When the laird of Ellangowapv drove the
pices from the neighbourhood, though they
ad been allowed to remain there undisturbed
hitherto, Dominie Sampson warned him of tbe

danger by quoting the proverb‘ Ne moveas Cam- |

arinam.' "—Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering, chap. vii.

Cam'balo’s Ring. Given him by
his sister Can’ace. It had the virtue of
healing wounds. (Sce CAMBEL.) (Spenser :
Faérie Queene, bk. iv.)

“ Well mote ye wonder how that noble knight,

After be bad so often wounded been,

Could stand on foot now to renew the figbt .. .

All was through virtue of the ring he wore ;
The which, not only did not from him let

One drop of blood to fall, but did restore
His weakeped powers, and dulled spirits

het,” Spenser : Fatrie Queene, iv. 3.

Cambel. Called by Chaucer, Cam’.
balo; brother of Qan‘acé, a female para-
gon. He ehaliccg i every suitor to his
sister’s hand, and overthrew all except
Tri‘amond, who married the lady.
pein : Faérie Queene, book iv.) (See

ANACE.)

Camber. Second son of King Brute,
to whom Wales was left, whence its
name of Cambria. (British fable.)

Cam'bria. The ancient name of
Wales, the land of the Cimbri or Cymry.
“ Cambria's fatal day.”

Gray: Bard,
Cam’brian. Pertaining to Wales;
Welsh, (See above.)

“ The Cambrian mountains, like far clouds,
That skirt the blue horizon, dusky rise.”
Thomson; Spring, 961—62.

Cam’brian Series (in geology). The
earliest fossiliferous rocks in North
fi So named by Professor Sedg-
wick,

Cambric. A kind of very fine white
linen cloth, so named from Cambray or
Cameryk, in Flanders, where it is still
the chief manufacture.

“He hath ribbons of all the colours of the rain-
bow ; inkles, caddises, cambricks, and lawns.”~
Shakespeare: Winter's Tale, iv, 3.

Cam’buscan’, King of Sarra, in the
land of Tartary; the model of all royal
virtues. His wife was El’feta; his two
sous, Algarsife and Cam‘balo; and his
daughter, Can’ace. On her birthday
(October 15th) the King of Arabia and
India sent Cambuscan a ‘‘steed of brass
which, between sunrise and sunset, would
carry its nder to any spot on the earth.’’
All that was required was to whisper
the name of the place in the horse's ear,
mount upon his back, and turn a pin set
in his ear. When the rider had arrived
at the place required, he had to turn
another pin, and the horse instantly de-
scended, and, with another screw of the
pin, vanished till it was again required.
This story is told by Chaucer in the
Squire’s Tale, but was never finished.

Uton (77 Penseroso) accents the word

Cambus’-can.
“ Him that left balf-told
The story of Cambuscap bold.”

(See CANACE.)

Camby’ses (3 syl.). A pompous, rant-
ing character .in Preston’s entable
tragedy of that name. !

“Give mea cup of sack, to make mine e:
red ; for | must speak in passion, and 4.
ue King Cambyses' vein,” —Shakespeare:

took
Ml do it
1 Heary

Camden Society

7,

Camden Society, for the publication
of early historic and literary remains, is
uamed in honour of William Camden,
the historian.

Camel. The name of Mahomet’s
favourite camel was Al Kaswa. The
mosque at Koba covers the spot where
it knelt when Mahomet fled from Mecca.
Mahomet considered the kneeling of the
camel as a sign sent by God, and re-
mained at Koba in safety for four days,
The swiftest of his camels was Al Adha.

Camel. The prophet Mahomet’s camel
performed the whole journey from Jeru-
salem to Mecca in four bounds, for which
service he had a place in heaven with Al-
borak (the prophet’s ‘‘ horse’), Balaam’s
ass, Tobit’s dog, and Ketmir (the dog of
the seven sleepers). (Curzon.)

Camel. ‘‘It is easier for a camel to
go through the eye of a needle, than for
a rich man to enter into the kingdom of
God” (Matt. xix. 24). In the Koran
we find a similar expression: ‘‘The im-
pious shall find the gates of heaven shut ;
nor shall he enter till a camel shall pass
through the eye of a needle,’’ In the
Rabbinical writings we have a slight
variety which goes to prove that the
word ‘‘ camel” should not be changed
into “ cable,’’ as Theophylact suggests :
‘*Perhaps thou art one of the Pampe-
dith‘ians, who can make an elephant
pass through the eye of a needle,” (See

ABLE. )

“It is as bard to come, as for a camel
To thread the postern of a needle’s eye.”
Shakespeare: Richard IT,, v. 5.

Camellia. The technical name of a
genus, and the popular name of the
species of evergreen shrubs; 80 named
in honour of G, J. Kamel (Latin Camel-
lius), a Spanish Jesuit. Introduced into
England in 1739,

Camelot (Somersetshire), where
King Arthur held his court, (See WIN-
CHESTER. )

Camelote (2 syl.), Fustian, rubbish,
trash. The cloth so called ought to be |,

made of goats’ hair, but is a mixture of
wool and silk, wool and hair, or wool,
silk, and hair, etc. (French, camelot ;
Arabic, camlat.) (See page 206, Caer.)

Cam’eo. An anaglyph on a precious
stone. The anaglyph is when the figure
is raised in relief; an intaglio is when
the figure is hollowed out. The word
cameo means an onyx, and the most
famous cameo in the world is the onyx
containing the apothedsis of Augustus.

205

These precious stones have two layers

Camlan

of different. colours, one serving for the
figure, and the other for the ground,

Cam’‘eron Highlanders. The 79th
Regiment of Infantry, raised by Allan
Cameron, of Errock, in 1793. Now
called ‘“‘The Queen’s Own Cameron,
Highlanders,’’

Cameronian Regiment. The 26th
Ivfantry, which had its origin in a body
of Cameronians (q.v.), in the Revolution
of 1688. Now the Ist Battalion of the
Scottish Rifles; the 2nd Battalion is the
old No. 90,

Camero'nians. The strictest sect of
Scotch Presbyterians, organised in 1680,
by Richard Cam’eron, who was slain in
battle at Aird’s Moss in 1680, He ob-
jected to the alliance of Church and

tate. In 1876 most of the Cameronians
were merged in the Free Church. In
history the Cameronians are generally
called the Covenanters,

Camilla. Virgin queen of the Vol-
scians. Virgil (4/ncid, vii. 809) says she
was so swift that she could run over a
field of corn without bending a single
blade, or make her way over the sea

’ without even wetting her feet,

“Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain,
Flies o'er the unbending corn and skims along
the main.”
Pope: Essay on Criticigm, 372-3.
Camillus, five times Dictator of
Rome, was falsely accused of embezzle-
ment, and went into voluntary exile ;
but when the Gauls besieged Rome, he
returned and delivered his country.
“ Camillus, only vengeful to bis foes."
. -Lhomson: Winter.
Camisard, In French history, the
Camisards are the Protestant insurgents

‘of the Cevennes, who resisted the

‘violence of the dragonnades, after the
revocation of the edict of Nantes, Their
leader was Cavalier, afterwards Gov-
ernor of Jersey.

Cam'isarde or Camisa'do, A night
attack ; so called because the attacking
party wore a camise or peasant’s smock
over their armour, both to conceal it,
and that they might the better recognise
each other in the dark.

Cam‘isole (3 syl.). A loose jacket
worn by women when dressed in negligee
(French). aon

Camisole de Force. A strait-waist-
coat, Frequently mentioned in accounts
of capital punishments in France, 3

Camlan (Battle of, Cornwall), which
put an end to the Knights of the Round

Camiet

Table. Here Arthur received his death
wound from the hand of his nephew
Modred, (a.D, 542.)

Cam‘let is not connected with the
word camel ; it is a fine cloth made of
goats’ hair, called Turkish yarn, and is
from the Arabic word camlat, which

Littré says is so called from setl el camel

(the Angora goat).

Cam’mock. As crooked as acammock.
The cammock is a piece of timber bent
for the knee of a ship; a hockey-stick ;
ashinny-club. (Anglo-Saxon.)

“Though the cammock,the more itis bowed the |

better itis; yet the bow, the more it is bent the
weaker it waxeth.”—Jily.

Camorra. A secret society of Italy
organised early in the nineteenth century.
It claimed the right of settling disputes,
eic.

Camorrist. One of the desperadoes |
‘* Camorr-

belonging to the Camorra.
ism,’’ the gospel of the league.

Camp Candlestick (4).
or a soldier’s bayonet.

Camp-followers, Non-combatants
(such as_ servants, carriers, hostlers,
suttlers, laundresses, and so on), who
follow an army. We are told that in
1859 as many as 85,000 camp-followers
were i attendance on 15,000 combatants
in a Bengal army. ;

Campaign Wig (A), imported from
France. It was made very full, was
curled, and was eighteen inches in length
in the front, with drop locks. In some
cases the back part. of the wig was put
in a black silk bag. Of course the
campaign referred to the victories of
Marlborough. (Social Life in the Reign
of Queen Anne, chap. xii.)

*? There were also campaign coats,
campaign, lace, campaign shoes, cam-
paign shirts, campaign gowns, campaign
waistcoats, etc,

Campa‘nia. Properly the Terra di
Lavo'ro, of Italy, z.e. the plain country
about Cap'ua, :

* Disdainful of Campania's gentile plains.”

Thomson: Summer,

Campaspe (3 syl.). <A beautifat,
harlot, whom Alexander the Great,
handed over to Apellés. Apelles drew
her in the nude. :

“When Cupid and Campaspe played

At cards for kisses, Cupid paid.” Lily.

Campbells are Coming (Zhe). This |

soul-stirring song was composed in 1715,
when the Earl of Mar raised the stan-
dard for the Stuarts against George I.

406

A bottle,

Ganada Balsa be

John Campbell was Commander-in-
Chief of his Majesty’s forces, and the

rebellion was quashed. The main in--

terest now attached to the famous song
is connected with the siege of Lucknow
in the Indian rebellion, 1857. Nana
Sahib had massacred women and child-.
ren most foully, and while the survivors
were expecting instant death, a Scotch
woman lying ill on the ground heard
the pibroch, and exclaimed, *‘ Dinna ye
hear it? Dinna ye hear it? The pipes
o’ Havelock sound.’? And soon afters
wards the rescue was accomplished.
The first yerse runs thus :—

“The Campbells are coming, O-ho! O-ho!
The Campbells are coming, O-ho!
The Campbells are coming to bonnie Loch

The Campbells are coming, O-ho 1
Campbellite (3 syl.). A follower of
John McLeod Campbell, who taught the
universality of-the atonement, for which,
in 1831, he was deposed.

Campceiling. A ceiling sloping on
one side from the vertical wall towards a
plane surface in the middle. A corrup-
tion of cam (twisted or bent) ceiling,

(Halliwell gives cam, ‘‘ awry.’’)

( poate (cam-pa'-dor). The Cid
q-0-).

Can’ace (3 syl.). A paragon of
women, the daughter of King Cambus-
can’, to whom the King of Arabia and
India sent as a present a mirror and a
ring. The mirror would tell the lady if
any man on whom she set her heart
would prove true or false, and the ring
(which was to be worn on her thumb)
would enable her to understand the
language of birds and to converse with
them. It would also give the wearer
perfect knowledge of the medicinal pro-
perties of all roots. Chaucer never
finished the tale, but probably he meant
to marry Can‘acé to some knight who
would be able to overthrow her two
brothers, Cam‘balo and Al‘garsife, in the
tournament, (Squire's Tale.) (See bevow.)

Can’acé was courted by a crowd of
suitors, but her brother, Cam‘balo or
Cambel, gave out that anyone who pre-
tended to her hand must encounter /im
in single combat and overthrow him.
She ultimately married Tri‘amond, son
of the fairy Ag'apé. (Spenser: Faérie

_ Queene, bk, iv. 3.) (See CAMBEL.) _

Can‘ache (3 get One of Acteon’s
dogs. (Greek, ‘‘the clang of metal
falling.’’) 4 ohn

Can‘ada Balsam. Made from the
Pinus balsamea, a native of Canada,

Canaille

207 Candle

Canaille (French, can-nay'e). The
mob; the rabble (Italian, canaglia, a
pack of dogs, from Latin canis, a dog).

Canard. A hoax. Cornelissen, to
try the gullibility of the peblic, reported
in the papers that he had twenty ducks,
one of which he cut up and threw to the
‘nineteen, who devoured it greedily. He
then cut up another, then a third, and
so on till nineteen were cut up; and as
the nineteenth was gobbled up by the
surviving duck, it followed that this one
duck. actually ate nimeteen ducks—a
wonderful proof of duck voracity. This
tale had the run of all the papers, and

ave a new word to the language.
French, cane, a duck.) (Quetelet.)

Canary (4). Slang for ‘‘a guinea”’
or ‘*sovereign.’’ Gold coin is so called
because, like a canary, it is yellow.

Canary-bird (4). A jail-bird. At
one time certain desperate convicts were
dressed in yellow; and jail was the cage
of these ‘‘ canaries.”

Cancan. ‘To dance the cancan. A
free-and-easy way of dancing quadrilles
invented by Rigolboche, and adopted in
the public gardens, the opera comique,
and the casinos of Paris. (Cancan
familiarity, tittle-tattle.)

“They were going through a quadrille with all
those supplementary gestures introduced by the
great Rigolboche, a notorious danseuse, to whom
the notorious cancan owesits origin.”—A. Hgmont
Hake: Paris Originals (the Chiffonier).

Cancel, to blot out, is merely ‘to
make lattice-work.” This is done by
making a cross over the part to be
omitted. (Latin, cancello, to make trellis.)
(See CROSS IT OUT.)

Cancer (the Crab) appears when the
sun has reached his highest northern
limit, and begins to go backward towards
the south; but, like a crab, the return
is sideways (June 21st to July 23rd).

‘2 According to fable, Cancer was the
animal which Juno sent against Her-
gules, when he combated the Hydra of
Lerné. Cancer bit the hero’s foot, but
Hercules killed the creature, and Juno
took it up to heaven, and made it one of
‘the twelve signs of the zodiac,

Candaules (3 syl.). King of Lydia,
who exposed the charms of his wife to
Gy’gés ; whereupon the queen compelled
Gyges to assassinate her husband, after
which she married the murderer, who
became king, and reigned twenty-eight
years. (716-678.)

Gan‘didate (3 syl.) means “ clothed
in white.” Those who solicited the
Office of consul, questor, pretor, etc,

among the Romaus, arrayed themselves
in a loose white robe. It was loose that
they might show the people their scars,
and white in sign of fidelity and humility.
(Latin, candidus, whence candidati,
clothed in white, etc.)

Candide (2 syl.). The hero of. Vol-
taire’s novel so called. All sorts of mis-
fortunes are heaped upon him, and he
bears them all with cynical indifference,

Candle,

Bell, Book, and Candle. (See page 120,
col 1, BELL, etc.)

Fine (or Gay) as the king’s candle.
** Bariolé comme la chandelle des rois,’?
in allusion to an ancient custom of pre-
senting, on January 6th, a candle of
various colours to the three kings of
Cologne. It is generally applied to a
woman overdressed, especially with gay
ribbons and flowers. ‘‘ Fine as five-
pence.’’

The game is not worth the candle (Le
jeu ne vaut pas lachandelle). Not worth
even the cost of the candle that hghts
the players.

1% burn the candle at both ends, In
French, ‘‘ Briler la chandelle par les
deux bouts.’? To indulge in two or more
expensive luxuries or dissipated habits
at the same time; to haste to rise up
early and late take rest, eating the bread
of carefulness.

To hold a candle to the devil. To aid or
countenance that which is wrong. The
allusion is to the practice of Roman
Catholics, who burn candles before the
image of a fayourite saint, carry them in
funeral processions, and place them on
their altars.

When Jessica (in the Merchant of
Venice, ii. 6) says to Lorenzo: ‘* What,
must I hold a candle to my shame? ’’ she
means, Must I direct attention to this
disguise, and blazon my folly abroad?
Why, ‘Cupid himself would blush to
see me thus transformed toaboy.’’ She
does not mean, Must I glory in my
shame ? :

To sell by the candle. A species of
sale-by auction. A pin is thrust through
a candle about an inch from the top, and
bidding goes on till the candle is burnt
down to the pin, when the pin drops
into the candlestick, and the last bidder
is declared the purchaser. This sort of
auction was employed in 1893, according
to the Heading Mercury (Dec. 16), at
Aldermaston, near Reading.

“The Council thinks it meet. to propose the way
of selling by ‘inch of candle,’ as being the most
probable means to procure the true value of the
goods,”—AMilton; Letters, eto,

Candle-holder

208

Cannon

To smell of the lamp (or candle). To
betray laborious art, but the best lite-
rary work is the art of concealing art;
to manifest great pains and long study
by night. ;

To vow a candle to the devil. To.pro-
pitiate the devil by a bribe,’as some

seek to propitiate the saints in glory by.

@ votive candle.

What is the Latin for candle ?—Tacé,
Here is a play of words: ¢a’ce means
hold your tongue, don’t bother me. (See
Geosk)

Candles used by Roman Catholics at
funerals are the relic. of an ancient
Roman. custom.

Candle-holder. Anabetior. The re-
ference is to the practice of holding a
candle in the Catholic Church for the
reader, and in ordinary life to light a
workman when he requires more light.

“fll be candle-holder and look on."—Shake-
epeare: Romeo and Juliet, i. 4. %

Candles of the Night. The stars
are so called by Shakespeare, in the
Merchant of Venice, v. 1. Milton has
improved upon the idea :—

. “Else, O thievish Night,
Why shouldst thou, but for some felonious end,
In thy dark lantern thus close up the stars
TAs. uelare hung -in heaven, and filled their
With everlasting oil, to give due light
To the misled and lonely traveller ?”
Comus, 200-206, «

Candlemas Day. The feast of the
purification of the Virgin earth when
Christ was presented by her in the Tem-

le. February 2nd, when, in the Roman

atholic Church, there is a candle pro-
cession, to consecrate all the candles
which will be needed in the church
during the year. The candles symbolise
Jesus Christ, called ‘‘the light of the
world,” and ‘‘a light to lighten the
Gentiles.’ It was the old Roman cus-
tom of burning candles. to the goddess
Februa, mother of Mars, to scare away
evil spirits. _ ro ;

“On Candlemas Day

Candles and candlesticks throw all away.”

Candour (Mrs.). A type of female
backbiters. Sheridan’s comedy of
The School for Scandal.

“The oame of ‘Mrs, Candour’ has become one
of those formidable by-words, which have had
more power in putting folly and ill-nature out of
countenance than whole volumes of remon-
8trance."—T. Moore. “nde

Canens. A nymph, wife of Picus,
King of the Laurentés. When Circé had
changed Picus into a bird, Cariens
lamented him so greatly that she pined
away, till she became a wor et pretorea
nihil, (Ovid: Metamorphoses, 14 fab. 9.)

,

Caneph‘ore (in architecture). Fig-
ures of young persons of either sex

- bearing a basket on their head. (Latin,

canephore, plural; singular, Greek,
xaympopos.) ~The English ‘singular is
‘* canephor ”’ (3 syl.).

Canicular Days. The dog-days,
corresponding with the overflow of the
Nile. From the middle of July to the
beginning of the second week in Sep-
tember. (Latin, canicila, diminutive of
canis, a dog.)

Canicular Period. A cycle of 1461
years or 1460 Julian years, called a
‘“Sothic period.’”? When it was supposed
that any given day had passed ectey
all the seasons of the year.

Canic'ular Year. The ancient E

tian year, computed from one heliacal
rising of the Dog-star (Sirius) to the
next.

Canidiia. A sorceress, who could
bring the moon from heaven. Allnded to
by Horace. (ypodes, v.)

“ Your ancient conjurors were wont
To make her (the moon) from her sphere dis-
And to their incantations stoop,” :
Butler: Hudibras, part fi. 3.

Canister. The head (pugilistic term).
‘“‘To mill his canister’’ is to break his
head. .A ‘‘canister cap”’ is a coveri
for the head, whether hat or cap.

‘‘ canister ’’ is a small coffer or box, and
the head is the ‘‘ canister ’’ or coffer’ of
man’s brains.

Canker. The briar or dog-rose.
“Put down Richard, that sweet lovely rose,

And plant this thorn, this canker, Bolingbroke.”

Shakespeare: 1 Henry I oy 4S,

Cannzx. The place where Han‘nibal
defeated the Romans under L, Aimil'ius
Paulus. Any fatal battle that is the’
turning point of a great general's pros-
perity is called his Canne. Thus, we
say, ‘‘ Moscow was the Canney of Napo-
leon Bonaparte.”’

Cannel Coal. A corruption of can-
dle coal, so ealled from the bright flame,
unmixed with smoke, which it yields in
combustion. ;

Cannibal. A word applied to those
who eat human flesh. The usual deriva-
tion is Caribbec, corrupted into Canibbee,
supposed to be man-eaters. Some of
the tribes of thése islands have no r.

“The natives live in great fear of the canibals
(i.e. Caribals, or people of Cariba).”—Cotumbus,

. Cannon (in billiards). A cerruption
of carrom, which is short for carambole,
A cannon is when the player’s ball strikee

|. Canoe

the adversary’s ball in such a way as to
glance off and strike a second ball.

Canoe’ (2 syl.). A boat. (Spanish,
canda, a canoe; Dutch, cano,; German;
kahn, a boat ; Old French, cane, a ship,
and canot, a boat; Latin, canna, a hollow
stem or reed; our cane, can=a jug;
cannon, canal, etc.)

Canon. The canons used to be those
persons who resided in the buildings
contiguous to the cathedral, employed
either in the daily service, or in the
education of the choristers. The word
is Greek, and means a measuring rod,
the beam of a balance; then, a roll or
register containing the names of the
clergy who are licensed to officiate in a
cathedral church.

Canon. A divine or ecclesiastical law.

“Or that the Everlasting had not fixed
His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter.”
Shakespeare: Hamlet, i. 2.

Can‘on Law. A collection of eccle-
siastical laws which serve as the rule of
church government, «(See bclow.)

Canon‘ical. Canon is a Greek word,
and means the index of a balance, hence
arule or law. (See above.)

The sacred canon means the accepted

books of Holy Scripture, which contain
the inspired laws of salvation and mo-
rality ; also called The Canonical Books,

Canonical Dress. The costume worn
by the clergy according to the direction
of the canon. Archdeacons, deans, and
bishops wear canonical hats.

Canonical Epistles. The seven
catholic epistles, 7.c. one of James, two
of Peter, three of John, and one of Jude.
The epistles of Paul were addressed to
specific churches or to individuals.

“The second and third epistles of John are
certainly not catholic. One is to.a specific lady
Jand her children ; and the other is to Gaius. If
the word “canonical” in this phrase means
appointed to be read in church, then the epistles
of Paul are canonical. In fact there are only

five canonical epistles.

Canon‘ical Hours. The times with-
in which the sacred offices may be per-
formed. In the Roman Catholic Church
they are seven—viz. _matins, prime,
tierce, sext, nones, vespers, and compline.
Prime, tierce, sext, and nones are the
first, third, sixth, and ninth hours of the
day, counting from six in the morning.
Compline is a corruption of completo’rium
(that which completes the services of
the day). The reason why there are
seven canonical hours is that. David says,

“‘Seven times a day do 1 praise thee” —

(Psalm oxix. 164).
a

209

Canossa

In England the phrase means the
time of the day within which persons
can be legally married, i.e, from eight
in the morning to three p m.

Canonical Obedience. The obedi-
ence due by the inferior clergy to the
superior clergy set over them, Even
bishops owe canonical obedience to the
archbishop of the same province,

Canonical Punishments are those
punishments which the Church is author-
ised to inflict.

Canonicals,

The pouch on the gown of an M.D,,
designed for carrying drugs.

The coif of aserjeant-at-law, designed
for concealing the tonsure.

The lamd-skin on a B.A hood, in imi-
tation of the toga can'dida of the Romans,

The s¢rings of an Oxford undergradu-
ate, to show the wearer is still in leading
strings. At Cambridge, however, the
strings are the mark of a graduate who
has won his ribbons.

The dippet on a barrister’s gown,
meant for a wallet to carry briefs in.

The proctors’ and pro-proctors’ tippet,
for papers—a sort of sabretache,

Cano'pic Vases. Used by the Egyp-
tian priests for the viscera of Hodies
embalmed, four vases being provided for
each body. So called from Cano’pus, in
Egypt, where they were first used.

Cano‘pus. The Egyptian god of
water. The Chaldeans worshipped fire,
and sent all the other gods a challenge,
which was accepted by a priest of Cano’-
pus. The Chaldeans lighted a vast fire
round the god Canopus, when the Egyp.
tian deity spouted out torrents of water
and quenched the fire, thereby obtaining
the triumph of water over fire.

Canopy properly means a gnat cur-
tain, Herod’otus tells us (ii. 95) that
the fishermen of the Nile used to lift
their nets on a pole, and form thereby
a rude sort of tent under which they
slept securely, as gnats will not pass
through the meshes of a net. Subse-
quently the tester of a bed was so called,
and lastly the canopy borne over kings,
(Greek, xovwy, a gnat; kwrwretov, a,
gnat-curtain; Latin, condpéum, a gnat-
curtain.)

Canossa. Carfossa, in the duchy of ©
Modéna, is where (in the winter of
1076-7) Kaiser Heinrich IV. went to
humble himself before Pope Gregory
VII. (Hildebrand). 3 ;

Cant

210

Cap

Has the Czar gone to Canossa? Ishe
about to eat humble pie?

When, in November, 1887, the Czar went to
Borlin to visit the Emperor of Germany, the
Standard usked in a leader, “Has the Czar gone
to Canossa?"”

Cant. <A whining manner of speech ;
class phraseology, especially of a reli-
gious uature (Latin, canto, to sing,
whence chant). It is often derived from
a proper name. We are told that
Alexander and Andrew Cant maintained
that all those who refused the ‘‘ Cove-
nant ’’ ought to be excommunicated, and
that those were cursed who made use of
the prayer-book. These same Cants, in
their grace before meat, used to ‘‘ pray
for all those who suffered persecution for
their religious opinions.” (Mereurius
Publicus, No. ix, 1661.)

~~ The proper name cannot have given
us the noun and verb, as they were in
familiar use certainly in the time of Ben
Jonson, signifying ‘‘ professional slang,”
and ‘‘ to use professional slang.’’

_ “The doctor here

When he discourses of dissection,

Of vena cava and of vena porta...

What does he do but cant? Orif herun

To his judicial astrology, é

And trowl out the trine, the quartile, and the

sextile,

Does he not cant?" r

Ben Jonson (1574—1637) ; Andrew Cant died 1664,

Cantabrian Surge. The Bay of
Biscay. So called from the Cant&ébri who
dwelt about the Biscayan shore. Sue-
tonius tells us that a thunderbolt fell in
the Cantabrian Lake (Spain) ‘in which
twelve axes were found.” (Galba, viii.)

“She her thundering army leads
To Calpé (Gibraltar)... . or the rough
Cantabrian Surge.” ‘
Akenside; Hymn to the Naiadgs.

Cantate Sunday. Fourth Sunday
after Easter. So called from the first
word of the introit of the mass; ‘*Sin
to the Lord”? Similarly ‘ Letare
Sunday'’ (the fourth after Lent) is so

called from the first word of the mass,

Canteen’ means properly a wine-
cellar. Then a refreshment-house in a
barrack for the use of the soldiers. Then
a vessel, holding about three pints, for
the use of soldiers on the march. (Italian,
cantina, a cellar.)

Canterbury. Canterbury is the higher
rack, but Winchester the better manger.
Canterbury is the higher sce in rank,
but Winchester the one which produces
the most money, This was the reply of
William Edington, Bishop of Winchester,
when offered the archbishopric of Can-
terbury (1366). Now Canterbury is
£15,000 a year, and Winchester £6,500,

Canterbury Tales. Chaucer sup-
posed that he was in company with a
party of pilgrims going to Canterbury to
pay their devotions at the shrine of

homas 4 Becket. The party assembled
at an inn in Southwark, called the
Tabard, and there agreed to tell one tale
each, both in going and returning. He
who told the best tale was to be treated
with a supper on the homeward journey.
The work is incomplete, and we have
none of the tales told on the way home.

A Canterbury Tale? A cock-and-bull
story; aromance. So called from Chau-
cer’s Canterbury Tales.

Canting Crew'(The). Beggars, gip-
sies, and thieves, who usé what is called
the canting lingo.

Canucks, The Canadians, So called
in the United States of America,

Canvas means cloth made of hemp.
To canvas a subject is to strain it through
a hemp strainer, to sift it; and ¢o canvass
a borough is to sift the votes, (Latin,
can'nabis, hemp.)

Canvas City (4).
campment.

“Tbe Grand Master assented, and they pro-
ceeded accordingly,... . avoiding the most
inhabitgd parts of the canvgs city.”"—Sir W. Scott:
The Talisman, chap. x.

“In 1851, during the gold rush, a town of tents,
known as Canvas Town, rose into bein on the
St. Kilda Road, Melbourne. Several thousand
inhabitants lived in this temporary settlement,
which was Jaid out in streets and lasted for
several months.’—Cities of the World ; Melbourne,

A military en-

Ca‘ora. <A river, on the banks of
which are a people whose heads grow
beneath their shoulders. _ Their eyes are
in their shoulders, and their mouths in
the middle of their breasts. (Hakluyt:
Foyages, 1598.) Raleigh, in his Descrip-
tion of Guiana, gives a similar account
ofaraceofmen, (See BLEMMYES.)

“ The Anthropophagi and men whose heads

Do grow beneath their shoulders.”
- Shakespeare; Othello, i. 3.

Cap.

Black cap. (See page 140, Brack Cap.)

Cater cap, A square cap or mortar-
board, (French, guartier.) =

College cap, A trencher like the caps’
worn at the English Universities by;
students and bachelors of art, doctors of
divinity, etc.

Fool's cap. A*cylindrical cap- with
feather and bells, such as licensed Fools
used to wear. ° —

Forked cap. A vishop’s mitre. For
the paper so called, see Foorscap,

FI

Cap a

Cap

a

__ John Knox cap (A). A cap made of
black silk velvet.

“A cap of black silk Velvet, after the John
Knox fashion.”"—Edinburgh University Calendar.

Monmouth cap (A). (See Monmovurtu.)

Tbragion cap ae Cap of liberty (g.v.).

Scotch cap. cloth cap worn com-
monly in Scotland.

Cap and bells, The insignia of a pro-
fessional fool or jester.

A feather in one’scap. An achievement
to be proud of ; something creditable.

Square cap. A trencher or ‘‘mortar-
board,’’ like the University cap.

Statute cap, A woollen cap ordered
by statute to be worn on holidays by all
citizens for the benefit of the woollen
trade. To a similar end, persons were
obliged to be buried at death in flannel.

“Well, better wits have worn plain statute
caps.”—Shaukespeare ; Love's Labour Lost, v. 2,

Trencher cap, or mortar-board. A
cap with a square board, generally
covered with black cloth.

I must ene on my considering cap. I
must think about the matter before I
give a final answer. The allusion is to
@ conjurer’s cap,

Tf the cap fits, wear it, If the remark
applies to you, apply it to yourself.

ats and caps differ very slightly in
size and appearance, but everyone knows
his own when he puts it on,

Setting her cap at him. Trying to
catch him for a sweetheart or a husband.
The lady puts on the most becoming of
her caps, to attract the attention and
admiration of the favoured gentleman.

To gain the cap. To obtain a bow
from another out of respect.

“Such galna the cap of him that makes them fine,
But keeps his book uncrossed.” a
Shakespeare : Cymbeline, iii. 3.

To pull ¢aps. To quarrel like two
women, who pull each other’s caps.

Your cap is all.on one side. The
French have the phrase Mettre son
bonnet de travers, meaning “to be in an
ill-humour.” Hilaire le Gai ex-
plains it thus: *‘ La plupart des tapageurs
de profession portent ordinairement le
chapeau sur Voreille.” It is quite certain
that workmen, when they are bothered,
push their cap on one side of the head,
generally over the right ear, because the
right hand is occupied. ,

Cap (the verb).

I cap to that, t.e. assent to it. The
allusion is to a custom observed in France
amongst the judges in deliberation.
Those who assent to the opinion stated
by any of the bench signify it by lifting
their toque from their feade:

Lo cap, To excel,

“Well, that caps the globe."—O, Bronté: Jane
Eyre,

Cap Verses (Zo), Having the metre
fixed and the last letter of the previous
line given, to add a verse beginning with
the given letter (of the same metre or
not, according to prearrangement) thus:

English.
The way was long, the wind was cold (D).
Dogs with their tongues their wounds do beal(L).
Like words congealed in northern air (R),
Regions Cwsar never knew (W).,
With all a poet's ecetasy (Y).
You may deride my awkward pace, ete. etc.

Latin.

Nil pictis timidus navita puppibus (8).
Sunt quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum (M),
Myrtoum pavidus nauta secet mare(E),
Est qui nec veteris pocula Massici (1)
Illum, si proprio condidit horreo (0),
O, et presidium .... (as long as you please).

~ It would make a Christmas game
to cap proper names: as Plato, Otway,
Young, Goldsmith, etc., or to cap pro-
verbs, as: ‘* Rome was not built in a
day’’; ‘ Ye are the salt of the earth’’;
‘‘ Hunger is the best sauce”’ ; ‘‘ Example
is better than precept’; ‘‘ Time and tide
wait for no man”’; ete.

Cap and Bells. Wearing the cap
and bells. Said of a person who is the
butt of the company, or one who excites
laughter at his own expense. The re-
ference is to licensed jesters formerly
attached to noblemen’s establishments.
Their headgear was a cap with bells,

“ One is bound to speak the truth .... whether
he mounts the cap and bells or a shovel hat [like
a bishop).”"—Thackeray.

Cap and Feather Days.
of childhood,

“ Here I was got into the scenes of my cap-and-
feather days.”—Cobbett.

Tho time

Cap and Gown. The full academical
costume of a university student, tutor,
or master, worn at lectures, examina-
tions, and after ‘‘ hall’’ (dinner),

“Ts itacapand gown affair ?"—U, Bede: Verdunt
Green. ;

Cap in Hand. Submissively. To
wait on a man cap in hand is to wait
on him like a servant, ready to do his
bidding.

Cap of Fools (Zhe). The chief or
foremost fool; one that exceeds all
others in folly.

“Thou art the cap of all the fools alive.”
Shakespeare: Timon of Athens, ty, 3,

Cap of Liberty. When a slave was
manumitted by the Romans, a small
red cloth cap, called pil'éus, was placed
on his head. As soon as this was done,
he was termed Jiderti’nus (a freedman),
and his name was registered in the ity,

Cap

212

Capite Censi

tribes. Wher Saturni‘nus, in 263, pos-
sessed himself of the capitol, he hoisted
a cap on the top of his spear, to indicate
that all slaves who joined his standard
should be free. When Marrius incited
the slaves to take up arms against Sylla,
he employed the same symbol; and
when Cesar was murdered, the con-
spirators marched forth in a body, with
a cap elevated on a. spear, in token of
liberty (Sce LIBERTY.)

Cap of Maintenance. A cap of
dignity anciently belonging to the rauk
of duke ; the fur cap of the Lord Mayor
of London, worn on days of state; a cap
carried before the British sovereigns at
their coronation. Maintenance here
mcans defence.

Cap of Time. They wear themselves
in the cap of time. Use more ceremony,
says Parolles, for these lords do ‘‘ wear
themselves in the cap of time,” i.e, these
lords are the favours and jewels worn
in the cap of the time being, and have
the greatest influence. In the cap of
time being, they are the very jewels,
and most honoured. (Shakespeare: All's
Well, ete., ii. 1.)

Cap-acquaintance (4), now called
a bowing acquaintance. One just suf-
ficiently known to bow to.

Cap-money. Money collected in a
cap or hat; hence an improvised col-
lection.

Cap-a-pie. The general etymology
is the French cap d pied, but the French
phrase is de pied en cap.

“ Arined at all points exactly cap-a-pie.”
Shakespeare: Hamlet, i. 2.
“JT am courtier, cap-a-pe.”
Shakespeare: Winter's Tale, iv. 3.

We are told that cap d pie is Old
French, but it would be desirable to
give a quotation from some old French
author to verify this assertion. I have
hunted in vain for the purpose. Again,
js pie Old French for pied 2 This is not
a usual change. The usual change
would be pied into pe. The Latin
might be De capite ad pedem.

Capfull of Wind. Olaus Magnus
tells us that Eric, King of Sweden, was
so familiar with evil spirits that what
way soever he turned his cap the wind
would blow, and for this he was called
Windy Cap The Laplanders drove a
profitable trade in selling winds; but,
even so late as 1814, Bessie Millie, of
Pomo'na (Orkney Islands), helped out
her living by selling favourable winds to

mariners for the small sum of sixpence,
(See Mont St. MICHEL.)

Cape. Spirit of the ‘Cape.
page 14, col. 1, ADAMasToR?)

Cape of ‘Storms. (S¢e STORMS.)

Capel Court. A speculation in stocks
of such magnitude as to affect the money
market. Capel Court is the name of the
place in London where transactions in
stocks are carried on.

Caper. The weather is so foul, not
even a caper would venture out. A Manx
proverb. A caper is a fisherman of Cape
Clear in Ireland, who will venture out
in almost any weather.

(See

Caper Merchant. A dancing-master
who cuts ‘‘capers.”” (See Cut CaPERs.)

Capet (Cap-pay). Hugues, the founder
of the French monarchy, was surnamed
Cap'etus (clothed with a capot or monk’s
hood), because he always wore a clerical
costume as abbot of St. Martin de Tours.
This was considered the family name of
the kings of France; hence, Louis XVI.
was arraigned before the National Con-
vention under the name of Louis Capet,

Capital. Money or money’s worth
available for production,

“ His capital is continually going from bim [the
merchant] in some sbape, and returning to him
in another."—Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations,
Vol. i. book ii, chap, i. p. 276.

Active capital. Ready money or pro-
perty readily convertible into it.

Circulating capital. Wageg, or raw
material. This sort of capitdél is not
available a second time for the same
purpose.

Fixed capital. Land, buildings, and
mACnIBEN which are only gradually
consumed, :

Political capital is something employed
to serve a politica] purpose. Thus, the
Whigs make political capital out of the
errors of the Tories, and vice versd.

“ He tried to make capital out of his rival’s dis-
comfiture."—The Times.

Capital Fellow (A). A stock-
jobber, in French called Un Cagrtaine,
par allusion aux capitaux sur lesquels qn
agiote habrtuellement., A good-tempered,
jovial, and generous person. :

Capitals. To speak in capitals. To
emphasise certain words with great
stress, Certain nouns spelt with a
capital letter are meant to be emphatic
and distinctive.

Cap'ite Censi. The lowest rank of
Roman .citizens ; so called because they

Capivulars

—

were counted simply by the poll, as they
had no taxable property.

Capitulars. The laws of the first
two dynasties of France were so called,
because they were divided into chapters.
(French, capitulaire.)

Capon. Called a fish out of the coop
by those friars who wished to evade the
Friday fast by eating chickens instead
of fish. (See YARMOUTH.)

Capon (4). A castrated cock.
aus capon, A dried haddock,
A Severn capon. A sole.
A Yarmouth capon, A ced herring,
* We also sometimes hear of a Glas-
gow capon, a salt herfing. ;

Capon(4). Alove-letter, In French,
poulet means not only a chicken but also
& love-letter, or a sheet of note-paper.
Thus Henri [V., consulting with Sully
about his pene says’ ‘My niece
of Guise would please me best, though
report says maliciously that she loves
poulets in paper better than in a frica-
see."”

* Boyet , . br i i pen thi
seven) sees Dh syste Se

Capricorn. Called by Thomson, in
his Winter, ‘“‘the centaur archer,’’ An-
tiently, the winter solstice occurred on
the entry of the sun into Capricorn,
but the stars, having advanced a whole
sign to the east, the winter solstice now
falls at the sun's entrance into Sagit-
tarius (the centaur archer), so that the
poet is strictly right, though we vul-
garly retain the ancient classical manner
of speaking. Capricornus is the tenth,
or, strictly speaking, the eleventh sign
of the zodiac, (Dec. 21-Jan. 20.)

" According to classic mythology,
Capricorn was Pan, who, from fear of
the great Typhon, changed himself into
e goat, and was made by Jupiter one of
the signs of the zodiac.

Captain. Capilano del Popolo, i.e:
Garibaldi (1807-1882).

The Great Captain (el gran capita’no).
Gonzalvo di Cordova {1 453- 1519)

Manuel Comne’nous of Treb‘izond
(1120, 1143-1180)

Captain Cauf’s Tail The com-
mander-in-chief of the mummers of
Plough Monday.

Captain Copperthorne’s Crew. All
masters and no men.

Captain Podd. A showman. So
called from ‘* Captain '’ Podd, a famous

213 Carabas

puppet-showman in the time of Ben
Jonson,

Captain Stiff. Zo come Captain Stiff
over one. To treat one with cold form-
ality. z

“IT shouldn't quite come wal eae Stil over!
him.’"—S, Warren: Ten Thousand @ Year.

Captious, Fallacious, deceitful; now
it means ill-tempered, carping. (Latin,
captro’ sus.)

“1 Know I love in vain, atrive against hope ;

Yet in this captious and intenible sieve
I still pour in the waters of my love.”
Shakespeare: All's Well that Ends Well,i. 3.

Cap’ua.. Capua corrupted Hannibal.
Luxury and self-indulgence will ruin
anyone. Hannibal was everywhere vic-
torious over the Romans till he took up
his winter quarters at Capua, the most
luxurious city of Italy, When he left
Capua his star began to wane, and, ere
long, Carthage was in ruins and himself
an exile,

Capua was the Canne of Hannibal. As
the battle of Cannz was most disastrous
to the Roman army, so was the luxury
of Capua to Hannibal’s army. We have
a modern adaptation to this proverb:
‘“ Moscow was the Austerlitz of Napo-
leon.””

Capuchin. A friar of the order of
St. Francis, of the new rule of 1528;
so called from their ‘‘cap’uce”’ or
pomted cowl.

Cap ulet. A noble house in Vero’na,
the rival of that of Mon’tague (3 syl.) ;
Juliet is of the former, and Romeo of
the latter Lady Capulet is the beau-
ideal of a proud Italian matron of the
fifteenth century. The expression so
familiar, ‘‘ the tomb of all the Capulets,”’
is from Burke. (Shakespeare: Romeo
and Juliet.)

Caput Mor'tuum. Latin for head
of the dead, used by the old chemists to
esignate the residuum of chemicals,
when all their volatile matters had es-
caped. Anything from which all that
rendered it valuable has been taken
away. Thus, a learned scholar para-
lysed is a mere caput mortuum of his
former self The French Directory,
towards its close, was a mere caput
mortuum of a governing body

Caqueux. A sort of gipsy race in
Brittany, similar to the Cagots of Gas-
cony, and Colliberts of Poitou.

Carabas. He is a Murquas of Caura-
bas. A fossil nobleman, of unbounded
pretensions and vanity, who would fain

_ restore the slavish foolery of the reign

= Caracalla

‘

214 Carcass

of Louis XIV.; one with Fortunatus’s
purse, which was never empty. The
character is taken from Perrault’s tale
of Puss in Boots,
“ Prétres que nous vengeons
Levez la dine et partageons ;
Et toi, peuple animal,
Porte encor Je bat feodal. . ...
Chapeau bas ! Chapeau bas!
Gloire au marquis de Carabas!"”
Béranger, 1816,

Caracalla [long-mantle}. Aure’lius

Antoni‘nus was so called because he’

adopted the Gaulish caracalla in prefer-
ence to the Roman toga. It was a large,
close-fitting, hooded mantle, reaching
to the heels, and slit up before and
behind to the waist. Aure‘lius was
himself born in Gaul, called Caracal in
Ossian, (See CURTMANTLE.)

Carac’ci. (pron. Kar- rah’ - che).
Founder of the eclectic school in Italy.
Luis and his two cousins Augustin and
Annibale founded the school called Jn-
cammina'ti (progressive), which had for
its chief principle the strict observance
of. nature. Luis (1554-1619), Augustin
(1558-1601), Annibale (1560-1609).

The. Caracei of France, Jean Jouvenet,
who was paralysed on the right side, and
painted with his.left hand. (1647-1707.)

The Annibale Caracci of the Eclectic
School. Bernardi‘no Campi, the Italian,
js so called by Lanzi (1522-1590).

Carack or Carrack. A ship of great
bulk, constructed to carry heavy freights.
(Spanish, caraca.)

“The rich-laden carack boand to distant shores,”
Pollok: Course of Time, book vii. line 60,

Carad/oc. A Knight of the Round
Table, noted for being the husband of
the only lady in the queen’s train who
could wear “‘ the mantle of matrimonial
fidelity.”’ Also in history, the British
chief whom the Romans called Carac-
tacus,

Caraites. A religious sect among
the Jews, who rigidly adhered to the
words and letters of Scripture, regard-
less of metaphor, ete. Of course, they
rejected the rabbinical interpretations
and the Cab’ala. The word is derived
from Caraim, equivalent to seripturart
(textualists), Pronounce Carry-ites.

Caran D’Ache. The pseudonym of
M. Emanuel Poirié, the French cari-
éaturist,

Carat of Gold. So called from the
carat bean, or seed of the locust tree,

formerly employed in weighing gold and °

silver. ' Hence the expressions “22
carats fine,’ ‘18 carats fine,’ etc.,

meaning that out of 24 parts, 22 or 18

.are gold, and the rest alloy.

a “ Here's the note
How mince your chain weighs to the utmost
carat.”
Shakespeare: Comedy of Errors, iv.1.

Caraway. Latin, carum, from.Caria
in Asia Minor, whence the seeds were
imported.

“Nay, you shall see my orchard, where in an
arbour we will eat a last year’s pippin of my own
graffing, with a dish of caraways.’—Shakespeare ;
2 Henry IV., v.3 (Justice Shallow to Falstaff).

Carbineer’ or Carabincer. Properly
a skirmisher or light horseman; from the
Arabic carabine. A carbine is the light
musket used by cavalry soldiers.

‘“He,.. left the Rhinegraye, with his company
of mounted carbineers, to guard the passage.” ~
tae Dutch Republic (vol. i, part i. chap.,ii.
p. 179).

Carbona‘do. A chop; mince meat.
Strictly speaking, a carbonado is a piece
of meat cut crosswise for the gridiron.
(Latin, carbo, a coal.)

“If he do come in my way, so ; if be do not—if
T come in bis willingly, let him make @ carbonado
of me.”—Shakespeare ; 1 Henry IV., v.3.

Carbona'ri means charcoal-burners,
a name assumed by a secret political
society in Italy (organised 1808-1814),
Their place of muster they called a
‘hut ;” its inside, ‘‘ the place for selling
charcoal ;”’ and the outside, the ‘* forest.”?
Their political opponents they called
““wolves,’? Their object was to convert
the kingdom of Naples into a republic.
In the singular number, Carbonaro. (See
CHARBONNERIE.)

Carbuncle of Ward Hill Sink

‘A mysterious carbuncle visible enoug

to those who stand at the foot of the
hill in May, June or July; but never
beheld by anyone who has succeeded in
reaching the hill top.

“] have distinguished, among the dark rocks,
that wonderful carbuncle, which gleams ruddy as
a furnace to them who view it from beneath, but
has ever become invisible to him whose daring
foot has scaled the precipice from which it darts
its splendour,’—Sir W. Scott: The Pirate, chap.
xix.

% Dr. Wallace thinks it is water
trickling from a rock, and reddened by
the sun.

Car’canet. A small chain of jewels
for the neck. (French, carcan, an iron
collar.)

“Like captain jewels in a carcanet.”
Shakespeare : Sonnets.

Car‘eass. The shell of a house before
the floors are laid and walls plastered ;
the skeleton of a ship, a wreck, ete.
The body of a dead animal, so called
from the Latin caro-cassa (lifeless flesh).
(French, carcasse.)_ Te, EA

“The Goodwins, J think they call the place; #

Carcasses 215

Cards

very dangerous flat and fatal, where the carcases
of many a ;~ sbip lie buried.”—Shakespeare :
Merchant of Venice, ili, 1.

Car‘casses. Shells with three fuze-
holes. They are projected from mortars
(q.v.), howitzers (q.v.), and guns, They
will burn furiously for eight or ten
minutes, do not burst like shells, but the
flames, rushing from the three holes, set
on fire everything within their influence.

“Charlestown, ... having been fired by a car-
eass from Copp’s Hill, sent up dense columns of
smoke."—Lessing : United States

Card.

That’s the card. The right thing; the
ticket. The reference is to tickets of
admission, cards of the races, and pro-
grammes,

“10s. is about the card."—Mayhew: London.

Labour, etc.

A queer card. An eccentric person,
‘indifferent honest.’’? <A difficult lead
in cards to play to.

A knowing card, A sharp fellow, next
door to a sharper. The allusion is to
card-sharpers and their tricks.

“ Whose great aim it was to be considered a
knowing card."—Dickens : Sketches, etc.

A great card. A big wig; the boss of
the season; a person of note. A big
card.

A leading card, A star actor. A
person leads from his strongest suit.

A loose card, A worthless fellow who
lives on the loose.

“A loose card is a card of no value, and, con-
sequently, the properest to throw away.”—Hoyle:
Games, etc,

A sure card. A person one can fully.

depend on; a person sure to command

success. A project to be certainly de-

i sured on. As a winning card in one’s
and.

He is the card of our house. The man
of mark, the most distingué. Osric tells
Hamlet that Laer’tés is ‘‘ the card and
calendar of gentry’? (v. 2). The card is
a card of a compass, containing all its
points. Laertés is the card of gentry, in
whom may be seen all its points. We
also say ‘‘a queer card,’’ meaning an

' odd fish.

That was my test trump card. My
best chance. The allusion is to loo,
whist, and other games played with

To “play one’s best card. To do that
which one hopes is most likely to secure
success.

To speak by the card. Tospeak by the ©

, be as preciso as a map or book.
A merchant’s expression. The card is
the document in writing containing the
agreements made between a merchant
.and the captain of a vessel. Sometiines

the owner binds himself, ship, tackle,
and furniture for due performance, and
the captain is bound to deliver the cargo
committed to him in good condition. To
speak by the card is to speak according
to the indentures or written instructions.
In some cases the reference is to the
card of a mariner’s compass.

“Law ,.. is the card to guide the world by,"—
Hooker: Ecc, Pol., part ii. sec. 5.

“We must speak by the card, or equivocation
will undo us.’’—Shakespeare: Hamlet, v. 1,

Cards.

It is said that there never was a good
hand of cards containing four clubs,
Such a hand is called ‘‘The Devil's
Four-poster.’’

Lieuben, a German lunatic, bet that

-he would succeed in turning up a pack

of cards in a certain order stated in a
written agreement. He turned and
turned the cards ten hours a day for
twenty years, and repeated the opera-
tion 4,246,028 times, when at last he
succeeded.

In Spain, spades used to be columbines ;
clubs, rabbits; diamonds, pinks; and
hearts, roses. The present name for
spades is espados (swords); of clubs,
bastos (cudgels); of diamonds, gineros
(square pieces of money used for paying
wages), of hearts, copas (chalices).

The French for spades is pique (pike:
men or soldiers) ; for clubs, ¢réfle (clover,
or husbandmen); of diamonds, ei cau
(building tiles, or artisans) ; of hearts,
cheur (choir-men, or ecclesiastics)

The English spades is the French form
of a pike, and the Spanish name; the
clubs is the French trefoil, and the
Spanish name ; the hearts is a corruption
of cheur into ceur, (Seé VIERGE.)

Court cards, So called because of their
heraldic devices. The king of clubs
originally represented the arms of the
Pope; of spades, the King of France;
of diamonds, the King of Spain; and of
hearts, the King of England, _ The
French kings in cards are called David
(spades), Alexander (clubs), Ceesar (dia-
monds), and Charles (hearts)—repre-
senting the Jewish, Greek, Roman, and
Frankish empires. The queens or dames
are Argine—t.e. Juno (hearts), Judith
(clubs), Rachel (diainonds), and Pallas
(spades) — representing royalty, fort,
tude, piety, and wisdom, They were
likenesses of Marie d’Anjou, the queen
of Charles VII., Isabeau, the queen-
mother; Agnes Sorel, the king’s mis-
tress, and Joan d’Arc, the dame of
spades, or war.

He felt that he held the eardsin his own
hands. That he had the whip-end of

Cardinal

216 Carlovingian

the stick; that he had the upper hand,
and could do as he liked. The allusion
is to games played with cards, such as
whist, a

He played his cards well. He acted
judiciously and skilfully, like a whist-
player who plays his hand with judg-
ment, To play one’s cards badly is to
manage a project unskilfully.

The eards are in my hands. hold the
disposal of events which will secure suc-
cess. The allusion is obvious.

“The Vitelli busied at Arezzo ; the Orsini irri-
tating the French ; the war of Naples imminent ;
—the cards are in my hands,”"—Casar Borgia,
xxix,

On the cards.
jected, and talked about as likely to
occur. On the programme or card of
the races ; on the “‘agenda.”’

To count on one’s cards. To anticipate
success under the circumstances. The
allusion is to holding in one’s hand cards
likely to win.

To go in with good cards. To have
good patronage ; to have excellent
grounds for expecting success.

To throw up the cards. To give up as
a bad job; to acknowledge you have no
hope of success. In some games of
cards, as loo, a player has the liberty of
saying whether he will play or not, and
if one’s hand is hopelessly bad he throws
up ius cards and sits out till the next

eal.

Cardinal Humours. Blood,phlegm,
yellow bile, and black bile.

Cardinal Numbers. Such numbers
as 1, 2, 3, etc. Ist, 2nd, 3rd, etc., are
ordinal numbers.

Cardinal Points of the Compass,
Due north, west, east, and south. So
called because they are the points on
which the intermediate ones, such as
‘N.E., N.W., N.N.E., etc., hinge or
hang. (Latin, cardo, a hinge.)

Cardinal Signs [of the Zodiac].
The two equinoctial and the two sol-
sticial signs, Aries and Libra, Cancer
and Capricornus.

Cardinal Virtues.
dence, temperance, and fortitude, on
which all other virtues hang or depend.

Cardinal Winds. Those that blow
due East, West, North, and South.

Cardinals, Hinges. (Latin, cardo.)
The election of the Pope ‘hinges ” on
the voice of the sacred college, and on
the Pope the doctrines of the Church
depend; so that the cardinals are in
fact the hinges on which the Christian

Likely to happen, pro- |

Justice, pru- .

Church turns, There may be six car-
dinal bishops, fifty cardinal priests, and
fourteen cardinal deacons, who consti-
tute the Pope’s council, and who elect
the Pope when a vacancy occurs.

.Cardinal’s Red Hat. Some assert
that Innocent IV. made the cardinals
wear a red hat ‘‘in token of. their being
ready to lay down their life for the
gospel.’”

Car‘duel or Kartel. Carlisle, The
place where Merlin prepared the Round
Table.

Care-cloth (Thry The fine linen
cloth laid over the newly-married in the
Catholic Church. (Anglo-Saxon, , cear,
large, as cear wind (a big wound), cear
sorh (a great sorrow), etc.)

Care killed the Cat. It is said that
‘a, cat has nine lives,’’ yet care would
wear them all out,

Care Sunday (the fifth Sunday in
Lent). Professor Skeat tells us (Votes
and Queries, Oct. 28th, 1893), that
‘care’? means trouble, suffering; and
that Care-Sunday means Passion-Sun-
day. In Old High German we have
Kar-woche and Kar-fritag.

The Latin cura sometimes meant “sorrow.
grief, trouble,” as “Curam et angorem animi
levare.”—Cicero: Att. i. 15.

Caréme (2 syl.). Lent; a corruption
of quadragesima.

Car-goose (4) or Gargoose. The
crested diver, belonging to the genus
Colymbus. (Anglo-Saxon, gar and gos.)

Caricatures mean ‘‘sketches over-
drawn.’? (Italian, caricatu'ra, from
carica'ré, to load or burden,.

Car‘illons, in France, are chimes or
tunes played on bells; but in England
the suites of bells that play the tunes,
Our word carol approaches the French
meaning nearer than our own. ‘The
best chimes in the’world are those in Les*
Halles, at Bruges. i

Cari‘nz. Women hired by the Ro-
mans to weep at funerals; so called from |
Caria, whence most of themcame. _—_ }

Carle or Carling Sunday [Pea Sun- |
day]. The octave preceding Palm Sun-
day; so called because the special food
of the day was carling—i.e, peas fried
in butter. The custom isa continuation
of the pagan bean-feast. The fifth

Sunday in Lent. as
Carlovin’gian Dynasty. So called
from Car olus or Charles Martel, j

Carludovica

217

Carpet

Carludovi'ca. A Pan’ama hat, made
of the Carludovica pal’mata + so called in
compliment to Carlos IV. of Spain,
whose second name was Ludovic,

Car’‘magnole (3 syl.). A red Repub-
lican song and dance in the first French
revolution ; so called from Carmag’nola,
in Piedmont, the great nest of the
Savoyards, noted for street music and
dancing. The refrain of ‘‘ Madame
Veto,”’ the Carmagnole song, is ‘‘ Dan-
sons la Carmagnole—vive le son du
canon !”? The word was subsequently
applied to other revolutionary songs,
such as (a ira, the Marseillaise, the
Chant du Depart. Besides the songs,
the word is applied to the dress worn
by the Jacobins, consisting of a blouse,
red cap, and tri-coloured girdle; to the
wearer of this dress or any violent re-
volutionist ; to the speeches in favour
of the execution of Louis XVI., called
by M. Barriére des Carmagnoles ; and,
lastly, to the dance, performed by the
mob round the guillotine, or down the
streets of Paris.

Car'melites (3 syl.). An order of
mendicant friars of Mount Carmel, the
monastery of which is named Elias,
from Elijah the prophet, who on Mount
‘Carmel told Ahab that rain was at hand.
Also called White Friars, from their
white cloaks,

Carmilhan. The phantom ship on
which the Kobold of the Baltic sits when
he appears to doomed vessels.

Carmin‘ative. A charm medicine.
Magic and charms were at one time the
chief ‘‘ medicines,’? and the fact is per-
petuated by the word carminative,
among others. Carminatives are given
to relieve flatulence. (Latin, carmen, a
charm. )

Carmi‘ne (2 sy).
from the carmés or kermés insect, whence
also crimson, through the Italian ere-
misino.

Carnation, ‘ Fliesh-colour.’’ (Latin,
caro ; genitive, carnis, flesh.)

Car‘ney. To wheedle, to keep car-
essing.

Carnival. The season immediately
preceding Lent; shroye-tide. Ducange
ays the word carne-levale. (Modern

talian, carnovdle ; Spanish and French,
carnaval.)

ltalis, carnevale, carnovale, carnaval. Quidam
scriptores Itali “carne-vale” dictum putant,
quasi carne vale (good-bye meat) ; sed id etymon
non probat Octay. Ferrarius, Cangius.. ..
appcllasse Gallos existimat, ¢arn-a-val, quod
gonat caro abscedit ,..(We are referred to a

The dye made .

charter, dated 1195, in which occurs the word
carne-lcvamen, and a quotation is given in which
occurs the phrase in carnis levamen).—Ducange,
vol. ii. p, 222.

_Carot/id Artery. An arteryon each
side of the neck, supposed by the ancients
to be the seat of drowsiness, brought on
by an increased flow of blood through it
to the head. (Greek, caréticos, inducing
sleep.)

Carouse (2 syl.). Mr. Gifford says
the Danes called their large drinking cup
a rouse, and to rouse is to drink from a
rouse ; ca-rouse is gar-rouse, to drink all
up, or to drink all—i.e, in company.

“The king doth wake to-night, and takes his
rouse.” Shakéspeare; Hamlet, i. 4.

Carouse the hunter’s hoop, Drinking
cups were anciently marked with hoops,
by which every drinker knew his stint,
Shakespeare makes Jack Cade promise
his friends that ‘‘ seven halfpenny loaves
‘shall be sold for a penny ; and the three-
hooped pot have ten hoops.’ Pegs or
pins (7.v.) are other means of limiting
the draught of individuals who drank
out of the same tankard.

Carpathian Wizard. Proteus (2
syl.), who lived in the island of Car’-
pathos, between Rhodes and Crete. He
was a wizard and prophet, who could
transform himself into any shape he
pleased. He is reppeeAnted as carrying
a sort of crook in hishand. Carpathos,
now called Scarpanto,

“ By.the Carpatbian wizard's.hook,”
Milton: Comus, 893.

Carpe Diem. Enjoy yourself while
you have the ee Seize the
present day. (Horace: 1 Odes, xi. 8.)
*¢ Dum vivimus, vivamus,’?

Carpenter is from the Low Latin
carpentarius, a maker of carpenta (two-
wheeled carts and carriages). The car-
pentum was used for ladies ; the carpentum
ica or carpentum pompaticum was a.

earse, There was also a carpentum
(cart) for agricultural purposes, There
is no Latin word for our ‘‘carpenter’’;
the phrase faber lignarius is used oy
Cicero. Our forefathers called a car-
penter a ‘‘smith”’ or a ‘* wood-smith.”
(French, charpentier.)

Carpet,

The magic carpet of Tangu. A carpet
to all aa worthless, but if any-
one sat thereon, it would transport him
instantaneously to the place he wished
to go. So called because it came from
Tangu, in Persia. It is sometimes termed
Prince Housain’s carpet, because it cama

Carpet-bag

into his hands, and he made use of it.
(4 rabian Nights: Prince Ahmed.) (Sce
elow.) ;

Solomon’s carpet. The Eastern writers
say that Solomon had a green silk carpet,
on which his throne was placed when he
travelled. This carpet was large enough
for all his forces to stand upon; the men
and women stood on his right hand, and
the spirits on his left, When all were
arranged in order, Solomon told the wind
where he wished to go, and the carpet,
with all its contents, rose in the air and
alighted at the place indicated. In order
to screen the from the sun, the

birds of the air with outspread wings-
formed a canopy over the whole party..

(Sale: Koran.) (See above.)

Such and such a-question is on the
carpet. The French sur le tapis (on the
table-cloth) —t.e. before the house,
under consideration. The question has
been laid on the table-cloth of the house,
and is now under debate.

Carpet-bag Adventurer (4). A
passing adventurer, who happens to be
on the road with his travelling or carpet-
bag.

Carpet-bag Government. The
government of mere adventurers. In
America, a state in the South reorganised
by ‘‘carpet-baggers,’’ i.e. Northern

lifical adventurers, who sought a career
in the Southern States after the Civil
War of 1865. [It may be noted that in
America members of Congress and the
State legislatures almost invariably reside
in the district which they represent. ]

Carpet Knight. One dubbed at
Court by favour, not having won his
spurs by military service in the field.
Mayors, lawyers, and other civilians
knighted’ as they kneel on a carpet
before their sovereign. ‘‘ Knights of
the Carpet,’ “‘Knights of the Green
Cloth,”’ *‘ Knights of Carpetry.”’

“The subordinate commands fell to young
patricians, carpet-knights, who went on cam-
paigns with their families and slaves."—Froude:
Cesar, chap. iv. p. 91.

Carpocra’tians. Gnostics ; so called
from Carpo’eratés, who flourished iv the
middle of the second- century They
toaiptained that the world was made by
angels,—that only the soul of Christ
ascended into heaven,—and that the
body will have no resurrection.

Carriage Company. Persons who
keep their private carriage.

“Seeing a great deal of carriage company "—
Thackeray.

218

Carry the Day

Carriages. Things carried, luggage.
“ And after those days we took upour carriages,
and went up to Jerusalem.”"—Acts xxi. 15.

Car’ronades (3 syl.). Short, light
iron nis As they have no trunnions
they differ in this respect from guns and
howitzers (q.v.). They were invented
in 1779 by Mr. Gascoigne, director of
the Carron foundry, in Scotland, whence
peerere Canoes are fates iP
heir carriages by a loop underneath,
and are chiefly used in the arming of
ships, to enable them to throw heavy
shot ‘at close quarters, without over-
loading the decks with heavy guns.
shore they are used as howitzers.

Carry Arms! Hold your gun in the
right hand, the barrel nearly pe: -
dicular, and resting against the hollow

- of the shoulder, the thumb and fore-

finger embracing the guard. (A military
command.) (See Carry Sworps.)

Carry Coals. (See Coats.)

Carry Everything before One (7o).
To be beyond competitton; to carry off
all the prizes. A military phrase.
Similarly, a high wind carries every-
thing before it.

Carry Fire in one Hand and Water
in the other (Zo). To say one thing
and mean another ; ‘to flatter, to deceive ;
to lull suspicion in order the better to
work mischief. ;
“ Altera manu fert aquam, altera ignem.

Altera manu fert lapidem, altera panem os-

tentat.” Plautus.

Carry One's Point (Zo). To suc-
ceed in one’s aim. Candidates in Rome
were balloted for, and the votes were
marked on a tablet by points. Hence,
omne punctum ferre meant “to be
carried xem. con.,”” or to gain every
vote; and ‘to one’s point’? is
to carry off the poits at which one

. aimed.

~

Carry Out (Jo) or Carry through.
To continue a project to its completion.

Carry out one’s Bat (Zo). A
cricketer is said to out his bat
when he is not ‘‘out’’ at the close of
the game.

Carry Swords! Hold the drawn
sword vertically, the blade against the
shoulder (A military command.) (See
above, CARRY ARMS.) :

Carry the Day
contest ; to carry off

(7H, To win the
e honours of the

gay. In Latin, victoriam reportare. —

Carry Weight

219

Case

Carry Weight (7v), in races, etc.,
means to equalise the weight of two or
more riders by adding weights to the
lighter ones, till both (or all) the riders
are made of one uniform weight.

“He carries weight ! he rides a race!
‘Tis for a thousand pounds.”
Cowper : John Gilpin.

To carry weight. To have influence.

Cart before the Horse. To put the
cart before the horse is to reverse the
right order or allocation of things.

French : “ Mettre la charrette avant les beufs.”
Latin > “Currus bovem trahit
Prepostere.”
Greek: “ Hysteron proteron.”
fated “Die pferde hinter den wagen span-
Italian : “ Metter il carro inanzi ai buol.”

Carte Blanche (French). A blank
cheque signed by the giver, but left to
be filled in by the receiver, with a sum
of money drawn on the bank-account of
the giver. Power to-act at discretion in
an affair placed under your charge.

Carte de Visite (French). A visiting
card, a photographic likeness on a card
for the albums of friends, etc. This
custom originated, in 1857, with the
Duke of Parma:

Carte'sian Philosophy. The philo-
sophical system of René Descartes (Latin,
Carte'sius), of La Haye, in Touraine.
The basis of his system is cogtto ergo
sum. Thought must proceed from soul,
end therefore man is not wholly ma-
terial; that soul must be from some
Being not material, and that Being is
God. As for physical phenomena, they
must be the result of motion excited by
God, and these motions he termed
vortices. (1596-1650.)

2 Of course, he begs the whole ques-
tion in his first assertion. (Sce Coarro.)

Carthage of the North. Lubeck
was so called, when it was the head of
the Hanseatic League.

ena, Capital of New Gra-
na‘da, in South America, unsuccessfully
attacked in 1747 by Admiral Vernon.

“ Wasteful, forth MTs
Walks the dire power of pestilent disease...
Such as, of late, at Carthagena quenched
The British fire. You, gallant Vernon, saw
The miserable scene ; you, pitying, saw
To infant-weakness sunk the warrior's arm.”
Thomson : Summer, 1034-43.

Carthagiinem esse Delendam
Ceonege were the words with which

ato the Elder concluded every speech
in the Roman senate. More usually
quoted ‘* Delenda est Carthago.’? They
are now proverbial, and mean, ‘‘ That
which stands in the way of our great-
mess must be removed at all hazards,”

Carthaginian Faith. Treachery.
(See Punica FIpEs.)

Carthu’sians. Founded, in 1086,
by St. Bruno, of Cologne, who, with
six companions, retired to the solitude
of La Chartreuse, near Greno’ble, in
Vienne.

Cartoons. Designs drawn on cartone
(pasteboard), like those of Raffaelle, for-
merly at Hampton Court, but now at
Kensington Museum. They were bought
by Charles I.. and are seven in number:
“The Miraculous Draught of Fishes,’’
**Feed my Lambs,” ‘‘The Beautiful
Gate of the Temple,” ‘Death of An-
ani‘as,’’ ‘‘ El’/ymas the Sorcerer,’’ ‘Paul
an Lystra,” and ‘‘Paul on the Mars

_ “They were designs for tapestries to be worked
parte dh Bed inet B. De Forest : Short History of

Cart'ridge Paper was originally
manufactured for soldiers’ cartridges,
The word is a corruption of cartouche,
from carta (paper).

Carya’tes or Caryat’ids, Figuresof
women in Greek costume, used in archi-
tecture- to support entablatures. Ca’-
rye, in Arca’dia, sided with the Persians
in the battle of Thermop’yle; in conse-
quence of which the victorious Greeks
destroyed the city, slew the men, and
made the women slaves. Praxit’elés, to
perpetuate the disgrace, employed figures
of these women, instead of columns.
(See page 72, col. 2, ATLANTES, page 208,
col. 2, CANEPHORZ.)

Caryat/ic Order or Caryatid’‘ic
Order. Architecture in which Cary-
at/ids are introduced to support the
entablature. _

Casabian’ca was the name of the
captain of the French man-of-war,
LT’ Orient. At the battle of Aboukir,
having first secured the safety of his
crew, he blew up his ship, to prevent it
falling into the hands of the English,
His little son, refusing to leave him,
perished with his father. Mrs. Hemaiis
has made a ballad, Casabianca, on this
subject, ae the incident. The
French poets Lebrun and Chénier have
also celebrated the occurrence.

Cas’ca. A blunt-witted Roman, one
of the conspirators against Julius Cesar.
(Shakespeare: Julius Cesar.)

Case (Jo). To skim an animal, In
the Cookery by Mrs. Glasse is the direc-
tion, ‘‘ Take your hare when it is cased,
. .. and make a pudding...” The
witticism, ‘ First catch your hare,”’ may
possibly have been sugeested by this.

Case-hardened

220.

Cast Accounts

ES

direction, but it is not in the Art of
Cookery made Plain and Easy.

Case-hardened. Impenetrable to all
sense of honour or shame. The allusion
is to iron toughened by carbonising the
surface in contact with charcoal in a
case or closed box, It is done by heat,

Cashier’ (2 syl.). To dismiss an officer
from the army, to discard from society.
(French, casser, to break; Italian, cas-
sa’ré, to blot out; Ger. kassiren.)

“The ruling rogue, who dreads to be casbiered,

Contrives, as he is hated, to be feared.”

Swift: Epistle to Mr. Gay, line 137.

Casi’no. Originally, a little casa or
room near a theatre, where persons
might retire, after the play was over,
for dancing or music.

Casket Homer. Alexander the
Great's edition, with Aristotle’s correc-
tions. After the battle of Arbe/la a
golden casket, studded with jewels, was
ound in the tent of Dari’us. Alexan-
der, being asked to what purpose it
should be applied, made answer, ‘‘There
is but one production in the world
worthy of so costly a depository,’”’ and
placed therein his edition of Homer,
which received from this circumstance
the term of Casket Homer.

Caspar. A huntsman who sold him-
self to Za'miel, the Black Huntsman.
The night before the expiration of his
lease of life he bargained for three
oe respite on condition of bringing

ax into the power of the evil one.
Zamiel replied, ‘‘ To-morrow either he
or you.’’ On the day appointed for the
trial-shot, Caspar places himself in a
tree. Maxis told by the prince to aim
at a dove. The dove flies to the tree
where Caspar is concealed. Max shoots
at the dove, but kills Caspar, and Zamiel
comes to carry off his victim. (Weber's
Opera of Der Freischuiz.)

Cassan’dra. Daughter of Priam,
ifted with the power of prophecy;
But Apollo, whom she had offended,
brought it to pass that no one believed
her predictions. (Shakespeare: Troilus
and Cressida.)

“Those who foresee and predict the downfall,
meet with the fate of Cassandra.”—The Times,

Cassa'tion. The court of cassation,
in France, is the court which can casser
(or quash) the judgment of other courts.

Cassi. Inhabitants of what is-now
Cassio hundred, Hertfordshire, referred
to by Cesar in his Commentaries.

Cassib’elan., Great-uncle to Cym-
beline. He granted Cesar a yearly

‘voked the jealous

tribute of £3,000. (Shakespeare: Cym-
beline.)

Cassio (in Shakespeare’s Othello).
Michael Cassio was a Florentine, and
Othello’s lieutenant. Iago made him
drunk, and then set on Roderi’go to
quarrel with him. Cassio wounded
Roderigo, and a brawl ensued, which
offended Othello. Othello suspended
Cassio, but Iago induced Desdemo'na to
plead for his restoration, This interest
in Cassio, being regarded by the Moor as
a confirmation of Desdemona’s illicit
love, hinted at broadly by Iago, pro-
of Othello. After
the death of the Moor, Cassio was ap-
pointed governor of Cyprus,

Cassiope’ia [the lady in the chair).
The chief stars of this constellation form
the outline of a chair. The lady referred
to is the wife of Ce’pheus (2 syl.), King
of Ethiopia. She boasted that the
beauty of her daughter Androméda sur-
passed that of the sea-nymphs, The
sea-nymphs complained to the sea god
of this affront, and Andromeda, eto
appease their wrath, was chained to a
rock to be devoured by sea-monsters.
Perseus (2 syl.) delivered her, and made
her his wife. The vain mother was taken
to heaven out of the way, and placed
among the stars.

“ That starred Etbiop queen that strove
To set her beauty's praise above
The sea-nymphs and their powers offended.
Milton: Jl Penseroso

N.B.—‘‘ Her beauty’s praise’? means
that of her beautiful daughter. An-
droméda was her mother’s “beauty.” ©

Cassiter’ides ig syl.).The tin islands,
generally supposed to be the Scilly Is-
lands and Cornwall, but probably the
isles in Vigo Bay are meant. It is said
that the Veneti procured tin from Corn-
wall, and carried it to the Isles of Vigo
Bay, but kept as a profound secret the

_ place from which they obtained it. The

Pheenicians were the chief customers of
the Veneti.

Cast About £70); To deliberate, to
consider, as, ‘‘I1 am casting about me
how I am to meet the expenses.” A
sporting phrase. Dogs, when they have
lost scent, ‘‘cast for it,” te. spread
out and search in different directions to
recover it.

Cast Accounts (Jo). To balance or
keep accounts. Zo cast up a line of
Jigures is to add them together and set
down the sum they produce. To cast
or throw the vatue of one figure into
another till the whole number is totalled.

Cast Anchor

t

Cast Anchor (7v), To throw out
the anchor in order to bring the vessel
toastandstill. (Latin, anchoram jacére.)

Cast Aside (Zo). To reject as
worthless. :

Cast Down. Dejected. (Latin, de-
jectus.)

Cast a Sheep’s Eye at One (7).
To look askance or sideways at one; to
look wantonly at one.

Cast beyond the Moon. To form
wild conjectures. One of Heywood’s
proverbs. At one time the moon was
supposed to influence the weather, to
affect the ingathering of fruits, to rule
the time of sowing, reaping, and slay-
ing cattle, ete.

“1 talke of things impossible, and cast beyond
the moon.” Hey wood.

Cast in One’s Lot (Zo). To share
the good or bad fortune of another.

Cast into One’s Teeth (Zo). To
throw a reproof at one. The allusion
is to knocking one’s teeth out by stones.
“ All my faults observed, set in a note book,

Learned and conned by rote, to cast into my

teeth.” Shakespeare: Juluus Cesar,

Cast of the Eye (4). A squint.
One meaning of the word cast is to
twist or warp. Thus, a fabric is said
to ‘cast’? when it warps; and seamen
speak of ‘‘casting,’’ or turning the head
of a ship on the tack itis to sail. We
also speak of a ‘‘casting”’ or turning
vote.

.“ My goode bowe clene cast [twisted] on one
side.”"—Ascham: Torophilus.

Cast Pearls before Swine (7).
If pearls are cast to swine, the swine
would only trample them under foot.

Casting Vote. The vote of the pre-
siding officer when the votes of the
assembly are equal. This final vote
casts, turns, or determines the question.

Castagnette (Captain). A hero
noted for having his stomach replaced
by Desgenettes by a leather one. His
career is ended by a bomb, which blows
him into fragments. An extravaganza
from the French of Manuel.

Cas‘taly. <A fountain of Parnassus
sacred ie the Muses. ae waters had the
power of inspiring with the gift of poetry
those who drank of them.

“The drooping Muses [Sir Industry}

rought to another dastatie,
Where Isis many a famous nursling breeds,
Or where old Cam soft paces o’er the lea
Ibn pensive mood.”
: Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 21.
“Isis”? means the University of Oxford,

Castle

and ‘‘Cam” the University of Cam-
bridge, so called from the respective
rivers on which they stand.

Caste (1 syl.), race. The Portuguese
casta. In Sanskrit the word used for
the same purpose is varna (colour). The
four Hindu castes are Brahmins (the
sacred order), Shairi‘ya (soldiers aud
rulers), Vaisy'a (husbandmen and mer-
chants), Sudra (agricultural labourers
and mechanics). ‘The first issued from
the mouth of Brahma, the second from
his arms, the third from his thighs, and
the fourth from his feet. Below these
come thirty-six inferior classes, to whom
the Vedas are sealed, and who are held
cursed in this world and without hope in
the next. The Jews seem to have enter-
tained the same notion respecting the
common people, and hence the Sanhe-
drim say to the officers, ‘‘ This people;
who know not the law, are cursed.”
(John vii. 49.)

To lose caste. To lose position in
society. To get degraded from one
caste to an inferior one.

Castle Builder (4). One who en-
tertains sanguine hopes. One who
builds air-castles which have no exis-
tence except in a dreamy imagination.
(See below.) 2

Castle in the Air. A splendid
edifice, but one which has no existence.
In fairy tales we often have these castles
built at a word, and vanishing as soon,
like that built for Aladdin by the Genius
of the Lamp. These air-castles are
called by the French Chateaux d’ Espagne,
because Spain has no chateaux. Wealso
find the expression Chateaux en Asie for
a similar reason. (See CHATEAUX.)

Castle of Bungay (My).

“ Were I in my Castle of Bungay
Vpon the riuer of Waueney,
I would ne care for the King of Cockney.”

Attributed to Lord Bigod of Bungay.
The lines are- in Camden’s Britannia
(edit. 1607). The events referred to in
the ballad belong to the reign of Stephen
or Henry II. (See Bar-surR-AUBE, page
100, col. 1.)

Castle of Indclence. In the land
of Drowsiness, where every sense is
steeped in enervating delights, The
owner of the castle was an enchanter,
who deprived all who entered his domains
of their energy and free-will. (Thomson :
Castle of Indolence.)

Castle Terabil (or ‘‘ Terrible’’) in
Arthurian legends stood in Launceston,
It had a steep keep environed witha

. or Castor Ey Cat

triple wall. Sometimes called Dun- | Ado about Nothing, i. 1.) In olden

heved Castle. It was within ten miles | times a cat was for sport enclosed ina

of Tintagel. bag or leather bottle, and hung to the
Cantor s Asst. _ Castor. isi thallaien branch of a tree, as a mark for bowmen

for a beaver, and beaver means a hat
made of the beaver’s skin.
“Tom Trot
Took his new castor from his head.”
Randall: Diary.
@astor and Pollux. What we call
comazants. Electric flames sometimes
seen in stormy weather playing. about
the masts of ships, If only one flame
showed itself, the Romans called it Helen,
and said that it portended that the worst
of the storm was yet to come; but two
or more luminous flames they called
Castor and Pollux, and said that they
boded the termination of the storm.

But when the sons of Leda shed

Their star-Jamps on our vessel's head,

The storm-winds cease, the troubled spray

Falls from the rocks, clouds flee away,

And on the bosom of the deep

In peace the angry billows sleep. E. C.B.
Horace: \' Odes xii., 27-32.

Castor’s Horse. Cyllaros. Virgil
ascribes him to Pollux. (Geor., iii.)
(See Horse.)

Cas’uist (3 syl.). One who resolves
casus conscienti@ (cases of conscience).
M. le Fevre calls casuistry “the art of
quibbling with God.”’

Casus Belli (Latin). A ground for
war; an occurrence warranting inter-
national hostilities.

Cat. Called a ‘“‘ familiar,’’ from the
medieval superstition that Satan’s fa-
vourite form was a black cat. Hence
“* witches ’’ were said to have a cat as
their familiar.

Cat. Asymbolof liberty. The Roman
goddess of Liberty was represented as
holding a cup in one hand, a broken
sceptre in the other, and with a cat
lying at her feet. No animal is so great
an enemy to all constraint as a cat.

Cat. Held in veneration by the Egyp-
tians under the name of #lurus. This
deity is represented with a human body
anda cat’s head. Diodo’rus tells us that
whoever killed a cat, even by accident,
was by the Egyptians punished by death.
According to Egyptian tradition, Diana
assumed the form of a cat, and thus ex-
cited the fury of the giants.

The London Review says the Egyptians
worshipped the cat as a symbal of the
moon, uot only because it is more active
after sunset, but from the dilation and
contraction of its pupil, symbolical of the
waxing and waning of the night-goddess.
(See Puss.)

Hang mein a bottle like a cat. (Much

to shoot at. Steevens tells us of another

sport: ‘‘ A cat was placed in a soot bag,

and hung on a line; the players had to.
beat out the bottom of the bag without

getting besmudged, and he who suc-

ceeded in so doing was allowed to hunt

the cat afterwards,

Some... are madif they behold a cat,
(Merchant of Venice, iv. 1.) Henri III.
of France swooned if he caught sight of
a cat, and Napoleon I. showed a morbid
horror of the same; so did one of the
Ferdinands, Emperor of Germany. (See
ANTIPATHY, page 53; Pic.)

Cat-cali, A kind of whistle used at
theatres by the audience to express dis-
[ee as or impatience. A hideous noise

ike the call or waul of a cat.

“T was very much surprised with the great
consort of cat-calls .... to see $0 any persons
of quality of both sexes assenibled together ata
ead of caterwauling.” — Addison, Spectator, No.

Cat-eyed. Able to see in the dark.
Cat’s eye is an opalescent mineral gem.

Cat Jumps (The). Sce how the cat
jumps, “which way the wind blows” ;
which of two alternatives is likely to be
the successful one before you give any
opinion of its merit or adhesion to it,
either moral or otherwise. The allusion
is to the game called tip-cat. Before
you strike, you must observe which way
the ‘‘cat’’ has jumped up.

‘? We are told that our forefathers
had a cruel sport, which consisted in
placing a cat in a tree as a mark to shoot
at. A wily sportsman would, of course,
wait to see Which way it jumped before
he shot at her. ‘This sort of sport wus
very like that of hanging two cats by
their tails over a rope. (Sce page 224,
KiLkEenny Cat.)

“ He soon saw which way the cat did jump,

And his company he offered plump. ;
The Dog’s-meat Man (See Universal Songster, 1825.)

Cat Stane. Battle stone. A mono-
lith in Scotland (sometimes wrongly called
a Druidical stone). The Norwegian
term, bauta stein, means the same thing.
(Celtic, cath, battle.)

Cat and Dog. To live a cat and
dog life. To be always snarling and
quarrelling, as a cat and dog, whose
aversion to each other is intense.

“There will be jealousies, and a cat-and-dog
life over pone worse than ever “—Carlyle:
Frederick the Great (vol. ii. book ix. p. 346),

It is raining cats and dogs. Very
heavily. We sometimes say, “nee

Cat

1

raining pitchforks,'’ which is the French
focution, ‘‘ /¢ tombe des hallebardes "*

Cat and Fiddle, a public-house sign,
is a corruption of Caton le fidéle, mean-
ing Caton, Governor of Calais.

Cat and Kittens. A public-house
sign, alluding to the pewter-pots so
called. Stealing these pots ts termed
‘*Cat and kitten sneaking."" We still
call a large kettle a kvtchen, and speak
of a soldier's kit (Saxon, cytel, a pot,
pan, or vessel generally.)

Cat and Tortoise, or Boar and Sow.
Names given to the testu‘do.

Cat has nine Lives (4).
NInz. )

Cat i’ the Adage (The). The adage
referred to is, the cat loves fish, but does
not like to wet her paws.

Letting "dare not waitupon I would,’
Like the poor cat i’ the adage.” :
Shakespeare: Macbeth, i.7

Cat may look at a King (4). An
insolent remark of insubordination,
meaning, ,‘‘I am as good as you"’, or
** Are you too mighty to be spoken to or
looked at?’’ *t You may wear stars and
ribbons, and I may. be dressed in hodden
grey. but a man’s a man for a’ that.”’

Cat-o’-nine-tails. A whip, first with
three, then with six, and lastly with
nine lashes, used for punishing offenders,
and briefly called @ cat. Lilburn was
scourged, if 1637, with a whip having
only three lashes, but there were twenty
knots in each tail. and, as he received a
lash every three paces between the Fleet
and Old Palace Yard, Cook says that
60,000 stripes were inflicted. Titus Oates
was scourged, in the reign of James I1,,
with a cat having six lashes, and, between
Newgate and Tyburn, received as many
as 17,000 lashes. The cat-o’-nine-tails
once used in the British army and
navy is no longer employed there, but
garotters and some other offenders are
still scourged. Probably the punish-
ment was first used on board ship, where
ropes would be handy, and several ropes
are called cats, as ‘‘ cat-harpings,’’ for
bracing the shrouds . ‘‘.cat-falls,’’ which

over the cat-head ind communicate
The French
beather

(See under

with the cat-block, etc:,
martinet (g.v.) had twelve
thongs. |

Cat Proverbs.

A cat has mne lhwves. A cat is more
tenacious of life than other animals,
because it generally lights upon its feet
without injury, the foot and toes being

223 Cat Proverbs

added so as to break the fall.
INE.)

“Tyb What wouldst thou have with me?
Mer. Good king of cats, nothing but one of your

nine lives,”
Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, iii. L

(See

All.cats love fish. (See previous column,
Cat 1’ THE ADAGE.)

Before the cat can lick her ear—t.e,
before the Greek kalends. Never. No

cat can lick her ear. (See NEVER.)
Care killed the cat. (See page 216, 2,
CaRE.)

In the dark all cats are gray. All
ersons are undistinguished tilt they
ave made a name.

Not room to swing a cat. Swinging
eats as a mark for sportsmen was at one
time a favourite amusement. There
were several varieties of this diversion.
Sometimes two cats were swung by their
tails over a rope. Sometimes a cat was
swung to the bough of a tree in a bag
or sack. Sometimes it was enclosed in
a leather bottle.

Sick as a cat. Cats are very subject
to vomiting. Hence the vomit of a
drunkard is called ‘‘a cat,’? and the act
of discarding it is called ‘‘ shooting the
cat.””

Let the cat out of the bag. To disclose
a secret. It was formerly a trick among
country folk to-substitute a cat for a
sucking-pig, and bring it in a bag to
market. If any greenhorn chose to buy
a ‘‘ pig in a poke ’’ without examination,
all very well; butif he opened the sack,
‘**he let the cat out of the bag,’’ and the
trick was disclosed.

“She fet the cat out of her bag of verse...
she almost proposed to her hero in chyme."—
George Meredith: The Egotist, ti.

To bell the cat. (See page 119, BELL.)

To turn cat-in-pan. To turn traitor,
to be a turncoat. The phrase seems
to be the French tow'rner cote en pene (to
turn sides in trouble). I do not think it
refers to turning pancakes.

“ When George tn pudding-time came o'er
And moderate men looked big, sir-
{ turned a cat-in-pan once more,
And so became a Whig, sir.”
Vicar of Bray.

Bacon seys, “ There 1s a cunning which we in
England call the turning of the cut in the pan;
which ts, when that which a man says tu another,
he says it as if another bad said it fo tim.”

Touch not a cat but a glove. Here
‘*but”’ is used in its original meaning
of “‘ beout,” z.e. without. (or another
example of ‘‘ but "’ meaning wzthout, see
Amos ii. 7.) The words are the motto
of Mackintosh, whose crest is ‘' cat-a-
mountam salient guardant proper’? ;
supporters, two cats proper The whole
is a pun on the word Catti, the Teutonic

Cat Proverbs

224

Catacomb.

settlers of Caithness, i.c. Catti-ness,
and mean, ‘*Touch not the clan Cattan
or Mountain Cat without a glaive.”
The same words are the adopted motto.
of Grant of Ballindalloch, and are ex-
plained by the second motto, ensé et
an'imo.

In French: On ne prend pas tel chat sans
moufies.

What can you have o a cat but her,
skin? The thing is useless for any pur-
pose but one. In former times the
cat’s fur was used for trimming cloaks
Pa coats, but the flesh is utterly use-
ess.

Who ate the cat ?. A gentleman who
had his larder frequently assailed by
bargees, had a cat cooked and placed
there asa decoy. It was taken like the
other foods, and became a standing jest
against these larder pilferers.

A Cheshive cat. He grins like a
Cheshire cat. Cheese was formeriy sold
in Cheshire moulded like a cat. ‘The
allusion is to the grinning cheese-cat,
but is applied to persons who show their
teeth and gums when they laugh (See
Alice in Wonderland.)

A Kilkenny cat, The story is that,
during the rebellion of Ireland, Kil-
kenny was garrisoned by a troop of
Hessian soldiers, who amused them-
selves in barracks by tying two cats
together by their tails and throwing
them across a clothes-line to fight. The
officers, hearing of this, resolved to put
a stop to the practice. The look-out
man, enjoying the sport, did not observe
the officer on duty approaching the bar-
racks; but one of the troopers, more
quick-sighted, seizing a sword, cut the
two tails, and ‘the cats made their

escape. When the officer inquired the |

meaning of the two bleeding tails, he
was coolly told that two cats had been
fighting and had. devoured each other
all but the fails.

% Whatever the true story, it is
certain that the municipalities of Kil-
kenny and Irishtown contended so
stoutly about their respective bound-
aries and rights to the end of the
seventeenth century, that they mutually
impoverished each other, leaving little
else than “two tails’? behind. — :

. Whittington’s cat. A cat is a ship
formed on the Norwegian model, having
a narrow stern, projecting quarters, and
deep waist. It is strongly built, and
‘used in the coal trade. Harrison speaks
ofitasa ‘cat’? or‘‘catch.” According
to tradition, Sir Richard Whittington
made his money by trading in coals,

> e
»

: :
which he conveyed in his ‘cat’? from
Newcastle to London. The black faces
of his coal-heavers gave rise to the tale
about the Moors. In confirmation of
this suggestion, it may be added that
Whittington was Lord Mayor in 1397,
and coal was first made an article of
be from- Newcastle to London in
i i

Cat’s Cradle. A child’s play, with
a piece of twine. Corrupt for cratch-
cradle or manger cradle, in which the
infant Saviour was laid. Cratch is the
French eréché (a rack or manger), and
to the present hour the racks which
stand in fields for cattle to eat from are
called cratches.

Cat’s Foot. To live under the cat’s
foot. To be under petticoat government ;
to be henpecked. A mouse under the
paw of a cat lives. but by sufferance and
at the cat’s pleasure.

Cat’s Melody (The). Squalling.

‘The children were playing tue cat’s melody to
keep their mother-in countenance.”"—W. B. Yeats;
Fairy Tales of the Irish Peasantry, p. 238.

Cat’s Paw. To be made a cat's paw
of, t.e. the tool of another, the medium
of doing another’s dirty work. The
allusion is to the fable of the monkey
who wanted to get from the fire some
roasted chestnuts, and took the paw of
‘the cat to get them from the hot ashes.

“T had no intention of heconiing a cat's paw-to
draw European chestnuts out of the fire."—Com.
Rodgers: g

At sea, light air during a calm causing

. a ripple on the water, and indicating a

storm, is called by sailors a cat’s paw,
and seamen affirm that the frolics of. a
cat indicate a gale. These are relics of
a superstition that cats are witches or
demons in disguise.

Cat’s Sleep. A sham sleep, like that
of a cat watching a mouse.

Cats, A
Mistress Tofts, the singer, left legacies
at death to twenty cats.

“ Not Niobé mourned more for fourteen brats,
‘Nor Mistress Tofts, to leave her twenty cats.”
Peter Pindar :; Old Simon,

Catacomb. A subterranean -place
for the burial of the dead. The Persians

have a city they call Comb or Coom, full

of mausoleums and the sepulchres of
the Persian saints. (Greek, kata-kumbé,
a hollow place- underground.) (Se

| Koom.)

“Phe most awful idea connected with the cata~

| combs is their interminable extent, and the
th of.

es of going astray in the labyri
‘kness.”—Hauthorne: Marble Faun, it

Cataian

225

Catchpole

Catai’an (3 syl.).. A native of Cathay
or China; outlandish, a foreigner gener-
ally, a liar.

“TJ will not believe such a Cataian, though the

priest of the town commended him for a true
man."—Shakespeare: Merry Wives, ii. 1.

Catalogue Raisonné (French). A:

catalogue of books arranged under sub-
jects.

Catamaran. A scraggy old woman,

a. vixen; so called by a play on the first |

syllable, It properly means a raft con-
sisting of three sticks, lashed together
with ropes; used on the coasts of Coro-
mandel and Madras,

“No, you old catamaran, though you pretend

you never read novels. . .’—Thackeray : Lovel
the Widower, chap. i.

Cataphrygians. Christian heretics,
who arose in the second century; so
called because the first lived in Phrygia.
They followed the errors of Monta/nus.

Catarrh. <A cold in the head. The
word means a down-running; from the
Greek katarrheo (to flow down),

Catas'trophe (4 syl.). A tuming
upside down. The. termination of a
drama is always a “‘turning upside
down’’ of the pagening of the plot.
(Greek, kata-strepho.)

Catch. ‘
To lie upon the catch.
* Quid me captas ?"?
“They sent certain of the Pharisees.. .to
catch Him in His words.’—Mark xii. Here the
Greek word is aypev¥w, to take by hunting. They
were to lieupon the catch till they found occasion
against Him. ;
You'll catch it, You'll get severely
unished. Here ‘‘it’’ stands for the
indefinite punishment, such as a whip-
ping; a scolding, or other unpleasant
consequence. ~

Gatch a Crab (70). In rowing, is to
be struck with the handle of one’s oar;
to fall backwards. This occurs when
the rower leaves his oar too long in the
water before repeating the stroke, In
Italian granchio is a crab, and pighar il

ranchig is to’ ‘‘catch a crab,” or a
Tartar.

Catch a Tartar. The biter bit.
Grose says an ‘Irish soldier in the Im-
erial service, in a battle against the
'urks, shouted to his comrade that he
had caught. Tartar. ‘* Bring him along,
then,” said his mate. ‘‘But he won’t
come,’’ cried Paddy. “‘ Then come along
yourself,’ said his comrade. ‘‘ Arrah!’

15

To lie in wait

replied Paddy, ‘‘I wish I could, but he
won’t let me.’’

“Weare like the man who boasted of having
caught a Tartar, when the fact was that the
Tartar had caught him."—Cautions for the Times.

Catch as Catch can. Get by hook
or crook all you can.

“All must catch that catch can.” —Johnson:
Rambler, No. 197.

Catch Me at It! Most certainly I
shall never do what you say.

.“*Catch me gofug ta London!’ exclaimed
Vixen,” —Miss Braddon ; Vixen.

Catch the Speaker’s Eye mn 0). To
find the eye of the Speaker fixed on you ;
to be observed by the. Speaker. In the
House of Commons the member on
whom the eye of the Speaker is fixed
has the privilege of addressing the
House,

“ Hesucceeded in catching tne Speaker's eye.”

—A. Trollope.

Catch Out (7). In cricket, is to
catch the ball of a batsman, whereby
the striker is ruled out, that is, must re-

linquish his.bat.

Catch your Hare (First). It is
generally believed that “‘Mrs, Glasse,”’
in her Cookery Book, gave this direction ;
but the exact words are, ‘‘Take your
hare when it is cased, and make 4 pud-
ding, . . . etc.”? To ‘‘case’’ means to
take off the skin, Thus, in All’s Well
that Ends Well, iii. 6, we have these
words, ‘‘We’ll make you some sport with
the fox ere we case him.’’ Scatch also
means to skin, and this word gave rise
to the misquoted catch, Though scatch
and-.case both mean to skin, yet the
word used in the book referred to is case,
not scatch. Mrs. Glasse was the pen-
name of Dr. John Hill (1716-1775),
author of The Cookery Book, (See Casz.)

Bracton, however (book iv. tit. i.
chap. xxi. sec. 4), has these words:
“ Vulgariter dicitur, quod primo oportet
cervum capere, et postea (cum captus
Suerrt) illumcucoriare.”

% The Welsh word cach = ordure,
dung, and to cach (cachw) would be to
clean and gut the hare.

Catch-Club. 4 member of the Catch-
club. A bum-bailiff, a tipstaff, a con-
stable, The pun is obvious.

Catehpenn A worthless article
puffed off to catth the pennies of those
who are foolish enough to buy them.

Catchpole. A constable; a law
officer whose business it was to appre-
hend criminals. Pole or poll means
head, person; and the word means one

Catch Weights 99

Catharine Wheels

who catches persons by the pol! or neck.
This was done by means of ani instru-
ment something like a shepherd’s crook.

“Cacchepoles, from catch and pole, because

these officers lay hold of a man's neck.’—Wiclif:
New Testament (Acts xvi., Glossary).

Catch Weights, in racing, means
without restrictions ds to weight.

Catch-word. A popular cry, a word
or a phrase adopted by any party for
political or other purposes. ‘‘ Three
acres and a cow,” “A living wage,”
are examples.

Catch-word. The first word on any
page of a book or manuscript which is
printed or written at the foot of the
preceding page. In the early days of
printing the catch-word was generally
used, but for the last two hundred years
the practice has been gradually dying
out. Its purpose was, among other
things, to enable the reader to avoid an
awkward pause when turning over a
leaf. The first book so printed was a
Tacitus, by John de Spira, 1469.

Catch-word. In theatrical parlance,
is the last word or so of the previous
speaker, which is the cue of the person
who follows.

Catechu'men [‘at’y-ku’men], One
taught by word of mouth (Greek, kate-
‘chou'menos). ‘ Those about to be bap-
tised in the early Church were first
taught by word of mouth, and then
catocied on their religious faith and

uties.

Cater-cousin. An intimate friend;
a remote kinsman. (French, guatre-
cousin, a fourth cousin).

“His master and he, saving your worship's
reverence, are scarce cater-cousins.”--Shake-
speare* Merchant of Venice, ii. 2.

Caterpillars. Soldiers. In 1745 a
soldier, quartered at Derby, was desired
by the landlord to call on him whenever
he passed that way, for, added Boniface,
‘“T consider soldiers the pillars of the
state.” When the rebellion was put
down, it so happened that the same
regiment was quartered in Derby, and
the soldier called on his old host, but
was very coldly and somewhat un-
civilly received. The. soldier reminded
Boniface of. what he said at parting-—‘‘T
consider soldiers the pillars of the state.’
“Did I say so?’’ said mine host, ‘‘ Well,
T meant cater-pillars.”’

Caterwauling. The wawl or wrawl
of cats, the er being either a plural,

similar to “childer” (children), or a

corrupted genitive,

“What a caterwauling do you keep here!"—
Shakespeare: Twelfth Night, ii. 3. a

Catgut. A contracted form of cattle-
gut, especially sheep. Another form is
catling-gut, i.e. cattle-ing gut. In Gen.
xxx. 40 we read that Jacob did separate
“his own flocks by themselves, and put
them not unto Laban’s cattle ae:
phere Again, in xxxi. 9, Jacob said,
“God hath taken away the cattle [sheep
and lambs] of your father, and given
them to me;’’ and verse 43 he says,
“These cattle [sheep and lambs] are my
cattle.”’

~ Musical strings never, were made
from the gut of a cat.

Catgut Scraper (4). A fiddler.

Cath’ari. Novatian heretics. The
Waldenses were subsequently so called.
(Ducange vol. ii. p. 288, col. 2.)

Cath/arine. To braid St. Oatharene’s
tresses, To live a virgin.

“Thou art too fair to be left to braid St. Catha-
rine's tresses " Longfellow Evangeline.

Catharine (Knights of St), 1714. A
Russian military order founded by Peter
the Great after his naval victary of
Aland, and so named in compliment to
his wife Catharine.

Catharine of Russia. A sutler.
When Czar Peter wished to marry her,
it was needful to make her of noble
birth ; so a private persov was first con-
verted into her brother, and then into a
great lord by birth, Hence Catharine,
being the sister of a “‘ great lord,’’ was
made fit to be the wife of the Czar.
(De Cusine Russia, chap. iv.)

Catharine Theot (1725-1795). A
visionary born at Avranches, who gavé
herself out to be (like Joanna Southcott)
the mother of God, and chan; her
name Theot into Theos (God). She
preached in Paris in 1794, at the very
time that the worship of the Supreme
Being was instituted, and declared that
Robespierre was the forerunner of the
WORD. The Comité de la Streté
Génerale had her arrested, and she was
guillotined. Catharine Theot was called
by Dom Gerle ‘‘da mére de dieu,’ and
Catharine called Robespierre ‘‘ her well-
beloved son and chief prophet.”’

Catharine Wheel (4). A sort of
firework. (See below.)

Catharine Wheels. To turn Cath-
arine Wheels. To turn head over heels

~

r Catharine-wheel

.

on the hands. Boys in the streets, etc.,
often do so to catch a penny or so from
trippers and others.

A Catharine-wheel window. A wheel-
window, sométimes called a rose-win-
dow, with radiating divisions. St.
Catharine was a virgin of royal descent
in Alexandria, who publicly confessed
the Christian faith at a sacrificial feast
appointed by the Emperor Maximi‘nus,
for which confession she was put to
death by torture by means of a wheel
like that of a chafi-cutter.

Catharine-wheel Politicians.
Lovers of political changes.

Catharine-wheel Republics, ‘‘Re-
publics,”? says Mr. Lowell, ‘always in
revolution while the powder lasts.”

Cath’arists. -A sect of the Mani-
cheaus; so called- from their professed

urity of faith. (Greek, kath’aros, pure.)

hey maintained that matter is the
source of all evil; that Christ had not a
real body; that the human body is in-
capable of newness of life ; and that the
sacraments do not convey grace. (See
Dueange : vol. ii. p. 289, col. 1.)

Cathay’. China, or rather Tartary,
the capifal of which was Albrac’ca, ac-
cording to Orlando Furioso. It was
called Khita’i by the Tartars, and China
was first entered by Europeans in the
Middle Ages from the side of Tartary.
“Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of

Cathay.” Tennyson: Locksley Hall.

Cathedrz Molies (Latin). Luxu-
rious women. Properly, soft chairs.
The cathedra was a chair for women,
like our ottoman; and Juvenal applies
the soft chair used by women of dainty
habits to the women who use them

Cathedrals of the Old Founda-
tion. Those which have never been
monastic, but which have ab initio been
governed b
the statutable dignities of precentor,
chancellor, and treasurer.

Catherans or Cuferans.
freebooters or marauders,
Scotch, ¢atherein, peasantry.)

Catherine. (Sce CATHARINE.)

Catholic (Thc). ‘‘ Catholicus,” a
tifle inherited by the King of Spain; as
the monarch of England is entitled
“Fidei Defensor,” and the King of
France was styled ‘‘ Christianissimus.”’
(See page 228, CarHolic MasEsty.)

Catholic Association (Zhe), 1756.
The first Catholic Association was formed

Highland
(Lowland

227

—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_————_—_evnwk ng N o

a dean and chapter, with

Catholic

for the purpose of obtaining relief from
disabilities. In 1760 the association was
re-established on a more representative
basis, but it became moribund in 1763.
Another association was organised in
1773, which fell under the control of
Lord Kenmare; this society was broken
up 1783. In 1793 a new society was
formed on a still wider basis, and Wolfe
Tone was elected secretary. In 1793 the
Catholic Relief Bill received the Royal
Assent.

In Ireland, 1823; suppressed 1825 (6
Geo. iv. c. 4); dissolved itself February
1829. The association was first suggested

-by Daniel O’Connell at a dinner-party

given by Mr, O’Mara at Glancullen, and
on Monday, May 12th, the first meeting
of the association was held in Dempsey’s
Rooms, Sackyille Street. It became one of
the most powerful popular movements
ever organised. The objects were: (1) to
freed petitions to Parliament; (2) to
afford relief to Catholics assailed by
Orange lodges; (3) to support a Liberal
press both in Dublin and London; (4)
to circulate cheap publications; (0) to
aid the Irish Catholics of America; and
(6) to aid English Catholics. Indirectly
it undertook the repeal of the Union,
and the redress of Irish grievances
generally. Everyone who paid ld. a
month was a member. (See CaTHOLIG
EMANCIPATION.)

CatholicChureh (Zhe). TheChurch
considered as a whole, as distinguished
from parish churches. When the Wes-
tern Church broke off from the Eastern,
the Eastern Church called itself the
Orthodox Church, and the Western
Church adopted the term Catholic. At
the Reformation the Western Church
was called by the Reformers the Roman
Catholic Church, and the British Estab-
lished Church was called the ‘‘ Protes-
tant Church,’’ the ‘‘ Reformed National
Church,’”’? or the ‘ Anglo-Catholic
Church.’’ It is foolish and misleading
to call the Anglican Church the Catholic
Church, as at most if is only a branch
thereof. No Protestant would think of
calling himself a Catholic.

Catholic Emancipation Act (Zhe).
10 Geo. IV. c. 7, April 13th, 1829,
whereby Catholics were admitted to all
corporate offices, and to an equal enjoy-
ment of all municipal rights. The army
and navy had been already opened to
them. ‘They were, however, excluded
from the following offices: (1) Regent;
i} Chancellor of England or Ireland;
(3) Viceroy of Ireland; (4) all offices

o
<

Catholic Epistle

28

Catted

connected with the Church, universities,
and public schools; and (5) the disposal.
of Church patronage.

Catholic Episties (Zhe) of the New
Testament are those Epistles not ad-
dressed to any particular church or
individual, Conventionally they are
seven—viz, 1 James, 2 Peter, 1 Jude,
and 3 John; but 2 John is addressed to
a ‘'lady,’’ and 3 John to Gaius, and, of
course, are not Catholic Epistles either
in matter or otherwise,

Catholic King (The) or His Catholic
Majesty. A title given by the Pope to
Ferdinand, King of Aragon (1452, 1474-
1516), for expelling the Moors from
Spain. This was about as unwise as
the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by
Louis XIV,

Catholic League (The), 1614. A
confederacy of Catholics to counter-
bulance the Evangelic League (¢.v.) of

Bohemia. The two Leagues kept Ger-
many in perbernal disturbance, and
ultimately led to the Thirty: Years’ War

(1618-1648).

Catholic Majesty, 759. A title
ae by Gregory III. to Alfonso L,

g of Asturias.

Catholic Relief,
ASSOCIATION.)

Catholic Rent (Zhe), 1823. The
subscription of ld. per month towards
“a expenses of the Catholic Association
Gis).

Catholic Roll (Zhe). A document
which each Roman Catholic was obliged
to swear to on-taking his seat as a
Member of Parliament: It was abolished,
and a single oath prescribed to all
ase by the 29, 30 Victoria, c. 19

Catholi‘con. A panace’a. (Greek,
katholicon iama, @ universal remedy.)

“Meanwhile, permit me to recomménd,
As the matter admits of no delay,
My wonderful catholicon.” ‘"
Longfellow: Lhe Golden Legend, i.

Catholicos. The head of the Assy-

(See CaTHOLIO

rian Nestorians. Now called the
Patriarch of Armenia.
Catiline’s Conspiracy. Lucius

Sergius Catilina, B.o. 64, conspired with
a jatge number of dissolute young nobles
to plunder the Roman treasury, extir-

ate the senate, and fire the capitol.

icero, who was consul, got full infor-
mation of the plot, and delivered his
Jirst Oration against Catiline November

8th, 63, whereupon Catiline quitted
Rome. Next day Cicero delivered his
second Oration, and several of the con-
spirators were arrested, On December
4th Cicero made his third Oration,
respecting what punishment should be
accorded to the conspirators. And on
December Sth, after his fourth Oration,
sentence of death was passed. Catiline
tried to escape into Gaul, but, being
a ee he was slain fighting, B.c.

.

Catilines and Cethe’gi (The). Sy-
nonyms for conspirators who hope to
mend their fortunes by_rebellion,

“ The intrigues of a few impoverished Catilines
and Cethegi."—Motley: Dutch Republic.

Catius. In Pope’s Moral Essays
(Epist, i.), intended for Charles Darti-
neuf, a kind of Lucullus, who preferred
“A rogue with venison to a rogue
without,”’

Catkins. The inflorescence of hazel,
birch, willow, and some other trees; so
fri from their resemblance to 4 cat’s

“ See the yellow catkins cover.
._ All the slender willows over.”
Mary Howitt: Voice of Spring, stanza 2.
Cat-lap. Milk or weak tea, only fit
for the cat to lap.
“A more accomplished old woman never drank
cat-lap.”—Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet, chap. xii.
Cato. He is a Cato. A man of
simple life, severe morals, self-denying
habits, strict justice, brusque manners,
blunt of speech, and of undoubted
patriotism, like the Roman censor of
that name,

Cato-Street Conspiracy. A scheme
entertained by Arthur Thistlewood and
his fellow-conspirators to overthrow the
Government by assassinating the
Cabinet Ministers. So called from Cato
Street, where their meetings were held.
(1820.)

The other names of these conspir-
ators are Brunt, Davidson, Harrison,
Ings, Monument, Tidd, and Wilson.
All eight were sent to the Tower, March
3rd, 1820, by. warrant of the Secretary
of State.

Catsup or Ketchip. The Eastern
kitjap (soy sauce). ’

Catted. The anchor hung on the
cathead, a piece of timber outside the
ship to which the anchor is hung to keep
it clear of the ship. > egy

“The decks were all life and commotion ; the
sailors on the forecastie singing,* Ho! cheerly.

men!’ as they catted the anchor,”"—H, Melville:
Omoo, X¥XxXVi- p, 191. 4

Catual 924

Causa Causata

Cat‘ual, Chief minister of the Zam’-
orin or ancient sovereign of India.
* Begirt with high-plumed nobles, by the flood
The first great minister of India stood,
His name ‘the Catual’ in India's tongue.”
Camoens: Lusiad, book vii.
Catum (4) [the strong]. A bow
which fell into the hands of Mahomet
when the property of the Jews of Medi’na
was confiscated. In the first battle the
prophet drew it with such force that it
snapped in two,

Catwater. The estuary of the Plym
(Plymouth), A corruption of chdteau
(chat-eau) ; as the castle at the mouth
of the Plym used to be called,

Caucasians, according to Blumen-
bach’s ethnological system, represent
the European or highest type of the
human race, so called from Cau’casus,
the mountainous range. Whilst the
professor was studying ethnology, he
was supplied with a skull from these
regions, which he considered the stand-
ard of the human type.

Caucus. <A meeting of citizens in
America to agree upon what members
they intend to support, and to concert
measures for carrying out their political
wishes. The word arose from the
caulkers of Boston, who had a dispute
with the British soldiers a little before
the Revolution, Several citizens were
killed, and meetings were held at the
caulkers’ house or calk-house, to concert
measures for redress of grievances,

“The whole Fenian affair is merely a caucus in
disguise,’"—The Times,

“ This ‘day the caucus club meets... «in the
garret of Tom Dawes, the adjutant of the Boston
regiment.’—John Adams: Diary, vol, ii. p. 164,
February, 1763, i

Caudine Forks. A narrow pass in
the mountains near Capua, now called
the Valley of Arpaia. It was here that
the Roman army, under the consuls T,
Veturius Calvi‘nus and Sp, Postu’mius
fell into the hands of the Samnites, and
were made to pass under the yoke.

“Ward as it was to abandon an enterprise so
very dear to him .... he did not hesitate to take
the more prudent course of passing under (sic)
the Caudine Forks of the Monroe doctrine, and
Jeave Maximilian and the French bondholders to
their fate.”"—Standard, Nov. 17th, 1866.

Caudle is any sloppy mess, especially
that sweet mixture given by nurses to
gossip who call to see the baby during
the first month. The word sintply
means something warm. (Latin, calidus ;
French, chaudeau ; Italian, caldo.)

Caudle (Jf's.).. A curtain lecturer.
The term is derived from a, series of
papers by Douglas Jerrold, which were

published in Punch. These papers re-
present Job Caudle as a patient sufferer
gayi curtain lectures of his naggmg
wife.

Caught Napping (Zo be). To suffer
some disadvantage while off one’s guard.
Pheasants, hares, and other animals are
sometimes surprised ‘‘napping.’”’ I
have myself caught a cock-pheasant
napping.

Caul. The membrane on the heads
of some new-born infants, supposed to
be a charm against death by drowning.:

To be born with a caul was with the
Romans tantamount to our phrase, ‘* To
be born with a silver spoon in one’s
mouth,’’ meaning ‘‘ born to good luck,’’
M. Francisque-Michel, in his Philologie-
Comparée, p. 83, 4, says: ‘Calle, espéce
de coiffure, est synonyme de coiffé,”’ and
quotes the proverb, ‘* Ste. Migorce! nous
sommes nées coiffées,”? (La Comedie des
Provertes, act ii. 4.)

Cauld-lad (Zhe) of Hilton Hall. A
house-spirit, who moyed.about the fur-
niture during the night, Being resolved
to banish him, the inmates left for him
a green cloak.and hood, before the
kitchen-fire, which so delighted him
that he never troubled the house any
more; but sometimes he might be heard
singing—

“ Here's a cloak, and here's a hood,

The cauld-lad of Hilton will do no more good.”

Cauline (Sir) (2 syl.). A knight who
lived in the palace of the King of Ire-
land, and ‘‘ used to serve the wine.’’ He
fell in love with Christabelle, the king’s
daughter, who plighted her troth to him
secretly, for fear of the king. The king
discovered the lovers in a bower, and
banished Sir Cauline. After a time an
eldridge came, and demanded the lady.
in marriage. Sir Cauline slew the
‘“‘Soldain,’? but died of the wounds
received in the combat; and the fair
Christabelle died of grief, having ‘‘burst
her gentle hearte in twayne.’”’ (Perey’s
Reliques, iv.)

Cau'rus or Co’rus. The west-north-
west wind, which blew from Caurus
(Argestés).

“The ground by piercing Caurus seared.”
Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 78.

Causa Causans. The initiating

cause ; the primary cause,

Causa Causata. The cause which
owes its existence to the ‘‘ causa
causans’’; the secondary cause,

Gausé

$30

Cavé

% The vera causa is (a) the immediate
predecessor of an effect ; (4) a cause veri-
fiable by independent evidence. (Mill.)

In theology God is the causa causans, and crea-
tion the causa causata, The presence of the sun
above the horizon is the vera causa of daylight,
and his withdrawal below the horizon is the vera
causa of night.

Cause (Zhe). A mission ; the object
or project.

10 make common cause. To abet the
same object. Here ‘‘cause’’ is the
legal term, meaning pro or con, as it
may be, the cause or side of the question
advocated.

Cause Celébre. Any famous lawcase.

Causes. Aristotelian causes are these
four:

(1) The Efficient Cause. That which
immediately produces the effect.

(2) The Material Cause. The matter
on which (1) works.

3) The Formal Cause. The Essence or -

“Form”? (= group of attributes) intro-
duced into the matter by the efficient

cause.
. (4) The Final or Ultimate Cause. The
purpose or end for which the thing exists
or the causal change takes place. But
God is called the ultimate Final Cause,
since, according to Aristotle, all things
tend, so far as they can, to realise some
Divine attribute.

¥ God is also called The First Cause, or
the Cause Causeless, beyond which even
imagination cannot go.

Cau'telous. Cautious, cunning,
treacherous. (Latin, cautéla ; French,
eauteleur ; Spanish, cazteloso.)

“Caught with cautelous baits,”
Shakespeare : Coriolanus, iv. 1.

“8wear priests and cowards and men cantelous.”
Shakespeare: Julius Cesar, ii. 1.

. Cau'ther (AJ). The lake of Paradise,
the waters of which are sweet as honey,
cold ag snow, and clear as crystal. He
who once tastes thereof will never thirst
again. (The Koran.)

Caution Money. A sum deposited
before entering college, by way of se-
curity.

(See CAUTHER.)

Cava. Cava’s traitor sire. Cava or
Florinda was the daughter of St. Julian.
It was the violation of Cava by Roderick
that brought about the war between the
‘Goths and the Moors, St. Julian, to
lavenge his daughter, turned traitor to
»Roderick, and induced the Moors to
‘Invade Spain. King Roderick was slain
% Xerés on the third day. (A.D. 711.)

Caut ser.

,

(
_117, col. 1, ADULUAMITES.) %

Cavalerie & Pied. The Zouaves
(pronounce zwav) and Zephyrs of the
Veench army are socalled because of their
fleetness and swiftness of foot.

Cavalie'r (3 syl.). A horseman;
whence a knight, a gentleman. (Latin,
caballus, a horse.)

The Cavalier.

Eon de Beaumont, the French soldier ;
Chevalier d’ Eon. (1728-1810.)

Charles Breydel, the Flemish land-
scape painter, (1677-1744.)

Francesco Cairo (Cavaliere del Cairo),
historian, (1598-1674.)

Jéan le Clere, le chevalier. (1587-1633.

J. Battista Marini, Italian poet; Jt
cavalier (1569-1656).. j ;

Andrew Michael Ramsay (1686-1743).

Cavalier’ or Cheval'ier de St. George.
James Francis Isdward Stuart, called
‘‘the Pretender,” or ‘‘the Old Pre-
tender ’’ (1688-1765). f

The Young Cavalier ‘or the’ Bonnie
Chevalier. Edward, the ‘‘ Young Pre-
tender ’’ (1720-1785). :

Cavalier Servant, in Italian cicisheo,
and in Spanish ¢ortejo. A genfleman
that chaperones married ladies.

“Coach, servants, gondola, he goes to call i
And carries fan and tippet, gloves and shawl.”
Byron: Beppo, st. xt.

Cavalie'rs. Adherents of Charles I.
Those of the opposing Parliament party
were called Roundheads (q.v.).

Cavall’.. ‘‘King Arthur’s hound of
deepest mouth.”’ (Jdylls of the King ;
Enid.) ‘

Cave-dwellers. (Sce page 157, col. 1,
BoHEMIAN BRETHEEN.) ,

CaveIn. Shut up! havedone! J’//
cave in his head (break it). His fortune
has caved in (has failed). The bank has
caved in (come to a smash). The affair
caved in (fell through). Common Ameri-
can expressions. . :

. In the lead diggings, after a shaft has
been sunk, the earth round the sides falls
or caves in, unless properly boarded ; and
if the mine does not answer, no care is
taken to prevent a caving in.

Cavé ne literas Bellerophontis
adferras. Take care that the letter

| you carry is not a warrant for your

death.
OPHON. ) :
Cave of Achadh Aldai. A cairn in
Ireland, so called from Aldai, the an-
cestor of the Tuatha de Danaan kings.

Cave of Adullam (7he). (Se page

(See page 121, col. 1, BELLER-

vi

Cave

231

Ceelict

Cave of Mammon. The abode of
the god of wealth in Spenser’s Jaérie
Queene, ii. 7.

Cav'eat (3 syl.)

To enter a caveat, To give legal notice
that the opponent is not to proceed with
the suit in hand until the party giving
the notice has been heard; to give a
warning or admonition.

Cav’eat Emptor. The buyer must be
responsible for his own free act. Let
the buyer keep his eyes open, for the
bargain he agrees to is binding. In
English law, Chief Justice Tindal modi-
fied this rule. He said if the buyer
gives notice that he relies on the vendor’s
judgment, and the vendor warrants the
article, then the vendor is bound to
furnish an article “‘reasonable and fit
for the purpose required.”

Cavell or Cavel. A parcel-or, allot-
ment of land measured by a cord or
cable. (German, kabel, whence kaveln,
to assign by lot.) ;

Cavendish Tobacco.
brand of chewing or smoking tobacco,
prepared for use by softening, sweeten-
ing with molasses, and pressing into
plugs. Called ‘‘Cavendish”’ from, the
original manufacturer.

Cav’iare (3 syl.). Caviare to the
general. Above the taste or comprehen-
sion of ordinary people. Caviare is a
kind of pickle made from the. roe of
sturgeons, much estéemed in Muscovy.

It is a dish for the great, but beyond'the |

reach of the general public. (Hamlet,

ii. 2.) ‘F

“All popular talk about lacustrine villages and
flint implements . . . is caviare to the multitude.”
_~Pall Mall Gazette, “

Cavo-rilie’vo. ‘‘ Relief,” cut below”

the original surface, the highest parts of
the figure being on a level with the sur-
face. Also called Intaglio-rilievato (pro-
nounce cah’-vo-rel-ye'-vo).

Caxon. A worn-out wig;. also a big
cauliflower wig, worn out or not. It has
‘been suggested that the word is from

the proper name, but nothing whatever |

is known about such a person.

“ People scarce could decide on its phiz,
Which looked wisest—the caxon or jowl.
5 Peter Pindar : The Portfolio.

C.D. i.e. Cetera desunt (Latin). The |

rest [of the MS.] is wanting.
Ce’an. The Cean poct. Simon’ides,
of Ce’os.

- “The Cean and the Teian muse.”

Byron; Don Juan (The Poet's Song).

An American.

| (% geticula,”’ a little z.

Ceca to Mecca (From). From one
end of the world to the other; from
pillar to post. It is a Spanish phrase
meaning to roam about purposelessly.
Ceca and Mecca are two places’ visited
by Mohammedan pilgrims. (Compare:
Bn Dan to Beersheba; and From Land’s
End to John 0’ Groat’s.)

“*Letus return home,’ said Sancho, ‘no longer
ramble about from Ceca to Mecca.’"'—Cervantes ;
Don Quixote, I. iii, 4.

Cecilia (St.). A Roman lady who
underwent martyrdom in the third cen-
tury. She is the patron saint of the
blind, being herself blind; she is also
patroness of musicians, and ‘‘inventor
of the organ.”’

“at length divine Cecilia came,
Inventress of the vocal frame.” +
Dryden: Alexander's Feast.
According to tradition, an angel fell in
love with her for her musical skill, and
used nightly to visit her. Her husband
saw the heavenly visitant, who gave to
both a crown of martyrdom which he
‘brought from Paradise. Dryden and
Pope have written odes in her honour,
and both speak of her charming an angel
by her musical powers: 3

“ He[{Timotheus) raised a mortal to the skies,”

She (Cecilia) brought an angel down.”
Dryden: Alexander's Feast,

Cecil's Fast. A dinner off fish,
W. Cecil (Lord Burleigh) introduced a
Bill to enjoin the eating of fish on cers
tain days in order to restore the fish
trade.

Ced, Kéd, or Ceridwen. The Arkite
goddess or Ceres of the Britons.

“Twas first. modelled into the form of a pure
man in the hall of Ceridwen, who subjected me to
penance.” —Taliesin (Davies's Transtation .

Cedar. Curzon says that Solomon
cut down a cedar, and buried it on the
spot where the pool of Bethes’da used to
stand. A few days before the crucifixion,

| this cedar floated to the surface of the

pool, and was employed as the upright
of the Saviour’s cross. (Dfonasteries of
the Levant.) (See Cross.)

Cedilla. Themark (,)under a French
sibilant c. This mark is the letter z, and
the word is from the Italian zediglia
(Greek, zéta;
Spanish, ceda, with a diminutive.)

Cee‘lict (St.) or St. Calixtus, whose
day.is the 14th of October, the day of
the Battle of Hastings.

Brown Willis tells us there was. a
tablet once in Battle parish church wita
these words:

“This place of war is Battle called, because ia

pattle here ;

Ceintare

232

Cento

Quite conquered and o'ertbrown the English
nation were,
This slaughter bappenéd to them upon St.

Ceelict’s day,” etc.

Ceiuture de la Reine, The octroi
levied at Paris, which at one time was
the queen’s pin-money or private purse.

Celadon. The lover of Amelia, a
** matchless beauty,’’ Being overtaken
ek a storm, Amelia became alarmed, but

eladon, folding her in his arms, ex-
claimed, ‘’Tis safety to be near thee,
sure, and thus to eee i ae aa a As
he spoke, a flash of lightning struck
Amelia dead. ( Thomson’ -The Seasons ;
Summer.)

Celandine, a shepherdess in love
With Marina, Finding his suit too easily
granted, he waxed cold, and discarded
the ‘‘ matchless beauty.’’ (Re Browne :
Brilannia’s Pastorals ; 1613.)

Celestial City (7c). Heaven is so
called by John Bunyan in his Pilgrim's
Progress,

- Celestial Empire (The). China; so
called because the first emperors were
all celestial deities

Celes’tians. Followers of Celes’tius,
disciple of Pela’gius. St. Jerome calls
him ‘‘a blockhead swollen with Scotch
pottage ''—Scotch being, in this case,
what we now call Irish,

Ce’lla (Acaventiness}, Mother of Faith,
Hope, and Charity. She lived in the
hospice called Holiness, (Spenser: Fuérie
Queene, bk, i. 10.)

Cela or Celia.
name for a lady or lady-love, Thus,
Swift had an ode in which Strephon
describes Ceelia’s dressing -room,

“ Five boura, and who can do it less in
By haughty Celia spent in dressing.”

Celt. A piece of stone, ground arti-
ficially into a wedge-like shape, with a
cutting edge. Used, before the employ-
ment of bronze aud iron, for knives,
hatchets, and chisels.

Celts (The), or The Kelts. This family
of nationsincludesthe Irish, Erse, Manx,
‘Welsh, Cornish, and Low Bretons, Ac-
cording to historic fable, Celtina was the
daughter of Britannus. She had ason by
Hercules, named Celtus, the progenitor
of the Celts.

Cem/etery properly means a sleeping-
place. The Jews used to speak of death
‘as sleep. The Persians call their ceme-
teries ‘‘The Cities of the Silent.’ The
Greeke thought it matpely to pronounce
the name of Death (Greek, koimétérion.)

A common poetical

Cen’obites (3 syl.), Monks, ‘So
called because they live in common,
Hermits and anchorites are not ceno-
bites, as they live alone, (Greek, koind-
bidles,)

Cenoman’ni, The inhabitants of
Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridge, re-
ferred to by Cesar in his Commentaries,

Cenotaphs. The most noted in
ancient times—

ZENER to DeiphdSbus (Aneid, 1. 6; v. 505).
Pe eer opera gotten Hector Caineid, i. 3 ; v, 302)
ARGENTIER to llaisclrog (Anthologta, bk, iif.

22). <
SRsTeueR to Hermlas and Eubdtos (Diogends

ertius), f
The ATHENIANS to the poet Euripides
CALLIMACHOS to Sopolis, soa of Didclidés (Epi-
gram of Callimachos, 22),
Gare Liye to bis brother (Epigram. of Catulius,

103).

Drpo to Bichwus (Justin, xvilt. 6),

Eu Pouts and Aristodlcé to their son Theotimos,

GERMAIN DE Bate to Herve, the Breton, in 1512,

OngsTos to Timdclés (Anthologia, tii. p. 366).

The RomANs to Drusus in Germany, and to Alex-
ander Sevérus, the emp., in Gaul (Suetonius :
Life of Claudius ; and the Anthologia).

STatius to his father (The Sylv@ of Statius, y.
Epicédium, 3). .

TIMARES to hia son Teleutagoras.

XENOCRATES to Lysidicés (Anthologia),

"A cenotaph (Greek, xevos 7apos, an empty
tomb) isa monument or tablet to the memory of
& person whose body is buried elsewhere. A mau-
soleum is an pponieE mooumeat enshrining the
dead body itself.

Censorius et Sapiens, Cato Major
was so called. (B,C, 234-149.)

_ Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles, French

imitations of Granuc’ci, Malespi’ni, and

Campeg’gi, Italian tale-writers of the

seventeenth century.

Cen’taur (2 syl.). Ahuntsman, The
Thessalian centaurs. were half-horses,
half-men, They were invited’ to a mar-
riage feast, and, being intoxicated, be-
haved with great rudeness to the women.
The Lap’ithe took the women’s part,
fell on the centaurs, and drové them out
of the country. _

“ Feasts that Tuessalian centaure never knew.”
Thomson ; Autumn.

Cent-cyne, One of the upper ten;
a person of high birth, a descendant of
the race of kings. (Anglo-Saxon cyne,
royal; cyne-dom, a kingdom ; also noble,
renowned, chief.)

“ His wife, by birth a Cent-cyne, went out as &

day-servant.” ~ Gaboriau: Promise of Marriage,
chap, Vv, » le ie

Cento. Poetry made up of lines bor-
rowed from established authors. Auso’-
nius has a nuptial idyll com from
verses selected from Virgil. (Latin, cento,
patchwork.) ;

« The best known ere the Homéro-
centones (3 syl.), the Cento Virgilianus by
Proba Falconia (4th century), and the
Cento Nuptialis of Ausonius. Metellus

Central Sun

made hymns out of the Odes of Horace
by this sort of patchwork. Of modern
centos, the Comédie des Comédies, made
up of’ extracts from Balzac, is pretty. well
known. ¢

Central Sun. That body or point
about which our whole system revolves.
Midler believed that pot to be e¢a in
Taurus.

Cen'tre. In the Legislative Assem-
bly The Centre were the friends of order.
In the Fenian rebellion, 1866, the chief
movers were called Head Centres, and
their subordinates Centres.

Centre of Gravity. That point on
which a body acted on by gravity is
balanced in all positions.

Centum’viri. A court under whose
jurisdiction the Romans placed all mat-
ters pertaining to testaments and in-
heritances.

Centu’rion. A Roman officer who
had the command of 100 men. His
badge was a vine-rod. (Latin, centin,
a hundred.)

Century White. John White, the
Nonconformist lawyer. So called from
his chief publication, The First Century
of Scandalous, Malignant Priests, ma
and admitted into Benefices by the Pre-
lates, etc. (1590-1645).

Ceph’alus and Procris.. . Made
familiar to us by an allusion to them
in the play of Pyramus and Thisbé,
where they are miscalled Shafalus and
Procrus. Cephalus was the husband of
Procris, who, out of jealousy, deserted
him. Cephalus went in search of her,
and rested awhile under atree. Procris,
knowing of his whereabouts, crept
through some bushes to ascertain if a
rival was with him. Cephalus heard the
noise, and thinking it to be made by some
wild beast, hurled his javelin into the
bushes and slew Procris, When the un-
happy man discovered what he had done,
he slew himself in anguish of spirit with
the same javelin.

“ Pyramus: Not Sbhafalus to Procrus was so true,

Thisbe: As Shafalus to Procrus, 1 to you.”

Shekespeure: Midsummer Night's Dream, v.1.

Ce’pheus (2 syl.). One of the north-
ern constellations, which takes its name
from Cepheus, King of Ethiopia, -+hus-
band of Cassiopeia and father of An-
drom’eda.

Ce’pola. Devices of Cépola. Quips
of law are so called from Bartholomew
Cépola whose law-quirks for prolongin
lawsuits have been frequently foprintath

233

let him go again.

Ceremony

Ce’quiel (3 syl.). Aspirit who trans-
ported ‘Torral’ba from Valladolid’ to
Rome and back again in an hour and a
half. (Pellicer)

Cerau’nium. The opal. So called
by the ancients from a notion that it was
a thunder-stone. (Latin, ceraunium ;
Greek, kerau‘nios.)

Cer’berus. A grim, watchful keeper,
house-porter, guardian, etc. Cerberus,
according to Roman mythology, is the
three-headed dog that keeps the en-
trance of the infernalregions. Herculés
dragged the monster to earth, and then
(See Sop.)

’ Orpheus (2 syl.) lulled Cerberus to
sleep with his lyre ; and the Sibyl who
conducted Ainéas through the Inferno,.
also threw the dog into a profound slee
with a cake seasoned with poppies an
honey. :

The origin of the fable of Cerberus is
from the custom of the ancient Egyptians
of guarding graves with dogs.

The exquisite cameo by Dioscoridés,
in the possession of the King of Prussia,
and the painting of Hercules and Cer-
berus, in the Farnésé Gallery of Rome,
are of world-wide renown.

Cerdo'nians. A sect of heretics,
established by Cerdon of Syria, who lived
in the time of Pope Hygi’nus, and main-
ees most of the errors of the Mani-
chees.

Ceremonious (Tie). Peter IV. of
Aragon. (1319, 1336-1387.)

Cer’emony. "When the Romans fled
before Brennus, one Albi/nus, who was
carrying his wife and children in a cart
to a place of safety, overtook at Janic’u-
lum the Vestal virgins bending under
their load, took them up and conveyed
them to Ceré, in Etru’ria. Here they
remained, and continued to perform their
sacred rites, which were consequently
called ‘‘ Cxere-monia.”’ (Livy, v.)

“?. Scaliger says the word comes from
cerus=sanctus. Cerus manus=Creator ;
and Cereo (according to Varro) is by
metathesis for creo. Ceres, according ta
Scaliger, is also from creo. By this ety-
mology, ‘‘Ceremony’’ means sacred
rites, or solemn’.acts in honour of the
Creator. The great objection to this
etymology is that Cicero, Tacitus, and
other classic authors spell the word
Cere-monia and not Cere-monia.

Master of the Ceremonies, An officer,

’ first appointed by James I., to superin-

tend the reception of ambassadors and

Ceres

234

Chair

strangers of rank, and to prescribe the
formalities to be observed in levees and
other grand public functions.

Ce’res (2 syl.). Corn. Ceres was
the Roman name of Mother-Earth, the
protectress of agriculture and of all the
fruits of the earth.

“Dark frowning heaths grow bright with Ceres’
store.” Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 27,

Cerin'thians. Disciples of Cerin’-
thus, a heresiarch of the first century.
They denied the divinity of Christ, but
held that a certain virtue descended into
Him at baptism, which filled Him with
the Holy Ghost.

Cerulean Brother of Jove (Zhe).
Neptune. Here cerulean means green.

Cess. Measure, as ex-cess, excess-ive.
Out of all cess means excessively, 2.¢. ex
(out of all) cess.

“Poor jade, is wrung in the withers out of
all cess."—Shakespeare : 1 Henry IV., ii. 1.

Cess. A tax, contracted from assess-
ment (‘‘sess’’); as a ‘‘church-cess,’’
In Ireland the word is used sometimes
as a contraction of success, meaning luck,
as ‘‘ bad cess to you! ””

Cestui que Vie is the person for
whose life any lands or hereditaments
may be held.

Costui que use, the person entitled to a
use. Cestui que trust, the person for
whose benefit a trust may be created.

Ces'tus, in Homer, is the girdle of
Venus, of magical power to move to
ardent love. In Jerusalem Delivered,
Ar’mida wore a similar cestus.

Cf, Latin, confer = compare.
Chabouk, (See CurpovavE, p. 245.)

Chabouk or Chabuk. A long whip,
or the application of whips and rods; a
Persian and Chinese punishment. (Du-
bois.)

“ Drag forward that fakir, and cut his robe into
tatters on his back with your chabouks."—Scott:
The Surgeon's Daughter, c. xiv.

The criticism of the chabuk. The
application of whips or rods (Persian).
(Dudois.)

“Tf that monarch did not give the chabuk to
Feramorz: there would bean end to all legitimate

overnment in Bucharia." — 7. Moore: Lalla

ookh.

Chacun a son Gotit. “ Everyone

has (@) his taste *’; or, ‘‘ Everyone to (@)
’ his taste.’”” The former is French, the
latter is English-French. The phrase
is much more common with usthan it is in
France, where we meet with the phrases
—Chacun a sa chacunerie (everyone has

his idiosyncrasy), and chacun a 3a marotte
(everyone has his hobby). In Latin
sua cuique voluptas, ‘‘as the good-man
said when he kissed his cow.’

Chad-pennies. Whitsuntide offer-
ings at St. Chad’s cathedral, Lichfield,
for keeping it in repair.

Chaff. An old bird is not to be caught
with chaff. An experienced man, or one
with his wits about him, is not to be
deluded by humbug. The reference is
to throwing chaff instead of bird-seed
to allure birds. Hence—

You are chafing me. Making fun of
me. A singular custom used to exist
in Notts and Leicestershire some half a
century ago. When a husband ill-treated
his wife, the villagers emptied a sack of
chaff at his door, to intimate that
‘thrashing was done within,’’? which
some think to be the origin of the word.

~ “To chaff,’ meaning to banter, isa
variant of chafe, to irritate,

Chair (The). The office of chief

magistrate in a corporate town.
elow the chair. An alderman who
has not yet served the mayoralty.

Passed the chair. One who has served
the chief office of the corporation,

The word is also applied to the
office of a professor, etc., as ‘The chair
of poetry, in Oxford, is now vacant.’’
The word is furthermore applied to the
president of a committee or public
meeting. Hence—

To take the chair. To become the
chairman or president of a public meet-
ing. The chairman is placed in a chair
at the head of the table, or in some con-
spicuous place like the Speaker of the

ouse of Commons, and his decision is
absolutely final in all points of doubt.
Usually the persons present nominate
and elect their own chairman; but in
some cases there is an ex officio chairman.

Chair. When members of the House
of Commons and other debaters call out
“<Chair,”’ they mean that the chairman
is not properly supported, and his words
not gheyed as they ought to be. Another
form of the same expression is, ‘‘ Pray
support the chair.”’ ;

Groaning chair. The chair in which
a woman is confined or sits afterwards
to receive congratulations. Similarly
‘‘groaning cake"’ and ‘‘groaning cheese’*
are the cake and cheese which used to
be provided in ‘‘ Goose month,”

~ For a nurse, the child to dandle,
Sugar, soap. spiced pors, and candle
A groaning chiar, andeke 4. cradte *
Poor Robises Abmonack, WGTh

Rae sis Chair-days

285

Cham &

Chair-days. Old age.

“] had long supposed that chair-days, the beau-
tiful name for those days of old age... was of
Shakespeare's own invention ... but this is 4
mistake ... the word is current in Lancashire
still."—Trench: English Past and Present, v.

“In thy reverence and thy chair-days, thus
To die in rufMflan battle.’
Shakespeare: 2 Henry VI., act y. 2,

Chair of St. Peter (The). The office
of the Pope of Rome, said to be founded
Y St. Peter, the apostle; but St,

eter’s Chair means the Catholic festival
held in commemoration of the two epis-
copates: founded by the apostle, one at
Rome, and the other at Antioch (January
18th and February 22nd). {

Chalcedony [Kalced'ony]. A précions
stone, consisting of aly eae Sayre
pate, so called from Chalce’don, in

ia Minor, where it was first found.
Its chief varieties are agate, carnelian,
cat’s-eye, chrysoprase, flint, hornstone,
onyx, plasma, .and sard,

< Albertus Magnus (book i. chap. 2)
says: ‘‘ It dispels illusions and all vain
imaginations. If hung about the neck
as a charm, it is a defence against

enemies, and keeps the body healthful:

and vigorous.

Chaldee’s (Kal-decs).. The Land of
the Chaldees. Babylo’nia,

Chalk.

T'll chalk out your path for you—i.e,
lay it down or plan it out as a carpenter
or ship-builder plans out his work with
@ piece of chalk.

L can. walk a chalk as well as you. I
am no more drunk than you are, The
allusion is to the ordeal on board ship of
trying’ men suspected of drunkenuess.
ae were required to walk along a line
chal
to the right or left..

The tapster is undone by chalk, i.e.
eredit. The' allusion is to scoring up
credit on a tally with chalk. This was
common enough early in the nineteenth
century, when milk scores, bread scores,
as well as beer scores were general.

Chalk it up. Put it to his credit.

*. AS good-humoured sarcasm, Chalk it up / is
tantamount to saying, “ What you have done so
astonishes me that £ must make some more or
less permanent record of it.”

Chalk and Cheese. J know the
difference between chalk and cheese. Be-
tween what is worthless and what is
valuable, between a counterfeit and a
real article. Of course, the resemblance
of chalk to cheese has something to do
with the saying, and. the alliteration
helps to popularise it. j

“This Scotcli scarecrow was no more to be com-

red to him than chalk was to cheese "—Sir W.
Keats : Woodslock, xxiy.

ed on the deck, without deviating:

I cannot make chalk of one and cheese
of the other. I must treat both alike ; I
must show no favouritism. a

They are no more like than chalk is like
cheese. ‘There may be a slight apparent
resemblance, but there is no real likeness.

Chalks, :

I beat him by long chalks. Thoroughly.
In allusion to the ancient custom of
making merit marks with chalk, before

‘ lead pencils were so common.

Walk your chalks. Get you gone.
Lodgings wanted for the royal retinue
used to be taken arbitrarily by the
marshal and sergeant-chamberlain, the
inhabitants were sent to the right about,
and the houses selected were notified by
a chalk mark. When Mary de Medicis,

in 1638, came to England; Sieur de Labat

was employed to mark ‘‘all sorts of
houses commodious for her retinue in
Colchester.’? ‘The: same custom is re-
ferred to-in the Life and Acts of Sir
William Wallace, in Edinburgh. The
phrase is ‘‘ Walk, you’re chalked,”’ cor-
rupted into Walk your chalks.

? In Scotland, at one time, the land
lord gave the tenant notice to quit by

chalking the door,

“The prisoner has cut his stick, and walked bis
chalk, and is off to London.”—C. Kingsley.

Challenge to the Array (4). An
objection to the whole panel or body of
jurymen, based on some default of the

sheriff, or his officer who arrayed the

panel.

Challenge to the Polls (4). An
objection or protest to certain persons
selected for a jury. If a man is not
qualified to. serve, or if he is supposed
to be biassed, he may bechallenged. In,
capital cases a prisoner may challenge
persons without assigning any reason,
and in cases of treason as many as
thirty-five. (22 Henry VIII.,c. 14; 7,8
George IV., c. 28, 8. 3.)

Challenging a Jury. This may be
to object to all the jurors from some
informality in the way they have been
“arrayed” or empanelled, or to one or
more of the jurors, from some real or
supposed disqualification or bias of judg-
ment. The word ‘challenge’ is Nor-
man, and is exactly equivalent to ‘‘calk
out;’? hence we say Captain A chal-
lenged or calléd out Captain B.

Cham (kam). The sovereign prince
of Tartary, now written ,‘‘ khan.”

“Fetch you a hair off the great Chain’s beard.”
—Shakespeare: Much Ado About Nothing, ii. 1.

The great Cham of Literature. Dr.
Samuel Johnson (1709-1784).

Chambre Ardente

236

Chancellor

Chambre Ardente (French), ‘‘A
lighted chamber” (A darkened court).
Before the Revolution, certain offences
in France wére tried in a court from
which daylight was excluded, and the
only light admitted was by torches.
These inquisitorial courts were devised
by Cardinal Lorraine. The first was held
in the reign of Frangois I., for trying
heretics. Brinvilliers and his associates
were tried in adarkened court in 1680.
Another was held in 1716, during the
regency. hen judges were ashamed
to be seen, prisoners could not expect
much leniency.

Chameleon. You are a chameleon,
i.e. very changeable—shifting according
to the opinions of others, as the chame-
leon changes its hue to that of contiguous
objects.

“ As the chameleon, who is known
To have no colours of its own,
But borrows from his neighbour's hue,
His white or black, his green or ee ‘
rvr.

“ Pliny tells us that Democritus wrote
a book on superstitions connected with
the chameleon.

C’est un cameleon. One who shifts
his opinions according to circumstances ;
a vicar of Bray.

To chameleonise is to change one’s
opinions as a chameleon changes its
colour.

Champ de Manceuvre (Le). The

soldiers’ exercise ground,

Champs de Mai. The same as the
Champs de Mars (q.v.), transferred after
755 to the month of May. Napoleon I,
revived these meetings during the
“ Hundred Days”’ (June Ist, 1815).

Champs de Mars. The March
meetings held by Clovis and his imme-
diate followers, sometimes as mere
pageants for the amusement of the
freedmen who came to offer homage to
their lord, and pay their annual gifts ;
sometimes for business purposes, espe-
cially when the king wished. to consult
his warriors about séme expedition.

Champak’. An Indian tree (IMichelia
Champaca). The wood is sacred to
Buddha, and the strongly-scented golden
flowers are worn in the black hair of
Indian women.

“The Champak odours fai).”
Shelley + Lines to Indian Air.
'Cham'perty (Latin, campi partitio,
division of the land) is a bargain with
some person who undertakes at his own
es

cost to recover property on condition of
receiving a share thereof if he succeeds,

“Champerty is treated as a worse offence ; for
by this a stranger supplies money to carry on a
suit, on condition of sharing in the land or other
property."’"—Parsons: Contracts (vol. ii, part ii.
chap. 3, page 264.)

Champion and Severall. A “cham-
pion ’’ is acommon, or land in allotments
without enclosures. A ‘‘severall” is a
private farm, or land enclosed for indi-
vidual use. A champion also means one
who holds a champion.

“The champion differs from severall much
For want of partition, closier, and such.”
Tusser: Five Hundred Points, etc. (intro.).

Cham'pion of England. A person
whose office it is to ride up Westminster
Hall on a Coronation Day, and challenge
any one who disputes the right of succes-
sion. The office was established by
William the Conqueror, and was given
to Marmion and his male descendants,
with the manor of ‘‘ broad Scrivelsby.”
De Ludlow received the office and manor
through the female line; and in the
reign of Richard II. Sir John Dymoke
succeeded through the female line also.
Since then the office has continued in
the Dymoke family.

“ These Lincoln lands the Conqueror gave,
That England's glove they might convey
To knight renowned amongst the brave—
The baron bold of Fonteney.”
An Anglo-Norman Ballad moderntsed,,

Chance. (See Marin CHANCE.)

Chan‘cel means a lattice-screen. In
the Roman law courts the lawyers were
cut off from the public by such a sereen.
(Latin, cancellus.)

Chancel of a church. That part of a
church which contains the altar, and the
seats set apart for thechoir. Itis gene-*
rally raised a step or more above the floor
of the nave.

Chancellor. A petty officer in the
Romar law courts stationed at the chan-
cel (g.v.) as usher of the court, In the
Eastern Empire he was a secre or
notary, subsequently invested with judi--
cialfunctions. The office was introduced
into.England by Edward the Confessor,
and under the Norman kings the chan-
cellor was made official secretary of all
important legal documents. In France,
the chancellor was the royal notary, pre-
sident of the councils, and keeper of the
Great Seal.

Chancellor of England Rete The
Lord Chancellor, or the Lord High
Chancellor, The highest judicial func-.
tionary of the nation, who ranks ‘above
all peers, except princes of the blood.

Chancellor

237

Chaos

and the Archbishop of Canterbury. He
is “‘ Keeper of the Great Seal,’’ is called
“‘ Keeper of His (or Her) Majesty’s Con-
science,”’ and presides on the Woolsack
in the House of Lords.

Chancellor of the Exchequer (Z/e).
The minister of finance in the Privy
Council.

Chah’cery. The part of the Court
occupied by the lawyers.

To get a man’s head into chancery is
to get it under your arm, where you can
pummel it as long as you like, and he
cannot get it free without great difficulty.
The allusion is to the long and exhausting
nature of a Chancery suit. If a man
once gets his head there, the lawyers
punish him to their heart’s content.

“When § can perform my mile in eight minutes.
or a little less, I feel as if I had old Time’s hea
in chancery.”—Holmes ; Autocrat, chap. vii. p. 191.

Chaneph._ The island of religious
by postiies, inhabited by sham saints,
tellers of beads, mumblers of ave marias,
and friars who lived by begging. (The
word meant hypocrite in Hebrew.) (Sze
Rabelais: Pantagruel, iv. 63, 64.)

Change. Ringing the changes. Re-
peating the same thing in different ways.
‘The allusion is to bell-ringing. ~

To know how many changes can be
rung on a peal of bells, multiply the
known preceding number by the next
subsequent one, thus: 1 bell no change ;
2 bells, 1 % 2==2 changes: 3 bells, 2
X*3=6 changes; 4 bells, 6 K 4 = 24.
changes ; 5 bells, 24 % 5= 120 changes ,;
6 bells, 720 changes, etc.

Take your change out of that. Said to
a person who insults you when you give
him a guid pro quo, and tell him to take
out the change.
shopping transactions, where you settle
the price of the article, and put the sur-
plus or change in your pocket.

Changeling (2 syl.). A peevish,
sickly child. The notion used to be that
the fairies took a healthy child, and left

in its place one of their starveling elves |

which never did kindly
i * Oh, that it could be proved
That some night-tripping fairy had exchanged
In cradle-clothes our children as they lay,
And called mine Percy, his Plantagenet!
Theo would I have his Harry, and he mine.”
F Shakespeare: \ Henry IV.,i. 1.
Chant du Depart. After the Jfar-
seillaise, the most celebrated song of

the first French Revolution,

festival, held June 11th, 1794, to com-
memorate the taking of the Bastille.
The music is by Mchul. A mother, an

It is an allusion to |

It was |
written by M. J. Chénier for a public

old man, a child, a wife, a girl, and three
warriors sing a verse in turn, and the
sentiment of each is, ‘‘ We give up our
claims on the men of France for the
good of the Republic.”” (See page 217,
col. 1, CARMAGNOLE. )

* La republique nous appelle,
Sachons vaincre ou sachons perir ,
Un Francais doit vivre pour elle,
Pour elle un Frangais doit mourir.”
ee oa M. J. Chenier.
The Republic invites,
Let us conquer or fall;
For ber Frenchmen live,
And die at her call. E. C. B.

Chantage. A subsidy paid to a
journal. Certain journals will pro-
nounce a company to be a ‘‘bubble
one’’ unless the company advertises in
its columns; and at gaming resorts will
publish all the scandals and mischances
connected with the place unless the pro-
prietors subsidise them, or throw a sop
to Cerberus. This subsidy is technically
known as Chantage in France and Italy.

Chan'ticleer. The cock, in the tale
of Reynard the Fox, and in Chaucer’s
Nonne Prestes Tale. The word means
“shrill-singer.”” (French chanter-clair,
to sing clairment, t.e. distinctly.) ,

“My lungs began to crow like chanticleer.”

Shakespeare: As You Like It, ii, 7.

Chaonian Bird (The). The dove,
So called because it delivered the oracles
of Chaonta (Dodéna).

“But the mild swallow none with toils infest,

And none the soft Chaonian bird molest.”

Ovid: Art of Love, ii.

Chaon'ian Food. Acorns. So-called
from the oak trees of Chaonia or Do-
dona. Some think beech-mast is meant,
and tell us that the bells of the oracle
were hung on beech-trees, not on oaks,

% The Greek word is ¢nyé¢; Latin,
fagus. Hence ‘Strabo, Awddirny, dnyou te
TleAagyav éSpavoy HKev (He to Dodona
came, and the hallowed oak or beech
[fagus], the seat of the Pelasgi.) Now,
“ fagus’? means the food-tree, and both
acorns and mast are food, so nothing
determinate can be derived from going
to the root of the word, and, as it is
extremely doubtful where Dodona was,
we get no light by referring to the
locality. Our text says Chaonia (in
Epirus), others place it in Thessaly.

Cha‘os (ka‘os). Confusion ;_ that
confused mass of elemental substances
supposed to have existed before God
a creation into order. The poet
Hesiod is the first extant writer that
speaks of it.

“ Light, uncollected, through the chaos urged
Its infant way , nor order yet had drawn x
His lovely traiv from out the dubious g)oom,

Thomson: Autunm, 132-4,

Chap

988

Chargé

Chap. A man, properly a merchant,
A chap-man is a merchantman or
tradesman. ‘‘If you want to buy, ’m

your chap.”? A good chap-man or chap
ecame in time a good fellow. Hence,
A good sort of chap, A clever chap, etc.
(Anglo-Saxon, ceap-mann.) 2
¥ An awkward customer is an analo-
gous phrase.

Chap-beook (4), A cheap little book
containing tales, ballads, lives, etc., sold
by chapmen.

Chapeau or Chapel de Roses.
C’est un petit mariage, car quand on
demande ce qu’un pere donne a une
fille, et qu’on veut répondre qu’il donne
peu, on dit gust lui donne un chapeau
de roses, es roses sont consacrés a
Vemnis, aux Graces, et a)’Amour. (Les
Origines de quelques Coutumes. Ancienncs,

1672,
N Bd onal ¥ weno calla chaplet.

Chapeau-bras. A soft hat which
can be folded and carried under the arm
(bras, French for arm), Strictly speak-
ing, it should be a three-cornered hat,

Chapel is the chest containing relics,
or the shrine thereof (Latin, capella ;
| chape, a cope). The kings of

rance in war carried St. Martin’s cope
into the field, and kept it ina tent asa
talisman. The place in which the cope
was kept was called the chapelle, and the
keeper thereof the chapelain.

Chapel (A). Hither a place subsidiary
to the parish church, or a place of wor-
ship not connected with the State, asa
Methodist, Chapel, a Baptist Chapel, etc.

Chapel, in printers’ parlance, meant
his workshop. In the early days of
printing, presses were set up in the
chapels attached to abbeys, as those of
Caxton in Westminster Abbey. (See
Monk, FRrar, etc.)

Chapel. The ‘‘ caucus’’ of journey-
men printers assembled to decide any

oint of common interest. The chairman
is called the ‘‘ father of the chapel.”’

To hold a chapel. To-hold a printers’
caucus.

Chapel-of-Ease. A place of worship
for the use of parishioners residing at a
distance from the parish church.

Chap’eron. A lady’s attendant and
Beatecer in public. So called from the
panish hood worn by duennas. (English-
- French.) (See Taprsseris.)
Yo chaperone. To accompany a young
unmarried lady in loco parextis, when
‘she appears in public or in society.

Chapter. To the end of the chapter.
From the beginning to the end of a pro-
ceeding. The allusion is to the custom
of reading an entire chapter in the first
and second lesson of the Church service.
This is no longer a general rule in the
Church of England.

Chapter and Verse. To give chapter
and verse is to give the exact authority of
a statement, as the name of the author,
the title of the book, the date thereof,
the chapter referred to, and any other
particular which might render the refer-
ence easily discoverable.

Chapter of Accidents (A), Un-
foreseen events. To trust to the chapter
of accidents is to trust that something
unforeseen may turn up in your favour,
The Roman laws were divided into
books, and each book into. chapters.
The chapter of accidents is that under
the head of accidents, and metaphoric-
ally, the sequence of unforeseen events.

‘Chapter of Possibilities (Zhe). A
may-be in the course of events.

‘Character. In character. In hare
mouy with a person’s actions, ete. :

Out of ¢character,, Not in harmony
with a person’s actions, writings, pro-
fession, age, or status in society.

‘Character (4). An oddity. One
who has a distinctive peculiarity of
manner: Sam Weller is a character,
so is Pickwick. And Sam Weller’s con-
duct in the law-court was ‘‘in characte
ter,’’ but had he betrayed his master it
would have been ‘‘ out of character.’’

Charbon’/nerie Democrat'ique, A
new Carbona'i society, founded in Paris
on the principles of Babeuf. The object
of these Republicans was to make Paris
the centre of all political movements,
(See page 214, col. 2, CaRBONARI.)

Charge,
Curate in charge. A curate placed by
a bishop in charge of a parish where
there is no incumbent, or where the in-
cumbent is suspended,
To charge oneself with. 'To take upon
oneself the onus of a given task.
To give charge over. To set one in
authority over.
* “I gave my brother Hanant.. . charge over
Jerusalem.”—Nehemiah vii. 2.
To give in charge. To hand over a
person to the charge of a policeman.
To have in charge. To haye the care
of something. ~ .
~ To take in charge. To“ take up” a
person. given in charge; to take upon
oneself the responsibility of something.
oh a

Charge 239

Charlemagne

Charge (Jo). To make an attack or
onset in ttle. ‘*Fo charge with
bayonets ”’ is to rush on the enemy with
levelled bayonets.

To return lo the charge,
the attack.

Chargé d’Affaires. The proxy of an
ambassador, or the diplomatic agent
where none higher has been appointed.

Chariele’ia. The lady-love of The-
ag’enés in the exquisite erotic Greek ro-
mance called The Loves of Theagenés
and Charicleia, by Heliodo‘ros, Bishop
of Trikka, in the fourth century.

Charing Cross. Not from chére
reine, in honour of Eleanor, the dear
wife of Edward I., but la chére reine
Blessed Virgin). Hence, in the

lose Roll, Richard II, part 1 (1882),
we read that the custody of the falcons
at oar ig near Westminster, was
granted to Simon Burley, who was to
receive [2d. a day from the Wardrobe.

° A correspondent in Notes and
Queries, Dec. 28th, 1889, p. 507, suggests
the Anglo-Saxon cérran (to turn), allud-
ing to the bend of the Thames.

“Queen Eleanor diedat Harby, Nottinghamshire,
and was burted at Westminster. In every town
where the corpse rested the king caused a cross
‘of cunning workmanship’ to be erected in re-
tmembrance of ber. There were fourteen, some say
fifteen, altogether. The three,which remain arein
capitals: Lincoln, Newark, Grantham, Leicester,
Stamford, GEDDINGTON, NORTHAMPTON,
ba fg el Woburo, Dunstable, St. Albans,

ALTHAM, West-Cbeap (Cheapside), Charing.
and (Sub Herdly?)” 5 «

Tn front of the South Eastern Railway station
(Strand) is a model, in the original dimensions, of
the old cross, which was made of Cuen stone, and
was demolished tu 1643.

Char’iot.. According to Greek my-
thology, the chariot was invented
Erichtho’nius to conceal his feet, vwllien
were those of a dragon,

“ Seated in car, by bim constructed first
To bide his bideous feet.” i
Rose: Orlundo Furioso, Xxx vii. 27.

Chariot of the Gods, So the
Greeks called Sierra Leo‘ne, in Africa, a
ridge of mountains of great height. A
sierra means a saw, and is applied toa
tidge of peaked mountains,

“ Her palniy forests, mingling with the skies,
Leona’s rugged steep bebind us fties.”
Camoens. Lusiad, book &

Chariots or Cars. That of

ADME’TOS was drawn by Ifons and wild boars.
BaccuHus by panthers.

CERES (2 syl.) by winged dragons.
CYB’ ELE (3 syl.) by loos. }

DIANA by stags, _

JUNO by peacocks...

NEPTUNE by sea-horses.

PLutp by black horses. r

The Sun by seven borses (tbe seven dava of
the weeky é
Vanus dy doves,

To renew

Charioteers (in Rome) were classed
under four factions, distinguished by
their liveries:— white, red, sky-blue,
and green. Domitian added two more,
viz. the golden and the purple.

Charities. Masks.

“Our ladies laugh at bare-faced trulls when
they bave those mufflers on, which they call
masks, and whicb were formerly much more
properly called charity, because they cover a
multitude of sins.’— Aabelais ; Pantagruel, v. 27.

Charity. Charity begins at home.
‘* Let them learn first to show piety at
home ’’ (1 Tim. v. 4 and 8).

Cold as charity. Than which what’s
colder to him who gives and him who
takes ?

Chariva'ri. The clatter made with
pots and pans, whistling, bawling, hiss-
ing, andsoon. Our concert of ‘* mar-
row-bones and cleavers’’?; the German
Katzenmusik, got’ up to salute with
ridicule unequal marriages. Punch is
our national Charivari, and clatters
weekly against political and social
wrong-sidedness.

Charlatan. The following etymology
is suitable to a book of Phrase aad Fable.
It is said that one Latan, a famous
quack, used to go about Paris in a

| gorgeous car, in which he had a travel-

ling dispensary. A man with a horn
announced the approach of this magnate,
and the delighted sightseers used to cry
out, ‘6 Voila! le char de Latan.”? When
Ilived in Paris I often saw this gorgeous

| car; the horn-man had a drum also, and
| M. Latan, dressed in a long showy robe,

wore sometimes a hat with feathers,
sometimes a brass helmet, and some-
times a showy cap. He was a tooth-
extracter as well as dispenser.

Probably, “ Latan” was an assumed name, for

| charlatan is undoubtedly the Italian ciarlatano,

@ babbler or quack.

Charlemagne. His nine wives were
Hamiltrude, a poor Frankish woman,

| who bore him several children ; Desid-

erata, who was divorced; Hildegarde,

| Fastrade (daughter of Count Rodolph

the Saxon), and Luitgarde the German,
all three of whom died before him ,
Maltegarde ; Gersuinde the Saxon;
Regi’na ; and Adalinda.
harlemagne’s peers. (See PALADINS.)

Charlemagne’s sword. La Joyeuse.

Fare Charlemagne. To carry off one’s
winnings without giving the adversaries
“‘ their revenge.”

“Faire Charlemagne c'est se retirer du jeu
avec tout son gain, ne point donner de revanche.
Charlemagne garda jusqu’ a la fin toutes ses con-
quétes et quitta le jeu de la vie sans avoir rien
rendu du fruit de ses victotres. Le jouenr qai se
retire les mains pleins, fait comine Charlemagne.”
—Génin. Récréations, i. 186.

Charles

Charles, An ill-omened name for
eng

ngland : Charles I. was beheaded by
his subjects.

Charles IL lived long in exile.

Charles Edward, the Young Pre-
tender, died in poverty and disgrace in
France.

France: Chatles I., the Bald, march-
ing to repel the invading Saracens
was forsaken by his followers, and die
of poison at Brios.

Charles II., the Fat, reigned wretch-
edly, and died a beggarly dependent on
e stinting bounty of the Archbishop of

etz.

Charles III., the Simple, died in the
dungeon of Chateau Thierry.

Charles IV., the Fair, reigned six
years, married thrice, but buried all his
children except one daughter, who was
forbidden by the Salic law to succeed to
the crown. ‘

Charles VI. lived and died an idiot or
madman.

_ Charles VII. starved himself to death.

Charles VIII. smashed his head against
the lintel of a doorway in the Chateau
Amboise, and died in agony.

Charles IX. died at the age of twenty-
four, harrowed in conscience for the

art he had taken in the ‘‘ Massacre of

t. Bartholomew.’’

Charles X. spent a quarter of a cen-
tury in exile, and when he succeeded to
the throne, fled for his life and died in
exile.

Charles le Téméraire, of Burgundy,
lost his life at Nancy, where he was
utterly defeated by the Swiss.

Naples: Charles I. saw the French
massacred in the ‘Sicilian Vespers,’’
and experienced only disasters.

Charles II., the Lame, was in cap-
tivity at his father’s death.

Charles III., his grandson, was assas-
sinated. (See JANE.)

Charles I.
Charles I. was brought home, the King
was sitting in the garden of Chelsea
Palace. He ordered the bust to be un-
covered, and at the moment a hawk
with a bird in its beak flew by, and a
drop of the blood fell on the throat of
the bust. The bust was ultimately
cotnoyed when the palace was burnt

own. ;

Charles and the Oak. When
Charles II. fled from the Parliamentary
army, he took refuge in Boscobel House;
but when he deemed it no longer sate to

remain there, he concealed himself in an

240

When Bernini’s bust of |

Chase

oak, Dr. Stukeley says that this tree
“stood just by a horse-track passing
through the wood, and the king, with
Colonel Carlos, climbed into it by means
of the hen-roost ladder. The family
reached them victuals with a nut-
hook.” (Itinerariwm Curio'sum, iii, p.
57, 1724.)

Charles’s Wain. The constellation
called the Great Bear, which forms the
outline of a wheelbarrow or rustic
wagon. ‘‘Charles’’ is a corruption of
the word churles, the farmer’s wagon,
(Anglo-Saxon, ceorles wen.)

‘? Sometimes still further corrupted
into ‘‘ King Charles’s wain.”’

Charleys, or Charlies. The old night
watch, before the police force was organ-
ised in 1829. So called from Charles L.,
in whose reign the system was re-organ-
ised. - (1640.)

Charlotte Elizabeth. Mrs, Tonna
(1792-1846).

Charm means a song. Incantation
is singing on or against some one, En-
chant is the’same. (Latin, carmen.)

Charon’s Toll Lear pe A coin,
about equal to a penny, placed in the
mouth or hand of the dead to pay
Charon for te | the spirit across the
river Styx to the Elysian fields,

Charter. (Sce PEOPLE’S CHARTER.)

Chartism. The political system of
the Chartists, who, in 1838, demanded
the. People's Charter, consisting of five
principles: universal suffrage, annual
parliaments, stipendiary members, vote
by ballot, and electoral districts.

Charyb’dis [ch—/}. A whirlpool
on the coast of Sicily. Scylla and Cha-
rybdis are employed to signify two equal
dangers. Thus Horace says au author
trying to avoid Scylla, drifts into Cha-
rybdis, i.e. seeking to avoid one fault,
falls into another. The tale is that
Charybdis stole the oxen of Hercules,
was killed by lightning, and changed into
the gulf. ens

“Thus when I shun Scylla, your father, I fall
into Charybdis, your mother.” — Shakespeare :
Merchant of Venice, iii. 5, a snite

Chase (4). A small deer-forest held,
for the most part, by a private indivi-
dual, and protected only by common
law. Forests are roya preroga ives,
protected by the *‘ Forest Laws.”

Chase (4). An iron frame used by
printers for holding sufficient type fer

Chasidim

241 Cheap

one side of a sheet, The type is first
set up letter by letter in the ‘‘ composing
stick,” and is then transferred to the
‘* galley,”? where it appears in columns,
It is next divided into pages, and then
transferred to the chase, where it is held
tight by quoins, or small wedges of
wood. The word is French, chasse (a
frame) ; our case-ment. (See STICK.)

Chas/idim and Zad/ikim. After
the Babylonish captivity the Jews were
divided into two groups—those who
accepted and those who rejected the
Persian innovation. The former were
called pietists (chasidim), and the latter
uprights (zadikim).

_ Chasseurs de Vincennes (French).
The Duke of Orleans’ rifle corps; s0
called because they were garrisoned at
Vincennes... (1835.)
_ Chat. Nid d'une sowris dans Voreille
@un chat. A mare’snest. This French
hrase is the translation of a line in
ynkyn de Worde’s Amusing Questions,
rinted in English in 1511. ‘* Demand:
at is that that never was and never
will be? Response: A mouse’s nest in
a cat’sear.”” (See Marn’s NEST.)

Chat de Beaugency (Le), Keeping
the word of promise to the ear, but
breaking it to the sense. The legend is
this: An architect was employed to con-
struct a bridge over the Loire, opposite
Beaugency, but not being able to ac-
complish it, made a league with the
devil to give his sable majesty the first
living being which crossed the bridge.
The devil supposed it would be the
architect himself, but when the bridge
was finished the man threw a cat for-
wards, and it ran over the bridge like a
wild thing. The devil was furious, but
a bargain’s a bargain, and the ‘‘ cat of
Beaugency’’ became a proverb, __

Chateaux en Espagne. [Castles in
Spain.| A castle in the air; something
that exists only in the imagination, In
Spain there are no chateaux. (See
CASTLE.)

Chateau, _Many wines are named after
the manor on which the grapes are

own: as Chateau Lafitte, Chateau La
Tour, Chateau at Chateau Rose
te Bordeaux), Ch

ordeaux), etc.

Chat’telin’s. A fashionable coffee-
house in the reign of Charles II.

-*Met their servant coming to bring me to Chat-
elin's, the French house, in Covent Garden, and
there with music and good company .... might
merry till ten at night. The Duke of Monmout
and a great many blades were at Chatelin’s, and I
left them there."—Pepys: Diary, April 22nd, 1668,

wm

teau Yquem (a white

Chatterbox. A talkative person,
The Germans have Plaudertasche (chat-
terbag). Shakespeare speaks of the
clack-dish. ‘* His use was to put a
ducat in her clack-dish’’ (Measure for
Measure, tii, 2)—i,.e, the box or dish used
by beggars for collecting alms, which
the holder clatters to attract atteution.
We find also chatter-basket in old
writers, referring to the child’s rattle.

Chatterhouse. Zo go through the
chatterhouse. Between the legs of one or
more boys, set apart like an inverted A,
who strike, with their hands or caps,
the victim as he creeps through. Halli-
well (Archaic Dict.) gives chat, a small
twig, and chatter, to bruise; also chat-
tocks, refuse wood léft in making fag-
gots. Probably, the boys used little
twigs or sticks instead of caps or hands.
And to go through chatterhouse means
to get a trouncing or tunding. The pun
between chatterhouse and charterhouse
is obvious. >

Chatterpie. Same us chatterbox.
The pie means the magpie, (Mag, to
chatter.) (See Halliwell.)

Chaucer of Painting (Zhe). Albert
Diiver of Nurnberg (1471-1628), | §* The
prince of artists.’’ ;

Chauvin. A blind idolator of Napo-
leon the Great. The name is taken
from Les Aides de Camp, by Bayard and
Dumanoir, but was popularised in
Charet’s Conserit Chauvin.

Chauvinism,. A blind idolatry of
Napoleon the Great, Now it means
a blind and pugnacious patriotism: a
warlike spirit.

“Chauvin, patriote ardent, jusqu’a l'exagéra-
tion. Allusion au nom d'un type de caricature
populaire, comme le prouye cet exemple: 1820,
epouue ou un liberalism plus large commenga &
se moquer de ces éloges donnés aux conscrit
Chauvin, fit justice de ces niaiseries de l’opinion.”
—Lorédan Larchey: Dictionnaire de UArgot Pa-
Tisicn, 1872.

Chawbacon (4). An uncouth rustic,
supposed to eat no meat but bacon,

I myself knew a most respectable day-labourer,
who had saved up enough money to keep himself
in old age, who told me he never saw or touched
any meat in his cottage but bacon, except once a
year, and that was on club-day (1879). He never
ate rabbit, game, chicken, or duck,

Chawed up. Done for, utterly dis-
comfited, demolished. (American.)

Che sara, sa'ra. What shall be
will be. The motto of the Russells
(Bedford).

“What doctrine call ye this, Che sara, sara? ”"—
Faust (Anster’s translation), i. 1.

Cheap as a Sardinian. A Roman

. phrase referring to the great crowds of

Cheap Jack

249

Cheeseparer

Sardinian prisoners brought to Rome by
Tiberius Gracchus, and ‘offered for sale
at almost any price.

Cheap Jack. Jack, the chap-man.
Not cheap, meaning low-priced, but
cheap meaning merchant, as in ‘‘ chap-
man,”’ ‘‘Cheap-side,’’ etc. Jackis a term
applied to inferior persons, etc. (Saxon,
cepa, a merchant; ceapian, to huy ; ceap-
mann, a tradesman.) (See Jack.)

Cheapside Bargain (4). A very
weak pun, meaning that the article was
bought cheap or under its market value.

Cheater (2 syl.) originally meant an
Escheator or officer of the king’s ex-
chequer appointed to receive dues and
taxes, The present use of the word
shows how these officers were wont to
fleece the people. (See CaTCHPOLE).

Compare with escheator the New
Testament word ‘‘ Publicans,’”’ or col-
lectors of the Roman tax.in Judea, etc.

Chech. Called also stone-chest, kist-
vaen (a sepulchral monument or crom-
lech).

“We find a rude chech or flat stone of an oval
form, about three yards in length, five feet over
where broadest, and ten or twelve inches thick,”
—Camden.

Checkmate, in the game of chess,
means placing your adversary’s king in
such a position that he can neither cover
nor move out of check, Figuratively,
“to checkmate ’’ means to foil or outwit
another; checkmated, outmanceuvred.
*““Mate”’ (Arabic, dt, dead; Spanish,
matar, to kill).
means both chess and check, and the
Italian scacco means the squares of the
chess-board ; but schach-mati and scacco-
matto = check-mate. The French échee
is a ‘‘stoppage,’’ whence donner or faire
échec et mat, to make a stoppage cheek)
and dead; the Spanish, zague de mate
means the check of death (or final check).

‘° If we go to Arabic for ‘‘ mate,”’ why
not go there for ‘‘check”’ also? And
‘« sheik mat’? = the king dead, would be
consistent and exact. (Sce CHESS.)

Cheek. None of your check. None
of your insolence. ‘‘None of your
jaw” means none of your nagging or
word irritation.

< Wesayamanis very cheeky, mean-
ing that he is saucy and presumptuous.

Lo give cheek. To be insolent. . ‘ Give
me none of your cheek.”’

To have the check. To have the face
erassurance. ‘‘He hadn’t the cheek to
ask for more.”’

“On account of his having so much cheek "—
Dickens; Bleak [ouse, 8 ne

The German schach °

Cheek (Zo). To be saucy. _ ‘You
must cheek him well,’’ t.e, confront him
with fearless impudence ; face him out,

Cheek by Jowl. In intimate con-
fabulation; ¢éte-a-tete, Cheek is the
Anglo-Saxon ceca, céac-ban, cheek-bone ;

‘and jowl is the Anglo-Saxon ceole (the

jaw); Irish, gial.

“T'll go with thee, cheek by jowlL”—Shake-
speare: Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2.

Cheese.

‘Tusser says that a cheese, to be per-
fect, should not be like (1) Gehazi, 3.e.
dead white, like a leper; (2) not like
Lot’s wife, all salt; (3) not like Argus,
full of eyes; (4) not like Tom Piper,
‘*hoven and pei rae the a of
a piper; (5) not like Crispin, leathery ;
(6) not like Lazarus, poor; (7) not ike
Esau, hairy; (8) not like Mary Magda-
lene, full of whey or maudlin; (9) not
like the Gentiles, full of maggots or
gentils; and (10) not like a bishop,
made of burnt milk. (Five Hundred
Points of Good Husbandry.)

‘*? A cheese which has no resemblance
to these ten defects is ‘‘ quite the cheese.’”

Bread and cheese. Food generally, but
of a frugal nature. ‘‘Come and take
your bread and cheese with me this
evening.”’

A green cheese:. An unripe cheese,

The moon made o green cheese. A
slight resemblance, but not in the least
likely. ‘You will persuade him to
believe that the moon is made of green
cheese.’’ (See above.)

’Tis an old rat that won't eat cheese.
It must be a wondrously toothless man ,
that is inaccessible to flattery ; he must
be véry old indeed who can abandon his
favourite indulgence; only a very cun-
ning rat knows that cheese is a mere
bait.

Cheese. Something choice (Anglo-
Saxon, ceos-an, to choose; German,
kiesen ; French, choisir). Chaucer says,
“¢To cheese whether she wold him marry

or no.””
“Now thou might cheese
How thou couetist (covetest] to calme, now thou

Knowist all mi names,” 3)
P. Ploughinan's Vision. _

It is not the cheese. Not the right
thing; not what I should choose,

He is quite the cheese or just the cheese
—i.e. quite the thing. y a double
refinement we get the slang varieties,
That’s prime Stilton, or double Glo’ster—
i.e. slap bang up. ;

Cheeseparer (4). A skinflint; a
man of small savings; economy carried

__- ° ®heeseparing

948

Cherry '

to excess—like one who pares or shaves
off very thinly the rind of his cheese
instead of cutting it off. The tale is
well known of the man who chose his
wife out of three sisters by the way they
ate their cheese. One pared it—she (he
said) was mean; one cut it off extrava-
gantly thick—she was wasteful; the
third sliced it off in a medium way, and
there his choice fell.

Cheeseparing Economy. A useless
economy. The French say, ‘‘ Une écono-
amie de bouts de chandelles.’’? The allusion
is to the well-known tale of a man who
chose one of three sisters for wife by
the way they pared their cheese. (See
above.)

Cheese-Toaster (4). Asword; also
called a ‘‘toasting-fork.”. ‘‘Come! out
with your toaster.” In Latin veru
means a dart, a spit used in roasting, or
a toasting fork. -Thus we have ‘‘ pug-
nant mucrone veruque Sabello”’ (Ain, vii.
663), and in _4n. i. 210, etc., we read
that the men prepared their supper,
after slaying the beasts, ‘‘pars in frustra
secant, verubusque trementia figunt.’ In
the former example veru is used for an
instrument of war, and in the latter for
, toasting-fork or spit.

Cheesewring (Lynton, Devon). A

mass of eight stones, towering to the
height of thirty-two feet; so called
because it looks like a gigantic cheese-

ress. - This is probably a natural work,
the effect of some convulsion. The
Kilmarth Rocks, and part of Hugh
Lloyd’s Pulpit, present somewhat similar
piles of stone. .

Chef d’Guvre. .A masterpicce,
‘(French.) (Pronounce sha deuvr.)

Chemistry [Kem'isiry] is from the
Arabic kimia, whence al-kimia (the
‘occult art), from kamai (to conceal),

Inorganic chemistry is that branch of
chemistry. which is limited to metallic

and non-metallic substances, which are’

not organised bodies.

Organic chemistry is devoted to or-

ganised bodies and their elements.

Che'mos or Che'mosh [Kee/mosh]. .

War-god of the Moabites ; god of lust.
be acl Chemos, the obscene dread of Moab’s
80 5
From Ar‘oer ta Nebo, and the wild-
Of southmost Ab/arim.”
, Milton: Paradise Lost, book i, 406-8.
Chennap’pa. The city of Chen-
mappa. So Madras is called by the
anatives.

. be indulged in on the premises.

“Worcestershire,

Chenu (French). Ho ey-headed.
This word is much wack ie Paa to sig-
nify good, delicate, exquisite in flavour,
delicious, de bon gotit. It was originally
applied. to wine which is improved by
age. ‘Thus we hear ecnearenn in Paris
the expression, ‘‘ Voila du vin qui est
bien chenu”’ (mellow with age). Some-
times gris (grey,with age) is substituted,
as, ‘‘ Nous en boirons tant dece bon vin
gris’? (Le Tresor des Chansons Nouvelles,
p- 78). The word, however, is by no
means limited to wine, but is applied to
well-nigh ph bea worthy of com-
mendation. e even hear Chenu Reluit,
good morning ; and Chenu sorgue, good
night. ‘‘Reluit,”? of course, means
‘*sunshine,’”’? and “sorgue’’ is an old
French word for evening or brown.
“‘Chenument”? = @ merveille. © ~

Chequers. A public-house sign. In
England without doubt the arms of
Fitzwarren, the head of which house, in
the days of the Henrys, was invested
with the power of licensing vintners and

ublicans, may have helped to popu-
arise this sign, which indicated that the
house was duly licensed ; but the sign
has been found on houses in exhumed
Pompeii, and probably referred to some
game, like our draughts, which might
Pos-
sibly in some cases certain public-houses
were at one time used for the payment
of doles, etc., and a chequer-board was
provided for the purpose. In such cases
the sign indicated the house where the
parish authorities met for that and other!

purposes,

Cherone’an [ch=k]. The Cheronean
Sage. . Plutarch, who was born at
Cherone’a, in Boeotia (46-120).

“This phrase, 0 Cheronean sage, is thine.”

Arf i Beattie: Minstrel.

Cherry. The whole tree or not @
cherry onit, ‘* Aut Cesar aut nullus.”’
All in all or none at all. ;

“This Hospitaller seems to be one of those
pragmatical knaves who must have the whole
tree, or they'll not bave a cherry on it.”

To make two bites of a cherry. To
divide something too small to be worth

| dividing.

Cherry Fairs. Now called tea-
gardens. Nothing to do with cherries;
it is cheery fairs—i.e. gay or recreation
fairs. A ‘“‘cheering”’? is a merry-
making. Halliwell tells us that ‘‘ Cherry
(or rather chery) fairs are still held in

** Gower says of this

Cherry

244

Chevy Chase

world, ‘‘ Alle is but a cherye-fayre,” a
phrase frequently met with.

“This life, my son, is but a chery-fayre.’—MS,
Bodl, 221 (quoted by Halliwell),

Cherry Trees and the Cuckoo.
The cherry tree is strangely mixed up
with the cuckoo in many cuckoo stories,
because of the tradition that the cuckoo
must eat three good meals of cherries
before he is allowed to cease singing,

; “ Cuckoo, cuckoo, cherry-tree,
Good bird, prithee, tell to me
How many years I am to see,”

The answer is made by the cuckoo
repeating its cry the prophetic number
of times.

Cher'ubims. The 11th Hussars are
so called, by a bad pun, because their
trousers are of a cherry colour,

Chery and Fair-Star. Chery was
the son of a king’s brother and Bru-
netta ; Fair-star was the daughter of
the king and Blond‘ina, the two fathers
being brothers, and the two mothers
sisters, They were cast on the sea
adrift, but were found and brought up
by a corsair and his wife. Ultimately
they are told of their birth by a green
bird, and marry each other. This tale
is imitated from The. Sisters who Envied
their Younger Sister, in Arabian Nights,

N.B.—The name is from the French
cher (dear), and is about equa] to
‘‘deary’’ or ‘‘dear one.’”’ It is quite
wrong to spell it with a double r.
(Comtesse d’ Aulnoy : Fairy Tales.)

Cheshire is the Latin castra’-shire,
called by the Romans Deva'na castra
(the camp town of Deva, or Dee-
mouth).

Chess. Called by the Hindus chetur-
anga (the four angas)—z.e, the four
members of the army—viz. elephants,
horses, chariots, and foot-soldiers; called
by the ancient Persians chetrang. The
Arabs, who have neither ¢ nor g, called
it-shetranj, which modern Persians cor-
rupted into sacchi, whence the Italian
scacchi, German schach, French echec,
our chess, (See page 242, CHEcKMATE.)

Chesterfield, lauded by Thomson in
his Winter is the fourth earl, author of
Chesterficld’s Letters to His Son (1694-
1773).

Chesterfield House (London) was built
by Isaac Ware for Philip, fourth earl of

hesterfield. (See above.)

Chestnut. A stale joke. In The
Broken Sword, an old melodrama by
William Dillon, Captain Xavier isforever

telling the same jokes with variations.
He was telling about one of his exploits
connected with a cork-tree, when Pablo
corrects him, ‘‘A chestnut-tree you
mean, captain.’ ‘‘Bah! (replied the
captain) I say a cork-tree.” ‘*A chest-
nut-tree,’’? insists Pablo. “I must
know better than you (said the captain) ;
it was a cork-tree, I say.”? ‘+A chest-
nut (persisted Pablo). I have heard
you tell the joke twenty-seven times,
and I am sure it was a chestnut.”

“Ts not this an illustration of the enduring
vitality of the ‘chestnut '? (joke)."—Notes and
Queries,

Chestnut Sunday. Rogation Sun-
day, or the Sunday before. Ascension

Day.

Cheval (French, ¢ cheval). Troops
are arranged @ cheval when they com-
mand two roads, as Wellington’s army
at Waterloo, which, being at the apex
of two roads, commanded that between
Charleroi and Brussels, as well as that
to Mons. ,

“The Western Powers will assuredly never
permit Russia tp place herself again @ cheval
idee the Ottoman empire and Persia,”—The
Times,

Cheval de Bataille (His). His
strong argument. (See Notes and Queries,
May 22nd, 1886, p. 410.)

Chevalier d’Industrie. A man
who lives by his wits and calls himself a
gentleman.

“Denicheur de fauvettes, chevalier de l’ordre
de l'industrie, qui va chercher quelque bon nid,
quelque femme qui lui fasse sa fortune.”—Gon-
gam, oul Homme Prodigieux (1713),

Chevalier du Brouillard (Ze). The
French Jack Sheppard. A drama.

Chevaux de Frise (French). Horses
of Friesland. A beam filled with spikes
to keep off horses; so called from its use
in the siege of Gron’'ingen, Friesland, in
1594. A somewhat similar engine had
been used before, but was not called by
the same name. In German it is ‘a
Spanish horseman” (em Spanischer
Reiter).

Cheveril. He has a cheveril con-
science. One that will easily stretch like
cheveril or kid leather. Paty,

“Ob, bere’s a wit of cheveril, that stretches
from an inch narrow to an ell broad !"—Shuke-
speare: Romeo and Juliet, ii, 4. :

“ Your soft cheveril conscience would re¢eive,

If you might please to stretch it.” 4

Shakespeare: Henry VIII, ii 3.

Chevy Chase.. There had long been
a rivalry between the families of Percy
and Douglas, which showed itseJf by

Chiabreresco

246

Chicken

incessant raids into each other’s, terri-
tory. Percy of Northumberland one
day vowed he would hunt for three days
in the Scottish border, without conde-
scending to ask leave of Earl Douglas.
The Scotch warden said in his anger,
‘Tell this vaunter he shall find one day
more than sufficient,’’ The ballad called
Chevy Chase mixes Tp this hunt with the
battle of Otterburn, which, Dr. Percy
justly observes, was ‘‘a very different
event.’? (Chaucer, chevachie, a military
expedition on horseback.)

“ To louder strains he raised his voice, to tell
What woful wars in ‘ Chevy Chase’ befell,
When Percy drove the deer with hound and

horn
‘Wars to be wept by children yet unbort.”
Cl,

ys: Pastoral VI,
Chiabreres'co (Italian). Poetry
formed on the Greek model; so called
from Gabriel Chiabre’ra, surnamed the

“‘ Pindar of Italy ”” (1552-1637).

Chiar-oscuro [pronounce ke-ar-ro3-
kul-ro|. A le of painting now called
‘* black and white.”

“Chiar-oscuro.... isthe art of representing
light in shadow and shadow in light, so that the
parts represented in shadow shall still have the
clearness and warmth of those in light; and
those in light, the depth and softness of those in
‘shadow,”—Chambers: Encyclopedia, iii. p. 171.

Chib‘ia’bos. The musician; the har-

‘mony of nature personified. He teaches.

the birds’ to sing and the brooks to war-
ble as they flow. ‘ All the many-sounds
of nature borrow sweetness from his
singing.”
“Very dear to Hiawatha
: ‘Was the gentle Chibiahos.
For his gentleness he loved him,

And the magic of his singing.” 4
Longfellow: Hiawatha, vi.

~ Chibouque(4). Asmoking-pipe with

a long tube, used in the Hast. (Turkish).
Chic, Fashionable; comme il faut;

the mode. This is an archaic French
word in vogue in the seventeenth cen-
tury. It really is the Spanish chico,
little, also a little boy, and chica, a little
‘girl or darling. Similarly, wee in Scotch
is a loving term of admiration and pride.
(Ohic is an abbreviation of tee German
geschickt, apt, clever.)
“ J'use de mots de l'art, je inet en marge hic ;

_ J’espere avec le tems que j’entendrai Je chic.”
; ‘ Les Satyves de Du Lorens, xii. p. 97.

. Avoir le chic. To have the knack of |

going the thing smartly.
~ Chicard an

Chich'ivache (3 syl.). French for
‘sorry cow,’’ a monster that lived |

the “
enly on good women—all skin and bone,

chicandard= elegant, de |
Fae style, are very common expressions —
+ Ww 1 - ul te

because its food was so extremely scarce.
The old English romancers invented
another monster, which they called
Bicorn, as fat as the other was lean;
but, luckily, he had for food ‘‘ good and
enduring husbands,’’ of which there is
no lack, (See Bicory.)
“ O noble wyvés, ful of heigh pruden’ce,
Let noon humilitie your tongés nayle,
Ne lat no clerk bave cause of diligen’ce
To write of you a story of such mervayle
As of Griseldes, pacient and kynde
Lest Chichi-vache you swolwein bir entrafle.”
Chaucer; L' Envoye de Chaucer, v. 9064.
The French chiche-face means ‘‘ thin-
face.” Lydgate wrote a poem entitled
Bycorne and Chichevache,

Chick-a-biddy (4). A child’s name
for a young chicken, and a mother's
word of endearment to her young child.
“ Biddy”? is merely the call ‘of a child,
bid-bid-bid-bid to a chicken.

“Do you, sweet Rob? Do you truly, chicka
biddy ?"—Dickens: Dombey and Son.

Chicken (plural chickens). It is quite
a@ mistake to suppose ‘‘chickens’’ to be.
a double plural. The Anglo-Saxon
is cicen, plural cicen-u. We have a few
plural forms in -en, as ox-en, brack-en,
children, brethren, hosen, and eyen;
but of these children and brethren are
not the most ancient forms. ‘‘Chick’’
is a mere contraction of chicken.

‘The old pine forms of “child” are child-r-e,

dialectic child-er; children is a later form. The

old plural forms of “ brother” are brothru, brothre,

Fhe a forms are brethren and brothres (now
rothers).

Children and chicken must always be
pickin’, Are always hungry-and ready
to eat food.

To count your chickens ere they are
hatched (Hudibras), To anticipate pro-
fits before they come. One of Asop’s
fables describes a market woman sayin
she would get so much for her eggs, vith
the money she would buy a goose ; the
goose in time would bring her so much,
with which she would buy a cow,.and so.
on; but in her excitement she kicked
over her basket, and all her eggs were
broken. The Latins said, ‘‘ Don’t sing
your song of triumph before you have
won the victory’ (ante victa’riam can’eré
triumphum), ‘Don’t crow till you are
out of the wood” has a similar meaning.

See page 36, col. 2, ALNASCHAR’S

REAM.)

\ Curses like chickens come home to-roost.
(See under CURSES, ‘
Mother Carey’ s chickens, (See MotHEB

AREY.)

She’s no chicken. Not young. The
young child as well as the young fowl is
called a chicken or chick, oe

o

’ ‘Chicken

946

Children

Th Sewer mg,

Chicken of St. Nicholas polite So
jthe Piedmontese call the ladybird, or
little red beetle with spots of black,
called by the Russians ‘‘God’s little
cow,” and by the Germans, ‘‘ God’s
little horse ”’ sent as a messenger of love,

Chicken-hearted. Cowardly. Young
fowls are remarkably timid, and run to
the wing of the hen upon the slightest
cause of alarm.

Chien. Entre chien et loup. Dusk,
between daylight and lamp-light ; owl-
light.

“The best time to talk of difficult things is
entre chien et loup, as the Guernsey folk say.”—
Hrs. Edwardes; A Girton Girl, chap, xlvi,

Chien de Jean de Nivelle (Ze),
which never came ‘when it was called.
Jean de Nivelle was the eldest son of
Jean II. de Montmorency, born about
1423. He espoused the cause of the
Duke of Burgundy agairzist the orders
of Louis XI. and the wish of his father,
who disinherited him. Bouillet. says:
Jean de Nivelle était devenu en France
a cause du refus qu’il fit de répondre a
Vappel de son roi un objet de. haine et
de mépris; et le peuple lui donna le
surnom injurieux de chien, de la le pro-
verbe.

“ C'est le chien de Jean de Nivelle

Qui s'en fuit toujours quand on l’appelle.

The Italians call this Arlotto’s dog.

Child, at one time, meant a female
infant, and was the correlative of boy.

“Mercy on 's! A barne, a very pretty barne.
A boy or a child,*1 wonder ?’—Shakespeure:
Winter's Tale, iii. 3.

Child of Ged (4), in the Anglican
and Catholic Church, means one who
has heen baptised; others consider the
phrase to mean one converted by special
grace and adopted into the holy family
of God’s Church. ;

“Jn my baptism, wherein I was made a member
of Christ, the child of Go@, and an inheritor of
the Kingdom of Heaven."—Church Catechism,

Child of the Cord. So the de-
fendant was police ty the judges of the
vehmgericht in estphalia, because
everyone condemned by the tribunal
was hanged to the branch of a tree.

Childe, as Childe Harold, Childe i
Ellechilde Waters, Childe Roland, Chi

Tristram, Childe Arthur, etc. In all
these cases the word ‘‘Childe” is a
title of honour, like the infante and
infanta of Spain. In, the ‘times of
chivalry, the noble youths who were
candidates for knighthood were, during
their time of probation, called infans,
walets, damoysels, and bacheliers, Childe

or infant was the term given only to the
most noble. (In Anglo-Saxon, the same
word [cniht] means both a child and a
knight.)

Childe Harold. A man sated of the
world, who roams from place to place to
flee from himself, The ‘ childe’’ is, in
fact, Lord Byron himself, who was only .
twenty-one when he began, and twenty-
eight when he finished the poem. In
canto i. (1809), he visited Portugal and
Spain; in canto ii, (1810), Turkey in

urope; in canto iii. (1816), Belgium
and Switzerland ; and in canto iv, (1817),

Venice, Rome, and Floreiice.

Children. The children in the wood.
The master of Wayland Hall, Norfolk,
on his deathbed left a little son,
three years old, and a still younger
daughter, named Jane, to the care of
his wife’s brother. The boy was to
have £300 a year when he came of
age, and the girl £500 as a wedding
portion; but, if the children died pre-
viously, the uncle was to inherit, After
twelve months had elapsed, the uncle
hired two ruffians to murder the two
babes. As they went along one of the
ruffians relented, and killed; his fellow ;

| then, putting down the children in

a wood, left them. The poor babes
parhened blackberries to allay their

unger, but died during the night, and
** Robin Redbreast’’ covered them over
with strawberry leaves. All things went

‘ill with the cruel uncle; his sons died,

his barns were fired, his cattle died,
and he himself perished in gaol. After
the lapse of seven years, the ruffian was
taken up for highway robbery, and con-
fessed the whole affair. (Percy: Re

“ Then sad he sung ‘The Children in the Wood.’
SARI? bes perous uncle, stained with infant
How blackberries they plucked in deserts wild,
And fearless at the glittering falchion smiled ;
Their little corpse the robin-redbreast found,
And strewed with pious bill the leaves around.”

3 >» Gay: Pastoral VI.
Children. Three hundred and sixty-
five at a birth. It is said that the

Countess of Henneberg accused a beggar

of adultery because she carried twins,

whereupon the beggar prayed that the
countess might carry as many children
as there are days in the year. Accord,
ing to the legend, this happened on

Good Friday, 1276. All the males were

named John, and all the females Eliza-

beth. The countess was forty-two at~

the time. : wis ;
Children as plural of ‘‘child.”” (See

under CHICKEN, page 245, col. 2.)

Chilenos.

247

Chintz

‘“ <

Chile‘nos. People of Chil.

Chilian. <A native of Chili, pertain-
ing to Chili, etc.

Chiliasts {Xil’iasts]. Another word
for Millen'arvans; those who believe
that Christ will return to this earth and
reign a thousand years in the midst of His
saints. (Greek, chilias, a thousand.)

Chillingham Cattle. A breed of
cattle (bos taurus) in the park of the Earl

of Tankerville, supposed ‘to be the last '

remnant of the wild oxen of ‘Britain.

Chillon’. “Prisoner of Chillon. Fran-
ois de Bonnivard, of Lunes. Lord
on makes him one of six brothers,
all of whom suffered as ma - The
father and two sons died on the battle-
field; one was burnt at the stake; three
were incarcerated in the dungeon of
Chillon, near the lake of Gene’va—of
these, two died, and Francois was set
at liberty by ‘‘the Bearnais.”” Byron
says that Bonnivard has left traces of
his footsteps in the pavement of the
dungeon, He was put in prison for.
“republican principles’? by the Duke-
Bishop of Savoy. (1496-1570.)
Chilminar’ and Balbec. Two cities
built by the Genii, acting under the
orders of Jan ben Jan, who governed
the world long before the time of Adam.

Chilminar, or the ‘‘ Forty Pillars,” is .

Persep’olis. These two cities were built
as lurking places for the Genii to hide in.

Chiltern Hundreds (Zhe). There
‘are three, viz. Stoke, Desborough, and
Bonenham (or Burnham). At one time

the Chiltern Hills, between Bedford and -

Hertford, etc., were covered with beech
_trees which formed shelter for robbers ;
so a steward was appointed by the
;Crown to put down these marauders
‘and tect the inhabitants of the
-meighbourhood from depredations. The
“mecessity of such watch and ward has
‘long since ceased, but the office remains;
and, since 1750, when a Member of Par-
_—7 nig to peonte 8 _ rind
way of doing so is by applying for the
pease! reget the three Chiltern Hun-
dreds. The application being granted,
‘the Member is advanced to an office under
the Crown, and his seat in the House
is ex officio vacated. Immediately the
Member has effected his object, he

resigns his office again. The is in
the ds of the Ghancaliog oie Ex-

uer. It was refused to a Member
for Keating in 1842.
The Berane used for a similar

purpose were Old Sarum (in Sussex),

‘Bellerophon.

East Hendred (in Berks), the Manor of

-Poynings (in Sussex), Hempholwic (in

Yorkshire), all of which have dropped
out of use. The Stewardship of the
Manor of Northstead (in Yorks) survives
(1894), but the Escheatorships of Munster
aud Ulster were abolished in 1838,

The London Gazette of August 4, 1893, announced
that the “Chancellor of the Exchequer has ap-
pointed William Henry Grenfell to be steward
and bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds in the room
of John Morrogh, resigned.”

Chimzra [kime'va]. An illusory
fancy, a wild, incongruous scheme, a
castle in the air. Homer describes the
chimera as a monster with a goat’s
body, a lion’s head, and a dragon’s tail.
It was born in Lycia, and was slain by
(Greek, chtmaira, a she-
goat.)

Chime in with (Zo). To be in har-
mony with, to accord with, to fall in
with. The allusion is to chiming bells.

“This chimed in with Mr. Dombey’s own hope
and belief."—Dickens: Dombey and Son.

Chimney Money or Hearth
money. A Crown caby for every fire-
place in a house (14 Car. ii. c. 2). Re-
pealed by 1 Will. & Mary, i. c. 2.

Chimneypot Hat (4). The ordin-
ary cylindrical black-silk hat, generall
worn as more dressy than the soft felt
hats or stiff billycocks. Called by the

French cheminée.

Chinese Gordon. General Gordon
(afterwards killed at Khartoum), who.
succeeded in putting down the Taépin
rebellion, which broke out in 1851 an
lasted fifteen years. The rebels had
ravaged sixteen of the eighteen pro-
vinces, and had destroyed six hundred
cities. In 1861 Ward raised an arm
called the ‘‘Ever Victorious,” whic
was placed under General Gordon, and
in 1864 the rebellion was stamped out.

Chingachgook. The Indian chief
in Fenimore Cooper’s Last of - the
Mohicans, Pathfinder, Deerslayer, and
Pioneer. Called in French Le. Gros
Serpent.

Chink or Jink. Money; so called
because it chinks or jingles in the purse.
Thus, if a person is asked if he has
money, he rattles that which he has in_
his purse or pocket.

“Have chinks in thy purse.” T'usser.

Chintz means spotted. The cotton

ds orginally manufactured in the

t. (Persian, chinz, spotted, stained ;

Hindu, chint, plur. chints; Sanserit,
chitra, variegated.)

1

Chios

Chios (Ki'os), The man of Chios.
Homer, who lived at Chios, near the
Zége’an Sea, Seven cities claim to be
his place of birth—

“Smyrna, Rbodos, Coldphon, Salamis, Chios,
Argos, Athe’pe.""—Varro.

Chip or Chips.

A carpenter is known by his chips. A
man is known to be a carpenter by the
chips in his workshop, so the profession
or taste of other men may be known by
their manners or mode of speech. There
fs a broadcloth slang as well as a cordu-
roy slang; a military, naval, school, and
university slang.

Such carpenters, such chips. As the

workman, so his work will be.
_ Brother Chip. Properly a brother
earpenter, but in its extended meaning
applied to anyone of the same vocation
as ourselves, (Es nostre fascie; Petro-
nius. )

‘’ The ship's carpeuter is, ut sea, commonly

addressed as “ chips.”
Saratoga chips. Potatoes sliced thin
while raw, and fried crisp. Sometimes

called chipped potatoes.

_ Chip of the Old Block (4). A son
or child of the same stuff as his father.
The chip is the same wood as the block,
Burke applied the words to W. Pitt

Chi'ron (Ki’ron]. The centaur who
taught Achilles music, medicine, and
hunting. Jupiter placed him in heaven
among the stars, where he is called
Sagitta’rius (the Archer).

hi’ron, according to Danté, has watch
over the lake of boiling blood, in the
seventh circle of hell.

Chirping Cup or Glass. A merry-
making glass or cup of liquor. Wine
that maketh glad the heart of man, or
makes him'sing for joy.

* A chirping cup is my matin song,

And my vesper bell is my bowl; Ding dong!”
A Friar of Orders Grey.

Chisel. J chiselled him means, I
cheated him, or cut him out of some-
thing.

Chitty-faced. Baby-faced, lean. A
chit is a child or sprout. Both cit and
chitty-faced are terms of contempt.
(Anglo-Saxon, cith, a twig, etc.)

Chivalry.

The paladins of Charlemagne were all
scattered by the battle of Roncesvallés.

The champions of Did’erick were all
assassinated at the instigation of Chriem-
hil’da, the bride of Ezzel, King of the
Huns. ‘

The Knights of the Round Table were

248

Chloe

all extirpated by the fatal battle of
Camlan.

Chivalry, The six following clauses
may be considered almost as axioms of
the Arthu’rian romances :—

(1) There was no braver or more noble
king than Arthur.

(2) No fairer or more faithless wifé
than Guin’iver, i

(3) No truer pair of lovers than Tristan
and Iseult (or Tristram and Ysolde). —.
. (4) No knight,more faithful than Sir

aye.

(5) None so brave and amorous as Sir
Laun/celot. ’

(6). None so virtuous as Sir Gal’ahad.

The jlower of Chivalry. | Willian
Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale, (Four-
teenth century.)

Chiv’y. A chase in the school game
of “ Prisoners’ Base ’’ or ‘‘ Prison Bars.”
Probably a gipsy word, One boy sets a
chivy, by leaving his bar, when one
of the opposite side chases him, and if
he succeeds in touching him before he
reaches ‘‘ home,” the boy touched be-
comes a prisoner, ;

Chivy or Chivvy. Slang for the face
Much slang is due to rhyme, and when
the rhyme is a compound word the
rhyming part is sometimes dropped and —
the other part remains. Thus Chivy
es hdl rhymes with ‘face,’ by

opping ‘‘chase’’ chy remains, and
becomes the accepted slang word. Simi«
larly, daisies = boots, thus: daisy-roots
will rhyme with ‘‘ boots,’’. and by drop-
ping ‘‘roots,’”’ the rhyme, daisy remains,
By the same process sky is the slang for

ocket, the compound word which gave
birth to it being ‘‘sky-rocket.’® ‘*Christ-
mas’’ the slang for a railway guard, as
“« Ask tie Christmas,”’ is, of course, from
the rhyme ‘‘ Christmas-card’’; and
‘‘yaspberry.’? the slang for heart, is,
from the rhyme ‘“‘ raspberry-tart.”’
“Then came a knock at the Rory o' More (door),

Which made my raspberry heat,”

Other examples given under their
proper heads,

Chlo’e (K/o’ce), The shepherdess be-
loved by Daphuis in the pastoral romance
of Longus, entitled Daphnis and Chloé.
St. Pierre’s tale of Paul and Virginia is .
founded on the exquisite romance of
Longus.

* Prior calls Mrs, Centlivre *‘ Cloe.”

Chloe, in Pope’s Moral Essays (epist.
ii.), Lady Suffolk, mistress of II.
ce Content to dwell in decencies fo
ever, 3

Chereas

Z

Chee'reas [Ke'reas]. The lover of
Callir’rhoé, in Cha/’riton’s Greek ro-
mance, called the Loves of Chereas and
Callix’rhoe, (Eighth century.)

Choice Spirit (4) or “Choice Spirit
of the Age,”’ a gallant of the day, being
one who delights to exaggerate the
whims of fashion.

Hobson’s Choice. (See Hopson.)

Choke. May this piece of bread choke
me, if what I say is not true. In ancient
times a person accused of robbery had a
sai of barley bread, on which the mass

ad been said, given himtoswallow. He
put it in his mouth uttering the words
given above, and if he could swallow it
without being choked, he was -pro-
nounced innocent. ‘Tradition ascribes
the death of the Earl Godwin to choking
with a piece of bread, after this solemn
appeal. (Sce CoRSNED.)

Choke-pear. An argument to which
there is no answer. Robbers in Hol-
land at one time made use of a piece of
iron in the shape of a pear, which they
forced into the mouth of their victim.
On turning a key, a number of springs
thrust forth points of iron in all direc-
tions, so that the instrument of torture
could never be taken out except by
means of the key.

Choker (4). A neckcloth. A white
choker is a white neckcloth or neck-
tie, worn in full dress, and generally
by waiters and clergymen. Of course,
the verb to choke has supplied the word.

Chop and Chops. :
Chop and change (To). To barter by
the rule of thumb. Boys ‘‘chop’’ one
article for another (Anglo-Saxon, cip-an,
or cedép-ian, to sell or barter).
A mutton chop is from the French
coup-er, to cut off. A piece chopped off.
e wind chops about. Shifts from
point to point suddenly. This is cip-an,
to barter or change hands. (See above To
CHOP AND CHANGE.)

“ How the House of Lords and House of Com-

mons chopped round.”—Thackeray: The Four

Georges (George I.),
Chop-fallen. Crest-fallen; down in
the mouth. (See next column, CuHoPs.)
Chop-House (4). An eating-house
where chops and steaks are served.

“John Bull... would set up a chop-house at
the v gates of paradise,”—
vol. i. chap. Vi. p. 61.

A Chinese custom-house is called a
Chop-house (Hindu, chap, a stamp).
_ Chop Logie (Jo). To bandy words;
to altercate. Lord Bacon says, ‘“ Let

249

ashington Irving: -

Chouans

not the council chop with the judge.”

(See CHop AND CHANGE.)

“ How now, how now, chop logic! What is this?
‘Proud,’ and ‘] thank you,’ and ‘I thank you

And yet ‘not roud.’”
Shakespeare: Romco and Juliet, iii. 5.

Chops. The face, is allied to the
Latin caput, the head; Greek xéyaa-os,
Anglo-Saxon ceafel, the snout; in the
plural, the checks, We talk of a “‘ pig’s
chap.”’

% The Latin cap-ut gives us the word
chap, a fellow or man; and its alliance
with chop gives us the term “‘ chapped”
hands, etc, Everyone knows the answer
given to the girl who complained of
chapped lips: ‘*My dear, you should
not let the chaps come near your lips.”

Down in the chops—i.e. down in the
mouth ina melancholy state ; with the
mouth drawn down. (Anglo-Saxon,
cealf, the snout or jaw; Icelandic,
kiaptr.)

Chops of the Channel, The short
broken motion of the waves, experienced
in crossing the English Channel; also
the place where such motion occurs,

Chopine (2 syl.), or Chopin. A high-
heeled shoe. The Venetian ladies used
to wear ‘‘ high-heeled shoes like stilts.”
Hamlet says of the actress, ‘‘ Your lady-
ship is nearer to heaven, than when I
saw you last, by the altitude of a
chopine’’ (act ii.s. 2), (Spanish, chapin,
a high cork shoe.)

Choreu'tz: [oru'tec]. <A sect of
heretics, who, among other errors, per-
sisted in keeping the Sunday a fast.

Choriambic Metre. Horace gives
us a great variety, but the main feature
in all is the prevalence of the choriam-
bus (—~~ —). Specimen translations
of two of these metres are subjoined:

(1) Horace, 1 Odes, viii.

— Se BS eye

Lydia, why on Stanley,
By the great gods, tell me, I pray, ruinous love
you centre?
Once he was strong and manly,
Never seen now, paticnt of toil, Mars’ sunny cor

to e* ter. 4
(2) The other specimen is 1 Odes, xii.

—— |v —
—ws ee —ws ae V—_e—
When you, with an approving smile, :
Praise those delicate arms, Lydy, of Telephus,
Ah me! how you stir up my bile!
Heart-sick, that for a boy you should forsake me
thus. £.C. B.
Chouans (2 syl.). French insurgents
of the Royalist party during the Revo-
lution, Jean Cottereau was their leader,

Choughs

250

Christian

nicknamed chowan (owl), because he
was accustomed to warn his companions
of danger by imitating the screech of
an owl. Cottereau was followed by
George Cadoudal.

¥ It is an error to suppose Chouan to
be a proper name.

Choughs Protected. (See page 137,
col. 1, Brrps, etc.)

Chouse (1 syl.). To cheat out of
something. Gifford says the interpreter
of the Turkish embassy in England is
called chiaus, and in 1609 this chiaus
contrived to defraud his government of
£4,000, an enormous sum at that period.
From the notoriety of the swindle the
word chiaus or to chouse was adopted,

+ “ He is no chiaus,”

Ben Jonson: Alchemist, i, 1 (1610).

Chriem-hil’da or Chriem-hild. A
woman of unrivalled beauty, sister of
Gunther, and beloved by Siegfried, the
two chief heroes of the Nibelungenlied.
Siegfried gives her a talisman taken
from Gunther’s lady-love, and Gunther,
in a fit of jealousy, induces Hagen to
murder his brother-in-law. Chriemhild
in revenge marries Ezzel, King of the
Huns; invites the Nibelungs to the
wedding feast; and there they are.all

ut to the sword, except Hagen and

unther, who are taken prisoners, and
put to death by the bride. (See KrrEM-
HILD.)

Chriss-cross Row (row to rhyme
with ow). The alphabet in a horn-
book, which had a cross at the beginning
and end. As

“Philosophy isallthego,
And science quite the fasbion;
Our grandams learnt the Chriss-cross Row,
L—d, how their daughters dash on.”
a Anon, in the Eaglet,

Chrisom or Chrism signifies pro-
perly ‘‘the white cloth set by the
minister at baptism on the head of the
newly anointed with chrism”—7.e. a com-
position of oil and balm. In the Form
of Private Baptism is this direction:
‘¢Then the minister shall put the white
vesture, commonly called the chrisome,
upon the child.”” The child thus bap-
tised is called a chrisom or chrisom
child. Ifit dies within the month, it is
shrouded in the vesture; and hence, in
the bills of mortality, even to the year
1726, infants that died within the month
were termed chrisoms, (The cloth is so
called because it was anointed. Greek,
chrisma, verb chrio, to anoint.)

“ A’ made a finer end and went away an it had
ir any chrisom cbild,”"—Shakespeare: Henry V.,

Christabel [Kris'tabel]. Theheroine
of Coleridge’s fragmentary poem of that
name.

Christabelle [Kris'tabel]. Daughter
of a ‘‘bonnie king” in Ireland. She
fell in love with Sir Cauline (g.2.).

Christendom [K7ris'-en-dum] gener-
ally means all Christian countries; but
Shakespeare uses it for baptism, or
‘* Christian citizenship.’* Thus, in King
John, the young prince says :—

“ By my christendom !

So0.1 were out of prison and kept sheep,
1 should be merry as the day is long.”

Act iv. sc, 1.

Christian [ch = k]. The hero of
John Bunyan’s allegory called The Pil-
grim’s Progress, e flees from the
‘City of Destruction,” and journeys to
the ‘‘ Celestial City.”” He starts with a
heavy burden on his back, but it falls off
when he stands at the foot of the cross,

Christian. A follower of Christ. So
called first at Antioch (Acts xi. 26).

Most Christian Doctor. Jobn Charlier
de Gerson (1363-1429),

Most Christian King. The style of
the King of France. (1469.)

Pepin le Bref was so styled by Pope
Stephen ITI. (714-768). rag

Charles le Chauve was so styled by
the council of Savonniéres (823, 840-877).

Louis XI. was so styled by Pope Paul
IT, (1428, 1461-1483).

Since which time (1469) it was univer-
sally adopted in the French monarchy.
“ And thou, O Gaul, with gaudy trophies phimed,
* Most Christian a las! in vain assumed,’

oens : Lusiad, book vii.

Founder of Christian Eloquence. Louis
Bordaloue, the French preacher (1632-
1704).

Christian Traditions, connected
with natural objects.

1. Birds, Beasts, and Fishes.

The Ass» Cross on the back, (See -

Ass.)
Bunting. (See YELLOW-HAMMER.)

* The Crossbill has nothing to
do with the Christian cross;
the bird is so called, because its
mandibles cross each other.

Haddock: The finger-marks on
the Haddock and John Dory.
(See Happocx, ete.)

Ichthus, a fish. (See IouTHUS.)

Pike's Head (q.v.). ‘ cm.

Pigeons or Doves: The Russians
are averse to pigeons as a food,
because the Holy Ghost assum
the form of a dove at the
baptism of Jesus. Meaernees
Magazine, January, 1820, p.307 5

‘Christiana

Robin Redbreast : The red breast.
(See Rorin.)
Stork : The cry of the Stork, (See.

STORE.)

Swallow : The cry of the Swallow.
(See SwaLLow. )

Swine: The holes in the forefeet
of Swine. (See Pigs.)

2. The Vegetable World,

The Arum, Aspen, Calvary-cilover,
Cedar (see also Cross), Dwarf-elder,
Judas-tree, Passion - flower, Purple
Orchis, Red Anemone, Rood Selken,
Spotted Persicaria, Thistle.

(See these articles, and FLOWERS WITH
TRADITIONS OF CHRIST.)

3. The Number Thirteen. (Sce Turr-
VEEN.)
Christian‘a ({ch=k]. The wife

of Christian, who started with her chil-
dren and Mercy from the “City, of
Destruction’ long after her husband.
She was placed under the guidance of
Mr. Great-Heart, and went, therefore,
in ‘‘silver slippers’? along the thorny
road (Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress,
‘part ii.). :

Christmas (Krist/mas). ‘‘ Christ-
mas comes but once a year.’? (Thomas
Tusser.)

Christmas. Slang for a railway-
guard. Explained under Curvy (¢.v.).

Christmas Box. A small gratuity
iven to servants, etc.,on Boxing Day
tthe day after Christmas Day). In the
early days of Christianity boxes were-
placed in churches for promiscuous cha-
rities, and opened on Christmas Day.

The contents were distributed next day

by the priests, and called the ‘‘ dole of

the Christmas box,”’ or the ‘box money.”’

It was customary for heads of houses to

give small sums of money to their sub-

ordinates ‘‘ to put into the box ’’ before
mass on Christmas Day.

Somewhat later, apprentices carried a
box round to their master’s customers
for small gratuities. The custom since
1836 has been gradually dying out.

* Gladly the boy, with Christmas-box in hand,
serene hour the town his devious route pursues,
And of bis master's customers implores
The yearly mite.”

Christmas,

Christmas Carols are in commemo-
ration of the song of the angels to the
shepherds at the nativity. Durand tells
us that the bishops with the clergy used
to sing carols and play games on Christ-
mas Day. \ elsh, carol, a love-song ;
Italian, carola, etc.)

251

Christopher

Christmas Day. Transferred from
the 6th of January to the 25th of De-

.cember by Julius I. (337-352).

Old Christmas Day. January 6th.
When Gregory XIII. reformed the
Calendar in 1582, he omitted ten days;
but when the New Style was adopted in
England in 1752, it was necessary to
cut off eleven days, which drove back
January 6th to December 25th of the
previous year. So what we now call
January 6th in the Old Style would be
Christmas Day; or December 25th.

Christmas Decorations. The great
feast of Saturn was held in December,
when the people decorated the temples
with such green things as they could
find. The Christian custom is the same
transferred to Him who was born in
Bethlehem on Christmas Day. The
holly or holy-tree is called Christ’s-
thorn in Germany and Scandinavia,
from its use in church decorations and
its putting forth its berries about Christ-
mas time. The early Christians gavean
emblematic turn to the custom, referring

‘to the ‘righteous branch,’’ and justify-

ing the custom from Isaiah lx. 13—
‘¢ The glory of Lebanon shall come unto
thee; the fir-tree, the pine-tree, and the
box together, to beautify the place of
my sanctuary.’’

Christmas Trees and Maypoles
are remnants of the Scandinavian Ash,
called Ygegdrisil’, the Tree of Time,
whose roots penetrate to heaven, Niff-
heim and Ginnungagap (the gap of
gaps). In Ginnungagap the frost giants
dwell, in Niffheim is the great serpent
Nidhogg; and under this root is Hel-
heim, the home of the dead.

~ Weare told that the ancient Egyp-
tians, at the Winter Solstice, used a
palm branch containing twelve leaves or
shoots to symbolise the ‘‘ completion of
the year.””. The modern custom comes
from Germany.

Chris'tolytes [Z7is'-to-lites]. A sect
of Christians that appeared in the sixth
century. They maintained that when
Christ descended into hell, He left His
soul and body there, and rose only with
His heavenly nature.

Christopher (S¢.). The giant carried
a child over a brook, and said, ‘‘ Chylde,
thou hast put me in grete peryll. I
might bere no greater burden.’”? To
which the child answered, ‘ Marvel
thou nothing, for thou hast borne all the
work upon thee, and its sins likewise.’’
This is an allegory: Christopher means

Chronicle

252

Christ-beaver ; the child was Christ, and
the river was the river of death.

Chronicle Small Beer (Zo). To
note down events of no importance
whatsoever

“ He was a wight, if ever such wight were...

To suckle fools and chronicle’small beer.” «

Shakespeare: Othello, ii, 1.

Chroniicon ex Chroniicis is by
Florence, a monk of Worcester, the
earliest of our English chroniclers. It
begins from Creation, and goes down to
1119, in which year the author died;
but it was continued by another hand to
1141. Printed in 4to at London, 1592.
Its chief value consists in its serving as
a key to the Saxon chronicle.

Chronon-hoton-thol’ogos [ch = k].
A burlesque pomposo in Henry Carey’s
farce, so called. Anyone who delivers
an inflated address.

“ Aldiborontephoscophornio, where left you
Chrononhotonthologos ?”"—H. Carey.

. Chrysalis [ch=k]. The form
which caterpillars assume before they
are converted into butterflies or moths.
The chrysalis is also called an aure'lia,
from the Latin auwrwm, gold. The
external covering of some species has a
metallic, golden hue, but others are
green, red, black, ete. (Greek, chrzsos,

Cae
* The plural is either chrysalises or
chrys'alides (4 syl.).

Chrysa‘or [ch =k]. Sir Artegal’s
sword, ‘that all other swords excelled.”
(Spenser : Faérie Queene.) (See SWORD.)

Chrysippus. Visi Chrysippus fuisset,
Potticus non eset. Chrysippus of Soli
was a disciple of Zeno the Stoic, and
Cleanthes his successor. He did for the
Stoics what St. Paul did for Christianity
—that is, he explained the system,
showed by plausible reasoning its truth,
and how it was based on a solid‘founda-
tion. Stoicism was founded by Zeno,
it is true; but if Chrysippus had not
advocated it, the system would never
have taken root.

Chubb (Zhomas). A deistical writer
who wrote upon miracles in the first half
of the eighteenth century.

“He heard of Blount, of Mandeville,and Chubb,”*
t Crabbe: Borough.

Chuck Full. Probably a corruption
of chock full or choke full—i.e. full
encugh to choke one,

“ Ayr was holding some grand market ; streets
and inn had been chokefull during the sunn

hours.”—Cuwrlyle, in Froude’s Jane W. Carlyle, yol.
i. letter 1xxxvii. p, 275,

Church

Chukwa. The tortoise at the South
Pole on which the earth is said to rest.

Chum. A crony, a familiar com-
panion, properly a bedfellow ; a corrup-
tion either of chamber-mate or comrade.

“To have a good chum is one of the pleasantest
parts of a voyage.”—Nordhof: Merchant Vessels,
clap. xii. p, 164,

Chum in with (Zo). To be on
friendly terms with. (See above.)

Church. The etymology of this word
is generally assumed to be from the
Greek, Kuriow oikos (house of God) ;
but this is most improbable, as the word
existed in all the Celtic dialects long
before the introduction of Greek, No
doubt the word means ‘‘a circle.’? The
places of worship among the German
and Celtic nations were always circular.
(Welsh, cyrch ; French, cirgue ¢ Scotch,
kirk; Greek, kirk-os, etc.) Compare
Anglo-Saxon circe, a church, with ¢cizcol,
a circle.

. High, Low, and Broad Church. Dr.
South says, ‘The High Church are
those who think highly of the Church
and lowly of ‘themselves; the Low
Church, those who think lowly of the
Church and highly of themselves ”’
(this may be epigrammatic, but the
latter half is not true). Broad Church
are those who think the Church is broad
enough for all religious parties, and
their own views of religion are. chiefly
of a moral nature, their doctrinal views
being so rounded and elastic that they
can come into collision with no one.

By the “High Church’? now are
meant those who follow the ‘** Oxford
Movement”’ ; the “‘ Low Church ”’ part
call themselves the ‘‘ Evangelical ’’
Church party.

The Church of Latter-day Saints, The
Mormons. 5

The Anglican Church, That branch
of the Protestant Church which, at the
Reformation, was adopted in England,
It disavowed the authority of the Pope,
and rejected certain dogmas and rules of
the Roman Church. :

*} Since 1532 generally called the
‘¢ Wstablished Church,’’ because estab-
lished by Act of Parliament.

The Catholic Church.- The Western
Church called itself so when it separated
from the Eastern Church, It is also
called the Roman Catholic Church, to
distinguish it from the Anglican Church
or Anglican Catholic Church, a branch
of the Western Church.

The Established, Church. The State —
Church, which, in England, is Episco-
palian and in Scotland Presbyterian,

Church-goer

268

Cicerone

Before the Reformation it was, in both
countries, ‘‘ Catholic; ’’ before the intro-
duction of Christianity it was Pagan,
and before that Druidism. In Turkey
it is Mohammedanism; in Russia the

Greek Church; in China, India, etc.,:

other systems of religion.

To go into the Church. To take holy
orders, or become an “ ordained’? clergy-
man,

Church-goer (4), One who regularly
attends the parish church. — '

Church Invisible (Zhe). Those who
are known to God alone as His sons and
daughters by adoption and grace. (See
CHURCH ne

"Oh, may I join the’choir ay isinlo

Eliot.
Church Militant. The Church on
earth means the whole body of believers,
who are said to be ‘‘ waging the war of
faith” against ‘‘the world, the flesh, and
the devil.” It is therefore militant, or
in warfare, (See CouncH TRIUMPHANT.)

Church Porch (Zhe) was used in
ancient times for settling money trans-
actions, paying dowries, rents, and pur-
chases of estates. Consequently, it was
furnished with benches on both sides.
Hence, Lord Stourton sent to invite the
Hartgills to meet him in the porch of
Kilmington church to receive the £2,000
awarded them by the Star Chamber.
(Lord de Ros; Tower of London.)

Church Triumphant (Zhe). Those
who are dead and gone to their rest,
Having fought the fight and triumphed,

they belong to the Church triumphant | .

in heaven. (See CxurcH MILITANT.)

Church Visible (The), All osten-
sible Christians; all who profess to be
Christians ; all who have been baptised
and admitted into Church Communion.
(See CHuRcH INVISIBLE.)

Churched, Baptized.

To church a woman is to read the
appointed service when a woman comes
to church to return thanks to God for
her “safe deliverance’’ and restored
health.

Churchwarden (4). A long clay
pipe, such as churchwardens used to
smoke some half a century ago when
they met together in ‘the parish tavern,
after they had made up their accounts
in the vestry, or been elected to office at
the Easter meeting.

“Thirty years have enabled these (briar-root
3] to destroy short clays, ruin meerschaums,

1 even-do much mischief to the venerable
ee "—Notes and Queries, April 25th,

- cicer (a wart or vetch).

elector of Brandenburg.

Churchyard Cough (4). A cons
sumptive cough indicating the near
approach of death.

Chuz'zlewit (Martin).. The hero of
Dickens’s novel so called. Jonas Chuz-
zlewit is a type of mean tyranny and
sordid greed.

Chyndo’nax. A chief Druid, whose
tomb, with a Greek inscription, was dis-

| covered near Dijon in 1598.

Ci-devant (French). Former, of
times gone by. As Ci-devant governor—
4.e€, once a governor, but no longer so,
Ci-devant philosophers means philoso-
phers of former days.

“ The appellation of mistress put her in.mindof
her ci-devant abigailship."—Jane Porter: Thad-
deus of Warsaw, chap, ©Xi.

Cic'ero. So called from. the Latin,
Plutarch says
‘¢a flat excrescence on the tip of his nose
gave him this name.’’ -His real name
was (Tullius) Tully. gir

La Bouche de Ciceron. Philippe Pot,

rime minister of Louis XI, (1428-

494,

The Cicero of France. Jean Baptiste
Massillon (1663-1742.)

The Cicero of Germany. Johann III,
(1455-1499.)

The Cicero of the- British Senate,
George Canning (1770-1827.)

The British Cicero. William Pitt, Harl
of Chatham (1708-1778.)

The -Christian Cicero, Lucius Ccelius
Henge a Christian father, who died

0.

The German Cicero. Johann Sturm,
printer and scholar. (1507-1589.)

Cicero’ne (4 syl.). A guide to point
out objects of interest to strangers. So
called in the same way as Paul -was
called by the men of Lystra ‘‘ Mercu’-
rius, because he was the chief speaker’’
(Acts xiv. 12). Cicero was the speaker
of speakers at Rome; and certainly, in a
party of sight-scers, the guide is ‘ the
chief speaker.” Itis no compliment to
the great orator to call the glib patterer
of a show-place a Cicero; but we must
not throw stones at our Italian neigh-
bours, as we have conferred similar
honour on our great epic poet in chang-
ing ‘Grub Street’’ into ‘Milton Street.”’

* Pronounce chich-e-re/ny.

“ Every glib and loquacious hireling who shows
strangers about their pleasure-galleries, palaces,
and ruins is called [in Italy) a cicerone or @
fe. ea On the Study of Words, lecture

2 ie England, generally called “a
gide._ ; "

7

Reet es

Cicisbes ie O84

pee ees was -~
Ginter re

Cicisbe’o [che-chiz-bee’-0]. A dangler
about women; the professed gallant of
a married woman. Also the knot of
silk or ribbon which is attached to fans,
walking-sticks, umbrellas, etc. Cicis-
beism, the practice of dangling about
women.

Cicle’nius or Cylle/nius. Mercury.
So called from mount ‘Cylle’né, in Pelo-
ponne’sus, where he was born.

Cicuta. In Latin cicuta means the
length of a reed up to the knot, such as
the internodes made into a Pan-pipe.
Hence Virgil (£cl. ii. 36) describes a

Pan-pipe as ‘‘septem compacta cicitis ,

jistuia.’. It is called Cow-bane, because
cows not wnfrequently eat it, but are
killed by it. It is oie of the most poi-
sonous of plants, and some think it made
the fatal draught given to Socratés,
“Sicut cicuta homini venenum est, sic cicute
vinum.”—Pliny, xiv. 7.
“Que poterunt unquam satis expnreare cicute.”
: Horace: 2 Epist. ii. 53.

Cid, Arabicfor lord. Don Roderi’go
Laynez, Ruy Diaz (son of Diaz), Count
of Bivar’. He was called ‘‘mio cid el
campéador,” my lord the champion (1025-
1099). Corruption of Said.

The Cid’s horse. Babie’ca. (3 or 4
syl.). (See Horse.)

The Cid’s sword. Cola’‘da, The sword
taken by the Cid Roderi’'go from Kin
Bucar was called Tizo’na. (See Sworn.

The Portuguese Cid. Nunez Alva’rez
tye general diplomatist. (1360-
1431,

Cid Hamet Benengeli. The wos
posititious author of Don Quixote’s Ad-
ventures.

Cigogne (French). A.stork. Conte
de la cigogne, An old wife’s tale; silly
tittle-tattle. ‘‘ On conte des choses «mer-
veilleuses de la cigogne’’ (wonderful
stories are told of the stork). This, no
doubt, refers to the numerous Swedish
legends of the stork, one of which is that
its very name is derived from a stork
flying round the cross of Christ, crying,
Sansa Styrka! (strengthen, strengthen,

-or bear up), and as the stork has no
voice at all, the legend certainly is a
“* Conte de la cigogne,” or old wife’s
fable.

“ J'apprehende qu’on ne croye que tout ce que
j'ai rapporté jusqu’a present ne passe pour des
contes de la cigogne, ou de ma mere Poie,"— Le
Roman Bourgeois, 1713. ;

Cil/lares, (See Horsz.)

Cimmerian Bos’phorus, The strait
of Kaffa. :

Cimmerian Darkness, Homer
(possibly from some story as to the
Arctic night) supposes the Cimmerians
to dwell in a land ‘‘ beyond the oceans
stream,’’ where the sun never shone,
(Odys., xi, 14.)

“In dark Cimmerian desert ever dwell.”
Milton: L’ Allegro.

Cincho’na or Quinine. So named
from the wife of the Conté del Chinchon,
viceroy of Peru, whence the bark was
first sent to Europe in 1640. Linneus
erroneously named it Cinchona for Chin-
chona, (See PERUVIAN BARE.)

Cincinna ‘tus, the Roman, wasplough-
ing his field, when he was saluted as
Dictator. After he had conquered the
Volsci and delivered his country from
danger, he laid down his office and re-
turned to his plough.

“ And Cincinnatus, pe from’ Me} oe
omson; Winter, 512,

The Cincinnatus of the Americans.
George Washington (1732-1799).

Cinderella pane cinder girl]. Hero-
ine of a fairy tale. She is the drudge of
the house, dirty with housework, while
her elder sisters go to fine balls. At
length a fairy enables her to go to the

rince’s ball; the prince falls in love with

er, and she is discovered by means of a
glass slipper which she drops, and which
will fit no foot but her own. _

The glass slipper is a mistranslation of
pantoufle en var (a fur slipper), not en
verve. (R. C. Pevvault.: Contes de Fécs.)

Cinque Cente, An epithet applied
to art between 1500-1600; called in
France Renaissance, and in England
Elizabethan. It was the revival of the
clasaical or, antique, but is generally
understood as a derogatory term, inrply-
ing debased or inferior art. The great
schools of art. closed with 1500. The
‘immortal five’’ great painters were
all born in the previous century: viz.
Leonardo da Vinci, born 1452; Michel
Angtlo, 1474; Titian, 1477; Raphael,
1480; and Correggio, 1494. ingue
Cento is the Italian for 500, omitting the
thousand = mil cingue cento,

Cinque Ports (Zhe). Originally the
five seaports: Hastings, dwich,
Dover, Romney, and Hythe. Subse-
quently Winchelsea-and Rye were added.

Cinter (4). The framing erected
between piers to hold up the stones of
an arch during the making thereof.

_ “Certain crude heliefs may he needful in the
infancy of a nation, hut wben the arch is made,
when the intelligence is fully developed, the
cinter is thrown down end truth stands unsup
ported."—E, D. Fawcett. ait ¢ abl

Cipher

256

City

Cipher. Dr. Whewell’s riddle is—
“ & headless man had a letter (0) to write,
-He who read it (naught) had lost his sight;
The dumb repeated it (naught) word for word,
And deaf was the man who listened and heard
(naught).
Cir’ce (2 syl.). A sorceress.
lived in the island of Aiwa, When
Ulysses landed there, Circé. turned his
companions into swine, but Ulysses
resisted this metamorphose by virtue of
a herb called moly, given him by. Mer-

bade “Who knows not:Circe,
The daughter of the Sun, whose charméd cup
Whoever tasted lost his upright shape, |
And downward fell into a grovelling swine?”
Milton: Comus,

Circle of Ul’/loa. A white rainbow
or luminous ring sometimes seen in
Alpine regions opposite the sun in foggy
weather. —

Circuit. The journey made through
the counties of Great Britain by the
judges twice a year. There are six cir-
cuits in England, two in Wales, and
three in Scotland. Those in England
are called the Home, Norfolk, Midland,
Oxford, Western, and Northern ; those
of Wales, the North and South circuits ;
and those of Scotland, the Southern,
‘Western, and Northern.

Circumbendibus (4). He took a
eircumbendibus, i.e. he went round about
and ‘round about before coming to the
point.

“ Partaking of what scholars call the periphrag- i

tic and ambagitory, and the vulgar the circum-
bendibus.”—Sir W. Scott: Waverley, chap. xxiv.

Circumcellians, A sect of the.

African Don/atists in the fourth century ;
so called because they rambled from town
to town to redress grievances, forgive
debts, manumit slaves, and set them-
selves up as the oracles of right and
wrong. (Latin, circwm-cello, to beat
about.)

Circumcised Brethren (in Hudi-
bras). They were Prynne, Bertie or
‘Burton, and Bastwick, who lost their
ears and had their noses slit for lam-
pooning Henrietta Maria and the bishops.

Circumlocu’tion Office. A term
applied in ridicule to our public offices,
because each person tries to shuffle off
every act to some one @lse; and before
anything is done it has to pass through
80 many departments, that every fly is
crushed on a wheel. The term was
invented by Charles Dickens, and ap-
pears in Little Dorrit.

‘Ciric-Sceat or Church Scot. An
ecclesiastical due, paid chiefly in corn,

| chest or box.
She

in the reign of Canute,.etc.; on St. Mar-
tin’s Day.

Cist (Greek fisté, Latin cista). A
Generally used as a
coffer for the remains:of the dead. The

- Greek and Roman cist was:a degp cylin-

drical basket-made of wickerwork, like
2 lady’s work-basket, The basket into

‘ which voters cast their tablets was called

a ‘‘cist;”’ but the mystic cist used in
the rites of Cerés was latterly made of
bronze.

Cist Urn (4). An urn for the ashes
of those buried in cists.

Cister’cians. A religious order, so
called from the monastery of Cister’cium,
near Dijon, in France. The abbey of
Cistercium or Citeaux was founded by
Robert, abbot of Moléme, in Burgundy,
at the close of the eleventh century.

Citadel (4), in fortification, a small
strong fort, constructed either within
the place fortified, or on the most in-
accessible spot of its general outline ; to
give refuge for the garrison, that it may
prolong the defence after the place has

- fallen, or to hold out for the best terms

of ene. Citadels generally com-
mand the interior of the place, and are’
useful, therefore, for overawing a popu-
lation which might otherwise. strive to
shorten a siege. (French, citadelle ;
Italian, citadelia, a little city.)

Cities. '
Cities of Refuge. Moses, at the com-
mand of God, set apart three cities on

the east of Jordan, and Joshua added
three others on the west, whither any
person might flee for refuge who had
killed a human creature inadvertently.
The three on the east of Jordan were
Bezer, Ramoth, and Golan ; the three on
the west were Hebron, Shechem, and
Kedesh. (Deut. iv. 43; Josh. xx. 1-8.)

The Cities of the Plain, Sodom and
Gomorrah.

“ Abram dwelled in the land of Canaan, and Lot
dwelled in the cities of the plain, and pitched his
tent toward Sodom.”—Gen. xiii. 12.

The Seven Cities. Egypt, Jerusalem,
Babylon, Athens, Rome, Constantinople,
and either London for commerce, or
Paris for beauty. (Sce PENTAPOLIS.)

Citizen King (The). Louis Philippe
of France. So called because he was
elected king by the. citizens of Paris.
(Born 1773, reigned 1830-1848, died.

1850.)

City ie ), strictly speaking is a large
town with a corporation and cathedral y

256

City College

Oe Service

but any large town is so called in
ordinary speech. In the Bible it means
a town having walls and gates.

“ The eldest son of the first man [Cain] )uilded
@ city (Gen. iv. 17)—not, of course, a Nineveh ora
Babylon, but Still a city.”—Rawtinson: Origin of
Nations, part i, chap. i. p, 10.

City College (Zhe). Newgate, The
wit is now a thing of the past.

City of Bells (The). Strasburg.

“He was a Strasburgher, and in that ‘city of
bells had been a medical practitioner.”—Mayne
Reid: he Scalp Hunters, chap. xxv.

City of David (Zhe). Jerusalem.
So called in compliment to King David.
(2 Sam. v. 7, 9.)

City of Destruction vied bs yee sat
world, or rather, the world of the un-
converted. Bunyan makes Christian
flee from the ‘‘ City of Destruction ” and
journey to the ‘Celestial City,” by
which he allegorises the ‘‘walk of a
Christian ’’ from conversion to death.

City of God (Zhe). The church or
whole body of believers; the kingdom
of Jesus Christ, in contradistinction to
the city of the’ World, called by John
Bunyan the City of Destruction, The

hrase is that of St. Augustine ; one of

is chief works bearing that title, or
rather De Civitate Dei.

City of Lanterns (The). A suppo-
sititious city in Lucian’s Vere Historia,
situate somewhere beyond the zodiac.
(See LANTERN-LAND,)

City of Palaces (The). Agrip
the reign of Augustus, converted ae
from ‘‘a city of brick huts to one of
marble palaces.” (o Suetonius.)
Calcutta i is called the ‘‘ City of Pal-
aces.’’ Modern Paris well deserves the
compliment of being so called.

City of Refuge (Zhe). Medi’na, in
Arabia, where Mahomet took refuge
when driven by conspirators from Mecca.
He entered the city, not as a fugitive,
but in triumph, a.p. 622. (See “under
Cities OF REFUGE, page 255.)

City of St. Michael (Zhe). Dum-
fries, of which city St. Michael is the
patron saint,

City of Saints, Montreal, in Can-
ada, is so named because all the streets |
are named after saints.

“Mr. Geo. Martin . . . said he came from (Mont-
real) a city of saints, where all the streets were
named after saints.”—Secular Thought, September
10th, 1891.

City of the Great King (7he)—i.e.
Jerusalem. (Pa. xlviii. 2 ; Matt. v. 35.)

"City of the Saved Hills (The).
Rome, built on seven hills (U7ds septa-
collis), The hills are the Aventine,
Celian, Capitéline, Esquiline, Palatine,
Quirinal, and Viminal.

The AVENTINE HILL was given to the people.
It was deemed unlucky, because here Remus was
slain. It was also called “ Collis Dian@,” from the
Temple of Diana which stood there.

The CALIAN HIUL was given to Celius Vibenna,
the Tuscan, who came to the help of the Romans
in the Sabine war.

The CAPITOLINE HILL or “Mons Tarpeius,”
also called “Mons Saturni,” on which stood the
ier 4 castle or capitol of Rome, It contained the

emple of Jupiter Capitolinus.

The ESQUILINE HILL was given by Augustus
to Mecienas, who built thereon a magnificent
mansion.

The PALATINE HILL was the largest of the
seven. Here Romulus held his court, whence the
word “ palace” (palatium).

The QUIRINAL HILL was where the Quirés or
“Curés settléd. It was also called “Cahalinus,”
from two marble statues of a horse, one of which
was the work of Phidias, the other ot Praxitélés,

The VIMINAL HILL was so called from the

rew there, It

number of osiers (vimines) which
ininalis.

contained the Temple of Jupiter

City of the Sun (Zhe). A romance
Re Campanella, similar to the Republic
of Plato, Utopia of Sir Thomas More, and
Atlantis of Lord Bacon (1568- 1639).

City of the Violet Crown. Athens
is so called by Aristophanés (ioarépivos
—see Equites, 1323 and 1329; and Achar-
mans, 637). Macaulay refers to Athens
as the ‘‘violet-crowned city.”’ Ion (a
violet) was a representative king of
Athens, whose four sons gave names to
the four Athenian classes ; and Greece,
in Asia Minor, was called Tonia. Athena
was the city of ‘‘Ion crowned its king’’
or ‘‘of the Violet crowned.” Similarly
Paris is the ‘‘ city of lilies ’’—7.e. fleurs-
de-luce or Louis-flowers.

¥ I do not think that Athens was
called ioorépavos from ‘‘ the purple hue
ees Hymettus assumed in the evening
8

Civic Crown. (See under Crown.)

Civil List. Now applied to expenses
ies annually by Parliament to

rsonal expenses of the Sovereign,

ni errr expenses, and the pensions .

peter by Royal bounty; but before

the reign of William III. it embraced

all the heads of public expenditure, ex-

cept those of the army and navy.

Civil Magistrate (4). A civic or
municipal magistrate, as distinguished
from Scoleenental authority.

Civil Service Estimates - The),
C.S.E. The annual Parliamen grant
to cover the expenses of the diplomatic
services, the post-office and telegraphs, '
the grant for national education, the

Civil War 257

Claque

collection of the revenue, and other ex-
penses neither pertaining to the Sove-
reign, the army, nor the navy.

Civil War. War between citizens
(owilés), In English history the term is
applied to the war between Charles I.
and his Parliament; but the War of the
Red and White Roses was a civil war
In America the War of Secession (1861-
1865) was a civil war.

Civis Romanus Sum, This single
plea sufficed to arrest arbitrary condem-
nation, bonds, and scourging, Hence,
when the centurion commanded Paul ‘‘to
be examined by scourging,”’ he virtually
pleaded “Civis Romanus sum’; and
asked, ‘Is it lawful for you to scourge a
Roman citizen, and wncondemned 2?” (1
No Roman citizen could be condemne
unheard; (2) by the Valerian Law he
could not be bound; (3) by the pipe ll
nian Law it was forbidden to scowrge him,

or to beat him with rods, (See also
Acts xvi. 37, etc.)
Civitas Solis. A political and philo-

sophical romance by Thomas Campanella
¢ 68-1639), born at Stillo, or Stilo, in

taly. This romance is a kind of Utopia,
formed on the model of Plato’s Republic,
His society is a sort of convent-life
established on the principles of a theo-
cratic communism,

Clabber Napper’s Hole. Near
Gravesend; said to be named after a free-
booter ; but more likely the Celtic Caer-
ber Varber (water-town lower camp).

Clack Dish. A dish or basin with

a movable lid. Some two or three

centuries ago beggars used to proclaim
their want by clacking the lid of a
wooden dish.

“Can you think I get my living bya bel) and
clack-dish ?

“ .... How's that?

“Why, begging, sir.” Family of Love (1608),

Claft. An Egyptian head-dress with
long lappets pendent on the shoulders,
as in the statue of Amenophis ITT.

Clak-ho-har'yah, At Fort Van-
couver the medium of intercourse is a
mixture of Canadian-French, English,
Indian, and Chinese. An Englishman
goes by the name of Kint-shosh, a cor-
ruption ef King Peorge. an American
is called Boston ; and the ordinary salu-
tation is clak-ho-haryah. This is ex-

lained by the fact that the Indians,
requently hearing a trader named
Clark addressed by his companions,
“Clark, how are you?” imagined this

w aa
f

to be the correct English form of saluta-
rion, (Taylor: Words and Places.)

Clam. (See CLosE as A CLAM.)

Clan-na-Gael Wee Anlrish Fenian
organisation founded in Philadelphia in
1870, and known in secret as the ‘‘ United
Brotherhood”; its avowed object being
to secure “the complete and absolute
independence of Ireland from Great
Britain, and the complete severance of
all political connection between the two
countries, to be effected by unceasing
reparation for armed insurrection in
reland.’’? (See-DyNAMI1E SATURDAY.)
* In 1883 Alexander Sullivan wds elected one
of the three heads of this club, to which is due
the dynamite outrages in London (January, 1835),
and the design to murder the Queen's ministers.
Clap-trap. Something introduced to
win applause; something really worth-
less, but sure to take with the ground:
lings. <A trap to catch applause,

Clapper. <A plank bridge over a
stream ; a ferry-gate. <A roofing-board
is called a clap-board,

“ A little low and lonesome shed,
With a roof of clap-hboards overhead,”
Alice Cary: Settlers’ Christmas Eve,

Probably a corruption of clath-board,
a covering board, from Anglo-Saxon,
clath, a covering, whence our clothes.

*? Boards for making casks are also
called ‘‘ clap-boards,’’

Clapperclaw. To jangle and claw
each other about, pen and German,
klappen, to strike, clatter.)

“Now they are clapper-clawing one another,

I'll go look on.”’—Shakespeare: Troilus,and Cres-
sida, V.A,

% A clapper-claw is a back-scratcher.

Clapper -dudgeons. Abram-men
(q.v.). The clapper is the tongue of a
bell, and in cant language the human
‘‘tongue.” Dudgeon is a slang word
for a beggar,

Clapping the Prayer Books, o1
stamping the feet, in the Roman Cath-
olic Church, on Good Friday, is designed
to signify the abandonment of our
Saviour by His disciples. This is done
when twelve of the thirteen burning
candles are put out. The noise comes
from within the choir.

Claque; Claqueurs. Applause by
clapping the hands; persons paid for
doing so. M. Sauton, in 1820, estab-
lished in Paris an office to ensure the
success of dramatic pieces, He was the
first to organise the Parisian clague, The
manager sends an order to his office for
any number of claqueurs, sometimes for

Claras

258

Clavie

600. or even more, The class is divided
into commissarres, those who commit the
pieces to memory and are noisy mm
ointing out its merits, rewrs, who
augh at the puns and jokes; pleureurs,
chiefly women, who are to hold their
pocket-handkerchiefs to their eyes at
the moving parts, chatowlleurs, who
are to keep the audience in good humour
and drsseurs, who are to cry (423) encore.
‘be Romans had their Laudicceni (9.v.),

Claras (Stock Exchange term) The
Chatham, London, and Dover Railway
Ocdinary Stock (C.L.B.S.)

Clare (St.) A religious order of
women, the second that St. Francis n-
stituted. It was founded in 1213, and
took its name from its first abbess.

Clarenceux King-of-Arms. One of
the two provincial heralds, with juris-
diction over the southern provinces The
name was taken in honour of the Duke
of Clarence, third son of Edward ITI.
The herald of the northern provinces 1s
called Norroy King-of-Arms.

% Garter-King-of-Arms, also ‘‘ Prin-

_cipal King-of-Arms,”’ has to attend on
Knights of the Garter, and arrange
whatever is required in connection with
these knights, There is a Bath King-
of-Arms, not a member of the college,
to attend on Knights of the Bath,

Clarendon. The Constitutions of
Clarendon, Laws made by a general
council of nobles and prelates, held at
Clarendon, in Wiltshire, in 1164, to
check the power of the Church, and
restrain the prerogatives of ecclesiastics.
These famous ordinances, sixteen im
number, define the limits of the patron-
age and jurisdiction of the Pope in these
realms,

Clarendon Type. The black letters
which head these articles are so called.

Claret. The wine so called does not
receive its name from its colour, but the
colour so called receives its name from
the wine. The word means clarified
wine (vimum clare'tum) What we call
hippocras was called clare’tum, made of
wine and honey clarified.

Claret. Blood. To broach one's claret
To give one a bloody nose; so called
from the claret colour.

Claret Cup. A dnnk made of claret,
brandy, kemon, borage, sugar ice, and
carbonated water

Claret Jug (One's) One’s nose.
{See above, CLARET.) :

To tap one’s claret jug To give onea

bloody nose, ‘*Tap" is meant for a
pun—to broach and to knock.

Classic Races (The), The five chief
horse-races in England, viz. the 2,000
and 1,000 guinea races for two-year-olds,
run at Newmarket, the Derby for filles
and colts, the Oaks for fillies only, and
the St. Leger

Classics. The best authors. The
Romans were divided by Ser‘vius mto
six classes, Any citizen who belonged
to the highest class was called elass‘icus,
all the rest were said to be wfraclassem -
From this the best authors were termed
class'vcr aueto’rés (classic authors), t.¢
authors of the best or first class. The
high esteem in which Greek and Latin
were held at the revival of letters ob-
tained for these authors the name of
classic, emphatically ; and when other
first-rate works are intended some dis-
tinctive name is added, as the English,
French, Spanish, etc., classics. -

Claude Lorraine (?.¢. of Lorrame).
This incorrect form is generally used in
English for the name of Claude le
Lorrain, or Claude Gelée, the French
landscape painter, born at the Chateau-
de-Chamage, in Lorraine. (1600-1682.)

The Scotch Claude. Thomas of Dud-
dingston (near Edinburgh)

Claus (Santa). (See Santa CLavs.)

Clause. Letter-clause, a close letter,
sealed with the royal signet or privy-
seal, in opposition to Jeiters-patent,
which are left open, the seal being
attached simply as a legal form.
(‘‘ Clause,’’ Latin clausus, shut, closed.
* Patent,”’ Latin patens, open.)

Clause Rolls (Rottl: clausi).
Rolls. (See CuosE ROuxs.)

“ Clause Rolls contain ali such matters of record
as were committed to close writs, These Rollsare
preserved in the Tower "—Jacob: Law Dictionary

Clavie. Burning of the Clavie on New-

ear's eve (old-style) in the village of

urghead, on the southern shore of the
Moray Frith. The clavie is a sort of
bonfire made of casks split up. Oneof .
the casks is split into two parts of differ-
ent sizes, ant an important item of the
ceremony is to join these parts together
with a huge nail made for the purpose,
Whence the name clavus (Latin), a nail.
Chambers, who in his Book of Days (vol.
ii. p. 789) minutely describes the cere-
mony, suggests that it is a relic of Druid
worship, but it seems to me to be con-~
nected with the Roman ceremony ob-
served on the 13th September, and calle
the clavus anndlis. The two divisions of
the cask, I think, symbolise the old and)

Ts

Close

Clavileno

259

Clear

the new year, which are joined together
by a nail. The two parts are unequal,
because the part of the new year joined
on to the old is very small in comparison.

Clavile’no. The wooden horse on
which Don Quixote got astride, in order
to disenchant the Infanta Antonoma’sia
and her husband, who were shut up in
the tomb of Queen Magun’cia, of Can-
day’a. It was the very horse on which
Peter of Provence carried off the fair
Magalo’na; it was constructed by Mer-
lin, and was governed by a wooden pin
in the forehead. (The word means
Wooden Peg.) (Don Quixote, part ii.
book 3, chaps. 4, 5.) (See CamBuscan.)

Claw means the foot of an animal
armed with claws; a hand. To claw is
to lay one’s hands upon things. It also
means to tickle with the hand; hence to

lease or flatter, puff or praise. (Anglo-
axon, clawtt, a claw, with the verb claw-
tan, to claw.)

Claw me and I will claw thee, means,
‘¢ praise me, and I will praise you,’’ or,
scratch my back, and I will do the same
for you.

“Taugh when I am merry,and claw no man in
bis humour.”—Shakespeare: Much Ado, etc., .i. 3.

Claw-backs, Flatterers. Bishop
Jewel speaks of “the Pope’s claw-
backs.”’ (See above, and CLAPPERCLAWS.)

_Clay’more or Glay'more (2 syl.) is
the Celtic glaif (a bent sword), Gaelic
claidheamh (a sword), and mdr (great).
(See Moreray.)

“I've told thee how the Southrons fell
Beneath tbe broad claymore.”
Aytoun: Execution of Montrose, stanza 2
Clean. Free from blame or fault.
“Ye are clean, but not all.”—Jobn xiii. 10.

Bru. To show a clean bill of health.
(See page 135, col. 1, Brn or HEALTH.)

Breast. To make a clean breast or
Make a clean breast of it. To make a
full and unreserved confession.

Hanns. To have clean hands. To be
quite clear of some stated evil. Hence
“ elean-handed.”’

To keep the hands clean. Not to-be
involved in wrong-doing.

Heart. Zo have a clean heart. A
righteous spirit.

“Create in mea clean heart, and renew a right
spirit within me.”—Psalm li. 10.

Heers. To show aclean pair of heels,
To make one’s escape, to run away.
Here ‘‘ clean ’’ means free. from obstruc-
tion.

“The Maroons were runaway slaves who had
ede ee their tyrants a clean pair of heels”

Lire. To live a clean life. Blameless
and undefiled.

TonauE. A clean tongue. Not abusive,
not profane, not foul.

Clean (70).

Clean away ! Scrub on, go on clean-
ing, ete.

To clean down.
swill down.

To clean out. To purify, to make
tidy. Also, to win another's money till
his pocket is quite empty.

To clean up. To wash up, to put in
order.

~ Clean, used adverbially, means en-
tirely, wholly; as, ‘‘you have grown
clean out of knowledge,”’ t.e. wholly be-
yond recognition.

Clean and Unclean Animals.
Pythagoras taught the doctrine of the
transmigration of the soul, but that it
aever entered into those animals which
it is lawful to eat. Hence those animals
which were lawful food for man were
those into which the human soul never
entered; but those into which the
human soul entered were unclean or
oot fit for human food. This notion
existed long before the time of Pytha-

oras, who learnt it in Egypt.

‘ In the Old Testament, those animals
which chew the cud and part the hoof
were clean, und might be edten. Hares
and rabbits could not be eaten because
(although they chew the cud) they do not
part the hoof. Pigsand camels were un-
clean, because (although they part the
hoof) they do not chew the cud. Birds of

rey were accounted unclean, Fish with
fins and scales were accounted fit food

To sweep down, to

for man, (Lev. xi.)
Cleaned Out. Impoverished of
everything. De Quincey says that

Richard Bentley, after his lawsuit with
Dr. Colbatch, ‘‘must have been pretty
well cleaned out.’’

Clear (verb).

Clear away. Remove.

Clear off! Away with you! Take
away.

Clear out, Empty out, make tidy.
(See below, CLEAR OUT FOR GUAM.)

Clear up. Become fine after rain or
cloudiness; to make manifest; to eluci-
date what was obscure.

To clear an examination paper. To
floor it, or answer every question set,

To clear the air. To remove the
clouds, mists, and impurities,

To clear the dishes. To empty them.
of their contents,

Clear the Court

To clear the room. To remove from it
every thing or person not required.

To clear the table To remove what
has been placed on 1t.

Clear the Court. Remove all
strangers, or persons not officially con-
cerned in the suit

Clear the Decks. Prepare for action
by removing everything not required.

* Clear used adverbially means
wholly, entirely , as, ‘‘ He is gone clear
away,” ‘‘ Clear out of sight.”

Clear (the adjective)

d clear head.—A mind that can under-
stand clearly anything which it grasps

A clear statement, A straightforward
and intelligible statement.

A clear siyle {of writing] A luad
method of expressing one’s thoughts,

Clear as Crystal. Clear as Mud.

(See SIMILES.)

Clear-coat. A mixture of size, alum,
and whitening, for sizing walls. To
cover over whatever might show through
the coat of colour or paper to be put on
it, also to make them stick or adhere
more firmly.

Clear Day (A). A bright day, an
entire day, as, “The bonds must be left
three clear days for examination,” to
examine them before the interest is paid.

Clear Grit (Zhe) The real thing,
as ‘“‘champagne is . if it be but the
clear grit’’ (Anglo-Saxon, gryt, bolted
flour).

<A man of grit, or clear grit, is one
of decision, from whom all doubt or
vacillation has been bolted out, as husks
from fine flour.

Clear out for Guam (Zo) The
ship is bound for no specific place. In
the height of the gold fever, ships were
chartered to carry passengers to Aus-
tralia without having return cargoes
secured for them. hey were, there-
fore, obliged to leave Melbourne in
ballast, and to sail in search of home-
ward freights. The Custom House
regulations required, however, that, on
clearing outwards, some port should be
named; and it became the habit of
captains to name “Guam” (a small
island of the Ladrone group) as the
hypothetical destination. Hence, ‘‘ to
clear out for Guam’’ came to mean,
clear out for just anywhere—we are
bound for whatever coast we may
choose to venture upon. (See Notes and
Queries, Apri] 18th. 1885, p. 314 )

260

Clementina

Clear Voice (4) A voice of pure
intonation, neither husky, mouthy, nor
throaty

Cleared out. J am quite cleared out
I have spent all my money ; I have not
a farthing left. In French, Je sms
Angle (See FRENCH LEAVE.) Cleared
out means, my purse or pocket is cleared
out of money :

Clearing House. <A building :n
Lombard Street, set apart, since) at
for interchanging bankers’ chequés and
bills Each bank sends to it analy all
the bills and cheques not drawn on its
own firm, these are sorted and dis-
tributed to their respective houses, and
the balance 1s settled by transfer tickets.
The origin of this establishment was a
post at the corner of Birchin Lane and
Lombard Street, where banking clerks
met and exchanged memoranda.

Railway lines have also their ‘* Clear-

‘ing Houses” for settling the ‘‘ tickets”’

of the different lines,
A “clearing banker” is a banker who
has the entrée of the clearing house

“ London has become the clearing-house of the
whole world, the place where internationa) debts
are exchanged against each other. And some-
thing like 5,000 million pounds’-wortb of checks
-and bills pass that clearing yearly."—A C Perry
Elements of Political Economy, p. 363.

Cleave. Either to stick to or to part

from. A man ‘‘shall cleave to his wife "’

(Matt. xix. 5). As one that ‘‘cleayeth
wood’’ (Psalm exli. 7). The former is
the Anglo-Saxon clif-an, to stick to,
and the latter is cleof-an, to split.

Cle‘lia. A vain, frivolous female
butterfly, with a smattering of every-
thing. In youth she coquetted; and,
when youth was passed, tried sundry
ways of earning a living, but always
without success. It is a character in
Crabbe’s Borough. :

Cle’lie. A character in Madam Scu-
déri’s romance so called. This novel
is a type of the buckram formality of
Louis XIV, It is full of high-flown
compliments, theatrical poses, and cut-
and-dry sezitiments.

Clement (Si.). Patron saint of tan-
ners, being himself a tanner. His sym-
bol is a pot, because November the 28rd,
St. Clement’s Day, is the day on which
the early Danes used to go about beg-
ging for ale.

Clementina (Zhe Lady). In love
with Sir Charles Grandison, who marries
Harriet Biron. (Richardson Sir Charles
Grandison.) —_

Clench 961

Cierk

SS ne,

Clench and Clinch. To clench is to

asp firmly, as, ‘‘ He clenched my arm

rmly,”’ ‘‘He clenched his nerves bravely
to endure the pain.” (Anglo-Saxon,
be-clencam, to hold fast.)

To chnch is to make fast, to turn the
point of a nail in order to make it fast.
Hence, to clinch an argument. (Dutch,
klinken, to rivet. Whence ‘* clinker-

built,’? said of a ship whose planks |

overlap each other, and are riveted to-
gether.)

I gave him a clencher (should be
*‘clncher”’). I nailed him fast.

Cleom'brotos (4 syl.). A philoso-
pher who so admired Plato’s Phedon
that he jumped into the sea in order to
exchange this life for a better. He was
called Ambracio’ta (of Ambra’cia), from
the place of his birth in Epirus.

_“ He who to enjoy
Plato's elysium, leaped into the sea,

Cleombrotus.” a
Milton: Paradise Lost, iii, 471-3.

Cleon. The personification of glory
in Spenser’s Faerie Queene.

Cleopatra was introduced to Julius
Cesar by Apollodorus in a bale of rich
Syrian rugs. When the bale was un-
bound, there was discovered the fairest
and wittiest girl of all the earth, and
Cesar became her captive slave.

Cleopa’tra and her Pearl. It is
said that Cleopatra made a banquet for
Antony, the costliness of which excited
his astonishment; and, when Anton
expressed his. surprise, Cleopatra too
a pearl ear-drop, which she dissolved in
a strong acid, and drank to the health
of the Roman triumvir, saying, ‘‘ My
draught to Antony shall far exceed it.”
There are two difficulties in this anec-
dote—the first is, that vinegar would not
dissolve a pearl; and the next is, that
any stronger acid would be wholly unfit
to drink. Probably the solution is this:
the pearl was sold to some merchant,
whose name was synonymous with a
strong acid, and the money given to
Antony as a present by the fond queen.
The pearl melted, and Cleopatra drank

to the health of Antony as she handed

him the money. (See ‘Gresham’ in
Reader’s Handbook.) ie peek os
Clergy. The men of God’s lot -or
inheritance. In St. Peter’s first epistle
tele v. 8) the Church is called ‘+ God’s
eritage” or lot. In the Old Testament
the tribe of Levi is called the ‘‘lot or
heritage of the Lord.” (Greek, KAyjpos ;
Latin, clerus and clericus, whence Nor-
man clerex and clerkus ; French, clergé.)
Benefit of clergy. (See BENErt.)

Cler’gymen. The dislike of sailors
to clergymen on board ship arises from
an association with the history of Jonah.
Sailors call them a kite cargo, or kittlish
cargo, meaning dangerous. Probably
the disastrous voyage of St. Paul con-
firmed the prejudice.

Cler’ical Titles.

(1) Crerk. As in ancient times the
clergyman was about the only person
who could write and read, the word
clerical, as used in ‘‘clerical error,’? came
to signify an orthographical error. As the

‘respondent in church was able to read,

he received the name of clerk, and the
assistants in writing, etc., are so termed
in business, (Latin, cler’ious, a clergy-
man.)

(2) Curate. One who has the cure
of souls, As the cure of the parish used
to be virtually entrusted ‘to the clerical
stipendiary, the word ewrate was appro-
priated to this assistant.

(3) Rector. One who has the par-
sonage and great tithes. The man who
rules or guides the parish. (Latin, “a
Tuler.’’)

(4) Vicar. One who does the “duty”
of a parish for the person who receives
the tithes. (Latin, vicarius, a deputy.)

(5) IncuMBENT and PrrrretuaL Cur-
ATE are now termed Vicars. (See Par-
SONS.)

‘. The French curé equals our vicar, and their
viccwre Our curate.

Cler’ical Vestments.

(1) White. Emblem of purity, worn
on all feasts, saints’ days, and sacra-
mental occasions,

(2) Red. ‘The colour of blood and -of
fire, worn on the days of martyrs, and
on Whit-Sunday, when the Holy Ghost
came down like tongues of fire.-

(8) Green. Worn only on days which
are neither feasts nor fasts.

(4) Purple. The colour of mourning,
worn on Advent Sundays, in Lent, and
on Ember days.

(5) Black, Worn on Good Friday,
and when masses are said for the dead.

Cler‘imond. Niece of the Green
Knight (q.v.), bride of Valentine the
brave, and sister of Fer’ragus the giant.
(Valentine and Orson.)

Clerk. A scholar. Hence, Ueau-clere.
(See above, CLERICAL TITLES.)
“ All the clerks, 4
I mean the learned ones, in Christian kingdoms,

Have their free yoices.” ag:
Shakespeare: Hewry VIIL,, ii. 2,

Clerk-ale

St. Nicholas’s Clerks. Thieves.
equivoque on the word Nick.

“T think there came prancing down the hilla
couple of St. Nicholas’s clerks.”"—Rowley: Match
at Midnight, 1633,

Clerk-ale and Church-ale. Mr.
Douce says the word ‘‘ale”’ is used in
such compcsite words as bride-ale, clerk-
ale, church-ale, lamb-ale, Midsummer-
ale, Scot-ale, Whitsun-ale, etc., for
revel or feast, ale being the chief liquor
given.

“The multitude call Church-ale Sunday their
revelyng day, which day is spent in bulbeatings,
bearbeating, ... dicying, .. .and drunkenness.”
—W. Kethe (1570).

Clerkenwell (London) means the
Clerks’-well, where the parish clerks of
London used to assemble yearly to play
some sacred piece.

Clerkly. Cleverly ; like a scholar.
“ Eichank you, gentle servant: ‘tis very clerkly
one.”
Shakespeare: Two Gentlemen of Verona, ili. 1.

Client. In Roman history meant 2
plebeian under the patronage of a
patron. The client performed certain
“services, and the patron protected the
life and interests of the client. The
word is now a legal one, meaning a
pean who employs the services of a
egal adviser to protect his interests.

Clifford (Paul). A highwayman,
reformed by the power of love, in Sir L.
Bulwer Lytton’s novel so called.

Climac'teric. It was once believed
that 7 and 9, with their multiples, were
critical points in life; and 63, which is
produced by multiplying 7 and 9 to-
gether, was termed the Grand Climac-
teric, which few persons succeeded in
outliving.

“There are two years, the seventh and the
ninth, that commonly bring great changes in a
man’s life, and great dangers ; wherefore 63, that
contains both these numbers multiplied together,
cgmes not without heaps of dangers.”—Levinus
Lemnius.

Climacteric Years are seventh and
ninth, with their multiples by the odd
numbers 3, 5, 7, 9—viz. 7, 9, 21, 27, 35,
45, 49, 63, and 81, over which astrologers
supposed Saturn, the malevolent planet,
presided. Hippdcrates recognises these
periods. (See NINE.)

Climax means a stair (Greek), ap-
plied to the last of a gradation of argu-
ments, each of which is stronger than
the preceding. The last of a gradation
of words of a similar character is also
called a climax. The point of highest
development.

“in the very climax of his career... he was
stricken down.” — Chittenden; Recollections of
L ncoin. chap. xlv. p. 454,

An

,

262

Cliquot

Climb. On the climb. Under the
hope of promotion. Thomas Becket,
after he became Cardinal-archbishop of
Canterbury, was at the top of the tree,
and no further promotion was in the
power of the king to bestow. Being no
longer on the climb, he could set the
king at defiance, and did do so.

Clinch. To bend the point of a nail
after it is driven home. The word is
sometimes written clench, from the
French clenche, the lift of a latch.
(German, klinke; Dutch, klinken, to
rivet.) (Sce page 261, col. 1, CLENCH.)

That was a clincher. That argument
was not to be gainsaid; that remark
drove the matter home, and fixed it ‘‘as
a nail in a sure place.”

A-lie is called a clincher from the tale
about two swaggerers, one of whom
said, “I drove a nail right through
the moon.” ‘ Yes,’’ said the other, ‘‘I
remember it well, for I went the other
side and clinched it.”?, The French say,
Je lui ai bier vivé son clow (1 have
clinched his nail for him),

Clin‘ker (Humphrey). Hero of Smol-
lett’s novel so called. The general scheme
of Oliver Twist resembles it. Humphrey
is a workhouse boy, put out apprentice ;
but being afterwards reduced to great
want, he attracts the notice of Mr.
Bramble, who takes him into his service.
He turns out to be Bramble’s natural son,
and falls in love with Winifred Jenkins,
Miss Bramble’s maid.

Clio was one of the nine Muses, the
inventress of historical and _ heroic
poetry.

Clio. Addison is so called because his
papers in the Spectator are signed by
one of the four letters in this word,
properly the initial letters of Chelsea,

ndon, Islington, Office. (See Nora-
RICA.)

%? Sce Professor Morley’s ‘‘ Introduc-
tion to the Syectator,’’ on the subject.

Clipper. A fast-sailing ship.

“We shall have to catch the Aurora, and she
has a name for being a clipper."—1. C. Doyle:
The Sign of Four, chap. x.

She’s a clipper. Said of a stylish or
beautiful woman, A first-class craft. -

Clipping Pace (4). Very fast. A
clipper is a fast-sailing vessel. —

“ Leaving Bolus Head, we scudded on ata clip-
ping pace, and the skiff yielded so much to the

breeze that Bury said we must reef the mainsail.”
—W.S. Trench: Reavities of Irish Life, chap. x —

Cliquot (of Punch celebrity). A
nickname of Frederick Withee t¥ of

-

Cloacina

268

Closh

Prussia: a« called from his fondness for
champagne (1795, 1840-1861)

Cloaci na. Goddess of sewers. (Latin,
cloaca, a sewer )
“Then Cloacina, goddess of the tide.
Whose sable streams beneath the city ghide
Indulged the modish flame , the town she roved,
4 morta) scavenger she saw sbe loved”
Gay Trivia iL

Cloak and Sword Plays. Modern
comedy, played in the ordinary costume
of modernidife. The phrase was adopted
by Canderdn who lived in Spain while
gentlemen were accustomed to wear
cloaks and swords For tragedy the
men actors wore either heraldic or dra-
matico-histonie dresses In England
actors in tragedy and old comedy wore
the costume of Charles II's period, till
quite recently

Clock. So church bells were once
called. (German glocke, French,
clocke Medieval Latm, cloca )

“ Wel sikerer tet was bis crowyng in his fogge

Than is a clo! oe 1) or abbay orologge
Chaucer Nonne Prestes Tale (1639-40)

Clock The tale about St. Paui's clock
striking thirteen 1s given m Walcott’s
Memorials of Westminster, and refers to
John Hatfield, who died 1770, aged 102
He was a soldier in the reign of Wilham
Il] , and was brought before a court-
martial for falling asleep on duty upon
Windsor: Terrace. In proof of his
innocence he asserted that he heard St.
Paul’s clock strike thirteen, which
statement was confirmed by several
witnesses,

Clodhopper. A farmer, who hopsor
walks amongst the clods, The cavalry
call the infantry clodhoppers, because
they have to walk instead of nding
horseback.

Clog Almanac. A primftive alma-
nac or calendar, originally made of a
‘clog,’ or log of wood, with four faces
or elograms, the edge of

face or side was divided by notches
into three months, every week being
marked by a big notch The face left
of the notched contained the saints’
days, the festivals, the phases of the
moon, and so on in Runic characters,
whence the ‘‘clog’’ was also called a
Runic staff. These curiosities are not
uncommon, and imens may be seen
in the British Maram, the Bodleian
Oxford), the Ashmolean Museum, St.
John’s (Cambridge), the ' Cheetham

aT) anchester), and other places

Lib
both at home and abroad.

Cloister He retired into a clotster,
a monastery Almost all monasteries
have a cloister or covered walk, which
generally occupied three sides of a
quadrangle.

Clootie. Auld Clootte Old Nick
The Scotch call a cloven hoof a cloot, so
that Auld Clootie is Old Cloveu-foot.

Clorida’no (in Orlando Furwso) A
humble Moorish youth, who joins Me-
doro im seeking the body of King
Dardinello to bury it Medoro being
wounded, Cloridano rushed madly into
the ranks of the enemy and was slain.

Clorin da (in Jerusalem ‘Delwvered)
A female knight who came from Persia
to oppose the Crusaders, and was ap-

omted by Aladine leader of all the

agan forces Tancred fell in love with
her, but not knowing her m a night
attack. slew her after a most dreadful
combat Before she died she received
Christian baptism at the hands of Tan-
cred, who mourned her death with great
sorrow of heart (Book xii.)

Sena‘pus of Ethiopia (a Christian) was
her father but her being born white
alarmed her mother, who changed her
babe for a black child. Arse’tés, the
eunuch, was entrusted with the infant
Clorinda, and as he was going through
a forest he saw a tiger» dropped the
child, and sought safety ina tree The
tiger took the babe and suckled it_ after
which Arsetes left Ethiopia with the
child for Egypt.

Close as a Clam. A clam is a
bivalve mollusca, which burrows in sand
or mud It is about the size of a
flonm, and may be eaten raw or fried
hke an oyster Clams are gathered
only when the tide is out When the
tide is in they are safe from molesta-
tion, hence the saying ‘‘ Happy as a
clam at high tide'’ (Anglo-Saxon
clam, mud verb clem-ian, to glue
German, ‘lami, close )

Close Rolls are mandates, letters,
and writs'of a private nature, addressed,
in the Sovereign’s e, to individuals
and folded or closed and sealed on the
outside with the Great Seal

* Patent Rolls are left open, with the
sea] hanging from the bottom

Close-time for Game. (S¢ee Sport-
tNG SEasons )

Closh MA egh ioghde A Dutch Jack-
tar C) is t form of Claus, a
contraction of Nicholas, a name as

Cloten

=

common with the Dutch-as Jack is with
the Evglish people.

Clo'ten. A vindictive lout who wore
his dagger in his mouth. He fell in
love with Im ogen, but his love was not
recipr: cated. (Shakespeare Cymbeline.)

Cloth (7he). The clergy, the clerical
office , thus we say ‘‘ having respect for
the cloth ’* Formerly the clergy used
to wear a distinguishing costume, made
of grey or black cloth

Clotha‘rius_or Clothare (in Jeru-
salen Delvered) At the death of
Hugo he takes the lead of the Franks, but
is shot by Clorinda (¢ v7.) with an arrow
(book x.) After his death, his troops
sneak away and leave the Christian
army (book xiii.)

Clotho, in Classic mythology One
of the Three Fates. She presided over
birth, and drew from her distaff the
thread of hfe, Atropos presided over
death and cut the thread of-life, and
Lachesis spun the fate of life between
birth and death. (Greek, %létho, to
draw thread from a distaff.)

“ A France slasbed asunder with Clotho-scissors
and civil,war"—Carlyle. (This is an erroneous
allusion It was Atropos who cut the thread.)

Cloud, Clouds.

He is an the clouds In dreamjand,
entertaining visionary notions; haying
no distinct idea about the matter in
question.

He 1s under a cloud. Under suspicion,
tn disrepute.

To blow a cloud 1s to smoke a. cigar or
pipe.

Cloud. A dark spot on the forehead
of a horse between the eyes. A white
spot is called a star, and ap elongated
star isa blaze. (Sce BLAZE.)

“ Agrippa. He [Antony] has a cloud on his face.
Hmobeniss He were the worse for that were ho
a horse.” a
Shakespeare. Antony and Cleopatra, iii 2
Cloud (St.). Patron saint of nail-
smiths, by a play upon the French word
clon, a nail.

Clouded Cane (4). A malacca cane
clouded or mottled from age and use.
These canes were very fashionable in
the first quarter of the present century.

Cloven Foot. To show the cloven
(eet. 2.e. to show a knavish intention, a
e motive. The allusion is to Satan,
represented with the legs and feet of a
t; and, however he might disguise
imself, he could never coneeal ‘his
cloven feet. (See Bac 0’ Naws, Goat.)
“Real grief little influenced its composition

264 Clym of the Clough

; and the clpven foot peeps out in some
letters written by him at the period.”—St. James's
Magazine.

Clover. He’s in clover, In luck, in
prosperous circumstances, mm a
situation. The allusion is to cattlke feed-
ing in clover fields.

Clowns. The three most celebrated
are Joseph Grimaldi (1779-1837), the

’ French Carlin~(1713-1783), and Richard

Tarlton, in the days of Queen Elizabeth,
who acted at the galleried inn called the
Belle Sauvage.

“To sit with Tarlton on an alehouse signe.”
Bishop Hall? Satirea.

Club. <A-society of persons who club
together, or form themselves into a knot
or lump. ;

The word was originally applied to
persons “bound together by a vow.
(German, geliibde.) (See Carns, 4 clubs.)

“' (1190) was the era of chivalry,.. for bodies
of men uniting themselves by a sacred vow,
gelubde, which word and thing have passed over
tous ina Ee babel dwindled condition, ‘club’

we callit; andthe vow. —. does not rank very
aia ato Frederick the Great, vol. i: p

Club-bearer (Zhe). Periphe’tés, the
robber of A1’golis, is so called because he
murdered his victims with an iron club.

Club-land, That part of the West
End of London where the principal clubs
are situated , the members of such clubs.

‘Club-law. The law of might or
compulsion through fear of chastisement
Do it or get a hiding

Clue. J-have not yet got the clue. to
give aclue, r.e.a hint. Aclueisa ball of
thread (Ang.-Saxon, cleowen) The only
mode of finding the way out of the
Cretan labyrinth was by -a skein of
thread, which, bemg laid along the
proper route, indicated the right path.

Clumgy (Norwegian, /7ump, a lump,
Swedish, Alwmmsen;. benumbed; Ice-
landic, klumsa). Piers Plowman has
‘thou klompsist for cold,” and Wielif
bas ‘Our hondis. ben aclumpsid "’
Halliwell gives us clumpish = awkward,
and clump = lazy

Clu’ricaune (3 syl.) An elf of evil
disposition who usually appears as a
wnnkled old man, and has knowledge
of hid treasures. (J72sh mythology.)

Clydesdale Horses. Scotch draught-
horses, not equa) to Shire-horses in size,
but of great endurance. (See SHIRE-
HORSES. )

Clym of the Clough, with Adam Bell
and William of Cloudesly, were noted .
outlaws, whose skill in archery rendered:

Clytie

265

Coals of Fire

them as famous in the north of England
as Robin Hood and Little John in the
midland counties. Their place of resort
was in Englewood Forest, near Car-
lisle, N.B.— Englewood means fire-
wood. Clym of the Clough means
Clement of the Cliff.

Clyt'ie ky yl). A water-nymph, in
love with Apollo. Meeting with no re-
turn, she was changed into a sunflower,
which, traditionally, still turns to the
sun, following him through his daily
course.

Cneph. The name under which the
Bey eans adore the Creator of the
world,

Cnidian. Venus (7he) The ex-
uisite statue of Venus or Aphrodité by
raxitélés, placed in the temple of Venus,

at Cnidus,

Co. A contraction of company, as

Smith and Co.

Coach (4) A private tutor The
term is a pun on getting on fast. To get
on fast you take a coach, you cannot
get on fast without a private tutor—
ergo, a private tutor is the coach you

e in order that you may get on
quickly. (University slang.)

“The books .. . are expensive, and often a

further expense {s entailed by the necessity of
“a *a coach. "—Stedman Oxford, chap. x.

p.1

To dine in the coach. n the captain’s
private room. The coach or couch of a
ship is a small apartment near the stern,
the floor being formed of the aftmost
ow of the quarter-deck, and the roof

yy the poop.

A slow coach. A dull, unprogressive
person, somewhat fossilised.

“ What @ dull, old-fashioned chap thou be'st
hut thou wert always a slow-coach.” — Mrs.
Gaskell; Cibbie Marsh (Era 2).

Coach-and-four (or Coach-and-six).
It is said one may drive a coach-and-
four through an Act of Parliament, t.e.
lawyers can always find for their chents
some loophole of escape.

“\Itis-easy to drive a coach-and-four through
wills, and settlements, and legal things."—H. 2.

aggard,

“TRice] was Often heard to say . that he
would drive a coach and six borses through the
Act of Settlement.” — Welwood.

Coach-and-pair (A).
drawn by a pair of horses. Coach
four, coach-and-six, etc.

Coach Away. Get on a little faster
Your coach drags; drive on faster

Coached Up. Taught by a private
tutor for examination. ‘ Well coached
ap,” well crammed or taught.

A coach
-and-

Coal Hot as a coal.
has an obvious allusion.

To post the coal or cole. To pay or
put down the cash. Coal—=money has
been in use in the sporting world for
very many years. Buxton, m 1863,
used the phrase ‘‘ post the coal,” and
since then it has been in frequent use.
Probably rhyming slang ‘‘ Coal,'’ an
imperfect rhyme of gool=gold. (See
page 248, Cuvy, and page 266, CoaLina.)

“ It would not suit me to write, .. even if they
offered, . .. to post the cole.”—Hood.

Coal Brandy. Burnt brandy The
ancient way to set brandy on fire was to
drop in it a live or red-hot coal.

Coals.

To blow the coals To fan dissensions,
to excite smouldering animosity ‘into
open hostility, as dull coals are blown
into a blaze by a pair of bellows.

To carry coals To be put upon
“‘Gregory, o’ my word, we’ll not ca
coals”**—2 e. submit to be ‘“‘ put upon”

Romeo and Juliet, i. 1) So in Every

an out of his Humour, ‘‘ Here comes
one that will carry coals, ergo, will hold
my dog.’’ The allusion is to the dirty,
laborious occupation of coal-carriers.
Gifford, in his edition of Ben Jonson,
says, ‘‘ Of these (.e scullions, etc.), the
most forlorn wretches were selected to
carry coals to the kitchen, halls, etc.’”
(See page 141, col. 1, BuackGuarD.)

To carry coals to Newcastle. To do
what is superfluous. As Newcastle is
the great coal-field, it would be quite
superfluous to carry coals thither. The
French say, “‘ Porter deleau a larwiéere”
(to carry water to the river). There are

The expression

. numerous Latin equivalents as, ‘*To

carry wood to the forests,*’ ‘‘ Poma
Alcinoo dare’’ (See Atcrnoo) ; “ Noctuas
Athenas ferre” (See Nocrvas), ‘‘Crocurm
in Ciliciam ferre”’ (See Crocum).

To haul over the coals. To bring to
task for shortcomings, to scold. At
one time the Jews were ‘‘ bled’? when-
ever.the kings or barons wanted money ,
and one very common torture, if the
resisted, was to haul them over the coa
of a slow fire, to give them a “‘ roast-
ing.” (See Ivanhoe, where Front-de-
Boeeuf threatens to haul Isaac over the
coals.)

Coals of Fire. To heap coals of fire
on the head of a foe. To melt down bis
animosity by deeds of kindness.

“If thine enemy be bungry, give him bread w
eat, and if be be thirsty, give him water to drink ,
for thou sbadt beap coals of fire upon bis head.” _
Prov xxv. 21, 22 ;

Coaling

266

Cob

Coaling, in theatrical slang, means
telling phrases and speeches, as, ‘* My
art is full of ‘coaling lines.’’’ Coal
eing money, means profit, whence codl-
wg. (Seep. 265, To post THE CoaL .. .)

Coalition Government. A Govern-
ment formed by various parties by a
mutual surrender of principles. ‘The
administration of Lord North and Charles
Fox, 1783, was a coalition, but it fell to

ieces in a few months. That of Lord
Getebary with the old Whig party
headed by Lord Hartington was a coali-
tion (1886-1892).

Coast Clear.
The coast is clear.
hood of interference.
guards are about.

Coast Men of Attica. The mer-
chant class who lived along the coast-
lands (Par’ali).

Coasting Lead (A).
lead used in shallow water.

Coasting Trade. Trade between
ports of the same country carried on by-
coasting vessels.

Coasting Waiter. An officer of
Customs in the Port of London, whose
duty it was to visit and make a return
of coasting vessels trading from one part
of the kingdom to another, and which
(from the nature of their cargo) were
not required to report or make entry at
the Custom House. These vessels were
liable to the payment of certain small
dues, which it was the duty of the
Coasting Waiter to exact. He was also
expected to search the cargo, that no
contraband goods were illicitly on board.
‘Like Tide Waiters, these Coasting Wait-
ers were abolished in the latter half of
the’nineteenth century, and their duties
have since been performed by the Exam-
ining Officer. ‘Their salary was about
£40 a year.

Coat.

Cut pond eoat according to your cloth.
Curtail your expenses to the amount of
your income; live within your means.
Si non possis quod velis, velis id quod
possis.

Near is my coat, but nearer is my skin,

Is the coast clear 2
There is no likeli-
None of the coast-

A sounding

“Tunica pallio propior est”? ** Ego
proximus mihi.” ‘
To baste one’s coat, To dust his

jacket ; to beat him. 7

To wear the king’s coat. “fo be a
soldier,

Turning one’s coat for luck. It wasan
ancient superstition that this was a

(See TuRNe

1... “William found
A means for our deliverance: ‘Turn your cloaks,
Quoth hee, ‘ for Pucke is busy in these oakes.'"””
Bishop Corbett: Iter Boreulé.
Coat of Arms. A surcoat worn by
knights over their armour, decorated
with devices by which heralds described
the wearer. Hence the heraldic device
of a family. Coat-armour was invented
in the Grusading expeditions, to distin-
guish the various noble warriors when
wrapped in complete steel, and it was
introduced into England by Richard
Lion-heart.

charm against evil spirits,
COAT.)

Coat of many Colours, (Gen.
xxxvii. 3), Harmer, in his Observations
(vol. ii. p. 386), informs us that ‘‘ many
colours’? in this connection does not
mean striped, flowered, embroidered, or
“printed”? with several colours, but
having ‘‘ divers pieces of different colours
sewed together’? in patchwork. The
Hebrew word is passeem. In 2 Sam.
xiii. 18 we are told that king’s daughters
wore a garment of many colours or
divers pieces. Dr. Adam Clarke says
that similar garments ‘‘are worn by
persons of distinction in Persia, India,
and some parts of China to the present
day.’’? The great offence was this: Jacob
was a sheik, and by giving Joseph a
‘¢ prince’s robe”’ he ‘virtually announced
him his heir. (Sce Divers CoLovRs.)

Coats, Hosen, and Hats (Dan. iii,
21). These were not articles of dress,
but badges of office. It will be recol-
lected that Shadrach and his two com-
panions had recently been set over
provinces of Babylon ;-and Nebuchad-
nezzar degraded them by insisting on
their wearing their insignia of office.
The word cup would be better than
‘“hat,’’ their caps of office; and sandals
would be better than ‘ hosen.’’ Coats
or cloaks have always designated office.
‘* Hosen’? means what the Romans
called calceus patrictus, which were san-
dalled up to the calf of thé leg. -Every
Latin scholar knows that calceos mutare

| means to “ become a senator,’

Cob (4). Between a pony and a horse
in size, from thirteen to nearly fifteén
hands high. The word means big, stout.
The original meaning is a tuft-or héad,
hence,.eminent, large, powerful. The
“cob of the county” is the great boss
thereof. A rich cob is a plutoerat.
Hence also a male, as a cob-swan.

* Riding horses run between fifteen
and sixteen hands in height, and carriage

Cobalt

267

Cock and Bull Story ~>

horses, between sixteen and seventeen
hands.

Cobalt. From the German Kobold
(a gnome). The demon of mines. This

metal was so called by miners, because |

it was long thought to be useless and
troublesome. It was consequently at-
tributed to the ill offices of the mine
demon.

Cobbler. A drink made of wine
(sherry), sugar, lemon, and ice. It is
sipped up through a straw. (See CoB-
BLER’S PUNCH.)

“This wonderful invention, sir,... is- called
cobbler,—Sherry cobbler, whea you name it long;
cobbler when you name it short.”—Dickens : Mar-
tin Chuzzlewitt, xvii.

Cobbler, Let not the cobbler overstep
his last (Ne su'tor ultra creplidam). Let
no one presume to interfere in matters
of which he is ignorant. The tale goes
that a cobbler detected a fault in the
shoe-latchet of one of Apelles’ paintings,
and the artist rectified the fault. The
cobbler, thinking himself very wise, next
ventured to criticise the legs; but
Apelles answered, ‘‘Keep to your
trade’”’—you understand about shoes,
' but not.about anatomy.

Cobbler Poet (The). Hans Sachs-of
Nuremberg, prince of the mastersingers
of Germany (1494-1574).

Cobbler’s Punch, Gin and water,
with a little treacle and vinegar.

Cobbier’s Toast. School-boys’ bread
and butter, toasted on the dry side and
eaten hot.

Cob’ham, referred to by Thomson in
his Autumn, was Sir Richard Temple,
created Lord Cobham in 1714.

Cob-nut. A nut with a tuft. (Welsh,
cob or cop, a tuft; German, kopf, the

,

Coburgs. A corded or ribbed cotton
cloth made in Coburg (Saxony), or in
imitation thereof.
ladies’ dresses.

Cob’web. (ob, Teutonic for “ spi-
der.”? Dutch, spinnekop ; Saxon, atter-
cop (poisonous spider); Chaldee, Kopi
(spider’s web).

Cock. Mahomet found in the first
heaven a cock of such enormous size
that its crest touched the second heaven.
The crowing of this celestial bird arouses
every living creature from sleep except
‘man, The Moslem doctors say that
Allah lends a willing ear to him who
seads the Koran, to him who prays for

be.

Chiefly used for

parsons and to the cock whose chant is
ivine melody. When this cock ceases
to crow, the day of judgmient will be at
hand. ;

Cock. Dedicated to Apollo, the sun-
god, because it gives notice of the rising
of the sun. It was, dedicated to Mer-
cury, because it summons men to busi-
ness by its crowing. And to scu-
lapius, because ‘‘ early to bed and early to
Tise, makes a man healthy.’’

A cock on‘ church spires is to remind
mén not to deny their Lord as Peter
did, but when the cock crew he ‘‘ went
out and wept bitterly.”’? Peter Le Neve
affirms that a cock was the warlike
ensign of the Goths, and therefgre used
in Gothic churches for ornament.

Ewery cock crows on its own dunghill,
or Lika cock crows on his own midden,
It is easy to brag of qour deeds in your
own castle when safe from danger and
not likely to be put to the proof.

Latin: Gallus in suo sterquilinio
plurimum potest.

French: Chien sur son fumicr est
hardi.

Spanish: Cada Galla canta en su
muladar.

Nourish a cock, but offer it not in sacri-
Jjice. This is the eighteenth Symbolic
Saying in the Protreptics of Iamblichus.
The cock was sacred to Minerva, and
also to the Sun and Moon, and it would
be impious to offer a sacrilegious
offering to the gods. What is already
consecrated to God cannot be employed
in sacrifice.

That cock won't fight. That dodge
wouldn’t answer ; that tale won’t wash:
Of course, the allusion is to fighting
cocks. A bet is made on a favourite
cock, but when -pitted he refuses to
fight.

To cry cock. To claim the victory ;
to assert oneself to be the superior. As
a cock of the walk is the chief or ruler
of the whole walk, so to cry cock is to
élaim this cockship.

Cock and Bottle.
sign, meaning draught and bottled ale
may be had on the premises. The
“cock”? here means the tap. It does
not mean ‘‘ The Cork and Bottle.”

Cock and Bulli Story. A corrup-
tion of a concocted and bully story. The
catch-pennies hawked about the streets
are still called cocks—i.e. concocted
things. Bully is the Danish dudlen (ex-
aggerated), our budl-rush (an exaggerated
rush), bull-frog, etc. .

Another etymology may be suggested :.

A> public-house

Cock and Pie

The idol Nergal was the most common
idol of the ancient Pheenicians, Indians,
and Persians, and Nergal means a dung-
hill cock. The Egyptian bull is equally
notorious under the name of Osi’ris. A

cock-and-bull story may therefore mean_
a myth, in reference to the mythological

fables of Nergal and Osiris. ‘

The French equivalents are faire un
cog @Véne and un conie de ma mére Voie
(a mother goose tale).

Cock and Pie (By). We meet with
cock’s bones, cock’s wounds, cock’s mother,
cock’s body, cock’s passion; etc., where
we can have no doubt that the word is a
minced oath, and stands for the sacred
name which should never be .taken in
vain. The Jie is the table or rule in the
old Roman offices, showing how to find
out the service for each day, called by

the Greeks pe’nax (an index). The latter

art of the oath is equivalent to ‘‘ the
ass book.”’
“By cock and pie, sir, you shall not away to-
night.”—Shakespeure: 2 Henry LV., act v. 1.
Cock and Pie (as a public-house sign)
“is probably ‘* The Cock and Magpie.’’

Cock of Hay (A) or @ haycuck, A
small heap of hay thrown up tempo-
yarily. (German, kocke, a heap of hay;
Norwegian, ‘ok, a heap.)

Cock of the North. The Duke of
Gordon. So called on a monument
erected to his honour at Fochabers, in
Aberdeenshire. (Died 1836.)

Cock of the Walk. The dominant
bully or master spirit. The place where
barn-door fowls are fed is called the
walk, and if there is more than one cock
they will fight for the supremacy of this
domain.

Cock-a-hoop or Cock-a-houp. To sit
cock-a-houp. Boastful, defiant, like a
game cock with his houpe or crest erect ;
eagerly expectant. (French, cog a
huppe.)

“ And haying routed a whole troop,
With victory wus cock-a-hoop,”
Butler: Hudibras, i. 3.

Cock apace. Set off as fast as you
can run. A cock isu tap through which
liquor ruus.
lightly or nimbly.

“If storms be nigl then cock apace,” says
Tusser (1174). °

Cockboat or Cockle Boat. A small
bout made of a wicker frame, and
covered with leather or oil-cloth. ‘The
Welsh fishers used to cw them on
their backs, (Welsh, cwch, a boat;

,

“To cock” is to walk

268

Cock Lane Ghost

French, coche, a passage boat; Irish,
coca ; Italian, coceca ; Norwegian, kog, a
cockboat.)

Cock-crow. The Hebrews divided
the night into four watches: 1, The
‘* beginning of the watches”’ or ‘‘even”’
(Lam. ii. 19); 2, ‘“The middle watch”’
or ‘‘ midnight”? (Judg. vii. 19) ; 3, ‘The
cock -crowing;’’ 4, ‘*The morning
ie ” or ‘‘dawning”? (Exod. xiv.
24).

“Ye know not when the master of the house

cometh, at even, or at nidpight, or at the cock-
crowing, or in the morning.”—Mark xiii. 35.

*’ The Romans divided the night into
sixteen parts, each one hour d
a-half, beginning at midnight. 1e
third of these divisions (3 a.m.) they
called gallicinium, the time when cocks
begin to crow; the next was ¢conticinium,
when they ceased to crow; and tifth was
diluculum, dawn.

Probably the Romans sounded the
hour on a trumpet (bugle) three times,
and if so it would explain the diversity
of the Gospels: ‘‘ Before the cock crow ”’
(John xiii. 38, Luke xxii. 34, and Matt.
xxvi. 34); but ‘‘ Before the cock crow
twice” (Mark xiv. 30)—that is, before
the “‘ bugle”’ has finished sounding.

Apparitions vanish at cock crow, This
isa Christian superstition, the cock being
the watch-bird placed on church spires,
and therefore sacred.

“The morning cock crew loud,
And at the sound it [tbe Ghost) surunk in haste

away,
And vanished from our sigbt.”
Shakespeare : Hamlet, i. t.

Cock-eye. A squint. Cock-eyed,
having a squint; cross-eyed. (Irish
and Gaelic, eaog, a squint ; ‘‘ caogshuil,’’
squint-eyed.) :

Cock-fighting was introduced into
Britain by the Romans. It was a fa-
vourite sport both with the Greeks and
with the Romans.

That beats cock-fighting. That is
most improbable and extraordinary.
The allusion is to the extravagaut tales
told of fighting-cocks.

“He can only relieve his feelings by the...
frequent repetition, ' Well, that beats cock-fight-
ing !’”"— Whyte-Melville.

To live like fighting-cocks. To live!
in luxury. Before game-cocks are pitted
they are fed plentifully on the very best
food.

Cock-horse. To ride-a-cock-horse. To
sit astride a person’s foot or knee while
he dances or tosses it up and down,

Cock Lane Ghost. A tale of terror |
without truth; an imaginary tale of-

re

Cock-pit

horrors. In Cock Lane, Stockwell (1762),
certain knockings were heard, which Mr.
Parsons, the owner, declared proceeded
from the ghost of Fanny Kent, who
died suddenly, and Parsons wished peo-
ple to suppose that she had been mur-
dered by her husband. All London was
agog with this story; but it was found
out that the knockings were produced
by Parsons’ daughter (a girl twelve years
of age) rapping on a board which she
took into a bed. Parsons was con-
demned to stand in the pillory. (See
STocKWELL GHOST.)

Cock-pit. The judicial committee of
the privy council is so called, because
the council-room is built on the old
cock-pit of Whitehall palace.

“Great consultations at the cockpit about

hattles, duels, victories, and what not.”—Poor
Robin's Almanack, 1730,

Cock Sure is cocky sure—pertly con-
fident. We call a self-confident, over-
bearing prig a cocky fellow, from the
barnyard despot ; but Shakespeare em-
ploys the phrase in the sense of “‘ sure
as the cock of a firelock.”’

“We steal as in a castle, cock-sure.”—Shake-
epeare: 1 Henry IV,, ii. 1.

The French phrase is @ coup sir,
as ‘* Nous réussirons a coup stér,’? we
are certain of sucoess, ‘‘ Cela est ainsi
& coup sér,’’ etc., and the phrase ‘‘ Sure
as a gun,’ seem to favour the latter
derivation.

Cock the Ears (Jo). To prick up
the ears, or turn them as a horse does
when he listens to a strange sound.,
Here *‘ cock’ means to turn, and seems
to be connected with the Greek xvxdos,
a circle, and the verb cvkAdw.

Cock the Nose or Cock up the nose.
To turn up the nose in contempt. (See
Cock your EYE.)

Cock up your Head [foot, wee
Lift up, turn up your head or foot.
The allusion is to cocking hay, 7.e. lift-
ing it into small heaps or into the hay-
cart. (See Cock oF Hay.)

Cock your Eye (7) is to shut one
eye and look with the other; to glance
at. A ‘“‘cock-eye” is a squinting eye,
and ‘‘cock-eyed”’-is having squinting
eyes. In many phrases, cock means to
turn. (See cee.

Cock your Hat (7o). To set your
hat more on one side of the head than
on the other; to look knowing and pert.
Soldiers cock their ee over the left side
to “look smart.” (See CockeD Har.) —

269

Cockatrice

Cockade. The men-servants of the
military wear a small black cockade on
their hat, the Hanoverian badge. The
Stuart cockade was white. At the battle
of Sherra-Muir, in the reign of George I.,
the English soldiers wore a black rosette
in their hats. In the song of Sherra-
Muir the English soldiers are called
‘* the red-coat lads wi’ black cockades.’’
(French, cocarde ; German, kokarde.)

In the British Army and Navy the
cockade, since the Hanoverian accession,
has been black.

AUusTRIAN cockade is black and yellow.
All sentry boxes and boundary posts are
so painted. Zin seem tga er was the
raves of an Austrian Imperialist in

48.

Bavazia, light blue and white are the
royal colours.

ELGIUM, black, yellow, and red.

FRANCE (regal), the royal colour was
white.

Hanover, the cockade was black.
ae enters into all the German cock-

es,

Prussia, black and white are the royal
colours.

Russta, green and white are the royal
colours.

To mount the cockade. To become a
soldier. From time immemorial the
partisans of different leaders haveadopted
some emblem to show their party; in
1767 an authoritative regulation deter-
mined that every French soldier should
wear a white cockade, and in 1782 the
badge was restricted to the military.
The phrase given above is common both
to England and France.

Cockaigne (Land of). An imagin.
ary land of idleness and luxury. The
subject of a burlesque, probably “ the
earliest specimen of English poetry which
we possess.”? London is generally sa
called, but Boileau applies the phrase
to Paris. (Seepage 270, col. 2, COCKNEY.) -

Allied to the German, kuchen, a cake,
Scotland is called the ‘‘land of cakes’?;
there is the old French word cocaigne,
abundance. Compare Latin coguo, te
cook, coguinaria, coguina, etc.

‘t Ellis, in his Specimens of Pearls
English Poets (i. 83-95), has printed ai
length an old French poem called ‘‘ Thi
Land of Cockaign’’ (thirteenth century),
where ‘‘ the houses were made of barle
sugar and cakes, the streets were pavi
with pastry, and the shops supplied
goods for nothing.”

Cock’atrice (3 syl.). A monster witl
the wings of a fowl, tai! of a dragon

‘

Cocked Hat e

Cockney

and head of a cock, So called because
it was said to be produced from a cock’s
egg hatched by,a serpent. According to
legend, the very look of this monster
would cause instant death. In conse-
quence of the ervest with which the head
is crowned, the creature is called a
basilisk, from the Greek, basiliskos (a
little king). Isaiah says, ‘‘The weaned
child shall put his hand on the cocka-
trice den”? (xi, 8), to signify that the
most noxious animal should not hurt the
most feeble of God’s creatures.
Figuratively, it means an insidious,
treacherous person bent on mischief.

“They will kill one another by the look, like
cockatrices,”"—Shakespeare; Twelsth Night, iii. 4.

Cocked Hat (4). A hat with the
brim turned, like that of a bishop, dean,
etc. It is also applied to the chapeau
bras, and the military full-dress hat,
pointed before and behind, and rising
to a point at the crown, the chapean a
cornu. **Cock”’ in this phrase means to
turn; cocked, turned up.

_ Knocked into « cocked hat. In the
game of nine-pins, three pins were set
up in the form of a triangle, and when
all the pins except these threa were
knocked down, the set was technically
said to be ‘‘ knocked into a cocked hat.”
Hence, utterly out of all shape or
plumb. A somewhat similar phrase is
“Knocked into the middle of next
week.”

Cocked-hat Club (Zhe). <A club of
the Society of Antiquaries. A cocked
hat was always placed before the presi-
dent when the club met.

There was another club so called in
which the members, during club sittings,
wore cocked hats, i

Cocker. According to Cocker. All
right, according to Cocker. According
to established rules, according to what is
correct. Edward Cocker (1631-1677) pub-
lished an arithmetic which ran through
sixty editions. The phrase, ‘‘ According
to Cocker,’’ was popularised by Murphy
in his farce oa The Apprentice.

Cockie or Cocky. Bumptious, over-
bearing, conceited, and dogmatical ; like
a little bantam cock.

- Cockle Hat. A pilgrim’s hat. War-
burton says, as the chief places of devo-
tion were beyond sea, or on the coasts,
pilgrims used to put cockle-shells upon
their hats, to indicate that they were
pilgrims. Cookles are symbols of St.

James, patron saint of Spain. Cockle=
scallop, as in heraldry.
“ And how shall I your true love know
From many another one?
Oh, by his cockle hat and staff,
And by his sandal shoon.”
Beaumont and Fletcher: The Friar of Orders Grey.
Cockle Shells. Favourite tokens
worn by pilgrims in their hats, The
polished side of the shell was scratched
with some rude drawing of the ‘‘ blessed
Virgin,’’ the Crucifixion, or some other
subject connected with the pilgrimage.
Being blessed by the priest, they were
considered amulets against spiritual
foes, (pnd might be used as drinking
vessels,

Cockles, Zo cry cockles. To be
hanged; from the gurgling noise made
in strangulation.

Cockles of the Heart. ‘‘ To warm
the cockles of one’s heart,” said of good
wine. (Latin, cochlee cordis, the ven-
tricles of the heart.)

“Fibre quidem rectis hisce exterioribus:in
dextro ventriculo proxime subject@ oblique dex-
trorsum ascendentes in basim cordis terminantur,
et spirali suo amhitu helicem sive cochleam satis
rian pear at Senet Tractatus de Corde, p, 25,

Cockledemoy (A). An amusing
rogue, a sort of Tyll Eulenspiegel. A
character in Marston’s comedy of The
Dutch Courtesan. He cheats Mrs, Mulli-
grub, a vintner’s wife, of a goblet and
salmon, ,

Cockney. One born within sound of
Bow-bells, London; one possessing
London peculiarities of speech, ete. ;

, one wholly ignorant of country sports,

country life, farm animals, plants, and
80 On, ;

Camden says the Thames was once
called ‘‘ the Cockney.’’

The word has been spelt Cockeney,
Cockaneys, Cocknell, etc. ** Cocknell”’
would be a little cock. ‘* Puer in deliciis
matris nutritus,” Anglice, a kokenay, a
pampered child. ‘*Niais’? means a

nestling, as faucon niais, and if this is the

last syllable of ‘‘ Cockney,” it confirms
the idea that the word means an enfant
gate.

Wedgwood suggests cocker (to fondle),
and says a cockerney or cockney is one
ampered by city indulgence, in contra-

istinction to rustics hardened by out-
door work, (Dutch, Aokkeler, to pamper;
French, cogueliner, to dangle.)

Chambers in his Journal derives
the word from a French poem of the
thirteenth century, ealled Zhe Land o
Cocagne, where the houses were made
of barley-sugar and cakes, the streets —

oa

Cockney School 271

Coffee

paved with pastry, and the shops sup-
plied goods without requiring money in
payment, The French, at a very early
period, called the English cocagne men,
1.¢. bons vivants (beef and pudding men).
“Ory co it, nuncle, as the cockney did to the
eels, when she put them into the paste alive,"—
Shakespeare: Lear, hi. 4. y
The king of cockneys. A master of the
revels chosen by students of Lincoln’s
Inn on Childermas Day (Dec, 28th).

Cockney School. Leigh Hunt,
Hazlitt, Shelley, and Keats; so called
by Lockhart. (1817.)

“If I may be permitted to have the honour of
christening it, it may be henceforth referred
to by the designation of the ‘ Cockney School.’”
-—Z., Blackwood’s Magazine, Oct., 1817,

Cockpit of Europe. Belgium is so
called because it has been the site of
more European battles than any other
country; for example, Oudenarde,
Ramillies, Fontenoy, Fleurus, Jem-
mapes, Ligny, Quatre Bras, Waterloo.

Cockshy (4). A free fling or “‘shy’”’
at something. The allusion is to the

once popular Shrove-Tuesday sport of’

shying or casting stones or sticks at
cocks, This sport is now superseded by
pigeon-shooting, which is thought to be
more aristocratic! but can hardly be
deemed more humane,

Cockswain, or Coxswatn [coz’n],
The swain or servant of the cock or boat,
together with its crew. (Anglo-Saxon,
swan or swein, a youth or servant, and
cock, a boat.) (See CockBoat.)

Cocktail. The New York World, 1891,
tells us that this is an Aztec word, and
that ‘‘the liquor was discovered by a
Toltec. noble, who sent it to the king by
the hand of his daughter Xochitl. The
king fell in love with the maiden, drank
the liquor, and called them xoc-tl, a
name perpetuated by the word cocktail.

“Cocktail is an iced drink made of
spirits mixed with bitters, sugar, and
some aromatic flavouring. Champagne
cocktail is champagne flavoured with
Angostura bitters ; soda cocktail is soda-
water, sugar, and bitters.

“Did ye iver try a brandy cocktail, Cornel? "—
Thackeray: The Newcomes, xiii,

Cocacigrues, At the coming of the
Geooiaets That good time el ie
when every mystery shall be cleared up.

nis. abet is one of the seven things,’ said the fair
Regpne pasroudia, I am forbi eee ERY l

16. Cormaing oO e (Cocqcigrues.’.”—C, Kingsley:
The Water Babi i acer

es, chap. vi,
Cocy'tus [Ko-ky'tus]. One of the

five rivers of hell. "The word means the

“iver of lamentation,”” The unburied.

were doomed to wander’ about its banks
for 100 years. (Greek, kéku'o, to weep.)
“Cocytus, named of lamentation loud —
Heard on the rueful stream.”
Milton: Paradise Lost, ii. 579

Codds. Codgers. Thackeray says,
“The Cistercian lads call the poor
brethren of the Charterhouse odds,”
adding, “but I know not wherefore.’’
(Turkish, kodjah, an old man or woman.)
We say ‘‘ Well, old boy,’? without re-
ferring to age.

“T say, do you know any of the old codds . ..?
Colonel Newcome is going to bea codd,”—WNine-
teenth Century, October, 1893, p. 589.

Codille (2 a) Triumph. A term
in the game of Ombre. When one of
the two opponents of Ombre has more
tricks than Ombre, he is said to have
won Codille, and takes all the stake that
Ombre played for. Thus Belinda is said,
in the Lape of the Lock,.to have been
‘between the jaws of ruin and Codille.”
She wins with the “‘ king of hearts,’’
and she wins codille.

Codlin’s your Friend, not Short.
(Diekens: Old Curiosity Shop, chap.
xix.). Codlin had a shrewd suspicion

‘that little Nell and her grandfather had

absconded, and that a reward would be
offered for their discovery. So he tried
to bespeak the goodwill of the little girl
in the hope of making something of it.

“None of the speakers has much to say in
actual hostility to Lord Salisbury’s speech, but
they all harp upon the theory that Codlin is the
friend, not. Short."—Newspaper paragraph, Oct.
13th, 1885.

Coehorns (2 syl.). Small-howitzers
of about 42 inches calibre; so called
from Baron van Coe’horn, of Holland.

Cee/nobites or Cenobites (3. syl.).
Monks who live in common, in contra-
distinction to the hermits or anchorites.
(Greek, koinosbios.)

Coeur de Lion.

Richard I. of England ; so called from
the prodigies of personal valour per-
formed by him in the Holy Land. (1157,
1189-1199.)

Louis VIII. of France, more frequently
called Le Lion. (1187, 1223-1226.)

- Boleslas I. of Poland, also.called ‘The
Intrepid.” (960, 992-1025.)

Coffee. The Turkish word is Kauhi,
Kauveh or Kauvey.

Coffee. In Ardennes ten cups of coffee
are taken after dinner, and each cup has
its special name. (1) Café, (2) Gloria,
(3) Pousse Café, (4) Goutte, (5) Re-
goutte, (6) Sur-goutte, (7) Rincette, (8
Re-rincette, (9) Sur-rincette, and (10
Coup de l’étrier, : j

Coffin

Gloria is coffee with a small glass of
brandy in lieu of milk; all the following
have more and more l’eau de vie; and
the last is the ‘‘stirrup-cup.’’

Coffin. A raised crust, like the lid
of a basket. Hence Shakespeare speaks
of a “custard coffin’? (Taming of the
Shrew, iv. 3). (Greek, koph'inos, a
basket.) (See Manomey’s CoFFIN.)

“ Of the paste a coffin will I rear.’
Shakespeare: Titus Andronicus, vy, 2,

Cog’geshall. .4 Coggeshall job, The
saying is, that the Coggeshall folk
wanted to divert the current of a
stream, and fixed hurdles in the bed of
it for the purpose, Another tale is that
a mad dog bit a wheelbarrow, and the

eople, fearing it would go mad, chained
it upinashed. (See GoTHAM.)

Cogito, ergo sum. Descartes’ axiom. ©

This is a petitio principii. ‘*I think”
can. only prove this: that ‘I ‘think.’’
And he might just as well infer from it
the existence of thought as the existence
of I. He is asked to prove the latter,
and immediately assumes’ that it exists
and does something, and then infers that
it exists because it does something. Sup-
pose I were asked to prove the existence
of ice, and were to say, ice is cold,
therefore there is such a thing as ice.
Manifestly I first assume there is such a
thing as ice, then ascribe to it an attri-
bute, and then argue back that this
attribute is the outcome of ice. This is
not proof, but simply arguing ina circle.

Cohens (Stock seclge term). The
Turkish ’69 loan, floated by the firm of
that name. -

Coif (1 syl.). The coif of the old
serjeant-at-law was a relic of his
ecclesiastical character. The original
serjeants-at-law were clerical lawyers,
and the coif is the representation of the
tonsure. —

Serjeants of the Coif. Serjeants-at-
law (now abolished). (See abeve.)

Coiffé, Il est né coiffé. He is born

with a silver spoon in his mouth} born "|

tofortune, (Seepage 229, col. 2, CAUL.)

“ Quelques enfans viennent au monde avec une
pellicule . . . quel’on appelle du nom de coéffe ;
et que fon croit estre une marque de bonheur.
Ce qui a donné lieu au proverbe frangois, .,. Zt
est né coéfé.” —Traite des Superstition, 1679,

Coiffer to Sainte Catherine. To
remain an old maid. ‘St. Catherine est
la patronne des filles 4 marier et des
vieilles filles. Ce sont ces derniéres qui
restent ordinairement pour soigner les
chapelles consacrées 4 la sainte, et qui

sont chargées de sa toilette.” (Hetarre |

272

Coins

le Gai : Encyclopédie des Proverbes Fran-
$418.)

“Tl croig peut-étre que je le regrette, d
aésespoir je vais coifter ae Catherine. ‘A Vy ah?
mais non! moi aussi je veux me marier,.”—La
Mascotte (an opera).

Coin. Paid in his own coin. ‘Tit for
tat. ‘ Par pari referre.”

Coin Money (7). To.make money
with rapidity and ease.

“For the last four years ... 1 literally coined
money.” —F, Kemble: Residence in Georgia,

Coins.

BritisH. Iron rings were used for
money by the ancient Britons, and
Segonax, a petty king under Cassivelan,
is the first whose head was impressed on

j the coin. Gold, silver, and copper coins

were struck by Cunobelin.

The Romans introduced their own
coins into the island,

The oldest ANGLO-Saxon coin was the
sceatta (pl. pie sixth century. In
the reign of Ethelbert, King of Kent,
money accounts were kept in pounds,
mancuses, shillings, and pence. One of
the last being equal to about 3 pence
of our money. 5 pence= one scilling, 30
scillings one manca or mancus, and 40
one pound, Mancuses were in gold and
silver also.

_The Normans introduced pence with
@ cross so deeply impressed that the coin
could be broken either into two or four

rts, hence the terms half-pence and

ities 3S

The Angel, a gold coin (7s. 6d.), was
introduced by Edward IV., and had a
figure of Michael slaying the dragon.

The Bawbee first came into use in the
reign of James VI. of Scotland. (French,
bas-billon, base copper coin.)

The Cardlus (208-) was a gold coin of
the reign of Charles I,

The Crown (5s.) was first issued in
1553. Crowns and half-crowns are still
in common circulation. :

English Dollars (4s. 6d.) were intro-
duced in 1798. ?

Floyins, a gold coin (6s.), were issued
by Edward JII.; but the silver florin
(3s) in 1849,

The Guinea (a gold coin= 21s.) was
first issued in 1717; but a gold coin
so-called, of the value of 30s., was
issued in 1673, reduced in 1696 to 22s,

Our Sovereign was first issued in 1816,
but there were coins so called in the
reigns of Henry I. (worth 22s.), Edward
VI. (from 24s. to 30s.). :

eeiines of the present value date
from 1503; pence made of bronze in

Coke

273 Colin Tampon

1862, but copper pence were coined in
1620, half-pence and farthings in 1665.

Coke. Zocry coke. To cry pecca'vi;
to ask for mercy. Ruddiman says
‘coke’? is the sound which cocks utter
when they are beaten.

Coke upon Littleton. Tent and
brandy.

“ Another . . . sipping Coke upon Littleton, i.e.
tent and brandy.”—Nichols ; Illustrations of Liter-
ature (1748).

Col'bronde or Colbrand. The Danish
giant slain by Sir Guy of Warwick. By
the death of this giant the land was
delivered from Danish tribute.

“Tam not Samson, nor Sir Guy, nor Colbrand,
To mow ‘em down before me.’
Shakespeare: Henry VIIT., v. 4.

Coleannon. Potatoes and cabbage

unded together and then fried in |}

butter (Irish),
t.€. cabbage.

“ About 1774 Isaac Sparks, the Irish comedian,
founded in Long Acre a Colcappon Club.”—The
Atheneum, January 20th, 1875.

Cold as Charity. (Sce CHARITY.)

Cold-Bath Fields. So called from
the cold baths established there by Mr.

**Col’’ is cole or cale,

Bains, in 1697, for the cure of rheu- |

matism, convulsions, and other nervous
disorders.

Cold Blood. Done in cold blood. |

(French, sang froid.) Not in the heat
of temper; deliberately, and with pre-
meditation. The allusion is to the
ancient notion that the blood grew hot
and cold, and this difference of tempera-
ture ruled the temper.

Cold-blooded Animals. As a rule,
all invertebrate animals; and all fishes
and reptiles, are called cold-blooded,
because the temperature of their blood
is about equal to the medium in which
they live.

Cold-blooded Persons, Those not
easily excited ; those whose passions are
not easily roused ; those whose circula-
tion is sluggish.

Cold-chisel (4). A chisel of tem-
pered steel for cutting cold metal.

Cold Drawn Oil. Castor oil, ob- |

tained by pressure in the cold.

Cold Pigeon (4). <A message sent
in place of a love-letter. The love-
letter would have been a poulet (¢.v.).
A pigeon pie is called a dove-tart, and
dove is symbolical of love. Pyramus
says of Thisbe, ‘‘ What dead, my dove?”
A verbal message is ‘‘ cold comfort’’ to
a lover looking out for a letter.

-~

Cold Pudding settles Love by
giving the pains of indigestion, colic,
etc.

Cold Shoulder. Zo show or give one
the cold shoulder is to assume a distant
manner towards a person, to indicate
that you wish to cut his acquaintance.
The reference is to a cold shoulder of
mutton served to a stranger at dinner ;
there is not much of it, and even what
is left is but moderate fare,

Cold Steel. The persuasion of cold,
steel is persuasion enforced at the point
of the sword or bayonet.

Cold Water Ordeal. An ancient
method of testing the guilt or innocence
of the common sort of peoplé. The
accused, being tied under the arms, was
thrown into a river. If he sank to the
bottom, he was held to be guiltless, and
drawn up by'the cord; but if he floated,
rail Na rejected him, because of his

Cold Without. An elliptical expres-
sion, ‘meaning spirits mixed with cold
water without sugar.

Coldbrand. (Sce CoLBRONDE,).

Coldstream Guards. One of the
three regiments of Foot Guards. It was
originally under the command of Colonel
Monk (1650-1660), and in January, 1660,
marched under him from Coldstream in
Berwickshire with the object of bringing
back Charles II. to the throne.

Cole = money. (See Coat.)

Cole (King). A legendary British
king, described as ‘‘a merry old‘soul”’
fond of his pipe, fond of his glass, and
fond of his ‘‘fiddlers three.” (Kg.
Coil, i.)

Colemi'ra (3 syl.). A poetical name
for a. cook; being, of course, compounded
of coal and mire,

*“* Could I,’ he cried, ‘ express how bright a grace

Adorns thy morning bands and well-washed

Thou wouldst Colemira, grant what I implore
And yield me love, or wash thy face no more.’ tL
enstone: Colemtra, an Eclogue,

Colin Clout, A name which Spenser
assumes in Zhe Shepherd’s Calendar,
and in the pastoral entitled Colin Clout’s
Come Home Again, which represents his
return from a visit to Sir Walter Raleigh,
‘* the Shepherd of the Ocean.”

Colin Tampon. The nickname of
a Swiss, as John Bull is of an English-
man, Brother. Jonathan of a Nortr
American, and Monsieur Crapaud of a
Frenchman,

Z Collapse

274

College Colours

Collapse. The scheme collapsed, Came
to nothing, An-inflated balloon is said
to collapse when the gas has escaped
and the sides fall together, or pucker
into wrinkles. As a collapsed balloon
will not mount, a collapsed scheme will

not go off. (Latin, collapsus, collabor,
to fall or sink together.)
Collar,

Against the collar. Somewhat fa-
tiguing, When a horse travels up-hill
the collar distresses his neck, so foot-
travellers often find the last mile or so
“against the collar,’ or distressing,
Authors of long books often find the
last few pages wearisome and against
the grain,

In collay. In harness, The allusion
is to a horse’s collar, which is put on
when about to go to work.

Out of collar. Out of work, out of
place, (See above.)

To slip the collar, To escape from
restraint; to draw back from a task
begun,

0 work up to the collar. To work
tooth and nail; not to shirk the work
in hand.
lie loose on his neck without bearing on it
does not draw the vehicle at all, but
leaves another'to do the real work.

“As regarded himself, the path lay plain. He
must work up to the collar, bot and hard, leaving
himself no time to feel the parts that were galled
and wrung.”-Mrs, Edwardes: A Girton Girl,
chap. iv.

Collar (verb). Zo collar one, To
seize by the collar; to prig; to appro-
priate without leave.

To collar the cole or coal.
money. (See Coat.)

Collar-day (4). In royal levees,
means that attendants are to wear all
their insignia and decorations, such as
medals, stars, ribbons, and orders, This
is done on grand occasions by order of
the Crown. The Queen’s Collar-day is
when she wears the Order of the
Garter,

Collar of Arsinoé (4 syl.) or Collar
of Alphesibea, given by her to her hus-
band Alcméon, was a fatal gift; so was
the collar and veil of Eriph’ylé, wife of
Amphiaraos. (See FaTau GIFTs.)

Collar of SS. <A decoration re-
stricted to the Lord Chief Justices of
the Queen’s Bench, the Lord Chief
Baron of the Exchequer, the Lord Mayor
of London, the Kings-of-Arms, the
Heralds, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and
the Sergeant Trumpeter. (Coussan’s
Heraldry.) (Sce SS.)

To prig the

A horse that lets his collar:

Collectivists, Collectivism is the
opposite of Individualism. In the latter
system, everyone is to be his own
master, and everything is to be free
andincommon. In the former system,
government is to be the sole employer,
the sole landlord, and the sole pay-
master. Private property is to be abol-
ished, competition to be stamped out;
everyone must work for his living, and
the State must find the work. Bellamy’s
novel of Looking Backward will give a
pretty fair notion of what is meant by
Collectivism. (See InDrvIDUALISTS. )

College (New). Newgate prison. **To
take one’s final degree at New College”
is to be hanged. ‘“‘ King’s College” is
King’s Bench Prison, now called Queen’s
College. Prisoners are ‘‘ collegiates.’’
College is the Latin collegium, and has
a very wide range, as, College of the
Apostles, College of Physicians, College
of Surgeons, Heralds’ College, College
of Justice, etc.; and on the Continent
we have College of Foreign Affairs, Col-
lege of War, College of Cardinals, ete.

College Colours.

CAMBRIDGE Boat Crews, light blue.

Caius, light blue and black,
Catherine's, blue and white,
Christ’s, common bjue.
Clare, black and golden yellow,
Corpus, cherry-colour and white,
Downing, chocolate.
Emmanuel, cherry-colour and dark blue
Jesus, red and black. F:
John’s, bright red and white.
King’s, violet.
Magdaten, indigo and Javender.
Pembroke, claret and French grey.
Peterhouse, dark blue and white,
en's, green and white,

'ydney, red and blue,
Trinity, dark blue. :
Trinity Hall, black and white.

OxrorD Boat Crews, dark blue.

St, Alban's, blue with arrow-head. ,

Balliol, pink, white, blue, white, pink,

Brazenose, black, and gold edges. _

Christ Church, blue with red cardinal’s bat

Corpus, red with btue stripe.

St. Edmond’s, red, and yellow edges

Exeter, black, and red edges.

Jesus, green, and white edges

John’s, yellow, black, red.

Lincoln, blue with mitre.

Magdalen, lack and white, .

St, Mary’s, white, black, white.

‘Myton, blue, with white edges and red cross.

New College, three pink and two white stripes,

Oriel, blue and white. |

Pembroke, pink, white, pink. T

usc’, red, white, blue, white, blue, white,
red.

Trinity, blue, with double dragon's Lead, yellow
and green, or blue, with white edges, oo
University, blue, and ycllow edges.
Wadham, light blue.” yr. :
Worcester, blue, White, pink, white, blues

College Colours (America) in foot
ball matches, boating, etc. Oak

Adelbert, Bismarck brown and pury le. ;
Alleghany, cadet blue and old gold. m fy

:
ud

College Port

275

Colossus

Amherst, white and purple,

Bates, garnet. F

Boston University, scarlet and white.

Bowdoin, white. Y

Brown, brown and white,

Buchtel; orange and blue.

ea, blue and gold.

.C.N.Y., lavender.

Colby, silyer grey. i

Columbia, )lue and white,

Cornell, cornelian and white,

Dartmouth, dark green.
red and white,

Hamilton, rose pink, *

Harvard, crimson.

Hobart, orange and purple,

Kenyon, mauve.

Lafayette, white and maroon,

Madison, orange and maroon.

Michigan, blue und maize.

New York University, violet.

Ohio University, blue.

Princeton, orange and black.

Rensselaer Polytechnic, cherry.

Rochester, blue and grey.

Rutgers, scarlet.

Swarthmore, garnet. |

acuse, blue and pink.
inity, white and green.

‘Tufts, blue and brown.

Union, garnet. g

University of North Carolina, white and blue,
of South Curotina, red and blue.
of Pennsylvunia, blue and red.
of the South, red and blue.
of Vermont, old eos and green.

3] of Virginia, cardinal and grey.

Vassar, pink and grey,

Wesleyan, cardinal and black.

Williams, royal purple,

Wooster, old gold.

Yale, blue.

College Port. The worst species of
red wine that can be manufactured and

ed off upon young men at college.
{See Wivow! J Port.) ~

“We all know what college port is like.”—Tnhe

Times,

Col'liberts. A sort of gipsy race in
Poitou, Maine, and Anjou,’similar to the
Cagots of Gascony and the Cagueux of
Brittany. In feudal times a collibert
was a serf partly free, but bound to
certain services. (Latin, col-libertus, a
fellow freedman.)

Collu'thians, A religious sect which
rose in the. fourth century; so called
from Collu’thos of Alexandria, their
founder. -

Colly my Cow. A corruption of
Calainos, the most ancient of Spanish
ballads. Calainos the Moor asked a
damsel to wife, who said the price ‘of
- winning her should be the heads of the
three paladins of Charlemagne, named
Rinaldo, Roland, and Olivier. Calainos
went to Paris and challenged the pala-
dins. First Sir Baldwin, the youngest
knight, accepted the challenge and was
overthrown; then his uncle Roland
went against the Moor and smote him.

Collyrid/ians. A-séct of Arabian
Christians, chiefly women, which first
eppeared in 373. They worshipped the

Virgin Mary, and made offerings to her
in a twisted cake, called a collyris.
(Greek, Kollura, a little cake.)

Collywobbles. The gripes, usually
accompanied with sundry noises in the
stomach. These noises are ca'led the
‘‘borbarigmus.”” (The wobbling caused
by a slight colic.)

Cologne. The three kings of Cologne.
The three magi, called Gaspar, Melchior,
and Baltha’zar. They are called by
other names, but those given are the
most generally accepted.

Co'lon, One of the rabble leaders in
Hudibras was Noel Perryan, or Ned
Perry, an ostler, who loved bear-baiting,
but was a very straight-laced Puritan of
low morals.

Colophon. The end of a book, Col’
ophon was a city of Io’nia, the in-
habitants of which were such excellent
horsemen that they would turn the scale
of battle to the side on which the
fought; hence, the Greek phrase, Zo
add a colopho'nian, means “to put a
finishing stroke to any matter.’’ (Sirabo.)
In the early times of printing, the state-
ment containing the date, place, printer,
and edition was given at the end of the
book, and was called the-eolophon,

Now called the ‘‘imprint.’’

“The volume was uninjured ... from title
page to colophon.”—Scott ; The Antiquary.

Coloquin’tida or Colocynth. Bitter-
apple or colocynth. (Greek, kolokunthis.)

“The food that to him now is luscious as
locusts, shall be to him shortly as hitter as colu-
quintida,”—Shakespeare : Othello, i. 3.

Coloquin’tida (St.). Charles I. was
so called. He was bitter as gall to the
Levellers.

“The Levellers styled him [Charles J.J an Ahab,
and a Coloquintida, a man of blood, and the ever-
lasting obstacle to peace and liberty.”—Howittt:
History of England (“ Charles {.,” chap. vi. D. 284).

Colorado (U.S. America). A Spanish
word meaning xed, referring to the red
hue of the water of the river.

Colossal. Gigantic. As a colossal
scheme. (Sce below.)

Colossus or Colossos (Latin, colos-
sus), A giant, The Rhodian Colossos
was a gigantic statue of brass, 126 feet
high, executed by Charés. It is said
that ships could pass full sail under the
legs of this statue, but the notion of a
striding statue rose in the sixteenth cen-
tury, and is due to Blaise de Vigenére,
who was the first’ to give the chef d’ewire
of Charés this impossible position. The
Comte de Caylus has demonstrated that
the Apollo of Rhodes was never planted

: Colour 276

Colours

at the mouth of the Rhodian port, that
it was not a striding statue, and that
ships never passed under it, Neither
Strabo nor Pliny makes mention of any
of these things, though both describe the
gigantic statue minutely. Philo (the
architect of Byzantium, third century)
has a treatise on the seven wonders of
the world, and says that the Colossos
stood on a block of white marble, and
Lucius Ampellius, in a similar treatise,
says it stood in a car. Tickell out-herods
Herod in the following lines:

“ So, near proud Rhodes, across the raging flood,
Stupendous form ! the vast Colossus stood,
While at one foot the thronging galleys ride,

A sigh hour’s sail scarce reached the farther
side ;
Betwixt his brazen thighs, in loose array
Ten thousand streamers on the billows play.”
On the Prospect of Peace.
‘He doth bestride the narrow world ft
Like a Colossus.” Shakespeare: Julius Cesar, i. 2.

? The twin Colossi of Amenophis III.,
on the banks of the Nile, near Thebes,
are seated. The statue of Liberty, New
York, is colossal.

(See RANK.)

Celour, Colours. A man of colour.
A negro, or, more strictly speaking, one
with negro blood. (See CoLours.)

“There are three great classes: (1) ‘the pure
whites ; (2) the people of colour ; (3) negroes and
muulattoes.’—Edwards : St. Domingo, i.

Colours,
(1) Black:

In vluzowry, sable, signifying prudence, wisdom,
and constancy. | i

In art, signifying evil, falsehood, and error.

As @ mortuary colour, signifying grief, despair,
death, (In the Catholic Church violet may be
substituted for black).

In metals it is represented by lead.

In precious stones it is represented by the diamond,

Jn planets it stands for Saturn,

Colour.

In heraldry it is engraved by perpendicular and +4

horizontal lines crossing each other at right
angles,

(2) Blue:

Tn Nas He azure, signifying chastity, loyalty,
elity. q
In a ried an angel's robe) it signifies fidelity and
ey

In art (as the robe of the Virgin Mary) it signifies
modesty. ‘ Siaiaks

In art (in the Catholic Church) it signifies
humility and expiation. | \ we

As a mortuary colour it signifies eternity (applied
to Deity), immortality @pplied to man),

In metals it is represented by tin. ,

In p:ecious stones it is represented by sapphire.

Jn planets it stands for Jupiter. | ri

In heraldry it is engraved by horizontal lines.

(3) Green :

Mn blazonry, vert, signifying love, joy, abundance.
In art, signifying hope, joy, youth, spring. (among
the Greeks and Moors it signified victory).

In church ornaments, signifying God's bounty,

mirth, gladness, the resurrection. ‘

In metals it is represented hy copper.

In precious stones it is represented by the emerald.
in planets it stands for Venus.

As a railway signal it means caution, go slowly,

In keraldry it is engraved from left to right.

y

(4) Purple:

In blazonry, purpure, signifying temperance,

In art, signifying royalty. :

Tn metals it is represented by quicksilver,

In precious stones it is represented by amethyst.

In an it stands for Mercury,

In heraldry it is engraved by lines slanting from
right to left,

(5) Red:

In blazonry, gules ; blood-red is called sanguine.

The former signifies magnanimity, and the
{ latter, fortitude, P

In metals it is represented hy iron (the metal of
war).

In precious stones it is represented by the ruby.?

In planets it stands for Mars, 4

In heraldry it is engraved by perpendicular lines,

(6) White:

In blazonry, argent; signifying purity, truth,
innocence, :

Tm art, priests, Magi, and Druids are arrayed in
white. Jesus after the resurrection should be
drapedin whites

As a mortuary colour it indicates hope,

Jn metals it is represented by silver,

In precious stones it is represented hy the pearl.

In pl it stands for Diana or the Moon,

In heraldry it is engraved by shields left white.

(7) Yellow:

In blazonry or signifying faith, constancy, wis-
dom, glory. rie 3

In modern art or signifying jealousy, incon-
stancy, incontinence. In France the doors of
traitors used to be daubed with yellow, and in
some countries Jews were obliged to dress in

ellow. In Spain the executioner is dressed

In red and yellow. «

In Christian art Judas is arrayed in yellow ; but
St. Peter is also arrayed in golden yellow,

In metals it is represented by gold.

In precious stones it is represented hy the topaz.

In planets it stands fer Apollo or the Sun.

In heraldry it is engraved by dots.

Colours for Church Decoration.

White, for festivals of our Lord, for Easter, and
for all saints except martyrs.
Red, for martyrs, for Ash Wednesday, the last
three days of Holy Week, and Whit Sunday,
Blue, for all week-days after Prinity Sunday,
Blue or Green, indifferently, for ordinary Sundays,
Violet, Brown, or Grey, for Advent and Lent,
Black, for Good Friday.
Colours of the University Boats,

etc. (See COLLEGE COLOURS.)

Colours.

Accidental colours. Those colours seen
on a white ground after looking for
some time at a bright-coloured object,
like the sun.

Complementary colours. Colours which,
in combination, produce white light,

“The colour transmitted is always comple-
mentary to the one refiected.”—Brewster : Optica,
xii.

Fundamental colours. The seven
colours of the spectrum: violet, indigo,
blue, green, yellow, orange, and red.
Or red, yellow, blue, also called primary
or simple colours.

Secondary colours. Those which
result from the mixture of two or more.
primary or simple colours.

Colours. He was with the colours,
In active military service.

id

Colours

277

Colt’s-tooth

“The period . . . was raised from seyen to nine
years, five years being passed with the colours,
onde four n the reserve.”—Edinburgh Review

His coward -lips did from their colours
jly. We was unable to speak. As
cowards run away from their regimental
colours, so [Csesar’s] lips, when he was
ran away from their colour and turned

ale,

s! To come out in his true.colours. To
reveal one’s proper character, divested
of all that is meretricious,

To describe {a matter] in very black
colours. “To see them with a. jaundiced
eye, and, describe them, accordingly ; to
describe [the matter] under the bias of
strong E Sei mtice.

To desert one’s culours, To become a
turncoat; to turn tail. The allusion is
to the military flag.

To give colour or To give some plausible
colour to the matter. To render the
matter more plausible ; to give it a more
specious appearance.

To paint in bright colow's. To see
or describe things in cowlewr de rose. Also
** to paint in lively colours.”’

To puta false colour on a matter, To.
misinterpret it, or put a false construc-
tion on it.

To see things in their true colours. To
see them as they really are.

- Under colour of. . . . Under pretence |

e -...3 under the alleged authority
OL...

Wearing his colours, Taking his part ;
being strongly attached to one. The
idea is from livery.

“ Jim could always count on every man, woman,
and child, wherever he lived, wearing his colours,

and backing him... ..through thick and thin.’—.
Boldrewood ; Robbery Under Arms, chap. xiv.

Without colour. ‘In nudd veritate,”*
without disguise.

Colours. National colours—

Great Britain .. Red and blue. :

America, U.S. .- Sars, on blue, white with ved
ripes.

Austria .. -. Red, white, and red.

Bavaria. 2. «« Red

Denmark «- -- ed, with white cross:
France +» +s Blue, white, and red.
Netherlands .. ed, white, and blue.
Portugal .- +. Blue and white.

Prussia ++ +« ite. |

Russia .. «- +. White, with blue cross.

Spain +. ++ +. Red, yellow, and red.
Blue, with yellow cross,

Sweden .. --
Switzerland .. Red, with white cross.

Colours Nailed to the Mast (With

our), & outrance. If the colours are
nailed to the mast, they cannot be lowered
to express submission:
“If they catch you at disadvantage, the mines
for yout life is the word ; and so we fight them
with our colours nailed to the mast,”—sir W.
Scott : The Pirate, chap. xxi.

| fairy. Toc

-Colour-blindness,; Incapacity of
discerning one colour. from another.
The term was introduced by Sir David
Brewster. It is of three sorts: (1)
inability to discern any colours, so that
everything is either black or white;'
shade or light; (2) inability to distin-
guish between primary colours, as red,
blue, and yellow; or secondary colours,
as preen, purple, and orange ; and (3) in-
ability to distinguish between such com-
posite colours as browns, greys, and
neutral tints. Except in this one respect,
the colour-blind may have excellent
vision.

Colour Sergeant, A sergeant wlio
carries or has charge of the regimental
colours,

Colour oenh)- To colour up, to turn
red in the face ; to blush.

Coloured Frontispiece by Phiz
(A). <A blush.

Colporteur’, A hawker or pedlar:
so called because he carries his basket or
pack round his neck, The term is more
especially applied to hawkers of religious
books. (Latin, collwm, the neck ; porto,

. to carry.) .

Colt (A). A picce of knotted: rope
eighteen inches long for the special
benefit_of. ship boys ; @ cat-o’-nine-tails.

+‘ Look alive there, lads, or as sure a8 my name
is Sam Weston I’ll give the colt to the last man

. Off the deck,”—J. Grant: Dick Rodney, chap. vii. ,

Colt (4). A barrister who attends a

| sergeant-at-law at his induction.

seg | accompanied the newly-miade Chief Baron'a8
his colt."—Pollock, — -- eoree £

“Then Mr. Raiiey, his colt, delivered his ring to
the Lord Chancellor.”—Wynne.

Colt (To). To befool, to gull. (Italian,
colto, cheated, befooled.)

Colt-pixy (A). <A pixy, puck, or

i Mtovixy is to te e what
belongs to the pixies, and is specially
applied to the gleaning of apples after
the crop has been gathered in; these
eget were the privilege of the pixies,
and to colt-pixy is to. deprive the pixies
of their perquisites.
_ Colt’s Revolver. A fire-arm which,
by means of revolving barrels, can be
fired several times without intermission.
This instrument was patented by Colonel

Samuel Colt, U-S., in 1835.

Colt’s-tooth. The love of youthful
pleasure. Chaucer uses the word ‘“‘ colt-
ish ”’ for skittish. Horses have at three
years old the colt’s-tooth. The allusion
is to the colt’s teeth of animals, a period

Columbine

of their life when their passions are
strongest.
“ Her merry dancing-days are done ;
She has a co}t’s-tooth still, I warrant,”
King : Orpheus and Eurydice
“ Well said, Lord Sands ;
Your colt’s-tooth is not cast yet.”
Shakespeare: Henry VIIT., 1. 3.
Col‘umbine (3 syl.). The sweetheart
of Harlequin, and, like him, supposed
to be invisible to mortal eyes. Colwm-
6: na in Tialian is a pet-name for a lady-
love, and means a Kttle dove, a young
coquette.
Columbus, His signature was—
1.6... Servidor

S. A. S. Sus Altemas Sacras

X. M. Y. Jesus Maria Isabel
Xto. FERENS Christo-pher

El Almirante El Almirante.

In English, ‘‘Servant—of their Sacred
Highnesses—Jesus Mary and Isabella
—Christopher—the Admiral.”’

The second Columbus.
Field was so called by John Bright when
he completed the Atlantic Cable. Born
at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, 1819.

Columbus of the Skies (Ze). Sir
F, William Herschel, discoverer of
Georgium Sidus (Uranus), 1738-1822.

Column,

The Alexandrine Column. Made of
granite; in memory of the Emperor
Alexander,

The Column of Antoninus. At Rome;
made of marble, 176 feet high ; in memory
of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Anto-
ninus. Like that of Trajan, this column
is covered externally with spiral bas-
reliefs representing the wars carried on
by the emperor.

"Sixtus V. caused the original statue of this

column to be supplanted by a figure of St. Paul.
(See Trajan’s Column.)

The Column of Arcadius. At Con-
stantinople ; made of marble.
Column at Boulogne. To com-

memorate the camp of Boulogne. This
formidable army was intended for the
inyasion of England. England also
girded herself for battle, and here the
matter ended. The Column perpetuates
the memory of this threat.

The Duke of York's Column, in London,
at the top of the steps leading into St,
James’s Park. rected in 1830-1833 in
memory of Frederick, Duke of York,
second son of George III., who died in
1827. It is of the Tuscan order, was

278 Comazants

Cyrus West |

designed by RK. Wyatt, and is made of .

Aberdeenshire granite On the summit
is a statue of the duke by Sir R. West-
taacott.

The Column of July. 1832, Paris;
made ot bronze, and erected on the spot
where the Bastille stood, to commemo-
rate the revolution of July, 1830, when
Charles X. abdicated. It is surmounted
with a statue of Liberty standing on one
foot.

London's Cotuunn, (See MONUMENT.)

Nelson’s Column. In Trafalgar Square,
London ; was erected in 1843. The four
lions, by Landsee1, were added in 1867.
The order of the Column is Corinthian,
and the materia! Devonshire granite.
The reliefs are (zorth side) the,battle of
the Nile, where Nelson was wounded ,
(south side) Nelson's death at the battle
of Trafalgar ; (east side) the bombard-
ment of Copenhagen; and (west sede)
the battle of St. Vincent. The column
is surmounted by a statue of Nelson by
E. FH. Baily. ;

Cojumn of the Place Vendéme. Paris,
1806-1810 ; made of bronze, and erected
in honour of Napoleon I. The spiral
outside represents in bas-relief the battles
of Napoleon I., ending with Austerlitz
in 1805. It is a facsimile of Trajan’s
Column.

In 1871 the statue of Napoleon, which
surmounted this column, was hurled to
the ground by the Communists, but in
1874 a statue of Liberty was substituted
for the original one.

Pompey’s Column. In Egypt, made
of marble.

Trajan’s Column. At Rome, made of
marble, a.p. 114, by Apollodorus. It is
132 feet in height, and has inside a
spiral staircase of 185 steps, and 40
windows to let in light. It was sur-
mounted by a statue of the Emperor
Trajan, but Sixtus V. supplanted the
original statue by that of St. Peter. The
spiral outside represents in bas-reliefs
the battles of the emperor.

Columns or Hercules. Two large
pyramidal uclumns set up by the Phe.
nicians as lighthouses and landmarks,
dedicated, one to Herculés (the sun),
and the other to Astarté (the moon).

By the Greeks and Romans the two
pyramidal mountains at the Straits of
Gibraltar (Calpé and Ab¥la), the former
in Europe and the latter in Afriva, were
termed the Pillars of Herculés,

Coma Eereni‘ces (4 syl.j)- (See
BERENICE.)

Com/azants. Called St. Elmo fires
by the French, Castor and Pollux by the
Romans. A celestial light seen occa-
sionally to play round mast-heads, ete,

i te ie

Comb

(Latin, co’ma, hair.) Virgil makes good
use of this phenomenon while Ainéas is
hesitating whether to leave burning
Troy or not: :

“Ecce levis summo de verticé visus Tuli
Fundere lumen apex, tractuque innoxia mosu
Lambere flamma comas, et circum tempora pasci
Hoy. pavidj trepidare metu, crinemque flagran-

e

Excutere, et sanctos restinguere fontibus
ignes.”
When old Anchises interferes, and a
falling star is interpreted to mean that
Jupiter will lead them forth securely,
(inéid, ii. 682, etc.)
Comb.
A crabtree comb. A cudgel applied to

the head. To smooth your hair with a.

crabtree comb, is to give the head a
knock with a stick,

Reynard’s poagertel comb, This comb
existed only in the brain of Master Fox.
He said it was made of the Pan’thera’s
bone, the perfume of which was so
fragrant that no one could resist fol-
lowing it ; spa ike deers of the Cm
was always cheerful and merry. -
nard the 2 1ae chap. ii.) sed a

To comb one’s head. To humiliate a
person, or to give him a ‘set down.’ ©

“Tll carry you with me tomy country box, and

keep you out of harm's way, till I find you a wife °

who will com) your head for you."—Bulwer=
Lytton: What will he do with it? iv, 16.

To comb your noddle with a three-legged”

stool (Taming of the Shrew, i. 1) 1s to
beat you about the head with a stool,
Many stools, such as those used by milk-
maids,

are still made with three legs;
and these handy weapons seem to have:

been used at one time pretty freely,
especially by angry women,

To cut one’s comb. To take down a
person’s conceit. In allusion to the prac-
tice of cutting the combs of capons.

To set up one’s comb is to be cockish
and vainglorious.

Comb the Cat (Zo). To run your
fingers through the lashes of a cat-o’+
nine-tails to Bag tangle them.

Come and take Them. The teply
of Leon’idas, King .of Sparta, to the

messengers sent by Xerxes to Thermop’- *

yle. Xerxes said, ‘‘Go, and tell those
madmen to deliver up their arms,’’

Leonidas replied, ‘‘ Go, and tell Xerxes

to come and take them.”

Come Ather (pron. ah-ther) means,
when addressed to horses, ‘‘come hither”’
—i.e. to the left, the side on which the
teamsman wal! (See W00’18H.)

Come Down a Peg. Humiliated;
lowered in dignity, tone, demands, ete.

279

- one to do or give something.

Com6é

“ Well, he has come down a peg or two, and he
don't like it."—Huggard,

A come down. Toss of prestige or
position,

“* Now I’m your worship's washerwoman,’ The
dignitary coloured, and said that ‘ this was rather
@ come down,’”’—Jieade,

Come Down upon One (70). To
reproach, to punish severely, to make a

peremptory demand,

Come Home. Return to your house;
to touch one’s feelings or interest.

“No poetry was ever more human than Chan-
cer’s ; hone ever came more generally ... home
to ite readers."—Green ; Short History of the Eng-

..Hish People, chap, v.

-Come it. Has he come it? Has he
lent the money? Has he hearkened to
your request? Has he come over to

| yourside? Also, ‘‘Out with it!”

Come it Strong. Lay it on thick;
to exaggerate or overdo, (See DRawjiIT
Mix.)

Come Lightly, Lightly come, lightly
go. There is a somewhat similar Latin

_ proverb, sale parta, male dilabuntur.

Come Of. What's to come of it?
Whats to come of him? A contracted
form of become, To come of [a good
stock] isto be descended from [a good
family].

Come Off (Zc). To occur, to take
place, ‘(Anglo-Saxon, of-cuman = Latin,
pro-cedo, to proceed.)

To come of with honours is to proceed

. to the end successfully.

Pome On! A challenge to fight with
3.

Come Out. Said of a young lady
after she has been introduced at Court,
or has entered into society as a ‘‘ grown-

up’? person, She ‘comes out into
society.’”
‘Come Over One (Zo). To wheedle

(Anglos
Saxon, ofer-cwman, to overcome.) To
come over one is in reality to conquer or
get your own way.

Come Round. (Se Comtna, etc.), |

Come Short (Zo). Not to be suffi-
cient. ‘To come short of’? means to
miss or fail of attaining.

Come That, as, Can you come that?

I can’t come that. Here, ‘come’? means
to arrive at, to accomplish,

Come the Religious Dodge (70)

-means to ask or seek some favour under

tence of a religious motive. Here
“come”? means to come and introduce.
(See Donez.

Come

Come to. Amount to, to obtain
possession. ‘‘It will not.come to much.**

Come to Grief (Zo). To fail, to
prove a failure, as, “‘the undertaking
(or gy) came to grief,” 2.¢. to a
grievous end.

Come to Hand (It has). Been re-
ceived. ‘‘Come into my hand.” In
Latin, ad manus (alicujus) pervenire.

“Your letter came to hand yesterday,"—4.
Trollope, 6

Come to Pass (70). To happen, to
befall, to come mote ae

“What thou hast spoken is come to pass.’—

Jer. Xxxii. 24,

“It came to pass [éyevero) in those days that
there went out a decree."—Luke ii. 1.

Come to an End. To terminate.
The allusion is to travelling, when the
traveller has come to the end of his
journey.

Come to the Hammer. To be sold
by auction.

Come to the Heath. Totip. Apun
taken from the place called Tip-tree
Heath, in Essex. Our forefathers, and
the French too, delighted in these sort

of puns. A great source of slang. (See
Curvy.) ;
Come to the Point. Speak out

plainly what you want; do not beat
about the bush, but state at once what
you wish to say. The point is the gist
or grit of a thing. Circumlocution is
wandering round the point with words;
to come to the point is to omit all need-
less speech, and bring all the straggling
rays to a focus or point.

Come to the Scratch.
Scratcu.)

Come to the Worst. Jf the worst
come to the worst ; even if the very worst
occurs,

Come Under (Zo). To fall under;
to be classed under.

Come Up. Marry, come up! (See
Marry.) ‘*To come up to” means to
equal, to obtain the same number of
marks, to amount to the same quantity.

Come Upon the Parish (70). To
live in the workhouse; to be supported
by the parish.

Come Yorkshire over One (70).
To bamboozle one, to overreach one,
Yorkshire has always been proverbial for
shrewdness and sharp practice. ‘‘I’s
Yorkshire too” means, I am ’cute as you
are, and am not to be taken in,

(See

280

‘signify wine of superior qua.

Commendam

Comedy meansa village-song (Greek,
komé=6de), referring to the village merry-
makings, in which comic songs still take
a conspicuous place. The Greeks had
certain festal processions of great licen-
tiousness, held in honour of Diony’sos,
in the suburbs of their cities, and termed
ko'mot or village-revels. On these occa-
sions an ode was generally sung, and
this ode was the foundation of -Greek
comedy. (See TRAGEDY.)

The Father of comedy. Aristoph’anés,
the Athenian (B.c. 444-380),

Comes (2 syl.). A Latin military
title, now called count on the continent
of Europe, but earl in England from the

Saxon earldorman (alderman), Danigh

eorle. The wife of an earl is called
countess, 3

Comet Wine. A term of bi yeh
ity. <A
notion prevails that the grapes in cémet
years are better in flavour than in other
years, either because the weather is
warmer and ripens them better, or
because the comets themselves exércise
some chemical influence on them. Thus,
wine of the years 1811, 1826, 1839, 1846,
1852, 1858, 1861, etc., have a repute.

“ The old gentleman yet nurses some few bottles
of the famous comet year (i.e. 1811), emphatically
called comet wine.”—The Times.

Coming Round. He is coming
round, Recovering from sickness; Yee
covering from a fit of the sulks; re-
turning to fnendship. Death is the
end of life, and therefore recovering
from ‘‘sickness nigh unto death”? is
coming back to health, or coming round:
the corner. |

Command Night. In theatrical par-
lance, a night on which a certain play is
performed by command of some person
of authority or influence. .

Commandment. The eleventh com=*
mandment. Thou shalt not. be fourd
out,

“ After all, that Eleventh Commandment ix the
only one that is vitally important to keep in
pice tae —B, H. Buxton; Jennie of the Prince's,

The ten commandments. The ten
fingers or nails, (Shakespeare: 2 Henry

a i Oh) -

Comme il Faut (French, pronounce
cum eel fo), as it should be; quite
proper; quite according to etiquette or
rule, } ’

Commen‘dam., 4 living tn com-
mendam is a living held by a bishop till
an incumbent is appointed. When a
clergyman accepts a bishopric he loses
all his previous preferment; but jn

Commendation

erder that these livings may not be
uncared for, they are commended by the
Crown to the care of the new bishop till
they can be properly transferred. Abol-
ished in 1836,

Commendation Ninepence. A
bent silver ninepence, supposed to be
lucky, and commonly used in the seven-

century as a love-token, the giver
or sender using these words, ‘‘ From my
love, to my love.’? Sometimes the coin
was broken, and each kept a part.

“Tike commendation ninepence, crooked,
‘With ‘To and frém my love,’ it looked.”
’ utler : Hudibras, i. 1.
“Filbert : As this divides, thus are we torn in

wain.
Kitty: And as this“meets, thus may we meet
again.”
Gay: What d'ye Call It?

Commis-voyageur (4). A com-
mercial traveller,

Committee. 4 committee of the
whole house, in Parliamentary language,
is when the Speaker leaves the chair and
all the members form a committee,
where anyone may speak once or more
than once, In such cases the chair is
occupied by the chairman of committees,
elected with each new Parliament.

A standing committee,in Parliamentary
language, is a committee which con-
tinues to the end of the current session.
To this committee are referred all ques-
tions which fall within the scope of their
appointment.

_ Committing Falsehood, Swind-

ling. ~

The Earl of Rosebery poitited out
that the expression ‘‘ committing false-
hood’’ in Scotch law was synonymous
with what in England was called swind-
ling (April 25th, 1885).

Commodity of Brown Paper (4).
Rubbish served as make-weight ; worth-
jess stock ; fers palmed off on the
inexperienced. In most auctions the
buyer of a lot has a fair share of the
commodity of brown paper. Rubbish
given to supplement a loan,

“ Here's young Master Rash’! he’s in for a com-
modity of brown paper and old ginger, nine-score
and seventeen pounds [i.e. £197, a part of the
advance being old ginger and hrown paper).”—
Shakespeare: Measwre for Measure, iv, 3.

Commodore. A corruption of ‘‘ com-
mander”’ (French, commandeur ; Spanish,
comendador). A naval officer in tem-
porary command of a squadron or divi-
sion of a fleet. He has the pay of a
rear-admiral.

Common Pleas. Civil actions at
law brought by one subject against
another—not by the Crown against a

281

Companions

subject. The Court of Common Pleas is
for the trial of civil [not capital]
offences. In 1875 this court was abol-
ished, and in 1880 it was represented by
the Common Pleas Division and merged
in the King’s [or Queen’s] Bench Divi-
sion,

Common Prayer. The Book of
Common Prayer. The book used by the
Established Church of England in ‘ di-
vine service.’”? Common, in this case,
means united,

Common Sense does nof mean that
good sense which is common, or com-
monly needed in the ordinary affairs of
life, but the sense which is common to
all the five, or the point where the five
senses meet, supposed to be the seat of
the soul, where it judges what is pre- _
sented by the senses, and decides the
mode of action. .(See SEVEN SENSES; )

Commoner, The Great Commoner,

1. Sir John Barnard, who, in 1737,
proposed to reduce the interest of the
national debt from 4 per cent. to 3 per
cent., any creditor being at liberty to
receive his principal: in full if he pre-
ferredit. Mr. Goschen (1889-90) reduced.
the 3 per cents. to 2.
nie pe dont Pitt, the statesman (1759-
06). 4

Commons. To put one on short com-
mons. ‘To stint him, to give him scanty
meals, In the University of Cambridge
the food provided for each student at
breakfast is called his commons ; hence
food in general or meals. __

To come into commons. To enter a
society in which the members have a:
common or general dinner table.

Commons in Gross—that is, at
large. These are commons granted to
individuals and their heirs by deed, or
claimed by prescription as by a parson
or corporation.

Commonwealths (Ideal). ‘‘Utopia”’
by Sir Thomas More, ‘‘ The New Atlan-
tis’? by Lord Bacon, ‘‘ The City of the
Sun’? by Campanella, etc.

Companion Ladder. The ladder
leading from the poop to the main deck.
The ‘‘companion way”’ is the staircase.
to the cabin. (Dana: Seaman’s Manual.)

“¢ ‘The staircase from the deck to the
cabin.

Companions of Jehu. The Chouans
were so called, from a fanciful analogy
between their self-imposed task and that
appointed to Jehu, on being set over the
kingdom of Israel, Jehu was to cut off

Comparisons

282

Conciergerie

Ahab and Jezebel, with all their house,
and all the priests of Baal. The Chouans
were to cut off all who assassinated Louis

XVI., and see that his brother (Jehu) —

was placed on the throne.

Comparisons are QOdorous. So
says Dogberry, (Much Ado About
Nothing, iii, 5.)

“ We own your verses are melodious,

But then comparisuns are odious." _
Swift Answer to Sheridan's “ Simile.”

Complementary Colours. (See
CoLourRs.)

Complexion literally means ‘ what
embraces er contains,’’ and the idea im-
plies that the colour of the skin corre-
sponds to the habit of body, and the
habit of body answers to the element
which predominates. If fire predomi-
nates, the person is dilious or full of
bile, if air, he is eanguine or full of
blood , if earth, the body is melancholic
or full of black bile, if water, it is
phleg’matic or full of phlegm. The first
is hot and dry, the second hot and
moist, tho third cold and dry, and the
last moist and cold like water.

“Tis ill, tho’ different your complexions are [i.e,
‘ Dryden.

dispositions). 4
“Cretans through mere complexion jie.”
Pitt: Hymn of Callimachus,
Com’pline (2 syl.). The last service
of the day in the Roman Catholic
Church, First appointed by the abbot
Benedict in the sixth century. The
word is a corruption of completo’rium.
In ecclesiastical Latin vesperinus, from
vesper, means evening service, and com-
pletinus is formed on ‘the same model.

Compostella. A nig eae of Gia-
como-postolo (James the
pled after his relics were transferred
thither from Iria Flavia (El Padron) on
the borders of Galicia, in the ninth
century. Leéo III. transferred the See
of Iria Flavia to Compostella. (Some-
where between 810 and 816.)

Compte rendu. The account already
sent; the account of particulars deli-
vered; a report of proceedings.

Com’rade (2 syl.). The name of
Fortu’nio’s fairy horse. It ate but once
a week; knew the past, present, and
future; and spake with the voice of a
man. (Grimm's Goblins > Fortunio.)
(See Horse.)

Com’rades (2 syl.). Those who slee
in the same bed-chamber. It isa Spanis
military term derived iront the custom

of dividing soldiers into chambers, The.

postle). So .

proper spelling is camerades, men of the
same cain’era (chamber).

Co’/mus, God of revelry, Milton
represents him as a male Circé. (Greek,
komos, carousal, ) ;

“This nymph [Circe], that gazed upon his [Bac-
chus’s) clustering locks, .... F
Had by Bee he parted thence, a son,
Mucb like bis father, but his mother more,
Whom therefore she brought up, and Comus
named,” Milton: Comus, 54-58.

Comus. The elder brother in this
domestic drama is meant for Lord Vis-
count Brackley, eldest son of John,
Earl of Bridgewater, president of Wales.
The younger brother is Mr. Thomas
Egerton. The lady is Lady Alice Eger-
ton. (Milton.)

Comus’s Court. A social gathering
formerly held at the Half-Moon Tavern
in Cheapside, London.

Con Amo’re (Italian). With heart
and soul; as, ‘‘ He did it con amore’? —
2.e lovingly, with delight, and therefore
in good earnest.

Con Commode (Italian). Ata con-
venient rate. A musical term.

Con Spirito (Italian). With quick-
ness and vivacity. A musical term.

Co‘nan. The Thersi’tés of “‘ Fingal ;’’
brave even to rashness.

Blow for blow or claw for claw, as
Conan said, Conan made a vow never
to take a blow without returning it;
when he descended into the infernal
regions, the arch-fiend gave him a cuff,
which Conan instantly returned, saying
‘*Claw for claw.”

“* Blow for blow, as Conan said to the deyil.”—
Scott: Waverley, chap. xxii.

Concert Pitch. The degree of
sharpness or flatness adopted by a
number of musicians acting in concert,
that all the instruments may be in ac-
cord. Generally, a particular note is
selected for the standard, as A or C,
this note is put into the proper pitch,
and all other notes are regulated by it.

Concerto (Italian). A composition
intended to display the powers of some
particular instrument, with orchestral
accompaniments. -

Con’cierge (3 syl.). French. The
door - porter of a public or private
‘Chotel,’? or house divided into flats,
or of a prison.

Conciergerie, (French.) The office
or room of a concierge or porter’s lodge ;
a state prison During the Revolution
it was the prison where the chief victims
were confined prior to exeeution,

Conclave

283

Congregationalists

Conclave (2 syl.). A set of rooms,
all of which are entered by one common
key (Latin, con cla’vis), The word is
applied to the little deal cells erected in
some large apartment for the cardinals
who meet to choose a new Pope, because
the long gallery of the Vatican between
the cells and the windows of the palace
is common ground to all the conclavists,
The assembly itself is, by a figure of
speech, also called a conclave.

Conclama’tio, amongst the ancient
Romans, was similar to the Irish howl
over the dead ; and, asin Ireland, women
led the funeral cortége, weeping osten-
tatiously and gesticulating, ‘One not
howled over ”’ (corpus nondum conclama’-
tum) meant, one ‘at the point of death;
and ‘ one howled for’’ was one given up
for dead or really deceased. Virgil tells
us that the ululation was a Pheenician
custom’ and therefore he makes the
pam! ring with howls when Dido burnt

erself to death,

“ Lamentis, gemituque, et foemineo ululato,

Texta fremont.” AMmeid, iv. 667.

Conclamatum est.. He is dead past
all h The sense of hearing is gener-
ally the last to fail in the hour of death,
hence the Romans were accustomed to
call on the deceased three times by
name, and if no indication of hearing
was shown death was considered certain.
Conclamatum est, he has been called and
shows no sign.

Concerd is Strength. The wise
saw oi Periander, ‘‘tyrant”’ of Corinth
(B.C. 665-585).

Concor’dat. An agreement made
between a ruler and the Pope relative
to the collation of benefices. As the
Concordat of 1801 between Napoleon
Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII.; the
Concordat of 1516 between Francois I,
and Pope Leo X, to abolish the “‘ prag-
matic sanction;”? and the Germanic
Concordat of 1448 between Frederick
IM. and Pope Nicholas V.

Condign’. Latin; condignus (well
worthy) ; as condign punishment—i.e,
punishment well deserved,

“Tn thy con’dign praise.”
> akespeare: Love's Labour's Lost, i..2,

Condottie’ri, Leaders of military
adventurers in the fifteenth century.
The most noted of these brigand leaders
in Italy were Guarnie’ri, Lando, Fran-
ces'co of ola, and Franceséo
Sforza. Giacomo Sforza, the son of
Francesco, married the daughter of
fhe Duke of Milan, and succeeded his

father-in-law,
dottiére (5 syl.),

Confed’erate States. The eleven
States which revolted from the Union in
the late American Civil War (1861-1866)
—viz. Georgia, North and South Caro-
lina, Virgin‘ia, Tennessee’, Alabama,
Louisia‘na, Arkan’sas, Mississip’pi, and
Flor'ida and Texas,

Confedera'tion of the Rhine. Six-
teen German provinces in 1806 dissolved
their connection with Germany, and
allied themselves with France. At the
downfall of Napoleon in 1814 this con-
federation melted away of itself.

Confession, John of Nep’omuc,
canon of Prague, suffered déath rather
than Violate the seal of confession, The
Emperor Wenceslas ordered him to be
thrown off a bridge into the Moldau, be-

ause he refused to reveal the confession
of the empress, He was canonised as

The singular js Con-

St. John Nepomu’cen.
Confis‘cate (3 syl.). To forfeit tu
the public treasury. (Latin, con jiscus,

with the tribute money.)

“ Tf thou dost shed one drop of Christian blood,
Thy lands and goods are, by the laws of Venice,
Confiscate to the State.of Venice.”

Shakespeare: Merchant-of Venice, iv. 1.
Confusion. Worse Confounded.
Disorder made worse than before,
“ With ruin upon ruin, rout on rout,
Confusion worse confounded,” _
Milton: Paradise Lost, }i, line 996,
Congé, “ To give-a person his congé”

is to dismiss him from your service,
‘« To take one’s congé ” is to give notice
to friends of your departure, This is
done by leaving a card at the friend’s
house with the letters P.P.C, (pour
prendre eal inscribed on the left-hand
comer. (French, donner eongé and don-
ner & son congé.) -

Congé d’Elire (Norman - French,
leave to elect). A royal warrant given
to the dean and chapter of a diotese to
elect the person nominated by the Crown
to their vacant see,

Congle’ton Bears, The men of
Congleton. It is said that the Congle-
ton parish clerk sold the church Bible'to
buy a bear.

Congrega'tionalists, Those Pro-
testant Dissenters who maintain that
each congregation is an independent
community, and has a right to make its
own laws and choose its own minister.
any. rose in the time of Queen Eliza-

e

Congreve 284

Congreve. Rockets.
called from Sir William Con
son of Lieut.-Colonel Sir
greve (1772-1828),

Congreves. A predecessor of Lucifer
matches. The splints were first dipped
in sulphur, and then tipped with the
chlorate of potash paste, in which gum
was substituted for sugar, and there was
added a smal] quantity of sulphide of
antimony The match was ignited by
being drawn through a fold of sand-

aper with pressure These matches,
ine dangerous, were prohibited in
(See PRomE-

(1808.) So
eve, eldest
illiam Con-

France and Germany.
THEANS ; LUCIFEBRS.)

Conjugal. What pertains to con-
jugés (yoke-fellows). In ancient times
a yoke (jugum) was put on a man and
woman by way of marriage ceremony,
and the two were said to be yoked
together by marriage.

Con'juring Cap. J must put on my
conjuring cap—i.e. your question re-
quires deliberate thought, and I must
reflectonit. Eric XIV., King of Sweden,
was a great admirer of magic, and had
an ‘‘enchanted cap’’ made, either to
keep his head warm or for mystification.
He pretended to have power over the
elements; and when a storm arose, his
subjects used to say ‘‘ The king has got
cu his conjuring cap.”

Connecticut, U.S. America, is the
Indian Quin-neh-tuk-qut, meaning
‘‘land of the long tidal river.”

Connubialis de Mulcibre fecit
Apellem. Love turned a blacksmith
into a great artist. Said of Quentin
Matsys, the blacksmith of Antwerp, who
was in love with an artist’s daughter.
The father scorned the alliance, and said
he should not be accepted unless he
made himself a worthy artist. This did
Matsys and won his bride. The sen-
tence may be seen still on the monument
of Quentin Matsys outside Antwerp
cathedral,

Conqueror. The Conqueror.
Alexander the Great. The conqueror
of the world. (B.0. 356, 336-323.)
Wes of Portugal. (1094, 1137-
185.}
Aurungzebe the Great. Alemgir. The
most powerful of the great Moguls,
(1618, 1659-1707.) :
James 1, of Aragon. (1206, 1213-1276.)
Othman or Osman I, Founder of the
Turkish power. (1259, 1299-1326.)
Francisco Pizarro, Conquistador, So

Conscience

calles because he conquered Peru, (1476-
1541.)

William, Duke of Normandy. So
called because he obtained England by
conquest, (1027, 1066-1087.)

Conqueror’s Nose (4), A promin-
ent straight nose, rising at the bridge.
Charlemagne had such a nose, so had
Henry the Fowler (Heinrich I. of Ger-
many), Rudolf 1. of Germany; Fried-
rich I. of Hohenzollern, fatnous for
reducing to order his unruly barons by
blowing up their castles (1382-1440) ;
our own ‘Iron Duke,’’ Bismarck, the
iron Chancellor of Prussia, ete.

Conquest (Zhe). The accession of
William I. to the crown of England.
So called because his Se depended on
his conquest of Harold, the reigning
king. (1066.)

Con'rad (Lord). Afterwards called
Lara, the corsair, A prond, ascetic, but
successful captain. earing that the
Sultan Seyd was about to attack the
pirates, Conrad assumed the disguise of
a dervish and entered the palace, while
his crew set fire to the sultan’s fleet,
The trick being discovered, Conrad was
taken prisoner, but was released by Gul-
nare, the sultan’s favourite concubine,
whom he had rescued from the flaming
palace. Gulnare escaped with the cor-
sair to the Pirates’ Isle, and when Con-
rad found Medo’ra dead, he left the
island, and no one knew whither he
went, The rest of his adventures are
recorded under his new name of Lara.
(Byron: The Corsair.) ;

Conscience.

Have you the conscience to [demand

such a price]. Can your conscience
allow you to [demand such a price}.
Conscience is the secret monitor within
man which accuses or excuses him, as
he aces what he thinks to be wrong or
right.
In all conscience. As, ‘‘ And enough
too, in all conscience.’? Meaning that
the demand made is as much as con-
science would tolerate without accusing
the person of actual dishonesty ; to the
verge of that fine line which separates
honesty from dishonesty.

My conscience! Anoath. Iswear by
my conscience.

Court of Conscience, Established for
the recovery of small debts in London
and other trading places, These courts
have been superseded by county courts,

* Why should not Conscience baye yacation,

As well as other courts o’ the nation ? -
Butler: Hudibvas, i. 2.

Conscience

Nonconformist Conscience.
CONFORMIST.)

Conscience Clause (4). A clause
in an Act of Parliament to relieve per-
sons with conscientious scruples from
certain requirements in it.

Conscience Money. Money paid
pac Eanes to Government by persons
who have defrauded the revenue. Their
conscience being uneasy, they send the
deficit to the , and the sum is
advertised in the Gazette.

Conscious Water. The conscious
water saw its God, and blushed (Nympha
pudica Deum vidit, et erubuit). Crashaw’
Fa miracle of Cana in

ee. ‘*The modest water’? would
be a closer rendering.

Conscript Fathers. In Latin, Patres
Conscripti. The Romansenate. Romu-
lus instituted a senate consisting of a
hundred elders, called Patres (Fathers).
After the Sabines joined the State,
another hundred were added. Tar-

uinius Priscus, the fifth king, added a
third hundred, called Patres Mindrum
Gentium. When Tarquinius Superbus,
the seventh and last king of Rome, was
banished, several of the senate followed
him, and the vacancies were filled up by
Junius Brutus, the first consul The
new members were enrolled in the sena-
torial register, and called Conscripti; the
entire body was then addressed as Patres
[et] Conscripti or Paires, Conscripti.

Consen'tes Dii. The twelve chief
— — eS

upiter, o, Mars, Neptune, Mer-
% Valen i

pe an ¥

uno, Vesta, Minerva, Cerés, Diana,

and Venus. a ESS he Y
Ennius puts them into two hexameter

verses :

“Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus,

Mercurius, Jovi’. Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo.”
° Called ‘‘ consentes,” says Varro,
“Quia in consilium Jovis adhibebantur."—De
Lingua Latina, vii. 28.
onngies fe = A os
ions for or evil.
Judges v. arte vend Gant “the stars in

(See Now-

their courses fought against Sisera,”’ i.e.
formed unlucky or mali t configura-
tions,

hs oo ence et Seb asaes ef

union of Church and State, and not
radically to alter the constitution, The

285

ee

Constable

word was first used in this sense in 1830,
in the January number of the Quarterly
Review—‘‘ We have always been con-
scientiously attached to what is called
the Jory, and which might with more
propriety be called the Conservative
party ”’ (p. 276).

= Canning, ten years previously, had
used the word in a speech delivered at
Liv l in March, 1820. In Lord
Salisbury’s Ministry those Whigs and
Radicals who joined the Conservatives
were called ‘‘ Liberal Unionists ** because
they objected to give Ireland a separate
parliament (1885).

Co. (4). An ecclesiastical
court. In Rome it consists of the car-
dinals, ided over by the Pope. In
England it is a.diocesan court, presided
over by the chancellor of the diocese.

Consolidated Fund (7Ae). In 1757
an Act was passed for consolidating the
nine loans bearing different interests,
into one common loan bearing an interest
of three per cent. In 1890 this interest
was reduced to two and three-quarter
per cent. ; and in 1903 will be still further
reduced to two and a-half per cent.
This fund is pledged for the payment of
the interest of the national debt, the
civil list, the salaries of the ju , am-
bassadors, and other high officials, etc.

Consols. A contraction of Consoli-
dated Fund. (See above.)

Con'sort is, property, one whose /of

is cast in with another. «As the Queen

does not lose by marriage her separate
existence, like other women, her husband
is called a consort, because he consorts
with the Queen, but does not share her
sovereignty.
“ Wilt thou be our consort ?"

Shakespeare : emen of Verona, iv. 1.

Conspirators. Members of a com-
mercial ring or corner. (See CORNER,
Trusts.) These merchants “‘ conspire"’
to-fix the price of articles, and make the

ublic bleed ad libitum. x = —

w it means persons who league to-
gether to do something unlawful.

Con’stable (Latin, comés-stad'uli)
means ‘‘ Master of the Horse."* The
constable of ome and saa he <
one time a military officer n
in rank to the crown.

To overrun or outrun the constable. To

t into debt; spend more than one’s
income ; to talk about what you do not
understand. (See below.)

“ Quoth Hudibras, Friend Ralph, thou bast
Gasran tae castes ations =

‘Constable

For thou bast fallen on a new
Dispute, as senseless as untrue.” 2
Butler: Hudibras, i. 3.

Who's to pay the constable? Who is
to pay the score?

e constable arrests debtors, and, of
course, represents the creditor; where-
fore, to overrun the constable is to
overrun your credit account. To pay
the constable is to give him the money
due, to prevent an arrest,

Constable de Bourbon. Charles,
Duc de Bourbon, a powerful enemy of
Francois I. He was Killed while heading
the assault on Rome, (1527.)

Constantine Tolman (Cornwall).
A vast egg-like stone, thirty-three feet
in length, eighteen in width, and four-
teen in thickness, placed on the points
of two natural rocks, so that a man may
creep under it. The stone upheld weighs
750 tons.

Constantine’s Cross. In Latin,
vincés in hoc; in English, By this con-
quer. Itis said that Constantine, on his

march to Rome, saw a luminous
cross in the sky, in the shape and
with the motto here’ given. In
the night before the battle of
Saxa Rubra a vision appeared
to him in his sleep, commanding
him to inscribe the cross and the motto
on the shields of his soldiers. He obeyed
the voice of the vision, and prevailed.
The monogram is XPigros (Christ). (See
Gibbon: Decline and Fall, chap. xix. n.)

This may be called a standing miracle
in legendary history ; for, besides An-
drew’s cross, and the Dannebrog or red
cross of Denmark (q.v.), we have the
cross which appeared to Don Alonzo
before the battle of Ourique in 1139,
when the Moors were totally routed with
incredible slaughter. As Alonzo was
drawing up his men, the figure of a cross
appeared in the eastern sky, and Christ,
suspended on the cross, promised the
Christian king a complete victory. This
legend is commemorated by the device
assumed by Alonzo, in a field argent five
escutcheons azure, in the form of a cross,
each escutcheon being charged with five
bezants, in memory of the five wounds
of Christ. (See LABARUM.)

Constit‘uent Assembly. The first
of the national assemblies of the French
Revolution; so called because it took
an oath never to separate till it had

a to France @ constitution. (1788-

791.

Constit’uents. Those who constitute
or elect members of Parliament. (Latin,
constit'no, to place or elect, etc.)

,

|

286 Contenement
Constitution. The fundamental laws
of a state. It may be either despotic,

aristocratic, democratic, or mixed,

To give a nation a constitution is to
give it fixed laws even to the limitation
of the sovereign’s rights, so that the
people are not under the arbitrary
caprice of a ruler, but under a known
code of laws. A despotism or autocracy
is solely under the unrestricted will of
the despot or autocrat.

Constitu'tions of Clar’endon. (See
CLARENDON.) :

Apostolic Constitutions, A ‘Catholic’?
code of both doctrine and discipline
collected by Clemens Romanus, The
word ‘‘ Apostolic,” as in the ‘* Apostles’
Creed,” does not mean made y the
Apostles, but what the ‘‘ Church”? con-
sidered to be in accordance with apos-
tolic teaching. ,

Con’strue. To translate. To trans-
late into English means to set an English
word in the place of a foreign word,
and to put the whole sentence in good
grammatical order. (Latin, construo, to
construct. )

Consuelo (4 syl.). The impersona-
tion of moral purity in the midst of
temptations. The heroine of George
Sand’s (Mad. Dudevant’s) novel.of the
same name.

Contango. The sum paid by a
speculator on a ‘‘bull account” (te a
speculation on the rise in the price of
certain stock), to defer completing the
bargain till the next settling day. (See
BACKWARDATION.)

Con’template (3 syl.). To inspect or
watch the temple. The auguramong the
Romans, having taken his stand on the
Capitoline Hill, marked out with his
wand the space in the heavens he in-
tended to consult. This space he called
the templum. Having divided his
templum into two parts from top to
bottom, he watched to see what would
occur; the watching of the templum was
called contemplating.

Contempt’ of Court. Refusing to
conform to the rules of the law courts.
Consequential contempt is that which
tends to obstruct the business or lower
the dignity of the court by indirection.
Direct contempt is an open insult or
resistance to the judge or others officially
employed in the court.

Contenement,’ A word used in
Magna Charta, meaning the lands and
chattels connected with a tenement;

Contentment

also whatever befits the social position
of a person, as the arms of a gentle-
man,‘the merchandise of a trader, the
ploughs and wagons of a peasant, etc.

“In every case the contenement (a word ex-
pressive of chattels necessary to each man's
station) was exenipted from seizure,”—Hallam:
Middle Ages, part il, chap. viii. p. 342,

Contentment is true Riches. The
wisé saw of Democritos, the laughing
philosopher (8.c. 509-400.)

“Content is wealth, the riches of the mind ;

And happy le who can such riches find.”

Dryden: Wife of Bath's Tale,

Contests of Wartburg (Zhe), some-
times called The Battles of the Minstrels.
An annual contest held in Wartburg, in
Saxe Weimar, for a prize given by
Hermann, Margrave of Thuringia, for
the best poem. About 150 specimens of
these poems are still extant, by far the
best being those of Walter of Vogel-
weide, in Thuringia (1168-1230).

* The poem called The Contest of
Wartburg is by Wolfram, a minnesinger,
It records the contest of the two great
German schools of poetry in the thir-
teenth century—the Thuringian and the
Suabian. enry of Vogel-weide and
eee hg Ofterdingen represent the two
schools.

Continence of a Scip‘io. It is said
that a beautiful princess fell into the
hands of Scipio Africa’nus, and he re-
fused to see her, ‘“‘lest he should be
tempted to forget his principles,’’ The
same is said of Cyrus (see PantuEa), of

Anson (see THERESA), and of Alexander. .
A name.

Continental System.
given to Napcleon’s plan for shutting
out Great Britain from all commerce
with the continent of Europe. He
forbade under pain of war any nation
of Europe to receive British exports, or
to send imports to any of the British
dominions. It began Nov. 21st, 1806.

Contin'gent (4). The quota of
troops furnished by each of several con-
tracting powers, according to agreement.
The word properly means the number
Which falls to the lot of each; hence we
call.a fortuitous event a contingency.

” Contra bonos Mores (Latin). Not

fn accordance with good manners; not

comme il faut (q.v.).

Contretemps (French). A_mis-
chance, something inopportune. Liter-
ally, ‘‘ out of time.”

Conven'ticle means a “little con-
be and was originally applied to a
ca!

of monks against the election of -

287

Cooking

a proposed abbot. It now means a
religious meeting of dissenters. oe,
conventus, an assembly, with a di
utive.) (See CHAPEL.)

Conversation Sharp. Richard
Sharp, F.R.S., the critic. (1759-1835.)

Convey. <A polite term for steal.
Thieves are, by a similar euphemism,
called conveyers. (Latin, con-veho, to
carry away.)

“Convey, the wise it call. Steal! foh! a fico
for the phrase.’ — Shakespeare: Merry Wives of

Windsor, i. 3.
Conveyers. Thieves. (See above.)
“ Bolingbroke. ‘Go, some of you, convey him to
the Tower. .
Rich. II.‘ O, good! “Convey.” Conveyers are

That rise thus nimbly by a true king's fall?”
Shakespeare: Richard II, iv. 4,

Conway Cabal (Zhe), 1777. A
faction organised to place General Gates
at the head of the American army. He
conquered Burgoyne, October, 1777, at
Saratoga, and hoped to supplant Wash-
ington. The Conway referred to is the
town in New Brunswick, North America,
where the cabal was formed.

General Gates was conauered in 1780 by Lord
Cornwallis,

Con'yger or Coniigry. A watrep
for conies, a cony-burrow.,

Cooing and Billing, like Philip and
Mary on a shilling. The reference is
to coins struck in the year 1555, in which
Mary and her consort are placed face
to face, and not cheek by jowl, the
usual way.

“ Still amorous, and fond, and billing,

Like Philip and Mary ona sbilling.”
Hudibras, part iii,

Cook your Goose. (See GO0osE.)

Cooked. The books have been cooked.
The ledger and other trade books have
been tampered with, in order to show a
balance in favour of the bankrupt. The
term was first used in reference to
George Hudson, the railway king, under
whose chairmanship the Eastern Countins
Railway accounts were falsified. The
allusion is to preparing meat for table,

Cooking.

Terms belonging to cuisine applied to
man under different circumstances :

Sometimes he is well Jbasted; he
boils with rage, is baked with heat,
and burns with love or jealousy. Some-
times he is buttered and well but-

- tered; he is often cut up, devoured

with a flame, and done brown. We
dress his jacket for him; sometimes
he is eaten up with care; semetimes he

Cooks 288

Cool Hundred

is fried. We cook his goose for him, and
sometimes he makes a goose of himself.
We make a hash of him, arid at times he
makes a hash of something else. He
gets into hot water, and sometimes into
a7ess. Is made into mincemeat, makes
mincemeat of his money, and is often in
a pickle. We are often asked to toast
him, sometimes ho gets well roasted, is
sometimes set on fire, put into a stew, or
is inastewnooneknowswhy. A ‘soft’
is half-baked, one severely handled is
well peppered, to falsify accounts is to
salt them, wit is Attic salt, and an ex-
aggerated statement must be taken cum
grano salis, A sas young person is a
sauce box, a shy lover is a spoon, a rich
father has to fork out, and is sometimes
dished of his money.
ii. Connected with foods and drinks.

A conceited man does not think small
beer (or small potatoes) of himself, and
our mouth is called a potato-trap, A
simpleton is a cake, a gudgeon, and a
pigeon. Some are cool as a cucumber,
others hot as a quail. A chubby child is
a little dumpling. A man or woman
may be a cheese or duck. A courtesan
is called a mutton, and a large coarse
hand is a mutton fist. A greedy person
is 8 Pig, a fat one is a sausage, and a shy
one, if not a sheep, is certainly sheep-
ish ; while a Lubin casts sheep’s eyes at
his lady-love, A coward is chicken-
hearted, a fat person is crummy, and a
cross one is crusty, while an aristocrat
belongs to the upper crust of society. A
yeoman of the guards is a beef-eater, a
soldier a red herring, a policeman a
lobster, and a stingy, ill-tempered old
man is a crab, A walking advertiser
between two boards is a sandwich. An

alderman in his chair is a turkey hung”

with sausages, Two persons resembling
each other are like as two peas. A chit
is a mere sprat, a delicate maiden a
tit-bit, and a colourless countenance is
called a whey - face. ‘‘How now?
. . . Where got ye that whey-face?”

Cooks. Athenz’us affirms that’cooks
were the first kings of the earth.

In the luxurious ages of ancient Greece
Sicilian mn cpoks ok most anew end
received very. wages. ong them
Trimal’cio was very celebrated. It is
said that he could cook the most common
fish, and give it the flavour and look of
the most highly esteemed.

In the y days of Rome a chief
cook had £800 a year. Antony gave
the cook who his banquet for

Cleopatra the present of a city.

Modern Cooks.

CaRrEME. Called the ‘‘ Regenerator
of Cookery ”’ (ees Beas

Francatertt (Charles Elmé), who
succeeded Ude at Crockford’s. After-
wards he was appointed to the Royal
household, and cay. to the Reform
Club (1805-1876).

Soyer (Alezis), who died 1858. “His
epitaph is Soyer tranquille.

Upz. The most learned of modern
cooks, author of Science de Gueule. It
was Ude who said, ‘‘A cook must be
born a cook, he cannot be made.’
Another of his sayings is this: ‘‘ Music,
dancing, fencing, painting, and me-
chanics possess professors under the age
of twenty years, but pre-eminence in
cookery can never be attained under
thirty years of age.”” Ude was ae
Louis XIV., then to Lord Sefton, then
to the Duke of York, then to Crock-
ford’s Club. He left Lord Sefton’s

“

’ because on one occasion one of the

guests added pepper to his soup.

Vater, Ata féte given by the great
Condé to Louis XIV. at Cantilly the roti
at the twenty-fifth table was wanting.
Vatel being told of it exclaimed that
he could not survive such a disgrace.
Another messenger then announced that
the lobsters for the turbot-sauce had not
arrived, whereupon Vatel retired to his
room and, leaning his sword against the
wall, thrust himself through, and at the
third attempt succeeded in killing him-
self (1671).

Weursz. Cook to George while
Prince Regent.

Cool Card. You are a cool card (or
pretty cool card), A person who coolly
asks for something preposterous or out-
rageous. Card = character, hence a
queer card, a rum card, ete. And
“cool”? in this connection means coolly
impudent.

< Gifford says the phrase means a
“‘ cooling-card, or bolus’; but this is not
likely, as a cool-card acts generally as
an irritant. A person’s of ad
is given at the door, and represents the
person himself, and this without doubt
is the card referred to. ;

“You're a shaky old card ; and you can’t be in
love with this Lizzie.”"—Dickena- Our Mutual
Friend, book iii. chap. i. p. 192.

Cool as a Cucumber. Perfectly
composed ; neither angry nor agitated
in the least.

Cool Hundred (A) or Cool Thousand
or any other sum) means entire, or the
whole of £100. Cool, in this ¢ase,

Cool Tankard

289

Cophetua

means not influenced by hot-headed
enthusiasm or exaggeration.
“T lost a cool hundred myself.”—Mackenzie.

Cool Tankard (A) or Cool Cup, A
drink made of wine and water, with
lemon, sugar, and borage; sometimes
also slices of cucumber.

Coon (A) means a racoon, a small
American animal valued: for its fur. It
is about the size of a fox, and lodges in
hollow trees.

A gone coon, A person in a terrible
fix; one on the verge of ruin. ~ The
coon being hunted for its fur is a ‘‘ gone
coon”? when it has no escape from its
pursuers. It is said that Colonel Crockett
was one day out racoon - shooting ‘in
North America, when he levelled his
gun at a tree where an ‘‘old coon”’ was
concealed. Knowing the . colonel’s
prowess, it cried out, in the voice of a
man, ‘Hallo, there! air’ you Colonel
Crockett? for if you air, I’ll jist come
down, or I know I am a gone ’coon.”’

~ Martin Scott, lieutenant-general of
the United States, is said to have had a
prior claim to this saying.

Cooper. Half stout and half porter.
The term arises from the practice at
breweries of allowing the coopers a daily
portion of stout and porter. As they do
not like to drink porter after stout, they
mix the two together.

Cooper, A. coop for wine bottles.
The bottles lie in a slanting position in
the coop, and may be transported in
it from place to place. We find allu-.
sions to ‘‘six-bottle coopers’’ not un-
frequently, i.e, coops or cases containing
six bottles. Compare ‘‘hen-coops,’”’
“‘cooped up,’ etc. (Latin, cipa, a
cask; our ‘‘cup.’’) oo

“ (Enter waiter with a cooper of wine.) ’
_- Waiter: Six bottles of wine for Corporal
“Toddy.” O'Keeffe : Rogues All, til. 4.

Cooper. Do you want @w cooper ?
This question 1s-asked of those who have
an, order to visit the wine cellars of the
London Docks. The ‘‘cooper’’ bores
the casks and gives the visitor different
wines to taste.

Cooper's Hill. Near Runn
and Egham, Both Denham an
have written in praise of this hill. |

-_ “IfT can be to thee
A poet, thou Parnassus art to me.”

Denham.
Coot. A silly old coot. Stupid as a
coot.’ The coot is a small water-fowl.
_ Bald-as a coot. The coot hasa strong,

straight, and somewhat conical bill, the

ede
Pope

' tronomer.

base of which tends to push up the fore-
head, and there dilates, so as to forma
remarkable naked patch.

Cop (4). A policeman.
Cop (4). A copperhead (q.v.).

Cop. To throw, as cop it here, The
word properly means to beat or strike,
as to cop a shuttlecock or ball with a
bat. (Greek, copto, to beat); but in
Norfolk it means to ‘‘ hull’’ or throw.

Cop (Zo). To catch [a fever, etc.].
To ‘‘get copped’’ is to get caught by
the police. (Latin, capere, to take, ete.)
A similar change of q@ into 0 is in cotched
(caught).

“They thought I was sleepin’, ye know,

And they sed as I'd copped it o’ Jim;
Well, it come like a bit of a blow,

For I watched by. the deathbed of him.”
Sims: Dagonet Ballads (The Last Letter).

“*T shall cut this to-morrow, ,.. ." said the
younger man. ‘You'll be copped, then,’ replied
the other.”—T. Terrell: Lady Delmar.

Copenhagen. The Duke of Welling-
ton’s horse, on which he rode, in the
Battle of Waterloo, ‘‘from four in the
morning till twelve at night.” It was a
rich chestnut, 15 hands high. It was
afterwards a pensioner in the paddocks
of Strathfieldsaye. It died quite blind,
in 1835, at the age of twenty-seven,
and was buried with military honours,
(See Horse.) Dye

Copernicanism. The doctrine that
the earth moves round the sun, in op-
position to the doctrine that the sun
moves round the earth; so called after
Nicolas Copernicus, the Prussian as-

(1473-1543. )

“Even Bellarmine does not by any means hold
the consensus to be decisive against Coperni-
canism ; for, in his letter to F. Foscarini, he says
that though he does not believe that any proof of
the earth's motion can be adduced, yet, should
such proof occur, he is quite Ube eh change
his views as to the meaning of the Scripture
text.”—Nineteenth Century, May, 1886 (The Case of

Galileo).
“ Whereas it has come to the knowledge of the
Holy Congregation that that false Py ‘orean

doctrine altogether opposed to Holy Scripture,
on the mobility of the earth and the immobility
of the sun, taught by Nicholas Copernicus... ..
This congregation has decreed that the said book
of Copernicus be suspended until it be corrected.”
—Decree of the H. Congregation of the Fndex, A.D.
1616. (Quoted in the Nineteenth Century, as above.)

Copes'mate (2 syl.). A companion.
‘‘Copesmate of ugly night”? (Rape of
Lucrece), a mate who copes with you. —

Cophet’ua. An imaginary king of
Africa, of great wealth, who “ disdained
all womankind.’? One day he saw a
beggar-girl from his window, and fell in
love with her. He asked her name; it
was Penel’ophon, called by Shakespeare
Xenel’ophon (Love's Labour's Lost, iv. 1).

Copper

290

Coq-a-l'ane

They lived together long and happily,
and at death were universally lamented.
(Percy’s Religques, book ii. 6.)

“ King Cophetua loved the beggar-maid.”

Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet. ii. 1.

Copper (A). Apoliceman. Said to
be so called from the copper badge which
Fernando Wood, of New York, appointed
them to wear; but more likely a variant
of ‘cop’ (q¢.v.).

“ There were cries of ‘Coppers, Coppers!’ in the
yard, and then a violent 2B bd +++, Who-
ever it was that was wanted bad heen evidently
secured and dragged off to gaol.’ —T. Terrell: Lady
Delmar, 1.

Copper was by the ancient alchemists
called Venus; gold, symbol of Apollo
(the sun); silver, of Diana (the moon) ;
iron, of Mars; quicksilver, of Mercury ;
tin, of Jupiter; and lead, of Saturn.

Copper, Give us a copper, i.¢. & piece
of copper money. J have no coppers—
no ha’pence,

Copper Captain (4). A Brummagem
captain ; 4 ‘‘ General von Poffenburgh.”’
Michael Perez is so called in Rule a
Wife and have a Wife, by Beaumont and
Fletcher.

“To this copper-captain was confided the com-
mand of the troops.”—I¥. Irving.

Copper Nose. Oliver Cromwell;
also called ‘‘Ruby Nose,’’ ‘ Nosey,’’
and ‘Nose Almighty,’”’ no doubt from
some scorbutic tendency which showed
itself in a big red nose.

Copper-nosed Harry. Henry VIII.
en Henry VIII. had spent all the
money left him by his miserly father, he
minted an inferior silver coin, in which
the copper alloy soon showed itself on
the more prominent pans, especially the
nose of the face ; and hence the people
soon called the king “‘ Old Copper-nose.”

Copperheads. Secret foes. Copper-

eads are poisonous serpents of Arherica
that give no warning, like rattlesnakes,
of their attack. In the great Civil War
of the United States the term was ap-
plied by the Federals to the peace party,
supposed to be the covert friends of the
Confederates.

Cop'ple. The hen killed by Reynar d,
in the tale of Reynard the Fox,

Copronymus, So Constantine V.
was surnamed (718, 741-775). ‘‘ Kopros”
is the Greek for dung, and Constantine
V. was called Leprpay mas, “ Parce qu'il
salt les fonts aptismaux loregu’on le
baptisait,”’

Copts. The Jacobite Christians of
Egypt, who have for eleven -ceiituries

been in possession of the ‘patriarchal
chair of Alexandria. ‘The word is prob-

ably derived from Coptos, the metro-
polis of the Theba'id. ‘These Christians

conduct their worship tn a dead language.
called ‘‘Coptic’’ (language of the Copts).

“The Copts (of Egypt) circumcise, confess to
their priests, and abstain’ from swine'’s flesh. They
are Jacobites in their creed.”’—S. Olin ; Travels in
Egypt (voli. chap viii. p. 102,

Co’‘pus, A drink made of beef, wine,
and spice heated together, and served in
a ‘‘loying-cup.”’ Dog-Latin for cupelion
Hippoc'ratis (a cup of hippocras).

Copy; That's a mere copy of your
countenance. Not your wish or
Meaning, but merely one you choose to
present to me. KK

aga a printer’s term both for ori-
ginal MS, and printed matter that is to be
‘set up in type.

Cop'yhold Estate..
tenant holds {or rather, held} without
any deed of transfer in his own posses-
sion. His only document is a copy of
the roll made by ‘the steward of the
«manor from the court-roll kept in the
manor-house.

“ The villein took an‘oath of fealty to his lord
for the cottage and land which he enjoyed from
his bounty.. .. These tenements were suffered
to descend to their children. ..and thus the
tenure of copyhold was established.”—Lingard :
England (vol. ii. chap. i. p. 27, note).

Copyright. The law of copyright
was made in 1814 (54 Geo. IIT. B56).
It enacted that an author should possess
a right in his work for life, or for cia
eight years. If he died before the
expiration of twenty-eight years, the
residue of the right passed to the heirs.

By Talfourd’s or Lord Mahon’s Act
(1842) the time was extended to forty-
two years, and at least seven years after
decease: for example, if the time unex-
pired exceeds seven years, the heirs
enjoy the residue; if less, the heirs
claim seven port

2 In the first case eleven copies of the
work had to be given for public use ; by
Lord Mahon’s Act the number was
reduced to five: #.¢. one to each of the
following institutions, viz. the British
Museum, the Bodleian (Oxford), the
University library (Cambridge), the Ad-
vocates’ library (Edinb 1), and the
library of Trinity College (Dublin),

The six omitted are Sion College, the Scotch

Universities of Glasgow, Aberdeen, and St.
Andrews, and King’s Inn (Dublin).

Coq-a-l’ane. A cock-and-bull story ;
idle nonsense, as ‘‘ Id fait toujours des
coq-a-Vdne”’—he is always’ doing ailly

things, or talking rubbish.

Land which a’

: ie

= Corah

291

Cordeliers - ©

Ti ma répondu par un cog-a-Péne—
His reply was nothing to the purpose.

Co'rah, in Dryden’s satire of Absalom
and Achitophel, is meant for Dr. Titus
Oates (Numbers xvi.). North describes
him as a short man, extremely ugly: if
his mouth is taken for the centre, his
chin, forehead, and cheek-bones would
fall in the circumference.

“Sunk were his eyes, his voice was harsh and

Sure signs he neither choleric was, nor proud ;
His long chin proved his wit; his saint-like

grace

A church vermilion, and a Moses’ face.

His memory, miraculously great,

Could plots, éxceeding man's belief, repea
Drydem: Absalom and Achitophel,i. 646-51.

Coral Beads. The Romans used to
hang beads of red coral on the cradles
and round the neck of infants, to “‘ pre-
serve and fasten their teeth,’ and save
them from ‘the falling sickness.”’ It
was considered by soothsayers as a
charm against lightning, whirlwind,
shipwreck, and fire. Paracelsus says it
should be worn round the neck of chil-
dren as a preservative ‘against fits,
sorcery, charms, and poison.’’ The coral
Sells are a Roman Catholic addition, the
object being to frighten away evil spirits
by their jingle.

‘Coral is good to be hanged about the neck of
children ... to preserve them from the falling
sickness. It has also some special sympathy with
nature, for the best coral . . . will turn pale and
wan if the party that wears it be sick, and it

comes to its former colour again as they recover,”
—Plat: Jewel-House of Art and Nature.

Cor’al Master. <A juggler. So
called by the Spaniards.
times the juggler, when he threw off his
mantle, appeared in a tight scarlet or
coral dress,

Coram Judice (Latin). Under con-

sideration ; still before the judge. ~

Cor'anach, or Coronacu. Lamenta-
tion for the dead, as anciently practised
in Ireland and Celtic Scotland. (Gaelic,
comh ranaich, crying together.) Pennant
says it was called by the Irish hululoo.

Cor’bant. The rook, in the tale of
Reynard the Fox. (Latin, corvus; French,
eorbeau.) Heinrich von Alkmar.

Corbeaux. Bearers, i.e. persons who
carry the dead to the grave ; mutes, etc.
So called from the corbillards, or coches
@ eau, which went from Paris to Corbeil
with the dead bodies of those who died
in the 16th century of a fatal epidemic.

“ J'ai lu quelque part que ce coche (the Gorbil-

ard] servit, sous Henri 1V., a transporter des

nD ancient |

morts, victimes d'une épidémie de Paris & Corbeil.
Le nom de Corbillard resta depuis aux yvitures
funebres,”—Alf. Bonnardot.

Corceca [Bhnd-heart}]. Superstition
is so named in Spenser’s Faérie Queene.
Abessa tried to make her understand
that danger was at hand, but, being
blind, she was dull of comprehension.
At length she was induced to shut her
door, and when Una knocked would
give no answer. ‘Then the lion broke
“down the door, and both entered. The
meaning is that England, the lion, broke
down the door of Superstition at the
Reformation. Corcéca means Romanism
in England. (Booki. 3.)

Corcyre‘an Sedition (The), B.c. 479.
Corcyra was a colony of Corinth, but in
the year of the famous Battle of Platea
revolted from the mother country and
formed an alliance with the Athenians.
The Corinthians made war on the colony
and took 1,000 prisoners; of these 250
were men of position, who promised as
‘the price of liberty to bring back the
Corcyréans to the mother country. This
was the cause of the sedition. The
250 returned captives represented the
oligarchical party; their opponents re-

resented the democratic element. The
atter prevailed, but it would be difficult
to parallel the treachery and brutality of
the whole affair. (Zhucydidés, book iv.
46, 48.)

Cordelia, The youngest of Lear’s
three daughters, and the only one that
loved him. (Shakespeare: King Lear.)

Cordelia’s Gift. A ‘‘ voice eversoft,
gentle, and low; an excellent thing in
woman.” (Shakespeare: King Lear, v. 3.)

“Jt is her voice that he bears prevailing over

the those [sic] of the rest of the company, ...
for sbe has not Cordelia’s gift."—Miss Broughton:

Dr. Cupid.
Cordelliers, i.e. ‘‘cord - wearers,’’
1215. A religious order of the Minor

Brothers of St. Francis Assisi. They
wore a large grey cloth vestment, girt
about the loins with a rope or cord. It
was one of the mendicant orders, not
allowed to possess ce property at all:
even their daily food was a gift of
charity. The Cordeliers distinguished
themselves in philosophy and theology.
Duns Scotus was one of their most dis-
tinguished members.

The tale is that in the réign of St.
Louis these Minorites repulsed. am army
of infidels, and the king asked wh those
gens de cordelies (cordet pa) were.

rom this they received their appella-
tion.

Cordeliers

292 Corinth

Cordeliers (The), 1790. A French
olitical club in the Great Revolution.
t held its meetings in the ‘‘ Convent
des Cordeliers,’’ which was in the ‘‘ Place
de 1’Ecole de Médecine.’’ The Cordeliers
were the rivals of the Jacobins, and
numbered among its members Paré (the
aia Danton, Marat, Camille

esmoulins, Hébert, Chaumette, Du-
fournoy de: Villiers, Fabre d’Eglantine
(a journalist), and others. The Club of
the Cordeliers was far in advance of. the
Jacobins, being the first to demand the
abolition of the monarchy and the estab-
lishment of a commonwealth instead.

Its leaders were put to death between.

March 24th and April 5th, 1794,

This club_was nicknamed “The Pandemo-
nium,” and Danton was called the “ Archfiend,”
When Bailly, the mayor, lockéd them out of their
ball in 1791, they met in the Tennis Court (Paris),
and changed their name into the “Society of the
Rights of Man”; but they are best known by
their original appellation.

Cordon (Zve), in fortification, is the
flat stone covering of the revetment (q.v.),
to protect the masonry from the rain,

Cordon (Un grand). A member of
the Legion d’Honneur. The cross is
attached to a grand (broad) ribbon.

Cordon Bleu (Um) (French). <A
knight ‘of the ancient order of the S¢.
Esprit (Holy Ghost) ; so called. because
the decoration is suspended on a blue
ribbon. It was at one time the highest
order in the kingdom.

Un, repas de cordon bleu. A well-
cooked and well-appointed dinner. The
commandeur de Souvé, Comte d’Olonne,
and some others, who were cordons bleus
(i.e. knights of St. Esprit), met together
as a sort of club, and were noted for
their excellent dinners. Hence, when
anyone had dined well he said, ‘‘ Bien,
Cest un vrai repas de cordon bleu.”’

Une Cordon Blew, A facetious compli-
ment to a good female cook. The play
is between cordon bleu, and the blue
ribbons or strings of some favourite cook.

. Cordon Noir (Un). A knight of the
‘Order of St. Michael, distinguished by a
black ribbon.

Cordon Rouge (Un) (French). A
chevalier of the Order of St, Louzs, the
decoration being suspended on a red

ribbon.
Corduroy’. A corded fabric, origi-
“nally made of silk, and worn by the
kings of France in the chase. (French,
cord du roy.)

Corduroy Road. A term applied to

man’s money.”

roads in the backwoods and swampy
districts of the United States of America,
formed of the halves of trees sawn in
two longitudinally, and laid transversely
across the track. A road thus made
presents a ribbed appearance, like the
cloth called corduroy.
“ Look well to your seat, 'tislike taking an airing’
On a corduroy road, and that out of repairing.
Lowell: Fable for Critics, stanza 2.
Cord'wainer. Not a twister of cord,
but a worker in leather. Our word is
the French cordowannier (a maker or
worker of cordouan) ; the former a cor-
ruption of Cordovanier (a worker in Cor'-
dovan leather).

Corea (The). The dancing mania,
which in 1800 appeared in Tennessee,
Kentucky, and Virginia. The usual
manifestations were laughing, shouting,
dancing, and convulsions. (Latin chorea,
a dance where many dunce simultane-
ously.)

Corflam’bo. The impersonation of
sensual passion in Spenser’s /aérie

Queene. (Book iv. 8.)

Cori’neus (3 syl.). A mythical hero
in the suite of Brute, who conquered the
giant Goém’agot, for which achievement
the whole western horn of England was
allotted him. He called it Corin’ea, and
the people Corin’eans, from his own name,

“ In meed of these great conquests by them got,
Corineus had that province utmost west
To him assynéd for his worthy lot,
bich of his name and memorable gest,
He calléd Cornwall.” ,
Spenser: Faérie Queene, ii. 10,
Corinnus. A Greek poet before the
time of Homer. He wrote im heroic
verse the Siege of Troy, and it is said
that Homer is considerably indebted to
him. (Suidas.)

Corinth. Non cuivis homini contingit
adire Corinthum (It falls not'to every
man’s lot to go to Corinth). Gellius, in
his Noctes Attica, i. 8, says that Horace
refers to Lais, a courtesan of Corinth,
who sold her favotrs at so high a prico
that not everyone could afford to pur-
chase them ; but this most certainly is
not the meaning that Horace intended.
He says, ‘‘To please princes is no little

raise, for it falls not to every man’s
ot to go to Corinth.’’ That is, it is as
hard to please princes as it) is to enter
Corinth, situated between two seas, and
hence called Bimaris Corinthus. (1 Odes,
vii. line 2.) © teeawe. doiety,

< Still, without doubt, the .proverb
was applied as Aulus Gellius says: ‘‘The
courtesans of Corinth are not every
Demosthenes tells us

a

Corinth

that Lais sold her favours for 10,000
[Attic] drachme (about £300), and adds
tanti non emo. penitere. (Horace:
1 Epistles, xvii. line 36.)

Corinth. There is but one road that leads
to Corinth. -There is only one right way
of doing anything. The Bible tells us
that the way of evil is broad, because of

its many tracks; but the way of life is_

narrow, because it has only one single
footpath.

. “ all other ways are wrong, all other guides are
false,, Hence my difficulty '!—the number and
variety of the ways. For you know, ‘There is but
one road that leads to Corinth. "—Pater : Marius
the Epicurean, chap. 24.

Corinth’s Pedagogue. Dionys‘ios
the younger, on being banished a second
time from Syracuse, went to Corinth and
became schoolmaster. He is called Di-
onysios-the tyrant. Hence Lord Byron
says of Napoleon—

“ Corinth’s pedagogue hath now
Transferred his by-word to thy brow.”
Ode to Napoleon, stanza xiv,

. Corin’thian (4). A licentious liber-
tine. The immorality of Corinth was
proverbial both in Greece and Rome. To
Corin'thianise is to indulge in licentious
conduct. A gentleman sportsman who
rides his own horses on the turf, or Sails
his own yacht.

A Corinthian. A member of the
pugilistic club, Bond Street, London.

Corinthian Brass. A mixed metal
made by a variety of metals melted at
the conflagration of Corinth in B.c. 146,
when the.city was burnt to the ground
by the. consol Mummius. Vases and
other ornaments were made by the
Romans of this metal, of greater value
than if they had been made of silver or
gold,

The Héng-hee vases (1426) of China were made
of a similar mixed metal when tbe Imperial
palace was: burnt to the ground. These vessels
are of priceless value. a

“<7 think it may be of Corinthian brass,
Which was a mixture of all metals, but
The brazen uppermost.” .

Byrom: Don Juan, vi. 56.

Corin’thian Order. The most richly
decorated of the five orders of Greek
architecture. The shaft is fluted, and
the capital adorned with acanthus leaves,

(See ACANTHUS.)

Corinthian Tom. The porting rake
in Pierce Egan’s Life in London, A
‘¢‘ Corinthian” was the “‘ fast man’’ of
Shakespeare’s period.’

“Tam no proud Jack, like Falstaff ; but a Co-

tinthian, a lad of mettle, a good boy.” —Shake-

speare: 1 Henry IV., ii, 4.

Corinthian War (Zc), B.C. 395-387. -

A suicidal contention between the. Co-
vinthians and the Lacedemonians, The

293

. irritate one’s prejudices ;

| work,

‘Corneille d’'Esope

allies of Corinth were Athens, Thebes,
and Argos. ‘The only battle of note
was that of Coronéa won by the Lacede-
monians, Both the contending parties,
utterly exhausted, agreed to the arbi-
tration of Artaxerxes, and signed what
is called The Peace of Antalkidas.

Not long after this destructive contest Epamni
nondas and Pelopidas (Theban generals) won the
battle of Leuctra (B.C. 371), from which defeat
the Lacedemonians never recovered.

Corked. This wine is corked—i.e,
tastes of the cork.

Corker or Calker. The nail in a
horse’s shoe to prevent slipping in frosty
weather. (Latin, calx.)

Corking-pins. Pins at onetime used

' by ladies to keep curls on the forehead
' fixed and in trim,

Cor’‘moran’. The Cornish giant who
fell into a pit twenty feet deep, dug by
Jack the Giant-killer, and filmed over
with grass and gravel. The name means
cormorant or great eater. For this
doughty achievement Jack received a
belt from King Arthur, with this inscrip-
tion—

“ This is the valiant Cornish man

That slew the giant Cormoran,”
» Juck the Giant-killer.

Corn ...Horn. Up corn, down horn.
When corn is high or dear, beef is down
or cheap, because persons® have less
money to spend on meat.

Corn in Egypt (There’s). There is
abundance ; there is a plentiful wake
Of course, the reference is to the Bible
story of Joseph in Egypt.

Corn-Law Rhymer. Ebenezer
Elliot, who wrote philippics against the
corn laws (1781-1849).

“Is not the corn-law rbymer already a king?”
—Carlyle.

Cornstalks. In Australia and the
United States, youths of. colonial birth
are so called from being generally both
taller and more slender than their -
parents.

Corns. To tread on one’s corns, To
to annoy
another by disregard to his pet opinions
or habits, ;
Cor'nage (2 syl.), horn-service. A
kind of tenure in grand serjeanty, ‘The
service ‘required was to blow a horn ©
when any invasion of the Scots was per- ,
ceived. ‘‘ Cornagium”’ was money paid
instead of the old service. 4

Corneille du Boulevard. Guilbert .
de Pixérécourt (1773-1844).

Corneille d’Esope (Za). Motle
“Crest la corneille a’ Esope,”

Corner 3

Coronation Chair

The allusion is to the fable of the Jack-
daw which decked itself with the plu-
. mage of the peacocks. The jackdaw
not only lost its borrowed plumes, but
got picked well-nigh to death by the
angry peacocks,

Corner (4). . The condition ‘of the
market with respect to a commodity
which has been largely bought up, in
order to create a virtual monopoly and
enhance its market price; as a salt-
corner, a corner in pork, etc. The idea
is that the goods are piled and hidden in
a corner out of sight.-

“The price of bread rose likea rocket, and spéc-~
wlators wished to corner what little wheat there
was.”—New York Wéekly Times (June 13, 1894).

Corner. Driven into acorner. Placed -

where there is no escape; driven from
all subterfuges and excuses.

Corner (The). -Tattersall’s horse-
stores and betting-rooms, Knightsbridge
Green. They were once at the corner of
Hyde Park,

- To make a@ corner. To combine in |

order to control the price of a given
article, and thus secure enormous profits,
(See CORNER.)

What have I done to deserve a corner ?
To deserve punishment. The allusion is
to setting naughty children in a corner
by way of punishment.

“There's nothing I have done yet, o’ my con-
science,
Deserves a corner.” :
Shakespeare: Henry VIII., iti.1.

Corner-stone (The). The chief corner-
stone. A large stone laid at the base of
a building to strengthen the two walls

forming a right angle. These stones in ||

some ancient buildings were as much as

twenty feet long and eight feet thick. -
Christ is called (in Eph. ii, 20) the chief
corner-stone because He united the Jews
and Gentiles into one family. Daughters
are called corner-stones (Psalm cliv. 12)
ecause, aS Wives and mothers, they
unite together two families. In argu-
ment, the minor premise is the chief
corner-stone,

Cornet. The terrible cornet of horse.
William Pitt; first Earl of Chatham
(1708-1778). His son William was ‘‘the
pilot that weathered the storm’’ (mean-
ng a French Revolution and Napo-
eon).

Cornette. Porter la cornette. Tobe
domineered over by the woman of the
house; to be a Jerry Sneak. The cor-
nette is the mob-cap anciently worn by
the women of France. Porter les culoties
(to. wear the breeches) is the same idea ;_

only it shows who has the mastery, and
not who is mastered. In the latter case

.it means the woman wears the dress of
‘the man, and assumes his position in the
house, Probably our expression about
‘“‘wearing the horns’? may be referred
to.the “‘cornette” rather than to the
stag or deer.

Corn’grate (2.syl.). A term given
in Wiltshire to the soil in the north-
western border, consisting of an irregu-
lar. mass of loose gravel, sand, and
limestone.

_ Cornish Hug. A hug to overthrow
yyou, The Cornish men were famous

wrestlers, and tried to throttle their

antagonist with a particular grip or em=
_ brace called the Cornish hug.

Cornish Language was virtually
extinct 150 years ago. Doll Pentreath,
ithe last person who could speak it,

‘died, at the age of ninety-one, in 1777.

: (Notes and Queries.)

Cornish Names.

“ Tre, Pol, and Pén,
You shall know the Cornishmen.”

Thus, Tye [a town] gives Trefry, Tre-
engon, Tregony, Tregothnan, Trelawy,
emayne, Trevannion,.Treveddoe, Tre=
withen, etc, :
Pol [a head) gives Polkerris Point,
Polperro, Polwheel, etc.
"en [a top] gives Penkevil, Penrice,
’ Penrose, Pentire, ete. 7

Cornish Wonder (The). John Opie,
of Cornwall, the painter. (1761-1807.).

Cornubian Shore (Zhe). Cornwall,
famous for its tin mines.
“. . . from the bleak Cornubian shore
Dispense the mineral treasure, which of old
Sidonian pilots sought.” :
Akenside: Hymn te the Natads.
Cornu-co’pia, (See AMALTHEA’S
Hoey.)
Cornwall. (See Barry, CoRINEvs.)
Cor’onach., (See CoRANACH.) _
Coronation Chair consists of a stone
so enclosed as to form a chair.
It was probably the stone on which

the kings of Ireland were inaugurated

- on the hill of Tara. It was removed by-

Fergus, son of Eric, to Argyleshire, and
thence by King Kenneth (in the ninth
century) to Scone, where it was enclosed
in a wooden chair, Edward I._trans-
ferred it to Westminster. ;

' The monkish legend says that it was
the very stone which formed ‘‘Jacoh’s
pillow.’ :

The tradition is, ‘Wherever this stone

Coroner

295

Cortina

is found, there will reign some of the
Scotch race of kings.”” (Sce Sconz.)

Cor’oner means properly the crown-
officer. In Saxon times it was his duty
to collect the Crown‘ revenues; next, to
take charge of ~Crown pleas; but at
present to uphold the paternal solicitude
of the Crown by searching into all cases
of sudden or suspicious death. (Vulgo,
erowner ; Latin, coro’na, the crown.)

“ But is this law ?
Ay, marry, is't: pyeners quest Jaw.”

speare: Hamlet, v. 1.

Cor’onet. A crown inferior to the
royal crown. A duke’s coronet is
adorned with strawberry leaves above
the band ; that of a marguis with straw-
betry. leaves alternating with pearls;
that of an earl has pearls elevated on.
stalks, alternating with leaves above the
band; that of.a viscount has a string of
pearls above the band, but no leaves;
that of a baron has only six pearls,

Coro’nis, nes of a King of
Pho’cis, changed by Athe’na into a
crow. There was another Coro’nis, loved
by Apollo, and killed by -him for infj-
delity.

Corporal Violet. (Sze VIOLET.)

Corporation. A large paunch.

A austin” corporation is a body of -

men* elected for the local government of
w city or town.

Corps de Garde (French). The
company of men appointed to watch’ in
@ guard-room ;. the guard-room.

Corps Diplomatique (French). A
diplomatic body [of men].

Corps lWLegislatif (French). The
lower house of the French legislature.
The first ‘assembly so called was when
Napoleon I. substituted a corps leyislatif
and a tribunal for the two councils of
the Directory, Dec. 24, 1799. The next
was the corps legislatif and conseil d’état
of 1807. The third was the corps legis-
latif of 750 deputies of 1849. The legis-
lative power under Napoleon III. was
vested in the Emperor, the senate, and
the corps legislatif. (1852.)

Corpse Candle. The ignis fatuus
is so called b
supposed to forbode death, and to show
the road that the corpse would take.
Also a large candle used at lich wakes—
i.e. watching a corpse before interment.
(German Jciche, a corpse.) .

_ Corpus Christi [body of Christ]. A
estivel of the Church, kept on the

the Welsh because it was .

first Thursday after Trinity Sunday, in
honour of the eucharist. ‘There ure
colleges both at Cambridge and Oxford
so named.

Corpus Delicti (Latin). The funda-
mental fact that a crime has really been
committed; thus finding a murdered
body is ‘‘ corpus delicti ”’ that a murder
has been committed by someone.

Corpuscular Philosophy, promul-
gated by Robert Boyle. It accounts for
all natural phenomena, by the position
and motion of corpuscles. (See AToMIO
PHILOSOPHY. ).

Corrector.
CoBRECTOR.)

Corre’ggio. The Corre’ggio of sculp.
tors. Jean Goujon, who was slain in
the massacre of St. Bartholomew, (1510.
1572.)

Corrob’oree.
dance.

“He roared, stamped, and danced corroboree,
like any black fellow."—Kingsley : Water-Babies,

chap, Yili. p. 300,
The sword of Sir Ot/uel

Corrouge.
in medieval romance. (See Sworn.)

Corrugated Iron. Sheet iron coated
with zinc. It is called corrugated or
wrinkled because the sheet is made wavy
by the rollers between which it is made
to pass.

Corruptic’olz. A sect of heretics
of the sixth century, who maintained
that Jesus Christ was corruptible.

Corruption of Blood. Loss of title
and entailed estates in consequence of
treason, by which a man’s blood is
attainted and his issue suffers.

Corsair’ means properly ‘‘one who
gives chase.”? Applied to the pirates of
the northern coast of Africa. (Italian
corso, a chase; French corsaire ; Latin
cursus.)

Cors‘ned means the “ cursed mouth-
ful.’’ It was a piece of bread ‘ conse-
crated for exorcism,’? and given to a

erson to swallow as a test of his guilt,

he words of ‘‘consecration’’ were
‘‘ May this morsel cause convulsions and
find no passage if the accused is guilty,
but turn to wholesome nourishment if
he is innocent.” (Saxon, corse, curse ;
sned, mouthful.) (See CHOKE.)

Cortes (2 syl.). The Spanish or
Portuguese parliament. The word means
* court officers.’’

Cortina. The skin of the s t
Pytho, which covered the tri of

(See ALEXANDER THE

An Australian war--

Corvinus

296

Coterie

the Pythoness when she delivered her
oracles. ‘‘ Tripodas cortina tegit”’ (Pru-
dentius : Apophthegmata, 506) ; also the
tripod itself, or the place where the oracle
was delivered. (Virgil: 4néid, vi. 345.)
‘‘ Neque te Pheebi cortina fefellit.””

Corvi'nus [a raven). Ja‘nos Hun'yady,
Governor of Hungary, is so called from
the raven on his shield.

There were two Romans so called—viz.
Valerius Max‘imus Corvinus Messa'la,
and Valerius Messa‘la Corvi‘nus.

Marcus Vale’rius was so called be-
cause, in a single combat'with a gigantic
Gaul during the Gallic war, araven flew
into the Gaul’s face and so harassed him
that he could neither defend himself nor
attack his adversary.

Corybantic Religion. An expres-
sion applied by Prof. Huxley to the
Salvation Army and its methods. .The
rowdy processions of the Salvation Army
(especially at Hastbourne, 1891), re-
sembling the wild ravings of the ancient
Corybantés, or devotees of Bacchus,
more than sober, religious functions,
have given colour to the new word.

Corycian Cave (Zhe), on Mount
Parnassus; so called from the nymph
Corycia. The Muses are sometimes called
Corycides (4 syl.).

“ The immortal Muse
To your calm habitations, to the cave
Corycian .. . will guide his footsteps.”
Akenside: Hymn to the Naiads,

Corycian Nymphs. (Zhe). The
Muses. (See above.)

Cor’ydon. <A swain; a brainless,
love-sick spooney. It is one of the
shepherds in Virgil’s eclogues.

Coryphee'us (The) or ‘‘ Coryphéus.”’
The leader and speaker of the chorus in
Greek dramas. In modern English it is
used to designate the chief speaker and
most active member of a board, company,
or expedition.

Coryphzus of German Literature
(The). Goethe, ‘‘prince of German
poets’ (1749-1812),

-“The Polish poet called upon.... the great

Corypheus of German literature.”—See Notes and
Queries, 27th April, 1878.

- Corypheus of Grammarians,
Aristarchos of Sam’othrace. A cory-
pheus was the leader of the Greek
chorus ; hence the chief of a department
in any of the sciences or fine arts. Aris-
tarchos, in the second century B.c., was
the chief or prince of grammarians.
(Greek, koruphaios, leader.) [

Coryphée. A_ballet-dancer.
preceding colunm.)

Cosa (plu. Cosas). A theoretic specu-
lation ; a literary fancy ; a whim of the
brain (Indian).

Cos‘miel (3 syl.). The genius of the
world. He gave Theodidac’tus a boat
of asbestos, in which he sailed to the
sun and planets. (Kircher; LEestatic
Journey to Heaven.)

Cosmop’olite (4 syl.). A citizen of
the world. One who has no partiality
to any one country as his abiding--
place ; one who looks on the whole world
with ‘“‘an equal eye.’? (Greek, cosmos-
polt'tés.)

Cos‘set. A house pet. Applied toa
pet lamb brought up in the house; any
pet. (Anglo-Saxon, cot-seat, cottage-
dweller; German, Kossat.)

Cos'tard. A clownin Love’s Labour's’
Lost (Shakespeare), who apes the court
wit of Qneen Elizabeth’s time, but mis-
applies and miscalls like Mrs, Malaprop
or Master Dogberry.

Costard. A large apple, and, meta-
phorically, a man’s head, (See CosTER-
MONGER.

“Take him over the costard with the hilts of
‘thy sword.’—Shakespeare: Richard IIT., i. 4,

Cos'termonger, A seller of eatables
about the streets, properly an apple-
seller (from costard, a sort of apple, and
monger, ‘a trader;’’. Saxon, manginn,
“to trade ’’), a word still retained in iron-
monger, cheese-monger, fish-monger,
news-monger, fell-monger, etc,

“Her father was an Irish costarmonger.”
B. Jonson: The Alchemist, iv, 1.

Cote-hardi. <A tight-fitting tunic

buttoned down the front.

“ He was clothed in a cote-hardi upon the gyse
of Almayne (Germany).’—Geoffroi de la Tour:

Landry.

Cotereaux (French). Cut-throats.
The King of England, irritated at the
rising in Brittany in the twelfth century,
sent the Brabancons (q.v.) to ravage the
lands of Raoul de Fourgéres, ‘These
cut-throats carried knives (couteawr)
with them, whence their name,

Co'terie’ (3 syl.). A French word,
originally tantamount to our “ guild,’’
a society where each paid his guota—i.e.
his quote-part or gild (share). The
French word has departed from its
original meaning, and is now applied to

(See

an exclusive set, more especially of
BATVISU) -

ladies, PAG?
“All coteries . . . it seems to me, have a ten
dency to change truth into affectation."—F. C.

Gaskell; Charlotte Bronté oi. ii. chap. xi. p 47).

—

Cotillon 297

Cotillon (co-til’-yor) means properly
the ‘‘ under-petticoat.’? The word was
applied to a brisk dance by eight persons,
in which the ladies held up their gowns
and showed their under-petticoats. The
dance of the present day is an elaborate
one, with many added figures.

Cotset. The lowest of bondsmen,
So called from cot-seat (acottage-dweller).
These slaves were bound to work for
their feudal lord, The word occurs fre-
quently, in Domesday Book,

Cotswold Barley. Yow are as lon
a-coming as Cotswold barley. Cotswold,
in Gloucestershire, is a very cold, bleak
place on the wolds, exposed to the
winds, and very backward in vegetation,
but yet it yields a good late supply of
barley.

Cotswold Lion, A sheep for which
Cotswold hills are famous. ierce'as a

_ Cotswold lion (ironical).

Cotta, in Pope’s Moral Essays (Epistle
2); John Holles, fourth Earl of Clare,
who married Margaret, daughter of
Henry Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle,
and was created Duke of Newcastle in
1694 and died 1711.

Cottage Countess (Zhe). Sarah
Higgius, of Shropshire, daughter of 9
small farmer, in 1790 married Henry
Cecil, Marquis of Exeter°and Lord of
Burleigh, The bridegroom was at the
time living under the name of John
Jones, separated trom his wife, whose
maiden name: was Emma Vernon. She
eloped with a clergyman, and subsé-

uently to the second marriage ‘‘ John
‘| ones,’’ the lord of Burleigh, obtained a
divorce and an Act of Parliament to
legitimatise the children of his second
wife. .Sarah Higgins was seventeen at
the time of her marriage, and ‘‘ John
Jones”? was thirty. They were married
by licence in the parish church of Bolas.

ennyson has a poem on the subject
calle:
torically it is not to be trusted.

Cottage Orné (4) (French). A
cottage residence belonging to persons.in
good circumstances. .

Cottys. One of the three Hundred-
handed giants, son of Heaven and
Earth. His two. brothers were Briareus

Bri-a-ruce} and Gy ges or Gyés. (Sce

[UNDRED- HANDED, GIANTS.)

Cotton. To cotton to'a person. To
cling to one or take a fancy to a person.
To stick to a person as cotton sticks to
our clothes. ; 7

The Lord of Burleigh, but his- .

Councils

Cotton Lord. 4 great cotton lord.
A rich Manchester cotton manufacturer,
a real lord in wealth, style of living,
equipage, and tenantry.

Cotto’nian Library. In the British
Museum, Collected by Sir R. Cotton,
and added to by his son and grandson,
after which it was invested in trustees
for the use of the public.

Cottonopolis. Manchester, the great
centre of cotton manufactures,

“His friends thought he would have preferred
the busy lifé of Cottonopolis to the out-of-way
county of Cornwall.” — Newspaper paragraph,
January, 1886. .

Cotyt'to.. The Thracian goddess of
immodesty, worshipped at Athens with
nocturnal rites.

“ Hail! goddess of nocturnal sport,
Dark-velied Cotytto.”
Milton: Comus, 129, 130.

Coucy. Enguerrand.III., Sire .de
Coucy, has won fame by his arrogant.
motto:

“Roi je ne suis,
Ni Prince, ni comte, aussi,
Je suis Le Sire de Coucy.”

Couleur de Rose (French). Highly

, coloured.; too favourably considered ;

overdrawn with romantic embellish-

_ ments, like objects viewed through glass

tinted with rose pink,

Coulin. A British giant, pursued by
Debon (one of the companions of Brute)
till he came'to a chasm 132 feet across,
which he leaped; but slipping on the
opposite side, he fell bask Into the
chasm and was killed. (Spenser: Faérie
Queene.) (See GIANTS.)

Councils.

Councils. Gcumenical

‘There are twenty-one recognised, nine

Eastern and twelve Western.

Tue Nive Easrern: (1) Jerusalem;
(2 and 8) Nice, 325, 787; (8, 6, 7, 9
Constantinople, 381, 553, 680, 869; (4
Ephesus, 431; (5) Chalcédon, 461.

Tue TWELVE WeEsrERN: (10, 11, 12,
13, 19) Lat’eran, 1123, 1139, 1179,:1216,
1517; (14, 15) Synod of Lyon, 1245,
1274; (16) Synod of Vienne, in Dau-

hiné, 1311; (17) Constance, 1414; (18)

asil, 1431-1443 ; (20) Trent, 1545-1563 ;
(21) Vatican, 1869.

¥ Of these, the Church of England
recognises only the first six, viz. :

325 of Nice, against the Arians, °

381 of Gonstantinople, vgainst “ heretics,”

rato Ephesus, against the Nestorians and Pela-
g i

451 of Chalce’ don, when Athanasius was restored,
553 of Constantinople, against Origen.

"680 of Constantinople, against the Menotbélitu.

(4sy)), ;

Counsel

298

Coup a’Etat

Counsel. Keep your own counsel.
Don’t talk about what you intend to do.
Keep your plans to yourself.

“Now, mind what I tell you, and keep your own
counsel.” — Boldrewood : Robbery Under Arms,
chap. vi.

Count Kin with One (70), 1s a
Scotch expression meaning to compare
ones pedigree with that of another.

Count not your Chickens ...
(See CHICKENS.)

Count out the House (Zo). To
declare the House of Commons ad-
journed because there are not fort
imembers present. . The Speaker has his
attention called to the fact, and must
himself count the number present. If
he finds there are not forty members
present, he declares the sitting over.

Count Upon (Zo). To rely with
confidence on some one or some thing,
to reckon on, _

Countenance (Zo). To sanction, to
support. Approval or disapproval is
shown by the countenance. The Scrip-
ture speaks of ‘‘the light of God’s
countenance,” v.e. the smile of appro-
bation , and to ‘“‘ hide His face’’ (or
countenance) is to manifest displeasure.

“ General Grant, neither at this time nor at any
other, gave the least countenance to the efforts
.... —Necolay and Hay: Abraham Lincoln (vol.
ix chap, ii. p. 51).

To keepin countenance. To encourage,
or prevent one losing his countenance or
feeling dismayed.

To «4 one’s countenance. To refrain
fromswiling or expressing one’s thoughts
by the face.

Out of countenance. Ashamed, con-
founded. With the countenance fallen
or cast down.

To put one out of countenance is to
make one ashamed or disconcerted. To
**discountenance”’ is to set your face
against something done or propounded.

Counter-caster. One who keeps
~ accounts, or casts up accounts by count-
ers. Thus, in The Winter’s Tale, the
Clown says, ‘‘ Fifteen hundred shorn ;
what comes the wool to? Icannot do ’t
without counters.” (Activ. s, 3.)
“And what was he?
Forsoothya great arithmetician, _. ,
And . Tmust be belee’d and calmed

By debitor and creditor, this counter-caster.”
Snakespeare: Othello, i. 2.

Countercheck Quarrelsome (Zhe).
Sir, how dare you utter such a falsehood?
Sir, you know that it is not true. This
is the third remove from the lie direct ;

or rather, . the. lie. direct in the - third
degree.

The Reproof Valiant, the Countercbeck Quar-
relsome, the Lie Circumstantial, and the Lie
Direst, are not clearly defined by Toucbstone.
That is not true , how dave you utter such a false-
bood, if you say so, you are a liar, you lie, or are
a liar, seem to fit the four degrees.

Counterforts, in permanent fortifi-
cation. The sides of ditches strengthened
interiorly by buttresses some fifteen or

eighteen feet apart. (See REVETMENTS.)

Counter-jumper. A draper’s assis-
tant, who jumps over the cuunter to go
from one part of the shop to another.

Counterpane. A _ corruption’ , of
counterpornt, trom the Latin culeta (a
wadded wrapper, a quilt).. When the
stitches were arranged in patterns it was
called cul'cita puncta, which in French
became courte-pointe, corrupted into
contre-pornte, counter-pornt, where point
is pronounced ‘ poyn,’’ corrupted into
“* pane.””

Counterscarp, in fortification, the
side of a ditch next to the open country
The side next to the place fortified is the
escarp.

Countess di Civillari (Jhe).. A
bog, sewer, cesspool, into which falls the
filth of a city. Two wags promised
Simon da Villa an introduction to the
Countess di Civillari,and tossed him, in his
scarlet gown, into a ditch where farmers
‘‘emptied the Countess of Civillari for
manuring their lands.’ Here the doctor
floundered about half the night, and,
having spoilt his robes, made the best of
his way home, to be rated soundly by
his wife. (Boccaccio: Decameron, Bigh
day ’ ix.) : .

Country. .

To appeal to the country. To dissolve
Parliament in order to ascertain the
wish of the country by a new election of
representatives.

Father of his country. (Seo FaTHER.)

Country-dance. A corruption of the
French contre danse (a dance where the
partners face each other).

Coup [cov]. He made a good coup.
A good hitor haul (French)

Coup d@’Etat (French) means a state
stroke, and the term is applied to one of,
those bold measures taken by Govern~
ment to prevent a supposed or actual
danger, as when a large boty of men
are arrested suddenly for fear. they
should overturn the Government.

The famous coup d’état, by which Louis
Napoleon became possessed of absolute,

#4 iy

Coup de Grace 2

99 Court Circular

Foon took place on December 2nd,

Coup de Grace. The finishin
stroke. Wheu criminals were torture
by the wheel or otherwise, the execu-
tioner gave him a coup de grdce, or blow
on the head or breast, to put him out of
his misery.

“The Turks dealt the coup de grace to the East-
ern empire." —Times,

% The following is taken from 2 note
poe xxx.) of Sir W. Scott’s novel Zhe

etrothed

“This punishment (being broken on the wheal
consists in the executioner, with a bar of iron,
breaking the shoulder-bones, arms, thigh-bones,
and Jegs—tuking alternate sides. ‘The punish-
ment is concluded by a blow ucross the breast,
called the cowp gle gate OF blow of mercy, because
it removes the sufferer froin hisagony. Mandrin,
the celebrated smuggler, while in the act of being
thus tortured, tells us that the sensibility of
pain hever continues after the neryous system

8 been shattered by the first blow.

Coup de Main (French). A sudden
stroke ; a stratagem whereby somethin
is effected suddenly, Sometimes calle
a coup only, as ‘‘ The coup [the scheme]
did not auswer.’’

* London is not to be taken by a coup de main.”
—Puublic Opinion.

Coup d’Chil (French), A view;
glance; prospect; effect of things in
the mass,

These principles’ are presented at a
single coup d’cerl, <

he coup d’wil was grand in the ex-
treme.

Coup de Pied de l’Ane (kick from
the ass’s foot). A blow given to a van-
quished or fallen man ; a cowardly blow ;
an insult offered to one who has not the
power of returning or avenging it. The
allusion is to the fable of the sick lion
kicked by the ass. (French.)

Coup de Soleil (French). A 3ux-
stroke, any malady produced by ex-
posure to the sun.

Coup de Théatre. An unforeseen or
unexpected turn in a drama to produce
a sensational effect. In ordinary life,
something planned for effect. urke
and his dagger was meant for a coup de
thedire, but.it was turned into farce b
a little ready wit, (See DaccER-scENE.

Coup Manqué (4). A false stroke.

“Shoot dead, or don't aim at all; but never
make 3 coup mungué. —Ouida: Under Two Flugs,
chap. XK.

‘Coupon. A certificate of interest.
which is to be cut off (French, couper]
from a bond and presented for payment.
It bears on its face the date and amount
ef interest to be paid. if the coupons

are exhausted before the principal is
paid off, new ones are tuitously
supplied to the holder of fhe betid,

Most foreign state-bonds expire in a stated
terin of years, generally @ portion being paid off
annually at par. Suppose there are 1,000 bonds
and 10 are paid off annually, then in 100 years ull
are paid off and the obligation is cancelled.

Courage of One’s Opinion. To
have the courage of one’s opinion means
to utter, maintain, and act according to
one’s opinion, be the cousequences what
they may. The French use the same
locution, Martyrs may be said to have
had the courage of their opinions.

Courland Weather. Very boister-
ous, uncongenial weather, with high
winds, driving snow and rain, like the
weather of Courland, in Russia.

Course, Another course would have
done it, A little more would have effected
our purpose. Itissaid that the peasants
of a Yorkshire village tried to wall in a
cuckoo in order to enjoy an eternal
spring. They built a wall, round the
bird, and the cuckoo just skimmed over
it. ‘‘Ah!” said one of the peasants,
“another carse would a’ done it.”

“There is a school of moralists who, connecting
sundry short-comings .... with changes in
manners, endeavour to persuade us that only

another carse’ is wanted to wall in the cuckao.”
—Ninetgenth Century, Lecember, 1892, p. 920.

Course. . Zo keep on the course. To
go straight; to do one’s duty in that.
course [path] of life in which we are
placed. ‘The allusion is to racing horses.

“ We are not the only horses that can’t be kept
on the courses—with a good turn of speed, too.”
—Roldrewvood: Robbery under Arms, chap. XV. ~

Court originally meant a coop or
sheepfold. It was on the Letium hills
that the ancient Latins raised their cors
or cohors, small enclosures with hurdles
for sheep, etc. Subsequently, as many
men as could be cooped or folded to-
gether were called a corps or cohort, The

‘cors”’ or cattle-yard being the nucleus
of the farm, became the centre of a lot
of farm cottages, then of a hamlet, town,
fortified place, and lastly of a royal resi- .
dence. =

Court. A short cut, alley, or paved
way between two main streets. (French,
court, ‘‘short,” as prendre wun chemin
court, **to take a short cut.’’)

Out of court. Not worth consider-
ation; wholly to be discarded, us such
and such an hypothesis is wholly out of
court, and has been proved to be un-
tenable. ‘No true bill.”’

Court Circular. Brief paragraphs
supplied to certain daily papers by an
oftioer (the Court N inna specially

Court-cupboard

appointed for the purpose. He an-
nounces the movements of the sovereign,
the Prince of Wales, and the court
generally 4 gives reports of the levees,
Trawing-rooms, state balls, royal con-
certs, meetings of the Cabinet ministers,
deputations to ministers, and so on.
George III., in 1803, introduced the
custom to prevent misstatements on
these subjects.

Court-cupboard. The buffet to hold
flagons, cans, cups, and beakers. There
are two in Stationers’ Hall.

“ Away with the joint-stools, remove the court-

cupboard, look to the _ plate.” — Shakespeare :
Romeo and Juliet, i. 5.

Court Fools. (See Foors.)

Court Holy Water. Fair speeches,
which look like promises of favour, but
end in nothing.

Court Plaster. The plaster of which
the court ladies made their patches.
These patches, worn on the face, were
cut into the shape of crescents, stars,
circles, diamonds, hearts, crosses; and
some even went so far as to patch their
face with a coach-and-four, a ship in
full sail, a chateau, etc. This ridiculous
fashion was in vogue in the reign of
Charles I.; and in the reign of Anne was
employed as the badge of political par-
tisanship. (See PATcHEs.)

“ Your black patches you wear variously,
Some cut like stars, some in half-moons, some

lozenges.”
Beaumont and Fletcher : Elder Brother, iii. 2.

Court of Love. A judicial court for
deciding affairs of the heart, established
in Provence during the palmy days of
the Troubadours. The following is a
case submitted to their judgment: A
lady listened to one admirer, squeezed
the hand of another, and touched with
her toe the foot of a third. Query,
Which of these three was the favoured
suitor?

Court of Pie-powder.
POUDRE.)

' Court of the Gentiles (The). They
are but in the Court of the Gentiles. They
are not wholly God’s people; they are
not the elect, but have only a smatter-
ing of the truth. The ‘‘Cowrt of the
Israelites’ in the Jewish temple was for
Jewish men; the ‘Court of the
Women” was for Jewish women; the
“*Court of the Gentiles’ was for those
who were not Jews.

“Oh, Cuddie, they are but in the Court of the

Gentiles, and will ne’er win farther ben, { doubt.”
—Sir W. Scott: Old Mortality, chap. ‘viil.

(See Prr-

300

Cofite que Coite

Courtesy. Civility, politeness. It
was at the courts of princes and great
feudatories that minstrels and pages
practised the refinements of the age in
which they lived. The word originally
meant the manners of the court.

Courtesy Titles. Titles assumed or

anted by social custom, but not of any
egal value, The courtesy title of the
eldest son of a duke is marquis; of a
marquis is eal ; of the eldest son of an
earl is viscount. Younger sons of peers
are by courtesy called lord or honour-
able, and the daughters are lady or
honourable. These titles do not give
the holders official rank to sit in the
House of Lords. Even the Marquis of
Lorne, the Queen’s son-in-law, is only a
commoner (1894).

Cousin. Blackstone says that Henry,
IV., being related or allied to every
earl in the kingdom, artfully and con-
stantly acknowledged the connection
in all public acts. The usage has dg-
scended to his successors, though the
reason has long ago failed. (Commen-
taries, i. 398.)

Ceusin., All peers above the rank of
baron are officially addressed by the
Crown as cousin.

A viscount or eal is “Our right
trusty and well-beloved cousin.”’

A marguis is ‘‘ Our right trusty and.
entirely-beloved cousin.”

A duke is ‘‘Our right trusty and
right-entirely-beloved cousin.”’

Cousin Betsy. A half-witted person,
a ‘‘ Bess of Bedlam”? (q.v.).

“TNone] can say Foster's wronged him of a
penny, or gave short measure to a child or a
cousin Betsy.’"—M7's. Gaskell.

Cousin-german. ‘The children of
brothers and sisters, first cousins; kins-
folk. (Latin, germa’nus, a brother, one
of the same stock.) - :

“There is three cozen-germans that las
cozened all the hosts of Reading, of Maiden-
head, of Colebrook, of horses and_money.”—
Shakespeare: Merry Wives of Windsor, iv. 5,

Cousin Jack. So Cornishmen are
called in the western counties. bore

Cousin Michael & Michel). The
Germans are so called. Michel, in Old
German, means “‘ gross,’? cousin Michel
is meant to indicate a slow, nee
simple, unrefined, coarse-feeding people.

Cofite que Cotite (French). Cost
what it may, at any price, be the conse-
quences what they may. t :

“His object is to serve his. party coxte que
conte,” —Standard. ime

Couvade 301

Cow-lick

Couvade (2 syl.). A man who takes
the place of his wife when she is in
child-bed. (See eader’s Handbook,
p. 217, col. 2.)

Cove (1 syl.). An individual, as a
flash cove (a swell), a rum cove (a man
whose position and character is not
quite palpable), a gentry cove (a gentle-
man), a downy cove (a very knowing
individual), ete. (Gipsy, cova, a thing;
covo, that man; covi, that woman.)

Cov’enanters. A term applied, dur-
ing the civil wars, to the Scotch Presby-
terians, who united by ‘‘solemn league
and covenant’’ to resist the encroach-
ments of Charles I. on religious liberty.

Covent Garden. A corruption of
Convent Garden ; the garden and burial
ground attached to the convent of West-
minster, and turned into a fruit and
flower market in the reign of Charles II,
It now belongs to the Duke of Bedford.

Cov’entry. Zo send one to Coventry.
To take no notice of him ; to let him live
and move and have‘his being with you,
but pay no more heed to him than to
the idle winds which you regard not.
According to Messrs. Chambers (Cyelo-
pedia), the citizens of Coventry had at
one time so great a dislike to soldiers that
a woman seen speaking to ane was in-
stantly tabooed. No intercourse was
ever allowed between the garrison and
the town; hence, when a soldier was sent
to Coventry, he was cut off from all
social intercourse.

Hutton, in his History of Birminghan,
gives a different version. He says that
Coventry was a stronghold of the par-
liamentary party in the civil wars, and
that all troublesome and refractory
royalists were sent there for safe custody

The former explanation meets the

eneral scope of the phrase the better.
(See Boycorr.) ;

Coventry Mysteries. Miracle plays
acted at Coventry till 1591. They were
publiensd in 1841 for the Shakespeare

ociety.

Parliaments held at Coventry. Two
parliaments have been held in this city,
one in 1404, styled Parliamentum Indoc-
torum; and the other in 1459, called
Parliamentum Diabolicum,

Cover. To break cover.
from the covert or temporary lair. The
usual earth-holes of a fox being covered
up the night before a hunt, the creature

makes some gorse-bush or other cover —
its te ry resting-place, and as soon —

its tem
‘as it iquate tt the hunt begins.

To start ~

Covers were laid for... Dinner
was provided for. . . . A cover (cowveyt)
in French means knife, fork, spoon, and
napkin. Hence, mettre le couvert, to lay
the cloth; and lever (or dter) le couvert,
to clear it away.

Covered Way, in fortification. (See

GLACIS.)

Covering the Face. No malefactor
was allowed, in ancient Persia, to look
upon aking. So, in Esther vii. 5, when
Haman fell into disgrace, being seen on
the queen’s divan, ‘‘ they instantly cover
Haman’s face,”’ that he might not look
on the face of Ahasuerus.

~ In India a low caste man covers his
mouth when speaking to one of high
caste,

Cov’erley. Sir Roger de Coverley. A
member of an hypothetical club in the
Spectator, ‘who lived in Soho Square
when he was in town.’ Sir Roger is
the type of an English squire in the
reign of Queen Anne. He figures in
thirty papers of the Spectator.

“Who can be insensible to his unpretending
virtues and amiable weaknesses ; his modesty,
generosity, hospitality, and eccentric whims ;
the respect for his neighbours, and the affection
of his domestics ?"—Auzlitt. .

Covetous Man. A Tantalus (¢.v.).
“Jn the full flood stands Tan/talus, his skin

Washed o'er in vain, for ever dry within.

He catches at the stream with greedy lips—

a his parched mouth the wanton torrent

slips...

Change but the name, this fable is thy story:

Thou in a tlood of useless wealth dost glory,

Which thou canst only touch, but never taste.”

i Depart ‘owley : Horace, satire i.

Cow. The cow that nourished Ymir
with four streams of milk was called
Audhumla. (Scandinavian mythology.)
(See AUDHUMLA, )

Curst cows. (See under CuRsT.)

The whiter the cow, the surer is it to go
to the altar. The richer the prey, the
more likely is it to be seized,

“The system of impropriations grew so rapidly
that, in the course of three centuries, more than
a third part of all the benefices in England
became such, and those the richest, for the whiter
the cow, the surer was it to go to the altar.’—
Blunt: Reformation in England, p. 63.

Cow’s. Tail, ‘‘ Always behind, like
a cow’s tail.’’? ‘‘Tanquam coda vituli.”
(Petronius.

The cow knows not the worth of her tail
till she loses it, and is troubled with flies,

which her tail brushed off.

“ What we have we prize not to the worth
Whiles we enjoy it ; but being lack’d and lost,
Why, then we rack the value,

Shakespeare: Much Ado about Nothing, iv. 1.

Cow-lick. A tuft of hair on the
human forehead, sometimes called a

Goward $09

Crack

feather; it cannot be made to ke in
the same direction as the rest of the hair
by brushing, or even by pomatum.
When cows lick their hides they make
the hair stand on end.

“'Thig term must bave heen adopted from a
comparison with that part of a... cow’s hide
where the bairs, having different directions, meet
and form a projecting ridge, supposed to he occa-
‘Rioned by the wnimals licking themselves.”°—
Brochett: Glossary of North-Country Words.

Coward (anciently written culvard)
is either from the French, coward, ori-
ginally written eulvert, from culver (a
pigeon), pigéon-livered being still a
common expression for a coward; or
else from the Latin, culwm ver'tere, to
turn tail (Spanish, cobarde ; Portuguese,
covarde ; Italian, codardo, ‘‘a coward,”’
Latin, cauda, ‘‘a tail’’),-A beast cowarded,
in heraldry, is one drawn with’ its coue
or tail between its legs, The allusion is
to the practice af beasts, who sneak off
in this manner when they are cowed.

Cowper. Called ‘Author of The
eit from his principal poem. (1731-
00.)

Cowper Law, a corruption of Cupar,
etc., is trying a man after execution.
Similar expressions ate Jedwood, Jed-
dart, and Jedburgh justice. Cowper
justice had its rise from a baron-baile
in Coupar-Angus, before heritable juris-
dictions were abolished. (See LyprorpD
Law.)

“Cowper Law, as we say in Scotland—hang &
man first, and then judge him."—Lord de Ros:
Lower of London,

Coxcomb. An empty-headed, vain
person. The ancient licensed jesters
were 80 called because they wore a
cock’s comb in their caps,

" Coxcomhs, an ever empty face,
Are trim pets of their own disgrace.”
Gay: Fables, xix.

“ Let me bire him too ; here's my coxcomh.”
Shakespeare: King Lear, 1. 4,

The Prince of Coxcombs. Charles
Joseph, Prince de Ligne. (1535-1614.)

Richard II. of England is sometimes
called the Coxcomb. (1366, A

Henri III. of France was called le

Mignon, which means pretty well the.

same thing, (1551, 1574-1589.)

Coxeyites (3 syl.). Followers of Mr.
‘‘General’’] Coxey, of the Ynited
tates, who induced 50,000 la¥ourers
from sundry states ‘to march’ to
‘Washington to overawe the Government
into giving employment to the unem-
ployed. .The word is now employed to
express labour processions and masses
organised to force concessions to work-
men. .

Coxswain. og is Norwegian for
a cockboat; Welsh, cwch ; Italian, cocca,
etc.; and swain, Anglo-Saxon for a
servant, superintendent, or bailiff. (See
CockBoAT.)

Coyne and Livery. Food and en-
tertainment for soldiers, and forage for
their horses, exacted by an army from
the people whose lands they passed
through, or from towns where they
rested on their march,

Coys’tril, Coystrel, or Kestrel... A
degenerate hawk ; hence, a paltry fellow.
Holinshed says, ‘f costerels or bearers of
the arms of barons or knights”? (vol. i.
p. 162); and again, “ women, lackeys,
and costerels are considered as the un-
warlike attendants on an army”? (vol. iii.
272). Each of the life-guards of Henry
VIII. had an attendant, called a coystrel
or coystril. Some think the word is a
corruption of costerel, which they derive
from the Latin coterellus (a peasant) ; but
if not a corruption of kestrel, I should
derive it from costrel (a small wooden
bottle used by labourers in harvest time).
“Vasa quedam que costrelli vocantur.’”
(Matthew Paris.)

“ He's a coward and a coystril that will not
Grok to my niece.”—Shakespeare: Twelfth Night,
i.

Cozen. To cheat, (Armoric, coug-
zyein ; Russian, kosnodei; Arabic, gausa;
thiopic, chasawa ; our chouse.)

“J think it no sin
To cozen him that would unjustly win.”

Shakespeare: All's Well that Inds Well, iv. 2, —

Crab (4). An ill-tempered fellow;
sour as a crab-apple.

To catch a crab, inrowing. (See CatcH
A CRAB.)

Crab-cart. The carapace of a crab.
So called because it is used: very com-
monly by children for a toy-cart.

Crack, as a crack man, a first-rate
fellow; a crack hand at cards, a first-
rate player; a crack article, an excellent

one, 2.é. an article cracked up or boasted:

about. This is the Latin erepo, to crack
or boast about. Hence Lucretius ii. 1168,
“ crepas antiquum genus.’? 1

“ Tndeed, la! ‘tis a noble child; a crack, niadam." —

Shakespeare: Coriolanus, i 3,
A gude crack. A good talker.

“To he a gude crack... was essential to the
trade of a * py body’ of the more esteemcd
cess . Scott: The Antiquary (Intredue-

ion). {

gers). (French, craguer.)

“ Une allusion au bruit de l'ongle contre Ia dent
que les Orientaux du moyen age touchaient de a

alt a crack. Lastantlys In 7 snap of
C) Engers, crep'itu digitorum (in a crack
of the i

Crack-brained

303

Crank

doight quand ils voulaient affirmer solennelle-
ment une chose.” Hence—
Sire, bien vous croi seur les Dieux;
Mais asses vous querroie mieux
86 vous l'ongle hurties au dent.”
Théatre Francois de Moyen Age, p. 167.

Crack-brained. Eccentric; slightl

mad. Another formis ‘A crack-skull.’’

Crack a Bottle —i.c. drink one.
The allusion is to the mischievous pranks
of the drunken frolics of times gone
by, when the bottles and glasses were
broken during the bout. Miss Oldbuck
says, in reference to the.same custom,
“We never were glass-breakers in this
house, Mr. Lovel’’ (Antiquary); mean-
ing they were not bottle-crackers, or
given to drunken orgies. (See CRUSH.)
“ Dear Tom, this brown jug that now foanis with

ale
rhe which I now drink to sweet Nan of the

ale,
Was once Toby Filpot’s, a thirsty old soul
As e’er cracked a bottle, vr fathomed a bowl.”
O'Keefe: Poor Soldier.
Crack a Crib (75). To break into a
house as a thief. (See Crrs.)

Crack Up a Person (Zo). To praise
him highly. (See Crack.)

Cracked. Madea bankrupt. A play
on ‘‘rupt,” which is from the Latin
runtpo, to break,

Cracked Pipkins. Cracked pipkins
are discovered by their sound, Ignorance
is betrayed by speech.

“ They bid you talk—my honest song
Bids you for ever hold your tongue;
Silence with some is wisdom most profound—
Cracked pipkins are discovered by the sound.”
Peter Pindar : Lord B. and his Botions,

Cracker. So called from the noise it

makes when it goes off.

Cracknells (from the French craque-
lin). A hard, brittle cake.

Cradle-land. The same as ‘ borough
English,’’ under which lands descend to
the youngest son, By Gavelkind, land
passes to all sons in equal proportions.

If the father has no son, then (in
cradle-land tenures) the youngest daugh-
ter is sole heiress. If neither wife, son,
nor daughter, the youngest brother
inherits; if no brother, the youngest
sister is heir ; if neither brother nor yet
sister, then the youngest next of kin.

_ Craft (4). A trade (Anglo-Saxon,
craft). A craftsman is a mechanic. A
handicraft is manual skill, i.e. mechanical
skill, And deecheraft is skill in medicine.
(Anglo-Saxon lece-creft ;‘lece, a doctor.)

Craft (A). <A general term for a
‘ oe erkployed in loading and unloading

ips,

Small craft. Such vessels as schooners,
sloops, cutters, and so on. A ship-
builder was at one time the prince of
craftsmen, and his vessels were work of
craft emphatically.

Craft, Cunning, or skill in a bad
sense. Hence Witchcraft, the art or
cunning of a witch.

Craigmillar Castle. So called from
Henry de Craigmillar, who built the
castle in the twelfth century.

Cra’kys of War. Cannons were so
called in the reign of Edward III.

Cram. To tell what is not true, A
crammer, an untruth. The allusion is to
stuffing a person with useless rubbish,

Crambe bis Cocta [‘‘ cabbage boiled
twice”]. A subject hacked out. Ju-
venal says, “ Occidit miseros cramnbe repe-
tita magistros’’ (vii 155), alluding to the
Greek proverb “Dis krambé thanatos.”’

“There was a disadvantage in treading this
Border districy, for it bad been already ransacked
by the author himself, as well as by others; and,
unless presented under a new light, was likely to
afford ground to the objection of Crambe bis
coctu."—Sir W. Scott: The Monastery (Introduction).

Crambo. Repetition. Socalledfrom
a game which consists in some one
setting a line which another is to
rhyme to, but no one word of the first
line must occur in the second.

Dumb cranbo. Pantomime of a ‘word
in rhyme to a given word. Thus if
‘cat’? is the given word, the panto-
mimists would act Bat, Fat, Hat, Mat,
Pat, Rat, Sat, etc., till the word acted is
guessed.

Crampart (Hing). The king whe
made a, wooden ee which woul
travel 100 miles an-hour. (Alkmaar :
Reynard the For, 1498.)

wifter than Crampart’s horse. Quick
as lightning.; quick as thought. (See
‘above.)

Cramp-ring. To scour the cramp-
ring. To be put into fetters; to be
imprisoned. The allusion is obvious.

“There's no muckle hazard 0’ scouring the
crainp-ring,’”’—Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering, chap.

xxiii,

Crane means long-shanks, (Welsh,
gar, ‘‘the shanks,’ whence our gaiter
and garter.) Garan is the long-shanked
bird, contracted into g’ran, crane ; heron
is another form of the same word.

Crank. An Abram man wer So
called from the German krank (sickly),
whence cranky, ‘‘ idiotic, foolish, full of
whims,”’ and cranks (simulated sick-

| ness). These beggars were called cranks

Crannock

r

f
because they pretended madness and
sickness to excite compassion.

Crannock, An Irish measure which,
in the days of Edward II., contained
either eight or sixteen pecks.

“Crannocus continebit xvj pecks, Crannoco
continente octo pecks.”—£xchequer of Ireland
(Rec.).

Cra‘paud or Johnny Crapaud. A
Frenchman ; so called from the device of
the ancient kings of France, ‘* three toads
erect, saltant.’’ (Guillim’s Display of
Heraldrie, 1611.) Nostrada’mus, in the
sixteenth century, called the French
.‘* crapauds.”’

Les anciens crapauds prenderont Sara
(Nostrada’mus). Sara is the word Aras
reversed, and when the Frenoh under
Louis XIV. took Aras from the Span-
iards, this verse was quoted as a pro-
phecy.

Crape.... Lawn. A saint incrape
ts twice a saint in lawn, (Pope: Ep. to
Cobham, 136.) Crape (a sort of bom-
bazine, or alpaca) is the stuff of which
cheap clerical gowns used to be made,
and here means one of the lower clergy ;
“lawn ”’ refers to the lawn sleeves of a
bishop, and here means a prelate. A
good curate is all very well, but the same
goodness in a bishop is exalted as some-
thing noteworthy.

Cravat’. A corruption of Crabat or
Croat. It was introduced into France by
some French officers on their return from
Germany in 1636. The Croats, who
guarded the Turkish frontiers of Austria,
and acted as scouts on the flanks of the
army, wore linen round their necks, tied
in front, and the officers wore muslin or
silk. When France organised a regiment
on the model of the Croats, these linen
neckcloths were imitated, and the regi-
ment was called ‘‘ The Royal Cravat.”’

The Bonny Cravat. A public-house sign
at Woodchurch, Kent; a corruption of
La bonne corvette. Woodchurch was
noted for its smuggling proclivities, and
eae wee Cravat’’ was a smuggler’s

os #

To wear a hempen cravat. To be hanged,

Cra'ven means “your mercy is
craved.’’ It was usual in former times
to decide controversies by an appeal to
battle. The combatants fought with
batons, and if the accused could either
kill his adversary or maintain the fight
till sundown, he was acquitted. If he

wished to call off, he cried out‘‘Craven!”’
and was held infamous, while the defend-
ant wasadvaniced to honour. ( Blackstone.)

304

DUCANGE.

Credat Judzus
Crawley. Crooked as Crawley (or)
Crawley brook, a river in Bedfordshire.

That part called the brook, which runs
into the Ouse, is so crooked that a boat
would have to go oo miles in order
to make a progress direct of eighteen.
(Fuller : Worthies.)

Crayon (Geoffrey). The nom de
plume onder which Washington Irvi
published The Sketch-Book, (1820.)

Creaking Doors hang the Longest.
“Un pot félé dure plus quun neuf.”
“* Tout se qui branle ne chet pas”’ (tum-
bles not). Delicate persons often outlive
the more robust. Those who have some

rsonal afiliction, like the gout, often

ive longer than those who have no such
vent.

Create. Make.

God created the heavensandtheearth (Gen.i.L)
(Hebrew, carah; Greek, xrigw.)

God made the firmament.. -. «.. «- (Gen.i7
(Greek, rorێw),

God made the sunand moon... «. «+ «Gen. 116)

God created the great fishes -- .. .- (Gen.i 21.)

God made the terrestrial animals . .- (Gensi. 23.)
God created man and made him “ God-

like”. 2+ 22 os oe oe os tGenlE. 27.)

God said “ Let us make man in our own image”

(verse 26),and so God created man in His image

(verse 27).
Chap. il. 3. He rested from all the works which

He bad created and made.

Chap.ti.4. He made the earth and the heavens ;
He also created them.

Chap. ii. 22. He made woman, but created man.

Most certainly create does not of necessity mean
to make out of nothing, as fishes were “ created”
from water, and man was created from “ earth.”

Creature (Zhe). Whisky or other
spirits. A contracted form of “ Creature-
comfort.”

“ When he chanced to have taken an overdose
of the creature.”—Sir W. Scott: Guy Munnering,

chap. xliy.

A drop of the creature. A Iittle
whisky. The Irish call it ‘‘a drop of the
crater.’

Creature-comforts. Food and
other things necessary for the comfort of
the body. Man being su to con-
sist of and soul, the body is the
creature, but the soul is the “ vital spark
of heavenly flame.’’

s Mr. Squeers hadi bees seeking in re
falnces of his vaplcabeat siunGioar=teoae:
Nicholas Nickleby. oft

Credat Judzus or Credat Judzus
Apella. Tell that to the Marines.
That may do for Apella, but I don’t
believe a word of it. Who this Apella
was, nobody knows. (Horace > 1 Satires,
v. ine 100. aay

< Cicero mentions a person of this
name in Ad Atticum (12, ep. 19); but see

lds.”
. eek

Oredence Table

305

Cressida

Cre'dence Table. The table near
the altar on which the bread and wine
are deposited before they are conse-
erated. In former times food was
placed on a credence-table to be tasted
previously to its being set before the

» guests, is was done to assure the
ests that the meat was not poisoned.
Italian credenza’re means to taste
meats placed on the ereden'za. (Italian,
la eredensa, a shelf or buffet; Greek,
kreas, food.)

Crédit Fonoier (French). A com-
pany licensed to borrow money for cit
and other improvements connected wi
estates. A of guardians may
form such a company, and their security
would be the parish rates. The money
borrowed is repaid by instalments with
interest. The word foncier means
“landed,” as impét foncier (land-tax),
bien foncier (landed property), and so on.

Crédit Mobilier (French). A com-
pany licensed to take in hand all sorts
of trading enterprises, such as railways,
and to carry on the business of stock-
jobbers. e word eyes oo re
personal property, genera , as dien
mobdilier al chattels), modilier vif
et mort (live and dead stock),

Cre’kenpit. A fictitious river near
Hausterloe, according to the invention of
Master Reynard, who calls on the Hare
to attest the fact. (Reynard the Fox.)

Cremo’na. An organ stop, a cor-
ruption of the Italian cormorne, which is
the German Arummhorn, an organ stop
of eight feet pitch; so called from a
wind-instrument made of wood, and
bent outwards in a circular are (Arwmn-
horn, crooked horn).

Cremo'nas. Violins of the greatest
excellence; so called from Cremo’na,
where for many years lived some makers
of them who have gained a world-wide
notoriety, such as An’drea Ama'ti and
een a: ; greets Stradiva’rius

is pupil, and Giuseppe Guarne'rius the

ra of Stradivarius. Cremona has
ng since lost its reputation for this
manufacture,
“Tn silvis viva silut ; cano’ra jam mor’tus cano.”
; A motto on a Cremona,

7 on
Now: being dead emulate thet song, a 2

and the West Indies,
; diminutive ertadillo,
) (See

>

Creole dialects, The various jargons
spoken by the West India slaves,

Crepiidam. Supracrep'idum, Talk-
ing about subjects above one’s metier,
meddling and muddling matters of
which you know little or nothing.
CoBBLER.)

Crescent. Tradition says that
‘* Philip, the father of Alexander, meet-
ing with great difficulties in the siege oi
Byzan'tium, set the workmen to under-
mine the walls, ‘but a crescent moon dis-
covered the design, which miscarried ;
consequently the Byzantines erected a
statue to Diana, and the crescent became
the symbol of the state.”’

Ancther legend is that Othman, the
Sultan, saw in a vision a crescent moon,
which kept increasing till its horns ex-
tended from east to west, and he adopted
the crescent of his dream fof his stan-
dard, adding the motto, ‘‘ Donee rep‘leat
orbem.”?

Crescent City (The).
in Louisiana, U.S.
Cres’cit. Crescit sud poner Vintus
(Virtue thrives best in adversity). The
allusion is to the palm-tree, which grows
better when pressed by an incumbent
any plants grow the better for being
pressed, as grass, which is wonderfully
improved by being rolled frequently
with a heavy roller, and by being trodden
down by sheep.

Cressell’e (2 syl.). A wooden rattle
used formerly in the Romish Church
during Passion week, instead of bells, to
give notice of Divine worship. Supposed
to represent the rattling in the throat of
Christ while hanging on the cross.

Cres'set. A beacon-light; properly
‘a little oross.’’ So called because ori-
ginally it was surmounted by a little
cross. (French, eroisette.)

Cress‘ida, daughter of Calchas the
Grecian priest, was beloved by Troilus
one of the sons of Priam. They vowed
eternal fidelity to each other, and as
pledges of their vow Troilus gave the
maiden a sleeve, and Cressid gave the
Trojan princea glove. Scarce had the
vow been rg rae 3 of

risoners was omed gave
Se three Trojan princes, and was to
receive Cressid in heu thereof. Cressid
vowed to remain constant, and Troilus
swore to rescue her. She was led off to
the Grecian’s tent, and soon gave all her
affections to Diomed—nay, even bade

New Orleans,

Cresswell

306

Crillon

him wear the sleeve that Troilus had
given her in token of his love. :
“As false

As air, as water, wind, or sandy carth,

As fox to lamb, as wolf to heifer’s calf,

Pard to the hind, or step-dame to her son ;

oe let them say, to stick the heart of false-
O06

« As false as Cressid.’” REE OE

: Shakespeare: Troilus and Cressida, iii, 2,
Cresswell (Madame). A woman of

infamous character who bequeathed £10

for a funeral sermon, in which nothing

ill should be said of her. The Duke of

Buckingham wrote the sermon, which

was as follows: ‘‘ All I shall say of her

is this—she was born well, she married

aell, lived well, and died well; for she

was born at Shad-well, married to Cress-

well, lived at Clerken-well, and died in

Bride-well,”’

Cressy (Battle of). Won by Edward
III. and the Black Prince over Philippe
VI. of France, August 26, 1346,

“ Cressy was lost by kickshaws and soup meagre,”
- Fenton; Prol. to Southern's Spartan Dame,
Crestfallen. Dispirited. The allu-

sion is to fighting cocks, whose crest

falls in defeat and rises rigid and of a

deep red colour in victory

“Shall I seem crest-fallen in my father’s sight ?”

Shakespeare: Richard IJT.,i. 1.

Crete. Hound of Crete. A blood-
hound,

“ Coupe le gorge, that’s the word. I thee defy

again

O hound of Crete.”

Shakespeare: Henry V.., ii. 1.

The Infamy of Crete. The Minotaur.

“There lay stretched
The infamy of Crete, detested brood
Of the feigned heifer.” 4
Dante: Hell, xii. (Cary's translation).
Cre'ticus. Metellus, the Roman
general, was so called because he con-
quered Crete (Candia).

Cre'tinism. Mental imbecility accom-
panied by goitre. So called from the
Crétins of the Alps. ‘The word is a cor-
ruption of Christian (Chrétien), because,
being baptised, and only idiots, they were
‘¢ washed from original sin,’’ and incap-
able of actual sin. Similarly, idiots are
called innocents. (French erétin, erétin-
sme.)

Crex. White bullace. (Dutch, kriecke,
cherry ; Latin, cer’asum.)

Crib (A). Slang for a house or
dwelling, as a ‘‘ Stocking Crib” (i.e. a
hosiery), a ‘‘Thimble Crib’ (i.e. a
silversmith’s). Crib is an ox-stall.
(Anglo-Saxon, crid, a stall, a bed, etc.)
oe iy heats No oxen are, the crib is clean.”—Prov.

A child’s crib isa child’s bed. (See
preceding column.)

Crib (A). A petty theft; a. literal
translation of some foreign work, stealth-
ily employed to save trouble.

“We are glad to turn from the choruses of
€schylus, or the odes of Horace, confected in
English verse by some petty scholar, to the
original text, and the homely help of a school-
boy's crib.”—Balzac's Shorter Stories: Prefatory
Notice, p. 16.

Crib. To steal small articles. (Saxon,
eryob ; Irish, grib; our grab, grapple,
grip, gripe, etc.) j

Cricket.

The diminutive of the Anglo-Saxon
eric, a staff or crutch. In the Bodleian
library is a MS, (1344) picture of a monk
bowling a ball to another monk, who is
about to strike it with a eric. In the
field are other monks, There are no
wickets, but the batsman stands before
a hole, and the art of the game was
either to get the ball into the hole, or
to catch it. :

Perhaps the earliest mention of the
word ‘‘ crickett”’ is 1593. John Derrick,
gent., tells us when he attended the
‘free school of Guldeforde, he and his
fellowes did runne and play there at
crickett and other plaies.”” It was a
Wykehamice game in the days of Eliza-

eth.

A single stump was placel in the
seventeenth century at each hole to
point out the place to bowlers and
fielders. In 1700 two stumps were used
24 inches apart and 12 inches high, with
long bails atop.

A middle stump was added by the’
Hambledon Club: in 1775, and the
height of the stumps was raised to 22
inches.
~ In 1814 they were made 26 inch
and in 1817 they were reduced to 2
inches. the present height. The length
of run is 22 yards.

The first cricket club was Hambledon
which practically broke up in 1791, but
existed in name till 1825.

Cri‘key. A profane oath; a per-
~verted form of the word Christ.” Pt

Crillon, Where wert thou, Crillon ?
Crillon, surnamed the Brave, in his old
age went to church, and listened in-
tently to the story of the Crucifixion.
In the middle of the narrative he grew
excited, and, unable to contain hi f
cried out, ‘* Ow étais-tu, Crillon ?’
(What were you about, Crillon, to allow
of such things as these ?). 1

N.B. Louis de Berton des Balbes de
Crillon was one of the greatest captains

Crimen

807

Critic

of the sixteenth century. Born in Pro-
vence 1541, died 1615.

Henri lV., after the battle of Argives (1589),
wrote to Crillon the following letter: ‘* Prend-toi,
brave Crillon, nous avons vaincu a Arques, et tu n'y
etuis pas.” The first and last part of this letter
have become proverbial.

Crimen lms Majestatis (Latin).
High treason.

Crimp. A decoy; a man or woman
that is pa the look-out a deco jie un-
wary. It is more properly applied to an
agent for supplying ships with sailors, but
these agents are generally im league with
public-houses and private lodging-houses
of low eharacter, into which they deco
the sailors and relieve them of their
money under one pretence or another.
bb elsh, crimpiaw, to squeeze or pinch;

orwegian, Arympe, a sponge.)

Crimp of Death (4). A thief-
catcher. A crimp is a decoy, especia}ily
of soldiers and sailors. (See above.)

« Hore lie three crimps of death, knocked down
of justice the staunch blood-bounds, too, so

Peter Pindar: Epitaph on Townsend,
: Macmanus, and Jealous,
Cringle (Jom). An excellent sailor
character in the naval story by Michiel
Scott, called Jom Cringle’s Log, first
published in Blackwood’s Magazine,

Cripple. A battered or bent six.
pence; so called because it is hard to
make it go..

Crip'plegate. St. Giles is the patron
saint of cripples and beggars, and was
himself @ cripple. Churches dedicated
to this saint are, therefore, in the suburbs
of large towns, as St. Giles of London,
Norwich, Cambridge, Salisbury, eto.
Cripplegate, London, was so called
before the Conquest from the number’
of cripples who resorted thither to beg.
(Stowe)

Criss-cross Row (Christ-cross row).
The A B C horn-book, containing the
alphabet and nine digits. The most
ancient of these infant-school books had
the letters arranged in the form of a
Latin cross, with A at the top and Z at

the bottom; but afterwards the letters | mak

were’ arranged in lines, and a + was
laced at the beginning to remind the
earner that ‘The fear of the Lord is
the beginning of wisdom.” —
ban contained of ol the Curiscross row."
Bory shen conn Pe Hoe
Crish’na. An incarnate deity of
rfect beauty. King Canza, being in-
Yormed that a child of the family of

Devaci would overturn his throne, gave
orders to destroy all the male infants
that were born. When Crishna was
born, his brother conveyed him secretly
to the house of a shepherd king; but
Canza discovered his retreat, and sent
the monster Kikshas to poison him. The
tale says the infant child sucked the
monster to death, and so eseaped. As
he grew up, his beauty was so divine
that all the princesses of Hindustan fell
in love with him, and even to the present
hour he is the Apollo of India and the
‘idol of women.’”? His images are
always painted a deep azurecolour. (Si
W. Jones.). (See Rama.)

Cri'sis properly means the “ abili
to judge.’ ippoc'ratés said that all

- diseases had their periods, when the

humours of the body ebbed and flowed
like the tide of the sea. These tidal
days he called critical days, and the tide
itself a crisis, because it was on these
days the physician could determine
whether the disorder was taking a

good
- ora bad turn. The seventh and alt its

multiples were critical days of a favour-
able character. (Greek, krino, to judge
or determine.)

Crispin. A shoemaker, Sf Crispin
was a shoemaker, and was therefore
chosen for the patron saint of the craft.
It is said that two brothers, Crispin and
Crispian, born in Rome, went to Soissons,
in France (4,D. 303), to propagate the
Christian religion, and maintained them-
selves: wholly by making and mending
shoes. Probably the: tale is fabulous,
for cfrepis is' Greek for a shoe, Latin
crepid-a, and St, Crepis on Crepid became
Crepin and Crespin.

St. Crispin’s Day. October 25th, the
day of the battle of Agincourt. Shake-
speare makes Crispin Crispian one
person, and not two brothers. Hence

enry V. says to his soldiers—

4 ae Crispin Crispian shall ne’er &8 by...

ut. we in it shall be remembere:
: Shakespeare: Heary V.,iv.3.

St. Crispin’s holiday, Every Monday,

with those who begin the working week

on Tuesday; a no-work day with shoe-
ers. (See CRISPEN,)

St, Crispin’s lance, A shoemaker’s

awl In ch, ‘‘ Lanes de St. Crépin.””
Crispin is the patron saint of shoemakers.

The French argot for a leather purse is une
crépine, ;

Crite’rion. A standard to judge by.
(Greek, krine, to judge.) 3 a

Critic. A judge; an arbiter. (Greek,
krino, to judge.) 4

Croaker

808 Croné

Critie. A captious, malignant critic is
called a Zoilus (q.v.)

“‘and what of this new book the whole world
makes sucha rout about?’ ‘Oh, it is out of all
plumb, my lord; quite an irregular thing! not
one of the angles at the four corners is a right
angle. I bad my rule and compasses in my
pocket.’ ‘Excellent critic!’ ;

“and for the epic poem your lordship bade me
look at, upon taking the length, breadth, height,
and depth of it, and trying them at home upon an
exact scale of Bossu's (Bossut’s], 'tis out, my lord,
in every one of its dimensions,’ ‘Admirable con-
noisseur !’"—Sterne: Tristram Shandy, vol. iii.
chap. xii.

The abbé Charles Bossut (1730-
1814) was a noted mathematician and
geometer.

Prince of critics. Aristarchos, of By-
zantium, who compiled the rhapsodies of
Homer. (Second century B.¢.)

Stop-wateh critics.

“and how did Garrick speak the soliloquy last
night?’ ‘Oh,against all rule, my lord, most wn-
grammatically. Betwixt the substantive and the
adjective, which should agree together in number,
ease, and gender, he made a breaoh, thus——stop-
ping as if the point wanted settling; and hetwixt
the nominative case, which, your lordship knows,
should govern the verb, he suspended his voice
in-the epilogue a dozen times, three seconds and
three-fifths by a stop-watch, my lord, each time.’
‘Admirable grammarian !* ‘But in suspending
his voice was the sense suspended likewise? Did
no expression of attitude or countenance fill up
the chasm? Was the eye silent? Did you nar-
rowly look?’ ‘I looked only at the stop-watch,
my lord.’ ‘ Excellent observer !'"—Sterne: Tris-
tram Shandy, Vol. iii. chap. xii.

Croak’er (2 syl.). A raven, so called
from its croak; one who takes a de+
seen any view of things. Goldsmith, in
his Good-natured Man, has a character
so named.

Croakumshire. Northumberland is
so called from the peculiar croaking of
the natives in speaking. This is especi-
ally observable in Newcastle and Mor-

th, where the people are said to be

orn with a burr in their throats, which
revents their giving effect to, the
etter 7

Croc mitaine (4). A fire-eater;
one always ready to quarrel and fight,
(See CROQUEMITAINE.)

Croc'odile (3 syl.). A symbol of
deity among the Egyptians, because it
is the only aquatic animal, says Plu-
tarch, which has its eyes covered with a
thin transparent membrane, by reason
of which it sees and is not seen; so God
sees all, Himself not being seen. To
this he subsequently adds another reason,
saying, ‘‘The Egyptians worship God
symbolically in the crocodile, that being
the only animal without a tongue, like
the Divine Logos, which standeth not in
need of speech.”” (De Iside et Osiride,
vol, ii. p. oe

! Achilles Tatius says, ‘‘ The number

of its teeth equals the number of daysin
a year.” Another tradition is, that
during the seven days held sacred to
Apis, the crocodile will harm no one,

Crocodile (King). A king who de-
vours his people, or at least their sub-
stance. Browne, in his Travels, tells us
that there is a king crocodile, as there is a
queen bee. The king crocodile has no tail.

Crocodile’s Eye. Hieroglyphic for
the morning,

Croc’odile’s Tears, Hypocritical
tears. The tale is, that crocodiles moan
and sigh like a person in deep distress,
to allure travellers to the spot, and éven
shed tears over their prey while in the
act of devouring it,

“As the mournful crocodile
With sorrow snares relenting passengers,”
Shakespeare: 2 Henry VI, iii. L

Crocum in Ciliciam ferre. To
carry coals to Newcastle. As Cilicia
abounds with saffron, to send it there
would be needless and extravagant
excess, For similar phrases, see ALGINOO
POMA DARE, Noctuas ATHENAS, CoALs.

Creesus. Rich as Croesus. Crossus
King of Lydia, was so rich and powerful:
that all the wise men of Greece were
drawn to his court, and his name be-
came proverbial for wealth. (B,c..560-
546.) (See GyGEs.)

Crom/eruach’. Chief idol of the
Trish before the preaching of St, Patrick.
It was a gold or silver image surrounded
by twelve little brazen ones.

Cromlech. A large stone resting on
two or more others, like a table. (Welsh,
erom, bent; Ilech, a flat stone.)

Weyland Smith’s cave (Berkshire),
Trevethy stone (Cornwall), Kit’s Coty
House (Kent). Irby and Mangles saw
twenty-seven structures just like these
on the banks of the Jordan; at Plas
Newydd (Anglesey) are two cromlechs;
in Cornwall they are numerous; so are
they in Wales; some few are found in
Treland, as the ‘‘ killing-stone”’ in Louth.
In Brittany, Denmark, Germany, and
some other parts of Europe, cromlechs
are to be found, ' :

Cromwell in the part of ‘‘Tactus.’
(See Tactvs.) Ms Sineld '

Crone, properly speaking, means 4a
ewe whose teeth -are worn out; but
metaphorically it means any toothless
old beldam. (Irish, cviona, old; allied
to the Greek gern, an old man.) “I

“Take up the bastard ; take ’t up, I say ; give 't

to thy crone,.”—Shakespeare: Winter's Tale, ii. 3,

Cronian Sea

Cro‘nian Sea. The north polar sea.
Pliny says, ‘‘ A Thule wnius diet naviga-
tio'né maré concretum,a nonnulliscronium
appella' tur.” (Natural History, iv. 16.)

“ As when two polar winds blowing adverse

Upon the Cronian sea,” ~
Milton: Paradise Lost, x. 290,

Cro‘ny. A familiar friend. An old
crony is an intimate of times' gone by.
Probably crone with the diminutive t¢
for endearment, and equivalent to ‘‘ dear
old fellow,’? ‘“‘dear old boy.’ (See
CRONE.)

Crook in the Lot,
in the lot of everyone. There is vexa-
tion bound up in every person’s lot of
life, a skeleton in the cupboard of every
house. A crook in a stick is a bend, a
part where the stick does not run
straight, hence a ‘‘shepherd’s crook.’’
When lots-were drawn by bits of stick,
it was desirable to get sticks which were
smooth and straight; but it is very hard
to find one without a crook, knot, or
some other defect. Boston has a book
entitled The Crook in the Lot.

Crooked as Crawley. (See Craw-
LEY.)

Crooked Sixpence (4). Said to
bring luck, (See Money.)

Crooked Stick (4). A self-willed
fellow who will neither lead nor drive,
neither be led nor driven. (See CRoox.)

Crop Up (or) Out. To rise out of,
to appear at the surface. A mining
term. Strata which rise to the surface
are said to crop out. We also say, such
and such a subject crops wp from time to
time—.e. rises to the surface ; such and
such a thing crops out of what you were
saying—i.e. is apropos thereof.

There 48 a@ crook

Cropper. He came a cropper. He
fell head over heels. To get a cropper.
To get a bad fall. ‘Neck and crop”
means altogether, and to ‘‘come a
cropper” is to come to the ground neck
and crop.

Croquemitaine [croak-mit-tain], the
bogie raised by fear. The romance so
in three parts. The first relates
the bloody tournament at Fransac, be-
tween the champions of the Moorish
King Marsillus and the paladins of
Charlemagne. The second 1s the Siege
of Saragossa by Charlemagne. . The
third is the allegory of Fear-Fortress.
The epilogue is the disaster at Ronces-
vallés. The author is M. is a There
is an, English version by Tom Hood,

309

Gross

illustrated by Gustave Doré (1867), (See
FEAR-FortTREss, MITAInE, etc.)

Crognet. A game played with a
sort of bandy stick, he’ crook was
superseded by a kind of mallet. Du
Cange gives “‘ Crogue, croguebois, croquet
baton armé d'un croc, ou, gui est recourbé’
(vol. vii. p. 115). The art of the game
is to strike your balls through very
small hoops arranged in a given order,

Crore (4), in the East Indies, means
a hundred lacs of rupees, equal nomi-
nally, in round numbers, to a million
sterling. (Pronounce cror, Hindustanee
karor.)

Cross. The cross is said to have
been made of four sorts of wood (palm,
cedar, olive, and cypress), to signify the
four quarters of the globe.

*“Ligna crucis palma, cedrus, cupressus, oli’ya.”

We are accustomed to consider the
sign of the cross as wholly a Christian
symbol, originating with the crucifixion
of our Redeemer. This is quite errone-
ous. In ancient Carthage it was used
for ornamental purposes, Runic crosses
were set up by the Scandinavians as
boundary marks, and were erected over
the graves of kings and heroes. Cicero

’ tells us (De Divinatione, ite27, and 80, 81)

that the augur’s staff with which they
marked out the heaven was w cross.
The ancient Egyptians employed the
same as a sacred symbol, and we see on
Greek sculptures, etc., a cake with a
cross ; two such buns were discovered at
Hercula/‘neum.

It was a sacred‘ symbol among the
Aztecs long before the landing of Cortes.
(AMalinche.) In Cozumel it was an ob-
ject of worship ; in Tabasco it symbolised
the god of rain; in Palinque (the Pal-
myra of America) it is sculptured on the
walls with a child held up adoring it.

“The cross is not only aChristian symbol, it was
also a Mexican symbol. It was one of the em-
blems of Quetzalcoatl, as lord of the-four cardinal
pointg, and the four winds that blow therefrom.”
—Fiske; Discovery of America, vol. ii. chap. viii.
p. 250.) :

Cross (in heraldry). There are twelve
‘crosses in heraldry, called (1) the ordi-
nary cross; (2) the cross humetté; or
couped ; (3) the cross urdé, or pointed ;
(4) the cross potent ; (5) the cross cross-
let ; (6) the cross botonné, or treflé ; (7)
the cross moline ; (8) the cross potence ;

9) the cross fleury ; (10) the cross paté ;

11) the Maltese cross (or eight-pointed
cross) ; (12) the cross cleché and fitché.
Some heraldic writers. enumerate 285
different kinds of crosses,

~ Cross

810

Cross and Pile

Cross (a mystic emblem) may be re-
duced to these four:

The Greek cross (+-), found on Assy-
rian tablets, Egyptian and Persian monu-
ments, and on Etruscan pottery.

The crux decussita (X), generally
called St. Andrew’s cross. Quite com-
mon in ancient sculpture.

The Latin cross (t), or ‘crux im-
missa.’’ This symbol is also found on
coins, monuments, and medals, long be-
fore the Christian era,

The tau cross (T), or “ crux commissa.”’
Very ancient indeed, and supposed to be
a phallic emblem.

+ The tau cross with a handle (#) is
common to several Egyptian deities, as
Isis, Osiris, etc. ; and 1s the emblem of
immortality and life generally.

Everyone must bear his own cross.
His own burden or troubles. The allu-
sion is to the law that the person con-
demned to be crucified was to carry his
cross to the place of execution.

Get on the cross. Get into bad ways;
not go straight.

“ 1t’s hard lines to think a fellow must grow up
and get on tbe cross in spite of himself, and

come to the gallow’s foot at last, whether be
likes it or not,”—Loldrewood : Robbery Under Arms,

chap. viii.

The judgment of the cross. An ordeal
instituted in the reign of Charlemagne.
The plaintiff and defendant were re-
quired to cross their arms upon their
breast, and he who could hold out the
longest gained the suit.

On the cross. Not ‘‘on the square,”
not straightforward. To get auything
“on the cross”’ is to get it unfairly or
surreptitiously.

Sce ROSICRUCIANS. /

Cross (Zo).

Cross it off or out. Cancel it by run-
ning your pen across it. To cancel (¢.v.)
means to mark it with lattice lines.

Cross, ill-tempered, is the Anglo- .

Saxon crous.

“ Azeyn [against] hem was he kene and crous.”
Cursor Mundi.

Cross Buns. (Sec Buns.)

Cross-grained. Patchy, ill-tem-
pered, self-willed. Wood must be
worked with the praiey when the grain
crosses we get a knot or curling, which
is hard to work uniform.

Cross-legged Knights indicate that
the person so represented died in the
Christian faith. As crusaders were
supposed so to do, they were generally

represented on their tombs with crossed

legs.

“Sometimes the figure on the tomb of a knight
has his Jegs crossed at the ankles, this meant that
the knight went one crusade, . if the legs are
crossed at the knees, he went twice; if at the
thighs he went three times.” —Ditchfield: Our Vil-

layes, 1889.
Cross Man (4). Not straightfor-
ward; ungain; not honest.

“Tbe storekeepers know who are their best
customers, the square people or the cross ones.”
—Boldrewood: Robbery Under Arms, chap. xvil.

. Cross-patch. A disagreeable, ill-
tempered person, male or female. Patch
means a fool or gossip; so called from
his pastieaolinress or patched dress. A
cross-patch is an ill-tempered fool or
gossip. Patch, pari ‘fellow,’ is
common enough ; half a dozen examples
occur in Shakespeare, as a “scurv

patch,” a ‘soldier’s patch,’ ‘* What
patch is made our porter?’ ‘‘a crew of

- patches,” etc.

“ Cross-patch, draw the latob,
Sit by the fire and spin ;
Take a cup, and drink it up,
Then call your neighbours in.
Old Nursery Rhyme.
Cross-roads, All (except suicides)
who were excluded from holy rites were’
piously buried at the foot of the cross
erected on the public road, as the place
next in sanctity to consecrated ground.
Suicides were ignominioudly buried on
the highway, with a stake driven through
their body.

Cross and Ball, so universally
marked on Egyptian figures, is a circle
and the letter T. The circle signifies
the eternal preserver of the world, and
the T is the monogram of Thoth, the
Egyptian Mercury, meaning wisdom.

The coronation orb is a sphere or ball
surmounted by a cross, an emblem of
empire introduced in representations of
our Saviour. In this case the cross
stands above the ball, to signify that the
spiritual power is above the temporal.

Cross and Pile. Money; pitch and
toss. Hilaire le Gai tells us that some
of the ancient French coius had a cross,
and others a column, on the reverse; the
column was called a pile, from which
comes our word ‘‘ pillar,” and -the
phrase “ cg Mae 3 ? Scaliger says
that some of the-old"French coins had a
ship on the reverse, the arms of Paris,
‘and that pile means ‘‘a ship,’”’? whence
our word “ pilot.”

“A man may now justifiably throw up cross
and pile for his opinions.”—Locke: Human Under-

standing.
Cross or pile, “Heads or tails, The

French say pile ou face. The ‘‘face”’ or

Cross as a Bear

$11 Crown

cross was the obverse of the coin, the
‘* pile”? was the reverse; but at a later
period the cross was transferred to the
reverse, as in our florins, and the
obverse bore a ‘‘ head”? or ‘ poll.”’
“Marriage is worse than cross J win, pile you
lose.” : Shadwell: Epsom Wells,
Cross nor pile, I have neither cross
nor Ee Not a penny in the world.
The French phrase is, ‘‘ Navoir ni croix
ni pile” (to have neither one sort of
coin nor another).
“ Whacum had neither cross nor pile.”
Butler: Hudibras, part ii. 3.
Cross as a Bear, or Cross asa bear
with a sore head.

Cross as the Tongs. The refer-
ence is to tongs which open like a pair
of scissors.

Cross as Two Sticks, The refer-
ence is to the:cross (X).

Crossing the Hand. Fortune-tell-
ers of the gipsy race always bid their
dupe to ‘cross their hand with a bit of
silver.’? This, they say is for luck.
Of course, the br a of the cross warded
off witches and all other evil spirits, and,
as fortune-telling belongs to the black
arts, the palm is signed with a cross to
keep off the wiles of the devil. ‘‘ You
Bed fear no evil, though I am a fortune-
teller, if by the sign of the cross you
exorcise the evil spirit.”

Crossing the Line—i.¢. the equator.

Crot’alum. A sort of castanet, rattled
in dancing. Aristopha’nés calls a great
talker krot'alon (a clack).

Crotchet. A whim; a fancy; a
twist of the mind, like the crotch or
creme of a stick. (See Croox.)

“The duke.hath crotchets {n him.”
‘Shakespeare: Measure for Measure, iil. 2.

Croto'na’s Sage. Pytha’goras. So
called because at Crotona he established
his first and chief school of philosophy.
Such success followed his teaching that
the whole aspect of the tewn became
more moral and decorous in a marvel-
lously short time. About B.c. 540.

Crouchback. (See RED Rose.)
Crou from the Invention of

chmaa,
the Cross to St. Helen’s Day (May 3rd
to August 18th). Not Christ-mas, but

Cross-mas, tion Sunday is called
Crouchmas ate f

, and Rogation week ©

is called Crouchmas,

* From bull-cew fast,
+ ill Crouchmas he past " [i.e. August 18th).
bes = Tuseer: May Remembrances.

Crow. ds the crow flies. The
shortest route between two given places,
The crow flies straight to its point of
destination, Called the bee-line in
America.

Crow. (See RAvEN.) |

I must pluck a crow with you; I havea
crow to pick with you. I am displeased
with you, and must call you to account.
Ihave a small complaint to make against
you. In Howell’s proverbs (1659) we
find the following, ‘‘I have a govse to
pluck with you,”’ used in the same sense ;
and Chaucer has the phrase ‘Pull a

Jinch,”” but means thereby to cheat or

filch. Children of distinction among the
Greeks and Romans had birds for their
amusement, and in their boyish quar-
rels used to pluck or pull theuicathers
out of each other’s pets. Tyn‘darus,
in his Captives, alludes to this, but
instances it with a /apwing. In hiero-
glyphics @ crow symbolises contention,
cord, strife.

“Ifa crow help us in, sirrah, we'll pluck a crow

together.”—Shakespeare: Comedy of Errors, iii. 1.
“ If not, resolve before we go,
That you and I must pulla crow.”
Butler: Hudibras, part ii. 2,

Crow over One (7), is to exult over
a vanquished or abased person, The allu-
sion is to cocks, who always crow when
they have vanquished an adversary.

Crowbar. An iron’ with a crook,

‘used for leverage. (Anglo-Saxon, crwe.)

“Science is as far removed from brute force as
this sword from a crowbar.” — Bulwer-Lytton :
Leila, book ii. chap. i. p. 33,

Crowd or Crouth. A species of fiddle
with six or more strings. e last noted
reeks -on this instrument was John

organ, who died 1720. (Welsh, crwth.)
“O sweet consent, between a crowd and a Jew’s

harp!” Lyly.

Crowde'ro. One of the rabble leaders
encountered by Hudibras at a bear-
baiting. The original of this character
was one Jackson or Jephson, a milliner,
who lived in the New Exchange, Strand.
He lost a leg in the service of the Round-
heads, and was reduced to the necessity
of fiddling from alehouse to alehouse for
his daily bread. The word means fiddler.
(See above, CROWD.)

Crown. In heraldry nine crowns are
recognised: The oriental, the triumphal
or imperial, the diadem, the obsidional
crown, the civic, the crown vallery, the
mural crown, the naval, and the crown
celestial.

The blockade crown (corona obsidio-
na lis), presented by the Romans te the,
general who liberated a beleaguered

Crown Glass

army. This was made of grass and wild
flowers gathered from the spot.

A camp crown was given by the
Romans to him who first forced his way
into the enemy’scamp. It was made of
gold, and decorated with palisades.

A civic crown was presented to him
who preserved the life of a civis or
Roman citizen in battle. This crown
was made of oak leaves, and bore the
inscription, H.O.C.S.—i.¢. hostem occidit,
ci'vem serva'vit (a foe he slew, a citizen
saved).

A mural crown was given by the
Romans to that man who first scaled
the wall of ‘a besieged town. It was
made of gold and decorated with battle-
ments,

A naval crown was by the Romans
gers to him who won a naval victory.

t was made of gold, and decorated with
the beaks of ships.

An olive crown was by the Romans
given to those who distinguished them-
selves in battle in some way not specially
mentioned in other clauses.

An ova'tion crown (coro'na ova'lis) was
by the Romans given to the general who
vanquished pirates orany despised enemy.
It was made of myrtle.

A triumphal crown was by the Romans
given to the general who obtained a tri-
umph. It was made of laurel or bay
leaves. Sometimes a massive gold crown
was given to a victorious general. (See
LavREL.)

The iron crown of Lombardy is the
crown of the ancient lLongobardic
kings, It is now at Monza, in Italy.

Henry of Luxembourg and succeeding:

kings were crowned withit. Napoleon 1,
ut it on his head with his own hands,
tis a thin fillet of iron, said to be ham-

mered from 2 nail of the true cross,

covered with a gold circle, enamelled
with jewels, etc. ‘

Crown Glass is window glass blown
into a crown or hollow globe. It is
flattened before it is fit for use.

Crown Office (Zhe). A department
belonging to the Court of Queen’s Bench.
There are three Crown officers. appointed
by the Lord Chief Justice—viz. (1)
Queen’s Coroner and Attorney ; (2) the
Master ; and (3) the Assistant Master.
The offices are held during good be-
haviour,

Crown of the East—i.e. Antioch,’

capital of Syria, which consisted of four
walled cities, encompassed by a common
Yampart, that ‘‘enrounded them like a

$12

Crucial

coronet.’’ It was also surnamed ‘‘ the

beautiful.”’

Crowns (worn by heathen deities) :

APOLLO wore a crown of laurels.
BACCHUS, of grapes or ivy.
CERRS, of blades of wheat,
CoMus, of roses. °

CyYBELR, of pine leaves.

FLORA, of fiowers.

FORTUNE, Of fir-stips.

The GRracgs, of olive-leaves,

HERCULES, Of poplar-leaves.

HYMEN, of roses. .

JuNO, of quince-leaves.

JUPITER, of oak-leaves.

The Larfis, of rosemary.

MERCURY, Of ivy, Olive-leaves, or mulberries.

MINERVA, Of olive-leaves,

The Musks, of flowers.

PAN, of pine-leaves.

PLUTO, of cypress.

PomOna, of fruits.

SATURN, of vine-leaves.

VENUS, of myrtle or roses,

Crowner. Coroner—i.e, an officer of
the Crown.

“The crowner hath sat on her, and finds it?
Christian burial."—Shakespeare: Hamlet, Vv. 1.

Crow’s-Nest (The), inaGreenlander’s
galley, is a small room constructed of
staves, something like an empty cask,
It is fitted up with seats and other con-
veniences, and here the person on watch
continues for two hours looking out for
whales. The whale generally announces
his approach by a ‘ blowing,’’ which
may in favourable circumstances be
heard several miles off,

Crowauill (Alfred). Alfred Henry
Forrester (1805-1872),

Croysa'do. The Great . Croysado.
General Lord Fairfax. (Hdibras.)

Cro’zier or ‘Cro'sier. . An archbishop’s
staff terminates in a floriated cross, while
a bishop’s crook has a eurved, bracken-
like head. A bishop turns his crook’
outwards, to denote his wider authority ;
an abbot (whose crook is the same as a
bishop’s) carries it turned inwards, to
show that his jurisdiction is limited to
his own inmates. When walking with a
bishop an abbot covers his crook with a
veil hanging from the knob, to show that

‘his authority is veiled in the presence of :

his superior.

Cru’cial. A crucial test. A very
severe and undeniable one. The allusion
is to a fancy of Lord Bacon’s, who said
that two different diseases or sciences.
might run parallel for a time, but would.
ultimately cross each other: thys, the.
plague might for a time resemble other,

iseases, but when the dubo or boil ap-

peared, the plague would assume its” ~

specific character. Hence the phrases in-
stan'tia crucis (a crucial or unmistakable

b

Crude Forms

313

Crusted Port

symptom), a crucial experiment, a
crucial example, a crucial question, etc.

Crude Forms in grammar, The
roots or essential letters of words. The
words are crude or unfinished. Thus am-
is the crude form of the verb amo; bon-
of the adjective bonus; and domin- of
the noun dominus.

‘Cruel Tee). Pedro, King of Castile
(1334, 1850-1369).
Pedro I, of Portugal; also called /e

Justicier (1320, 1357-1367).

Cruel (now Crewel) Garters, Gar-—
ters made of worsted or yarn.
“Ha! ha! look, he wears cruel garters.’:
apeare : King Lear, il. 4.
“ Wearing of silk, why art thou so cruel?”
~ Woman's a Weathercock (1612),
Crummy. That's crummy, that’s
jolly good. She’s a crummy woman, a
fine handsome woman. Crummy means
fat or fleshy, The crummy part of
bread is the fleshy or main part. The
opposite of “crusty ’’ = ill-tempered.

Crump,
get it, Mrs. Crump ?
Crump, a farmer’s wife, was invited to
dine with Lady Coventry, who was very
deaf. Mrs. Crump wanted some beer,
but, awed by the Si a and plush, said,
in a half-whisper, ‘‘I wish I had some
‘beer, now.”? Mr. Flunkey, conscious
that his mistress could not hear, replied
in the same aside, ‘‘ Don’t you wish you
may getit?’’ At this the farmer’s wife
rose from table and helped herself.
Lady Canenteys of course, demanded the
reason, and the anecdote soon became
a standing joke.

Crusades (2 syl.). Holy wars in
which the warriors wore a cross, and
fought, nominally at least, for the
honour of the cross. Each nation had
its special colour, which, says Matthew
Paris (i. 446), was red for France ; white
for England; green for Flanders; for
Italy it was blue or azure; for Spain,
gules; for Scotland, a St. Andrew’s
cross; for the Knights Templars, red on
white,

The seven Crusades,

(1) 1096-1100, Preached up by Peter
the Hermit. Led by Godfrey of Bouil-
lon, who took Jerusalem. As aresult of
this crusade, Geoffrey of Bouillon be-
eame the virtual king of Jerusalem.

Don't you wish you may
?

@ 1147-1149. At the instigation of
St. Bernard. Led by Louis VII. and the
Emperor Conrad. To secure the union /
of Europe.

Grose says Mrs, |

(3) 1189-1193, Led by Richard Dion-
heart. For knightly distinction. This
was against Saladin or Salah-Eddin.

(4) 1202-1204. Led by Baldwin of
Flanders and the doge. To glorify the
Venetians. :

(5) 1217. Led by John of Brienne,
titular King of Jerusalem. To suit his
own purpose.

(6) 1228-1229. Led by Frederick ITI.
As a result, Palestine was ceded to Fred-
erick (Kaiser of Germany), who was
crowned king of Jerusalem.

(7) 1248-1254 and (8) 1268-1270. To
satisfy the religious scruples of Louis IX.

Crush. To crush a bottle—t.e. drink
one. Cf. Milton’s crush the sweet
poison, The idéa is that of crushing
the grapes. Shakespeare has also burst
a bottle in the same sense (Induction
of Taming the Shrew). (See Crack.)

“Come and crush a cup of wine.”
Shakespeare: Romec and Juliet, i. 2.

To crush a fly ona wheel. To crack a
nut with a steam-hammer; to employ
power far too valuable for the purpose
to be accomplished. The wheel referred
tois the rack, (See Break a Burrer-
FLY.)

Crush-room (Zhe) of an opera or
theatre. A room provided for ladies
where oa can,wait till their carriages
are called. Called crush because the
room is not only crowded, but all crush
towards the door, hoping each call will
be that of their own carriage. ‘‘ Mrs.
X.’s carriage stops the way,’’ ‘‘ Lord
X.’s carriage,’’ etc.

Cru’/soe (A). A solitary man; the
only inhabitant of a place. The tale of
Defoe is well known, which describes
‘Robinson Crusoe as cast on a desert
island, where he employs the most ad-
mirable ingenuity in providing for his
daily wants,

“ Whence creeping forth, to Duty’s call he yields,

And strolls the Crusoe of the lonely fields.” —«

Bloomfield: Farmer's Boy.

Crust. The upper crust (of society).

The aristocracy; the upper ten-thousand.

Crus‘ted Port. When port is first
bottied its fermentation is not complete ;
in time it precipitates argol on the sides
of the bottle, where it forms a crust.
Crusted port, therefore, is port. which
has completed its fermentation.

% The ‘crust”’ is composed of argol,
tartrate of lime, and colouring matter,
thus te the wine more ethereal in
quality and lighter in colour,

Cucking-stool

Crusty “314
Crus'ty. Ill-tempered, apt to take
offence. This is formed from the old

word crous, cross, peevish.

“ Azeyn [against] bem was be kene ane crous,
And said, ‘Goth out my Fader hous.’"” 4
Cursor Mundi,

Crutched Friars is the Latin cru-
cia’ti (crossed)—1.e. having a cross em-
broidéred on their dress. They were of
the Trinitarian order.

Crux (A). A knotty point, a diffi-
culty. Instantia crucis means a crucial
test, or the point where two similar dis-
eases crossed and showed a special feature.
It does not refer to the cross, an instru-
ment of punishment; but to the crossing
of two lines, called also a ode or knot;
hence a trouble or difficulty. Que te
mala crux agitat ? (Plautus) ; What evil
cross distresses you’—i.e. what difficulty,
what trouble are you under? -

Crux Ansa'ta. The tau cross with
a loop or handle at the top. (See Cross.)

Crux Decussata. A St. Andrew’s
cross

“Crux decussata est in qua duo ligna directa
et equabilia inter se obliquantur, cujus formam
refert litera X que, ut ait Jsidorus (Orig. 1, iii.)
‘in figura crucem et in numero decem demon-
strat.” Hec vulgo Andreana vocatur, quod vetus
traditio sit in hac, Antream fuisse necatum.”—
Gretscr : De Cruce, hook i. p. 2.

Crux Pectoralis, The cross which
bishops of the Clurch of Rome suspend
over their breast.

“Crucem cum pretioso ligno vel cum reliquis
Sanctorum ante pectus portare suspensum ad
collum, hoc est quod vocant encolpium {or crux
Pectoralis)."—See Ducange, vol, iii. p. 302, col. 2,
article ENCOLPIUM,

Cry.

Great cry and little wool. This is
derived from the ancient mystery of
David and Abigail, in which Nabal is
represented as shearing his sheep, and
the Devil, who is made to attend the
churl, imitates the act by “‘shearing a
hog.’’ Originally, the proverb ran thus,
** Great cry and little wool, as the Devil
said when he sheared the hogs.” N.B.
-Butler alters the proverb into ‘‘ All
cry and no wool.”’

Cry of Animals (Zhe).
MALS.)

Cry (70).

To cry i spilt milk. To fret about
some loss which can never be repaired,

Cry Cave (Zo). To ask mercy; to

(See ANI-

throw up the sponge ; to confess oneself |
(Latin, caveo.) (Sce CavE In.) |

beaten.
Havock! No quarter. Ina

Cry
tract entitled The Office of the Constable
and Mareschall in the Lyme of Werre

(contained in the Black Book of the
Admiralty), one of the chapters is, ‘‘The
peyne of hym that crieth havock, and of
them that followeth him”—‘“‘ Item si
quis inventus fuerit gui clamoyem in-
ceperit gui vocatur havok,””

“Cry Havock, and let slip the dogs of war.”
Shakespeare: Julius Cesar, iii. 1

Cry Quits, (See Quis.)

Cry Vinegar (To). In French, Crier
Vinaigre. The shout of sportsmen when
achare is caught. He cries ‘‘ Vinegar!”
he has caught the hare ; metaphorically
it means, he has won success, ‘‘ C’étoit,
dit le Duchat, la coutume en Languedoc,
entre les chasseurs, de s’écrier Pun a Vautre
‘Vinaigre, dés qwils avaient tire un
liévre, parceque la vraie sauce de cet
animal est le vinaigre.”

Crier au Vinaigre has quite another meaning.
It is the reproof to a landlord who serves his
customers with bad wine. In a figurative sense
it means Crier au Voleur.

Cry Wolf. (See WoLr.)

Crystal Hills. On the coast of the
Caspian, near Badku, is a mountain
which sparkles like diamonds, from the
séa-glass and crystals with which it
abounds,

Crystal’line (3 syl.). The Crystalline
sphere, According to Ptolemy, between
the ‘‘primum mobile’? and the firma-
ment or sphere of the fixed stars comes
the crystal’line sphere, which oscillates
or has a shimmering motion that inter-
feres with the regular motion of the stars.
— They pass the planets seven, and pass the

xe
And that crystalline sphere, whose balance

weighs
The trepidation talked (of).”
Milton: Paradise Lost, iii.
Cub. An ill-mannered lout. The
cub of a bear is said to have no shape
until its dam has licked it into form,

“A bear's a savage beast, of all
Most ugly and unnatural ;
Whelped without form until the dam
Has licked it into shape and frame.”
Butler; Hudibras, i. 3.
Cuba, The Roman deity who kept
guard over infants in their cribs and
sent them to sleep. Verb cubo, to lie
down in bed. tet

Cube, 4 faultless cude. A truly
good man ; a regular brick. (See Brick.)
0 ¥ @s GAnBds dyaBos Kai TeTpdywros
rer VE yoy. —Ariatouls : Nicomachcan Ethics, i.11,

Cucking-stool (Zhe) or Choking-stool
for ducking scolds, is not connected
with choke (to stifle), but the French
choguer ; hence the archaic verb cuck
(to throw), and one still in use, chuck

Cuckold

315

Cuirass

(chuck-farthing). The cucking-stool is
the stool which is chucked or thrown
into the water.

“ Now, if one cucking-stool was for each scold,
Some towns, I fear, would not their numbers
hold.” Poor Robin (1746).

Cuckold, (Sce Acrmon.)

Cuckold King (Zhe). Mark of
Cornwall, whose wife Yseult intrigued
with Sir Tristram, one of the Knights of
the Round Table.

Cuckold’s Point. A spot on the
riverside near Deptford. So called from
a tradition that King John made there
successful love to a labourer’s wife.

Cuckoo. A cuckold. The cuckoo
oceupies the nest and eats the eggs of
other birds; and Dr, Johnson says “ it
was usual to alarm a husband at the
approach of an adulterer by calling out
* Cuckoo,’ which by mistake was applied
in time to the person warned.”’ reen
calls the cuckoo ‘* the cuckold’s quiris-
ter’? (Quip for an Upstart Courtier,
1620). This is an instanee of how words
get in time perverted from their ori-
‘ginal meaning. The Romans used to
call an adulterer a ‘‘cuckoo,’”’ as ‘¢ Ze
cud ulum uxor ex lustris rapit’’ (Plautus :
Asinaria, v. 3), and the allusion was
simple and correct; but Dr. Johnson’s
explanation will hardly satisfy anyone
for the modern perversion of the word,

“ The cuckoo, then, on every tree,
Mocks married men ; for thus sings he,
Cuckoo!
Cuckoo! cuckoo! O word of fear,
Unpleasing to a married ear!”
Shakespeare: Love's Labour's Lost, v. 2.

Cuckoo oi A watch or clock.
The French have the same slang word
coucow for a watch or clock. Of course,
the word is derived from the German
cuckoo-clocks, which, instead of striking
the hour, cry cuckoo.

Cuckoo Oats and Woodcock Hay.
Cuckoo oats and woodcock hay make a
farmer run away. If the spring is so
backward that oats cannot be sown till

the cuckoo is heard (i.e. April), or if the ©

autumn is so wet that the aftermath of
hay cannot be got in till woodcock
shooting (middle of November), the
farmer must be a great sufferer.

Cuckoo = Spit, ‘‘ Frog - Spit,” or
«¢ Proth-Spit.”’ The spume which forms
the nidus of an insect called the Cicada
Spumaria, or, more strictly speaking,
the Cercopis Spumaria (one of the three
divisions of the Cicadarie). Thisspume
is found on lavender-bushes, rosemary,
ily-catch, ‘and some other plants. Like

the cochineal, the cicada spumaria exudes
a foam for its own warmth, and for pro-
tection during its transition state. The
word “cuckoo”? in this case means
spring or cuckoo-time.

Cu'cumber Time. The dull season
in the tailoring trade, The Germans call
it Die saure Gurken Zeit (pickled gherkin
time). Hence the expression Zuilprs are
vegetarians, because they live on ‘ cu-
cumber’’ when without work, and on
“cabbage”? when in full employ. (Votes
and Queries.) (See GHERKIN.)

Cuddy. An ass; a dolt. A gipsy
term, from the Persian gudda and the
Hindustanee ghudda (an ass).

“ Hast got thy breakfast, brother cuddy ?”

D. Wingute.

Cudgel One’s Brains (70). To
make a painful effort to remember or
understand something. The idea is from
taking a stick to beat a dull boy under
the notion that dulness is the result of
temper or inattention.

“Cudgel thy brains no more about it ; for )our
dull ass will not mend his pace with heating.”—
Shakespeare: Hamlet, v. 1.

Cudgels. To take up the cudgels, To
maintain an argument or position. To
fight, as with a cudgel, for one’s own
way. Pe

“ For some reason he did not feel as hot to take

up the cudgels for Almira with his mother,”—M.
E. Wilkins; A Modern Dragon.

* Cue (1 syl.). The tail of a sentence
(French, gueue), the catch-word which
indicates when another actor is to speak ;
a hint; the state of a person’s temper
as ‘ So-and-so is in a good cue (or) teh
cue.”

“When my cue comes, call me, and I will
answer.” — Shakespeare : Midsummer Night's
Dreem, iv. 1, i

To give the cue.

(See above.)

Cuffy. A negro; botha generic word,
and proper name.

e Sambo and Cuffey expand under every sky.”—
Mrs.’ Beecher Stowe; Uncle Tom's Cabin,

Cui bono? Whois benefited thereby ?
To whom is it a gain? The more usual
meaning attached to the words is, What
good will it do? For what good pur-

ose? It was the question of Judge

assius. (See Cicero: Pro Milone, 12,
sec, 32.)

“Cato, that great and grave philosopher, did
commonly demand, when any new project was
propounded unto him, cui_bono, what good will
ensue in case the same is effected ?"—Fuller:
Worthies (The Design, i.).

Cuirass. Sir Arthur’s cuirass was
‘carved of one emerald, centred in a

To give the hint.

Cuishes

316

Cunobelin's

sun of silver rays, that lightened as he
breathed.”? (Zennyson: Llaine.)

Cuish’es or Cuisses (2 sy). Armour
for the thighs, (French, cwisse, the
thigh.)
“Soon o’er his thighs he placed the cuishes
bright,” Jerusalem Delivered, hook xi.
" His cuisses on his thighs, gallantly armed.”
Shakespeare: 1 Henry LV., iv. 1.

Cul de Sac (French). A blind alley,
or alley blocked up at one end like a
sack. Figuratively, an argument, etc.,
that leads to nothing.

Culdees. A religious order of Ireland
and Scotland, said to have been founded
in the sixth century by St. Columba. So
called from the Gaelic cylle-dee (a house
of cells) er ceilede (servants of God, cele,
a servant). Giraldus Cambrensis, going
to the Latin for its etymology, according
toa custom unhappily not yet extinct,
derives it from colo-deus (to worship
God).

Cullis, A very fine and strong broth,
well strained, and much used for in-
valids. (French, cowlis, from couler, to
strain.)

Cully. <A fop,afool,a dupe. A con-
tracted form of cullion,a despicable crea-
ture (Italian, coglione); Shakespeare uses
the word two or three times, as ‘‘ Away,
base cullions!”? (2 Henry VI, i. 3),

and again in LZaming of the Shrew, iv. 2.

—‘* And makes a god of such a cul-
lion.’’ (Compare GULL.)
“ You base cullion, you.”

Ben Jonson; Every Man in his Humour, iii, 2.

Cul’‘minate (3 syl.). Come to a
crisis. The passage of a celestial body
over the meridian at the upper transit is
called its culmination. (Latin, culmen,
the top.)

Culross Girdles, The thin plate of
iron used in Scotland for the manufac-
ture of oaten cakes is called a ‘ girdle,”
for which Culross was long celebrated.

“Locks and bars, plough-graith and harrow-
teeth! and why not grates and fireprongs, and
Cultoss girdles?”—Scott: Fuir Maid of Perth,

chap. ii.

Cul'ver. Pigeon. (Old English, col-
ver, Latin, colwmba ; hence culver-house,
a dove-cote.)

“On liquid wing,
The sounding culver shoots,” -
Thomson: Spring 452,

Cul'verin properly means a serpent
(Latin, colubri‘nus, the col'uber), but
is a plied to a long, slender piece of
artillery employed in the sixteenth cen-
tury to carry balls to a great distance.
Queen Elizabeth’s ‘‘Pocket Pistol’? in
Dover Castle is.a culverin,

and effect.

Cul'verkeys. The keys or flowers
of the culver or columba, #.e. ¢olum-
bine. (Anglo-Saxon culfre, a dove.)

Cum Grano Salis. With its grain
of salt; there is a grain of wheat in the
bushel of chaff, and we must make the
proper abatement.

Cum Hoc, Propter Hoc. Because
two or more events occur consecutively
or simultaneously, one is not necessarily
the outcome of the other. Sequence of
events is not always the result of cause
The swallows come to
England im the spring, but do not bring
the spring.

“(Free trade and revival of trade] says Lord
Penzance, came simultaneously, but, he adds,

‘There is no more dangerous form of reasoning
than the cum hoé, propter hoc,'"—Nineteenth Cen-

tury, April, 1886.,
Cumberland Poet (Zhe). William
Wordsworth, born at Cockermouth.

(1770-1850.)

Cummer,. <A gammer, gudewife, old
woman. <A variety of gammer which is
grande-mére (our grandmother), as gaffer
is grand-pére or grandfather. It occurs
scores of times in Scott’s novels.

Cuncta'tor [the delayer]. Quintus
Fa'bius Max'imus, the Roman general
who baffled Hannibal by avoiding direct
engagements, and wearing him out by
marches, countermarches, and skirmishes
from a distance. This was the policy
by which Duguesclin forced the English
to abandon their possessions in France
in the reign of Charles V. (le Sage).
(See FaBIAN.) F

Cu'neiform Letters, Letters like
wedges (Latin, cu'neus, a wedge). These
sort of letters occur in old Persian and
Babylonian inscriptions. They are some-
times called Arrow-headed characters,
and those found at Babylon are called
nail-headed. This species of writing is
the most ancient of which we have any
knowledge; and was first really deci-
phered by Grotefend in 1802.

Cunning Man or Woman, A for-
tune-teller, one who professes to dis-
cover stolen goods. (Anglo-Saxon, -
cunnan, to know.

Cuno, The ranger, father of Agatha,
in Weber’s opera of Der Freischiitz. —

Cu‘nobelin’s Gold Mines, Caverns
in the chalk beds of Little Thurrock,
Essex ; so called from the tradition that
King Cu’nobelin hid in, them his gold.
They are sometimes called Dane-holes, —
because they were used as lurking-places —
by the Norsemen, Ui Sie Be

3s Cunstance

817

Cupboard Love

Cunstance, A model of Resigna-
tion, daughter of the Emperor of Rome.
The Sultan of Syria, in order to have
her for his wife, renounced his religion
and turned Christian; but the Sultan’s
mother murdered him, and turned
Cunstance adrift on a raft. After a
time the raft stranded on a rock near
Northumberland, and the constable
rescued Cunstance, and took her home,
where she converted his wife, Herme-

ild. A young lord fell in love with

er; but, his suit being rejected, he
murdered Hermegild, and laid the
‘charge of murder against Cunstance.
King Ella adjudged the cause, and
Cunstance being proved innocent, he
married her. While Ella was in Scot-
land, Cunstance was confined with a
boy, named Maurice ; and Ella’s mother,
angry with Cunstance for the introduc-
tion of the Christian religion, put her on
araft adrift with her baby boy. They
were accidentally found by a senator,
and taken to Rome. Ella, having dis-
covered that his mother had turned his
wife and child adrift, put her to death,
and went to Rome in pilgrimage to atone
for his crime. Here he fell in with his
wife and son. Maurice succeeded his
grandfather as Emperor of Rome, and at
the death of Ella, Cunstance returned to
her native land, (Chawcer : The Man of
Lawes Tale.)

Cuntur. A bird worshipped by the
ancient Peruvians, Itis generally called
the “ condor,”’ and by the Arabians the
S6rog,”?

Cup.

A deadly cup. Referring to the
ancient practice of putting persons to
death by poison, as Socratés was put to
death by the Athenians,

“Tn the hand of the Lord there is a cup [a
deadly cu Hs the dregs thereof all the wicked of the
earth shall wring them out and drink them."—
Psalm Ixxy. 8.

Let this cup pass from me. Let this
trouble or affliction be taken away, that
I may not be compelled to undergo it.
The allusion is to the Jewish practice of
assigning to guests a certair portion of
wine —as, indeed, was the custom in
England at’ the close of the eighteenth
century and the first quarter of the
nineteenth. This cup is ‘‘full of the
wine of God’s fury,” let me not be com-
pelled to drink it.
| Many a slip’ twizt the cup and the lip.
(See AN s)

My [or his) cup rums over. My bdless-
ingsoverflow. Here cup signifies portion
gr blessing. ;

“ My cup runneth over... goodnessand merc

play me all the days of my life."—Psalm rxiil.

We must drink the cup.. We must
bear the burden awarded to us, the
sorrow which falls to our lot. The
allusion is to the words of our Lord in
the garden of Gethsem‘ané (Matt. xxvi.
89; also xx, 22). One way of putting
criminals to death in ancient times was
by poison; Socratés had hemlock to
drink, In allusion to this it is said that
Jesus Christ tasted death for every man
(Heb. ii, 9).

Cup, in the university of Cambridge,
means a mixture of strong ale with
spice and a lemon, served up hot in a
silver cup. Sometimes a roasted orange
takes the place of a lemon. If wine is
added, the cup is called bishop ; if brandy
is added, the beveragéis called cardinal.
(See BisHOP.)

Cup Tosser. A juggler (French,
joueur de gobelet), The old symbol for
a juggler was a goblet. The phrase and
symbol are derived from the practice of
jugglers who toss in the air, twist on a
stick, and play all sorts of tricks with
goblets or cups.

Cup of Vows (Tie). It used to be
customary at feasts to drink from cups
of mead, and vow to perform some great.
deed worthy of the song of a skald.
There were four cups: one to Odin, for
victory ; one to Frey, for a good year;
one to Niord, for peace; and one to
Bragi, for celebration of the dead in
poetry.

Cups. He was in his cups. Intoxicated.
(Latin, inter pocula, inter vina.) (Horace:
3 Odes, vi. 20.)

Cupar. He that will to Cupar maun
to Cupar. He that will have his own
way, must have it even to his injury.
The reference is to the Cistercian monas-
tery, founded here by Malcolm IY.

Cupar Justice. Sameas ‘‘ Jedburgh
Justice,’’ hang first and try afterwards,
Abingdon Law is another phrase. It is
said that Major-General Brown, of
Abingdon, in the Commonwealth, first
i his prisoners and then tried
them.

Cupboard Love. Love from in-
terested motives. The allusion is to the
love of children to some indulgent per-
son who gives them something nice froin
her cupboard. ; ;

“Cuphoard love is seldom true.”—Poor Rodin.

4

Cupid

318

Curse of Scotland -

Cupid. The god of love, and son of
Venus. According to fable he wets with
blood the grindstone on which he sharp-
ens his arrows.

“ Ferus et Oupido,
Semper ardentes acuens sagittas.”
Horace: 2 Odes, viii. 14, 15.

@ The best statues of this little god
are ‘‘Cupid Sleeping,’’ in Albano
(Rome) ; ‘‘Cupid playing with a Swan,’’
in the Capitol; ‘Cupid mounted on a
Tiger,’’ (Negroni) ; and ‘‘ Cupid string-
ing his Bow,’ in the Louvre (Paris).
Raphael’s painting of Cupid is in the
Farnesina (Rome),

Cupid and Psyche. An exquisite
episode in the Golden Ass of Apule’ius,
It is an allegory representing the pro-
gress of the soul to perfection. Mrs,
Tighe has a poem on the same subject ;
and Molitre a drama entitled Psyche.
(See Morris, Earthly Paradise [May].)

Cupid's Golden Arrow. Virtuous
love. ‘‘Cupid’s leaden arrow,”’ sensual
passion,

“ Deque aagittifera promsit duo tela pharetra

Diversorum operum,; fugat hoc, facit illud

amorem,

Quod facit auratum est, et cuspide fulget acuta,—

Quod fugat obtusum est, et habet sub arundine

plumbum."
Ovid ; Tale of Apollo and Daphné.
“| swear to thee by Cupid's stfongest bow ;
By his best arrow with the golden head. ,..
By that which knittetb souls and prospers love,”
Shakespeare. Midsummer Night's Dream.
Cupidon (Le ju Count d’Orsay
was so called by Lord Byron (1798-1852).
The Count’s father was styled Le bean
d’ Orsay.

Cur. A fawning, mean-spirited fel.
low, a crop-tailed dog (Latin, curtus,
crop-tailed. French, court; our curt),
According to forest laws, a man who
had no right to the privilege of the
chase was obliged to cut off the tail of
his dog. Hence, a degenerate dog or
man is called a cur.

“ What would you have, you curs,

That like nor peace nor war ?”
Shakespeare: Coriolanus, i. 1.

Curate, (See CLERICAL TITLES.)

Curé de Meudon—i.e. Rabelais,
who was first a monk, then a leech,
then prebend of St. Maur, and lastly
curé of Meudon. (1483-1553.)

Cure'tes (3 oy! ). A mythical people
of Crete, to whom the infant Zeus or
Jupiter was entrusted by his mother
Rhea. By clashing their shields they
drowned the cries of the infant, to
prevent its father (Cronos) from finding
the place where the babe was hid.

,

Curfew Beil. The bell rung in the
reigns of William I, and II. at sunset,
to give notice to their subjects that they
were to put out their fires and candles
(French, couvre few, cover-fire). The
Klokans in Abo, even to the present
day, traverse the towns crying the ‘‘ go-
to-bed time.’’ Those abroad are told
to ‘‘make haste home,’’ and those at
home to ‘‘ put out their fires.’”? Abol-
ished, as a police regulation, by Henry I.

“The curfew tolls the knell of parting day.”

i Gray: Elegy.

Curmnud’geon (3 syl.). A grasping,
miserly churl. Dr. Tokai gives the
derivation of this word thus, ‘* cewr mee
chant, unknown correspondent.’’ Dr.
Ash, in his dictionary, says, ‘‘ ceur, un-
known; mechant, correspondent,” a
blunder only paralleled by the schoolboy
trauslation of the Greek, me genoito, by
ny (God) yévorro (forbid) (Luke xx. 6).

Currant. A corruption of Corinth,
hence called by Ju’venal Corinthi’aca
uve.

Current. The drift of the current
is the rate per hour at which the current
runs,

The setting of the current is that point
of the compass towards which the waters
of the current run.

Currente Cal’amo (Latin). Offhand;
without premeditation ; written off at
once, without making a rough:copy first.

Currer Bell. The nom de plume of
Charlotte Bronté.

Curry Favour. The French courir,
to hunt after, to seek, as courir une
charge, courir un bénéfice, to sue for a
living ; courir les tables, to goa spunging.
Similarly, courir les faveurs, to sue for,
court, or seek favours.

Curse or Cuss. Not worth a curse.
I don't care a curse (or cuss), Here
‘“‘curse’’ is a corruption of cersé or
kerse. Similarly, the Latin nihil [niha-
lum] is ne hilum, not [worth] the black
eye of a bean. Other phrases are ‘not
a-straw,”’ ‘‘not a pin,” ‘not a rap,”’
“not adam,” ‘‘not a bit,’’ ‘‘ not a jot,”’
‘¢not a pin’s point,’? ‘not a button.”
(angio: Saree cerse, cress; German,

irsche, a cherry.)

“ Wisdom and witt nowe is not worthe a kerse.”
Robert Langeland: Piers Ploughman.

Curse of Scotland. The nine of
diamonds. The two most plausible
suggestions are these: (1) The nine of
diamonds in the game of Pope Joan is
called the Pope, the Antichrist of the

Cursés

Scotch reformers. (2) In the game of
comette, introduced by Queen Mary, it is
the great winning card, and the game
was the curse of Scotland because it was
the ruin of so many families.
Other suggestions are these. (3) The
word ‘‘curse’’ is a corruption of cross,
and the nine of diamonds is so arranged
as to form a St. Andrew’s Cross; but as
the nine of hearts would do as well, this
explanation must be abandoned. (4)
Somé say it was the card on which the
** Butcher Duke ” wrote his cruel order
after the Battle of Cullod’en; but the
term’ must have been in vogue at the
period, as the ladies nicknamed Justice-
Clerk Ormistone ‘‘The Nine of Dia-
monds”’ (1715). (5) Similarly, we must
reject the oo that it refers to
the arms of. Dalrymple, Earl of Stair—

viz. or, on a saltire azure, nine lozenges .

of the first. The earl was justly held in
abhorrénce for the massacre of Glencoe ;
so also was Colonel Packer, who attended
Charles I. on the scaffold, and had for
his arms ‘‘ gules a cross lozengy or.”’

Grose says of the nine of diamonds: “ Diamonds
... imply royalty .-...and every ninth King of
Scotland has been observed for many ogee to bea
tyrant and a curse to the country."—Tour Thro’
Scotland, 1789. _ :

- It ig a pity that Grose does not give the
names of these kings. Malcolm III. was assas-
sinated in 1046 by Macbeth, William was taken
prisoner by Henry If. (died 1214), James I. was
assassinated in 1437.

Curses: Ourses, like chickens, come
home to roost. Curses fall on the head
of the curser, as chickens which stray
during the day return to their roost at
night.

Cursing by Bell, Book, and Candle,
is reading the anathema in the church,
then closing the Bible, tolling the bell,
and extinguishing all the candles, saying
“ Fiat, fiat! Do-to (close) the Book,
quench the candles, ring the bell.
Amen, amen,’

Cursitor (Latin, elericus\ de cursu). |

Formerly a clerk of the course ; a chan-
cery clerk, who made out original writs
for the beat, course, or part of the county
allotted him. A Newgate solicitor was
ee a cursitor in depreciation of his
office.

Angry men cannot do all the mischief
they wish. Curst means “angry’’ or
‘¢ fierce,”’-and curt is ‘‘short,’’ as curt-
mantle, curt-hose. The Latin proverb
is, “ Dat Deus immi'ti. cor'nua curta
te

Pye en You Lp a Kate,
‘od ney , and sometimes

thecurst.”

+ Faming of the Shrew, ii. &

319

Curst. Curst cows have curt horns.

| of ivory placed by the

Curule Chair

Curtail, To cut short. (French,
court tailler, to short cut, whence the
old French courtault.)

Curtain (The). In fortification, the
line of rampart which joins together the
flanks of two “‘ bastions ”’ (0).

Curtain. To ring down the curtain,
To bring a matter to an end. A theatri--
cal term. When the act or play is over,
the bell rings and the green curtain
comes down.

“ A few more matters of routine will be accom-
‘plished, and then the curtain will be rung down
on the Session of 1891."—Newspaper Paragraph,
July 27th, 1891.

Curtain Lecture. The nagging of a
wife after her husband is in bed. The
lectures of Mrs, Caudle in Punch are
first-rate caricatures of these ‘“small
cattle,”

“ Besides what endless brawls by wives are bred,

The curtain lecture makes a mournful bed.”

Dryden.

Curtal Friar. A friar who served
as an attendant at the’ gate of a monas-
tery court. As a curtal dog was not
privileged to hunt or course, so a curtal
friar virtually meant a worldly-minded
one.

“Some do call me the curtal Friar of Fountain
Dale ; others again call me in jest the Abbot of
Fountain Abbey ; others still again call me
simply Friar Tuck."—Howard Pyle: The Merry
Adventures of Robin Hood, ii. p.141,

Curta‘na. The sword of Edward
the Confessor, which, having no point,
was the emblem of mercy. The royal
sword of England was so called to the
reign of Henry ITI. :

“But when Curtana will not do the deed,’
You lay the pointless clergy-weapon by,
And to the laws, your sword of justice, et

Dryden: Hind and Panther’, part ii, 419-21.

Curthose (2 syl.). Robert II., Duc

| de Normandie (1087-1134),

Curtis’e (2 syl.). The little hound
in the tale of Reynard the Fox, b
Heinrich von Alkman (1498). (Hig'
German, kwrz; French, courte, short or
smallt.)

Curtmantle. The surname of Henry
I. He introduced the Anjou mantle,
which was shorter than the robe worn
by his predecessors. (1133, 1154-1189.)
(See CABACALLA.)

Curwle Chair. Properly a chariot
chair, an ornamental camp-stool made
mans in &
chariot for the chief magistrate when he
went to attend the council. As dicta-
tors, consuls, pretors, censors, and the
chief ediles occupied such a chair, they.
were termed curule B OP

Curzon Street

euru'lés. Uorace calls the chair curule
ebur (1 Epist., vi. 58).

Curzon Street (London). Named
after the ground landlord, George
August Curzon, third Viscount Howe.

Cussedness. Ungainliness ; perver-
sity. an evil temper; malice prepense.
Halhwell gives cuss = surly.

~The turkey-cock is just as likely as not to
trample on the young turkeys and smash them,
or to split their skulls by @ savage dig of his
powerful beak. Whether this is ‘cussedness*
pureandsimple . . has not been satisfactorily
determined "—Daily News, December 22nd, 1485.

Custard. A slap on the hand with
a ferula. The word should be custid,
unless a play is meant. (Latin, custis, a
club or stick.)

Custard Coffin. (See Corrm.)

Customer. A man or acquaintance,
A rum customer is one better left alone,
as he is likely to show fight if interfered
with. Ashop term. (See Carp.)

“ Here be many of her old customers.”
Shakespeare: Measure for Measure, iv. 3.

Custos Rotulorum (keeper of the
rolls). The chief civil officer of a county,
to whose custody are committed the
records or rolls of the sessions.

Cut. To renounce acquaintance. There
are four sorts of cut—

(1) The cut direct is to stare an ac-
quaintance in the face and pretend not
to know him.

(2) The cut indirect, to look another
way, and pretend not to see him.

(3) The cut sublime, to admire the top
of some tall edifice or the clouds of
heaven till the person cut has passed by.

(4) The cut infernal, to stoop and
adjust your boots till the party has gone
past.

There is a very remarkable Scripture
illustration of the word cut, meaning to
renounce: ‘‘ Jehovah took a staff and
cut it asunder, in token that He would
break His covenant with His people ; and
He cut another staff asunder, in token
that He would break the brotherhood
between Judah and Israel’? (Zech. xi,
7-14).

Cut.

Cut and come again. Take a cut from
the joint, and come for another if you
like.

To cut the ground from under one (or
from under his feet). To leave an ad-
versary no ground to stand on, by
disproving all his arguments. j

He has cut his eye-teeth. He is wide
awake, he is a knowing one. The eye-
teeth are the canine teeth, just under

320

Cut Blocks

the eyes, and the phrase meaas he can
bite as well as bark. Of course, the
play is on the word “ eye,’’ and those
who have cut their eye-teeth are wide
awake.

Cut your wisdom teeth, Wisdom teeth
are those at the extreme end of the
jaws, which do not make their appear-
ance till persons have come to years of
discretion, When persons say or do
silly things, the remark is made to them
that ‘‘they have not yet cut their
wisdom teeth,’’ or reached the years of
discretion.

Cut the knot. Break through an
obstacle. The reference is to the Gor-
dian knot (g.v.) shown to Alexander
with the assurance that whoever loose
it would be made ruler of all Asia,
whereupon the Macedonian cut it in two
with his sword, and claimed to have
fulfilled the prophecy.

I must cut my stick—i.e. leave. The
Irish usually cut a shillelah before they
start on an expedition. Punch gives the
following witty derivation :—‘t Pilgrims
on leaving the Holy Land used to cut a
palm - stick, to prove that they had
really been to the Holy Sepulchre, So
brother Francis would say to brother
Paul, ‘Where is brother Benedict ?’
‘Oh (says Paul), he has cut his stick!’
—i.e. he is on his wy home.”’

Pll cut your con in ou. Take
your conceit down. e allusion is to
the practice of cutting the combs of
capons,

eli cut up well. He is rich, and his
property will cut into good slices.

Cut Blocks with a Razor (70). To
do something astounding by insignificant
means; to do something more eccentric
than inexpedient. According to Dean
Swift, to ‘‘make pincushions of sun-
beams.’’ The tale is that Accius, or
Attus Navius, a Roman augur, opposed
the king Tarquin the Elder, who wished
to double the number of senators, . Tar-
quin, to throw ridicule on the angur,
sneered at his pretensions of augury, and
asked him if he could do what was then
in his thoughts. ‘‘ Undoubtedly,’’ re-
plied Navius ; and Tarquin with a laugh
said, “ Why, I was thinking whether I
could cut through this whetstone with a
razor.”’ ‘*Cut boldly,” cried Navius,
and the whetstone was cleft in two.
This story forms the subject of one of
Bon Gaultier’s ballads, and Goldsmith
refers to it in his Retaliation:

“In short, twas his [Burke’s) fate, unemployed or
in place, sir, : baa -
To eat mutton cold, and cut blocks with a ragor

Cut

321

Cuthbert

Cut neither Nails nor Hair at Sea.
Petronius says, ‘‘ Non licere cuiquam
mortalium in nave neque ungues neque
capillos deponere, nist cum pelago ventus
trascitur.”’” The cuttings of the nails
and hair were votive offerings to Pro-
serpine, and it would excite the jealousy
of Neptune to make offerings to another
in his own special kingdom.

Cut Off with a Shilling. Disin-
herited. Blackstone tells us that the
Romans set aside those testaments which
a by the natural heirs unnoticed ;

ut if any legacy was left, no matter
how small, it eee the testator’s in-
tention. LEngli law has no such
provision, but the notion at one time
prevailed that the name of the heir
should appear in the will ; and if he was
bequeathed ‘‘a shilling,’’ that the tes-
tator had not forgotten him, but disin-
herited him intentionally.

. Cut out. Left in the lurch; super-

seded. In cards, when there are too
many for a @ (say whist), it is cus-
tomary for the players to cut out after

a {rubber}, in order that another player
may have a turn. This is done by the
Ve ig cutting the cards on the table,
and the lowest turn-up gives place to
the new hand, who ‘‘supersedes ’’ him,
or takes his place. ;

* Itdoes not refer to eutting outa.

ship from an enemy’s port.

é is cut out for a sailor. His na-
tural propensities are suited for the
vocation. “The allusion is to cutting out
cloth, etc., for specific purposes.

Cut your Coat according to your
Cloth. Stretch your arm no farther
than your sleeve will reach.

“ Little barks must keep near shore,
Larger ones may venture more.”

French: ‘Selon ta bourse nourris ta
bouche.” ‘‘Selon le pain il faut le
couteau.’’ ‘*Fou est, qui plus dépense
que sa rente ne vaut.’’

Italian : ‘‘ Noi facciamo la spese se-
condo l’entrata.’’

Latm: ‘**Ex quovis ligno non fit
Mercurius.’’ ‘‘ Parvum parva decent’
Forays “‘ Messe tenus propria vive”

al “Cui multum est piperis,
etiam oleribus immiscet.’’ ‘‘ Sumptus
censum ne superat” (Plautus). “Si

non possis quod velis, velis id quod
possis.’” ‘‘Ne te quesiveris extra’’
(Horace).

_Cuta Dash. Make a show. Cutis
‘the French couper, better seen in the

noun cowp, as a grand coup, a coup de
maitre (a masterly stroke), so ‘‘ to cut”
means to make a masterly coup, to do
something to be looked at and talked
about. Dashing means striking—i.e.
showy, as a, *‘ dashing fellow,”’ a ‘‘ dash-
ing equipage.” To cut a dash is to
get one’s self looked at and talked about
for a showy or striking appearance.

Cut and Dry. Already prepared.
‘*He had a speech all cut and dry.”
The allusion is to timber cut, dry, and
fit for use.

“Sets of phrases, cut and at
Evermore thy tongue supply.” Swift.

Cut and Run. Be off as quickly as
possible. A sea phrase, meaning cut
your cable and run before the wind.

Cut Away. Be off at once. This is
a French phrase, couper (cut away)—.e.
to break through the enemy’s ranks by
cutting them down with your swords,

Cut Capers (Zo). To act in an un-
usual manner. j

“The quietest fellows are forced to fight for
their status quo, and sometimes to cut capers like

the rest.’—Le Funu: The House in the Church-
yard, p. 143.

To cut capers (in dancing) is to spring
upwards, and rapidly interlace one foot
with the other. _ :

Cut your Oy he ! Be off with you!

Til make him cut his capers, i.e. rue
his conduct.

Cut it Short. (See AUDLEY.)

Cut of his Jib. The contour or ex-
pression of his face. This is a sailor’s
phrase. The cut of a jib or foresail of
a ship indicates her character. Thus, a

sailor says of a suspicious vessel, he

*‘does not like the cut of her jib.”

Cut Short is to shorten. ‘*Cut short
all intermission’? (Macbeth, iv. 3). To
cut it short means to bring to an end
what you are doing or saying.

His life was cut short. He died pre-
maturely. The allusion is to At‘ropos,

-one of the three Parce, cutting the

thread of life spun by her sister Clo’'tho.

Cut up Rough (Zo). Tobe disagree-
able or quarrelsome about anything.

Cuthbert. St. Cuthbert’s beads. Joints
of the articulated stems of encrinites,
used for rosaries. St. Cuthbert was a
Scotch monk of the sixth century, and
may be termed the-St. Patrick of Great
Britain. He is said to sit at night ona
rock in Holy Island, and to use the op-
posite rock as his anvil while he forges

Cuthbert Bede

the en‘trochites (en'= tro- kites),

BEAD.)
“On a rock of Lindisfarn
St. Cuthbert sits, and toils to frame
The sea-born beads that bear his name.”
Scott: Marmion. —

A granite rock

(See

St. Cuthbert’s Stone,
i Cumberland.

St. Cuthbert’s Well, A spring of water
close by St. Cuthbert’s Stone.

Cuthbert Bede. A nom de plume
of the Rev Edward Bradley, author of
Verdant Green. (1827-1889.)

Cutler's Poetry. Mere jingles or
rhymes. Knives had, at one time, a
distich inscribed op the blade by means
ef aqua fortis.

“ Whose posy Wes
For all tbe world like cutler’s poetry
Upon a kuife.”
Shakespeare: Merchant of Venice, v 1.

Cutpurse. Now called ‘‘pickpocket.”’
The two words are of historical value.
When purses were worn suspended from
a girdle, thieves cut the string by which
the purse was attached, but when
pockets were adopted, and purses were
no longer hung on the girdle, the thief
was no longer a cutpurse, but became a
pickpocket.

' “To have an open ear,a quick eye, anda nimble
hand, is necessary for a cutpurse.”—Shakespeare:
Winter’: Tale, iv 3.

Cutter’s Law. Not to see a fellow
want while we have cash in our purse.
Cutter’s law means the law of purse-
cutters, robbers, brigands, and highway-
men.

“~T must put you in cash with some of your
old uncle's broad-pieces. This is cutter's law ;
we must not seea LIS Baw bed want, if we hare
cagh ourselves."—Sir W. Scott: Old Mortakty,
chap, ix

Cuttle. Captain Cutile. An eccen-
tric, kind-hearted sailor, simple as a
child, credulous of every tale, and gen-
erous as the sun. He is immortalised by
the motto selected by Notes and Queries,
‘*When found make a note of." (Dick-
ens: Dombey and Son.)

"Unfortunately, 1 neglected Captain Cuttle’s
adyice, and am vow unable to find it"—-W H
Husk: Notes and Queries,

Cutty. Scotch for short, as a cutty
pipe, cutty sark. (A diminutive of cz.)

Cutty Pipe. A short clay pipe.
Scotch, cutty (short), as cutty spoons,
cutty sark, a cutty (little girl), etc, a
cutty gun (a pop-gun).

Cutty Stool. A small stool! on which

offenders were placed in the Scotch -

church when they were about to'receive
6 public rebuke.

$99 Cyclopean Masonry -

Cwt. is C wt.—i.e. ©. centum, wt.

weight, meaning hundred-weight. (See
Dvr.)
« Cyan’ean Rocks (The). The Sym-

plrigades at the entrance of the Euxine
ea, Said to close together when a ves-
sel attempted to sail between them, and
thus crush it to pieces.. Cyanéan means
dark, and Symplegidés means dashers
together.

“ Here are those hard rocks of trap, of a green-
isb-blue, coloured with copper, and hence called
the Cyanean.’—Olivier

Cy'cle. A period or series of events
or numbers which recur everlastingly in
precisely the same order,

a of the moon, called ‘' Meton’s
Cycle,’”’ from Meton, who discovered it,
is a period of nineteen years, at the
expiration of which time the phases of
the moon repeat themselves on the same
days as they did nineteen years pre
viously. (See CaLLipic PERIOD.)

Cycle of the sun. A period of twenty-
eight years, at the expiration of which
time the Sunday letters recur and pro-
ceed in the same order as they did
twenty-eight years previously In other
words, the days of the month fall again
on the same days of the week.

The Platonic eycle or great year is
that space of time which elapses before
all the stars and constellations return
to any given state. Tycho Brahé cal-
culated this period at 25,816 years, and
Riccio'li at 25,920. ° ’

Cyc’lic Poets, Inferior epie poets.
On the death of Homer a host of min-
strels caught the contagion of his poems,
and wrote continuations, illustrations,
or additions thereto. These poets were
called cyclic because they confined them-
selves to the cycle of the Trojan war.
The chief were Ag’ias, Arcti‘nos, Eu ga-
mon, Les’chés, and Strasinos. :

* Besides the Homeric poems, the Greeks of this
age possessed those of the poets named Cyclic, as
they sang a traditional cycle of events |. es
Keightley Greece, part i ghap. xiv. p. 150.

Cyclopa'dia. The hing cyclopedia.
Longi‘nus, so called for his extensive
information. (213-273.) ©

Cyclo'pean. Huge, massive, like the
Cyclops of classic mythology,

Cyclo pean. Masonry. The old Pe-
lasgic ruins of Greece, Asia Minor, and
Italy, such as the. Gallery of Ti'ryns, the.
Gate of Lyons, the Treasury of Athens,
and the Tombs of Phord'neus (3 syl.) and
Dan‘aos. They are said to have been
the work of the Cyclops. , They are huge.

Cyclops

$28

Cypress ~~

blocks fitted together without mortar,
with marvellous nicety.

Cyclops, One of a group of giants
with only one eye, and that in the
centre of their forehead, whose business
it was to forge iron for Vulcan. They
were probably Pelasgians, who worked
in quarries, and attached a lantern to
their forehead to give them light under-
ground. The lantern was their one ‘eye
as big as the full moon. (Greek, ‘‘ circu.
lar-eye.’’) (See ARIMASPIANS.)

“ Roused with the sound, the mighty family
Of gnecyed brothers hasten to the shore,
And gather round the hellowing Polypheme.”
Addison: Milton Imitated,

Cyllaros, ‘according to Virgil, was
the celebrated horse of Pollux (Geor., iii.
90), but, according to Ovid, it was Cas-
tor’s steed (Met,, xii, 408).

“ He, O Castor, was 3 courser worthy thee ...
owl-black bis colour, but like jet 1t shone ;

is legs and flowing tail were white alone.’

Dryden: Ovid's Metamorphose, xii.

Cymbeline. (See ImocEn, ZINEURA.)

Cymochies. A man of prodigious
might, brother of Pyroch’lés, son of
Malice iphcantes) and Despite, and hus-
band of Acra’sia, the enchantress. He
sets out to encounter Sir Guyon, but is
ferried over the idle lake by Wanton-
ness (Phe'dria), and forgets himself; he
is slain by King Arthur (canto viii.).
The word means, ‘‘one who seeks glory
in tet hews (Spenser : Faerie Queene,
ii, 5.

Cymod’oce (4 syl.). A sea nymph
and companion of Venus. Torgi :
Georgic, iv. 3388; and again, dneid, v.
826.) The word means: ** wave-receiv-

in: sf?

The Garden of Cymod'oce. Sark, one
of the Channel islands. It is the title of
a@ poem by Swinburne, 1880.

Cynzgiros. It is said that when the
Persians were pushing off from shore
after the battle of Marathon, Cynegi-
ros, the brother of Aéschylos, the poet
seized one of their ships with his right
hand, which was instantly lopped off ;
he then grasped it with his left, which
was cut off also; lastly, he seized hold
of it with his teeth and lost his head.
(See BENBOW.)

Cynic. A snarling, churlish person,
like acynic. The Cynics were so called
because Antis'thenés held his school in
the gymnasium called Cynosar‘gés, set
apart for those who were not of pure
Athenian blood. Cynosargés means
white dog, and was so called because a

white dog once carried away part of a |

victim which Diome'os was offering to
Herculés, The sect was often called the
Dog-sect ; and the effigy over Diogénés’
pillar was a dog, with this inscription:

“Say, dog, I pray, what guard you in that tomb?”
yo. dog. His name ? ”— Diogéués,”—" Frum

r?
“ Sino’pé.”—" What ! who made 2 tub his home ?"
“The same; now dead, amongst thea a

star.”

Cynic Tub (The). The tub from
which Diogenés lectured. Similarly we
eae of the ‘Porch,’ that is, the

orch Poecilé, meaning Stoic philosophy ;
the ‘‘Garden,”’ meaning Epicuréan phi-
losophy ; the “‘ Academy,’’ meaning Pla-
tonic philosophy ; the ‘‘Colonnade,”
meaning Aristotelian philosophy.

“ [They] fetch their doctrines from the Cynic tub.”
Milton: Comus, line 708.

Cynics. The chief were Antis'thenés
of Athens (the founder), Diogénés,
Onesic’ritos, Mon'imos, Cra’tés and his
wife Hippar’chia, Metroclés, Menip'pos,
and Menede’mos the madman.

Cy’nosure (3 syl.).. The polar star;
the observed of all observers. Greek
for dog’s tail, and applied to the con-
stellation called Ursa Minor. As seamen
guide their ships by the north star, and
observe it well, the word ‘‘cynosure’’
is used for whatever attracts attention,
as ‘‘ The cynosure of neighbouring
eyes”’ asta especially for guidance
in some doubtful matter, as—

“Richmond was the cynosure on which all
Northern eyes were fixed (in the American war}.” »
—The Times.

Cyn'thia. The moon; a surname of
Ar’temis or Diana. The Roman Diana,
who represented the moon, was called
Cynthia from Mount Cynthus, where she
was born.

“ And from embattled clouds emerging slow,

Cynthia came riding on her silver car.
Beattie: Minstrel,

Cynthia. Pope, eeking of the in-
constaht character of woman, ‘‘ matter
too soft a lasting mark to bear,’’ says—

pe Come,then, the colours and the ground prepare!
Dip inthe rainbow, trick her off in air ; J
Cnooseé a firm cloud, before it fall, and jn it
Catch, ere she change, the Cynthia, of the
minute.” Epistle ii. 17-20,

Cypress (Tie) is a funeral tree, and
was dedicated by the Romans to Pluto,
because when once cut it never grows
again. v

“Cypresse garlands ure of great account at
funeralls amongst the gentiler sort, but rosemary
and “hed are used by the commons hoth at
funeralls and weddings, They are plants whic
fade not a good while after they are gatbere
.... and intimate that the remembrance of the
Wes solemnity oe not dye presently."

oles : Introduction to the Knowledge of Planta, ,

Cyprian Brass

The magic cypress branch, In the
opera of Roberto 1 Diav'olo, after the
“dance of love,’’ in which Helena
seduces the duke, he removes the cypress
branch, which has the power of impart-
ing to him whatever he wishes, With
this he enters the palace of Isabella,
princess of Sicily, and transfixes the
princess and her attendants in a magic
sleep, but afterwardsrelenting, he breaks
the branch, and is dragged away by the
guards.

Cyprian Brass, or ‘‘ es Cyprium,”
copper. Pliny (book xxxiv. ¢. il.) says,
‘‘an Cypro enim prima eris wmventio
fuit.”

Cypriote. A native of Cyprus; the
dialect spoken on the island ; pertaining
or special to Cyprus,

D

D. This letter is the outline of a rude
archway or door.. It is called in Hebrew
daleth (a door). In Egyptian hiero-
glyphics it is a man’s hand.

D or d, indicating a penny or pence,
is the initial letter of the Latin dena'rius,
a silver coin equal to 8d. during the
commonwealth of Rome, but in the
Middle Ages about equivalent to our
pa The word was used by the

omans for money in general.

D stands for 500, which is half ©, a
form of » or M, which stands for mille,

D stands for 5,000.

D.O.M. Deo Optimo Maximo. Datur
om'nibus mori (It is allotted to all to
die).

D.T. Acontraction of delirium tremens.

“They get a look, after a touch of DT., which
nothing else that 1 know of cap give them"—
Indian Tale.

Da Capo or D.C, From the begin-
ning—that is, finish with a repetition of
the first strain. A term in music.
(Italian.)

Dab. Clever, skilled, as ‘‘a dab-
hand at it’’; a corrupt contraction of
the Latin adeptus (an adept). ‘' Dab-
Sy is another form. Apt is a related
word.

“An Eton stripling, training for the law,
Adunceat learning, but a dabat taw(marblés).”
Anon, ; Logic; or, The Biter Bit

_ Dab, Din, etc.

“Hab Dab and David Din
». Ding the deil o'er Dabson's Linn.”

$24 Daffodil

‘Hab Dab” means Halbert Dobson ;
‘‘David Din’’ means David Dun; and
‘* Dabson’s Linn,’’ or Dob’s Liun, is a
waterfall near the head of Moffat Water.

_ Dobson and Dun were two Camieronians who
lived for security in a cave in the ravine, Here,
as they said, they saw the devil in the form of a
pack of dried hides, and after fighting the “ foul
fiend" for some time, they dinged him into the
waterfall.

Daba‘ira, An idol of the savages of
Pan‘ama’, fo whose honour slaves dre
burnt to death. (American mythology.)

Dab’bat [the Beast]. The Beast of
the Apocalypse, which “the Mahometans
say will appear with Antichrist, called by
them dag'gial. (Rev. xix. 19 ; xx..10,)

Dabble. To dabble in the funds ; to
dabble in politics—i.e. to do something in
them in a small way. (Dutch, dabdelen,
our dip and tap.)

Dab‘chick, The lesser grebe. Dab
is a corruption of dap, the old participle
of dip, and chick (any young or small
fowl), literally the dipping or diving
chick.

Dactyl (Will). The ‘smallest of
pedants,”® (Steele : The Tatler.) 2

Dactyls (The), Mythic beings. to
whom is ascribed the discovery of iron,
Their number was originally three—the
Smelter, the Hammer, and the Anvil ;
but was afterwards increased to five
males and five females, whence their
name Dactyls or Fingers.

Dad or Daddy. Father. The person
who acts as father at a wedding, a
staige-manager. The superintendent of
a casual ward is termed by the inmates
‘Old Daddy.” (A Night in a Work-
house, by an Amateur Casual (J. Green-
wood.)

tase Fortunes of Nigel, by Sir W.
Scott, Steenie, Duke of Buckingham
calls King James “My dear dad and
gossip.’’ (Welsh, (tad, Irish, dazd,
father ; Sanskrit, tada ; Hindu, dada.)

Daddy Long-legs. A crane-fly ;
sometimes applied to the long-legged
spiders called ‘* harvestmen." 23

Dee dalos. A Greek who formed the
Cretan labyrinth, and made for himself
wings, by means of which he flew from
Crete across the Arohi pel abt - He is
said to have invented the saw, the axe,
the gimlet, etc. - ve iae

Daffodil (7h<), or ‘‘ Lent Lily,”’ waa
once white; but Persephéné, daughter —

of Demetér (Cerés), delighted to wander

Dag

898

Dahak

about the flowery meadows of Sicily.
One spring-tide she tripped over the
meadows, wreathed her head with wild
lilies, and, throwing herself on the grass,
fell asleep. _The god of the Infernal
Regions, called by the Romans Pluto,
fell in-love with the beautiful maid, and
earried her off for his bride. His touch
turned the white flowers to a golden
yellow, and some of them fell in Acheron,
where they grew luxuriantly; and ever
since the flower has been planted on
graves. Theophilus and Pliny tell us
that the ghosts delight in the flower,
called by them the Asphodel, It was
one called the Affodil. (French, aspho-
déle ; Latin, asphodilus ; Greek, aspho-
dilos,)

“Flour of daffodil is a cure for madness,”—
Bed. MS. Lincoln Cathedral, f. 282.

“ Dag (da). Son of Natt or night.
(Scandinaman mythology.)

Dagger or Long Cross (+), used for
reference to a note after the asterisk (»
is a Roman Catholic character, originally
employed in church books, prayers ‘of
exorcism, at benedictions, and so on, to
remind the priest where to make the
sign of the cross. This sign is sometimes
called an obelisk—that is, ‘‘a spit.”
(Greek; od’elos, a spit.) 4

Dagger, in the City arms of London,
commemorates Sir William. Walworth’s
dagger, with which he slew Wat Tyler
in 1381. Before this time the cogni-
oe of the City was the sword of St.

“ Brave Walworth, knight, lord mayor, that slew
Rebellious Tyler in bis alarmes; __
The king, therefore, did give him in lieu
_ The dagger to the city armes,” ‘
Fourth year of Richard IT, (1381),
, #ishmongers’ Hall, _

Dagger Ale is the ale of the
Dagger; a celebrated’ ordinary in
Holborn.

“ My lawyer's clerk I lighted on last night
In Holborn, at the Dagger.”
Ben Jonson: The Alchemist, i, 1.

Dagger-scene in the House of
Commons. Edmund Burke, during
‘the French Revolution, tried a bit of
bunkum by throwing down a dagger on
the floor of the House, exclaiming as he
did so, ‘‘There’s French fraternity for

ou! Such is the weapon which French

acobins would plunge into the heart of
‘our beloved king.”’ Sheridan spoilt the
dramatic effect, and set the House in a
‘Toar by his remark, ‘‘ The gentleman, I
.see, has brought his knife with him, but
where is his fork?’? (See Coup DE
‘THrATEE.

1
La * 4
.

Daggers. To speak daggers, To look
daggers. Tospeak or look so as to wound
the sensibilities,

*] will speak daggers to her; but will use
none.”—Shukespeure: Hamlet, iii. 2.

Daggers Drawn (4¢). At great

enmity, as if with daggers drawn and

‘ready to rush on each other.

Daggle-tail or Draggle-tail A
slovenly woman, the bottom of whose
dress trails in the dirt. Dag (Saxon)
means loose ends, mire or dirt; whence
dag-locks, the soiled locks of a sheep’s
fleece, and dag-wool, refuse wool, (Com-
pare Tag.)

Dagobert. King Dagobert and St.
Eloi. There is a French song very
popular with this title. St. Eloi tells
the king his coat has a hole init, and
the’king replies, “ C’est vrai,.le tien est
bon ; préte-le moi.”” Next thesaint com-

lains of the king’s stockings, and

agobert makes the same answer. Then
of his wig and cloak, to which the same
answer is returned. After seventeen
oomplaints St. Eloi said, ‘“‘My king,
death is at hand, and it is time to con-
fess,’? when the king replied,. ‘‘ Why
sr you confess, and die instead of
me

Da‘gon (Hebrew, dag On, the fish
On). The idol of the Philistines ; half
woman and half fish. (See ATERGATA.)
“ Dagon his name; 5sea-monster, upward man

And downwar6e tish; yet had his temple high

Rear’d in Azo'\us, dreaded through the coast

Of Palestine, in Gath and As’calon,

And Accaron and Gaza's frontier bounds.”

Milton; Paradise Lost, book i. 46%

Dag’onet (Sir). In the romance La
Mort d’ Arthwre he is called the fool of
King Arthur, and was knighted by the
king himself.

“T remember at Mile-End Green, when I lay at
Clement's Inn, I wasthen Sir Dagonet in Arthur's
show.” — Henry IV., iii. 2. (Justice Shallow)

“Dagonet”? is the pen-name of
Mr, G. R. Sims.

Daguer’rectype (4 syl.), A photo-

aphic process, So named from M.

aguerre, who greatly improved it in
1839, (See TALBOTYPE.)

Da'gun. A god worshipped in Pégu.
When Kiak’iak destroyed the world,
Dagun reconstructed it. (Indian mytho-.

‘logy-)

Dahak. The Satan of Persia. Ac-

. cording to Persian mythology, the ages
of the world are divided into periods of

1,000 years. When the cycle of ‘‘ chil-
‘iasms’’ (1,000-year periods) is complete,
the reign of Ormuzd will begin, and men

Dahlia

326

Dalgetty

A = 23 .

will be all good and all happy; but this
event will be preceded by the loosing of
Dahak, who will break his chain and
fall upon the world, and bring on man
the most dreadful calamities. Two
prophets will appear to cheer the
oppressed, and announce the advent of
Ormuzd.

Dahlia. A flower. So called from
Andrew Dahl, the Swedish botanist.

Dahomey is not derived from Daho,
the founder of the palace so called, but
isa corruption of Danh-homen, “‘ Danh’s
Belly.”’ The story is as follows: Ardrah
divided his kingdom at death between
his three sons, and Daho, one of the
sons, received tie northern portion.
Being an enterprising and ambitious
man, he coveted tis zountry of his
neighbour Danh; King of Gedavin, and
first applied to him for a plot of land to
build a house on. This being granted,
Daho made other requests in quick
succession, and Danh’s patience being
exhausted, he exclaimed, ‘‘ Must I open
my belly for you to build on?” On
hearing this, Daho declared himself in-
sulted, made war on Danh, and slew him,
He then built his palace where Danh
fell, and called it Danh-homen. (Wine-
teenth Century, October, 1890, pp. 605-6.)

Dai'both (3 syl.). A Japanese idol of
colossal size. Each of her hands is full
of hands. (Japanese mythology.)

Daikoku (4 syl.), The gcd invoked
specially by the artisans of Japan. He
sits on a ball of rice, holding a hammer
in his hand, with which he beats a sack ;
and every time he does so the sack be-
comes full of silver, rice, cloth, and other
useful articles, (Japanese mythology.)

Dairi (3 syl.). The royal residence
in Japan; the court of the mikado, used
by metonomy for the sovereign or chief
pontiff himself.

Dairy. A corrupt form of “‘ dey-ery,”’
Middle English deterie and deyyerye,
from deye, a dairymaid.

“The dey or farm-woman entered with her

itchers, to deliver the milk for the family.”—
Scott: Fair Maid of Perth, chap. xxxii.

_Da'is. The raised floor at the head
of a dining-room, designed for guests of
distinction (French, dais, a caneyy)s So
called because it used to be decorated
with a canopy. The proverb “ Sous le
dais’’ means ‘‘in the midst of grandeur.”’

Daisies. Slang for boots, Explained
under CHIVY,

Dai’sy. Ophelia gives the queen @
daisy to signify “that her light and
fickle love ought not to expect constancy
in her husband.’? So the daisy is’ ex
plained by Greene to mean a Quip for
an upstart courtier. «Anglo-Saxon deges
edge, day’s eye} ;

The word is Day’s eye, and the flower
is so called because it closes its pinky
lashes and goes to sleep when the sun
sets, but in the morning it expands its
petals to the light. (See V1oLE?,) .

“That well by reason men calle it mate,
The daisie, or else the eie of the Fore

j haucer,

mae (Solomon). Parish clerk of
Chigwell. He little, round, black,
shiny eyes like beads; wore rusty black
breeches, a rusty black coat, and a long-
flapped waistcoat with queer iitt
buttons. Solomon Daisy, with Phil
Parkes, the ranger cf Epping Forest,
Tom Cobb, the chandler and post-office
keeper, and John Willet, mine host,
formed a quadrilateral or village club,
which used to meet night after night at
the Maypole, on the borders of the
forest. Daisy’s famous tale was the
murder of Mr. Reuben Haredale, and the
conviction that the murderer would be
found out on the 19th of March, the
anniversary of the murder. (Dickens;
Barnaby Rudge, chap. i., ete.)

Daisy-cutter (A). In cricket, a ball
that is bowled all along the ground.

Daisy-roots, like dwarf-elder berries,
are said to stunt the growth; hence the
fairy Milkah fed her royal foster-child
on this food, that his standard might not
exceed that of a pigmy. This super-
stition arose from the notion that every-
thing had the property. of bestowing its
own speciality on others. (See Fern
SEED.)

“ She robbed dwartf-elders of their fragrant fruit,
And fed him early with the daisy root,
Whence through his veins the powerful juices

And formed the beauteous miniature of man,”
; Tickell: Kensington Gardens,
Dala'i-Lama [grand lama}. Chief of
the two Tartar priests—a sort of incarnate
deity. The other lama is called the
‘‘ Tesho-lama.”’ Fart
Dal'dah, Mahomet’sfavoutite white |
mule.
Dalgar'no (Lord). A heartless profli- ,
gate in Scott’s Fortunes of Nigel. ,
Dalget'ty (Dugald). Jeffrey calls
him ‘‘a compound of Captain ellen.
and Bob'adil,”’ but this is scarcely just.
Without doubt, he has all the pedantry.

aa Dalkey $27

Damon and Pythias

and conceit of the former, and all the
vulgar assurance of the latter; but,
unlike Bobadil, he is a man of real
courage, and wholly trustworthy to those
who pay him for the service of his sword,
which, like a thrifty mercenary, he lets
out to the highest bidder. (Scott: Legend
of Montrose.)

“Neither Schiller, Strads, Thuanus, Monroe,

nor Dugald Dalgetty makes any mention of it.”—
Carlyle,

Dalkey (Hing of). A kind of
** Mayor of Garrat” (¢.v.) at Kings-
town, in Ireland. <A full description is
given of this mock mayor, etc., in a

k entitled Ireland Ninety Years ‘Ago,

Dalle (French), écu de six francs (5s.).
Money generally.
ta Doutse de Union ertaine quantitseds cules

ur lentretenement des docteurs,” — Sutyre

enippee, 1824, p. 163,

Dalmatiica or Dalmat’ic. A robe,
open im front, reaching to the knees;
worn at one.time by deacons over the
alb or stole, when the Eucharist was ad-
ministered. It is in imitation of the
regal vest of Dalma'tia, and was im-

rted into Rome by the Emperor

om’modus. <A similar robe was worn
by kings, in the Middle Ages, at corona-
tions and other great solemnities, to
remind them of their duty of bountiful-
ness to the poor. The right sleeve was
plain and full, but the left was fringed
and tasselled. Deacons had broader
sleeves than sub-deacons, to indicate
their duty to larger generosity; for a
similar reason the sleeves of a bishop
ere larger than those of a priest. The
two stripes before and behind were to
show that the wearer should exercise his
charity to all.

Dam, An Indian copper coin, the
fortieth part of a rupee. Hence the ex-
pression ‘‘ Not worth a dam ”’ ; similarly
*‘not worth a farthing,’’ ‘‘ not worth a
rap” (q.v.) ; “not worth a sou,” “not
worth a stiver,”’ etc.

Dam/age. What's the damage ? What
have I to pay ? how much is the bill?
The allusion is to the law aapeseine
damages in remuneration to the plaintiff.

Dam/ask Linen. So called from
Damascus, where it was originally manu-
factured.

~Damaskeen’ing. Producing upon
steel-a blue tinge and ornamental figures,
sometimes inlaid with gold and silver,

‘as in Damascus blades; go called from

Damascus, which was celebrated in the
Mids Ages for this class of ornamental
art.

Dambe’a or Dembea, A lake in
Gojam, Abyssinia, the source of -the
Blue Nile. Captain Speke traced the
White Nile to Lake Victoria N’yanza,
which, no doubt, is fed by the Mountains
of the Moon.

“He ftbe Nile) thro’ the lucid lake
Of fair Damhea rolls bis infant stream.”
son ; Summer, 807-8.

Dame du Lac. A fay, named
Vivienne, who plunged ‘with the infant
Lancelot into a lake. This lake was a
kind of mirage, concealing the demesnes
of the lady ‘‘en la marche de la petite
Bretaigne.”’? (See VIVIENNB.)

“En ce lieu, ... avoit la dame moult de belles

maisong et moult riches; et au plain dessoubs
elle avoit une gente petite riviére.”

Damiens’ Bed of Steel. R. F.
Damiens, in 1757, attempted the life of
Louis XV. He was taken to the Con-
ciergerie; an iron bed, which likewise
served as a chair, was prepared for him,
and to this he was fastened with chains,
He was then tortured, and ultimately
torn to pieces by wild horses. (Smollet:
History of England, v. 12, p. 39.)

“ The uplifted axe, the agonising wheel,
Luke’s iron crown, and Damiens’ bed of steel.”
Goldsmith: The'Traveller (1768).

Damn with Faint Praise. To
praise with such a voice and in such
measured terms as to show plainly secret
disapproval.

“ Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer,

And, without sneering, teach the rest to sneer.”
Pope: Epistle to Arbuthnot.

Dam’oclés’ Sword. Evil foreboded:

or dreaded. Dam’oclés, the sycophant
of Dionysius the elder, of Syracuse, was
invited by the tyrant to try the felicity
he so much envied. Accordingly he
was set down to a sumptuous banquet,
but overhead was a sword suspended by
a hair. Damoclés was afraid to stir,
and the banquet was a tantalising tor-
‘ment to him. (Cicero.)

“These fears hang like Damocles’ sword over
every feast, and make enjoyment impossible.”
— Chambers's Cyclopedia,

Da’‘mon and Musido'ra. Two lovers
in Thomson’s Swmmer, One day Damon
caught Musidora bathing, and his deli-
cacy so won upon her that she promised
to be his bride,

Da‘mon and Pyth‘ias. Inseparable
friends. They were two Syracu’sian
ouths, Damon, being condemned fo
aa by Dionysius the tyrant, obtained
leave to go home to arrange his affairs

828

Dance

Damper
if Pythias became his security. Damon
being delayed, Pythias was led to exe-

cution, but his friend arrived in time to
save him. Dionysius was sostruck with
this honourable friendship that he par-
doned both of them.

Damper (4). A snap before dinner,
which damps or takes off the edge of
appetite. ‘‘ That’s a damper’’ also
means a wet-blanket influence, a rebuff
which damps or cools one’s courage.

Also a large thin cake of flour apd
water baked in hot ashes. The mite
of a stringed instrument to deaden the
sound is also called a ‘‘ damper.”

Dam’sel, (See DoMISELLUS.)

Dam’son. A corruption of Damas-
céne, a fruit from Damascus.

Dam’yan (8 syl.). <A ‘‘silke squyer,”’
whose illicit love was accepted by May,
the youthful bride of January, a Lom-
bard knight, sixty Mee old. . (Chaucer:
The Marchaundes Tale.)

Dan. A title of honour, common with
the old poets, as Dan Phebus, Dan
Cupid, Dan Neptune, Dan Chaucer, etc.
(Spanish, doz.)

“Dan Chaucer, well of English undefiled,
On Fame's eternal beadroll worthy to be filed.”
Spenser : Faérie Queene, book iv. canto ii, 32,

Fyrom Dan to Beer'sheba.. From one
end of the kingdom to the other; all
over the world; everywhere... The
phrase is Scriptural, Dan being the most
northern and Beersheba the most south-
ern city of the Holy Land, We have a
similar expression,
Groats to the Land’s End.’”’

Dan Tucker. Out 0’ de way, old
Dan Tucker, The first Governor of Ber-
mu’da was Mr. Moore, who was suc-
ceeded by Captain Daniel Tucker, These
islands were colonised from Virginia,

Dan’‘ace (3 syl.). A coin placed by
the Greeks in the mouth of the dead to

ay their passage across the ferry of the
hades World.

Dan’‘aé. An Argive princess whom
Zeus (Jupiter) seduced under the form
of a shower of gold, while she was con-
fined in an inaccessible tower. She thus
became the mother of Persens (2 syl.).

Danaides (4 syl.). Daughters of
Dan‘aos (King of Argos). They were
fifty in number, and married the fifty
sons of Jgyptos, They all but one
murdered their husbands on their wed-
ding-night, and were punished in the
infernal regions by having to draw

‘From John 0’

bbe everlastingly in sieves from a deep -
well.

This is an allegory. The followers of
Dan’aos taught the Argives to dig wells,
and irrigate their fields in the Egyptian
manner. As the soil of Argos was very
pit and porous, it was like a sieve.

he names of the fifty Danaidés and
their respective husbands are as follows:

Actws -. - wife of Per’iphas,
Adianta .. 3 » Datphb’ren.
Adyta_.. os » Menal’cés,
Aga'vé .. ae » Lycos.
Amymon’é .«- » Encel/ados,
Anaxib’ia e's » _Archela’os,
Antod’ica ve » Clytos.
Aster’ia.. Ao » Cheetos.
Autho’lea oe » Cisseus,
Autony’ata .. » Archite‘los,
Auton’os on a Eurylochos,
Bry’cen .. a » Chthon‘ios,
Callid’ioé : » Pandi‘on.
Cele’no -- . » Hyxo/bios.
Chrysip’pé —.. » Chrysip’pos.
Chrysoth’eimis » As/teris,
Cleodo’ra oe oir 5 Lal X08,
Cleopat'ta —-- » Age’nor.
Cli’o » Aster’ias,

Antipaph’os,

Critome’dia +: fe
Aimyn’tor,

Damo/‘né . ”

Dioxip’pe sf » AlByptos.
Electra .. « » Peris’thenés,
Erato .. oe » Bro’mios.

Euphe’no +. Ks Hyper’ bios.

Euryd‘icé oe Pe ryas.
Evip’ pe -- ae. aa TImbros
Glauca .. 4 if Alcis.
Glaucip’pa «+ ‘n Pot/amon.
Gorga .- ee » Hyppoth’vda,
Gorg’ophon i Pro’teus.
Hel’cita.. «+ » Cassos,
Hippodamia .«. e Ister.
Hippod‘ica .. » Idras,
Hippomedw’sé » Aleme‘non.
Hyperip’pa. » Hippocoris’tés,
Hypermnes‘tra AN Lynceus,*
Iphimedu’sa .. » Euche’nor,
Mnestra me » LEgi‘os.
Ocyp’eté a 7 Lam pos.
Oi/me a » Arbe‘los,
Pharté .. oe i Turyd/amas.
Pilar’ga .. rf Ais Tdmon,
Pire‘né .. ae » Agaptole’mos,
Podar’ca as » (8/neus,
Rhoda .«- o° » _ Hippolytos,
Rho’dia .: oe » Chalce‘don,
Sthen’ela oo » Sthen’elos,
Stygna .. es a Polyc’tor,
Thea’no «. ee s Phanthés;

Lynceus (2 syl.), the one saved by
his wife, is marked with an asterisk (*),

Dan‘aos. According to the Roman de
Rose, Denmark means the country of
Dan‘aos, who settled here with a colony
after the siege of Troy, as Brutus is said
by the same sort of name-legend to
have settled in Britain. Saxo-German’-
icus, with equal absurdity, makes Dan,
the son of Humble, the first king, to
account for the name of the country,

Danaw. The Danube (German). 4
“To pass .otuiout
Rhone or the Danaw.”
Milton: Paradise Lost, book i, 353,
Dance. The Spanish danza was a
grave and stately court dance, ‘Those
of the seventeenth century, were called

Dance

the Jurdion, Pabina, Madama Orleans,
Piedelgiba'o, El Rey Don Alonzo, and El
Caballe'vo, Most of the names are taken
from the ballad-music to which they
were danced. 3

The light dances were called Baylé

(q.0.).
Dance (Pyrrhic). ie PYREHIC).,
St. Vitus’s Dance, (See ViTUs).

Dance of Death. A series of wood-
cuts, said to be by Hans Holbein (1538),
representing Death dancing after all
sorts of persons, beginning with Adam
and Eve. He is beside the judge on his
bench, the priest in the pulpit, the nun
in her cell, the doctor in his study, the
bride and the beggar, the king and the
infant ; but is “swallowed up at

This is often called the Dance Maca' bre,
from a German who wrote verses on the
subject.

On the north side of Old St. Paul’s
was a cloister, on the walls of which was
painted, at the cost of John Carpenter,
town clerk of London (15th cans a
“*Dance of Death,’’ or ‘‘ Death leading
all the estate, with speeches of Death,
and answers, by John Lydgate”’ (Stow).
The Death-Dance in the Dominican
Convent of Basle was retouched by
Holbein.

{| PHRASES.

I'll lead you a pretty dance, i.e. Vil
bother or put you to trouble.’ The
French say, Donner le bal a quelqu'un.
The reference is to the complicated
dances of former times, when all followed
the leader,

To dance attendance.
quiously, to be at the beck and call of
another. The allusion is to the ancient
custom of weddings, where the bride on
the wedding-night had to dance with
every guest, and play the amiable,
though greatly annoyed.

“Then must the poore bryde kepe foote with a

dauncer, and refuse none, how scabbed, foule,
oncken, rude, and shameless soeyer he be,”—
risten: State of Matrimony, 1543.

' “T had thought
They bad parted so much honesty among them
(At least, food manners) as not thus to suffer |
A man of his place, and so near our favour,

To dance attendance on their lordships’ plea-
sures,” Shakespeare; Henry VIII., v. 2.

To dance upon nothing. To be hanged. |

Dances (National Dances) :

Bohemian : the redo’wa,
English: the hornpipe and lancers.
‘French : the contredanse (country dance), cotillon,

and quadrille, ‘
German: the gallopade and waltz,
Irish: the jig.
Poeiten: the taran’tella,

h; the mazurka ang krakovieck,

329

To wait obse-_

Dancing-water

Russian ; the cossac,
Scotch: the reel.
Spanish; the bole’ro and fandango.

*? When Handel was asked to point
out the peculiar taste of the different
nations of es in dancing, he ascribed
the mwwuet to the French, the sar’aband
to the Spaniard, the arietta to the Italian,
and the hormpipe and the morris-dance
to the English.

Dances (Religious Dances) :

Astronomical dances, invented by the Egyptians,
designed (like our orreries) to represent the
movements of the heavenly bodies,

The Bacchic dances were of three sorts: grave
(ike our minuet), gay (like our gavotte), and
mixed (like our minuet and gavotte combined),

The dance Champétre, invented by Pan, quick and
‘lively, The dancers (in the open air) wore
wreaths of oak and garlands of flowers.

Children's dances, in Lacedemonia, in honour of
Diana. The children were nude; and their

“movements were grave, modest, and graceful,

Corybantic dances, in honour of Bacchus,
accompanied with timbrels, fifes, flutes, and a
tumultuous noise produced by the clashing of

. swords and spears against brazen bucklers,

Funereal damces, in Athens, slow, solemn dances
in which the priests took part, The performers
wore long white robes, and carried cypress
slipsin their bands. __

Hymenéal dances were lively and joyous. The
dancers being crowned with flowers.
Of the Lupithe, invented hy Pirithéus. These
were exhibited after some famous victory, and.
were designed to imitate the combats of the
Centaurs and Laplthe, These dances were

both difficult and dangerous.

May-day dances at Rome. At daybreak lads and
Jasses went out to gather “May” and other
flowers for themselves and their elders; and
the day was spent in dances and festivities.

Military dances. The oldest of all dances, exe-
cuted with swords, javelins, and bucklers,
Said to be invented by Minerva to celebrate the
victory of the gods over the Titans...

Nuptial dances. A Roman pantomimic perfor-
mance resembling the dances of our harlequin
and columbine,

Sacred dances (among the Jews).. David danced
in certain religious processions (2 Sam. vi. 14),
The people sang and danced before the golden
calf (Exod, xxxii. 19), Andin the book of Psalms
(cl. 4) we read, “Let (the people) praise (the
Lord) with timbrel and dance. iriam, the
sister of Moses, after the passage of the Red
Sea, was followed by all the women with
timbrels and dances (Exod. xv. 20).

Savic dances, instituted by Numa Pompilius in
honour of Mars. They were executed by twelve
priests selected from the highest of the
nobility, and the-dances were performed in the
temple while sacrifices were being made and
hymns sung to the god,

*; The Dancing Dervishes celebrate
their religious rites with dances, which
consist chiefly of spinning round and
round a little allotted space, not in
couples, but each one alone,

In ancient times the Gauls, the
Germans, the Spaniards, and the English
too had their sacred dances, In fact,
in all religious ceremonies the dance
was an essential part of divine worship,
In India dancing is a of religious
worship in which the priests join,

See DANSE.

Dancing-water (The), which beau-
tifies ladies, makes them young again,

Dandelion

and enriches them. It fell in a cascade
in the Burning Forest, and could only
be reached by an underground passage.
Prince Chery fetched a bottle of this
Water for his beloved Fair-star, but was
aided by a dove. (Fairy Tales, by the
Comtesse @’Aulnoy.) (See YELLOW
WATER.)

Dandelion, A flower. The word is
@ corruption of the French dent de lion
Gon tooth). Also called Leon'todon
lion-tooth, Greek), from a supposed
resemblance between its leaves and the
teeth of lions,

Dander. Is your dander wp or Tiz?
Is your angry passion up? This is
generally considered to be an American-
ism ; but Halliwell gives, in his Archaie
Dictionary, both dander (anger) and
dandy (distracted), the former common
to several counties, and the latter pecu-
liar to Somersetshire.

Dandie Dinmont. A jovial, true-
hearted store-farmer, in Sir Walter
Scott’s Guy Mannerimg. Also a hardy
hairy short-legged terrier.

“From this dog descended Davidson of Hynd-
lee's breed, the original Dandie-Dinmont.”—T,
Brown: Our Dogs, p. 104.

Dandin (French), A ninny, a snob.
From Moliére’s comedy of George Dan-
din, (See GANDIN.)

Dandin (George). A French cit, who
marries a sprig of nobility, and, lives
with his wife’s parents. Madame appeals
on all occasions to her father and mother,
who, of course, take her part against her
husband. Poor George isin a sad plight,
and is for ever lamenting his fate with
the expression, Vous l’avez voulu, George
Dandim (Tis your own fault, George
Dandin). George Dandin stands for
anyone who marries above his sphere,
and is pecked by his wife and mother-
in-law. The word means “a ninny,”’
(Moliére’s comedy so called.)

Perrin Dandin. <A sort of Lynch
judge in Rabelais, who seated himself
on the trunk of the first tree he came to,
and there decided the causes submitted
to him.

Dan‘diprat or Dandéprat, according
to Camden, is a small coin issued in the
eigt of Henry VII. Applied to a little
fellow, it is about equal to our modern
Fa al alittle‘*twopenny-ha’penny”’

ellow.

Dando (4). One who frequents
hotels, eating-houses, and other such

830

Dante

places, satisfies his appetite, and decampe
without payment,

Dandy. A coxcomb; a fop. The
feminine of ‘‘dandy”’ is either dandilly
or dandizett. Egan says the word was
first used in 1813, but examples of the
word occur at least one hundred years
before that date. (French, im, &
ninny, a vain, conceited fellow.)

Dandy-horse, (See VELOCIPEDE.)

Dandyism. The manners, ete., of a
dandy ; like a dandy. ;

Dane’s Skin (a) A freckled skin.:

Red hair and a freckled skin are the

iaanann characteristics of Danish
ood.

Dangle. A theatrical amateur_in
Sheridan’s Critic. It was designed for
Thomas Vaughan, a playwright.

Daniel Lambert weighed 739 Ibs.
In 1841 eleven young men stood within
his waistcoat buttoned. (1770-1809,)

Danism. Lending money on usury,.
(Greek, daneisma, a loan.)

Dan‘nebrog or Danebrog. The old
flag of Denmark. The tradition is that .
Waldemar II. of Denmark saw in the
heavens a fiery cross which betokened
his victory over the Estho’nians (1219),
This story is very similar to that of
Constantine (g.v.), and of St. Andrew’s
Cross, (See ANDREW, St.)

The order of Danebrog. The second of
the Danish orders, Brog means ‘‘cloth’?
or banner.

Dan'’nocks.
corruption of Tournay, w:
originally manufactured.

Danse. La danse commence ld-bas,:
fighting has broken out yonder, ”

“Mon Caporal, there is 7 news: La danse
commence la-bas.'—Ouida: U'

nder Two Flags, chap.
xXXV. ;

A la danse. On the march. _

“The regiment was ordered out a la se
There was fresh war in the interiar.’—Owda:
Under Two Flags, chap. xtv. (See DANCE.)

Dans'ker. A Dane. Denmark used
to be calléd Danské. Hence Polo’nius
says to Reynaldo, ‘‘Inquire- me first
mes Danskers arein Paris.”” (Hamlet,

Dante and Be‘atri‘ce—i.e. Beatrice
Portina'ri, who was only eight years old
when the poet first saw her. His abidin;
love for her was chaste as snow and
pure as it was tender, Beatrice married.

oe -gloves. A
ere they were

Dantesque

381

Darius

a nobleman named Simo'ne de Bardi
and died young, in 1290. Dante married
Gemma, of.the powerful house of Do-
nati. In the Divina Comme'dia the
poet is conducted first by Virgil (who
represents human reason) through hell
and purgatory; then by the spirit of
Be'atri‘ce (who represents the wisdom
of faith); and finally by St. Bernard
(who represents the wisdom from on
high).

Dantés’que @ syl.), Dante-like—
that is, a minute hfe-like representa-
tion of the infernal horrors, whether
by words, as in the poet, or in visible
form, as in Doré’s illustrations of the
Inferno.

Daphnaida, An elegy on Douglas
Howard, dauzhter and heiress of Lord
Howard. (Spenser, 1591.)

Daphne. Daughter of a river-god,
loved by Apollo. She fled from the
amorous god, and escaped by being
changed. into a laurel, thenceforth the
favourite tree of the sun-god.

‘Nay, lady, sit. If 1 but wave this wand,
Your nerves are all chain’d up in alabaster,
And you a statue, or, as Daphne was,
Root-bound, that fled Apollo.”

. Milton : Comms, 678-681.

Daph’nis.. A Sicilian shepherd who
invented pastoral poetry.

Daph’nis. The lover of Chloe in the
exquisite Greek pastoral romance of
Longos, in the fourth century. Daphnis
was the model of Allan Ramsay’s Gentle
Shepherd, and the tale is the basis of
St. Pierre’s Paul and Virginia.

‘Dapper. A little, nimble, spruce
young clerk in Ben Jonson’s Alchemist,

Dap’ple, The name of Sancho Panza’s
ert in Cervantes’ romance of Don

wixote, Bailey derives dapple from
fe Teutonic dapper (streaked or spotted

eb pippin), A dapple-grey horse
is one of a light grey shaded with a
déeper hue; a dapple-bay is alight bay
spotted ‘with bay of a deeper colour,
(leelandio, depill, a spot.)

Dar‘bies (2 syl.). Handcuffs. This

is derived from ‘‘ Darby and Joan,’’ be- ~

cause originally two prisoners were
linked together as Darby and Joan.
“Hark ye! Jem Clink will fetch you the dar-
bies."—Sér W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak.

_ % Johiiny Darbies, policemen, is a
perversion’ of ‘the French gensdarmes,
in conjunction with the above.
Darby and Joan. A loving, old-
fashioned, virtuous couple. The names
belong to a ballad written by Henry

.

Woodfall, and the characters are those
of John Darby, of Bartholomew Close,
who died 1730, and his wife, ‘‘ As chaste
as a picture cut in alabaster. You
might sooner move a Scythian rock
than shoot fire into her bosom.’’? Wood-
fall served his apprenticeship to John
Darby.

‘5 Perhaps some day or other we may be Darby.
and Joan.’”’—Lord Lytton.

The French equivalent is C’est St.
Roch et son chien.

Dar’byites (3 he The Plymouth
Brethren are so called on-the Continent
from Mr, Darby, a barrister, who aban-
doned himself to the -work, and was for
years the ‘‘organ”’ of the sect.

Darics (or) State’res Dari’ci. Cele-
brated Persian coins. So called from
Darius, They bear on one side the head
of the king, and on the other a chariot
drawn by mules, Their value is about

| twenty-five shillings.

Dariolet, Dariolette (French). An
intriguant, a confidant, a go-between, a
pander. Originally a dariole meant a
little sweetmeat or cake rayed with little
bands of paste.

“ Dariolette, employé comme un des nombreux
synonyimes de soubrette, a eu d'abord la mission
particuliére de designer les suivantes de roman,”
—Toland de Villarceaus. s

“Malle. Vitry, confidente de Malle. de Guise,
était la dariolette.”—Tallement, Vol. i. p. 125.

Darius. <A classic way of spelling
Darawesh (king), a Persian title of
royalty. Gushtasp or Kishtasp assumed
the title of darawesh on ascending the
throne, and is the person generally
called Darius the Great.

Darius. Seven Levis of Persia
agreed that he should be king whose
horse neighed first; as the horse of
Darius was the first to neigh, Darius
was proclaimed king. ;

. Darius, conquered by Alexander, was
Dara, surnamed kuchek eve younger).
When Alexander succeeded to the throne,
Dara sent to him for the tribute of golden
“eggs, but the Macedonian returned for
answer, ‘‘ The bird which laid them is
‘flown to the other world, where Dara
must seek them.”? The Persian king
then sent him a bat and ball, in ridicule
of his youth; but Alexander told the
messengers, with’ the bat he would beat
the ball of power from their master’s

hand. Lastly, Dara sent}him a bitter
melon, as sable of the grief in store
for him; but the Macedonian declared
| that he would make the Shah eat his
own fruit. Y, BREGHAADRGO

4

Dark

332

Davenport

Dark. Tokeepdark. To lie perdu ; to
lurk in concealment, (Ang.-Sax. deov'c.)
“We'd get away to some of the far-out stations
+++, Where we could keep in the dark.” ~Boldre-
pood; Robbery Under Arms, xvi.
Keep it in the dark, Keep it a dead
secret; don’t enlighten anyone about
the matter,

Dark Ages. The era between the
death of Charlemagne and the close of
the Carlovingian dynasty.

Dark Continent (Zhe). Africa, the
land of the dark race or darkies,

Dark Horse (A), <A racing term for
a horse of good pretensions, but of which
nothing is positively known by the ge-
neral public. Its merits are kept dark
from betters and book-makers.

“At last a Liberal candidate has entered the
field at Croydon. The Conservatives have kept
their candidate back, as a dark horse,”—News-
paper paragraph, January, 1886,

Darkest Hour is that before the
Dawn (The). When Fortune’s wheel
is lowest, it must turn up again. When
things have come to their worst, they
must mend, In Latin, Post nubila,
Phebus,

Darky. <A negro.

Darley Arabians. A breed. of
English racers, from an Arab stallion
introduced by Mr. Darley. Thisstallion
was the sire of the Flying Childers, and
great-grandsire of Eelipse.

Daron, Daronne (French), The
sobriquet given, at the present day, by
workmen to shopkeepers and cobblers,

“11 étoit maitre de sham ester pee largent
de la daronne,”—Histoire de Guillaume, cocher.

Daronne, The confidant of Eksenne,
mother of Amadis, and wife of Perion
des Gaules. (Amadis de Gaule.)

Dart. (See ABARIS.)

Darwinian Theory. Charles
Darwin, grandson of the poet, published
in 1859 a work entitled Origin of Species,
to prove that the numerous species now
existing on the earth sprang originally
from one or at most a few primal forms ;
and that the present diversity is due to
special development and natural selec-
tion. Those plants and creatures which
are best suited to the conditions of their
existence survive and become fruitful ;
certain organs called: into play by pe-
culiar conditions of life grow with their
growth, and strengthen with their
strength, till they become so much a part
and parcel of their frames as to be
transmitted to their offspring. The
conditions of life being very diverse, |

cause a great diversity of organic de-

velopment, and, of course, every such
diversity which has become radical is
the parent of a new species. (See Evo-

LUTION.)

Dash, in printer’s copy. One dash
under a word in MS. means that the part
so dashed must be printed in italics; two
dashes means- small capitals; three
dashes, large capitals.

Cut a dash. (See Cut.)

Dash my Wig. Dash my Buttons,
Dash is a euphemism for a common
oath; and wig, buttons, etc., are relics
of a common fashion at one time adopted
in comedies and by ‘‘mashers’’ of
swearing without using profane lan-
guage.

Date. Not quite up to date. Said of
books somewhat in arrears of the most
recent information.

Daughter. Greek, thugater, con-
tracted into thug’ter; Dutch, dogter ;
German, ftochter ; Persian, dochtar ;
Sanskrit, duhiter ; Saxon, dohter ; etc.

Daughter of Pene'us (Zhe), The
bay-tree is so called because it grows in
greatest perfection on the banks of the
river Penéus (3 syl.).

Daughter of the Horseleech. One
very exigeant ; one for ever sponging on
another. (Prov. xxx. 15.)

“Such and many such like were the ent
attendants of the Duke of Buckingham —al
enuine descendants of the daughter of the borse-
leech, whose cry is ‘Give, give,’"—Sir W. Scott:
Peveril of the Peak, chap. xxvii.

Dauphin. The heir of the French
crown under the Valois and Bourbon
dynasties. Guy VIII., Count of Vienne,
was the first so styled, because he wore
a dolphin as his cognisance. The title
descended in the family till 1349, when
Humbert II., de la tour de Pisa, sold his
seigneurie, called the Dauphiné, to King
Philippe VI. (de Valois), on condition
that the heir of France assumed the
title of le dauphin. The first French
prince so called was Jean, who suc-
ceeded Philippe; and the last was the
Duc d’Angouléme, son of Charles IX.,
who renounced the title in 1830.

Grand Dauphin. Louis, Duc de Bour-
gogne, eldest son of Louis XIV., for
whose use was published the Tati
classics entitled dd Usum Delphi’ni,
(1661-1711.)

Second or Little Dauphin, Louis, son
of the Grand Dauphin. (1682-1712,).

Davenport. A kind of small writing-
desk with drawers each side, named
after the maker, ‘

Davenport

Davenport (The Brothers), from’

America, Two impostors, who professed
that spirits would untie them when
bound with cords, and ‘even that spirits
poo all sorts of instruments in a

k cabinet. The imposition was ex-
posed in 1865.

David, in Dryden’s satire called
Absalom _and_ Acirtophel, represents
Charles II. ; Absalom, his beautiful but
rebellious son, represents the Duke of
Monmouth; Achitophel, the traitorous
counsellor, is the Earl of Shaftesbury ;
Barzillai, the faithful old man who pro-
vided the king sustenance, was the Duke
of Ormond; Hushai, who defeated the
counsel of Achitophel, was Hyde, Duke
of Rochester ; adok the priest was
Sancroft, Archbishop 6f Canterbury ;
Shimei, who cursed the king in his
flight, was Bethel, the lord mayor; etc.
etc. (2. Sam. xvii.-xix.):

“ Once more the godlike David was restored

And willing nations knew their lawful lord.”

Dryden: Absalom and Achitophel, part i.

David (St.) or Dewid, was son of
Xantus, Prince of Cereticu, now called
Cardiganshire ; he was brought up a

riest, became an ascetic in the Isle of
Wight, preached to the Britons, con-
futed Pela’gius, and was preferred to the
see of Caerleon, since called St. David’s,
He died 544. (See Tarry.)

St. David’s (Wales) was originally
called Mene’via (i.e. main av, narrow
water or frith). Here St. David received
his early education, and when Dyvrig,
Archbishop of Caerleon, resigned to him
his see, St. David removed the archi-
episcopal residence to Mene’via, which
was henceforth called by his name,

David and Jonathan. Inseparable
friends. Similar examples of friendship
were Pyladés and Orestés (g.v.) ; Damon
and Pythias (¢.v.) ; etc.

“T am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan.
Very pleasant hast thou been tome, Thy love to
me was wonderful, passing the love of women,”
2 Sam. i. 26.

Davide'is. An epic poem in four
books, describing the troubles of King

David. (Abraham Cowley [1618-1667].) |

There is another sacred poem so called, by
Thomas Elwood (1712),

-Da'vus. Davus sum, non Edipus I
am a plain, simple fellow, and no solver
of riddles, like Gidipus), The words are
from Terence’s An’ dria, i. 2, 23,

Non te credas Davum ludere. Don't
imagine you are deluding Davus. ‘Do
you see any white in my eye?” I am
not such a fool as you think me to be.

’

G

333

' =

Day

Davy. I'll take my day of it. I'll
take my “affidavit” it is true.

Davy (Snuffy). David Wilson. “(See
Sir Walter Scott, Zhe Antiguary, chap.
iii. and note.)

Davy Jones’s Locker. He’s gone to
Davy Jones’s locker, i.e. he is dead.
Jones is a corruption of Jonah, the pro-
phet, who was thrown into the sea.

| Locker, in seaman’s phrase, means any

receptacle for private stores; and duffy
is a ghost or spirit among the West
Indian negroes. So the whole phrase is,
‘He is gone to the place of safe keep-
ing, where duffy Jonah was sent to.”

“This same Davy Jones, according to the
mythology of sailors, is the flend that presidcs
over all the evil spirits of the deep, and is scen
in yarious shapes... . warni the devoted
wretch of death and woe.”—Smollett: Peregrine
Pickle, xiii.

Da'vy’s Sow. Drunk as Davy’s sow.
Grose says: One David Lloyd, a Welsh-
man, who kept an ale-house at Hereford,
had a sow with six legs, which was an
object of great curiosity. One day
David’s wife, having indulged too freely,
lay down in the sty to sleep, and a com-
pany coming to see the sow, David led
them to the sty, saying, as usual, ‘‘ There
is a sow for you! Did you ever see the
like?’’? One of the visitors replied,
‘“‘Well, it is the drunkenest sow I ever
beheld.”” Whence the woman was ever
after called ‘‘Davy’s sow.”’ (Classical
Dictionary of thé Vulgar Tongue.)

Dawson (Bully). A noted London
sharper, who swaggered and led a most
abandoned life about Blackfriars, in the
a of Charles II. (See Jemmy Daw-
SON,

“Bully Dawson kicked by half the town, and
eg town kicked by Bully Dawson."—Charlee

Day. When it begins. (1) With
sun-set: The Jews in their “sacred
year,’’ and ‘the Church—hence the eve
of feast-days ; the ancient Britons ‘‘ zon
die'rum mi'merun, ut nos, sed noc’ tium
com'putant,” says Tacitus—hence ‘‘se’n-
night” and ‘‘fort’night;’’ the Athenians,
Chinese, Mahometans, etc., Italians,
Austrians, and Bohemians. @ With
sun-rise: The Babylonians, Syrians,
Persians, and modern Greeks. (3) With
noon; The ancient Egyptians and modern -
astronomers. A ith midnight: The
English, French, Dutch, Germans, Spa-
nish, Portuguese, Americans, etc,

A day after the fair. Too late; the
fair you came to see is over.

Day im, day out, All day long.
wae ata Sn ane im dae aubew. &

Day

Every dog has its day. (See under
0G.)

L huve had my day. My prime of life
is over; I have beena man of light and
leading, but am now ** out of the swim.”

“Olid Joc, sir... was a bit of a favourite...
ouce; but be has had bis day.”—Dickens,

L have lost a day (Per'didi diem) was
the exclamation of Titus, the Roman em-
peror, when on one occasion he could
call to mind nothing done during the
past day for the benefit of his subjects.

:Lo-duy a man, to-morrow a mouse. In
‘French, ‘“Aujoiud’ hut rot, demain rien.”

ortune is so fickle that one day we

may be at the top of the wheel, and the
next day at the bottom.

Day of the Barricades. (See
BARRICADES.)

Day of the Dupes, in French his-
tory, was November llth, 1630, when
Marie de Me’dicis and Gaston Duc
d’Orléans extorted from Louis XIII. a

romise that he would dismiss his

inister, the Cardinal Richelieu. The
cardinal went in all speed to Versailles,
the king repented, and Richelieu became
more powerful than ever. Marie de
Me'dicis and Gaston were the dupes
who had to pay dearly for their short
triumph,

Day-dream, A dream of the imagi-
nation when the eyes are awake,

Daylight, in drinking bumpers, means
that the wine-glass is not full to the
brim; between. the wine and the rim of
the wine-glass light may be seen. Toast-
masters used to ery out, ‘‘Gentlemen,
no daylights nor heeltaps ’’—the heel-
tap being a little wine left at the bottom
of the glass. _The glass must be filled to
the brim, and every drop of it must be
drunk.

Daylights. The eyes, which let day-
light into the sensorium.

To darken one’s daylights. To give
one such a blow on the eyes with the
fist. as to prevent seeing. (Pugilistic
slang.) :

‘Days set apart as Sabbaths,
Sunday by Christians; Monday by the
Greeks ; 7iesday by the Persians; JVed-
nesday by the Assyrians ; Thursday by
the Egyptians; 2riday by the Turks;
Saturday by the Jews.
Christians worship God on Sunday!
Grecian zealots hallow Monday,
ay Persians spend in prayer,
Assyrians Wednesday reycre,

Egyptians Thursday, Friday Turks,
On aturday no Hebrew works. 2.0, B.

334 De Rigueur

Daysman, j
intercessor. The word is dats-man (a
mnan who sits on the dais); a sort of lit
de justice. WHence Piers Ploughman—

“And at the day of doom
At the height Deys sit.”

Dayspring. The dawn: the com-
mencement of the Messiah’s reign.

“The dayspring from on high bath visited us.”
—Luke i, 78.

Daystar (Zhe). The morning star.
Hence the emblem of hope or better
prospects.

“ Again.o’er the vine-covered regions of Frpnce,
See the day-star of Liberty rise.”
Wilson: Noctes (Jgn., 1831, vol. iv. 231),

De Bonne Grace (French). Wil-
lingly ; with good grace,
De Die in Diem. From day to day

‘continuously, till the business is com-

pleted.
“The Ministry have elected to go onde die in
diem.” —Newspaper paragraph, December, 18%.
De Facto. Actually, in reality; in
pte to de jure, lawfully or right-
fully. Thus John was de facto king, but
Arthur was so de jure.

De Haut en Bas. Superciliously.

“She uscd to treat hima little de haut en bas.”
—C. Reade. -

But Du haut en bas. From top te
bottom,

De Jure (Latin). By right, right-
fully, lawfully, aoeatdind be the law of
the land. hus a legal axiom says:
“De jure Judices, de [ie Juratores, re-
spondent’? (Judges look to the law,
juries to the facts), k

De Lunatico Inquirendo (Latin).
A writ issued to inquire into the state of
a person’s mind, whether it is sound or
not. If not of sound mind, the person is
called non compos, and is committed to
proper guardians.

De Mortuis Nil Nisi Bonum. Of
the dead speak kindly or not at all.

De Nihilo Nihil Fit (Latin), You
cannot make anything out of nothing.

De Novo (Latin). Afresh; over
again from the beginning.

De Profundis [Out of the depths].
The 130th Psalm is so called from the
first two words in the Latin version. It
is sung by Roman Catholics when the
dead are committed to the grave,

De Rigueur. Strictly speaking,
pie comme tt faut, in the height of
ashion, ( ew look @ soins Som

bd «

An umpire, judge, or

- Let bygones be bygones.

De Trop

335

Dead Men

- De Trop (French), Supererogatory,
more than enough. Rien de trop, let
nothing be in excess, Preserve in all
things the golden mean. Also “one
too many,
presence is not wished for, that person
is de trop.

Dead. Dead as a door-nail, The door-
nail is the plate or knob on which the
knocker or arate strikes. As this nail
is knocked on the head several times a

day, it cannot be supposed to have much

life left in it.

“Come thou and thy five men, and if I do not
leave you all as dead as a door-nail, I pray God I
may never eat grass more.’—Shakespeare: 2

wry VI.,iv.10, (Jack Cade.)

“ Falstaff, What! is the old king dead ?
Pistol, As nailin door,”
Shakespeare: 2 Henry IV., v. 3.

Dead as a herring. (See HERRING.)

Dead. He is dead. ‘Gone to the
world of light.”’ ‘‘ Joined the majority.”

The wind is dead against us, Directly
opposed to our direction. Instead of
making the ship more lively, its tendency
is quite the contrary. It makes a ‘‘dead
set”’ at our progress.

Dead. Lect the dead bury the dead.
Don’t rake up
old and dead grievances,

“Let meentreat you to let the dead bury the
dead, to cast behind you every recollection of
bygone evils,and to cherish, to love, to sustain
one another through all the vicissitudes of human
affairs in the'times thatare ta come."—Gladstone:
Home Rule Bilt (February 13th, 1893).

Dead Drunk. So intoxicated as to
be wholly powerless.

_“ Pythagoras has finely observed that a man is
not to be considered dead drunk till he lies on
the floor and stretches out his arms and legs to
prevent his going lower.’—S. Warren.

Dead-eye, in nautical phrase, is a
block of wood with three holes through
it, for the lanyards of rigging to reeve
through, without sheaves, and with a
ch round it for an iron strap. (Dana:

aman’s Manual, p. 92.)

The holes are eyes, but they are
dead eyes: ©
. Dead-fiat (4), in ship architecture,
one of the bends amidship. (Dana.)

“Dead Freight. That part of a cargo
which does not belong to the fieighe.
Dead freight is not counted in the
freight, and when the cargo is delivered
fs not to be reckoned. i
‘Dead Hand (4). A first-rate. One
that would dead-beat.. (See MorTMaIn.)

“ First-rate work it was too; he was alwaysa
hand at splitting."—Boldrewood : . ry
moder AVM) 2V6

” in the way ; when a person’s -

settled.

Dead-heads, in theatrical language,
means those admitted by orders without
payment. They count for nothing. In
the United States, persons who receive
something of value for which the tax-
payer has to pay.

3 In nautical language, a log floatin
so low in the water that only a sma
part of it is visible.

Dead Heat. A race to be run again
between two horses that have “ tied.’’
A heat is that part of a race run without
stopping, One, two, or more heats make
a race. A dead heat is a heat which
goes for nothing.

Dead Horse. Flogging a dead horse.
Attempting to revive a question already
ohn Bright used the phrase in
the House of Commons.

Working for a dead horse.. Working
for wages already paid.

Dead Languages.
longer spoken.

Dead Letter. A written document
of no value; a law no longer acted upon,
Also a letter which lies buried in the
post-office because the address is.in-
correct, or the person addressed cannot
be found.

Dead-letter Office (The), A. de-
partment in the post-office where un-
claimed letters are kept. (See above.)

Dead Lift. I am at adead lift. In
a strait or difficulty where I great]
need help; a hopeless exigency. x
dead lift is the lifting of a Healt or in-
active body, which must be done by
sheer force.

Dead Lights. Strong wooden shut-
ters to close the cabin windows of a ship ;
they deaden or kill the daylight.

To ship the dead lights. To draw the
shutter over the cabin window; to keep
out the sea when a gale is expected.

Dead Lock. A lock which has no
spe catch. Metaphorically, a state of
things so entangled that there seems to
be no practical solution.

* Things are at a dead-lock.”—The Times.

Dead Men. Empty bottles. Down
among the dead men let me he. Letme
get so intoxicated as to slip from my
chair, and lie under the table with the
empty bottles. The expression isa wit-
ticism on the word spirit. Spirit means
life, and also alcohol (the spirit of full
bottles) ; when the spirit is out the man
is dead, and when the bottle is empty its
spirit is departed. Also, a loaf of bread
smuggled into the basket for the private

Languages no

- . Dead Men’s Shoes

336

Deal a

use of the person who carries the bread
out is called a ‘‘ dead man.”’

Dead Men’s Shoes. Waiting for
devd men’s shoes. Looking out for lega-
cies; looking to stand in the place of
some moneyed man when he is dead and
buried.

Dead Pan (7he). A poem founded
on the tradition that at the crucifixion a
cry swept across the ocean in the hearing
of many, ‘‘ Great Pan is Dead,” and that
at the same time the responses of the
oracles ceased for ever. Elizabeth
Barrett Browning has a poem so called
(1844).

Dead Reckoning. A calculation of
the ship’s place without any observation
of the heavenly bodies. A guess made
by consulting the log, the time, the
direction, the wind, and so on. Sucha
calculation may suffice for many prac-
tical purposes, but must not be fully
relied on.

Dead Ropes. Those which are fixed
or do not run on blocks; so called
ee use they have no activity or life in
them.

Dead Sea. So the Romans called
the “Salt Sea.” Jose’phus says that
the vale of Siddim was changed into the
Dead Sea at the destruction of Sodom
Antiq. i. 8, 3, etc.). The water is of a
ull green colour. Few fish are found
therein, but it is not true that birds
which venture near its vapours fall
down dead. The shores are almost
barren, but hyenas and other wild beasts
lurk there. Called the ‘Salt Sea”’
because of its saltness. The percentage
of salt in the ocean generally is about
three or four, but of the Salt Sea it is
twenty-six or more.

Dead-Sea Fruit. Fair to the eye,
but nauseous to the taste; full of pro-
mise, but without reality. (See APPLES
or Sopom.)

Dead Set. He made a dead set at her.
A pointed or decided determination to
bring matters to a crisis. The allusion
is to a setter dog that has discovered
game, and makes a dead set at it.

To be at a dead set is to be set fast, so
as not to be able to move. The allusion
is to ay

To make a dead set upon someone is to
attack him resolutely, to set upon him ;
the allusion being to dogs, bulls, etc.,
set on each other to fight.

Dead Shares. In theatrical sharing
companies three or more supernumerary

shares are so called. The ae roe aitonn
one or more of these shares for his
expenses ; a star will have another ; and
sometimes a share, or part of a share, is
given to an actor who has brought down
the house, or made a hit.

Dead Water. The eddy-water
closing in with the ship’s stern, as she
passes through the water. It shifts its
place, but is like taking money from one
pocket and putting it into another.

Dead Weight. The weight of some-
thing without life; a burden that does
nothing towards easing its own weight;
a person who encumbers us and renders
no assistance. (See DEAD LIFT.)

Dead Wind (4). A wind directly
opposed to a ship’s course; a wind dead

Dead Wood, in shipbuilding. Blocks
of timber laid on the ship’s keel. This
is no part of the ship, but it serves to
make the keel more rigid.

Dead Works, in theology. Such
works as do not earn salvation, or even
assist in obtaining it. For such a
purpose their value is nil. (Heb. ix. 14.)

Deaf.

Deaf as an adder. (See below, Duar
ADDER.)

Deaf as a post. Quite deaf; or so
inattentive as pee hear what is saiot
One might as well speak to a gate-
or log of wood.

Deaf as a white cat, It is said that
white cats are deaf and stupid.

None so deaf as those who won't hear.
The French have the same locution:
«Tl n’y a de pire sourd que celui qui ne
veut pas entendre.”

Deaf Adder- ‘‘The deaf adder
stoppeth her ears, and will not hearken
to the voice of the charmer, charm he
never so wisely”? (Psalm lviii. 4, 5).
Captain Bruce says, ‘‘ If a viper enters
the house, the charmer is sent for, who
entices the serpent, and puts it into a
bag. I have seen poisonous vipers twist
round the bodies of these psylli in all
directions, without having their
extracted.” According to tradition, the
asp stops its ears when the charmer
utters his incantation, by applying one
ear to the ground an i its tail
into the other. In the United the
copperhead is so called. : ‘

Deal. A portion. “A tenth deal of
flour.” (Exodus xxix. 40.) (German,

Deal-fish

theil; Anglo-Saxon, del, verb, delan,
to share; Irish, dai/ ; English, dole.)

To deal the cards is to-give each his
dole or portion.

Deal-fish. So called because of some
fancied resemblance to a deal-board,
from its length and thinness.

Dean (the Latin Deca’nus), The chief
over ten prebends or canons. q

The Dean (Il Piova'mo). Arlotto, the
Italian humorist. (1395-1483.)

Jonathan Swift, Dean of St. Patrick.
(1667-1745.)

Deans (Efi); in Scott’s Heart of

Midlothian, 18 Helen Walker. She is
abandoned by her lover, Geordie Robert-
son [Staunton], and condemned for
child-murder.
Jeamie Deans. Half-sister of Effie
Deans, who walks all the way to London
to plead for her sister. She is a model
of good sense, strong affection, and dis-
interested heroism. (See WALKER.)

“ We follow Pilgrim tbrough his progress with
an interest not inferior to that.with which we
follow Elizabeth from Siberia to Moscow, and
Jeanie Deans from Edinburgb to London.”—Lord
Macaulay.

Dear. Oh,dear me! Regarded, but
without evidence, as a corruption of the
Italian O Dio mio!

Dear Bought and Far Brought or |

Dear bought and far felt. A gentle
reproof for some extravagant purchase
of luxury.

Dearest. Most hateful, as dearest
foe. The word dear, meaning “ beloved,’’
is the Saxon deor (dear, rare); but dear,
‘thateful,” is the Anglo-Saxon derian
(to hurt), Scotch dere (to annoy).

“ Would I had met my dearest foe in heaven,

Or ever T had seen that day, Horatie.”
Shakespeare: Hamlet, i. 2.

Death, according to Milton, is twin-

keeper with Sin, of Hell-gate.
i “The other shape
{f shape it might be called that shape had none

istinguisbable in member, joint, or limb ;
Or substance might be ¢alled that shadow
seemed ;)....
The likeness of a kingly crown had on,”
Milton: Paradise Lost, ii. 666—673.
Death, (See Buack DEatu.)
Death stands, like Mercwres, in every
we See MERCURY.) ae
ill death us do part.
Angel of Death.

AZRAEL.)

At death’s door. On the point of
death; very dangerously ill.
_ In at the death. Present when the
fox was caught and killed,

(See DEPART.)
(See ABou-JaHia.

337

Death

Death and Docter Hornbook,
Doctor Hornbook was John Wilson the
apothecary, whom the poet met at the

orbolton Masonic Lodge. (Burns.)

Death from Strange Causes,

448 chylus was killed by the fall of a
tortoise on his bald head from the claws
of aneagleintheair. (Valerius Maxi-
mus, ix. 12, and Pliny: History, vii. 7.)

Agathocles (4 syl.), tyrant of Sicily,
was killed by a toothpick at the age of
ninety-five.

Anac'reon was choked by a grapestone.
(Pliny: History, vii. 7.)

Bassus (Quinivs Lucdmus) died from
the prick of a needle in his left thumb.

Chalchas, the soothsayer, died of
laughter at the thought of having out-
lived the predicted hour of his death.

Charles VIII., of France, conducting
his queen into a tennis-court, struck
his head against the lintel, and it caused
his death.

Fabs, the Roman pretor, was choked
by a single goat-hair in the milk which
he was drinking. (Pliny: History,vii.7.)

Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales,
died from the blow of a cricket-ball.

Gallus (Cornelius), the preetor, and
Titus Haterjus, a knight, each died
while kissing the hand of his wife.

Gabrielle (La beile), the mistress of
Henri IV., died from eating an orange.

Itadach died of thirst in the harvest-
field because (in observance of the rule
of St. Patrick) he refused to drink a
drop of anything.

epidus (Quintus ~dim'ilius),. going

| out of his house, struck his great toe

against the threshold and expired.

Lows VI. met with his death from a

ig running under his horse and causing
it to stumble.

Margutie died of laughter on seeing
a monkey trying to pull on a pair of
boots.

Otway, the poet, in a starving con-
dition, had a guinea given him, on which
he bought a loaf of bread, and died
while swallowing the first mouthful.

Pamphilius (Cnews Babius), a man of
pretorian rank, died while asking a boy
what o’clock it was.

Philom'enes (4 syl.) died of laughter
at seeing an ass eating the figs provided
for his own dessert. (Valerius dag

Placut (Phillipot) dropped down dea
while in the act of paying a bill. (Baca-
berry the Elder.)

Quenelault, a Norman physician, of
Montpellier, died from a slight wound
made in his hand in exfracting a splinter,

Death in the Pot

338

December

a

Saufeius (Appius) was choked to death
supping up the white of an under-boiled
egg. (Pliny: History, vii. 33.)

Torqua tus (Aulus Manlius), a gentle-
man of consular rank, died in the act of
taking a cheesecake at dinner.

Valla (Lucius Tuscius), the physician,
died in the act of taking a draught of
medicine.

Wiliam III, died from his horse
stumbling over a mole-hill.

Zeuxis, the great painter, died of
laughter at sight of a hag which he had
just depicted.

* It will be observed that four of the
list died of laughter. No doubt the
reader will be able to add other ex-
amples.

Death in the Pot. During a dearth
in Gilgal, there was made for the sons
of the prophets a pottage of wild herbs,
some of which were poisonous. When
the sons of the prophets tasted the pot-
tage, they cried out, ‘‘ There is death in
the pot.’” Then Elisha put into it some
meal, and its poisonous qualities were
counteracted. (2 Kings iv. 40.)

Death under Shield., Death in
battle.

“Her imagination had been familiarised with
wild and bloody events... .. and had been
trained up to consider an honourable ‘death
under sbield’ (as that in a field of battle was
termed) a desirable termination to thé life of a
warrior,’—Sir W. Scott : The Betrothed, chap. 6,

Death-bell. A _ tinkling in the ears,
supposed by the Scotch peasantry to
announce the death of a friend.

O lady, ’tig dark, ah' I heard the death-bell,

An’ 1 darena gae yonder for gowd nor fee.”
James Hogg: Mountain Bard.

Death-meal (4). A funeral banquet.

“ Death-meals, as they were termed, were spread
{n honour of the deceased.”—Sir W. Scott: The
Betrothed, chap. 7. .

Death-watch. -Any species of Ano
bium, a genus of wood-boring beetles
that make a clicking sound, once sup-
posed to presage death,

Death’s Head. Bawds and pro-
curesses used to wear a ring bearing the
impression of a death’s head in the time
of Queen Elizabeth. Allusions not un-
common in plays of the period.

“Sell some of my cloaths to buy thee a death's-
head, and put [it] upon thy middle finger. Your
least considering bawds do so much."'—Messenger :
Old Laws, iv. 1.

Death’s Head on a Mopstick: A
thin, sickly person, a mere anatomy, is
so called. When practical jokes were
more common it was by no means un-

usual to mount on a mopstick a turnip —

with holes for eyes, and a cand’e inside,
to scare travellers at night time..

Deaths-man. An executioner; a
pre who kills another brutally but
awfully.

“Great Hector's deaths-man.”
Heywood; Iran Age.

Debateable Land. A tract of land
between the Esk and Sark, claimed by
both England and Scotland, and for a
long time the subject of dispute.- This
tract of land was the hotbed of thieves
and vagabonds.

De’bon. One of the heroes who
accompanied Brute to Britain. Ac-
cording to British fable, Devonshire is
the county or share of Debon. (See
DEVONSHIRE. )

Debonair’ [Le Débonnaire]. LouisI.
of France, sometimes cailed in English
The Meek, son and successor of Charle-
Inagneé; a man of courteous manners,
cheerful temper, but effeminate and de-
ficient in moral energy. (778, 814-840.)

Débris. The débris of an army. The
remnants of a routed army. Débrismeans
the fragments of a worn-down rock. It
is a geological term (débriser, to break
déwht.

Debt of Nature. To pay the debt of
Nature. Todie. Life is a loan; nota
gift, and the debt is paid off by death,

“The slender debt to Nature’s quickly paid.’”
Quarles; Emblems.

Decam’eron. A volume of tales re-
lated in ten days (Greek, deka, hem’era),
as the Decameron of Boceac’cio, which
contains one hundred tales related in
ten days, d

Decamp’. He decamped in the middle
o the night. Left without paying his

ebts. A military term from the Latin
de-campus (from the field); French, dé-
camper, to march away.

Decaniller. To be off, to decamp,
to escape. A curious instance of argot.
Canille is old French for chenille, a pupa,
imago, or chrysalis. These afterwards
become winged insects and take their
flight. Soa visitor says in France, ‘‘ 72
Saut me sauver,” or 7 faut decaniller.”
I must be off, ve

- December. (Latin, the tenth month.
So it was when the year began in Marc
with the vernal equinox; but since
January and February have been in-
serted before it, the term is quite in-
correct, ta TF RV £o¥

cg eae tu

Deception

‘839

Deer

Deception.
“Doubtless the pleasure is as great

Of being cheated as to cheat ;

a lookers-on feel most delight 3
_ That least perceive a juggler's steight,

And still the less they understand,

The more they admire his sleight of hand.”

“> i Butler ; Hudibras, part ii, 3.
Decide (2 syl.) means ‘‘to knock
out.”” Several things being set. before a
rson, he eliminates all but one, which
he selects as his choice. .A decided man
is one who quickly eliminates every idea
but the one he intends.to adhere to.

Decimo. A man im decimo—i.e. a
hobby-de-hoy. Jonson uses the phrase
$n decimo-sexto.

Deck. A Pack of cards, or that part
of the pack which is left after the hands
have been dealt.
et whilst he thought to steal the single ‘ten,’

C

*king’ was slyly fingered from the deck.”
Shakespeare; 3 Henry VI, v. 1.

To sweep the deck. To clear off all the
takes, . (See above.)

To is to decorate or adorn.
(Anglo-Saxon, decan; Dutch, dekken, to
cover.)

“5 thought thy bride-bed to have decked, sweet

And not have strewea thy grave.”
ris _ > Shakespeare: Hamlet, v,1.
Clear the decks—i.e. get-out of the
way; your room is better than your
company ; I am going to be busy. A sea
term. Decks are cleared before action.

Deoking Churches, Isaiah (Ix. 13) |

says: ‘The glory of Lebanon shall
come unto thee; the fir-tree, the pine-
tree, and the box together, to beautify
the place of my sanctuary.” The

‘+ glory of Lebanon”’ is the cedar-tree. .

These are not the evergreens mainly
used in church decorations.
mas the holly is chiefly used, though those
mentioned by Isaiah abound.

Déecotleté [da-coal-ta], Nothing even
décolleté should be uttered before ladices—
i.e. bearing the least semblance to a double
entondre. Décolleté is the French for-a
“‘ dress cut low about the bosom,”

Decoration Day. May 30th; set

apart in the United States for decorating:

the graves of those who fell in the ‘‘ War
of the Union ”’ (1861-5).

Decoy Duck. A bait or lure; a ©

"duck taught-to allure others into a net,
and employed for this purpose.

.Decrep'it.. Unable to make a noise.
It refers rather to the mute voice and

it footstep of old age than to its |

broken strength. (Latin, de-crepo.)

At Christ-.

Dec’uman Gate. The gate where
the 10th cohorts of the legions were
posted, It was opposite the Pretorian
ate, and farthest from the enemy.

tin, decem, ten.)

Deda'lian, Intricate; variegated.
So called from. De'dalos, who made the
Cretan labyrinth,

Dedlock (Sr Leicester).. An honour-
able and truthful gentleman, but of such
fossilised ideas that no ** tongue of man”
could shake his prejudices, (Charles
Dickens: Bleak House.)

Dee—i.e. D for a detective.
sharp ! the dees are about.

Dee (Dr. John). A man of vast
knowledge, whose library, museum, and
mathematical instruments were valued
at £2,006, On one occasion the populace
broke into his house and destroyed the
greater part of his valuable collection,
under the notion that Dee held inter-
course with the devil. He ultimately
died a pauper, at the advanced age of
eighty-one, and was buried at Mortlake,
He professed to be able to raise the dead,
and had a magic mirror, afterwards in
Horace Walpole’s collection at Straw-
berry Hill (1527-1608), ..

. Dee's. speculum or mirror, in which
pesons were told they could see their
riends in distant lands and how they
were occupied. .

Look.

It is a piece of solid

pink-tinted glass about the size of an
orange. It is now in the British
Museum,

Dee Mille. If you had the rent of
Dee Mills, you would spend it all. Dee
Mills, in Cheshire, used to yield a very
large annual rent. (Cheshire proverb.)

“There was a jolly miller
Lived on the river Dee;
He worked and sung from morn to night=
No lark so blithe as he ;
And this the burden of his song
For ever used to be—-
I care for nobody, no, not J,
lf nobody cares for me,’”
Bickerstaf’; Love in a Village (1162).

Deer. Supposed by poets to shed
tears. The drops, however, which fall
from their eyes are not tears, but an
oilysecretion from the so-called tear-pits.

“ A poor sequestered stag wabars
eer come to languish... and the big round
ears
Coursed one another down bis innocent nose
In piteous chase.” "
_Shakespeare: Ag You Like It, ji. 2.

Small deer.’ Any small animal; and
used metaphorically for any colléction
of trifles or trifling matters. ;

“ But mice and rats, and such small deer,
Have been Tom's food for seven long year.”
akespeare: Lear, iii. 4,

Deerslayer

340 Deities

Deerslayer. The hero of a novel so
called, by F. Cooper. He is the beau-
ideal of a man without cultivation—
honourable in sentiment, truthful, and
brave as a lion ; pure of heart, and with-
out reproach in conduct. The character
appears, under different names, in five
novels—Zhe Deerslayer, The Pathfinder,
The Last of the Mohicans. The Pronéérs,
and The Prairie, (See Natry Bumro.)

Dees (The). (See above DEE.)

Deev-Binder, Tamnuras, King of
Persia, who defeated the Deev king and
the fierce Demrush, but was slain by
Houndkonz, another powerful Deev.

Default. Judgment by default is
when the defendant does not appear in
court on the day appointed. The judge
gives sentence in favour of the plaintiff,
not because the plaintiff is ‘right, but
from the default of the defendant.

Defeat. ‘‘ What though the field be
lost? allisnotlost.’? (Milton ; Paradise
Lost, i, line 105-6.)

“All is lost but honour’? (Tout est
ee madame, fors UV honneur) is what

rancois I. is said to have written to
his mother, after the Battle of Pavia
in 1526,

Defeat. There isa somewhat strange
connection ‘between sia had and de-
feature. Defeat is the French de-fait,
un-made or un-done, Latin, de-factus
(defectus, our “‘ defect’) ; and feature is
the Norman faiture, Latin factu'ra, the
make-up, frame, or form. Hence old
writers have used the word “‘ defeat”? to
mean disfigure or spoil the form.

“Defeat thy favour {face] with an usurped
beard.”—Shakespeare: Othello, i. 3.

Defen'der of the Faith. A title
given by Pope Leo X. to Henry VIII. of
England, in 1521, for a Latin treatise
On the Seven Sacraments, Many pre-
vious kings, and even subjects, had
been termed ‘‘ defenders of the Catholic
faith,” ‘‘ defenders of the Church,” and
so on, but no one had borne it as a title,
The sovereign of Spain is entitled Catho-
lic, and of France Most Christian.

“God bless the king! I mean the ‘faith's de-
fender !’ :

God bless—no harm in blessing the Pretender.

But why Pretender is, or who js king—

God bless us a}l! that’s quite another thing.”
‘ohn Byron: Shorthand Writer.

Richard II., in a writ to the
sheriffs, uses these words: ‘‘Keclesia cujus
nos oe age sumus,”? and Henry VII., in
the Black Book, is called ‘‘ Defender of
the Faith; ”’ but the pope gave the title
to Henry VIIL., and from that time to

this it has been perpetuated, (See GRacs-
LESS FLORIN,)

De'ficit (Madame). Marie Antoinette.
So called because she was always de-
manding money of her ministers, and
never had any. According to the Revo-
lutionary song!

“ La Boulangére a des ecus,
Qui ne lui content guére,’
(See BAKER.)

Degenerate (4 syl.) is to be worse
than the parent stock. (Latin, de genus.)

Dei Gratia. By God’s grace. Intro.
duced into English charters in 1106; as
much as to say, ‘‘dei non hominum
gratia,” by divine right and not man’s
appointment. The archbishops of Can-
terbury from 676 to 1170 assumed the
same style. ;

* From the time of Offa, King of
Mercia (a4.D. 780), we find occasionally
the same or some similar assumption as,
Dei dono, Christo donante, ete. The
Archbishop of Canterbury is now diviza
providentia,

Dei Gratia omitted on a florin, (See.

GRacELESS FLORIN.)

Dei Judicium (Latin), The judg-
ment of God; so the judgment by
ordeals was called, because it was sup-
posed that God would deal rightly with
the appellants, :

Deiiani‘ra. Wife of Herculés, and

the inadvertent cause of his death.
Nessos told her that anyone to whom
she gave a shirt steeped in his blood,
would love her with undying love; she
gave it to her husband, and it caused
him such agony that he burnt himself
to death on*a funeral pile, | Deianira
killed herself for grief.

Deiph'obus (4 syl.). One of the sons
of Priam, and, next to Hector, the
bravest and boldest of all the Trojans,
On the death of his brother Paris, he
married Helen; but Helen betrayed
him to her first husband, Menela’os, who
slew him. (Homer’s Iliad and Virgil’s
Aineid.)

Deities. *

Air: Ariel, Elves (singular, Elf),
i ae or Caverns: Hill-people Citeg-tork, hugs
eight).
Corn: Ceres (2 sy (Greek, Deméter),
Domestic Life: Vesta.
Eloquence : Mercury (Greek, Hermés),

Sytrers Vesper. ; &
eet f ne) a os in number (Greek, Parca,
oir: syl, res), i <2,

Fire: Vulcan (Greek, Hephaist 3s, 8 syl.), Vesta,
Mulcrber, ts? protes iE
Fuivies: (q.0.), : ae Pe

Furies : pres in number (Greek, E
4 sy],, Eripn’yes). ‘ £9138 2

Dejeuner

ney Priapus, Vertumnus with his wife
‘omona.
hg | (The): Three in number (Greek, Chart-

Hills: Trolls. There ate also Wood Trolls and
Water Trolls, (See.below Mountains.) i

Home Spirits (q.v.): Penates (3 syl.), Lares (2
syl.).

Hunting: Diana (Greek, aera. :

Infernal Regions: Pluto, with his wife Proser-
ping, 3 syl. ovens A‘idés and Persephdnd).,

‘uatice: Theni‘is, Astra, Nemesis,

Love: Cupid (Greek, Bros),

Marriage: Hyinen. |

Medicine: ZEsculapius,

Mines: Trolls. |

Morning: Aurora (Greek, Eds).

Mountains : Oréads or Oréades (4 syl.), from the
Greek, opos, a mountain; Trolls, «

Ocean (The): Ocean‘ides. f

Poetry and Music: Apollo, the nine Muses,

Rainbow (The): iris.

Riches ; Plutus, Shakespeare speaks of “ Plutus’
mine,” (Julius Cesar, iv.3). |

Rivers and Streams: Fluviales, 4 syl. (Greek,
Potaméides, 5 syl.). 5

Sea (The): Neptune (Greek, Poseidon, 3 syl.), his
son ene Necks, ermaids, Nereids (3 syl.).

Shepherds and their Flocks: Pan, the Satyrs.
a ei Lakes, Brooks, efc.: Néreides or Naiads

syl.),

Time: Saturn (Greek, Chrdnos).

War: Mars (Greek, Arés),; Bellona, Thor.

Ayla Lege 8: Naiads (2 syl.), Undine (2 syl.).

Winds (The): /ESlus. 2 re

Wine: Bacchus (Greek, Diony’sds).

Wisdom: Minerva (Greek, Pallas, Athéné, or
Pallas-Athéné). }

Woods : Degas (A Hama-Dryad presides over
some particuffir tree), Wood-Trolls.

Youh + Hobs.

= Of course this is not meant for a
complete list of heathen and pagan
deities. Such a list would require a
volume.

Déjeuner a la Fourchette (French),
Breakfast with forks; a cold collation ;
a breakfast in the middle of the day,
with meat and wine; a lunch.

Delaware, U.S. America, was granted
by charter in 1701 to Lord De la Ware,
who first explored the bay into which
the river empties itself,

Delec'table Mountains (Zhe), in
Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, are a range
of mountains trom which the “ Celestial
City’’ may be seen. They are in Im-
manuel’s land, and are covered with
sheep, for which Immanuel had died.

Delf, or more correctly Delft. A
common sort of pottery made at Delft
in Holland, about 1310.

De'lia,, of Pope’s line, ‘‘Slander or
ison dread from Delia’s rage,’’ was
ady Deloraine, who married W. Win-
dam of Carsham, and died 1744. The
rson said to have been poisoned was
: ene (Satires and Epistles,
Delia is not better known to our yard-

dog—i.e, the n is so intimate and

perso
Well known that the yard-dog will not —

341 Della Cruscans

bark at his approach. It is from Virgil,
who makes his shepherd Menalcas boast
‘‘That his sweetheart is as well known
to his dog as Delia the shepherdess,”
(Eclogues, iii. 67.)

Delias. The sacred vessel made by

“Theseus (2 syl.) and sent annually from

Athens to Delos, This annual festival
lasted 30 days, during which no Athenian
could be put to death, and as Socrates
was condemned during ‘this period his
death was deferred till the return of the
sacred vessel. The ship had been so
often repaired that not a stick of the
original vessel remained at the time, yet
was it the identical ship. So the body
changes from infancy to old age, and
though no single particle remains con-
stant, yet the man 6 feet high is identical
with his infant body aspan long. (Some-
times called Theors.)

Delight is ‘‘to make light.’”? Hence
Shakespeare speaks of the disembodied
soul as ‘‘the delighted spirit . . ...
blown with restless violence round about
the pendant world’? (Measure for Mea-
sure, iii. 1), So again he says of gifts,
‘the more delayed; delighted ”” (Cymbe-
line, v. 5), meaning the longer they are
delayed the “lighter”? or less Valuable
they are esteemed. Delighted, in the
sense of ‘* pleased,”’ sesh light heated,
with buoyant spirits.

The delight of mankind. So Titus, the
Roman emperor, was entitled (40, 79-81).

Delirium. From the Latin lira (the
ridge left by the plough), hence the verb
de-lira're, to make an irregular ridge or
balk in ploughing. Deti'rus is one whose
mind is not properly tilléd or cultivated,
a person of irregular intellect; and de-
lirium is the state of .a person whose
mental faculties are like a field full of
balks or irregularities. (See PREVARICA-
TION.)

Della Crus‘cans or Della Crus'can
School. So called from Crusca, the
Florentine academy. ‘The name is ap-
plied to a school of poetry started by
some young Englishmen at Florence in

_the latter part of the eighteenth century.
‘These silly,

sentimental affectations,
which appeared in the World and the
Oracle, created for a time quite a furore.
The whole affair was mercilessly gibbeted
in the Baviad and Meviad of Gifford.

(Academia della Crusca literally means,

the Academy of Chaff, and its object

‘was to sift the chaff from the Italian lane.

guage, or to purify it.)

ad

Delmonico 342

Democritos

Delmonico. The great American

cuisinier, of New York.
-“The table service is of heavy silver, French
cut glasses, and_bandsome china; and the meals
are worthy of Delmonico.”"—The Oracle, August
2nd. 1884, p. 495.

De'los. A floating island ultimately
made fast to the bottom of the sea by
Poseidon (Neptune). Apollo having
become possessor of it by exchange,
made it his favourite retreat. It is one
of the Cyclades.

Delphi or Delphos. A town of Pho’-
cis, famous for a farple of Apollo and
for an oracle celebrated in every age and
country. So called from its twin peaks,
which the Greeks called brothers (a-
delphoi).

Delphin Classics. <A set of Latin
classics edited in France by thirty-nine
scholars, under the superintendence of
Montausier, Bossuet, and Huet, for the
use of the son of Louis XIV., called the
Grand Dauphin. Their chief value
consists in their verbal indexes or con-
cordances.

Delta. The island formed at the
mouth of a river, which usually assumes
a triangular form, like the Greek letter
(4) called delta; as the delta of the
Nile, the delta of the Danube, Rhine,
Ganges, Indus, Niger, Mississippi, Po,
and so on.

Deluge. After me the Deluge [* Apres
moi le Déluge’’}. When I am dead the
deluge may come for aught I care. Gener-
ally ascribed to Prince Metternich, but
the Prince borrowed it from Mme. Pom-
padour, who laughed off all the remon-

strances of ministers at her extravagance ~

by saying, ‘‘ Aprés mows le déluge”?
(Ruin if you like, when we are dent afd
gone).

_ Del'uges (8 syl.)._ The chief, besides
that recorded in the Bible, are the follow-
ing :—The deluge of Foht, the Chinese ;
the Satyavra'ta, of the Indians; the
Xisuth'rus, of the Assyrians; the Mexican
deluge; and the Greek deluges of Deu-
calion and Og'ygés.

The most celebrated painting of
Noah’s Flood is by Poussin, in Paris;
and that by Raphael is in the Vatican
(Rome).

Demerit has reversed its original
meaning (Latin, demereo, to merit, to
deserve). Hence Plautus, Demeritas
dare laudas (to accord due praise) ;
Ovid, Numtna culia demeruisse; Livy,

demeréri beneficio civitatem. >The de- is

intensive, as in ‘‘de-mand,” *de-:
scribe,”’ ‘‘de-claim,’’ ete.; not the pri-
vative deorsum, as in the word ‘‘de-
fame.” ;
™ My demerits (deserts)
May speak unbonneted.”
Shakespeare : Othelio, i. 2.
Demijohn (4). A glass vessel with
a large body and small neck, enclosed in:
wickerwork like a Florence flask, and
containing more than a bottle. (French, '
dame-jeanne, ‘* Madam Jane,” a corrup-
tion of Damaghan, a town. in Persia
famous for its glass works.)

Demi-monde. Lorettes, courtezans.
Le beau monde means ‘ fashionable so-,
ciety,’’ and demi-monde the society only
half acknowledged,

“ Demi-monde implies not only recognition and’
4 part but a certain social standing.”—Saturday
ew.

Demi-rep. A woman whose charac-
ter has been blown upon. Contraction
of demi-reputation.

Demiurge (3 syl.), in the language
of Platonists, means that m: stetibus
agent which made the world andall that
it contains. The Logos or Word spoken
of by St. John, in the first chapter of his
gospel, is the Demiurgus of Platonising
Christians. In the Gnostic systems,
Jehovah (as an eon or emanation of the
Supreme Being) is the Demiurge. ,,

“The power is not that of an absolute:canse,
but only a world-maker, a demiurge; and this
doés not answer to the human idea of deity.”—
Winchell: Science and Religion, chap. X. p. 295.

Demobilisa'tion of troops. . The
disorganisation of them, the disarming
of them. This is a French military term.
To ‘“‘ mobilise”? troops is to render them
liable to Le moved on service out oftheir
quarters; to ‘‘demobilise” them is to
send them home, so that. they cannot be
moved from their quarters against any-
one. To change from a war to a peace
footing. +}

Democ'racy. A “Republican form of
government, a commonwealth. (Greek,
demos-kratia, the rule of the people.),

Democ'’ritos. The laughing philo-
sopher of Abde’ra. He should rather be
termed the deriding philosopher, because
he derided or laughed at people’s folly or
vanity. It is said that he put out his
eyes that he might think more deeply.
* Democritus, dear droll, revisit earth { 7

And with our follies glut thy heightened

mirth.”

" Democritus Junior, Robert Burton,
author of The Anatomy of Melancholy
(1576-1640). tos

oT
i

Demodocos

343

Deo Gratias

Demodocos. A minstrel who, ac-
cording to Homer, sang the amours of
Mars and Venus in the court of Alcin’oés
while Ulysses was a guest there.

Demogorgon. A terrible deity,
whose very name was capable of pro-
ducing the most horrible effects, Hence
Milton speaks of ‘‘the dreaded name of
Demogorgon”’ (Paradise Lost, ii. 965).
This tyrant king of the elves and fays
lived on the Himalayas, and once in five
ac summoned all his subjects before

im to give an account of their steward-
ship. Spenser (book iv. 2) says, ‘‘ He
dwells in the deep abyss where the three
fatal sisters dwell.’’ (Greek daimon,
demon; gorgos, terrible.)

“ Must I call your master to my aid,
At whose dread name the trembling furies quake,
Hejl stands abashed, and earth’s foundations
shake?” Rowe: Lucan’s Pharsalia, vi.

“ When the morn arises none are found,

For cruel Demogorgon walks bis round,

And if he finds a fairy lag in light,

Me hae the wretch before, and lashes into

night.”
Dryden: The Flower and the Leaf, 492-5.

Demon of Matrimonial Unhappi-
ness, Asmode’us, who slew the seven
husbands of Sara. (Zobit.) (See Asmo-
DEUS.)

Prince of Demons. (Tal-
mud.)

* Demos (King). The electorate; the
proletariat. Not the mob, but those
who choose and elect our senators, and
are therefore the virtual rulers of the
nation.

Demos'thenés’ Lantern. A cho-
ra'gic monument erected by Lysic’ratés
in Athens, originally surmounted by the
tripod won by Lysicratés. A ‘‘ tripod”
was awarded to everyone in Athens who
produced the best drama or choral piece
of his tribe. The street nm which De-
mosthenés’ Lantern stood was full of
these tripods.

Demurrage, An allowance made to
the master or owners of a ship by the
freighters for detaining her in port longer
than the time agreed upon. (Latin, de-
morari, to delay.)

“ The extra days beyond the Jay days... , are
called days of demurrage.’—Kent : Commentaries,
vol. iii. part v. lecture xlvii. p. 159.

Demy’. A size of paper between royal
and crown. Its size is 224 in. x 174 in.
It is from the French word demi (half),
and means demi-royal (a small royal),
royal being 25 in. x 20 in. The old
watermark is a flewr-de-ls.

A Demy’of Magdalene College, Oxford,
is a ‘‘superior’’ sort of scholar, half a

Fellow.

Asmode us.

Den. Evening. God ye good den !—
t.e. God (give) ye good evening. This is
the final d of good joined to the ‘‘ en,” a
contraction of evening.

Denarius, A Roman silver coin,
equal in value to ten ases (deni-ases),
The word was used in France and Eng-
land for the inferior coins, whether
silver or copper, and for ready money
generally. Now d (denarius) stands for
money less than a shilling, as £ s, d.

“The denarius. ..shown to our Lord....
was the tribute-money payable hy the Jews to the
Roman emperor,and must not be confounded with
the tribute paid to the Temple."—F. H. Madden:
Jewish Coinage, chap. xi. p. 247.

Denarius Dei [God’s penny], An
earnest of a bargain, which was given to
the church or poor.

Denurii St. Petri [Yeu pence]. One

enny from each family, given to the
ope.
enurius tertius comitatus, One-third
of the pence of the county, which was
paid to the ear]. The other two-thirds
belonged to the Crown, (See D.)

Denizen, A made citizen—i.e, an
alien who has been naturalised by letters
patent, (Old French deinzein; Latin
de-intus, from within.)

“A denizen isa kind of middle state, between
an alien and a natural-borp’ subject, and partakes
of both.’ — Blackstone: Commentaries, book i.
chap. x. p. 374.

Dennis (John),
abused man in England.’’
Pope both satirised him,
Zoilus.

Dénouement (3 syl.). The untying
of a plot ; the winding-up of a novel-or
play. (French dénouer, to untie.)

Denys (St.), according to tradition,
carried his head, after martyrdom, for
six miles, and then deliberately laid it
down dn the spot where stands the

resent cathedral bearing his name.

his absurd tale took its rise from an
ancient painting, in which the artist,
to represent the martyrdom of the
bishop, drew a headless body; but, in
order that the trunk might be recognised,
placed the head in front, between the
martyr’s hands. :

Sir Denys Brand, in Crabbe’s Borough,
is a country magnate who apes humility.
He rides on a sorry brown pony ‘‘not
worth £5,”’ but mounts his lackey on a
racehorse, ‘‘ twice victor for a plate.”
Sir Denys Brand is the type of a charac-
ter hy no means uncommon.

Deo Gratias (Latin).
God, |

called the ‘ best
Swift and
He is called

Thanks to

Deo Juvante

344

Derwentwater

Deo Juvante (Latin). With God's
help.

Deo, non Fortuna (Latin). From’
God, not from mere luck; [I attribute
it] to God and not to blind chance.

Deo Volente, contracted into D. V.
(Latin). God being willing; by God’s
will.

De’odand means something “ given
to God’’ (deo-dandum). This was the
case when a man met with his death
through injuries inflicted by some chat-
tel, as by the fall of a ladder, the toss of
a bull, or the kick of a horse. In such

cases the cause of death was-sold, and -

the proceeds given to the Church. The
custom was based on the doctrine of

urgatory. As the person was sent to
fis account without the sacrament of
extreme unction, the money thus raised
served to pay for masses for his repose.
Deodands were abolished September Ist,
1846.

Depart. To part thoroughly; to
separate effectually. The marriage ser-
vice in the ancient prayer-books had
‘< till death us depart,’ or *‘ till alimon:
or death us departs,’’ a sentence whic
has been corrupted into “till death us
-do part.’’

“ Before they settle hands and hearts,
Till alimony or death departs.” ae
‘Butler: Hudibras, iii. 3.

Depart’‘ment. France is divided
into departments, as Great Britain and
Ireland are divided into counties or
shires. From 1768 it was divided into
governments, of which thirty-two were
grand and eight petit. In 1790, by a
decree of the Constituent Assembly, it
was mapped out de novo into eighty-
three departments. In 1804 the number
of departments was increased to 107, and
in 1812 to 130. In 1815 the territory
was reduced to eighty-six departments,
and continued so till 1860, when Savoy
and Nice were added. The present
number is eighty-seven.

Dependence. An existing quarrel.
(A term used among swordsmen.)

“Let us pause ... until I give you my opinion
on this dependence . .. for if we coolly examine
the state of our dependence, we may the better
apprehend whether the sisters three have doomed
one of us to expiate the same with our blood.”—
Sir W. Scott: The Monastery, chap. xxi.

De’pinges (2 syl.) or Deep'ings. A
breadth of netting to be sewed on a
hoddy (net) to make it sufficiently large.
Sometimes the breadth is called a depth,
and the act of sewing one depth on
another is called deepening the net. In
,1074 the Dutch settlers at Yarmouth

' a vessel.

were required “to provide themselves

‘with twine and depinges in foreign

places,”?

Deputa‘tions. The year-of deputa-
tions. The eighth of the Hedj’rah,
after Mahomet’s victory over the Arabs
near Taif, when deputations from. all
parts flocked to do him homage:

Depu'te (2 syl.). To depute means

‘to prune or cut off a part; deputation

is ‘the part cut off. A deputation is a
slip .cut off to represent the whole,
(Latin, depw'to.)

Derbend [iron]. A town on the
Caspian, commanding the coast read.
D’Herbelot says: ‘‘ Les Turcs appellent
cette ville ‘Demir Capi’ (porte AS fer) ;
ce sont les Caspie Porte des anciens.”

“ Beyond the Caspian’s iron gates.”
Moore: Fire Worshippers.

Derby Stakes. -Started by Edward
Swith Stanley, the twelfth Earl of Derby,
in 1780, the year after his establishment
of the Oaks stakes (q.v.).

The Derby Day is the day when the
Derby stakes are run for ; it is the second
Wednesday of the great Epsom Spring
Meeting, in May.

The Derby Day.

The Derby, the Oaks, and the St.
Leger are called ‘‘The Classic Races,’”
The Oaks is the classic race for fillies
only, three years’ old (£1,000); the
Derby (Darby) for colts and fillies three
years’ old; the St. Leger for colts and
fillies, those which have run in the Oaks
or Derby being eligible. °

Deri've (2 syl.). means ‘‘ back to its
channel or source’? (Latin, de vivo).
The Latin rivus (a river) does not mean
the stream or current, but the source
whence it flows, or the channel through
which it runs. As Ulpian says, ‘‘ Fons
sive locus per longitu'dinem depressus, quo
aqua decurrat.””

Dernier Ressort (French). “A last
resource,

Derrick. A hangman; a temporary
crane to remove onde eat the hold of
So called from Derrick, the
Tyburn hangman early in the seven-
teenth century, who for more than a
hundred years gave his name to-gibbets.
(See HANGMAN.) ;

“He rides circuit with the devil, and Derrick
must be his host, and Tyborne the inn at which
he will light."—Bellman of London, 1616.

Der‘wentwa'ter. Lord Derwent-
water’s lights. The Auro’ra borea’lis ;
so called from James, Earl of Derwent-
water, beheaded for rebellion February

Desdemona 345

Devil

24th, 1716. It is said that the northern
ae were unusually brilliant on that
night.

Desdemo’na (in Shakespeare’s
Othello). Daughter of Brabantio, She
fell in love with Othello, and eloped
with him. Iago, acting on the jealous
temper of the Moor, made him believe
that his wife had an intrigue with Cassio,
and in confirmation of this statement
told the Moor that she had given Cassio
a pocket-handkerchief, the fact being
that Iago’s wife, to gratify her husband,
had purloined it. Othello asked his
bride for it, but she was unable to find
it; whereupon the Moor murdered her
and then stabbed himself.

“Bhe... was ready to listen and weep, like
Desdemona, at the stories of his dangers and

campaigns.”—Thackeray.
Desmas, (Sce Dysmas.)

Despair. The Giant Despair, in
Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, lived in
“‘ Doubting Castle.”

Dessert’ means simply the cloth re-
moved (French, desservir, to clear the
cloth) ; and dessert is that which comes
after the cloth is removed.

Destruction. Prince of Destruction,
Tamerlane or Timour the Tartar (1335,
1360-1405.)

Destructives (The), as a political
term, arose in 1832.

“The Times newspaper, hitherto the most effec-
tive advocate of the Fectorn| bill, has been ob-
liged to designate those whom it formerly glo-
ritied as Radicals, by the more appropriate and
emphatic title of the Destructives.”—Quarterly
Review (Dec., 1832, p. 545.)

Des'ultory. Those who rode two or
more horses in the circus of Rome, and
used to leap from one to the other, were
called desulto'res ; hence desultor came in
Latin to mean one inconstant, or who
went from one thing to another; and
desultory means after the manner of a
desultor. :

Detest’ is simply to witness against,

(Latin, de-testor.)

4
Deuca'lion, after the Deluge, was

ordered to cast behind him the bones of
his mother ‘(i.e. the stones of mother
earth). Those thrown by Deucalion be-
came men, and those thrown by his wife,
Pyrrha, became women. For the inter-
change between dads fogeplel,. snd daas
(a stone), see Pindar : Olympic Games,
ix. 66, : ;

Deucalion’s dei According to Greek
thology, Deucalion was a king of
The ly, in whose reign the whole

world was covered with a deluge in con-
sequence of the great impiety of man.
(See DELUGES.)

Deuce. The Kelts called wood-demons
dus. (Compare the Latin deus.)

“In the popular mythology both of the Kelts
and Teutons there were certain hairy wood-
demons, called by the former dus, and by the
latter ¢crat (? scratz). Our common names of
‘Deuce’ and ‘Old Soratch’ are plainly derived
from these.”—Lowell: Among my Books (Witch-
craft), D. 109.

It played the deuce with me, It made
me very ill; it disagreed with me; it
almost ruined me.

The deuce is in you. You are a very
demon.

Deuce take you.
annoy me.

W hat the deuce is the matter? What
in the world is amiss ?

Deuce-ace, <A throw of two dice,
one showing ome spot and the other
showing ¢wo spots,

Deuce of Cards (Zhe). The two
(French, deux). The three is called
“Tray”? (French, érois ; Latin, tres).

“A gentleman being punched by a butcher's
tray, exclaimed, ‘ Deuce take the tray.’ ‘ Well,’

said the boy,‘ I don’t know how the deuce is to
take the tray.’ "—Jest Book.

Get away! you

Deus (2 syl.). Deus ex machina. The
intervention of a god, or some unlikely
event, in order to extricate from diffi-
culties in which a clumsy author has
involved himself; any forced incident,
such as the arrival of a rich uncle from
the Indies to help a young couple in
their pecuniary embarrassments, Liter-
ally, it means ‘‘a god (let down upon
the stage or flying in the air) by ma-
chinery.””

De'va’s Vale. The valley of the
river Dee or Deva, in Cheshire, cele-
brated for its pastures and dairy pro-

duce.
“He chose a farm in Deva’s vale, _
Where his long alleys peeped upon the main,”
Thomson: Castle of Indolence, canto ii.

“Development. (See Evonuri0n.)

- Devil. Represented with a cloven
foot, because by the Rabbinical writers
he is called seirissim (a goat). As the
goat is a type of uncleanness, the prince
of unclean spirits is aptly represented
under this emblem.

Devil among the Tailors (Zhe). On
Dowton’s benefit at the Haymarket,
some 7,000 journeymen tailors congre-
gated in and around the theatre to pre-
vent a burlesque called The Tailors: a .
Tragedy for Warm Weather, which they

Devil 346 Devil
considered insulting to the trade. Fair- ‘As women when they go wrong
burn’s edition of this play is headed | are for the most part worse than the
The Devil .among the Tailors, and | other sex, the phrase at the head of this
contains an account of this fracas. (See | article means the Devil and something

also Biographia Dramatica, article Tar-
Lors.) There is a Scotch reel so called.

Devil and Bag o’ Nails (Zhe). The
public-house by Buckingham Gate was
so called, But the sign was The Blacka-
moor’s Head and the Woolpack, (Remark-
able Trials, ii. p. 14; 1765.)

Deviland Dr. Faustus (The). Faust
was the first printer of Bibles, and
issued a large number in imitation of
those sold as manuscripts. These he

assed off in Paris as genuine, and sold

‘or sixty crowns apiece, the usual price
being five hundred crowns. The uni-
formity of the books, their rapid supply,
and their unusual cheapness excited
astonishment. © Information was laid
against him for magic, and, in searching
his lodgings, the brilliant red ink with
which his.copies. were adorned was de-
-clared to be his blood. He was charged
with dealings with the Devil, and con-
demned to be burnt alive. To save him-
self, he revealed his secret to the Paris
Parlement, and his invention became the
admiration of the world. N.B.—This
tradition is not to be accepted as history.

Devil and his Dam (Zhe). Either
the Devil and his mother, or the Devil
and his wife. Numerous quotations may
be adduced in support of either of these
interpretations, Shakespeare uses the
ia six times, and in King John (ii. 1)

am evidently means mother ; thus Con-
stance says that her son Arthur is as like
his father as the Devil is like his dam
(mother); and in Titus Andronteus Ta-
mora is called the “dam” of a black

child. We also read of the Devil’s ‘|

daughter and the Devil’s son.

In many mythologies the Devil is sup-
posed to be an animal : Thus in Cazotte’s
Diable Amoureux he isacamel; the Irish
and others call him a black cat ; the Jews
speak of him asa dragon (which idea is
carried out in our George and the Dra-
gon); the Santons of Japan call him a
species of fox ; others say he is a goat ;
and Dante associates him with dragons,
swine, and dogs. In all which cases dam
for mother is not inappropriate.

On the other hand, ania for leman or
wife has good support. We are told that
Lilith was the wife of Adam, but was
such a, vixen that Adamcould not livé with
her, and she became the Devil's dam.
We also read that Belphegor ‘‘came to
earth to seek him outa dam,” .

,

aay, Tom suddenly became ve

worse.

Devil and the Deep Sea (Between
the). Between Scylla and Charybdis ;
between two evils, each equally hazard-
ous. The allusion seems to to the
herd of swine and the devils called
Legion,

“Tn the matter of passing from one part of the
Yessel to another when she was rolling, we were
indeéd between the devil and the deep sea,”—
Nineteenth Century, April, 1891, p. 664.

Devil and Tom Walker (The). An
American proverb, used as a caution
to usurers. Tom Walker was a poor,
miserly man, born at Massachusetts in
1727, and it is said that he sold himself
to the Devil for wealth. Be this as it
rich,
and opened a counting-house at Boston
during the money panic which _pre-
vailed in the time of Governor Belcher.
By usury he grew richer and richer;
but one day, as he was foreclosing a
mortgage with a poor land-jobber, a°
black man on a black horse knoeked at
the office door. Tom went to open it,
and was never seen again.. Of course
the good people of Boston searched his
office, but all his coffers were found
empty; and during the night his house
caught fire and was burnt'to the ground.
v diticbie! Irving: Tales of @ Travel-

.

Devil catch the Hindmost (The).
In Scotland (? Salamanca) it is said when
a class of students have made a certain
progress in their mystic studies, they are
obliged to run through a subterranean
hall, and the last man is seized by the
devil, and becomes his imp,

Devil in Dublin City (Zhe). The
Scandinavian form of Dublin was Divel-
in{a], and the Latin Dubdblinia. (See
Notes and Queries, April 9th, 1881.
p. 296, for another explanation.)

“Is just as true’s the deil’s in hell
Or Dublin city.”
Burns: Death and Dr. Hornbook.

Devil looking Over Lincoln (The).
Sir W. Scott in his Kenilworth has,
‘«‘ Like the Devil looking over Lincoln.’’
A correspondent of Notes and Queries,
September 10th, 1892, says—

“The famous devil that used , to. overlook
Lincoln College, in Oxford, was taken down
(Wednesday, September 15th, 1731), having about

two years since (previously) lost his head in a
storm.”—Gentleman's Magazine, 1831, p. 402,
t We have other similar 8, ag

“The devil looking over Durham,”

Devil $47

Devil

Devil loves Holy Water (As the).
That is, not at all. The Roman Catholics.
teach that holy water drives away the
Devil. The Latin proverb is, “* Sicut sua
amaricinum amat” (as swine love mar-
jeram). Lucretius, vi. 974, says “‘ amari-
cinum fugitat sus.’’

Devil-may-care (4).
fellow.

Devil must be Striking (The)
(Gertian - Said when it thunders.

e old Norse Donar means Thor, equal
to Jupiter, the god of thunder, and
donner is the German for thunder or
Devil, as may be seen in the expression,
“The runaway goose is gone to the
Devil” loeecr.

Devil on the Neck (4). An instru-
ment of torture used by persecuting

pists. It was an iron winch which
orced a man’s neck and legs together.

Devil rides on a Fiddlestick (Zhe).
Much ado about nothing. Beauriont
and Fletcher, Shakespeare, and others,
use the phrase. ‘‘ Fiddlesticks!’’ as an
exclamation, means rubbish ! nonsense !
When the prince and his merry com-

ions are at the Boar's Head, first
olph rushes in to warn them that
the sheriff’s officers are at hand, and anon
enters the hostess to put her guests on
their guard. But the ‘prince says,
‘6 Here’s a devil of a row to make about
a trifle ’’ (or ‘‘ The devil rides on a fiddle-
stick”) (L. Henry iV., ii. °2), and
hiding some of his companions, he
stoutly faces the sherifi’s officers and
browbeats them,

Devil Sick would be a Monk (The).

“ Demon languebat, monachus bonus ease volebat ;
Sed.cum convaluit, manet ut ante fuit.”
“When the Devil was sick, the devil 2 monk
would be ; _ B
Mier the Devil got well, the devil a monk was
CF

A- reckless

Said of those persons who in times
of sickness or danger make pious resolu-
tions, but forget them when danger is
past and health recovered.

Devil to Pay and no Pitch Hot
(The). The ‘‘ devil” is a seam between
the garboard-strake and the keel, and
to “pay” is to cover with pitch. In
former times, when vessels were often
careened for repairs, it was difficult to
calk and pay this seam before the tide
turned. Hence the locution, the ship is
careened, the devil is exposed, but there
is no pitch hot ready, and the tide will
turn. before the, work can be done,
(French, payer, from paix, po'ix, pitch.)

= The Devil to Pay is the name of a
farce by Jobson and Nelly.

Here’s the very devil to pay. Is used
in quite another sense, meaning : Here’s
a pretty kettle of fish. I’m in a prett
mess ; this isconfusion worse confounded.

PROVERBIAL PHRASES.

Cheating the devil. Mincing an oath;
doing evi! for gain, and giving part of
the profits to the Church, etc. It is by
no means unusual in monkish traditions,
Thus the ‘‘ Devil’s Bridge”’ is a single
arch over a cataract. It is said that
his Satanic Majesty had knocked down
several bridges, but Prmueed the abbot,
Giraldus of Einsiedel, to let this one
stand, provided the abbot would con-
sign to him the first living thing that
crossed it. When the bridge was finished,
the abbot threw across it a loaf of bread,
which a hungry dog ran after, and ‘‘the
rocks re-echoed with peals of laughter
to see the Devil thus defeated.”’ (Long-
fellow: Golden Legend, v.)

? The bridge referred to by Long-

fellow is that over the Fall of the Reuss,

in the canton of the Uri, Switzerland.

Rabelais says that a farmer once bar-
gained with the Devil for each to have
on alternate years what grew under and
over the soil. The canny farmer sowed
carrots and turnips when it was his turn
to have the under-soil share, and wheat
and patel the year following. (Panta-
grvel, book iv. chap. xlvi.)

Give the devil his due. Give even a
bad man or one hated like the devil the
credit he deserves. ‘

Gone to the devil. To ruin. ‘The
Devil and St. Dunstan was the sign
of a public house, No. 2, Fleet Street, at
one time much frequented by lawyers.

“Into the Devil Tavern three booted troopers
strode,”

Pull devil, pull baker. Lie, cheat,
and wrangle away, for one is as bad as’
the other. (In this proverb baker is not.
a proper name, but the trade.)

“ Like Punch and the Deevil rugelng about the
Baker at the fair.”—Str W. Scott: Old Mortality,
chap. xxxviii.

Talk of the devil and he’s sure to come.
Said of a person who has been the sub-
ject of conversation, and who unex--
pectedly makes his appearance. An
older proverb still is, “Talk of the Dule
and he’ll put out his horns; ’’ but the
modern euphemism is, *‘Talk of an
angel ‘and you'll see its wings.” If
‘from the fulness of the heart the
mouth speaketh,”’ their hearts must.-be
full of the evil one who talk about him, ~

Devil

348

Devil's

and if the heart is full of the devil he
cannot be far off.

“ Forthwith the devil did appear,
For name him, and he’s always near,”
Prior: Hans Carvel.

To hold a candle to the devil is to
abet an evildoer out of fawning fear.
The allusion is to the story of an old
woman who set one wax taper before the
image of St. Michael, and another before
the Devil whom he was trampling under
foot. Being reproved for paying such
honour to Satan, she naively replied:
‘Ye see, your honour, it is quite un-
certain which place I shall go to at. last,
and sure you will not blame a poor
woman for securing a friend in each.”’

To. kindle a fire for the devil is to offer
sacrifice, to do what is really sinful,
under the delusion that you are doing
God service.

To play the very devil with [the
matte To so muddle and mar it as to
spoil it utterly,

When the devil is blind. Never. Re-
-ferring to the utter absence of all dis-
loyalty and evil.

* Ay, Tib, that will be [.e, all will be true and
lo, al} when the de’il is blind ; and his-e’en's no
sair yet."—Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering (Dandie
Dinmont to Tib Mumps),‘chap. xxii. I

Devil (4), in legal parlance, is a

leader’s fag who gets up the facts of a
brief, with the laws bearing on it, and
arranges everything for the pleader in
methodical order.

These juniors have surplus briefs
handed to them by their seniors. A
good fag is a good devil and is sure to
get on. ’

The Attorney-General’s devils are the
Counsel of the Treasury, who not un-
ces per get promoted to the bench.

printers devil, Formerly, the boy
who took the printed sheets from the
pan of the press. Old Moxon says:
“They do commonly so black and be-
daub themselves that the workmen do
jocosely call them devils.’? The errand-

y is now 80 called. The black slave
employed by Aldo Manuzio, Venetian
printer, was thought to be an imp. Hence
the following proclamation :

“TI, Aldo Manuzio, printer to the Doge, have
this day made public exposure of the printer's
devil, All who think he is not flesh and blood
mG come and pinch him,’—Proclamation of
Aldo Manuzto, 1490,

Robert the Devil, of Normandy. (See
Rosert Le D1aBzez.)

The French Devil. Jean Bart, an in-
trepid French sailor, born iat Dunkirk.
(1650-1792.)

Son of the Devil, Ezzeli‘no, chief of the
Gibelins, and Governor of Vicenza, was

so called for his infamous cruelties.
(1215-1259.)
“ Fierce Ezelin,tbat most inhuman lord,
Who shall be deemed by men the’child of hell.”
Rose: Orlando Furioso, iii, 33.
The White Devil of Walla'chia, George
Castrio’ta was so called by the Turks,
(1404-1467.)

Devil’s Advocate (The). In the
Catholic Church when @ name is sug-
gested for canonisation, some person is
appointed to oppose the proposition, and’
is expected to give reasons why it
should not take place. This person is
technically called Advocdtus Diaboli.
Having said his say, the conclave decides
the question.

Devil’s Apple. The mandrake.

Devil's Arrows (Yorkshire). Three
remarkable ‘‘ Druid ’’ stones. near
Boroughbridge, like Harold’s Stones, and
probably marking some boundary.

Devil's Bird (Zhe). The yellow
bunting ; is so called from its note, deil,

Devil’s Bones. Dice, which are
made of bones and lead to ruin:

Devil’s Books, Playing cards,
Presbyterian phrase; used in reproof of
the term King’s Books, applied to a
pack of cards, from the French livre des
quatre rois (the book of the four kings).
Also called the Devil’s Bible. ~

Devil’s Cabinet (Zhe). Belphego, the
Devil’s ambassador in France; Hutgin,
in Italy; Belial, in Turkey; pnaeeng
in Spain ; and Martinet, in: Switzerland.
His grand almoner is Dagon; chief of
the eunuchs is Succor Benoth; banker
is Asmodéus; theatrical manager is
Kobal; master of ceremonies, Verdelet ;
court fool is Nybbas. (Victor Hugo:
Toilers of the Sea.)

Devil’s Candle. So the Arabs call
the mandrake, from its shining appear-
ance at night. (Jichardson.)

“Those hellish fires that light

The mandrake’s cbarnel leaves at.night.”
T. Moore: Fire Worshippers,

Devil’s Current (The). Part of the
currerit of the Bosphorus is so called, from
its great rapidity.

Devil’s Daughter’s Portion (Zhe).
The saying is-— :
“ Deal, Dover, and: Harwich

The devil gave with his daughter in marriage,”
because of the scandalous impositions
practised in thése seaports on sailorsand
occasional visitors. (Grose: Classical
Dictionary, eto.) Moussa,

a

—

Devil’s Den 349

Dew-beaters

Devil’s Den. A cromlech in a valley,
near Marlborough. It now consists of
two large es and an impost. The
third upright has fallen. Some of the
farm labourers, a few years ago, fastened
a team of horses to the impost, and tried,
but without effect, to drag it down.

Devil's Dust. Old rags torn up by
a machine called the ‘‘devil,” and made
into shoddy by gum and pressure. Mr,
Ferrand brought the subject before Par-
liament, March 4th, 1842. It is so called
from the dishonesty and falsehood which
it covers. (Latimer’s Sermons.)

Devil's Dyke (Zhe). A ravine in the
South Downs, Brighton, The legend is,
that St. Cuthman, walking on the downs,
plumed himself on having Christianised
the surrounding country, and having
builf a nunnery where the dyke-house
now stands. Presently the Devil appears
and tells him all his labour is vain, for
he would swamp the whole country
before morning. St. Cuthman went
to the nunnery and told the abbess to
keep the sisters in prayer till after mid-
night, and then illuminate the windows.
The Devil came at sunset with mattock
and spade, and began cutting a dyke
into the sea, but was seized with rheu-
matic sad all over the body. He flung
down his mattock and spade, and the
cocks, mistaking the illuminated win-
dows for sunrise, began to crow ; where-
upon the Devil fied in alarm, leaving his
work not half done.

Devil's Four-Poster (Zhe). A hand
at whist with four clubs, It is said that
such a hand is never a winning one.

Devil's Frying-pan CoH) A Corn-
ish tin-mine worked by the Romans.

Devil's Livery (Zhe). Black and
yellow. Black for death, yellow for
quarantine.

Devil's Luck (The). Astounding
good ‘luck. Persons always lucky were
thought at one time to have compounded
with the Devil.

“ You won't have to bay his annuity very long ;
phe have the Devil's luck in bargains, always.”—

Devil’s Mass (Zhe). Swearing at
everybody and everything.

“ Whin a bad egg is shut av the army, he says
the devil's mass . . . . an’ manes svearin’ at ivry-
thing, from the commandher-in-chief down to the
room-corp'ril.”—Soldiers Three, p. % j

Devil's Host iis . ciao, a4 vast
caverns separa’ y a huge pillar of
natural rock in the mainland of the
Zetland Islands. (See The Pirate, chap.
uxiL) |

-

Devil's Own. (ConnavcnT Boys.)
The 88th Foot. So called by General
Picton from their bravery in the Penin-
sular War, 1809-1814.

Applied also to the Inns of Court
Volunteers, the members of which are

lawyers,
Devil’s Paternoster (To say the).
To grumble; to rail at providence.

Devil's Snufi-box (Zhe). A puff-
ball; a fungus full of dust; one of the
genus Lycoperdon.

Devil's Tattoo (7ic). Tapping on
the table with one’s finger a wearisome
number of times; tapping on the floor
with one’s foot in a similar manner;
repeating any sound with wearisome
pertinacity, giving those who hear the
‘* blue devils ”’ or the ‘‘ fidgets.””

Devil's Throat (Z/e). Cromer Bay.
So called from its danger to navigation.

Devils (in Dante’s Divine Comedy) :
Alichino (The allurer.)
Barbericcia. (The malicious.)
Calcobrina, (The grace-scorper.)
Caynazzo. (The snarler.)
Ciriato Sannuto. (The tusked hoar.)
Dragnignazzo, (The fell dragon.)
Farfarello, (The scandalmonger.)
Graficane, (The doggish.)
Libicocco, The ill-tempered.)
Rubicante, (The red with rage.)
Scarmiglione. «The hbaneful. .
The blue Devils. The fidgets or megrims.
Devonshire, according to English
mythology, is a corruption: of Debon’s-
share. This Debon was one of the
heroes who came with Brute from Troy.
One of the giants that he slew in the
south coasts of England was Coulin,
whom he chased to a vast pit eight
leagues across. Thé monster trying to
leap this pit, fell backwards, and lost his
life in thechasm. When Brutus allotted
out the island, this portion became
Debon’s-share.
“ and eke that ample pit, yet far renownea
For the large Jeap which Devon did compell
-Coulin to make, being eight lugs of grownd,
Into the which retourning hack he fel)...
In mede of these great conquests by them got
Cori/neus had that province utmost west , .-
And Debon’s sbare was that is Devonsbire.”
‘Spenser : Faérie Queene, bouk ii. canto x. 11, 1%
Devonshire Poet. 0. Jones, a
journeyman wool-comber, who lived at
the close of the 18th cen . Edward
Capern, called ‘‘ The rural Postman of
Bideford’’ (born 1819), and John Gay,
author of the Beggar's Opera, etc. (1688-
1782), of Bartistaple (Devonshire), °
Dew-beaters. The feet; shoes to
resist the wet. ;

“Hold out your dew-heaters till I take off the
darbies [iron sboes or fetters)."—Pevorit of he

Dew-bit

$50 Diamond Jousts

: Dew-bit (4). A snack before break-
ast,

Dew-drink. A draught before break-
fast. In harvest the men are allowed, in
some counties, a drink of beer before
they begin work.

Dexterity means right-handed skill
(Latin, dexter, the right hand), ‘‘ Awk-
ward ”"’ (¢.v,) means left-handed ; gauche
is the French, and sinister the Latin for
the left hand, Certainly the German
left-handed marviages are sinister ones,

Dgellabe’an. The Persian era,
Dgella Eddin, son of Togrul Beg, ap-
pointed eight astronomers to reform the
calendar. The era began a.D. 1075, and
is followed to this day.

Dhul'dul. (See Horsz.)

Diable (Le. Olivier Ledain, the
tool of Louis XI., and once the king’s
barber. So called because he was as

“much feared as his Satanic Majesty, and
even more disliked, (Hanged 1484.)

Robert le Diable. Meyerbeer’s grand
opera. (See ROBERT.)

Di'ademi qeant, originally, a fillet
wound rouudithe head. The diadem of
be unfolded so as to make a veil. Hier-
onymus, king of Syracuse (B.c. 216-215),
wore a diadem. Constantine the Great
(806-337) was the first of the Roman
emperors who wore a diadem., After
his time it was set with rows of pearls
and precious stones. (Greek, dia-deo,
to bind entirely.)

Dialee’tics, Metaphysics; the art
of disputation ; that strictly logical dis-
cussion. which leads to reliable results,
Tke product or result is ideas, which,
being classified, produce knowledge ; but
all knowledge being of the divine types,
must conduce more or less to practical
results and good niorals. (Greek, dia-
lego, to speak thoroughly.)

% Kant used the word to signify the
theory of fallacies, and Hegel for that
concept which of necessity develops its
opposite. ‘ z
* The following questions from John
of Salisbury are fair specimens of the
Middle-age subjects of discussion :—

(1) When a person buys a whole cloak, does the
cowl belong to bis purchase ?

. 2) When a hog is driven to market with @ rope
ieee its neck, does the man or the rope take
m

“Diamond. A corruption of ada-
mant. §o called because the diamond,

which cuts other substances, can be cut
or polished with no substance but itself.
(Greek, a damao, what cannot be sub-
dued. Latin, adamas, gen. adamant-is;
French, diamant.) i

Di'amond (3 syl.). Son of Ag’apé, a
fairy. He was very strong, and fought
either on foot or horse with a battle-axe.
He was slain in single combat by Cam’-
balo, (See TRIAMOND.) (Spenser: Faerie
Queene, book iv.) '

A diamond of the first water. A man
of the highest merit. The colour or
lustre of a pearl or diamond is called its
‘‘water,’” One of the “first water ”’ is
one of the best colour and most brilliant
lustre. We say also, ‘A man of the
first water.”

A rough diamond. An uncultivated
genius ; a person of excellent parts, but
without society manners,

“As for pedal Agtirt that rough diamond had
not bad the polish of a dancing-master, and he
did not know how to waltz."—Thackeray.

Diamond cut diamond. Cunning out-
witting cunning; a hard bargain over-
reached. A diamond is so hard that it
can only be ground by diamond dust, or
by rubbing one against another.

Diamond (Newton’s favourite little
dog). One winter’s morning, while at-
tending early service in Trinity College,
Newton inadvertently left Diamond shut
up in his room. m returning from
chapel he. found that the little fellow
had upset a candle on his desk, by which
several papers containing minutes of
many years’ experiments, were destroyed,
On perceiving this irreparable loss, he
exclaimed, ‘‘Oh, Diamond, Diamond,
thou little knowest the mischief thou
hast done!” (Diffusion of Useful Know-
ledge: Life of: Newton, p. 26, col. 2.)

*., Huygens, 1694,referring to this accident says:
“Newtonum incidisse in phrenitin abhinc anno ac
sex mensibus, An ex nimia studii assiduitate, an
dolore infortunii, quod in incendio laboratorium

chemicum ef scripta quedam amiserat.”

Diamond Hammer a oe hammer
or pick for ‘‘ whetting”’? mi es. The
diamond hammer is provided with
several sharp-pointed teeth to give a
uniform roughness to the surface of the
stone. Also toa steel pick with diamond.
shaped point at each extremity, to recut
grooves in stone. :

Diamond Jousts (The). Joustéinsti-
tuted by King Arthur, ‘‘who by that
name had named them, since a diamond
was the prize.” Ere he was king, he
came by accident to a glen in Lyonnesse,
where two brothers had met ‘in combat.
Each was slain; but one had worn a

Diamond Necklace

$51

Diaper

crown of diamonds, which Arthur picked
up, and when he became king offered
the nine diamonds as the prize of nine
several jousts, ‘‘ one every. year, a joust

for one.” Lancelot had won eight, and ©

intended to present them all to the

ueen ‘when all were won.” When
the knight laid them before the queen,
Guinevere, in a fit of jealousy, flung
them out of the palace window into the
river which ran below. (Idylls of the
King ; Elaine.)

Diamond Necklace (The) (1785).
A necklace presented, through Mme.
de Lamotte, by Cardinal de Rohan (as
he supposed) to Marie Antoinette. The
cardinal, a profligate churchman, enter-
tained a sort of love passion for the
queen; and the Countess de Lamotte
induced him to purchase for the queen,
for £85,000, a diamond necklace, made
for Mme. Du . Thecardinal handed
the necklace to the countess, who sold it

to an English jeweller and kept the
When th os

money, e time of payment ar-.
rived Boehmer, the jeweller, sent his bill

in to the queen, who denied all know-
ledge of the matter. A trial ensued,
which lasted nine months, and created
immense scandal.

Diamond Sculis (Zhe), or ‘The
Diamond Challenge Sculls ’’ of the Hen-
ley Royal Regatta, are a pair of crossed
silver sculls not quite a foot in length,
surmounted by an imitation wreath of
laurel, andhavinga pendant of diamonds.
They liein a oulined with vélvet, which
contains also the names of all the win-
ners. The prize is rowed for every year,
and the sculls pass from winner to win-
ner; but each winner receives a silver
cup, which becomes his own absolute

roperty. Established 1844 by the Royal
Re tta Committee.
namonds, (See BLACK DIAMONDS.)

Dian’a (3 a. The temple of Diana
at Eph’esus,

set on fire by Heros'tratos, for the sake
of perpetuating his name. ‘The Jonians
decreed that any one who mentioned
his name should be put. to death, but
this very decree gave it immortality.
The temple was discovered in 1872 by
Mr. Wood.

Diana of Ephesus. This statue,
we are told, fell from heaven. If so, it
was an aerolite ; but Minucius says he
saw it, and that it was a wooden statue
(second eeubary,, A-D:). _ Pliny, a con-
temporary of Minucius, tells us it was
ss of ebony. Probably the real

uilt by Dipochirés, was —

‘image’? was a meteorite, and in the
course of time a wooden or ebony image
was substituted.

<The palladium of Troy, the sacred
shield of the Romans, the shrine of our
Lady of Loretto, and other similar
ssigious objects of veneration, were
said to have been sent from heaven.
The statue of Cybéle (3 syl.) ‘fell
from heaven” ; and Elagabilas, of Syro-
Phoenicia, was a great conical stone
which fell from heaven,

Great is Diana of the Ephesians. No-
thing like leather; self-interest blinds
the eyes. Deme’trios was a silversmith
of Eph’esus, who made gold and silver
shrines for the temple of Dink When
Christianity was preached in the city,
and there was danger of substituting the
simplicity of the Gospel for the grandeur
of idolatry, the silversmiths, headed by
Demetrios, stirred the people to a riot,
and they cried out with one voice for
the space of two hours, ‘‘ Great is Diana
of the Ephesians!”” (Acts xix, 24-28.)

Dian’s Worshippers. Midnight
revellers, So called because they return
home by moonlight. Dian means the
moon.

Diano’ra was the wife of Gilberto of
Friu'li, but was passionately beloved by
Ansaldo. In order to get rid of his
importunity, she told him she would
never grant his suit and prove untrue
till he made her garden at midwinter as
full of flowers and odours as if it were
midsummer. By the aid of a magician,
Ansaldo accomplished this, and claimed
his reward, Diano’ra went to meet him,
and told him she had obeyed the com-
mand of her husband in so doing. An-
saldo, not to be outdone in courtesy,
released her; and Gilberto became the
firm friend of Ansaldo from that day to
the end of his life. (Boccaccio * Deca-
aneron, day x. 5.) (See DoRiGEn.)

Diapa‘son. Dryden says—

The diapason closing full in man.
Song for St. Cecilia's Day.
According to the Pythagore’an system,
the world = a piece of harmony, and
man the full chord,

“Biaper. A sort of cloth, a corrup-
tion of D’Ypres, where it is largely
manufact Similarly we have calico
from Calicut; nankeen from Nankin;
worsted from: Worsted, in Norfolk ; and
half a score other similar words. The
French diapré, variegated, seems far

Diavolo

852

Dido

more likely to be the source of this word,
for diaper is cloth variegated with
flowers, etc., like damask.

Diav'olo ee Michele Pozza, an
insurgent of Cala’bria (1760-1806).
Scribe wrote a libretto on this hero for
Auber.

Dibs or Dibbs. Money. (Compare
tips, gifts to schoolboys; and diobolus.
Clotnirare also dot with tot, jot, and yod.)

The huckle-bones of sheep used for

ambling purposes are called dibbs; and
Totke speaks of stones used for the same
game, which he calls dibstones.

Dicers’ Oaths. False as dicers’ oaths.
Worthless or untrustworthy, as when a
gambler swears never to touch dice
again. (Shakespeare: Hamlet, iii, 4.)

Dicilla (in Orlando Furioso), Oné
of Logistilla’s handmaids, famous for
her chastity.

Dick. That happened in the reign of
_ Queen Dick—i.e. never ; there never was
a Queen Richard.

Dick’s Hatband. (Richard Crom-
well, 1626-1712.)

(1) Dick’s hatband, which was made of
sand, His regal honours were “a rope
of sand.”

(2) As fine as Dick’s hatband. The
crown of England would be a very fine
thing for anyone to get.

(3) As queer as Dick’s hatband. Few
things have been more ridiculous than
the exaltation and abdication of the
Protector’s son,

(4) As tight as Dick’s hatband. The
hatband of Richard Cromwell was the
crown, which was too tight for him to
wear with safety.

Dick = Richard. The diminutive
“ Dicky ” is also common.
“ Jockey of Norfolk [Lord Howard], be not too

For Di ty ex Dickon), thy master, is bought

+
ite)
and so)
Shakespeare: Richard IIT, vy. 3.
(icky or Dickon is Richard III.)
Dickens, (See Boz.)
Dickens is a perverted oath corrupted
from ‘‘Nick.”? Mrs. Page says—

“T cannot tell what the dickens bis name is.”—
Shakespeare: Merry Wives of Windsor, iii. 2.

= The three poets who express a
conflugration are ‘Dickens! How-itt,
Burns!’ :

Dickey or Dicky. A donkey;, an-
ciently called 4 Dick-ass, now termed
Jack-ass, It, is a term of endearment,
as we call a pet bird a dicky-bird. The
aas is called Dick-y (little Richard),

Cuddy (little Cuthbert), Neddy (little
Edward), Jack-ass, Moke or Mike, etc.

Dickey. The rumble behind a carriage;
also a ieather apron, a child’s bib, and
a false shirt or front. All these are
from the same root. (Dutch, dekken ;
German, decken ; Anglo-Saxon, thecan ;
Latin, tego, to cover.)

Dicky (A), in George III.’s time,
meant a flannel petticoat. It was after-
wards applied to what were called false
shirts—t.e. a shirt front worn over a
dirty shirt, or in lieu of a shirt. These
half-shirts were first called Tommies.

“ A hundred instances I soon could pick ye—
Without a cap we view the fair,
The bosom heaving alto bare,
The hips ashamed, fursooth, to wear a dicky.”
Peter Pindar: Loyd Auckland's Triumph,
So again :—
“ and sister Peg, and sister Joan,
With scarce a flannel dicky on... .”
: Middlesex Election, letter iv.
(Hair, whalebone, or metal vestments, called
dress-improvers, are hung on women’s backs, as &
“dicky” is hung on a coach behind.)
Dicky Sam. A native-born inhabi-
tant of Liverpool, as Tim Bobbin,is a
native of Lancashire.

Dictator of Letters. Francois
Marie Arouet de Voltaire, called the
Great Pan. (1694-1778.)

Didactic Poetry is poetry that
teaches some moral lesson, as Pope’s
Essay on Man, (Greek, didasko, 1
teach.)

Diddle (70). To cheat in a small
way, as ‘I diddled him out of . . ..”
Edgar Allan Poe has an article on the
art of ‘ Diddling,’’ ee slang is
very common. (See Cutvy.) Fiddle and
diddle rhyme. ‘‘ Fiddle” is slang for
a sharper, and “‘diddle’’ is the act of ¢
sharper. The suggestive rhyme was

“ Hi diddle diddle!
The cat and the fiddle.”
“A certain portion of the human race
Has certainly a taste for being diddled.”
Hood; A Black Job, stanza 1,

Diddler (grey). An artful swind-
ler; a clever, seedy vagabond, borrow-
ing money or obtaining credit by his wit
and wits. From Kenny’s farce called
Raising the Wind, :

Did'erick. (See DI=TRICH.)

Di'do. It was Porson who said he
could rhyme on any subject; and being
asked to rhyme upon the three Latin
gerunds, gave this couplet— :

“ When Dido found Aneas would not come,
Sbe mourned in silence, and was Di-do dum(b).”

< In the old Eton Latin grammar.

the three gerunds are called -di, -do,

*

Die

353

Differencé

-dum. In modern school primers they
are -dum, -di, -do,

When Dido saw JEneas needs must go,

She wept in silence, and was dum(b) Eva

‘ Dido was queen of Carthage, who
fell in love with Atnéas, driven by a
storm to her shores, After abiding a-
while at Carthage, he was compelled by

Mercury to leave the hospitable queen. |

Dido, in grief, burnt herself to death on
a funeral pile. (Virgil: from £néid, i.
494 to iii. 650.)

Die. The die is cast. The step is
taken, and I cannot draw back. So
said Julius Cesar when he crossed the
Rubicon.

“Thaye set my life upon the cast
An¢ I will stand the hazard of the die.”
Shakespeare: Richard II, v. 4.
Die.

Whom the gods love die young. This
is from Menander’s fragments (Hon hoi
theoi philousin apothneskei neos). De-
mosthenes has a similar apophthegm.
Plautus has the line, ‘Quem Di diligunt
adolescens moritur.”” (See Byron: Don
Juan, canto iv. 12.) Those who die
young are ‘‘taken out of the miseries of
this sinful life’? into a happy immor-
tality.

Die-hards. The 57th Foot. Their
colonel (Inglis) inthe battle of Albuera
1811), addressing his men, said, ‘‘ Die
ard, my lads; die hard!’ And they
did die hard, for their banner was pierced
with thirty bullets. Only one officer out
of twenty-four survived, and only 168
men out of 584. This fine regiment is
now called the West Middlesex; the
East Middlesex (the Duke of Cambridge’s
own) is the old 77th.

Diego a. A corruption of Sant-
iago (St. James), champion of the red
cross, and patron saint of Spain.

Diés Alliensis. (See ALLIENSIS.)

Diés Ire. A famous medieval hymn
on the last fe Sean probably the
composition of Thomas of Cela‘no, a
native of Abruzzi, who died in 1255.
Sir Walter Scott has introduced the
former part of it into his Lay of the Last
Minstrel.

“Dies irz,diesilla, |
Solvet sieclum in favilla,
Testé David cum Sibylla.”

On that day, that wrathful day,
David and the Sibyl say,
_ Heaven and earth shall melt aver a

Diés Non. A non-business day. A
law phrase, meaning a day when the

>

courts do not sit, as on Sundays; the
Purification, in Hilary term ; the Ascen-
sion, in Easter term ; St. J ohn the Bap-
tist, in Trimity term ; and All Saints, with
All Souls, in Michaelmas term. A con-
tracted form of ‘‘ Dies non juridicus,’) a
non-judicial day.

Diés San’guinis. The 24th March,
called Bello‘na’s Day, when the Roman
votaries of the war-goddess cut them-
selves and drank the sacrificial blood to
propitiate the deity.

Dietrich (2 syl.), of Berne or Vero'na,
a name given by the German minne-.
singers (minstrels) to Theod’oric the
Great, king of the Ostrogoths, One of
the liegemen of King Etzel. In the
terrible broil stirred up by Queen Kriem-
hild in the banquet-hall of the Hunnish
king, after the slaughter of Sir Rudiger,
his friend Dietrich interfered, and suce
ceeded in taking prisoners the only two
surviving Burgundians, kings Gunther
and Hagan, whom he handed over to
Kriemhild, praying that she would: set
them free, but the angry queen cut off
both their heads with her own hands.
(The Nibelungen-Lied.)

Dieu. Dieu et mon droit (God and
my nee: The parole of Richard I. at
the battle of Gisors (1198), meaning
that he was no vassal of nee, but
owed his royalty to God alone. As the
¥rench were signally beaten, the battle-
word was adopted as the royal motto of
England.

Difference, Ophe’lia says to the
ueen, ‘‘ You may wear your rue with a
ifference.”? In heraldry differences or
marks of cadency indicate the various
branches of a family. :

(1) The eldest son, during the life-
time of his father, bears a label (or
lambel), i.e. a piece of silk, stuff, or
linen, with three pendants, broader at

‘the bottom than at the top.

2) The second son bears.a crescent.
& The third, a mullet (or star with
five points).
The fourth, a martlet,
The fifth, an annulet.
The sixth, a fleur-de-lis.
The seventh, a vose.
The eighth, a cross-moline.
The ninth, a double quatie foil.
Ophelia says both she and the Queen are

CO CONTR Ore

, to wear rue: the one as the affianced of

Hamlet, eldest son of the late king; the
other as the wife of Claudius his brother,

and the cadet branch. The latter was to.

Digest

354

Dinah

have a ‘‘ difference,’’ to signify it was a
cadet branch. ‘‘I [says Ophelia] shall
wear the rue, but you [the Queen | must
now wear it with a ‘difference.’ ”’

Digest (The). The collection of all
the laws of Rome compiled by Tribonian
and sixteen assistants, by order of
Justinian. It amounted to 2,000
volumes, and was finished in three years
(a.D. 5383). (See PANDECTS.)

Diggings. Come to my diggings. To
my rooms, residence, office, sanctum. A
word imported from California and its
gold diggings.

“ My friend here wants to take diggings ; and as
you were complaining that you would get sume-
one to go halves with you, I thought | had better
bring you together..—A. 0. Doyle: A Study in
Scarlet, chap. 1.

Diggory. A barn labourer, taken
on grand o¢casions for butler and foot-
man to Mr. and Mrs. Hardcastle. He
laughs and talks while serving, and is
as gauche as possible. (Goldsmith ; She
Stoops to Conquer.)

Digit. The first nine numerals; so
called from the habit of counting as far
as. ten on the fingers. (Latin, digitus,
a finger.)

Dignitary (4). A clergyman who
holds preferment to which jurisdiction is
annexed, as bishops, deans, archdeacons,
canons, etc.

Dignus Vin'dice No’dus (Latin).
A- knot or difficulty worthy of such
hands to untie. Literally, a knotty

int worthy to be made a civil action.
The person who brought a civil action
was called in Roman law a vindex, and
the action was called a vindicatio. If
the rightful possessor was a matter of
dispute, the question became a lis vindi-
cidrum, and was referred to the pretor
to determine. A knotty point referred
to the pretor was a ‘‘dignus vindice
nodus.””

Dii Penatés (Latin). Household
Nesey now. used for such articles of
iture or decoration as the lady of

the house especially prizes, ;

Dilem’ma. The horns of a dilemma.
‘*Lemma’’ means a thing taken for
granted (Greek, Jam'bano, to take).
“ Dilemma ”’ is a double lemma, a two-
edged sword which strikes both ways, or
a bull which will toss you whichever
horn you lay hold of, A young rhetori-
cian said to an old sophist, ‘‘'Teach me
to plead, and I will pay you when I
gain a cause.”” The master sued for
payment, and the scholar pleaded, ‘18

I gain the cause I shall not pay you,
because the judge will say I am not to
pay; and if I lose my cause I shall not
be required to pay, according to the
terms of our agreement.’ To this the
master replied, ‘‘Not so; if you gain
your cause you must pay me according
to the terms of our agreement; and if
you lose your cause the judge will
condemn you to pay me.””

Dilettan’té (Italian). An amateur
of the fine arts, in opposition to a pro-
fessor. Plural, dilettante.

“These gentlemen are to be judged, not as
dilettanti, but as professors.”—Atheneum.

Diligence is that energy and in-
dustry which we show when we do what
we like (Latin, dil’igo, I like); but
indolence is that listless manner with
which we do what thoroughly vexes us.
(Latin, iv, intensive ; doleo, to grieve.)

Diligence. A four-wheeled stage-
coach, drawn by four or more horses.
Common in France before the intro-
duction of railroads, The pun is well
known.

8i vis placére magistro, utére diligentia (i.e. his
diligence).

Dilly (plural, Dillies). Stage-coaches.
They first began to run in 1779.. An
abbreviation of the French word dili-
gence (9.v.). ‘‘ Derby dilly.”

Dim and Distant Future (Zhe).
In November, 1885, Mr. W. E. Glad-
stone said that the disestablishment and
disendowment of the Anglican Church
were questions in ‘‘the dim and distant
future.”

Diman’che (Monsieur). Adun. The
term is from Moliére’s Don Juan, and
would be, in English, Mr. Sunday. The
word dimanche is a corruption and con-
traction of dies Domin’ica (the Lord’s
day).

Dimetz. The ancient Latin name
for the inhabitants of Carmarthenshire, -
Pembrokeshire, and Cardiganshire.

Dim'issory. A letter dimissory is a
letter from the bishop of one diocese to
some other bishop, giving leave for the
bearer to be ordained by him. (Latin,
di-mitto, to send away.)

Dim’ity. A cloth said to be so called
from Damietta, in Egypt, but really
from the Greek di-mitos (double-thread).
(See SAMITE.) *:

Di'nah (Aunt), in Sterne’s Tristram
Shandy. She leaves Mr. Walter Shandy

“

Dinde $55

Dione

£1,000, which he fancies will enable him
to carry out all the wild schemes that
enter into his head.

Dinde (1 syl.). .The French for a
turkey is poulet d’ Inde (an Indian fowl).
This is an error, as the bird comes from
America ; unless, indeed, the whole
Western continent, with all its con-
tiguous islands, be called by the name
of West Indies. Our word “turkey ”’ is
no better, if indeed it means a native.of
Turkey.

Dine (70).

Qui dort dine. The seven sleepers
and others required no food till they
woke from their long sleep. The same
may be said of all hibernating animals.

To dine with Democritos. To be
cheated out of one’s dinner. Democritos
was the derider, or philosopher who
laughed at men’s folly.

Yo dine with Sir Thomas Gresham.
To go without one’s dinner; to be
dinnerless. Sir Thomas Gresham founded
the Royal Exchange, which was a fa-
vourite lounge for those who could not
afford to provide themselves with a
dinner.
wee dine with Duke Humphrey. (See

UMPHREY.)
To dine with Mahomet, To die, and
dine in paradise.

To dine with the cross-legged knights.
(See next column, DINNERLESS.)

Dine Out (70). To be dinnerless; to
go without a dinner.

Ding (4). A blow. To ding it in
one’s ears. To repeat a subject over and
over again ; to teach by repetition.

To ding. To strike. (Anglo-Saxon,
deneg{an}, to knock, strike, beat.) Hence
“ding-dong,”? as ‘“‘They were at it
ding-dong.”

“The butcher’s axe, like great Achilles’ bat,
Dings deadly downe ten-thousand-thousand
flat." Taylor: Works (1630),

Ding-dong. They went at it ding-

dong. Fighting in good earnest. to

ding is to beat or bruise (Saxon, dencgan);

dong is a responsive word. One gives a
ding and the other a dong.

~ Din is the Anglo-Saxon dyn-zan, to
make a din; dinung, a dinning noise,

Dingley Dell. The home of Mr.
Wardle and his family, and the scene of
Tupman’s love adventure with Miss
Rachel. (Dickens: Pickwick Papers.)

Dinner (Waiting for). The “ mauvais
quart Phares ing for)

Dinnerless. Their hosts are the
cross-legged kmghts. That is, the stone
effigies of the Round Church, In this
church at one time lawyers met their
clients, and here a host of vagabonds
used to loiter about all day, under the
hope of being hired as witnesses. Dining
with the cross-legged knights meant
much the same thing as dining with
duke Humphrey (g..).

Dinos. (See Horse.)

Dint. By dint of war; by dint of
argument ; by dint. of hard work. Dint
means a blow or striking (Anglo-Saxon,
dynt); whence perseverance, power ex-
erted, force ; it also means the indenta-
tion made by a blow.

Diocle'tian. The Roman Emperor,
noted for his fierce persecution of the
Christians, 303. The Emperor Con-
stantine, on the other hand, was the
“ nursing father’’ of the Church.

“ To make the Church’s glory shine,

Should Diocletian reign, not Constantine.”

Crabbe: Borough.

Diocle'tian was the king, and Eras-
tus the prince, his son, in the Italian
version of the Seven Wise Masters (q.v.).

Diog’enes (4 syl., gj). The cynic
philosopher is said to have lived ina tub.

“ The whole world was not half so wide
To Alexander, when he cried
Because he had but one to sub/due,
AS was a paltry narrow tub to
Diogenes.” Butler ; Hudibras, i. 3,
Diog'enes. Romanus IV., emperor of
the East (1067-1071).

Di‘omed’s Horses. Dinos (dread--
ful) and Lampon (bright-eyed). (See
HORSE.)

Diom’ede’an Swop. An exchange
in which all the benefit is on one side.
This proverbial expression is founded on
an incident related by Homer in the
Iliad. Glaucus recognises Diomed on
the battle-field, and the friends change
armour.

“ For Diomed’s brass arms, of mean device

For which nine oxen paid (@ vulgar price),

He (Glaucus} gave his own, of gold divinely

wrought, aE

An hundred beeves the shining purchase

bought.” Pope: Iliad, vi.

Diome'dés or Dioméd. King of
JEto'lia, in Greece, brave and obedient
to authority. He survived the siege of
Troy ; but on his return home found his
wife living in adultery, and saved his
life by living an exile in Italy. (Homer.
Iliad. ’

Dio’ne (3 syl.). Venus, who sprang
from the Cth of the sea, after the-

Dionysius

mutilated body of U’ranus (the sky) had

been thrown there by Saturn.

* So young Dioné, nursed beneath the waves,
And rocked by Nercids in their coral caves....
Lisped her sweet tones, and tried her tender

smiles.” Darwin: Economy of Vegetation, ii.

Dionys'‘ius (the younger), being
banished a second time from Syracuse,
retired to Corinth, where he turned
schoolmaster for a living. Posteri

called him a tyrant. Byron, in his 0

to Napoleon, alludes to these facts in the

following lines :—
“ Corinth's pedagogue hath now
Transferred bis byword to thy brow.”

That is, Napoleon is now called tyrant,

like Dionysius.

Diony'sos. The Greek name of
Bacchus (9.”.).

Father: Zeus (Jupiter). t

Feasts of Bacchus in Rome, Bromalia or Brum-
alia, in March and September.

Mother : Semélé, daughter o#Cadmus

Nurse: Brisa.

Owls were his aversion.

Panthers drew his chariot. ,

Rams were the most general sacrifices offered
to him. Y
Wife: Ariad’né.

The most famous statue of this god
was by Praxitélés.

Attalus gave above £18,000 sterling

for a painting of the god by Aristidés,

Diophan'tine Anal’ysis. Finding
commensurate values of squares, cubes,
triangles, etc. ; or the sum of a given
number of squares which is itself a
square ; or a certain number of squares,
etc., which are in arithmetical progres-
sion. The following examples will give
some idea of the theory:

1. To find two whole numbers, the
sum of whose squares is a square ;

2. To find three square numbers which
are in arithmetical progression ;

3. To find a number from which two
given squares being severally subtracted,
each of the remainders is a square.

* Diophantus was an Alexandrian
Greek (5th cent. A.D.) -

Dioscu'ri, Castor and Pollux.
Greek, Dios kouros, young men of Zeus;
os is gen. of Zeus.) ;

The horses of the Dioscuri. Cy! laros

‘and Har’pagos. (Sce Horst.)

Diotrephes. One who loves to have
the pre-eminence among others. (3
John 9.)

“Neither a desperate Judas, like the: prelate
Sharpe [archbishop of St. Andrew's, who was
murdered]J, that's gone to his ete nor a sanc-
tuary - breakin olofernés, like the bloody-
Minded Claverbouse ; nor an ambitious Diotre-
phés, like the lad (Lord) Evandale .... shall
resist the arrows that are whetted and the bow
that is hentt against you,”—Sir W, Scott; Old Mor-
tality, chap, r'v.

356

Diptych

Dip (4). <A tallow-chandler, one
who makes or sells candles or ‘* dips.”
These candles are made by dipping into
melted tallow the cotton which forms
the wick. (Anglo-Saxon dippan, to dip.)

Diph’thera. The skin of the goat
Amalthe’a, on which Jove wrote the
destiny of man. Diphtheria is an infec-
tious disease of the throat ; so called from
its tendency to form a false membrane.

Diplo‘ma literally means something
folded (Greek). Diplomas used to be
written on parchment, folded, and
sealed. The word is applied to licences
given to graduates to assume a degree
to clergymen, to physicians, agents, and
80 On,

Diplom’acy. The tact, negotiations,
privileges, etc., of a diplomatist, or one
who carries a diploma to a foreign court
to authorise him to represent the Govern-
ment which sends him out.

Diplomatic Cold (4). An excuse
to get over a disagreeable engagement.
Mr. Healy, M.P. (1885), said that Lord
Hartington and r. Gladstone had
‘‘ diplomatic colds,’’ when they pleaded
indisposition as an excuse for not giving
addresses at public meetings in which
they were advertised to speak. The day
after the meetings both gentlemen were
“* much better.”

Diplomatics. The science of paleo-
graphy—that is, deciphering old charters,
diplomas; titles; investigating their
authenticity and genuineness, and so on.
Papebréch, the Bollandist, originated
the study in 1675; but Mabillon, another
Bollandist, reduced it to a science in his
work entitled De re Diplomattea, 1681.
Toustain and Tassin further developed
it in their treatise entitled Nouveau
Traité de Diplomatique, 1750-1760.

Diptych [dip'tik]. A register folded
into two leaves, opening like our books,
and not like the ancient scrolls. The
Romans kept in a book of this sort. the
names of their magistrates, and the —
Roman Catholics employed the word for
the registers in which were written the
names of those bishops, saints, and
martyrs who were to be ially com-
memorated when oblations were made
for the dead.’ (Greek, diptuchos, folded ©
in two.) 1 sayct

“Phe Greeks executed small, works of great
elegance, as may be seen in the diptychs, or very -
covers to consular records, or sacred vo! uf

in the churcb service,"—Z, Flaxrman:
Sculpture, ill. p. 98, " ‘ ‘

Dircean Swan 8

7 Discuss

Dircx’an Swan. Pindar; so called
from Dircé, a fountain in the neighbour-
hood of Thebes, the poet’s birthplace
(B.c. 518-442).

Direct Tax is one collected directly
from the owner of property subject to
the tax, as when the tax-gatherer goes
direct to the owner of a house and de-
mands five, ten, or twenty pounds, as it
may be, for Government uses. Indirect
taxes are taxes upon marketable com-
modities, such as tea and sugar, the
tax on which is added to the article
taxed, and is paid by the purchasers in-
directly.

Direc’tory. The French constitution
of 1795, when the executive was vested
in five persons called directors, one of
whom retired every year. After asickly
existence of four years, it was quashed
by Napoleon Bonaparte. An alphabet-
ical list of the inhabitants, etc., of a given
locality, as a ‘‘ London Directory.”’

Dirleton. Doubting with Dirleton,

and resolving those doubts with Stewart. -

Doubting and answering those doubts,
but doubting still, It applies to law,
science, religion, morals, etc. Sir John
Nisbett of Dirleton’s Doubts on points
of law, and Sir James Stewart’s Doubts
Resolved, are works of established repu-
tation in Scotland, but the Dowbts hold a
higher place than the Solutions.

Dir'los (Count). A Paladin, the beau-
ideal of valour, generosity, and truth.
The story says he was sent by Charle-
magne into the East, where he con-

uered Aliar’dé, a great Moorish prince.
on his return he found his young wife,
who thought he was dead, betrothed to
Celi‘nos, another of Charlemagne’s peers.
The matter being set right, the king
gavea grand banquet. Dirlos is D’Yrlos.

Dirt is matter in the wrong place.
Lord Palmerston.) This is not true: a
iamond or sovereign lost on a road is

matter in a wrong place, but certainly is
not dirt.

Throw plenty of dirt and some will be -

sure to stick. Scandal always leaves a
trail behind.

Dirt cheap. Very low-priced Dirtis-
so cheap that persons pay others to take
it away.

To eat dirt is to put up with insults
and mortification. An Eastern method
of punishment. -

“If dirt were trumps what a capital hand you
would hold !"—Charles Lamb to Martin Burney,

Dirty Half-Hundred. The 60th

‘Foot, so called from the men wiping

their faces with their black cuffs.
called ‘‘ The Queen’s Own.’’

Dirty Lane. Now called Abingdon
Street, Westminster.

Dirty Shirts (Zhe). The 101st Foot,
which fought at Delhi in their shirt-
sleeves (1857). Now called ‘‘ The Royal
Bengal Fusileers.”’

Dis. Pluto.

: “ Proser’pine gathering tiowers,

Herself « fairer flower, by gloomy Dis

Was gathered.” i
Milton’: Paradise Lost, iy. 270.

Disas'ter is being under an evil star
(Greek, dus-aster, evil star). An astro-
logical word.

“The stars in their courses fought against
Sisera.”—Judges v. 20.

Disas'trous Peace (La Puix Mal-
heureuse). It followed the battle of
Gravelines (2 syl.), and was signed at
Cateau - Cambre’sis. By this treaty
Henri II. renounced all claim to Gen’oa,
Naples, Mil’an, and Cor'sica (1559).

Disbar (Zo). To deprive a barrister
of his right to plead. The bar is the
part barred off in courts of law and
equity for barristers or pleaders.

Discard. To throw out of one’s
hands such cards as are useless.

Discharge Bible (Zhe), 1806. ‘1
discharge [charge] thee before God.’
(1 Tim. v. 21.)

Discipline (4). A scourge used by
Roman Catholics for penitential pur-
poses.

“Before the cross and altar a lamp was still
buraoing,...and on the floor lay a small disci-
pline or penitential scourge of small cord and
wire, the lashes of which were stained with
recent blood.”"—Sir W. Scott; The Talisman,
ehap. iv

Dis’cord means sevorance of hearts
(Latin, discorda). It is the opposite of
concord, the coming together of hearts.
In music it means disagreement of
sounds, as when a note is followed by
another which is disagreeable to a
musical ear. (See APPLE.)

Discount. dt a discount. Not in
demand; little valued; less esteemed
than formerly; less than their nominal
value. (Latin dis-computo, to depreciate.)

Discuss. To discuss a bottle. To
drink one with a friend. Same as
“‘erush” or ‘crack a bottle,’’ (Discuss

Now

is the Latin dis-quatio ; French, casser.

The Latin guassw'ré vasa is to break a
drinking-vessel.)

“ Weall._... drew round the table,an austere
silence prevailing, while we discussed our meal,”
—E. Bronté: Wuthering Heights, chap. ti. ones

Disease

Disease, meaning discomfort, want
of ease, mal aise, as

“In the world ye shall have disease.”— Wyclif:
Jobn xvi. 33,

Dished (1 syl.). J was dished out of
it. Cheated out of it; or rather, some
one else contrived to obtain it. A con-
traction of disherit. The heir is: dish’t
out. of his inheritance when his father
marries again and leaves his property to
the widow and widow’s family.

“Where's Brummel?_ Dished!”

Byron: Don Juan.

Dish-washer (4). Ascullery-maid.

Dismal. Daniel Finch, second earl
of Nottingham.

“No soonert was Dismal among the Whigs s
but Lady Char(lotjte is taken knitting in Sc.
James’s Chapel [i.e. Lady Charlotte Finch, his
daughter).”—£xaminer, April 20-24th, 1713, No. 44.

Dismas (St.). The penitent thief.
[Dysmas.]

Disney Professor. The Professor
of Archeology in the University of Cam-
bridge. This chair was founded in 18651
by John Disney, Esq., of the Hyde,
Ingatestone.

. Disor’der, says Franklin, ‘‘ break-
fasts with Plenty, dines with Poverty,
sups with Misery, and sleeps with
Death.”’

Dispensa'tion. The system which
God chooses to dispense or establish be-
tween Himself and man. The dispensa-
tion of Adam was that between Adam
and God; the dispensation of Abraham,
and that of Moses, were those imparted
to these holy men ; the Gospel dispensa-
tion is that explained in the Gospels.
(Latin, dis-penso, to spread forth, unroll,
explain, reveal. )

A dispensation from the Pope. Per-
mission to dispense with something en-
joined ; a licence to do what is forbidden,
or to omit what is commanded by the

law of the Church, as distinct from the -

moral law.

“A gispensation was obtained to enable Dr.
Barrow to marry."—Ward.

Dispu'te (2 syl.) means, literally, to
lop down’’ (Latin, dis-puto); debate
means to ‘‘knock down” (French, dé-
battre); discuss means to ‘‘ shake down”’
(Latin, dis-quatio); object’ is to ‘‘ cast
against’ (Latin, ob-jacio) ; contend is to
“pull against’ (Latin, contendo) ; quar-
rel is to throw darts at each. other
(Welsh, ewarel, a dart) ; and wrangle is
to strain by twisting (Swedish, vranga ;
Anglo-Saxon, wringan).

358

Distraction

Dis’solute is one that runs loose, not
restrained by laws or any other bonds.
(Latin, dissolvo, like horses unharnessed.)

Dis'taff. A woman. Properly the
staff from which the flax was drawn in
spinning. The allusion is to the ancient
custom of women, who spun from morn-
ing tonight. (See SpINsTER.) :

“ The crown of France never falls to the distaff.”
—Kersey.

To have tow on the distaff. To have
work in hand. Froissart says, ‘‘J/ aura
en bref temps autres estoupes en sa que=
nouille,”’

“He haddé more tow on his distaf
Than Gerveys knew.”
Chaucer : Canterbury Tales, 3,772.

St. Distaf’’s Day. The 7th of January.
So called because the Christmas festival
terminated on Twelfth Day,.and on the
day following the women returned to
their distaffs or daily occupations. It is
also called Rock Day, a distaff bein
called a rock. ‘In old times they use’
to spin with rocks.” (Aubrey: Wilts.)

“ Give St. Distaff al! the right,
Then give Cbhristinas sport good night,
And next morrow every one
To bis own vocatiin.” (1657.
“What! sball a woman with a rock drive thee
away?

Fye on thee, traitor!"

Digby : Mysteries, p. 11.

Distafi’na. To whom Bombastés
Furio’so makes love. (Thomas. Barnes
Rhodes: Bombastes Furioso.)

Distem’per means an undue mixture.
In medicine a distemper arises from the
redundancy of certain secretions or mor-
bid humours, The distemper in dogs is
an undue quantity of secretions mani-
fested by a running from the eyes and
nose. (Latin, dis-temp'ero, to mix amiss. )

Applied to painting, the word is from
another source, the French détremper (to
soak in water), because the paints, in-
stead of being mixed with oil, are mixed
with a vehicle (as yolk of eggs or glue)
soluble in water.

Distinguished Member of the
Humane Society. The name of this
dog was Paul Pry. Landseer says,
‘‘Mr. Newman Smith was rather dis-
appointed when his do
character rather than ‘the peeper, of
Newman Smith, Ea of don
Lodge.’’? (Notes and Queries, March
21st, 1885, p. 225.)

Distraction. An excellent example
of how greatly the meaning of words
may change. To ‘‘distract”’ means now,
to harass, to perplex; and “distraction”
confusion of mind from a great multi-
plicity of duties; bu? in French to

appeared in

Distrait

359 Divine Pagan

distract’? means to divert the mind,
and ‘‘distraction’’ means recreation or
amusement (Latin, dis-traho). (See
SLAVE.)

Distrait (French). Absent-minded.

Dithyram'bic. The father of dithy-
rambie poetry. Ari’on of Lesbos,

Dit'tany.
wounded with an arrow, an ‘‘ odorifer-
ous pan’aecy ”’ distilled from dittany was
applied to the wound, whereupon the
arrow-head fell out, and the wound
healed immediately. (Zuasso; Jerusalem
Delivered, book xi.

Ditto. (Sce Do.)

Dittoes (4 swt of). Coat, waistcoat,
and trousers all alike, or all ditto (the
same).

Divan’ (Arabic and Persian, diwaz)
means a register kept on a white table
exactly similar to our doard.. Among
the Orientals the word is applied to a
council-chamber or court of justice ; but
in England we mean a coffee-house
where smoking is the chief attraction.

Divers Colours [in garments}. We
are told, in 2 Sam, xiii. 18, that kings’
daughters were arrayed in a garment
of divers colours, and Dr. Shaw informs
us that only virgins wore drawers of
needle-work ; so that when the mother
of Sisera (Judges v. 30) says, ‘t Have
they not sped? Have they not divided
the spoil? To Sisera a prey of divers
colours, of divers colours of needle-
work?’’ she means—is not the king’s
ee allotted to Sisera as a portion
of his spoil? (See Coat or Many
CoLouRs.)

Divert. To turn aside. Business is
the peralee walk or current of our life,
but pleasure is a diversion or turning
aside for a time from the straight line.
What we call diversion is called in
French distraction, drawing aside. (Latin,
di-verto, to turn aside; dis-traho, to draw
aside.) _

Dives (1 syl.), Divs or Deevs. Demons
of Persian mythology. According to
the Koran, they are ferocious and gigan-
tic spirits under the sovereignty of Eblis.

* At Lahore, in the Mogul's palace, are pictures
of Dews and Dives with one Foran staring eyes,
shaggy hair, great fangs, ugly paws, long tails,

and such horrible deformity, that I wonder the
poor women are not Coy ee ie William Finch :
chas’ » VOL,

- Divés (2 syl.). The name popularly
given to the rich man in our_Lord’s
parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus

When Godfrey was |

1520),

(Luke xvi.) The Latin would be Divés

et Lazarus.

Divi'de (2 syl.). Whén the members
in the House of Commons interrupt a
speaker by crying out divide, they mean,
bring the debate to an end and put the
motion to the vote-?.e, let the ayes
divide from the noes, one going into
one room or lobby, and the others into
another.

Divide and Govern. Divide a
nation into parties, or set your enemies
at loggerheads, and you can have your
own way. A maxim of Machiavelli, a
noted political writer of Florence (1469-
1527).

“Every city or house divided against itself
shall not stand.”—Matthew xii. 25,

Divination. There are numerous
species of divination referred to in the

ible. The Hebrew word is added in
italics,

JUDICIAL ASTROLOGY (Meonen).

AUGURY (Menachesch),

WLETCHCRAFT (Mecascheph).

ENCHANTMENT (Ithoberon).

CASTING LoTs (Indconi). ;
By INTERROGATING SPIRITS,”

¢ By NECROMANOY (1 Sam, xxviii. 12).

By RHABDOMANCY (Hosea iv. 12).

By TERAPHIM or household idols. “

By HEraroscory or inspecting the liver of
animais, .

By DREAMS and their interpretations.

_ Divination by fire, air, and water; thunder,

Ughtning, and meteors ; etc, 4
he Urim and Thummin was a prophetic

breastplate worn by the High Priest,

(Consult: Gen. xxxvil, 5—11; xb xli.; 1 Sam,
xXxvili. 12; 2 Chron. xxxill.6; Prov. xvi. 33; Ezek,
xxi. 21; Hosea iii. 4, 5, etc.)

Divine. The divine right of kings.
The notion that kings reign by divine
right, quite independent of the people’s
will. This notion arose from the Old
Testament Scriptures, where kings are
called ‘‘God’s anointed,” because they
were God’s vicars on earth, when the
Jews changed their theocracy for a
monarchy,

“The right divine of kings to govern wrong.”
Pope.

Divine (The). Ferdinand de Her-
re‘ra, a pine poet (1516-1595).
Raphael, the painter, 17 Divi'no (1483

Luis Mora‘lés, Spanish painter, e¢?
Diwi'no (1509-1586).

Divine Doctor. Jean de Ruysbroek,
the mystic (1294-1381). — atenensh

Divine Pagan (The). Hypa'tia, who
presided over the Neoplaton’ic School at
Alexandria. She was infamously torn
to pieces (A.D. 415) by a Christian mob,
not without the concurrence of the Arch-
bishop Oyxi,

Divine Plant

360

Do

Divine Plant (Zhe). Vervain, called
by the Romans Herba Sacra (q.v.).

Divine Speaker (Zhe). So Aristotle
called Tyr’tamos, who therefore adopted
$87) name of Theophrastos (B.c. 370-
287).

Divi‘ning Rod. A forked branch
of hazel, suspended by the two prongs
between the balls of the thumbs. The
inclination of the rod indicates the pre-
sence of water-springs, precious metal,
and anything else that simpletons will
pay for. (See DoOUSTERSWIVEL.)

Divinity in Odd Numbers. Fal-
staff tells us (in the Merry Wives of
Windsor, v. 1) that this divinity affects
‘nativity, chance, and death.” A
Trinity is by no means confined to the
Christian creed. The Brahmins repre-
sent their god with three heads; the
Greeks and Romans had three Graces,
three Fates, three Furies, and a three-
fold Hecate. Jupiter had his three
thunderbolts, Neptune his trident, and
Pluto his three-headed dog. The Muses
were three times three. Pythagoras
says God is threefold—‘“‘ the beginning,
middle, and end of all things.’’ Then,
again, there are five features, five parts
to the body, five vowels, five lines in
music, five acts to a play, etc.; seven
strings to a harp, seven planets (an-
ciently, at any rate), seven musical
notes, etc.

Chance. There’s luck in odd numbers
‘* Numero Deus impdre gaudet”’ (Virgil:

logue viii. 75). The seventh son of a
seventh son was always held notable.
Baalam would have seven altars, and
sacrificed on them seven bullocks and
seven rams. Naaman was commanded
to dip seven times in Jordan, and Elijah
sent his servant seven times to look out
for rain. Climacteric years are seven
‘and nine with their multiples by odd
numbers.

Death. The great climacteric year of
life is 63 (i.e. 7 x 9), and Saturn pre-
sides over all climacteric years.

Divi’no Lodovi'co. Ariosto, author
of Orlando Furioso, an epic poem in
twenty-four books. (1474-1533.)

Division. The sign + for division
was invented by John Pell of Cambridge
in 1668.

Divorcement. 4 writing, or bill of
divorcement. ‘* Whosoever shall put
away his wife, let him give her a writ-
ing of divorcement’’ (Matt. v. 31).

Adalet tells in the Ninetecnth Century
(July, 1892, p. 137) :

“A woman fin Turkey] divorced from ber
husband is not treated with contumely ... and
often inarries again. ... A man simply states to
his wife that he has divorced her, on which she
will go away ; and the man, having repeated the
same to the cadi, will receive an act of divorce
written, which he will send to her. If it is the
first 9r second time that this has occurred, he
may take her hack again without any formality
ensuite, but, after a third divorce, she will be
lost to him for ever. Seeing the ease with which
this may be done, it is not surprising if men
abuse the licence, and sometimes divorce their
wives for [a very small} fault ...as a badly-
cooked dinner, or a button unsewed, knowing
very well that if he repents of it he can have her
back before evening. I know a lady who has
been divorced from five husbands, and is now
living with a sixth.” :

Divus in Latin, attached to a proper
name, does not mean divine, but simply
deceased or canonised ; excellently trans-
lated in Notes and Queries (May 2\1st,
1892, p. 421), ‘‘of bléssed memory.”
Thus, Divus Augustus means Augustus
of blessed memory, not divine Augustus.
Of course, the noun ‘‘ divus”’ opposite to
@ proper noun—=a god, as in Horace,
3 Odes v. 2, ‘‘ Presens divus habebitur Au-
gustus.”” While living, Augustus will
be accounted a god. Virgil (Zel. i. 6)
says, ‘‘ Deus nolis hee otva fecit >” the
‘deus’? was Augustus.

Dix’ie Land. Nigger land. Mason
and Dixon drew a line which was to be
the northern limit of slavery. In the
third quarter of the 19th century the
southern part of this line was called
Dixie or nigger land.

Dizzy. <A nickname of Benjamin
Disraeli (Lord Beaconsfield) (1805-1881).

Djin’nestan’. The realm of the djinns
or genii of Oriental mythology.

Do. A contraction of ditto, which is
the Italian détto (said), Latin dictus.

How do you do? t.e, How do you

fare? It should be, How do you du?
(Anglos Sexon, dug-an = valére); in
atin, Quomodo vales.

Well to do. This, again, is not the
transitive verb (factre) but the intransi-
tive verb (valére), and means ‘‘ well to
fare.”” (Anglo-Saxon. dug-an = valére.)

To do him, i.e. cheat or trick a person
out of somethin

I have done the Jew, 1.e. over-reached
him. The same as ortdo = excel. —

Do (to rhyme with fe). The first or
tonic note of the solfeggio system of
music, ; eS
' Do, re, mi, Pi sol, la, Italian; wut, re,
mi, fa, sol, la, French. The latter are bor-
rowed from @ hymn by Paulus Piaconus,
addressed to St. John, which Guido, in

7

Do for

361

Dr. Diafoirus

‘the eleventh century, used in teaching
singing :
“ Ut queant Jaxis, Re-sonare fibris,
Mi-ra gestorum Fo-inuli tuorujgn,

Sol-ve pollutis La-biis reatum.
Sancté Joannés.

Ut-tered be thy Wondrous story,
Re-prehensive though I be,
Me make mindful of thy glory,
Fa-mous son of Zacharee ;
Sol-ace to my spirit bring, |
Za-houring thy praise to sing.
£.C. B.
(See We1z1us in Heortologio, p. 263.) Le
Maire added si (seventeenth century).
(See ARETINIAN SYLLABLES.)

Do for. I'll do for him, Ruin him;
literally, provide for him in a bad sense.
‘Taken in and done for,’’ is taken in
aud provided for; but, jocosely, it
means ‘‘ cheated and fleeced.”

Do up (7).
make tidy. ‘‘Dup the door.’’
Dur.)

Doab (Indian). A tract of land be-
tween two rivers, (Pronounce du’-ab.)

Dobbin. A steady old horse, a
child’s horse. Dobby, a silly old man.
Dobbies, house-elves similar to brownies.
All these are one and the same word.
The dobbies lived in the house, were
very thin and shaggy, very kind to ser-
vants and children, and did many a
pe service when people had their hands

ull.

“Sober Dobbin lifts his clumsy heel.”
Bloomfield: Farmer's Boy. (Winter, stanza 9.)
Dobbins (Humphrey). The valet-de-

chambre and factotum of Sir Robert
Bramble, of Blackbury Hall, in the
county of Kent. A blunt, rough-spoken
old retainer, full of the milk of human
kindness, and most devoted to his master.
(G. Colman: The Poor Gentleman.)

Dobby’s Walk. The goblin’s haunt
or beat. Dobby is an archaic word for
a goblin or brownie. (See Washington
Irving’s Bracebridge Hall, ii. 183-6.)
Dobby also means an imbecile old man.

-“The Dobby’s walk was within the inhabited

To set in order; to
(See

domains of the Hall."—Sir W. Scott: Peveril of

the Peak, chap. x.

‘ Doce'tes (3 syl.). An early heretical
sect, which maintained that Jesus Christ
was only God, and that His visible form
was merely, a phantom; that the cruci-
fixion and resurrection were illusions.
(The word is Greek, and means phan-
tomists.)

“Dock-Alfar. The dark Alfs whose

abode is underground. They are in

a blacker than pitch, (Scan-
inavian mythology.) sale

Dock-side Lumper (4). One en-
gaged in delivering and loading ships’
cargoes.

“Judging of my histrionic powers by my out-
ward man, he probably thought ine more fit fora
dock-side Jumper than an actor.”—C. Thomson:
Autobiography, p. 191.

Dock Warrant (4). An order au-
thorising the. removal of goods ware-
housed in the dock.

Doctor, A seventh son used to be so
dubbed from the notion of his being
intuitively skilled in the cure of agues,
the king’s evil, and other diseases,

“ Plusieurs croyent qu’en France les septiennes
gargons, nez de legitimes mariages (sans que lu
suitte des sept ajt, esté interrompue par la nais-
sance d'aucyne fille) peuvent aussi guerir des
fievres tierces, des flevres quartes, et mesme Ges
ecronelles, apres avoir jefine trois ou neuf jours
avant que de toucher les malades.”—Jean Baptiste-
Thiers ; Traité des Superstitions, etc., i. p. 436.

Doctor (Zhe), The cook on board
ship, who ‘doctors’? the food. Any
adulterated or doctored beverage ; hence
the mixture of milk, water, nutmeg, and
a little rum, is called Doctor; the two
former ingredients being ‘‘ doctored ’’
by the two latter.

Doctor (Zhe). Brown sherry, so
called because it is concocted from a
harsh, thin wine, by the addition of old
boiled mosto stock. Mosto is made by
heating unfermented juice in earthen
vessels, till it becomes as thick and
sweet as treacle. This syrup being
added to fresh ‘‘ must’? ferments, and
the luscious produce is used for doctor-
ing very inferior qualities of wine.
(Shaw : On Wine.)

To doctor the wine. To drug it, or
strengthen it with brandy. The fermen-
tation of cheap wines is increased by fer-
mentable sugar. As such wines fail in
aroma, connoisseurs smell at their wine.

| To doctor wine is to make weak wine

stronger, and ‘sick’’ wine more palat-
able.

Doctored Dice, ‘Loaded dice.

To doctor the accounts. To falsify
them. They are t//-{so far as you are
concerned) and you falsify them to make
them look better, The allusion is to
drugging wine, beer, etc., and to adulte-
ration generally.

. Dr. Diafoirus in Moliére’s Malade
Imaginaire. A man of fossilised ideas,
who, like the monk, refused to change
his time - honoured mumpstmus (q.v.),
for the new-fangled sewmpstmus. Dr.
Diafoirus used to say, what was good
enough for his forefathers was good
enough for their posterity, and he ha

no patience with the modern fads about,

Dr. Dove

362

Doctour

the rotundity of the earth, its motion
round the sun, the circulation of the
blood, and all such stuff,

Dr. Dove. The hero of Southey’s
Doctor.

Dr. Fell. J do not like thee, Dr, Fell,
A correspondent of Votes and Queries
says the author was Tom Brown, who
wrote Dialogues of the Dead, and the
person referred to was Dr. Fell, Dean of
Christchurch (1625-1686), who expelled
him, but said he would remit the sen-
tence if he translated the thirty-third
Epigram of Martial:

* Non amo te, Babidi, nec possum dicere quare;

Hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo te.”

“ 1 do not like thee, Dr, Fell,
The reason why I cannot tell;

But this 1 know, I know full well,
1 do not like thee, Dr. Fell.” %, Brown.

Doctor Mirabilis,
(1214-1292),

Doctor My-Book. Dr. John Aber-
ne'thy, so called because he used to say
to his patients, ‘*Read my bvok’’—on
Surgical Observations. (1765-1830.)

Dr. Rez‘io or Pedro Rezio of Ague'ro.
The doctor of Barata’ria, who forbade
Sancho Panza to taste any of the meats
set before him. Roasted partridge was
forbidden by Hippoe'ratés ; podri’da was
the most pernicious food in the world;
rabbits are a sharp-haired diet; veal is
prejudicial to health ; but the governor
might eat a ‘‘few wafers, and a thin
slice or two of quince.” (Don Quixote,
part ii. book ili. chap. 10.)

Dr. Sangra’do, of Valladolid’, a tall,
meagre, pale man, of very solemn
appearance, who weighed every word he
uttered, and gave an emphasis to his
sage dicta. ‘‘His reasoning was geo-
metrical, and his opinions angular.’’
He said to the licentiate Sedillo, who
-was sick, ‘‘If you had drunk nothing
else but pure water all your life, and
eaten only such simple food as boiled
apples, you would not now be tormented
with gout.’’ He then took from him six
Lets ee of blood to begin with; in

hree hours he repeated the operation ;
and again the next day, St CTT AS
a gross error to suppose that blood is
necessary for life.’? With this depletion,
the patient was to drink two or three
pints of -hot water every two hours.
The result of this treatment was death
‘*from obstinacy.’’ (Gil Blas, chap. ii.)

Roger Bacon

Doctor Slop. An enthusiast, who

thinks the world hinges on getting Uncle.

OE EE

Toby to understand the action of a new
medical instrument, (Sterne: Tristram
Shandy.)

A nickname given by William Hone
to Sir John Stoddart, editor of the New
Times. (1773-1856.)

Doctor Squintum. George White-
field, so called by Foote in his farce
entitled The Minor. (1714-1770.)

Theodore Hook applied the same so-
briquet to the Rev, Edward Irving, who
He 3 obliquity of the eyes, (1792-
1834.

Doctor Syntax. A simple-minded,
pious henpecked clergyman, very simple-
minded, but of excellent taste and
scholarship, who left home in search of
the picturesque. His adventures are

| told in eight-syllable verse in The Tour

of Dr. Syntac, by William Combe. (See
Duxe ComBEz.) 3

Dr. Syntax’s horse. Gyrizzle, all skin
and bone. (See Hors.)

Doctors. False dice, which are
doctored, or made to turn up winning
numbers.

“<The whole antechamber is full, my lord—
knights and squires, doctors and dicers,’

“<The dicers with their doctors in their pockets, ~

I presume.’”—Scott: Peveril of the Peak, chap.
XXVIII.
“Or chaired at White's, amidst the doctors sit.”
Dunciad, book i. 203.

Doctors. The three best doctors are
Dr. Quiet, Dr. Diet, and Dr. Merryman.
“Si tibi deficiant medici, medici tibi fiant __

Hiec tria: Mens-leta, Requies, Moderata-Dieta.”

Doctors’ Commons. -A_ locality
near St. Paul’s, where the ecclesiastical
courts were formerly held, and wills
preserved. To “common” means to
dine together; a term still used at our
universities. Doctors’ Commons was so
called because the doctors of civil law
had to dine together four days in each
term. This was called catimg their terms.

Who shall de-

Doctors Disagree.
When

cide when doctors disagree.
authorities differ, the

must be left undecided!
Essays, epistie iii. line 1.)

Doctor’s Stuff. Medicine ; stuff sent
from the doctor.

Doctored Wine. (See To Docror.)

Doctour of Phisikes Tale, in
Chaucer, is the Roman story of Virgi-
nius, given by Livy. There is a version
of this tale in the Loman de la Rose, vol.
ii. p. 74; and another, by Gower, in his
Confessio Amantis, book Nii. iedagas

(Pope: Moral

\
<<

estion sub judice '

Jo

Doctrinists

Dectrinists or Doctrimaires. A poli-
tical party which has existed in France
since 1815. They maintain that true
liberty is compatible with a monarchical
Government; and are so called because
they advocate what is only a doctrine or
dream, M. Guizot was one of this party.

Dodge (1 syl.). An artful device to
evade, deceive, or bilk some one. (Anglo-
Saxon, deogian, to conceal or colour.)

The religious dodge. Seeking alms by
trading on religion.

The tidy dodge, To dress up a family
clean and tidy so as to exaite sympathy,
and make passers-by suppose you have
by misfortune fallen from a respectable
state in society.

Dodge About (70), in school phrase,
is to skip about and not go straight on
through a lesson. A boy learns a verb,
-and the master does not hear him con-
jugate it straight through, but dodges

im about. Also in class not to call
ene in order, but to pick a boy here and
there.

Dodger. A “ knowing fellow.” One
who knows all the tricks and ways of
London life, and profits by such know-
ledge.

Dodger. The Artful Dodger. John
Dawkins, a young thief, up to every
artifice, and a perfect adept in villairty.
A sobriquet given by Dickens to’ such a
rascal, in his Oliver Twist, chap. viii.

Dodington, whom Thomson invokes
in his Swumer, was George Bubb Dod-
ington, Lord Melcomb-Regis, a British
statesman, who associated much with
the wits of the time. Churchill and Pope
ridiculed him, while Hogarth introduced
him in his wig into his picture called
the Orders of Periwigs.

Dod'ipoll. As wise as Dr. Dodipoll
(or) Doddipole—i.e. not wise at all; a
dunce. (Doddy in dodi-poll and doddy-
pate is probably a variant of to¢ty, small,
puny. Doddy-poll, one of puny in-
tellect.)

Dodman or Doddiman. A snail. A
word still common in Norfolk; but
Fairfax, in his Bulk and Selvedge (1674),
speaks of ‘‘a snayl or dodman.”

“ Doddiman, doddiman, put out your born,

Here comes a thief to steal your corn.”
Norfolk rhyme.

Dodo’na. A famous oracle in Epi'ros,
and the most ancient of Greece. It was
dedicated to Zeus (Jupiter), and situate
in the village of Dodona.

-@ The tale is, that. Jupiter presented

863

Doeg

his daughter Thebé with two black
pigeons which had the gift of human
speech, Lempriére tells us that the
Greek word Roce (pigeons) means, in
the dialect of the Epirots, old women; so
that the two black doves with human
voice were two black or African women.
One went to Libya, in Africa, and
founded the oracle of Jupiter Ammon ;
the other went to Epirus and founded
the oracle of Dodéna. We are also told
that plates of brass were suspended on
the oak trees of Dodona, which being
struck by thongs when the wind blew,
gave various sounds from which the re-
sponses were concocted. It appears that
this suggested to the Greeks the phrase
Kalkos Dodénés (brass of Dodona), mean-
ing a babbler, or one who talks an infi-
nite deal of nothing.

Dods (Meg). The old landlady in
Scott’s novel called St. Ronan’s Weil,
An excellent character, made up of con-
sistent inconsistencies; a mosaic of
oddities, all fitting together, and form-
ing an admirable whole. She was so
good a housewife that a cookery hook of
great repute bears her‘name.

Dodson and Fogg. The lawyers
employed by the plaintiff in the famous
case of ‘* Bardell v. Pickwick,’’ in the
Pickwick Papers, by Charles Dickens,

Doe (1 syl.). John Doe and Richard
Roe. Any plaintiff and defendant in an
action of ejectment. They were sham
names used at one time to save certain
“niceties of law;’’? but the clumsy
device was abolished in 1852. Any
mere imaginary persons, or men of
straw. John Doe, Richard Roe, John 0’
Noakes, and Tom Styles are the four”
sons of ‘‘ Mrs, Harris,’’ all bound ap-
prentices to the legal profession.

Doeg (2 syl.), in the satire of Absalom
and Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is
meant for Elka’‘nah Settle, a poet who
wrote satires upon Dryden, but was no
match for his great rival. Doeg was
Saul’s herdsman, who had charge of his
mules and asses. He told Saul that the

riests of Nob had provided David with
Kod ; whereupon Saul sent him to put

them to death, and eighty-five were

ruthlessly massacred. (1 Sam. xxi. 7;
xxii. 18.)

“ Doég, though without knowing how or why,
Made still a blundering kind of melody ...-
Let him rail on ; let his invective Muse
Have four-and-twenty letters to abuse,
Which if he jumbles to one line of sense,
Indict him of a capital offence.” s

Absalom and Achitophel, part'ii.

Doff

Doff is do-off, as ‘‘ Doff your hat.’’
$0 Don is do-on, as ‘* Don your clothes.”
Dap is do-up, as ‘* Dup the door”’ (9.v.).

“ Doff thy barness, youth .

And tempt pot yet the brushes of the war.”
Shakespeare» Troilas and Cressida, v 8.

Dog. Jhis long article is subdivided
into eleven parts :

1 Dogs of note.
. Dogs of noted persons.
. Does models of their species,
. Dogs in phrases, 4
. Dogs used metapborically, ete
. Dogs in Scripture language
. Dogs in art,

8, Dogs in proverbs and faldes

9 Dogs in superstitions.

10, Dogs the male of animals.

11. Dogs inferior plants.

(1) Dogs of Note :

Barry. The famous mastiff of Great
St. Bernard’s, in the early part of the
present century instrumental in saving
forty human beings. His most memor-
able achievement was rescuing a little
boy whose mother had been destroyed
by an avalanche, The dog carried the
boy on his back to the hospice. The
stuffed skin of this noble animal is kept
in the museum of Berne.

Gelert (q.2.).

Tonton. The dog which was enclosed
in an acorn,

Tray—i.e. Trag = runner, or else from
the Spanish ¢raér, to fetch.

(2) Doss of noted persons :

Actaon’s fifty dogs. Alcé (strength),
Amaryn’thos (from Amary'thia, in Eu-
bea), Asbolos (soot -colour), Ban‘os,
Bor’eas, Can’aché (ringwood), Chedie'-
tros, Cisse'ta, Co'ran (cropped, crop-eared),
Cyllo (Ault), Cyllop'otés (zy-zag mais
Cyprrios (the Cyprian), Draco (the dra-
gon), Drom’as (the courser), Dro'mios
(seeze-’em), Ech’nobas, Eu'dromos (good-
runner), Har’palé (voracious), Harpie'a
(tear-’em), Ichnob'até (track-followcr),
La'bros (furious), Lacena piston
Lach'né (glossy-coated), Lacon (Spartan),
La‘don (from Ladon, in Arcadia), Le-
laps (hurricane), Lampos SePsGUed- neds
Leu’cos (grey), Lycis'ca,
ch'imos (4oxer), Melampe (b/ack), Melan-
che'té (black-coat), Melan’ea (black),
Menele’a, Molossos Ger Molossos),
Na’'pa (begotten by a wolf), Nebroph’onos
(fase ler), Oc'ydroma (swift-runner),

resittrophos (mountain-bred), Ori’basos
(mountan - ranger), Pachy'tos (thich-
skinned), Pam‘phagos (ravenous), Poe'-
menis (/cader), Btevelas (winged), Stricta
(spot), Therid’amas (beast-tamer or sb-
dyer), The'ron (savage - faced), Thods
(swift), aE hereon):

~ Several modern names of dogs are

NAV oer

ynee'a, Ma- .

364

Dog

of Spanish origin, as Ponto (pointer),
Tray (fetch), ete. é

King Arthur's favourite hound. Ca-
vall.

Aubry’s dog. Aubry of Montdid‘ier
was murdered, in 1371, in the forest of
Bondy. His dog, Dragon, showed a
most unusual hatred to a man named
Richard of Macaire, always snarling and
ready to fly at his throat whenever he
appeared. Suspicion was excited, and
Richard of Macaire was condemned to a
judicial combat with the dog. He was
killed, and in his dymg moments con-
fessed the crime.

Belgrade, the
Clumsy.

Browning’s (Mrs.) little dog Flush, on
which she wrote a poem.

Lord Byron's favourite dog. Boat-
swain, buried in the gasden of Newstead
Abbey.

Catherine de Medici’s favourite lap-
dog was naraed Phoebé.

Cathullin’s hound was named Luath

camp-sutler’s dog:

.v.).

Douglas’s hound was named Luffra or
Lufra (q.v.).

Elizabeth of Bohemia’s dog was named
Apollon.

Fingal’s dog was named Bran.

_ %* Mar e Bran, is ea brathair' (If it be not Bran,
it is Bran’s brotber) was the proverbial reply of
Maccombich.”— Waverley, chap. xly-

Frederick of Wales had a dog given
him by Alexander Pope, and on the

collar were these words—
“ 1am his Highness’ dog at Kew ;
Pray tell me, sir, whose doy are you?”

Geryon’s dogs. Gargittiosand Orthos,
The latter was the brother of Cer’beros
but had one head less. Herculés killed
both these monsters.

Lear'ios’s dog. Mera (the glistener).

Icarios was slain by some drunken peas- ~

ants, who buried the body under a tree.
His daiighter Erig’oné, searching for her
father, was directed to the spot by the
howling of Mera, and when she dis-
covered the body she hung herself for
grief. Icarios became the constellation
Boétés, Erig’one the constellation Virgo,
and Mera the star Pro'cyon, which rises
in July, a little before the Dog-star.
(Greek, pro-kuon.)

Kenneth’s (Sir) famous hound was
called Roswal. (Sir W. Seott: The
Talisman.) : Pinata vin

Lamb’s (Charles) dog was named
Dash hhh Tt

Landor’s (Savage) dog was named —

Giallo. : ‘
Landseer’s greyhound was named
Brutus. ‘‘The Invader of the Larder.””

‘ee

Dog

365

Dog

Llewellyn’s greyhound was named
Gelert’ oar ig

Ludlam’s dog. (See Lazy.)

Lurgan’s (Lord) greyhound wasnamed
Master M’Grath, from an orphan boy
who reared it. It won three Waterloo
Cups, and was presented at Court by the
express desire of Queen Victoria, the
very year it died (1866-1871).

Neville’ s do It ran away whenever
it was called. In the corresponding
Italian proverb the dog is called that of
the Vicar Arlotto. (See CHIEN.)

Mauthe dog. (See MAvTHE.)

Sir Isaac Newton’s, Diamond (q.v.).

Dog of Montargis. The same as
Aubry’s dog. <A picture of the combat
was for many years preserved in the
castle of Montargis. (See AuBRy's Doc.)

Ori’on’s dogs were Arctoph’onos (bear-
killer), and Ptooph‘agos (Ptoon-glutton.)
(Ptoon is in Beeotia.)

Pope’s dog was named Bounce.

Punch’s dog is Toby.

Richard II.’s greyhound was named
Mathe. It deserted the king and at-
tached itself to Bolingbroke,

Roderick the Goth’s dog was named
Theron:

Rupert’s (Prince) dog, killed at Mar-
ston Moor, was named Boy.

Scott’s (Sir Walter) dogs: his favourite
deerhound was named Maida; his jet-
black greyhound was called Hamlet.
He also had two Dandy Dinmont
terriers.

Seven Sleepers (Dog of the). This
famous dog, admitted by Mahomet to
heaven, was named Katmir. The seven
noble youths that fell asleep for 309
years had a dog, which accompanied
them to the cavern in which they were
walled up. It remained standing for
the whole time, and neither moved from
the spot, ate, drank, nor slept. (Sale’s
Koran, xviii., notes.)

_ Tristran’s dog was named Leon or
Ar ee ised him
sses’ dog, Argos, recognise
after his eee from Troy, and died of

joy-

(3) Dogs, models of their species :

Argoss (a Russian terrier); Baroness
Cardiff (a Newfoundland); Black
Prince (a mastiff) ; Bow-wow (a schip-
perke) ; Corney (a bull-terrier) ; Countess
of Warwick (a great Dane) ; Dan O’ Con-
nor (an Irish water-spaniel); Dude (a
pug); Fascination (a black cocker -
spaniel) ; Fritz (a French poodle) ; Ja/ith
(a bloodhound) ; Kileree (a Scotch ter-
rier); King Lud (a bulldog); Kin of
the Heather (2 dandie-dinmont); Mikado

(a Japanese spaniel) ; Olga (a deerhound);
tomeo (a King Charles spaniel) ; Royal
Krueger (a beagle) ; Scottish Leader (a
smooth-coated St. Bernard); Sensation
(a pointer); Sir Bedwere (a rough -
coated St. Bernard) ; Spinaway (a grey-
hound) ; Toledo Blade (an English set-
ter) ; Woodmansterne Trefoil (a collie).

(4) Doe in phrases :

A dog im a doublet. A bold, resolute
fellow. In Germany and Flandets the
boldest dogs were employed for hunting
the wild boar, and these dogs were
dressed in a kind of, buff doublet but-
toned to their bodies, Rubens and
Sneyders have represented several in
their pictures. A false friend is called a
dog in one’s doublet.

Between dog and wolf. The hour of
dusk. ‘‘ Entre chien et loup.”

St. Roch and his dog. ‘Two insepar-
ables. ‘‘Toby and his dog.’’ One is
never seen without the other.

They lead a cat and dog life, Always

uarrelling.

To lead the life of a dog. To live a
wretched life, or a life of debauchery.

(5) Doe, used metaphorically or symbo-
lically :

The doy, Diogénés, the Cynic (8.c.
412-323). When Alexander went to see
him, the young King ‘of Macedonia
introduced himself with these words:
‘‘T am Alexander, syrnamed the Great,’’
to which the parker, ARE replied ; ‘f And
I am Diogenés, surnamed the Dog,”’
The Athenians raised to his memory a
pillar of Parian marble, printed’
a dog. (See Cynic.)

Dog of God. So the Laplanders call
the bear. The Norwegians say it “has
the strength of ten men and the wit of
twelve.’’ They never presume to speak
of it by its proper appellation, guouztiya,
lest it should revenge the insult on
their flocks and herds, but they call it
Moddaaigja (the old man with a fur
cloak). <=

A dead dog. Something utterly worth-
less. A phrase used two or three times
in the Bible. (See (6).)

A dirty dog. In the East the dog is
still held in abhorrence, as the scavenger
of the streets. ‘‘ Him that dieth in the
city shall the dogs eat’ (1 Kings xiv.
11). The French say, Crotté comme un
barbet (muddy or dirty as a poodle),
whose hair, being very long, becomes
filthy with mud and dirt. Generally
speaking, ‘‘a dirty dog”’ i$ one morall

thy, and is applied to those who ta!
and act nastily. Mere,skin dirt is quite

Dog 366 ‘Dog

another matter, and those who are so

defiled we call dirty pigs,

A surly dog. A human being of a
surly temper, like a surly dog.

Is thy servant a dog, that he should do
this thing? (2 Kings viii. 12, 18).
Hazael means, ‘‘Am I such a brute as to
set on fire the strongholds of Israel, slay
the young men with the sword, and
dash their children to the ground, as
thou, Elijah, sayest I shall do when I
am king? ”?

Sydney Smith being asked if it was
true that he was about to sit to Landseer,
the animal painter, for his portrait,
replied, in the words of Hazael, ‘‘ What!
is thy servant a dog, that he should do
this thing ?”’

The Thracian dog. Zoilus.

“ Like curs, our critics haunt the poet's feast,
And feed on scraps refused by every guest ;
From the old Thracian dog they learned the
Zo snarl in want, and grumble o'er their prey.”

Pitt: To Mr. Spence.

Dogs of war, The horrors of war,
especially famine, sword, and fire.

“ And Cesar's spirit, ranging for revenge,

With Até by his side, come hot from hell.

Shall in these confines, with a monarch’s voice,

Cry ‘Havoc,’ and let slip the dogs of war.”

Shakespeare: Julius Cesar, iii. 1.

(6) Doa (in Scripture language), whether

dead or living, is a most degrading ex-
ression : ‘‘ After whom is the King of
srael come out? After a dead dog?’’

(1 Sam. xxiv. 14.) ‘‘ Beware of dogs’?

(Phil. iii. 2), 2.e. sordid, noisy professors.

Again, ‘‘ Without are dogs’’ (Rev. xxii.

15), i.e. false teachers and sinners, who

sin and, return to their sins (2 Peter

ii, 21). -

Thave is no expression in the Bible
of the fidelity, love, and watchful care
of the dog, so highly honoured by our-
selves.

(7) Doe tn art.

Dog, in medieval art, symbolises
fidelity.

A dog is represented as lying at the
feet of St. Bernard, St. Benignus, and
St. Wendelin; as licking the wounds of
St. Roch ; as carrying a lighted torch in
_ representations of St. Dominic.

Dogs in monuments. The dog is placed
at the feet of women in monuments to
symbolise affection and fidelity, as a
dion is placed at the feet of men to
signify courage and magnanimity. Many
of the Crusaders are represented with
their feet’ on a dog, to show that they

followed the standard of the Lord as |

faithfully as a dog follows the footsteps
of his master. ae

(8) Dog in proverbs, fables, and pro-
werbial phrases : ..

Barking dogs seldom bite. (See BARK-

ING.
Dy don’t eat dog. Ecclesia ecclesiam
non decimat; government letters are
not taxed; church lands pay no tithes
to the church,

A black dog has walked over him. Said
of a sullen person. Horace tells us
that the sight of a black dog with its
Boe an unlucky omen. (See BLACK
Doe.

A:dog in the manger. A churlish
fellow, who will not use what is wanted
by another, nor yet let the other have it
to use. The allusion is to the well-known
fable of a dog that fixed his place in a
manger, and would not allow an ox to
come near the hay.

Every dog has his day. In Latin,
“ Hodie mihi, eras tibi.”? ** Nune mihi,
nune tibi, benigna’’ [ fortuna]. In Ger-
man, *‘ Heute mir, morgen dir.” You
may crow over me foun! but my turn
will come by-and-by. he Latin pro-
verb, ‘“‘ Hodie mihi,” etc, means, ‘1
died to-day, your turn will come in
time.’’ The other Latin proverb means,
fortune visits every man once. She
favours me now, but she will favour
you in your turn.

“ Thus every dog at last will have his day—

He wbo this morning smiled, at night may

The arnd today’s a butterfly to-morrow.”

Peter Pindar: Odes of Condolence,

Give a dog a bad name and hang him.
If you want to do anyone a wrong,
throw dirt on him or rail against him.

Gone to the dogs. Gone to utter ruin ;
impoverished.

He has not a dog to lick a dish. He
has quite cleared out. He has taken
orey, everything.

e who has a mind to beat his dog.will
easily find a stick. Yn Latin, ** Qua vult
cedere canem facile invenit fustem.” Tf
you want to abuse a person, you will
easily find something to blame. Dean
Swift says, ‘‘If you want to throw a
stone, every lane will furnish one.”

“To him who wills, ways will not be
wanting.” ‘‘ Where there’s a will there’s
a way.’ ‘

Hungry dogs will eat dirty pudding.
Those really hungry are not particular
about what they eat, and are by no
means dainty. When Darius in_ his
flight from Greece drank from a ditch
defiled with dead carcases, he declared
he had never drunk so pleasantly before.

It was the story of the dog and the
shadow—i.e. of one who throws good

Dog

of one who gives

money after PMENRITURER: Gloxtetibnczivés. | According totheis theory. the dow-ctaro,
The allusion is to

certa pro incertis.
the well-known fable.

“ Tiludit species, ac den’tibus agra mordit.”
(Down sank the meat in the stream for the
fishes to hoard it.)

Love me love my dog. ‘‘ Qui m’aime
aime mon chien,” or ‘ Oui aime Bertrand
aime son chien,”

Old dogs will not learn new tricks.
People in old age do not readily conform
to new ways.

To call off the dogs. To break up
a disagreeable conversation. In the
chase, if the dogs are on the wrong
track, the huntsman calls them off.
(French, rompre les chiens.)

Throw it to the dogs. Throw it away,
it is useless and worthless.

What! keep a dog and bark myself!
Must I keep servants and myself do their
work?

You are like Noville’s dog, which runs
away when it is called. (See CHIEN.)

®) Doe, Does, in Superstitions :
logs howl at death. A wide-spread
superstition.

“In the rabbinical book it saith
The dogs howl when, with icy breath,
Great Sanimaél, the angel of death,
Takes thro’ the town his flight. M2
Longfellow : Golden Legend, iii.

The hair of the dog that bit you. When
a man has had a debauch, he is advised
to take next morning ‘a hair of the
same dog,” in allusion to an ancient
notion that the burnt hair of a dog is an
antidote to its bite.

(10) Dos, to express the male of animals,
as dog-ape, dog-fox, dog-otter.
(11) . Doa, applied to inferior plants :
Be erbHieN, dog-berry, dog-cabbage, dog-
daisy, dog-fennel, dog-leek, dog-lichen,
dog-mercury, dog-parsley, dog- violets
feck have no perfume), dog-wheat.
oe below, DoG-GRAss, Doc-Rose.

Dog and Duck. A public-house sign,
to announce that ducks were hunted | by
dogs within. The sport was to see the
duck dive, and the dog after it. At
Lambeth there was a famous pleasure-
resort so called, on the spot where Beth-
lehem Hospital now stands.

». Dog-cheap. A perversion of the
old English god-chepe (a good bargain).
French, bon marché (good-cheap or bar-
gain).
‘ Beasts ‘at yp mouid bev mene in argpe®
Shakespeare: 21 Henry IV., iti. 3.

Dog-days. Days of great heat, The
‘Romans called the six or eight hottest
‘weeks of the summer canicula'rés dies,

367 leila it

According to their theory, the dog-star or
’ Sirius, rising with the sun, added to its
heat, and the dog-days bore the com-
bined heat of the dog-star and the sun.
(July 3rd to August lth.)

Dog-fall (in wrestling), when both
wrestlers fall together.

Dog-grass (triticum repens), Grass
eaten by dogs when they have lost their
appetite; it acts as an emetic and pur-
gative.

Dog-head (in machinery
which bites or holds the gun-

Dog-headed Tribes of pi Men-
tioned in the Italian romance of Cueri' ny
Meschi'no.

Dog-Latin, Pretended or mongrel
Latin. An excellent example is Stevens’
definition of a kitchen ;

As the law classically expresses it, a kitchen 1s

“camera necessaria pro usus cookare ; cum shiuce.
pannis, stewpannis, scullerod, dressero, coals holo,
Stovis, smoak-jacko ; pro roastandum, doilandum.
fryandum, et plum- pudding- Mixandum, , , ."—A
Low Report (Daniel v. Dishclout).

Dog-leech (A). A dog - doctor.
Formerly applied to a medical practi-
tioner; it expresses great contempt,

That

Dog-rose, Botanical name, Cynor-
rhodos—t.e. Greek kuno-rodon, dog-rose ;
so called because it was supposed ‘to cure
the bite of a mad dog (Hosa Canina,
wild brier).

“A morsu vero [i.e. of a mad dOg} unicum re-
medium oraculo quodam nuper repertum, radix
sylvestris rose, qu cynorrhodos appellatur.” =-
Pliny: Natural History, viii. 63 ; xxv. 6.

Dog-sick. Sick as a dog. We also
say ‘‘Sick as acat.’? The Bible speaks
of dogs “ returning ae their vomut
again’’ (Prov. xxvj. 11; 2 Pet. ii. 22).

Dog-sleep (4). A pretended sleep.
Dogs seem to sleep with ‘‘ one eye open,’

Dog-star. The brightest star in the
firmament. (See Doc-pays.)

Dog-vane (4). A cockade.

“ Dog-vane is a term familjarly applied to a
cockade.”—Smyth : Sailors’ Word-book,

Dog-watch. A corruption of dodge-
watch: two short watches, one from four
to six, and the other from six to eight in
the evening, introduced to dodge the
routine, or prevent the same men always
keeping watch at the same time. (See
WatcH.)

Dog-whipper (4). A beadle who
whips all dogs from the precincts of a
church. At one time there was a church
officer so called. Even so recently as
1856 Mr, John Pickard was appointed

Dog-whipping

‘“‘dog-whipper’’ in Exeter Cathedral,
‘in the room of Mr. Charles Reynolds,
deceased.” (Exeter Gazette.)

Dog-whipping Day. October 18th
(St. Luke’s Day). It is said that a dog
once swallowed the consecrated wafer
in York Minster on this day.

Dogs (a military term). The 17th
Lancers or Duke of Cambridge’s Own
Lancers. The crest of this famous
cavalry regiment is a Death’s Head and
Cross-bones, OR GLORY, whence the
acrostic Death Or Glory (D.O.G.).

The Spartan injunction, when the young soldiet
was presented with his shield, was, “ With this,
pr On this,” which meant the same thing.

Dogs, in Stock-Exchange phraseology,
means Newfoundland Telegraph shares

—that is, Newfoundland dogs. (See
Stock-ExcHANGE SLANG.)
Dogs. Isle of Dogs. When Green-

wich was a place of royal residence, the

kennel for the monarch’s hounds was on

the opposite side of the river, hence
called the ‘‘ Isle of Dogs.”

Dogs (Green). Extinct like the Dodo.
Brederode said to Count Louis, “I
would the whole race of bishops .and
cardinals were extinct, like that of
green dogs.’’ (Motley: Dutch Republic,
part ii. 5.)

Dogs’-ears. The corners of leaves
crumpled and folded down.

Dogs’-eared. Leaves so crumpled and
turned up. ‘The ears of many dogs turn
down and seem quite limp.

Dogs’-meat. Food unfit for con-
sumption by human beings.

Dogs’-meat and cats’-meat. Food cheap
and nasty.

Dog’s-nose. Gin and beer.

“* Dog’s-nose, which is, I believe, amixture of
gin and beer’ _ 4
“So it is,’ said an old lady."—Pickwick Papers.

Dogged. He dogged me, t.e. followed
me about like a dog; shadowed me.

Dogged,(2 syl.). Sullen, snappish,

like a- dog.

Do’gares'sa (g=j). The wife of a
doge.

Dogberry. An ignorant, self-satis

fied, overbearing, but good - nature
night-constable in Shakespeare’s Mucr.
Ado about Nothing.

Doge (1 syl., 77). The chiéf magis-
trate in Venice while it was a Republic.
The first duke or doge was Anafesto
Paoluc'cio, created 697. The chief
magistrate of Gen’og was called a doge

368

Dogmatic Facts

down to 1797, when the Republican
form of Government was abolished by
the French. (Latin, dux, a ‘‘duke’’ or
* Jeader.”’

“For six hundred years... . her [Venice’s)
roverumene was an elective monarchy, her... .
doge possessing, in early times at least, as much
independent authority as any other European
io ee de Gas Stones of Vewice, vol. i, chap.

Doge. 'The ceremony-of wedding the
Adriatic was instituted in 1174 by ‘Pope
Alexander III., who gave the doge a gold
ring from off his own finger in token of
the victory achieved by the Venetian
fleet at Istria over Frederick Barbarossa,
in defence of the Pope’s quarrel. When
his Holiness gave the ring he desired the

’ doge to throw a similar one into the sea

every year on Ascension Day, in com-
memoration of the event. (See BUCEN-
TAUR.) J
Dirty dog. (See under Doe, No. 5.)
This alludes more to the animal called
a dog, but implies the idea of badness.

Dogget. Dogget’s coat and badge.
The first prize in the Thames rowing-
match, given on the Ist of August every
year. So called from Thomas Dogget,
an actor of Drury Lane, who signalised
the accession of George I. to the throne
by giving a waterman’s coat and badge
to the winner of the race. The Fish-
mongers’ Company add a guinea to the
prize. The race is from the “Swan”
at London Bridge to the ‘‘Swan” at
Chelsea.

Doggerel. Inferior sort of verse in
rhymes.

Dogma (Greek). A religious doc-
trine formally stated. It now means a
statement resting on the ipse dixit of
the speaker. Dogmatic teaching used to
mean the teaching of religious doctrines,
but now dogmatic means overbearing
and dictatorial. (Greek dogma, gen.
dogmidtos, a matter of opinion; verb
dokeo, to think, whence dogmatizo.)

Dogmatic Facts. :

(1) The supreme authority of the Pope
of Rome over all churches. 4

(2) His right to decide arbitrarily all
controversies. :

(8) His right to convoke councils at

ill

will.

(4) His right to revise, repeal, or con-
firm decrees. ‘

(5) His right to issue decrees bearing
on discipline, morals and doctrine.

(6) The Pope is the centre of com- |
munion, and separation from him is
excommunication,

Dogmatic School

369

Deolorous

7) He has ultimate authority to ap-
Be: all bishops.

(8) He has power to depose any eccle-_

siastic.

(9) He has- power to judge every
uestion of doctrine, and pronounce in-
allibly what the Church shall or shall
not accept.

Dogmatic School of Medicine
Founded by Hippoc’ratés, and so called
because it set out certain dogmas or
theoretical principles which it made the
basis of practice.

Dogmatic Theology is that which
treats of the dog’mata (doctrines) of
religion. E

Doiley. (See DoYLey.)

Doit (1 syl.). Not a doit. The doit
was a Scotch silver coin = one-third of
a farthing. In England the doit was a
base coin of small value prohibited by
3 Henry V. c. 1.

“When they will ngé give a doit to relievea
lame beggar, they will lay out ten to seea dead
indian.”—Shakespeare : The Tempest, ii. 2.

Dola’bra. A Roman axe.

Dolabra fossdria. The pickaxe used
by miners and excavators.

Dolabra wpontificaks.. The priest’s
hatchet for slaughtering animals.

Dolce far Niente (Italian). De-
lightful idleness. Pliny has ‘‘J ucundum
tamen nihil agere’’ (Ep. viii. 9).

Doldrums (Zhe). The name given
to that region of the ocean near the equa-
tor noted for calms, squalls, and baffling
winds, between the N,E. and 8.E. trade-
winds.

“ But fromthe bluff-bead, where | watched to-day,

1 saw ber in the doldrums,” a:
Byron: The Island, canto ii. stanza 21.

In the doldrwns. In the dumps.

Dole, lamentation, from the Latin
doleo, to grieve.

“ He (the dwarf) found the dead bodies, where-
fore he made great dole "—S. Lanier ; King Arthur,
book i. chap. xiv.

Dole, a portion allotted, is the Anglo-
Saxon dai, a portion.

“Heaven has in store a precious dole.” |
Keble: Christian Year (4th Sunday after Trinity).

Happy man be his dole. May his share
orlot be that of a happy or fortunate man.
“ Wherein, happy man be his dole, | trust that I

Shall not speed worst, and that very quickly.”
: ‘ Damon and Pythias, i. 177.

Dole-fish. The share of fish allotted
to each one of a company of fishermen
in a catch. Dole=the part dealt to
anyone. (Anglo-Saxon, dd or del, from
the verb dal-an, to divide into parts.)

Doll Money. A lady of Duxford
left a sum of money to be given away
annually in the parish, and to be called
Doll Money. Doll is a corruption of
dole, Saxon dal (a share distributed).

Dollar. Marked thus §, either sexteon
or 8, a dollar being a ‘‘ piece of eight’
{reals]. The two lines indicate a con-
traction, as in Ib.

The word is a variant of thaler

‘ (Low German, dahler ; Danish, daler),

and means ‘‘a valley,’’ our dule, +The
eounts of Schlick, at the close of the
fifteenth century, extracted from the
mines at Joachim’ s thal (Joachim’s valley)
silver which they coined into ounce-
pieces. These pieces, called Joachim’s-
thalers, gajned such high repute that
they became a standard coin. Other
coins being made like them were called

| thalers only. The American dollar equals

100 cents, in English money a little more
than four shillings.

Dolly Murrey. A character in
Crabbe’s Borough, who died playing
cards.

“*A vole! a vole!’ she cried, ‘'tis fairly won. .
This said she, gently, with a single sigh,
Died as one taught and practised how to die."
Crabbe : Borouyh.

Dolly Shop. A shop where rags and

‘refuse are bought and sold. So called

from the black doll suspended over it as
a sign. Dolly shops are, in reality, no
better than unlicensed pawnshops. A
black doll used to be the sign hung out
to denote the sale of silks and muslins
which were fabricated by Indians.

Dolmen. A name given in France |
to what we term ‘‘cromlechs.’? These
ancient remains are often called by the
rural population devils’ tables, fairies’
tables, andso on. (Celtic, stone tables.)
It consists of a slab resting on unhewn
upright stones. Plural dolmens (dol, a
table ; men, a stone).

“The Indian dolmens..,may be said to be
identical with those of Western Kurope."—VJ. Lub-
bock: Prehistoric Times, chap. v. p. 129.

Dolopa'‘tos. A French metrical ver-
sion of San‘dabar’s Parables, written by
Hebers or Herbers or Prince Philippe,
afterwards called Philippe le Hardt.
Dolopa’tos is the Sicihan king, and
Virgil the tutor of his son Lucinien.
(See SEVEN WISE MASTERS. )

Dolorous Dettie (Tic). John Skel-
ton wrote an elegy on Henry Percy,
fourth Earl of Northumberland, who
fell a victim to the avarice of Henry
VII. (1489). This elegy he entitled
thus: ‘‘ Upon the Dolorous Dettie and

Dolphin

$70 . Dominicans

Much Lamentable Chaunce of the Most
Honorable Earl of Northumberland.’’

Dolphin. Called a sea-goose (oie de
mer) from the form of its snout, termed
in French bec d’oie (a goose’s beak), The
dolphin is noted for its changes of colour
when taken out of the water.

: “Parting day

Dies like the dolphin, whom each pang imbues

With a new colour as it gasps away,

The last still loveliest.”

Byron: Childe Harold, canto tv. stanza 20.

Dolphin (Zhe), in medisval art,
symbolises social love.

Dom. A title applied in the Middle
Ages to the Pope, and at a somewhat
later period to other Church dignitaries,
It.is now restricted to priests and choir
monks among the Benedictines, and some
few other monastic orders, as Dom Ma-
billon, Dom Calmet. The Spanish don,
Portuguese dom, German von, and French
de, are pretty well equivalent to it,
(Latin, dom'inis.)

- Dombey (florence).
child
loved, but regarded with frigid indiffer-
ence by her father, who thinks that
sons alone are worthy of his regard.
(Dichens : Dombey and Son.)

Mr. Dombey. A self-sufficient, purse-

roud, frigid merchant, who feels satis-
Fed there is but one Dombey in the
world, and that is himself. (Dickens:
Dombey and Son.)

Dom-Daniel, The abode of evil
spirits, gnomes, and enchanters, some-
where ‘‘ under the roots of the ocean,”
but not far from Babylon. (Continuation
of the Arabian Tales.)

“In the Domdaniel caverns
“Under the roots of the ocean.” Southey.

Domesday Book consists of two
volumes, one a large folio, and the other
@ quarto, the material of each being
vellum. It was formerly kept in the
Exchequer, under three different locks
and keys, but is now kept in the Record
Office. ‘The date of the survey is 1086.

Northumberland, Cumberland, West-
moreland, and Durham are not included
in the survey, though parts of Westmore-
land and Cumberland are taken.

The value of all estates is given,
firstly, as in the time of the Confessor ;
secondly, when bestowed by. the Con-
queror; and, thirdly, at the time of the
survey. It is also called The King’s
‘Book, and The Winchester Roll because
it was kept there. Printed in facsimile
in 1783 and 1816. :

Stow says the hook was so called

A motherless

ta ae and thirsting to be |

because it was deposited in a part of
Winchester Cathedral called Domus-dei,
and that the word is a contraction of
Domus-dei book ; more likely it is con-
nected with the previous survéys made
by the Saxon kings, and called -bocs
(libri judicia’‘lés), because every case of
dispute was decided by an appeal to
these registers.

“ Then seyde Gamelyn to the Justice. .

Thou hast given domes that bin evil dight,
T will sitten in thy sete, and dressen him

_.. aright.
Ohaucer : Canterbury Tales (The Cookes Tale).

Domestic. Lngland’s domestic poet,
William Cowper, author of Zhe Tash.
(1731-1800.)

Domestic Poultry, in Dryden’s Hind
and Panther, means the Roman Catholic
clergy. So called from an establishment
of ie in the private chapel at White-
hall. The nuns are termed “sister
partlet with her hooded head.”?

Domiciliary Visit (4). An official
visit to search the house,

Dominic (S7.). (1170-1221.) A Span-
ish priest who founded the Inquisition,
and the order called the Dominicans or
Preaching Friars. He was called by the
Pope ‘Inquisitor - Genéral,’? and was
canonised by Gregory IX, - :

*? Some say the Inquisition existed in
1184, when Dominic was under fourteen
years of age.

He is represented with a sparrow at his
side, and a dog carrying in its mouth a
burning torch. The devil, it is said, ap-
peared to the saint in the form of a
sparrow, and the dog refers to a dream
which his mother had during pregnancy.
She dreamt that she had given birth to
a dog, spotted with black and white
spots, which lighted the world with a
burning torch.

He is also represented sometimes with a city in”

his hand and a star either on his forehead or on
his breast ; sometimes also with a sword in bis
hand anda pile of books burning beside him, to
denote bis severity with beretics. x4
Domin'ical Letters, The_ letters
which denote the Sundays or diés do-
min'iea. The first seven lettersof the
alphabet are employed; so that if A
stands for the first Sunday in the year,
the other six letters will stand for the
other days of the week, and the octave
Sunday will come round to A again. In
this case A will be the Sunday or Do-
minical Letter for the whole year,

Domin'‘icans. Preaching friars
founded by Dominic de Guzman, at
Toulouse, in 1215, Formerly called in

‘

Dominie

England Black Friars, from their black
dress, and in France Jac'odins, because
their mother-establishment in Paris was
in the Rue St. Jacques.

Dom'‘inie Sampson. A village
schoolmaster and scholar, poor as a
church mouse, and modest as a girl.
He cites Latin like a porcus litera’rum,
and exclaims ‘‘Prodigious!’’ (Scot¢:
Guy Manmering.) (See STILLING.)

Dominions. One of the orders of
angels, symbolised in Christian art by an
ensign.

Domino (4).
canons; a mask.

“Ce nom,qu’on donnait autrefois, par allusion
& quelque passage de In liturgie, au camail dont
les prétres se cduvrent la téte et les Gpaules pen-
dant hiver, ne designe papourd wul wun babit
de déguigement pour les bals masqués.”— Bouillet:
Dictionnaire des Sciences, etc.

Dom‘inoes (3 syl.). The teeth; also
called ivories. Dominoes are made of
ivory.

Domiselins. The son of a king,
prince, knight, or lord before he has
entered on the order of knighthood.
Also an attendant on some abbot or
nobleman, The person domiciled in your
house. Hence the king’s body-guards
were called his damoiseaux or damsels. *

Froissart styles Richard II. le jeune
damoisel Richart. Similarly Louis VII.
(Le Jeune) was called the royal damsel.

“Damoisel ou Damoiseau designait autrefois
les fils de chevaliers, de barons, et toutes les
jeunes gentilshommes qui n’etaient pas encore
chevaliers. On Je donnait aussi aux fils des rois
qui n'etaient pas encore en etat de porter les
armes."—Boutllet : Dict, Universel.

Domisellus and domisella are diminu-
tives of dominus, a lord, In old French
we find: damoiscau and damoiselle. The
word Ma-demoiselle is ma domisella or
damoiselle.

Don is do-on, as “‘ Don your bonnet.”
(See Dorr, Dur.)
“Then up be rose, and donned his clothes,
And dupp'd the chamber door.”
Shakespeare : Hamlet, iv. 5.

Don. A man of mark, an aristocrat.
At the universities the masters, fellows,
and noblemen are sermed dons. (Spanish.)

Don Giovan'ni.: Mozart's best opera.
(See Don Juan.)

Don Ju’an. A native of Seville, son
of Don José and Donna Inez, a blue-
stocking. When Juan was sixteen years
old he got into trouble with Donna Julia,

and was sent by hismother, then a widow,
on histravels, His adventures form the
story of the poem, which is incomplete. '
(Byron: Don Juan.)

A hood worn by

371

Dondasch

A Don Juan, A libertine of the aris-
tocratic class. The original of this cha-
racter was Don Juan Teno’rio of Seville,
who lived in the fourteenth century.
The traditions concerning him have
been dramatised by Tirso de Mo'lina;
thence passed into Italy and France.
Gliick has a musical ballet of Don Juan,
and Mozart has immortalised the cha-
racter in his opera of Don Giovanni(1787).

Don Quixote (2 syl.). A gaunt
country gentleman of La Mancha, gentle
and dignified, affectionate and simple-
minded, but so crazed by reading books
of knight-errantry that he béffeves him-
self called upon to redress the wrongs of
the whole world, and actually goes forth
to avenge the oppressed and run a tilt
with their oppressors, The word Quixote
means The cuish-armed. (See QUIXOTIC.))

A Don Quixote. A dreamy, unprac-
tical man, with a “‘ bee in his bonnet.”’

Donation of Pepin (Zhe). When-
Pepin conquered Ataulf the ex-archate’
~of Ravenna fell into his hands. Pepin
gave both the ex-archate and the Re-
public of Rome to the Pope, and this
munificent gift is the famous ‘‘ Dona-
tion’’ on which rested the whole fabric
of the temporal power of the Popes of
Rome (a.D, 755). so

Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, dis-
possessed the Pope of his temporal
dominions, and added the Papal States
to the united kingdom of Italy (1870).

Don’atists, Followers of Dona’tus,
a Numidian bishop who opposed Ceci-
lia’‘nus, Their chief dogma is that the
outward church is nothing, ‘‘for the.
letter killeth, it is the spirit that giveth
life.’ (Founded 314.) ;

Doncaster. Sigebert, monk of Gem-
blours, in 1100, derived this word from
Thong-ceaster, the ‘‘ Castle of the
thong,’’ and says that Hetgist and
Horsa purchased of the British king as
much land as he could encompass.with a
leather thong, The thong was cut inte
strips, and encompassed the land occu-
pied by the city of Doncaster. ,

This is the old tale of Dido and the
hide, and so is the Russian Yakutsks.
(See Bursa.)

‘ Of course it means the ‘‘ City on the
river Don.’ (Celtic, Don, that which
spreads.) t é

Dondasch’. An Oriental giant con-
temporary with Seth, to whose service
he was attached. .He needed no weapons,
as he could destroy anything by the mere
force of his arms.

Done Brown 372

Doomsday

Done Brown. He was done brown.
Completely bamboozled or made a fool
of. This is a variety of the many ex-
pressions of a similar meaning con-
nected with cooking, such as ‘I gave
him a roasting,’ “‘I cooked his goose,”
“T cut’ him into mince-meat,’’ **I put
him into a pretty stew,” “I settled his
hash,’’ ‘‘He was dished up,’’ ‘‘ He was
well dressed” ([drubbed], ‘‘He was
served out,” etc, (See COOKING.)

Done For or Regularly done for.
Utterly ruined. This “for” is the
adverb = thoroughly, very common as a
prefix.

Done Up. Thoroughly tired and
wearied out. Up means ended, com-
leted, as the ‘‘game is up” (over,
inished), and adverbially it means
*‘completely,”’ hence te be ‘‘done up”
is to be exhausted completely.

Don’egild (3 syl.). The wicked
mother of Alla, King of Northumber-
land. Hating Cunstance because she
was a Christian, she put her on araft
with her infant soh, and turned her
adrift. When Alla returned from Scot-
land and. discovered this cruelty of his
mother, he put her to death. (Chaucer :
Man of Lawes Tale.)

~ The tradition of St. Mungo re-
sembles the Man of Lawes Tale in many
respects.

Donkey. An ass. It, was made to
rhyme with ‘‘ monkey,” but is never now
so pronounced. The word means a little
tawny or dun-coloured animal.

Donkey. The cross of the donkey’s
back is popularly attributed to the
honour conferred on the beast by our
Lord, who rode on an ass in “His tri-
umphant entry ’’ into Jerusalem on Palm
Sunday. (See CuristIAN TRADITIONS.)

The donkey means one thing and the
‘driver another. Different people see from
different standpoints, their own interest
in every case directing their judgment.
‘The allusion is to a fable in Phedrus,
where a donkey-driver exhorts his don-
key to flee, as the enemy isathand. The
donkey asks if the enemy will load him
with double pack-saddles, ‘No,’ says
the man. ‘‘Then,’’ replies the donkey,
‘what care I whether you are my mas-
ter or someoné else ?’’

To ride the black donkey. To be pig-
headed, obstinate like a donkey. Black
is added, not’ so much to designate the
colour, as to express what is bad.

Two more, and up goes the donkey— _

6, two pennies more, and the donkey

shall be balanced on the top of the pole
or ladder. Itis said to a braggart, and
means—what you have said is wonderful,
but if we admit it without gainsaying
we shall soon be treated with something
still more astounding.

Who ate the donkey 2? When the French
were in their flight trom Spain, after the
battle of Vittoria, some stragglers entered
a village and demanded rations. The
villagers killed a donkey, and served it
to their hated foes. Next day they con-
tinued their flight, and were waylaid by
the villagers, who assaulted them most
murderously, jeering them as they did
so with the shout, ‘‘ Who ate the don-

2 ” if

Who stole the donkey? This was for
many years a jeer against policemen.
When the force was first established a
donkey was stolen, but the police failed
to discover the thief, and this failure
gave rise to the laugh against them.

Who stole the donkey? Answer: ‘‘The
man with the white hat.’? It was said,
in the middle of the nineteenth century,
that white hats were made of the skins
ot donkeys, and that many donkeys
were stolen and sold to hatters.

Donkey Engine (4). Asmall engine
of from two to four horse-power,

Do‘ny. Florimel’s dwarf. (Spenser:
Faérie Queene, book iii, canto 5.)

Don/‘zel (Italian), A squire or young
man of good birth.

“He is esquire to a knight-errant, donzel to the

damsels."—Butter ; Characters,

Doo'lin of Mayence. The hero of a
French romance of chivalry, and the
father of Ogier the Dane.

Doolin’s Sword. Merveilleuse (won-
derful). (See SworpD.) ;

Doom. The crack ofdoom. The signal
for the final judgment.

Doom Book (dom-boc) is the book of
dooms or judgments compiled by King
Alfred. (See DomEspaYy Book.)

Doom-rings, or Circles of Judgment.
An Icelandic term for circles of stones
resembling Stonehenge and Avebury.

Doomsday Sedgwick. William Sedg-
wick, a fanatical prophet and preacher
during the Commonwealth, '@ pre-

tended to have had it revealed to him in —

a vision that doomsday was at hand;
and, going to the house of Sir Francis
Russell, in Cambridgeshire, he called
upon a party of gentlemen playing at
bowls to leave off and prepare for the
approaching dissolution, aya)

Doomstead.

873 Dorigen.

Doomstead. ‘The horse of the Scan-
dinavian Nornes or Fates. (See Horse.)

Door. (Greek, thura; Anglo-Saxon,
dora.) 2

The door must be cither shut or open.
It must be one way or the other. This
is from a French comedy called Le Gron-
deur, where the master scolds his servant
for leaving the door open, The servant
says that he was scolded the last time
for shutting it, and adds: ‘‘Do you
wish it shut ?’’—‘‘No.’’—‘‘ Do you wish
it open? ’—“ No.”’—“ Why,”’ says the
man, ‘‘it must be either shut or open.”

He laid the charge at my door. He
accused me of doing it.

Next door to it. As, if not so, it was
next door to it, t.e. very like it, next-
door neighbour to it.

Sin lieth at the door (Gen.iv.7). The
blame of sin lies at the door of the
wrong-doer, and he must take the con-
sequences.

Door Nail. (See Deap.) Scrooge’s
partner is “‘dead asa door-nail.”’ (Dick-
ens. Christmas Carol, chap. i.)

Door-opener fie) So Cratés, the
Theban. was called, because every morn-
ing he ~ased to go round Athens and
repiike the people for their late rising.

Door-tree (4). The wooden bar of
a door to secure it at night from in-
truders. Also a door-post.

Doors [house]. As, come indoors,

o indoors. So Virgil: ‘‘ Zum foribus

Wwe .. ie) .. resedit.”? (Then Dido
seated herself in the house or temple
of the goddess.) (eid, i. 505.)

Out of doors. Outside the house; in
the open air,

Doorm. An earl called ‘‘the Bull,”
who tried to make Enid his handmaid;
but, when she would neither eat, drink,
nor array herself in bravery at his bid-
ding, “‘he smote her on the cheek ;”’
whereupon her lord and husband, Count
Geraint, starting up, slew the “‘ russet-
bearded earl”? in his own hall. (Zenny-
son: Idylils of the King ; Enid.)

Do'ra. . The first wife of David Cop-
pane) she was a child-wife, but no

elp-meet. She eould do nothing of
practical use, but looked on her husband
with idolatrous love. Tennyson has a
poem entitled Dora,

“Dorado (LZ). (See Ex Dorano.)
._ Do'rax. A Portuguese renegade, in

Dryden’s Don Sebastian—by far the best
of all his characters. - pom

‘of Britain are removed ‘‘and

Der'’cas Society. A society for sup-
Paes the poor with clothing. So called
rom Dorcas, mentioned in Acts ix. 39,

Dor'chester. As big as a Dorchester
butt, Very corpulent, like the butts of
Dorchester, Of Toby Filpot it. is said:
“ His breath-doors of life on a sudden were shut,

And he died full as big as a Dorchester Iutt.”

O'Keefe: Poor Soldier.

Do'ric. The oldest, strongest, and
simplest of the Grecian orders of archi-
tecture. So called from Doris, in Greece,
or the Dorians who employed it. The
Greek Doric is simpler than the Roman
imitation. The former stands on the
pavement without fillet or other orva-
ment, and the flutes are not scalloped.
The Roman column is placed on a plinth,
has fillets, and the flutings, both top and
bottom, are scalloped.

Doric Dialect, The dialect spoken
by the natives of Doris, in Greece, It was
Laie and hard, Hence, any broad dia-

ect.

Doric Land, Greece, Doris being a
part of Greece.
. Through all the bounds
Of Doric land.” yh
Atilton :. Paradise Lost, book |. 619.
Doric Reed. Pastoral poetry. Every-
thing Doric was very plain, but cheerful,
chaste, and solid. The Dorians were the
astoral people of Greece, and their dia-
ect was that of the country rustics.
Our own Bloomfield and Robert Burns
are examples of British Doric.
“The Doric reed once more
Well pleased. J tune.” <
Thomson. Autumn, 3-4,
Dor'icourt, A sort of Tremaine of
the eighteenth century, who, havin
over-refined his taste by the ‘ gran
tour,” considers English beauties ine
sipid. He falls in love with Letitia
Hardy at a masquerade, after feeling
aversion to her in her assumed character
of a hoyden, (Mrs, Cowley. The Belle's
Stratagem.)

Dor'igen. A lady of high family,
who married Arvir'agus out of pity for
his love and meekness, She was greatly
beloved by Aurelius, to whom she had
been long known, Aurelius, during the
absence of Arviragus, tried to win the
heart of the young wife; but Dorigen
made answer that she would never listen
to him till the rocks that beset the coast
there n’is
no stone yseen,’’ Aurelius, by the aid
of a young magician of Orleans, caused
all the rocks to disappear, and claimed
his reward, Dorigen was very sad, but.

Dorimant

374 Douay Bible

her husband insisted that she should keep
her word, and she went to meet Aure-
lius. When Aurelius saw how sad she
was, and heard what Arviragus had
counselled, he said he would rather die
than injure so true a wife and noble a
gentleman. So she returned to her
husband happy and untainted. (See
Dranora.) ( eae : Franklines Tale.)

Dor’imant. Drawn from the Earl

of Rochester ; a witty, aristocratic liber- °

tine, in Etherege’s Man of Mode.

Dorinda, in the verses of the Earl of
Dorset, is Catherine Sedley, Countess of
Dorchester, mistress of James II.

Dormer Window. The window of
an attic stauding out from the slope of
the roof. (O. French, dormeor=a sleep-
ing room formerly fitted with windows
of this kind.)

‘'Thatched were the roofs, with dormer.windows,”
; Longfellow: Evangeline, part i. stanza 1,

Dornock. Stout figured linen for
tablecloths; so called from a town in
Scotland, where it was originally made.

Dorothea (St), represented with a
rose-branch in her hand, a wreath of
roses on her head, and roses with fruit
by her side; sometimes with an angel
carrying a basket with three apples and
three roses, The legend is that Theo-
philus, the judge’s secretary, scoffingly
said to her, as she was going to execu-
tion, ‘‘Send me some fruit and roses,
Dorothea, when you get to Paradise.”
Immediately after her execution, while
Theophilus was at dinner with a party
of companions, a youhg angel brought
to him a basket of apples and roses,
saying, ‘‘ From Dorothea, in Paradise,”’
and vanished. Theophilus, of course,
was a convert from that moment,

Dorset. Once the seat of a British tribe,
calling themselves Duwr-trigs (water-
dwellers). The Romans colonised the
settlement, and Latinised Dwr-trigs into
Duro-trigés. Lastly came the Saxons,
and translated the original words into
their own tongue, dor-setia (water-
dwellers).

_ Dorse'tian Downs, The Downs of
Dorsetshire.

% “ Spread the pure Dorsetian downs

in boundless prospect.” ,

‘ Thomson: Autumn.
Dosith’eans, A religious sect which

sprang up in the first century ; so called
because. they believed that Dosith’eus
had a divine mission superior to that of
prephets and apostles. 7

Do’son, <A promise-maker and a
promise-breaker. Antig’onos, grandson
of Demetrios the besieger, was so called.

Doss. A hassock stuffed with straw;
a bed—properly, a straw bed; whence
the cant word for a lodging-house is
a dossingken, Dossel is an old word for
a bundle of hay or straw, and dosser fora
straw basket. ‘These words were common
in Elizabeth’s reign, The French dossier
means a ‘* bundle.”

Doss-house (4). A cheap lodging-
house where the poorer classes sleep on
bundles of straw. (See above.)

In the New Review (Aug., 1894) there isan article
entitled “In a& Woman's Doss-house,” which
throws mucb light on the condition of the poor
in London.

Dosser, One who sleeps in a low or
cheap hired dormitory. ‘The verb doss
=to sleep.

Do-the-Boys’ Hall. A school where
boys were taken in and done for by a
Mr. Squeers, a puffing, ignorant, over-
bearing brute, who starved them and
taught them nothing. (Dickens: Nicholas
Nickleby.)

2 It is said that Mr. Squeers is a
earicature of Mr. Shaw, a Yorkshire
schoolmaster ; but Mr. Shaw was a kind-
hearted man, and his boys were well fed,
happy, and notill-taught. Like Squeers
he had only one eye, and like Squeers
he had a daughter. It is said that his
school was ruined by Dickens’s carica-

ture.
Dot and go One (A). An infant
inet beginning to toddle; one who

‘imps in walking ; a person who has one

leg longer than the other.

Dotterel or Dottrel. A doting old
fool; an old man easily cajoled. The
bird thus called, a species of plover, is
said to be so fond of imitation that any
one who excites its curiosity by strange
antics may catch it.

To dor the dotterel. Doris an archaic
word meaning to trick or cheat. Whence
the phrase to *‘dor the dotterel’?-means
to cheat the simpleton. a

Dou'ay Bible. The English trans-
lation of the Bible sanctioned by the
Roman Catholic Church. The Old Tes-
tament was published by the English
college at Douay, in France, in 1609;
but the New Testament was published
at Rheims in 1582. The English college
at Douay was founded by Wilham
Allen (afterwards cardinal) in 1568. The
Douay Bible translates such words as.
repentance by the word penance, etc., and

Double

375

Douglas

the whole contains notes by Roman
Catholic divines.
Double (Zo). To pass or sail round,
as ‘‘to double the cape.’? The cape (or
int) is twice between the ship and the
d. (French, doubler; Latin, duo-
plico.)
“ What capes he doubled, and what continent,
The gulfs and straits that strangely he had past.”
Dryden: Ideas, stanza 1.
Double Dealing. Professing one
thing and doing another inconsistent
with that promise.

“(Sbe] was quite aboveall double-dealing. She
bad no mental) reservation.”—Maria Edgeworth.

Double Dutch. Gibberish, jargon,
or a foreign tongue not understood by
the hearer. Dutch is a synonym for
foreign ; and double is simply excessive,
in a twofold degree.

Double-edged Sword. Literally,
a@ sword which cuts either way; meta-
ernapings an argument which makes

th for and against the person employ-
ing it, or which has a double meaning.
“* Your Delphic sword,’ the panther then replied,

“Is double-edged, and cuts on either side.’”
Dryden: Hind and Panther, part ili. 191—2.

Double Entendre (English-French
for Un mot a double entente, or a deux
ententes). Words which secretly express
a rude or coarse covert meaning, gener-
ally of a licentious character. | ‘‘ En-
tendre’’ is the infinitive mood of a verb,
and is never used as a noun,

Double First (4). In the first class
both of the classical and mathematical
final examination in the Oxford Univer-
sity ; or of the classical and mathematical
triposes of the University of Cambridge.

Double-headed Eagle (The). The
German eagle has its head turned to our
left hand, and the Roman eagle to our
right hand. When Charlemagne was
made ‘‘ Kaiser of the Holy Roman Em-
pire,’’ he joined the two heads together,
one looking east and the other west.

Double-tongued. One who makes.

contrary declarations on the same sub-
ject at different times; deceitful.
“ Be grave, not double-tongued.”—1 Tim. iii. 8.

Double up (70). To fold together.

‘To double up the fist”’_is to fold the.

fingers together so as to make the hand
into a fist.

I doubled him up, Istruck him in the
wind, so as to make him double up with
‘hen radia as to leave him ‘all of a
heap.’

Double X. (See XX.)

Double or Quits. The winner stakes
his stake, and the loser promises to pay
twice the stake if he loses again ; but if
he wins the second throw he pays no-
aay neither player loses or wins
anything. This is often done when the
stake is 3d., and the parties have no
copper: if the loser loses again, he pays
6d.; if not, the winner does not clai
his 3d.

Doubles or Double-walkers. Those
aerial duplicates of men or women who
represent them so minutely as to deceive
those who know‘them. We apply the
word to such persons as the Dromio
brothers, the Corsican brothers, and the
brothers Antiph’olus. _ The ‘‘ head centre
Stephens ”’ is said to have had a double,
who was perpetually leading astray those
set to hunt him down.

Doubting Castle. The castle of the
giant Despair, in which Christian and
Hopeful wero incarcerated, but from
which they escaped by means of the ke
called ‘‘ Promise.”? (Bunyan: Pilgrim's
Progress.)

Douceur’. (French.) A gratuity for
service rendered or promised,

Douglas. The tutelary saint of the
house of Douglas is St. Bridget. Ac-
cording to tradition, a Scottish king in
770, whose ranks had been broken by
the fierce onset of the Lord of the Isles,
saw the tide of battle turned in his
favour by an unknown chief. After the
battle the king asked :who was the
“‘Du-glass”’ chieftain, his deliverer, and
received for answer Sholto Du-glass
(Behold the dark-grey man you inquired
for). The king then rewarded him with
the Clydesdale valley for his services.

. Ee him not cross. es chert re, ait the
fad te in his body the Soul of every Douglas that
has lived since the time of the Dark Gray Man.’"—
Scott: The Abbot, chap. xxviii.

Black Douglas, introduced by Sir
Walter Scott in Castle Dangerous, is
James, eighth Lord Douglas, who twice
took Douglas Castle from the English by
stratagem. The first time he partly
burnt it, and the second time he utterly
razed it to the ground. The castle, says
Godscroft, was nicknamed the hazardous
or dangerous, because every one who
attempted to keep it from the ‘‘ gud
schyr James ’’ was in constant jeopardy
by his wiles.

“The Good Sir James, the dreadful blacke

L POUT ins

That in his dayes so wise and worthie was,

Wha here and on the infidels of Spain 2,

Such honour, praise, and triumphs aid obtain.”

; ‘Gordon. ,

Douglas

376 Dovetail

* The person generally called ‘‘ Black
Douglas’? is William Douglas, lord of
Nithsdale, who died in 1390. It was of
this Douglas that Sir W. Scott said—

“The name of this indefatigable chief has be-
come su formidable, that women used, in the
northern counties, to still their froward children
by threatening them with the Black Douglas,”—
History of Scotiund, clrap. xi.

Douglas Tragedy (Zhe). <A ballad
in Scott’s Border Minstrelsy. Lord
William steals away Lady Margaret
Douglas, but is pursued by her father
and two brothers. Being overtaken, a
fight ensues, in which the father and his
two sons are sore wounded. Lord Wil-
liam, wounded, creeps to his mother’s
house, and there dies; the lady before
sunrise next morning dies also.

Douse the Glim. Put out the
light ; also knock out a man’seye. To
douse is to lower in haste, as ‘‘Douse
the top-sail’? Glim, gleam, glimmer, are
variants of the same word,
> “*And so you would turn honest, Captain Goffe,
agrazing, would ye,’ said an old weather-beaten
pirate who had but one eye; ‘what though he
.... made my eye dowse the glim.... he isan
honest man’... ."—The Pirate, chap. Xxxiii,

Dousterswivel. A German swind-
ler, who obtains money under the promise
of finding buried wealth by a divining-
rod, (Scott: Antiquary.)

Dout. A contraction of do-out, as
don is of do-on, doff of do-off, and dup of
do-up.

In Devonshire and other southern
counties they still say Dout the candle
and Dout the fire. In some counties ex-
tinguishers are called dowters,,

. “The dram of base
Doth all the noble substance dout.”
Shakespeare: Hamlet, i. 4.

’ Dove—i.e. the diver-bird; perhaps so
called from its habit of ducking the
head. So also coluwmba (the Latin for
dove) is the Greek olwbis (a diver).

Dove (The). The dove, in Christian
art, symbolises the Holy Ghost. In |
church windows the seven rays proceed- |
ing from the dove signify the seven gifts
of the Holy Ghost. It also symbolises
the human soul, and as such is repre-
sented coming out of the mouth of saints
at death,

A dove with six wings is emblematic
of the Church ofChrist.

The seven gifts of the Holy Ghost are: (1)

counsel, (2) the fear of the Lord, (3) fortitude, (4)
iety, (5) understanding, (6) wisdom, and (7)
howledge,

Doves or pigeons not eaten as food in
Russia. (See CuRist1an TRADITIONS.)

Doves or pigeons. The clergy of the
Ghurch of England are allegorised.|

under this term in Dryden’s Hind and
Panther, part iii. 947, 998-1002,
“A sort of doves were housed too near the
all... (ie. the private chapel at Whitehall)
Our pampered pigeons, with malignant eyes, :
Beeld qbeEe inmates “—[the Roman Catholic
clergy]. A
Tho’ hard their fare, at evening and at morn,
A cruse of water and an ear of corn,
Yet still they grudged that modicum.”

Soiled doves. Women of the demi-
monde,

Doves’ Dung. In 2 Kings vi. 25,
during the siege of Samaria, ‘‘there was
a, great famine... .,. @n@r. sean
ass’s head was sold for fourscore pieces
of silver, and the fourth part of a cab of
dove’s dung [hariyonim] for five pieces
of silver.””? This ‘‘hariyonim”’ was a
plant called chickpea, a common article
of food still sold to pilgrims on their
way to Mecca.

“Tn Damascus there are many tradesinen whose
sole occupation is preparing [hariyonim] for sale.
They have always been esteemed as. provision
meet for a lengthy journey, and are a necessary
part of the outfit of all who travel in the remote
vate of Syria and Asia Minor.”—Bible Flowers,

Dover (4). A réchaufié oryooked
food done over again, In the profes-
sional slang of English cooks a resurrec-
tion dish is still called a dover (do over
again),

Dover. JW hen Dover and Calais meet
—i.e. never.

A jack of Dover. A ‘*jack” is a
small drinking vessel made of waxed
leather, and a “jack of Dover’’ is a
bottle of wine made up of fragments of
opened bottles. It is customary to pour
the refuse into a bottle, cork it up, and
sell it as a fresh bottle. This is called
dovering, a corruption of do-over, be-
cause the cork is done over with wax or
resin.

“Many a jack of Dover hast thou sold,” .
Chaucer :. Coke’s Prologue;

‘Dovers (Stock Exchange term). The
South-Eastern, railway shares, The
line runs to Dover. (See CARAS;
Stock ExcHaNncE SLANG.)

Dovercot or Dovercourt, A. con-
fused gabble; a Babel. According to.
legend, Dover Court church, in Essex,
once possessed a cross that spoke; and
Foxe says the crowd to the church was
so great “that no man could shut the
door.”? The confusion of this daily
throng gave rise, to the term. fe

“ And now the rood.of Dovercot did speals

Confirming his opinions to he true”
‘ Collier of Croydon,

Dovetail. Metaphorically, to fit on

or fit in nicely ; to correspond,” It is a

ae

|

‘Dowgate Ward

377

Doyleys

word in carpentry, and means the fitting
one board into another by a tenon in
the shape of a dove’s tail, or wedge re-
versed.

Dowgate Ward (London). Some
derive it from Dow (water), it being
next to the Thames, at the foot of the
hill; others say it is ‘‘ Down-gate,”’
the gate of the down, dune, or hill, as
ae berg Downs (hills), South-downs,
etc.

Dowlas (Mr.). A generic name for
a linendraper, who sells dowlas, a coarse
linen cloth, so called from Doulens in
Picardy, where it is manufactured.

Dowling (Captain), A character in
Crabbe’s Borough; a great drunkard,
who died in his cups.

“*Come, fill my glass.’ He took it and he went”

(i.e. died) Letter xvi.

Down. Heis quite down in the-mouth.
Out of spirits; disheartened, When
persons are very sad and low-spirited,
the corners of the mouth are drawn
down. ‘‘Down in the jib’ is a nau-~
tical phrase of the same meaning.

Down in the Dumps, Low-spirited.

Down on Him (To be), I was down
on him in a minute. I pounced on him
directly; I. detected his trick imme-
diately. Also to treat harshly. The
allusion is to birds of prey.

Down on his Luck. In ill-luck. -

““*T guess, stranger, you'll find me an ex-presi-
dent down on his luck.’ "—A, Egmont Hake: Paris
Originals (Professors of Languages).

Down to the Ground. That suits
me down to the ground, Bnutirely.

Down-<hearted. Without spirit;
the heart prostrated.

Down Town. J am going down town,
t.e. to the business part of the town.

Down the country properly means
down the slope of the land, or as the
rivers run.

% We say ‘+I am going up to town”

when we mean out of the country into

the chief city.

- Down-trod. Despised, as one trod: |’ or blow on the face.

den under foot. :
; “Twilllift -

The down-trod Mortimer as high i’ the air
om GSS Sipnakespenrs 1 Henry TV., 1. 3,
] 1 {A. A heavy shower of
rain; a loss of social position.
Downing Professor. The Pro-
fessor of the Laws of England in the
University of Cambridge, This chair

was founded in 1800 by Sir George
Downing, Bart.

Downing Street (London). Named
after Sir George Downing, who died
a He was elected M.P. for Morpeth
in 1661.

Downpour (:4). <A very heavy
shower of rain. ‘‘A regular down-
pour.”

Downright. Thoroughly, as ‘‘dowu-
right honest,” ‘* downright mad’? ; out-
spoken ; utéer, as a ‘‘ downright shame.”’
The word means from top to bottom,

_ throughout.

Downright Dunstable. Very blunt,
plain speaking. The present town of
Dunstable is at the foot of the Chiltern
Hills, in Bedfordshire. There was some-
where about the same site a Romar
station called Magionium or Magintum,
utterly destroyed by the Danes, and
afterwards overgrown by trees. Henry I.
founded the present town, and built
there a palace and priory,

“Jf this is not. plain speaking, there is no such
place as downright Dunstable."—Sir W. Scott:
Redgwuntlet, chap. xvii,

Downstairs. Stairs leading from a
higher to a lower floor; on the lowest
floor, as ‘‘I am downstairs.”

Downy (The). Bed. Gone to the
downy, gone to bed. Bed being stuffed
with down.

Downy Cove (4). A knowing fel-
low, up to every dodge. On the ‘‘lucus
anon lucendo’’ principle, contraries are
often substituted in slang and facetious
phrases, (See Lucus 4 Non LUCENDO.)

Dow’sabell. Daughter of Cassamen,
a knight of Arden, who fell in love with
a shepherd. The two make love with
Arcadian simplicity, and vow eternal
fidelity. ;

“With that she bent her snow-white knee,
Down by the shepherd kneeléd she,

And bim she sweetly kist. ‘
‘With that the shepherd whooped for joy
Quoth he, ‘There's never shepherd boy

That ever was so blist.’”

Drayton: Dowsabell (a ballad),

Dowse on the Chops (4). A ding
‘*A dowse on the
blubber-chops of my friend the baronet’
means a setting down, a snubbing.

Doxy. <A baby; a plaything; a

amour. In the, West of England
ites are called doxies.

Doyleys. Now means a sniall cloth
used to cover dessert plates; but origin-
ally it had a much wider meaning. Thus
Dryden speaks of ‘‘ doyley petticoats ;”’

Dozen

878

Dragon

and Steele, in No. 102 of the Tatler,
speaks of his ‘‘doiley suit.” The
Doyleys were linen-drapers, No. 346,
east corner of Upper Wellington Street,
Strand, from the time of Queen Anne
to the year 1850.

Dozen. (See BAKER’s DOZEN.)

D. P. or Dom. Proc. The House of
Lords. (Latin, Domus Procérum.)

Drac. A sort of fairy in human
form, whose abode is the caverns of
rivers. Sometimes these dracs will float
like golden cups along a stream to entice
women and children bathing, and when
they attempt to catch the prize drag

them under water. (South of France

mythology.)
Fare le _drac, same as ‘‘Faire le
diable.’? Irish, ‘‘ Play the Puck;”’

English, ‘‘ Play the deuce.”’
“ Belomen qu’ yeu faré fo Drac
Se jamay trehi dins un sac
Cine 6 siés milante pistoios
Kspessos como de redolos.”
é Goudetin: Castle en Ayre.
Dra‘chenfels (Dragon-rocks). So
called from the legendary dragon killed
there by Siegfried, the hero of the Nibe-
lungen-Lied,
“The castled crag of Drachenfels . 7
Frowns o’er the wide and winding Rhine,
Whose breast of waters broadly swells
Between the banks which hear the vine.”
Byron: Childe Hurold, iii. 55.
Draco’nian Code. One very severe.
Draco was an Athenian law-maker. As
every violation of @ law was made in
this code a capital offence, Dema‘dés the
orator said ‘that Draco’s code was
written in human blood.”’

Draft. The Druids borrowed money
on promises of repayment after death
(Patricius). Purchas tells us of some
priests of Pekin, who barter with the
people in bills of exchange, to be paid
in heaven a hundredfold.

Draft on Aldgate (4), or A draft on
Aldgate punp. A worthless note of
hand; a fraudulent draft or money
order. The pun is between draft or

draught of drink, and draft a money

order on a bank.

Drag in, Neck and Crop, or To drag
in, head and shoulders. To introduce a
subject or remark abruptly. (See A
PxRoPos DE BOTTES.)

Draggie-tail. A slut; a woman
who allows her petticoats to trail in the
dirt. The word should be ‘ daggle-
tail’’ (¢.v:), from the Scotch dag (dew on
the grass), le (wet with the grass-
dew), like the Latin collu’tulo irro'rg,

|

_Drag’oman (plural, Dragomans). A
ciceroné; a guide or interpreter. to
foreigners. (Arabic ¢arguman, an inter-
preter; whence argh

“ My dragoman had me completely in his power,
and T resolved to become independent of all in-
terpreters.’—Baker ; Albert Nyanza, chap. i. p. 3.

Dragon. The Greek word drakén
comes from a verb meaning ‘‘ to see,’’ to
“look at,” and more remotely ‘to

_Watch’’ and ‘‘ to flash.’

The animal called a dragon is a winged
crocodile with a serpent’s tail; whence
the words serpent and dragon are some-
times interchangeable,

From the meaning @ watcher we get
the notion of one that watehes; and
from the meaning ‘‘ to flash,’’ we connect
the word with meteors, dt
“Swift, swift, ye dragons of tho night !—that

dawnin

May bare the raven's eye.”

; Shakespeare: Cymbeline, ii. 2.

Dragon. This word is used by eccle-
siastics of the Middle Ages as the symbol
of sin in poner and paganism in par-
ticular. The metaphor is derived from
Rey. xii. 9, where Satan is termed ‘the
great dragon.’’ In Ps, xci. 13 it is said
that the saints ‘‘ shall trample the dragon
under their feet.’’ In the story of the
Fall, Satan appeared to Eve in the
semblance of a serpent, and the promise
was made that in the fulness of time
the seed of the woman should bruise the
serpent’s head.

Another source of dragon legends is
the Celtic use of the word for “a chief.”
Hence pen-dragon (summus rex), a sort
of dictator, created in times of danger.
Those knights who slew a chief in battle
slew a dragon, and the military title
soon got confounded with the fabulous
monster. Dragon, meaning ‘“quick-
sighted,’’ is a very suitable word for a
general.

Some great inundations have also been
termed serpents or dragons. Hence
Apollo (the sun) is said to have -des-
troyed the serpent wet (i.e. dried up
the overflow). Similarly, St. Roma‘nus
delivered the cy of Rates from ‘a

ragon, named Gargouille (waterspout
ore tived ie the Veer Senet ee

From the-idea of watching, we have a
dragon placed in the garden of the
Hesperidés ; and a duenna is poetically
called a dragon: a
“In England the garden of heanty iskept

By a dragon of prudery placed within call ;
But so oft the unamiable dragon hath slept,
‘hat, thd | sardqnis but. carelessly watched

. Moore : Tri. tes, No, 2 ("* z

trou this worldy ctoyy coe MAY OMe

Dragon

379

Dragon's Teeth

» A spiteful, violent,
woman is called a dragoness.

The blind dragon, the third party who
plays propriety in flirtations.

“This state of affairs was hailed with undis-
guised thankfulness by the rector, whose feeling
for barmony had been rudely jarred by the
necessity of his acting tbe blind dragon.”—J. O.

obbes : Some Emotions and a Moral, chap. iv.

Dragon in Christian art symbolises
Satan or sin. In the pictures of St.
Michael and St. Margaret it typifies
their conquest over sin. Similarly,
when represented at the feet. of Christ
and the Virgin Mary. The conquest of
St. George and St. Silvester over a
dragon means their triumph over pagan-
ism. In the pictures of St. Martha it
means the inundation of the Rhone,
spreading pestilence and death; simi-
larly, St. Romanus delivered Rouen
from the inundation of the Seine, and
Apollo’s conquest of the python means
the same thing. St.John the Evangelist

tyrannical

“is sometimes represented holding a

chalice, from which a winged dragon is
issuing,

Ladies guarded by dragons. The walls
of feudal castles ran winding round the
building, and the ladies were kept in the
securest part. As adventurers had to
scale the walls to gain access to the
ladies, the authors of romance said they
overcame the serpent-like defence, or
the dragon that guarded them. Some-
times there were two walls, and then
the bold invader overcame two dragons
in his attempt to lberate the captive
damsel. (See ENCHANTED CASTLES.)

A flying dragon, A meteor.

The Chinese dragon. In China, the
drawing of a five-clawed dragon is not
only introduced into pictures, but is also
embroidered on state dresses and royal
robes. This representation is regarded
as an amulet.

The Green Dragon, A public-house
sign in compliment to St. George.

The Red Dragon, A public-house
sign in compliment to Henry VII., who
adopted this device for his standard at
Bosworth Field. It was the ensign of
Cadwallader, the last of the British
kings, from whom the Tudors descended.

Dragon Slayers,

(1) St. Philip the Apostle is said to
have destroyed a huge dragon,at Hiera-
polis, in P. i

it gla. ‘
(2) St... ha killed the terrible
dragon called Tarasque at Aix (la
Chapel! :

ile); 07
_ (8) St. Florent killed a dragon which
Sinuted ee

the Loire.

(4) St. Cado, St. Maudet, and St.
Paul did similar feats in Brittany.

(5) St. Keyne of Cornwall slew a
dragon.

(6) St. Michael, St. George, St. Mar-
garet, Pope Sylvester, St. Samson (Arch-
bishop of Dol), Don’atus (fourth cen-
tury), St. Clement of Metz, and many
others, killed dragons,

(7) St. Romain of Rouen destroyed the
huge dragon called La Gargouille, which
ravaged the Seine.

Dragon of Wantley (i.c. Warncliff,
in Yorkshire). A monster slain by
More, of More Hall, who procured a suit
of armour studded with spikes; and, pro-
ceeding to the well where the dragon had
his lair, kicked it in the mouth, where
alone it was vulnerable. Dr. Percy says
this dragon was an overgrown, rascally
attorney, who cheated some children of
their estate, but was made to disgorge
by a gentleman named More, who went
against him, ‘‘armed with the spikes
ot the law,” after which the dragon
attorney died of vexation. (Heligues.)

Dragon’s Hill (Berkshire) is where
the legend says St. George killed the
dragon. <A bare place is shown on the
hill, where nothing will grow, and there
the blood of the dragon ran out.

In Saxon annals we are told that
Cedric, founder of the West Saxon
kingdom, slew there Naud, the pen-
dragon, with 5,000 men. This Naud is
called Natan-leod, a corruption of Naud-
an ludh (Naud, the people’s refuge).

Dragon’s Teeth. Subjects of civil
strife; whatever rouses citizens to rise
inarms. The allusion is to the dragon
that guarded the well of A’rés. Cadmus
slew it, and sowed some of the teeth,
from which sprang up the men called
Spartans, who all killed each other
except five, who were the ancestors of
the Thebans, Those teeth which Cadmus
did not sow came to the possession of
Aée'tés, King of Colchis ; aud one of the
tasks he enjoined Jason was to sow these
teeth and slay the armed warriors that
rose therefrom.

“Citizens ae from the soil, richly sown with
dragon’s teeth, for the rights of their several
states,”"—The Times.

To sow dragons’ teeth. To foment
contentions; to stir up strife or war.
The reference is to the classical story of
Jason or that of Cadmus, both of whom
sowed the teeth of a dragon which he
had slain, and from these teeth spr:
up armies of fighting men, who attack
each other in fierce fight. Of course,

Dragonades

880 Drawback

the figure means that quarrels often
arise out of a contention supposed to
have been allayed (or slain). The
Philistines sowed dragons’ teeth when
they took Samson, bound him, and put
out his eyes. The ancient Britons sowed
dragons’ teeth when they massacred the
Danes on St. Bryce’s Day.

Drag’onades (3 syl.). A series of
religious persecutions by Louis XIV.,
which drove many thousand Protestants
out of France. Their object was to
root out ‘“‘heresy ;’’ and a bishop, with
certain ecclesiastics, was sent to see if
the heretics would recant; if not, they
were left to the tender mercies of the
dragoons who followed these ‘‘ ministers
of peace and goodwill to man.”

“France was drifting toward the fatal atrocities
of the dragonade.”—F. Parkman: The Old Régime,
chap. ix. p, 167,

Dragoons. So called because they
used to be armed with dragons, i.e. short
muskets, which spouted out fire like the
fabulous beast so named. The head of
a dragon was wrought on the muzzle of
these muskets.

Drake means the “ duck-king.”” The
old English word end means a duck, and
end-rie becomes ’dric, drake. Similarly
the German tauber-rich is a male dove,
and ganse-7ich, a male goose, or gander.

Drama. Father of the French drama.
Etienne Jodelle (1532-1578). ©
_ Father of the Greek drama. Thespis
(sixth century B.C.)

Father of the Spanish drama.
de Ve'ga (1562-1635).

Drama of Exile (4). A-poem by
Elizabeth Barret Browning (1844). The
exile is Eve, driven out of Paradise into
the wilderness. Lucifer, Gabriel, and
Christ are introduced into the poem, as
well as Adam and Eve.

Dramatic Unities (The three). One
catastrophe, one locality, one day. ‘These
are Aristotle’s rules for tragedy, and the
French plays strictly follow them.

The French have added a fourth, one style.
Hence comedy must not be mixed with tragedy.
Addison's Cato.is a good example. Unity of style
is called the Unity of Uniformity, Shakespeare
disregards all these canons.

Dramatis Perso’ng. The ‘charac-
ters of a drama, novel, or actual trans-
action,

“The dramatis persome were nobles, country
gentlemen, justices of the quorum, and custo‘des
rotulo’rum [keepers of the rolls]."—The Times.

Drap. One of Queen Mab’s maids of
honour. (Drayton.)

Lopé

Dra'pier’s Letters. A series: of
letters written by Dean Swift to the peo-
ple of Ireland, advising them not to take
the copper money coined by William
Wood, by patent granted by George I.
These letters crushed the infamous job,.
and the patent was cancelled.

Dean Swift signed himself M. B. Dra-
pier in these letters,

Drat ’em! A variant of Od rot’em!
The first word is a minced form of the
word God, as in ‘“‘Od’s blood!” ‘*Od
zounds! ’’== God’s wounds, ‘‘ Od’s bodi-
kins,’’ etc, (See On’s.) A correspondent
in Notes and Queries suggests tay)
God out-root them !* but we have the
words drattle and throttle (to choke)
which would better account for the ¢and
the 0, and which are also imprecations.

Draught of Thor (Zhe). The ebb
of the sea. When Asa Thor visited
Jétunheim he was set to drain a bowl of
liquor. He took three draughts, but
only succeeded in slightly reducing the
quantity. On leaving Jotunheim, the

king, Giant Skrymir, told him he néed not

be ashamed of. himself, and showed him
the sea at low ebb, saying that he

drunk all the rest in his thre =..5."s
We are told it was a quarter. of a mile

. of sea-water that he drank.
Draupnir, Odin’s ic ring, from
which every ninth night dropped eight

rings equal in size and beauty to itse

Draw.

To draw amiss. To follow scent in
the wrong direction, Fox-hunting term,
where to draw means to follow scent.

To draw a furrow. To plough or draw
a plough through a field so as to make
a furrow.

To draw a pevson out, To entice a
person to speak on any subject, often
with the intention of ridiculing his utter-
ances,

Draw it Mild (Zo). We talk of

| remarks being highly flavoured, of strong

language, of piquant remarks, of spicy
words ape that to “draw it mild” refers
to liquor; let it be mild; not too highly-
flavoured, not too spicy and strong.

Draw the Long Bow (70). To
exaggerate. Some wonderful tales are
told of Robin Hood and other foresters
practised in the long bow. (See Bow.)

Drawback. Something to set against
the profits or advantages of a concern.
Tn commerce, it is duty charged on goods

Drawcansir 88t

Drinke and Welcome

paid back again when the goods are
exported.

“ {tis only on goods into which dutiable com- :

modities have entered in large proportion and
obvious ways that drawbacks are allowed.”"—H.
George: Protection or Free Trade? chap ix. p. 92

Draw'cansir. <A burlesque tyrant
in The Rehearsal, by G. Villiers, Duke
of Buckingham (1672). He kills every
one, ‘sparing neither friend nor foe.”
The name stands for a blustering brag-
gart, and the farce is said to have been
a satire on Dryden’s inflated tragedies.
(See Bayes, BoBanit.)

eu frights his mistress, snubs up kings,
bafilcs armies, and does what he will, without
ftegard to numbers, good sense, or justice."—
Bayes: The Rehearsal, ‘

Drawing-room, A room to which
ladies withdraw or retire after dinner.
Also a levée where ladies are presented
to the sovereign,

Drawing the Cork. Giving onea
bloody nose. (See CLARET.)

Drawing the King’s (or Queen’s)
Picture. Coining false money.

Drawing the Nail, i.e. absolving
oneself of a vow. In Cheshire, two or
more persons would agree to do some-
thing, or to abstain from something, say
drinking beer; and they would go into
a wood, and register their vow by driving
a nail into a tree, swearing to keep their
vow as long as that nail remained in the
tree, If they repented of their vow,
some or all of the party went and drew
out the nail, whereupon the vow was
cancelled.

Drawlatches. Thieves, robbers,
wasters, and roberdsmen (5 Edward III.
c. 14). About equal f door-openers
and shop-lifters,

Drawn. Hanged, drawn, and quar-
tered, or Drawn, hanged, and quartered.
The question turns on the meaning of
drawn. ‘The evidence seems to be that
traitors were drawn to the place of
execution, then ,hanged, then “ drawn ”’
or disembowelled, and then quartered.
Thus the sentence on Sir William Wal-
lace was that he should be drawn (detra-
hatur) from the Palace of Westminster
to the Tower, etc., then hanged (suspen-
datur), then disembowelled or drawn
(devaletur), then beheaded and quar-
tered (decolletur et decapitetur), (See
Notes and Querics, August 15th, 1891.)

@ If by “drawn” is meant conveyed
to the place of execution, the phrase
should be “ Drawn, hanged, and quar-
tered; "’ but if the word is used as a

synonym of disembowelled, the phrase

should be ‘‘ Hanged, drawn, and quar-
tered.”’ ;

“ Lord Ellenborough used to say to those con-
demned, * You are drawn on hurdles to the place
of execution, where you are to be hanged, but not
till you are dead; for, while still living, your
body is to be taken down, your bowels torn out
and burnt before your face; your bead is then
cut off, and your body divided into four quarters.”
—Gentleman’s Mayazine, 1803, part i. pp. 177, 275.

Drawn Battle. A battle in which
the troops on both sides are drawn off,

neither combatants claiming the victory.

Dreadnought. The Seaman’s Hos-
pital Society ; a floating hospital.

Dream Authorship. It is said that
Coleridge wrote his Kubla Khan, a poem,
in a dream.

Coleridge may have dreamt these lines,
but without doubt Purchas’s Pilgrimage
haunted his dreams, for the resemblance
is indubitable.

Dream’er. Zhe Immortal Dreamer.
John Bunyan (1628-1688).

Dreng. A servant boy, similar to
the French gargon and Latin puer. A
Danish wotll which occurs in Domes-
day Book.

Dress your Jacket (or hide). J’/I
dress your jacket for you. Dll give you
a beating. J’U give you a dressing, or a
good dressing. To dress a horse is to
curry it, rub it, and comb it. To dress
ore is to break it up, crush it, and pow-
der it inthe stamping mill. -The original
idea of dressing is preserved, but the
method employed in dressing horses, ore,
ete., is the prevailing idea in the phrases
referred to,

Dresser. A kitchen dresser, the
French dressoir, a sideboard, verb dres-

ser, to raise, set up.

“The pewter pore on the dresser,”
ongfellow : Evangeline, 1.2.
Drink. Anacharsis said: ‘‘ The first
cup for thirst, the second for pleasure,
the third for intemperance, and the rest
for madness.”’

Drink Deep. Drink a deep draught.
The allusion is to the peg tankards.
Those who drank deep, drank to the
lower pegs. (See PEG.)

“‘ We'll teach you to drink deep ere you depart.”
—Shakespeare: Hamlet, i. 2.

»Drinke and Welcome. One of the
numerous publications of John Taylor,
the Water Poet (1637). The subject is
thus set forth, ‘‘ The famous Historie of
the most parts of Drinks in use now in
the Kingdomes of G. Britaine and Ire-
land; with an especiall declaration of,

Drink

882

Drivelling

the potency, vertue, and operation of
our English Ale. With a description of
all sorts of Waters, from the Ocean-sea
to the Teares of a Woman. As also the
causes of all sorts of weather, faire or
foule, sleet, raine, haile, frost, snow,
fogges, mists, vapours, clouds, stormes,
windes, thunder, and lightning. Com-
piled first in High Dutch Tongue by the
painefull and industrious Huldricke van
Speagle, a grammatical brewer of
Lubeck, and now most learnedly en-
larged, amplified, and translated into
English verse and prose, by John Taylor,
the Water Poet.”

Drink like a Fish (70). To drink
abundantly. Many fish swim with their
mouths open.

Drinking Healths was a Roman
custom. Thus, in Plautus, we read of a
man drinking to his mistress with these
words: ‘‘ Bene wos, bene nos, bene te, bene
me, bene nostrum etiam Stepha'nium’’
(Here’s to you, here’s to us ail, here’s
to thee, here’s to me, here's to our dear
——). (Stich. v. 4.) Persius (v. 1, 20)
has a similar verse ‘‘ Bene mihi; bene
vobis, bene ami'ce nostre’’? (Here’s to
myself, here’s to you, and here’s to I
shan’t say who). Martial, Ovid, Horace,
ete., refer to the same custom.

The ancient Greeks drank healths.
Thus, when Theraménés was condemned
by the Thirty Tyrants to dvink hemlock,
he said: ‘* Hoe pulero Critie’’—the man
who condemned him to death.

The ancient Saxons followed the same
habit, and Geoffrey of Monmouth says
that Hengist invited King Vortigern to
a banquet to see his new levies. After
the meats were removed, Rowe’na, the
beautiful daughter of Hengist, entered
with a golden cup full of wine, and,
making obeisance, said, ‘‘ Lauerd kining,
wacht heil’’? (Lord King, your health).
The king then drank and replied, ‘* Drinc
heil”? (Here’s to you). (Goafrey of
Monmouth, book vi. 12.) Robert de
Brunue refers to this custom :

When they are at the ale or fest:

Ilk man that Jevis gware him drink

Salle say ‘ Wosseillé" to him drink ,

He thar biddis sal] say ‘ Wassaile,’

The tother salle say again ‘ Drinkaille.’

That says ‘ Woisseille’ drinks of the cup,

Kiss and his felaw he gives it up.”

sa Robert de Brumne.
7 In drinking healths we hold our

hands up towards the person toasted
and say,.‘‘Your health... "” The
Greeks handed the cup to the person.
toasted and said, “‘This to thee,”’ “ Gract
in epilis poctilum alicut tradituri, eum

i
“ This is ther custom and hev gest

nominare solent.”? Our holding out the
wine-glass is a relic of this Greek
custom.

Drinking Song. The oldest in the
language is in the second act of Gammer
Gurton’s Needle, by John Still, called
The Jolly Bishop. Tt begins:

“ T cannot eat but little meat,
My stomach is not good.”
Drinking at Freeman’s Quay,
that is, drinking gratis. At one time, all

orters and carmen calling at Freeman’s
Gay, near London Bridge, had a pot of
beer given them gratis.

Drive. (Anglo-Saxon drif-an.)

To drwe a good bargan. To exact more
than is quite equable. ;
“Heaven would no bargain for its blessings

drive.” Dryden: Astrea Redux, i 137.

To drive a roaring trade. To be doing
a brisk business. The allusion is to
a coachman who drives so fast that his

_ horses pant and roar for breath.

To drive the swine through the hank:
of yarn. To spoil what has been pain-
fully done, to squander thrift. In
Scotland, the yarn wrought in the winter
Gea the gude-wife’s thrift) is laid
down by the burn-side to bleach, and
is peculiarly exposed to damage from
passing animals. Sometimes a herd of
pigs driven along the road will run over
the hanks, and sometimes they will stray
over them from some neighbouring farm-
yard and do a vast amount of-harm.

Drive at (To). What are you driving
at 2 What do you want to prove? What
do you want me to infer? We say the

2.6

“wind drove against the. sails,’

rushed or moved violently against them.
Falstaff tells us of ‘‘four rogues in
buckram [who] let drive at him,” where
at means against or towards. ‘* What
are you driving at?” is, against or to-
wards what object are you driving or
moving ?
Drive Off To defer, to procrasti-

nate. The idea is, running away or
drawing off from something that.ought
to be done, with the promise of coming

to it at a future time.

Driveller. An idiot, an imbecile,
whose saliva drivels out of his mouth.
“ And Swift expires a driveller and a show.”

Drivelling Dotage. In weak old.
age saliva drops unconsciously from the
mouth. ‘ pei

“This exhibition of drivelling dotage was at _
tended with many other incoherent expressions.” —
—J. P. Kennedy The Swallow Barn, chap. xvii, —

P. st ifs tO anger

1 ‘wees 4S

Driver of Hurope

383 Drowned

Driver of Europe*(Ze Cocher de
? Europe). So the Empress of Russia
used to call the Duc de Choiseul, minis-
ter of Louis XY., because he had spies
all over Europe, and thus ruled its
political cabals.

Drivers, in the Irish uprising about
1843, were persons engaged by land-
lords to drive all the live stock of de-
faulting tenants and lodge them in a

ound {like that at Carrickmacross].

hey were resisted by the Molly Ma-
guires.

Drives fat Oxen (Who). Brook, in
his Gustavus Vasa, says: ‘‘Who rules
o’er freemen should himself be free,”
which Dr.Johnson parodied thus: ‘* Who
drives fat oxen should himself be fat.”
(Boswell’s Life, year 1784.)

Driving for Rent, in Ireland, was a
summary way of recovering rent by
driving cattle to a pound, and keeping
them till the rent was paid, or selling
them by auction.

“It was determined that I and the bailiffs
should go out in a body and‘ drive for rent.’ "—
Trench; Realities of Irish Life, chap. v.

Driving Pigs. He is driving pigs,
or driving pigs to market—i.e. snoring
like pigs, whose grunt resembles the
snore of a sleeper.

Droit d’Aubaine. In France the
king. was entitled, at the death of
foreign residents (except Swiss and
Scots), to all their movable estates; the
law was only abolished in 1819. Aw-
bain means ‘‘ alien,” and droit d’aubaine
the ‘‘ right over an alien’s property.”’

“Had 1 died that night of an indigestion, the
whole world could not have suspended the effects
of the droits d’aubaine: my shirts and black pair
of breeches, portmanteau and all, must have gone
to the king of France.”—Sterne : Sentimental Jour-

ney (Introduction).
Drole. ‘ C’est un drole,” or “ C'est

un adrile d@homme’’ (he is a rum cus-
tomer). ‘* Un joyeux drole’? means a
boon companion. ‘“‘ Une drile de chose”
means a queer thing; something one
can make neither head nor tail of.

' Dro'mio. The brothers Dromio. Two
brothers exactly alike, who serve two
brothers exactly alike, and the mistakes
of masters and men form the fun of
Shak
on the Menech'mi of Plautus.

Drone (1 syl.)._ The largest tube of
a bagpipe; so called because it sounds
only one continuous ‘note. (German,
drohne, verb, dohmen, to groan or drone.)

_..Adrme. An idle person who lives on
_ the means of another, as drones on the

eare’s rie ed Errors, based’

honey collected by bees; a sluggard.
(Anglo-Saxon dren, a male bee.)

Drop. To take adrop. A eupnemism
for taking what the drinker chooses to
call by that term. It may be oop
from a sip to a Dutchman’s draught.

A drop of the cratur. creat
means a drink of whisky, or “‘creature-
comfort.”’

To take a drop too much. To be ins
toxicated. If it is the ‘‘last feather which

Drop (Zo). Zo drop an acquaintance
is quietly to cease visiting and inviting
an acquaintance. The opposite of pick-
ing up or taking up an acquaintance.

Drop in (Zo). To make a casual
call, not invited; to pay an informal
visit. The allusion is to fruit and-other
things falling down suddenly, unex-
pectedly, or accidentally. It is the in-
transitive verb, not the transitive, which,
means to ‘let fall.’’ “aod er

Drop off (Zo). ‘‘ Friends drop off,”’
fall away gradually. ‘‘To drop off to
sleep,”? to fall asleep (especially in
weariness or sicknéss). i

Drop Serene (gutta sere'na). An
old name for amauro’sis, It was at one
time theygnt that a transparent, watery
humour, distilling on the optic nerve,
would produce blindness without chang-
ing the appearance of the eye.

“So thick a ‘drop serene’ hath quenched these
orbs.” Milton: Paradise Lost, iii. 25.

Drown the Miller (Zo). To put
too much water into grog or tea. The
idea is that the supply of water is so
great that even the miller, who uses a
water wheel, is drowned with it,

Drowned Rat. As wet as a drowned
rat—t.e, soaking wet. Drowned rats
certainly look deplorably wet, but so
also do drowned mice, drowned cats, and.
drowned dogs, etc.

Drowned in a Butt of Malmsey.
George, Duke of Clarence, being allowed
to choose by what death he would die,
chose drowning in malmsey wine (1477).
Sce the continuation of Monstrelet, 196;
Fulgosus, ix. 12; Martin du Bellais’s
Memoirs (year 1514).

Admitting this legend to be an his-
toric fact, it is not unique: Michael
Harslob, of Berlin, wished to meet
death in a similar way in 1671, if we

Drowning Men

384

Drunkenness

‘may credit the inscription on his
tomb :—
“Jn cyatho vini pleno cum musca periret,
Sic, ait Oeneus, sponte perire velim.” *
“ When ina cup of wine a fly was drowned,
So, said Vinarius, may my days be crowned.”
Drowning Men. Drowning men
catch at straws. Persons in desperate
circumstances cling in hope to trifles
molly. inadequate to rescue or even help
them.

Drows or Zrows. <A sort of fairy
race, residing in hills and caverns. They
are curious artificers in iron and precious
metals, (Zetland swperstition.)

“T hung about thy neck that gifted chain,
whicb all in our isles know was wrought by no
earthly artist, but by the Drows in the secret
recesses of their caverns.”—Scott: The Pirate,
chap. x.

Drub, Drubbing. To flog, a flog-
ging. Compare Greek tribo, to rub,
bruise; Anglo-Saxon, drepan, to beat.

Drug. Jt is a mere drug in the mar-
ket. Something not called for, which
no one will buy. French drogwe = rub-
bish, as Ce n’est que de la drague ; hence
droguet (drugget), inferior carpet-cloth
made of rubbish or inferior wool, etc,

Druid. A chief priest (Celtic, der,
superior ; wydd, priest or instructor). In
Taliesin we read, Bim guw$dd yngwarth
an (at length I became a priest or wydd),
It was after this period that the wydds
were divided into two classes, the Der-
wydds and the Go-wydds (D’ruids and
Ovidds). Every chief had his druid, and
every chief druid was allowed a guard of
thirty men (Strabo). The order was very
wealthy. (Not derived from the Greek
drus, an oak.)

* Patricius tells us that the Druids
were wont to borrow money to be re-
paid in the life to come. His words are,
“Druid pecuniam mutuo accipiebant
in posteriore vita reddituri.”

* Like money t the Druids borrowed,
In other world to be restoréd.” |
Butler: Hudibras, part iii. canto s.

Drum. A crowded evening party,
a contraction of ‘‘drawing - room ”
(dr’-’0om). Cominges, the French am-
bassador, writing to Louis XIV., calls
these. assemblies drerums and driwromes.
(See Rout, HURRICANE.)

“The Comte de Broglie . .. goes sometimes to
the drerums, and sometimes to the driwrome of

the Princess of Wales.’— Nineteenth Century:
Comte de Cominges ; Sept., 1891, p. 461.

“It is impossible to live in a. drum.”’—Lady M.
W. Montagu.

John Drum’s entertainment. Turning

an unwelcome guest oyt of doors. The

allusion is to drumming a soldier out of
a regiment,

Drum Ecclesiastic. The pulpit
cushion, often vigorously thumped by
what are termed ‘‘ rousing preachers,”’

“ When Gospel trumpeter, surrounded
With long-eared rout, to battle sounded ;
And pulpit, drum ecclesiastic,

Was beat with fist instend of a stick.”
Butler : Hudibras, part i. canto 1.

Drum-head Court-martial, One
held'in haste; like a court-martial sum-
moned on the field round the big drum
to deal summarily with an offender.

Drummers. So commercial travel-
lers are called in America, because their
vocation isto drum up recruits or cus-
tomers,

Drum’‘mond Light. The limelight,
So named from Captain Thomas Drum-
mond, R.E.

“ wisdom thinks, and makes a solar Drummond
Light of a point of dull lime."—Geikie: Entering
on Life (Reading, p..211).

Drumsticks. Legs. The leg of a
cooked fowl is called a drumstick.

Drunk. (Anglo-Saxon drinc-an.)

Drunk as a fiddler, The reference is to
the fiddler at wakes, fairs, and on board
ship, who used to be paid in liquor for
playing to rustic dancers,

Drdae as @ lord. Before the great
temperance movement set in, in the
latter half of the nineteenth century,
those who could afford to drink thought
it quite comme il faut to drink two, three,
or even more bottles of port wine for
dinner, and few dinners ended with-
out placing the guests under the table
in a hopeless state of intoxication, The
temperate habits of the last quarter
of the nineteenth century renders this
phrase now almost unintelligible.

Drunk as blazes, ‘*‘ Blazes’’ of course
means the devil.

Drunk as Chloe. Chloe, or rather
Cloe (2 syl.), is the cobbler’s wife of
Linden Grove, to whom Prior, the poet,
was attached, She was notorious for
her drinking habits. —

Drunk as David's sow, (See Davy’s
Sow.)

Drunkard’s Cloak (4). <A tub
with holes for the arms to pass through.
At one time used for drunkards and
scolds by way of punishment.

Drunken Deddington. One dead
drunk. The proper name is a play on
the word dead, pin),

‘Drunkenness. The seven degrees:
(1) Ape drunk; (2) Lion drunk; (3)

Drunkennéss

385

Dualism

Swine drunk; (4) Sheep drunk; (3)
Martin drunk ; (6) Goat drunk ; (7) Fox
drunk, (Nash.)

Drunkenness. It is said that if
children eat owl’s eggs they will never
be addicted to strong drinks,

“Tous les oiseaux Jui (i.e. to Bacchus] étaient
agréable, excepté la chouette dont les ceufs
avaient la vertu de rendre les enfans qui les
mangeaient ennemis:du vin.’—Noel : Dictionnaire
de la Fable, vol. i. p, 206.

_Drupner [the dripper]. A gold ring
given to Odin ; every ninth night other
rings dro ped from it of equal value to
itse (The Edda.)

Drury Lane (London) takes its name
from the habitation of the great Drury
‘family, Sir William Drury, K.G., was
a most able commander in the Irish
wars. Drur
the present Olympic theatre.

Dru’ses (2 syl.). A people of Syria
governed by ae Their faith : a
mixture of the Pentateuch, the Gospel,
the Koran, and Sufism. They offer up
their devotions both in mosques and
churches, worship the images of saints,
and yet observe the fast of Ram’adan.
Their language is pure Arabic. (Hakem,
the incarnate spirit, was assisted by
Dardsi in propounding his religion to
these Syrians; and the word Druse is
said to be derived from Darasi, shortened
into D’rasi.)

Dry. Thirsty. Hence to drink is to
“ wet your whistle ”’ — throat); and
malt liquor is called ‘“‘heavy wet.”
(Anglo-Saxon dryg, dry.)

Dry Blow sof A blow which does
not bring blood.

Dry Goods (in merchandise), such as
cloths, stuffs, silks, laces, and drapery
in general, as opposed to groceries.

Dry Lodgings.
dation without board. entlemen who
take their meals at clubs live in dry
lodgings.

“Dry Lodginge of seven weeks, £0 4s. 1d."—Sir
W. Scott: Old Mortality (intr. Rob. Patterson
deb. to Margaret Chrystale),

Dry-nurse. When a superior officer
does not know his duty, and is in-
structed in it by an inferior officer, he is
said to be dry-nursed. The inferior
nurses the superior, as a dry-nurse rears
an infant.

‘Dry Rot. The spontaneous rot of
timber or wall-paper, not unfrequently
produced by certain fungi attaching
themselves thereto. It is called dry rot
because the wood is not purposely

25

House stood on the site of -

Sleeping accommo- .

exposed to wet, although, without doubt,
damp from defective ventilation is
largely present, and the greenness of
wood employed contributes greatly to
the decay.

Dry Sea (4). A sandy desert. The

camel is the ship of the desert, Weread
of the Persian sea of sand,

“” The see that men slepen the gravely see, that
is alle gravelle and sond with outen ony drope of

_ watre.”"—Mandeville : Lravels,

Dry Shave (4). A shave without
soaping the face ; to scrape the face with
a piece of iron hoop ; to scratch the face ;
to box it and bruise it. Sometimes it
means to beat and bruise generally ; ill
usage,

“The fellow will get a dry shave.”
Peter Pindar: Great Cry and Little Wool, Ep. 1,

“]'ll shave her, Jike a punished soldier, dry.”
Peter Pindar: The Lousiad, canto ii,
Dry Style (of writing). Without
pathos, without light and shade; dull
level, and unamusing..

Dry Wine. Opposed to sweet or
fruity wine. In sweet wine some of the
sugar is not yet decomposed; in dry
wine all the sugar has been converted
into alcohol. The doctoring of wine to
improve its quality is called dosage.
‘“Upon the nature and amount of the dosage,
the character of the: wine (whether it be dry or
sweet, light or strong) very much depends.”—
Vizetelly’: Facts about Chasepegne: chap. v. p. 59.

Dry'ads. Nymphs of the trees,
(Greek, drus, any forest tree.) They
were supposed to live in the trees and
die when the trees died. Eurydicé, the
wife of Orpheus (2 syl.) the poet, was a
dryad.

Dry‘asdust (fev. Dr.). A heavy,
plodding author, very prosy, very dull,
and very learned; an antiquary. Sir
Walter Scott employs the name to bring
out the prefatory matter of some of his
novels.

“The Prussian Dryasdust ... excels all other
‘Dryasdusts’ yet known.”’—Carlyle,

Du’alism. A system of philosophy
which refers all things that exist to two
ultimate principles. It is eminently a
Persian doctrine. The Orphic poets
made the ultimate principles of all
things to be Water and Night, or Time
and Necessity. In theology the Mani-
che’an doctrine is dualistic. In modern
philosophy it is opposed to monism (9.v.),
and insists that the creator and creation,
mind and body, are distinct entities.
That creation is not deity, and that
mind is not an offspring of matter. (See
MonisM.)

Dub

886

Dudgeon

Dub. To make a knight by giving
him a blow. Dr. Tusler says, ‘‘ The an-
cient method of knighting was by a box
on the ear, implying that it would be
the last he would receive, as he would
henceforth be free to maintain his own
honour.’”? The present ceremony is to
tap the shoulder with a sword, (Anglo-
Saxon, dubben, to strike with a blow.)

Dub Up! Pay down the EEnEYs A
dub is an Anglo-Indian coin, hence
“‘down with your dubs,’”” money down.
A ‘‘doubloon”’ is a double pistole.

Dublin (the Irish dubh-linn, the
“black pool’’). The chief part of the
city stands on land reclaimed from the
river Liffey or the sea.

True as the Déil is in Dublin city.
(Burns: Death and Dr. Hornbook.)
Probably Burns refers to the Scandi-
navian name Divelin, which suggested
first Divel and then Devil or Deil.

Dubs in “marbles” is a contraction
of double or doublets. Thus, if a player
knocks two marbles out of the ring, he

- cries dubs, before the adversary cries
‘no dubs,’’ and claims them both.’

Duc’at. A piece of money ; so called
from the legend on the early Sicilian
pieces: Sit tibi, Christe, datus, quem tu
regis, isté duedtus (May this duchy
Educsinsl which: you rule be devoted to
you, O Christ).

Duchesne (2 syl.). Le pire Duchésne,
Jacques Réné Hébert, chief of the Cor-
delier Club in the French Revolution,
the members of which were called
Hébertists. He-.was called ‘ Father
Duchésne,”” from the name of his vile
journal. (1755-1794.)

Duchess. The wife or widow of a
duke ; but an old woman is often jocosely
termed an old duchess or a regular old
duchess. The longevity of the peers and
peeresses is certainly very striking.

Duck. 4 lame duck. A stock-jobber
who will not, or cannot, pay his losses.
He has to “‘ waddle out oF the alley like
a Jame duck,”’

Like a dying duck in a thunderstorm.
Quite chop-fallen.

To get a duck, A contraction of duck’s
egg or 0, in cricket. A player who gets
no run off his bat is eA down 0.

Duck Lane. A row for old and
second-hand books which stood formerly
near Smithfield, but has given way to
city improvements, It might be called

the Holywell Street of Queen Anne’s
reign.
“ Scotists and Thomists now in peace remain
Amidst their kindred cobwebs in Duck Lane.”
Pope: Essay on Criticism.
Duck’s Egg. Broke his duck’s egg.
Took his first school prize. In cricket
a ‘‘duck’s egg’? or 0 in a score is broken
by arun.

“* What 2 proud and happy day it was to Lucy
when iittle Herbert, in public-school parlance,
‘broke his duck’s eas otherwise, took his first
prize.”"—A Fellow of Trinity, chap. 1.

Duck’s-foot Lane [City.] A cor-
ruption of Duke’s Foot Lane; so called
from the Dukes of Suffolk, whose manor-
house was there.

Ducks and Drakes. The ricochet-
ing or rebounding of a stone thrown
from the hand to skim along the surface
of a pond or river.

To make ducks and drakes of one’s
money. To throw itaway as stones with
which ‘‘ducks and drakes”? are made
on water. The allusion is to the sport
of throwing stones to skim over water
for the sake of seeing them ricocheting
or rebounding.

“ What figured slates are best to make
On watery surface duck and drake.” ;
Butler : Hudibras, ii. 3.
“Mr. Locke Harper found out,® month after
bis marriage, that somebody had made ducks and
drakes of his wife’s money,.’—Di M, Craik:
Agatha’s Husband, chap. xxiii.

Duckie. Diminutive of ‘‘ duck,” a
term of endearment = darling or beloved
one. (Norwegian and Danish, dukke, a
doll, a baby.)

Ducking (4). A drenching. (Ger-
man, ducken, to dive under water.)

Duckweed. A weed which floats on
the surface of stagnant water’and forms
a harbour for insects which ducks feed
on. Its Latin name is ‘‘ Lemna; ’’ Greek,
linmé (a stagnant pool).

Dude. A masher. One who renderg
himself conspicuous by affectation of
dress, manners, and speech. The word
was first familiarised 1n London in 1881,
and is a revival of the old word dudes
(clothes), We have several derivations, as
dudder, one wha sells dress-pieces ; dud-
dery, a rag-shop; duddle, to wrap up
warmly (Halliwell), etc. It is not of
American origin. :

“T should just as soon expect to see Mercutio
smoke a cigarette, as to find him pet about
the stage with the mincing manners of a dude.”—
Jefferson: Century Magazine, January, 1890, p. 383.

Dudeism (3 syl.). The tomfool
of a dude (2 Ce - “a

Dudgeon (The), The handle of a
dagger, at one time made of box-wood |

Dudman

387

Duke

root, called ‘‘ dudgeon-wood ;”’ a dagger
with sucha handle. Shakespeare does not
say, ‘‘and on the blade o’ the dudgeon
gouts of bleod,”’ but *‘on the blade and
dudgeon . . ,” both blade and handle.

Dud'man and Ramhead. When
Dudman and Ramhead meet. Never.
Dudman and Ramhead (now spelt Rame-
head) are two forelands on the Cornish
coast, about twenty miles asunder. (See
NEVER.)

“Make yourself scarce! depart! vanish! or
we'll have you summoned before the mayor of
Hal/gaver, and that before Dudman and Ramhead
meet.”—Scott : Kenilworth, iv.

Duds. Old clothes, tattered gar-
ments (Gaelic, dud, a rag; Dutch, tod ;
Italian, ¢ozzi). A dudder or dudsman is
@ scarecrow, or man of straw dressed in
cast off garments to fray birds; also a
pedlar who sells duds or gown-pieces.

Compare the Greek duo, to put on
clothes]; Latin, ir-duo, to clothe.)

Dudu, A. pensive maiden of seven-
teen, “who never thought about herself
atall.” (Byron: Don Juan, vi. vii.)

Duen‘de (3 syl.). A Spanish goblin
or house-spirit. Cal’deron has a comedy
called La Dama Duenda, (Sce Farry.)

Duen’na [Lady]. The female of
don. The Spanish don is derived from
the Latin dominus—a lord, a master,
A duenna is the chief lady-in-waiting
ou the Queen of Spain; but in common
parlance it means a lady who is half
companion and half governess, in charge
of the younger female members of a
nobleman’s or gentleman’s family in
Portugal or Spain.

“There is no duenna so rigidly prudent and in-
exorably decorous as a superannuated coquette.”
—W. Irving: Sketch-Book (Spectre Bridegroom).

Duer’gar (2 syl.). Dwarfs who dwell
in rocks and hills; noted for their
strength, subtilty, magical powers, and
skill in metallurgy. ‘hey are the per-
sonification of the subterranean powers
of nature. According to the Gotho-
German myth, the duergar were first
maggots in Ymir’s flesh, but afterwards
assuined the likeness of men. ‘The first
duergar was Modsogn’er, the next Dyrin.
N.B.—The Giant Ymir is Chaos. (Sve
HELDENBUCH.)

Dues’sa (Double-mind or False-fuith).
Daughter of Falsehood and Shame, who
assumes divers disguises to beguile the
Red Cross Knight. At one time she
takes the name of Fidessa, and entices
the knight into the Palace of Pride
(Lucife'ra2). The knight having left.the
palace, is overtaken by Duessa, and

drinks of an enchanted fountain, which
paralyses him, in which state he is taken
captive by the giant Orgoglio. Prince
Arthur slays the giant and rescues the
knight; Duessa, being stripped of her
gorgeous disguise, is found to be a
hideous hag, and flees into the wilder-
ness for concealment, She appears again

in book ii. (Spenser: Faerie Queene,
book i. 2-7; v. 9.)
Dufarge. Jacques and Madame Du-

farge are the presiding genii of the
Faubourg St. Antoine, and chief insti-
gators of many of the crimes committed
by the Red Recublicains in Dickens’s
Tale of Two Cities.

Duffer (4) now means a person easily
bamboozled, one of slow wit; but
originally it. meant one who cheated or
bamboozled. To duff=to cheat. Per-
sons who sell inferior goods as ‘ great
bargains,’? under the pretence of their
being smuggled, are dutfers; so aie
hawkers generally. At the close of the
eighteenth century passers of bad inoney
were socalled. Now the word is applied
to persons taken in, and by artists to
inferior pictures.

“ Robinson a thorough duffer ts.”
Alexander Smith: Summer Idyll.

Duglas, the scene of four Arthurian
battles. It is a river which falls into
the Ribble. Mr. Whittaker says, ‘six
ewt. of horse-shoes were taken up from
a space of ground near the spot during
the formation of a canal.” a

Duke. The Great Duke. The Duke
of Wellington, called ‘‘ the Iron Duke.”
(1769-1852.)

Duke Coombe. William Coombe,
author of Dr. Syntax, The Devil upon
Two Sticks, etc., who in the days of his
prosperity was noted for the splendour
of his dress, the profusion of his table,
and the magnificence of his deportmeut.
Having spent all his money- he turned
author, but passed the last fifteen years
of his life in the King’s Bench. (1713-
1823.)

Duke Ernest. (See ERNEST.)

Duke Humphrey. (Sec HUMPHREY.)

Duke Street (Strand), so named
from George Villiers, Duke of Bucking-
ham.

. Duke and Duchess in Don Quixote,
who play so many tricks on the Kuight
of the Woeful Countenauce, were Don
Carlos de Borja, Count of Ficallo, who
married Damia Maria. of Aragon,
Duchess of Villaher‘inora, in whose right.

Duke

388

Dulia .

the count had extensive estates on the
banks of the Ebro ; among others he had
a country seat called Buena’via, which
was the place Cervantes referred to.

Duke of Exeter’s Daughter (Zhe).
A rack in the Tower of London, so
called from a minister of Henry VI.,
who sought to introduce itinto England.

Duke or Darling. Heads or tails ;
pitch and toss. When the scandals
about the Duke of York and Mrs,
Clarke were the common talk of the
town, the street boys, instead of crying
Heads or tails, used to say Duke or Dar-
ling. (Lord Colchester: Diary, 1861.)

Duke’s. A fashionable theatre in
the reign of Charles II. It was situate
in Portugal Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields.
It was named from its great patron,
James, Duke of York, afterwards James
II. The modern Duke’s theatre.

Duke’s Walk. To meet one in the
Duke's Walk. An invitation to fight a
duel. In the vicinity of Holyrood
House is a place called the Duke’s Walk,

’ from being the favourite promenade of
the Duke of York, afterwards James II.,
during his residence in Scotland. This
walk was the common rendezvous for
settling affairs of honour, as the site of
the British Museum was in England.

“ If a gentleman shallask me the same question,
I shall regard the incivility as equivalent to an
invitation to meet him in the Duke’s Walk.”—
Scott: Bride of Lammermoor, chap. xxxiv.

Dukeries. A district in Nottingham-
shire, so called from the number of ducal
residences in the vicinity, including Wel-
beck Abbey, Thoresby, Clumber, Work-
sop, Kiveton Hall, etc.

Dulcar’non, The horns of a dilemma.
(or Syllogismum cornu’tum) ; at my wits’
pnd ; a puzzling question.
is the Arabic dhwlkarnein (double-
horned, having two horns). Hence the
47th proposition of the First Book of
Fuclid is called the Dulcarnon, as the
5th is the pons asinorwm. Alexander the
Great is called Iscander Dulcarnein, and
the Macedonian era the ara of Dulear-
nein. Chaucer uses the word in Troylus
and Cryseyde, book iii. 126, 127,

The horns of the 47th proposition
are the two squares which contain the
right angle.

_. Lo be in Dulearnon. To be in a quan-
dary, or on the horns of a dilemma.

0 send one to Dulcarnon. To daze
with puzzles:

“Dulce Domum. The holiday song
of; Winchester school. Mr. Brandon

Dulcar’nein.

sys if was composed by a boy of St.
Mary’s College, Winchester, who was
confined for misconduct during the
Whitsun holidays, ‘‘as report says, tied
to a pillar.”” On the evening preceding
the Whitsun holidays, “the master,
scholars, and choristers of the above
college walk in procession round the
‘ pillar,’ chanting the six stanzas of the
song.”” In the March number of the
Gentleman’s Magazine, 1796, a transla-
tion, signed ‘‘J. R.,’’ was given of the
song ; and Dr. Milner thinks the original
is not more than a century old. It is
rather remarkable that the author has
made ‘‘domum’”’ a neuter noun, (Sce
ADESTE FIDELES.)

CHORUS:

“Domum, domum, dulce domum
Domun, domum, dulce domum
Dulce, dulce dulce domum!
Dulce domum resone’mus,”

Home, home, joyous home?

Home, home, joyous home !
Joyous, joyous, joyous home?
Hurrah for joyous home! F.C, B.

Dulce est Desipere in Loco. It
is delightful to play the fool occa-
sionally ; it is nice to throw aside one’s
dignity and relax at the proper time.
(Horace: 4 Odes, xii, 28.) :

Dulce et Decorum est pro Patria
Mori (Latin). Itissweet and becoming
to die on our country’s behalf, or to die
for one’s country.

Dulcimer (Italian dolcimello), ac-
cording to Bishop (Musical Dictionary,
p. 45), is “‘a triangular chest strung with
wires, which are struck with a little rod
held in each hand;’’ but the word
‘‘symphonia,’? translated dulcimer in
Daniel iii. 5, was a species of bagpipe.
Fiirst deduces it from the Hebrew

_ smpn (a pipe).

“The sound of cornet, flute, harp, sackbut
psaltery, symphony] or dulcimer, andall kinds of

music.” —Dan. lil. 5.

Dulcin’ea. A lady-love. Taken
from Don Quixote’s amie du ceur. Her
real name was Aldonza Lorenzo, but the
knight dubbed her Dulcin’ea del Tobo’so.

_ “I must ever have some Dulcinea in my head—
it harmonises the soul.” TRE.

Dul'cinists. Heretics who followed
the teaching of Dulcin, who lived in the
fourteenth century. He said that God
reigned from the beginning to the com-
ing of Messiah; and that ist reigned
from His ascension to the foutteenth
century, when He gave up His dominion
to the Holy Ghost. Dulcin was burnt by
order of Pope Clement IV. ; ;

Duli’a. An inferior degree of wor-

ship or veneration, such as that paid by

Dull

$89 Dummies

Roman Catholics to saints and angels;
Hyper-duli’a is a superior sort of vene-
ration reserved for the Virgin; but that
worship which is paid to God alone is
called latri‘a. ‘‘Dulia”’ means that sort
of veneration which slaves pay to their
lords (Greek, dowlos, a slave) ; ‘‘ Latria”’
means that sort of veneration which
mortals pay to the gods (Greek, latreso,
to worship the gods).

Dull as a Fro. A frow or froisa
kind of wedge for splitting wood. It is
not a sharp-edged instrument like a
chisel, but a blunt or dull one.

Dull as Ditch-water. Uninterest-
ing; ditch-water is stagnant and has no
go in it.

Dulness, ing of dulness. Colley
Cibber, poet laureate after Eusden.

“God save king Cibber!’ mounts in every

note.....
a ; site Jove’s block descended from on
HEM ee ee
Lond thunder to the bottom shook the bug
And the hoarse nation croaked, ‘God save king
Log !’" Pope: Danciud, book i.

Dum Sola (Latin). While single or
unmarried.

Dum Spiro, Spero. While I live, I
hope; or, While there’s life, there’s
hope.

Hope while you live, for who would caro to

co

With tite’s three foes, unpanoplied with hope ?

Hope against bope, while fed with vital breath,
Hope be your anchor in the hour of death. y

Dum Vivimus, Vivamus (Latin).
While we live, let us enjoy life. The
motto of Dr. Doddridge’s coat ef arms,
which he converted into the subjoined
epigram—

* “4 Live, while you live,’ the epictire would say,
* And seize the pleasures of the present day.’
‘Live, while you live,’ the sacred preacber cries,
* And give to God each moment as it flies.’
Lord, in my views let each united be ;

1 live in pleasure, when I live to thee.”

Du'machus. The impenitent thief.
called Dysmus in the apocryphal Gospel
of Nicodemus. In Longfellow’s Golden
Legend Dumachus and Titus were two
of a band of robbers who attacked Joseph
in his flight into Beyet. Titus said, ‘‘Let
these people go in peace,” but
Dumachus replied, ‘' First let them pay
for their release.’”” Upon this Titus gave
his fellow-robber forty groats, and the
infant Jesus said—

“ When thirty years shall have gone by,
lat Jerusalem shall die...
i _ On the accurséd tree,
Then on my right and my left side,
These thieves shall both be crucified ;
‘And Titus thenceforth shallabide —
. In Paradige with me.”
Ths Miracle Play, ili,

Dumb-barge (4). A barge without
sails, used for a pier, and not for convey-
ing merchandise up and down a river.

Dumb-bell Nebula ei). A stall
condensing mass; so called from being
of the shape of a dumb-bell.

Dumb-bells, <A corruption of Dum-
pels or Dumples, the same word as Dum-
plings, and meaning heavy (weights),

German and Danish, dumm, heavy,

ull, insipid ; dumpling, a heavy, insipid
pudding ; dumps, heavy, stupid morose-
ness.) (See DUMP.)

Dumb-bells. In New College, Ox-
ford, there still is an apparatus for
developing the muscles similar to that
which sets church-bells in motion. It
consists of a fly-wheel with a weight
attached, and the gymnast is carried by
it up and down to bring his muscles into
play. The present apparatus was sub-
stituted for it, and answers a similar
purpose, though the name is greatly
obscured.

Dumb-bidding. A sale by auction
effected thus: The owner fixes an upset-
price on an article, writes it on a slip of
paper, and covers the slip up. ‘The
article is then offered to the bidders, and
withdrawn unless some bid reaches the
upset price.

Dumb-cow (70). To-brow-beat; to
cow. (Anglo-Indian.)

Dumb Crambo, (Sce CRAMBO.)

Dumb Dog (4). One who remains
silent when he ought to speak,

Dumb Ox of Cologne (7ic). Thomas
Aquinas (1224-1274), known afterwards
as ‘*the Angelic Doctor’’ or ‘‘ Angel of
the Schools.” Albertus Magnus, the
tutor of the ‘‘dumb ox,’’ said of him:
‘““The dumb ox will one day fill the
world with his lowing.’? He was born
at Naples, but was a student in the
monastery of Cologne.

Dumb-waiter. A piece of dining-
room furniture, fitted with shelves, to
hold glasses, dishes, and plate. So
called because it answers all the pur-

' poses of a waiter, and is not possessed

of an insolent tongue; a lift for carry-
ing food from a kitchen to the dining-
room, etc.

Dum’my. In three-handed whist the
exposed hand is called dummy.

Dum'mies (2 syl.). Empty bottles
or drawers in a druggist’s shop ; wooden
heads in a hairdresser’s shop; lay figures

Dump

390

Dunciad

in a tailor’s shop ; persons on the stage
who appear before the lights, but have
nothing to say. These all are dumb,
actually or figuratively.

Dump. A Brazilian copper coin,
worth about 23d.; also a round flat
lump of lead used on board ship for
playing quoits and chuck-penny. Hence
dumpy or dumpty (squat or small). An
egg is called a humpty-dumpty in the
nursery verses beginning with ‘‘ Humpty
Dumpty sat on a wall,” etc.

“ Death saw two players playing cards,
But the game was not worth a dump."
Hood: Death's Ramble, stanza 14.

Dumps. 70 be in the dumps. Out
of spirits ; in the “sullens.” According
to etymological fable, it is derived from
Dumops, King of Egypt, who built a
pyramid and died of melancholy. Gay’s
Third Pastoral is Wednesday, or the
Dumps. (German, dwmm, stupid, dull.)

““Why, how now, daughter Katbarine? in your
CWDS hep ayaree” : Taming of the Shrew,

Dun, One who importunes for pay-
ment of a bill (Anglo-Saxon, dunan, to
- din or clamour). The tradition is that
it refers to Joe Dun, a famous bailiff of
Lincoln in the reign of Henry VII. The
British Apollo says he was so active
and dexterous in collecting bad debts
that when anyone became ‘‘ slow to
pay’ the neighbours used to say to the
creditors, ‘‘Dun him”? (send Dun after
him).

“An Universitie dunne,. .is an inferior
creditor of some ten shillings or downewards,
contracted for horse-hire, or perchance drinke,
too weake to be put in suite."—Bishop Earle:
Microcosmographia (1601-1695).

Squire Dun. The hangman between
Richard Brandin and Jack Ketch.

“ And presently a halter got,
Made of the best strong hempen teer;
Aud. ere a cat could lick bis ear,
Had tied him up with as much art
As Dun himself could do for 's heart.”
Cotton: Virgil Travestied, book iv.
Dun Cow. The dun cow of Duns-
more heath was a savage beast slain by
Sir Guy, Earl of Warwick. A huge
tusk, probably that of an elephant, is
still shown at Harwich Castle as one of
the horns of the dun-cow. (See Guy.)
The fable is that this cow belonged to
a giant, and was kept on Mitchell Fold
(middle fotd), Shropshire. Its milk was
inexhaustible; but one day an old woman
who had filled her pail, wanted to fill
her sieve also. This so enraged the cow
that she broke loose from the fold and
wandered to Dunsmore heath, where she
was slain by Guy of Warwick. ,
% Isaac Taylor, in his Words and

Places (p. 269), says the dun cow is a
corruption of the Dena Gau or Danish
settlement in the neighbourhood of
Warwick. Gau, in German, means
region, country. If this explanation is
correct, the great achievement of Guy
was a victory over the Danes, and
taking from them their settlement near
Warwick.

Dun in the Mire. To draw Dun out
of the mre. To lend a helping hand
to one in distress. The allusion is to
an English game, explained by Mr.
Gifford in his edition of Ben Jonson,
vii. 283. A log of wood is brought into
a room. The log, called Dun, is sup-
posed to have fallen into the mire, and
the players are to pull him out. Every
player does all he can to obstruct the
others, aud as often as possible the log
is made to fall on someone’s toes. Con-
stant allusion is made to this game.

“Sires, what? Dun {s in the mire."—Chaucer :
Prologue to Mauneciples Tule.

“Jf thouart dun we'll draw thee from the mire.”
Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, i. 4,

* Well done, my masters, lend ‘s your hands;
Draw Dun out of the ditch.
Draw, pull, helpe all. So, so; well done.”
Duchesse of Suffolke (1631).
“Dunce. A dolt; a stupid person.
The word is taken from Duns Scotus,
the learned schoolman and great sup-
orter of the immaculate conception.
His followers were called Dunsers. Tyn-
dal says, when they saw that their hair-
splitting divinity was giving way to
modern theology, ‘“ the old barking curs
raged in every pulpit’? against the
classics and new notions, so that the
name indicated an opponent to progress,
to learning, and hence a dunce.

“He knew what's what, and that’s as high
As metaphysic wit can fly....
A second Tbomas, or at once
To name tbem all, another Dunse.”
Butler: Hudibras, 1.1.
Dunce. (See ABDERITAN, ARCADIAN,

Baorran.)

Dun'ciad. The dunce-epic, a satire
by. Alexander Pope. Eusden, the poet
laureate, being dead, the goddess of
Dulness elects Colley Cibber to be his
successor. The installation is celebrated
by games, the most important being the
proposal to read, without sleeping, two
voluminous works—one in verse and the
other in prose; as everyone falls asleep,
the games come to anend. King Cibber
is now taken to the temple of Dulness,
and is lulled to sleep on the lap of the
goddess ; and, during his slumber, sees in
a vision the t, present, and future
triumphs of the empire, Finally, the

bee 2 Dunderhead

391

Dunstan

goddess, ren destroyed order and
science, establishes her kingdom on a
tirm basis ; and, having given directions
to her several agents to prevent thought
and keep people to foolish and trifling
pursuits, Night and Chaos are restored,
and the poem ends. (See DENNIS.)

Dun'derhead. A blockhead, or,
rather, a muddle-headed person. Dun-
der,is the lees or dregs of wine, etc. ,
more correctly, the overflow of fer-
thented liquors (yeast). (Spanish, re-
dundar, to overflow or froth over.)

“The use of Dunder in the making of rum
answers the purpose of yeast in the fermentation
of flour.”"—Edwards; West Indies.

The

Dundrea‘ry (Lord) (3 syl.).
impersonation of a good-natured, indo-
lent, blundering, empty-headed swell.
The chief character in Tom Taylor’s
dramatic piece called Our American
Cousin. Mr. Sothern created the cha-
racter of Lord Dundreary by the power
of his conception and the genius of his
acting. (See BroTHER Sam.)

Dungaree. A coarse blue cloth worn
by sailors; coarse and vulgar. Dun-
garee is the Wapping of Bombay.

Dunghill! Coward! Villain! This
is ‘a cockpit phrase; all cocks, except
gamecocks, being called dunghills.

“Out, dungbill ! dar’st thou brave a nobleman ?”

Shakespeare: King John, iv 3.
That is, Dare you, a dunghill cock, brave
a thoroughbred gamecock ?

Dunghill, Thou hast rt, ad dunghili,
at thy fingers’ ends. To this Holofernes
replies; ‘‘Oh, I smell false Latin ;
“dunghill’ for ‘ unguem,’”’ (Shake-
speare: Love’s Labour's Lost, v. 1.)

Dunkers. (See TUNKERS.)

Dunmow. T7o eat Dunmow bacon.
To live in conjugal amity, without even
wishing the marriage knot to be less
firmly tied. The allusion is to the in-
stitution of Robert Fitzwalter. Be-
tween 1244 and 1772 eight claimants
have been admitted to eat the flitch.
Their names merit immortality :

1445. Richard Wright, labourer, Bau-
burgh, near Norwich.

1467 Steven Samuel, of Little Ays-
ton, Essex. °

1510. Thomas Ley, fuller, Coggeshall,

Essex.

1701. William and Jane Parsley,
butcher, Much-Easton, Essex. Same
ear, John and Ann Reynolds, Hatfield

rv Pl. Thomas Shalseshaft, wool-
comber, Weathersfield, Essex,

» travellers to pass that way.”’

1763. Names unknown! !

1772. John and Susan Gilder, Tar-
ling, Essex.

The attempt to revive this ‘‘ premium
for humbug’’ is a mere “‘ get-up’’ fos
the benefit of the town.

“Ab, madam : cease to be mistaken ;
Few married fow! peck Duntnow bacon.”
Prior: Turtle and Sparrow, 233.

Dunmow Flitch. The oath adminis-

tered was in the doggerel subjoined :

“ You shall swear, by the custom of our confession.
That you never made any nuptial transgression
Since you were married man and wife,

By household brawls or contentious strife ;
Or, since the parish clerk said ‘ Amen,’
Wished yourselves unmarried again ;

Or, ina twelvemonth and a day,

Repented not in thought any way.

J£ LO these terms, without all fear,

Of your own accord you will freely swear,
A gammon of bacon you shall receive,

And bear it hence with our good leave.

For this isour custom at Dunmow well known—
The sport is ours, Dut the bacon your Own.”

Duns Scotus. A schoolman, called
Duns from Dunce in Berwickshire.
(1265 - 1308.) Not John Scotus, Erigéna,
the schoolman, who died A.p. 875.

Dun/stable. Bailey, as if he actu-
ally believed it, gives the etymology of
this word Duns’ stable ; adding Duns or
‘*Dunus was a robber in the reign of
Henry I., who made it dangerous for
(Dunes or
duns tavell, our table—i,¢, the table-land
or flat of the hills.) ,

Downright Dunstable.
RIGHT.)

Plain as the road to Dunstable ; or, as
Shakespeare says, ‘‘Plain as way to

rish church.” The road leading to

unstable is the confluence of many
leading to London, but the play is on
the word dunce.

Dun‘stan (St.). Patron saint of gold-
smiths, being himself a noted worker in
gold. He is represented generally in
pontifical robes, but carrying a pair of
pincers in hiS right hand. The pon-
tificals refer to his office as Archbishop
of Canterbury, and the pincers to the
legend of his holding the Devil by the
nose till he promised never to tempt
him again.

St. Dunstan and the devid. Dunstan
was @ pee een and blacksmith.
Being expel from court, he built a
ceHM near Glastonbury church, and there
he worked at, his handicrafts. It was in
this cell that tradition says the Devil
had a gossip with the saint through the
lattice window. Dunstan. went on talk-
ing till his tongs were red hot, when he
turned round suddenly and caught his
Satanic Majesty by the nose, One can

(See Down-

Duodecimo

trace in fhigfegend the notion that all
knowledge belonged to the Black Art;
that.the ‘‘ saints”’ are always more than
conquerors over the spirits of evil; and
the singular cunning which our fore-
fathers so delighted to honour.

Duodec’imo. A book whose sheets
are folded into twelve leaves each. This
word, which differs from both the Italian
and French, is from the Latin duodccim

twelve). It is now called twelvemo,

rom the contraction 12mo. The term
is still applied to books that are the same
size as the old duodecimo, irrespective of
the number of leaves into which the
sheet is folded.

A man in duodec'imo isa dwarf, (See
DEctmo. )

Duomo (Zhe). The cathedral.

“ The supreme executive of Florence suspended
Savonarola from preaching in the ‘Duomo.’—
Symonds: Renaissance in Italy.

Dup is do wp. Thus Ophelia says, in
one of her snatches, he ‘‘dupt the
chamber door,’ é.e. did up or pushed
up the latch, in order to open the door,

that he might ‘‘let in the maid”’ (Ham-
let, iv. 1). A portcullis and some other
doors were lifted up or dupped.

“Tche weene the porters are drunk, Will they
not dup the gate to-day.’—Hdwards: Damon and
Pithias (1571).

Dupes. (See Day oF THE DUPES.)

Duranda’na or Durin'dana. Or-
lando’s sword, given him by his cousin
Malagi’gi. It once belonged to Hector,
and was made by the fairies. It could
cleave the Pyrenees ata blow.. N.B.—
In French romance Orlando is called
Roland, Malagigi Maugis, and the sword
durandal or durindal. (Sce Sworn.)
“Nor plaited shield, nor tempered casqne defends,

Where Durindana’s trenchant edge descends.”
Hoole: Orlande Furioso, hook v.

Du'randar'té. A knight who fell at
Roncesvalles, cousin to Montesi’‘nos. The
tale says he loved Belerma, whom he
served seven years, at the expiration of
which time .he was slain. In his last
breath: he told Montesi’nos to take his
heart and give it to Belerma. He is
described by Lewis as

“ Sweet in manners, fair in favour,
Mild in temper, fierce in fight.”

Durante.

Durante bene placito Latin). During
pleasure.

Durante minore etate (Latin). During
minority.

Durante viduitate (Latin).
widowhood.’

| Durante vita (Latin). For life,

During

‘Dust

Durbar (Indian word). A levée.

“Durbars which might rival in splendour of
colour and jewelled bravery the glories of the
court of Byzantium.”—MeCarthy: England under

Gladstone, chap. iv. p. 60.

Dur’den (Dame). A notable house-
wife. Dame Durden, of the famous
English song, kept five serving girls to
carry the milking pails, and also kept
five serving men to use the spade and
flail. The five men loved the five maids.
“’Twas Moll and Bet,.and Doll and Kate, and

Dorothy Draggletail ;
And_Jobn and Dick, and Joe and Jack, and
Humpbrey with bis flail.” Anon.

Durer (Alert), of Niirnberg, called
by his countrymen ‘‘the prince of
artists,’’ and by many the ‘‘ Chaucer of
painting.’”’ (1471-1528.)

Diirer’s portraits of Charle 18
and other emperors are nnrivalled ; but
Lucas Kranach’s (1472-1553) portraits
of Luther and other reformers are said
to run them very close in merit.

Duresley. “You are a man of Dures-
ley, i.e. a great liar and cheat. Dures-
ley is a market-town in Gloucestershire,
famous for its broadcloth manufactory.
Now called Dursley. See Fulter °
Worthies.) The word ‘‘ cabbage,”’ con-
nected with tailors, seems to confirm
the notion that our forefathers had no
very high opinion of their honesty.

Dur’ham Book. By Eadfrid, Bishop
of Lindisfarne, who died in 721, one of
the most splendid examples of illumina-
tion in the world. :

Durham Mustard. So called from
the residence of Mrs. Clements, who first
conceived the idea of grinding mustard
in a mill, instead of pounding it in a
mortar. George I. stamped it with his
approval, hence the pots labelled ‘‘ Dur-
ham mustard’’ bear the royal: initials
in a medallion,

Dus or Deuce. The chief god of the
Brigan’tés, one of whose altars, bearing
an inscription, was discovered at Gret-
land. (Camden: Britannia.)

Du’siens. The name given by the
Gauls to those demons that produce
nightmares.

“ Demones quos ‘duscios' Galli nuncupant."—
St. Augustine * De Civitute Dei, chap. xxii.

Dust. Money; so called because it
is made of gold-dust. Itis said that Dean
Swift took for the text of a charity ser-
mon, ‘‘ He who giveth to the poer, lend-
eth to the Lord.’’ Having thrice repeated
his text, he added, ‘‘ Now, brethren, if
you like the security, down with your
dyst,”” That ended his sermon,

Dustman

393

‘Dutch School

Dust. The wild Irish peasantry believe
that dust is raised on roads by fairies on
a journey, and raise their hats to it,
saying, ‘‘God speed you, gentlemen.”
The Arabs think the whirlwind and
waterspout are caused by évil jinns.

Pli dust your jacket for you. Give you
a good beating. “he allusion is to
dusting carpets, etc., by beating them
with a stick.

To raise a dust, To kick up a dust. To
make a commotion or disturbance,

fo throw dustin one’s eyes, To mislead,
The allusion is to a Mahometan practice
of casting dust into the air for the sake
of ‘‘confounding’’ the enemies of the
faith. This was done by Mahomet on
two or three occasions, as in the battle
of Honein; and the Koran refers to it
when it says, ‘‘ Neither didst thou, O
Mahomet, cast dust into their eyes ; but
it was God who confounded them.” But
the following incident will suffice: One
day the Koreishites surrounded the house
of Mahomet, resolved to murder him.
They peeped through the crevice of his
chamber-door, and saw him lying asleep.
Just at this moment his son-in-law Ali
opened the door silently and threw into
the air a handful of dust. Immediately
the conspirators were confounded, They
‘ mistook Ali for Mahomet, and Mahomet
for Ali; allowed the prophet to walk
through their midst uninjured, and laid
hands on Ali. No sooner was Mahomet
safe, than their eyes were opened, and
they saw their mistake.

“ when the English king pursued the _Imaum
who had stolen the daughter of Allah, Allah threw
dust in his eyes to check his pursuit.”’—Legend at
Gori (respecting the beauty,of the Georgians).

Dustman has arrived (The), or
“‘The sandman is about.’’ It is bed-
time, for the children rub their eyes, as
if dust or sand was in them.

Dusty. Well, it ie none so dusty, or
Not so dusty. I don’t call it bad; rather
smart. Here dusty is the opposite of
neat, and neat=spruce. ‘None so

” or ‘Not so dusty’’ means
therefore, Not so unspruce, or rather
smart, -

Dusty-foot. (Sce Prz PoupRE.)

Dutch, The Dutch have taken Hol-
land. A quiz when anyone tells what
is well known as a piece of wonderful
news. Similar to Queen Bess (or Queen
Anne) is dead ; the Ark rested on Mount
Ararat ; ete.

Dutch Auction. An “auction” in
which the bidders decrease their bids till
they come to the minimum price, Dutch

gold is no gold at all; Dutch courage is
no real courage; Dutch concert is no
music at all, but mere hubbub; and
Dutch auction is no auction, or increase
of bids, but quite the contrary. :

Dutch Clocks, i.e. German clocks,
chiefly made in the Black Forest. As
many as 180,000 are exported annually
from Friburg. (German, Deutsch, Ger-
man.)

** A woman, that is like a German clock,

Still a-repaiving, ever out of frame,
And never going aright.”
Shakespeare: Love's Labour's Lost, iii. 1.

Dutch Comfort. ’Tis a comfort it
was no worse. The comfort derivable
from the consideration that how bad
soever the evil which has befallen you,
a worse evil is at least conceivable.

Dutch Concert. A great noise and
uproar, like that made by a party of
Dutchmen in sundry stages of intoxica-
tion, some singing, others quarrelling,
speechifying, wrangling, and so on.

_Dutch Courage. The courage ex-
cited by drink ; pot valour;

“In the Dutch wars (in the time of Charles JT.),
+... the captain of the Hollander man-vf-war,

vrhen about to engage with our ships, usually set
+++. hogsbead of brandy abroach before the
mast, and bid the men drink... .andour men
fef the force of the brandy to their cost."—Notes
and Queries (Oct. 15, 1892, p. 304).

Dutch Gleek., Tippling. Gleek is
a game, and the phrase means the game
loved by Dutchmen is’ drinking.

“Nor could be partaker of any of the good
cheer except it were the liquid part of it, which

they call ‘ Dutch Gleek.’ "—Gayton.

Dutch Gold. Deutsche or German
gold. An alloy of copper and zine, in-
vented by Prince Rupert of Bavaria.

Dutch Nightingales. Frogs. Simi-
larly, Cambridgeshire nightingales ;
Liége nightingales, etc.

Dutch School of painting is a sort
of * pre-Raphaelite’”’ exactness of detail
without selection. It is, in fact, photo-
graphing exactly what appears before
the artist, as faithfully as his art will
allow. The subjects are generally the
lower classes of social life, as pothouse
scenes, drunken orgies, street groups,
Dutch boors, etc., with landscapes and
still-life. The greatest of the Dutch
masters are: for portraits, Rembrandt,
Bol, Flinck, Hals, and Vanderhelst; for
conversation pieces, Gerhard Douw, Ter-
burg, Metzu, Mieris, and Netscher; for
low life, Ostade, Brower, and Jan Steen ;
for landscapes, Ruysdael, Hobbema,
Cuyp, Vanderneer, Berchem, and A.
Both; for dattle scen.s, Wouvermaus

‘

Dutch Toys

394

2 Dwarfs

and Huchtenburg; for marine pieces,

Vandevelde and Bakhuizen; for still-

life and flowers, Kalf, A. Van Utrecht,
an Huysum, and De Heem.

Dutch Toys, chiefly made in Mein-
mgen, part of the duchy of Coburg-
Gotha. (Dutch, i.e. Deutsch, German.)

Dutch Uncle, J will talk to you lke
a Dutch uncle. Will reprove you
smartly, Uncle is the Latin notion of
pat’ruus, ‘‘an uncle,’ ‘‘ severe guar-
dian,’ or ‘‘stern castigator.”? Hence
Horace, 3 Od. xii. 3, ‘* Metuentes patrue
verbera lingue” (dreading the eastigations
of an uncle’s tongue) ; and 2 Sat. iii. 88,
"Ne sis patruus mihi”? (Don’t come the
uncle over me),

Dutchman, I’m a Dutchman if I
do. Astrong refusal. During the rivalry
between England and Holland, the word
Dutch was synonymous with all that
was false and hateful, and when a man
said, ‘‘I would rather be a Dutchman
than do what you ask me,” he used the
strongest term of refusal that wards
could express.

Tf not, I’m a Dutchman, means, I will
do it or I will call myself a Dutchman.

Well, I’m a Dutchman! An exclama-
tion of strong incredulity.

Duty means what is due or owing, a
debt which should be paid. Thus obe-
dience is the debt of citizens to rulers
for protection, and service is the debt of
persons employed for wages received.

“Strictly considered, all duty is owed originally
to God only; but... duties to God may be dis-
tributed... into duties towards self, towards
manbood, and towards God."—Gregory ; Christiun
Ethics, part ii. division i. p, 172,

Duum'virs (3 syl.) or Dawnvrini.
Certain Roman officers who were ap-

inted in pairs, like our London sheriffs.

e chief were the two officers who had
charge of the Sibylline books, the two
who had the supervision of the muni-
cipal cities, and the two who were
charged with naval matters.

Dwarf (The). Richard Gibson,
painter (1615-1690), a page of the back-
stairs in the court of Charles I. He
married Anne Shepherd, a dwarf also,
and the King honoured the weddin
with his presence. Each sealiarae
three feet ten inches.

“ Design or chance makes others wive
But Nature did this match contrive.’
Waller.

The Black Dwarf. A fairy of the
most malignant character; a genuine
northern Duergar, and once held by the
dalesmen of the border as the author of

all the mischief that befell their flocks
and herds, Sir Walter Scott has a novel
so called, in which the ‘‘ black dwarf ’’
is introduced under the aliases of Sir
Edward Mauley; Elshander, the re-
cluse; Cannie Elshie; and the Wise
Wight of Mucklestane Moor.

Dwarf Alberich (in the Nibelungen
Tied) is the guardian of the famous
‘hoard’? won by Siegfried from the
Nibelungs. The dwarf is twice van-
quished by the hero, who gets possession
of his Tarn-kappé (cloak of invisibility).
(See ELBERICH. )

Dwarf Peter (das Peter Manchen).
An allegorical romance by Ludwig Tieck.
The dwarf is a castle spectre that ad-
vises and aids the family; but all his
advice turns out evil, and all his aid
productive of trouble. The dwarf re-
presents that corrupt part of human
nature called by St. Paul the “law in
our members which wars against the law
of our minds, and brings us into cap-
tivity to the law of sin.”’

Dwarfs (under three feet in height),

ANDROW’EDA, 2 ft, 4'in. One of Julia's free
maids. (See below, GONOPAS.)

ARIS/TRATOS, the poet, was so small that
Athenos says, “no one could see him.”

BEBE, or Nicholas Ferfy,2ft.9in, A native of
France (1714-1737), He had a brother and sister,
both dwarfs,

BoRUWLASKI (Count Joseph), 2 ft. 4 in. at the age
of twenty. (1739-1837.

BUCKINGER (Matthew), a German, born 1674. He
was born without hands, legs, or feet. Fac-
ee les of his writing are amongst the Harleian

CHE-MAH (a Chinese), 2 ft. 1 in., weight 52 lbs.
Exhibited in London in 1880, .

CoLo’BRL (Prince) of Sleswig, 2 ft. 1 in., weight
2% Ibs. at the age of 25 (1851).

CONOPAS, 2 ft.4in. One of the dwarfs of Julia,
niece of Augustus, (See above, ANDROMEDA.)
CoPpPERNIN, the dwarf of the Princess of Wales,
ba te George III. The Jast court dwarf in

ngland,

Cracn/AMY’ (Caroline). Born at Palermo; 1 ft,
8 in. at death. (1814-24.) Exhibited in Bond
Street, London, 1824,

DECKER or DUCKER (John), 2 ft.6 in. An English-
man (1610), . 4 :

Fairy QUEEN Urns), 1ft. 4in., weight 4 Ibs, Ex-
hibited in Regent Street, London, 180, Her
feet were less than two inches, |

Ginson (Richard), a good portrait painter. His
wife’s maiden name was Anne Shepherd, Each
measured 3 ft.10in, Waller sang their praises,
(in the reign of Charles If.)

Hupson (Sir Jeffrey). Born at Oakham, Rutland-
shire; 1 ft. 6 in. at the age of thirty (1619-78),

JARVIS (John), 2 ft, Page of honour to Queen
Mary (1508-56).

LOLKES ( Wybrand), 2 ft. 3in., weight 57 Ibs, Ex-
hibited at Astley's in 1790, S35

Lu’civs, 2 ft., weight 17 lbs. The dwarf of the
Emperor Augustus,

MARINE (Lizzie), 2 ft. 9in., weight 45 hs. -

MiIpGETS, THE. Lucia Zarate, the eldest sister,
1 ft. 8in., weight 43 lbs. at the age of eighteen.
Her sister was a little taller. Exhibited in
London, 1881.

MILLER (Miss), of Virginia, 2 ft. 2 in.

MITE (General), 1 ft, 9 in. (weight 9 Ihs.)at theage
of seventeen. Exhibited in London, 1881.

PAAP’ (Simon). A Dutch dwart, 2 ft. 4in., weight

Dwile

Dying Sayings .

PHILR’TAS, A poet, contemporary with Hippo-
. So thin “that he wore leaden shoes lest
the wind should blow him away.” (Died B.c.

20.)

SaAwYER (A. L.), 2 ft. 6$in., weight 391bs. Editor
in 1883, etc., of the Democrat, a paper of con-
siderable repute in Florida.

STOUERIS (C. H.), of Nuremberg, 2 ft. ll in. at the
age of twenty. z 7

STOCKER (Nannette), 2 ft. 9 in. Exhibited in
London in 1815. a

Srrasse DAviT Family. Man, 1 ft. 8in.; woman,
i tt. 6 in.; child, at age of seventeen, only 6 in.
Embalmed in the chemical library of Rastadt.

TERESIA (Madame). A Corsican, 2 ft. 10 in.,
weight 27 Ibs. Exbibited in London 1773.

Tom TAUsB (General), whose name was Charles
8. Stratton, born at Bridgeport in Connecticut
U.S. 2 ft. 1 in., weight 25 lbs. at the age of
twenty-five. (1838-83.) Exbibited first in
in 1844. In 1863 he married Betsy Bump (
Warren). 9 i

Tom TnhumMB, a Dutch dwarf, 2 ft.4 in. at the age
of eighteen. 3

WANMER (Ltcy', 2 ft. 6 in., weight 45 Ihs, Ex-
hibited in London, 1901, at the age of forty-five.

WARREN (Lavina), married to General Tom
Thumh in 1863, was also a dwarf, and in 1885 she
Married another dwarf, Count’Primo Magri,
who was2ft.8in. ~ .

WormpBenc (John), 2 ft. 7 in. at the age of thirty-
eight (Hanoverian period).

XiT was the dwarf of Edward VI. pues?
ZARATE (Lucia), 1 ft.3in.. An excellent linguist
of Shigaken Osara (b. 1851). i

*. Nicephorus Galistus tells us of an Egyptian
dwarf not bigzer than a partridge.

The names of several infants are known whose
heads have not exceeded in size an ordinary
billiard ball. The son of D. C. Miller, of Cande-
larja, born October 27th, 188%, weighed only 83 oz.
A silver dollar would entirély hide its face, and
its mouth was too small to adinit an ordinary
lead pencil.

The head of the son of Mrs. Charles Tracy, of
Kingsbridge, N.Y., was not bigger than a horse-
chestnut, and the mouth would hardly grasp a
goose-quill, The mother's wedding ring would
slip easily upits legsand thighs. —

he head of Mr. Marion Poe’s child was not so
big asa billiard ball. and the mother’s ring would
slip up the ann as high as the shoulder. Mr. Poe

stands over six feet in height. i I
I havea list of several other babies of similar

dimensions.

Dwile, or Dwyex. A house-flannel
for cleaning floors, common in Norfolk,
and called in the piece ‘‘ dwyeling.”’-
(Dutch, dweil, a clout or swab.)

Dwt. is D-wt., i.e. denarws-weight
(penny-weight). (See Cwr.)

Dyed Beards, The dyeing of beards
is mentioned by Strabo, and Bottom the
Weaver satirises the custom when he
undertakes to play Pyramus, and asks,
“ what beard were I best to play it in?”’

“T will discharge it in either your straw-
colour beard, your orange-tawn) beard, your
purple-in-grain beard, or your French-crown-
colour beard (your perfect yellow).”—Shake-
epeare: Midsummer Night's Dream, i. 2.

*. The French couronne= twenty-five francs,
Was a gold piece, and therefore the French-crown
colour wasa golden yellow; butthe word French-
crown also means baldness brought on by licen-
tiotisness. Hénce the retort “some of your
“French-crowns’ Lave no hair at all.”

_ Dyeing Scarlet. Drinking deep.
Drinking dyes the face scarlet. A 4

“They cal) drinking deep, dyeing scarlet.”—
Shakespeare: 1 Henry IV. tig iad y i

ondon
vina

Dying Sayings (real or traditional):

ADAMS (President) : * Independeuce for ever.”

ADAMS (John Q.): “It is the last of earth. I am
content.” aj

ADDISON: “See how a Christian dies,” or “See in
what peace a Christiun can die.” (Seé BERRY.)

ALBERT (Prince Consort): ‘‘1 have such sweet
thoughts.”

ALEXANDER I. (of Russia) : “Que vous devez étre
fatiguée™ (to his wife Elizabeth).

ALEXANDER II, (of Russia): “I am ‘sweeping
pte the gates, washed in the blood of the

amb." 2

ALEXANDER III.
presented to me
sia."

pe tle “Clasp my hand, dear friend, 1 am

ying.” “

ANAXAG/ORAS (the philosopher, who maintained
himself by keeping a school. being asked if he
wished for anything, replied): “Give the boys
a holiday.” Gs

ANGELO (Michael): “My soul I resign to God,
my body to the earth, ny worldly goods to my
next akin.”

ANNE BOLEYN (on the scaffold): “It [my neck)
is very small, very small.”

ANTOINETTE. (See betow, MARIF.)

ANTONY (of Padua): “I see my God. He calls
me to Him.”

of Russia): “This box ‘was
y the Emperor (sic) of Prus-

* ARCHIME’DEsS (being ordered by a Roman soldier

to follow him, replied): “ Wait till I have fin-
ished my problem.” (See LAVOLSIRR,)

ARRIA: “My Petus, it is not painful.” ;

AUGUSTUS (having asked how he had played his
part, and heing, of course, commended, said):

*Vos plaudite.”

BAcoN (Francis) : “My nameand memory I leave
to men’s charitable speeches, to foreign nations
and to the next age.“ F

BaIL_ey: “ Yes! itis very cold.” (This he said
on bis way to the guillotine, when one said to
him, “ Why, bow you shake.)

BEAUFORT (Cardinal Henry):
pray for ine.”

BEAUMONT (CardinaD: “ What! is therg no es-
caping death ?” r

BECKET (Thomas a): “‘I confide my soul and the
cause of the Church to God, to the Virgin Mary,
to the patron saints of the Church, and to 8t.
Dennis.” (This was said as he went to the
altar in Canterbury Cathedral, where he was
assassinated.)

BEDE (The Venerable): “Glory be to the Father,
and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost,” ‘
BEETHOVEN owho was deaf): “1 shall hear in
heaven.” , R
BERRY (Madame de): “Is not this dying with
courage and true greatness?" (See ADDISON.)
BOU.EAU: “1t is a great consolation toa poet on
the point of death that be bas never written a

line injurious to good morals.” :

Bronté (father of the authoresses): “ While
there is Jife there is will.” (Like Louis XVIIL.,
Vespasian, Siward, and others, he died stand-

ing.)

BROUGHTON (Bishop): “ Let the éarth he filled
with Hia glory.” e

Burns: * Don't let the awkward squad fire over
ny grave,”

Byron: “] must sleep now.”

C#SAR (Julius): “Et tu, Brute?" (This he said
to Brutus, his most intimate friend, when he
stabbed him.)

CAMERON (Colonel James): “Scots, follow me!"
(He was killed at Bull-Run, 21st July, 196.)

CASTLEREAGH : “ Bankhead, let me fall into your
eee It is all over.” (Said to Dr, Bank-

ead.

CATRSBY (one of the conspirators in the Gun-
powder Plot): “Stand by me, Tom, and we will
die together.”

CHARLEMAGNE: “Lord, into Thy band J] com-
mendimy spirit.” (See COLUMBUS and Tasso.)

CHARLES J. (of England, just: befure he Jaid lis
head on the block, said to Juxon, Archbishop of
Canterbury): “ Remember,” ,

CHARLES I]. (of England): “Don't forget poor
Nell,” or * Don't let poor Nell starve” (mern-
ing Nell Gwynne).

CHARLES V.: “Ab! J

“T pray you all

esus.”-

Dying Sayings

396

Dying Sayings

CHARLES VIII. (of France): “I hope never again
to commit a mortal sin, nor even a venial one,
if I can help it." (With these words in his
month, says Cominges, he gave up the ghost.)

CHARLES IX. (of France,in whose reign occurred
the Bartholomew slaughter): “Nurse, nurse,
what murder! what blood! Oh! I] have done
wrong: God pardon me.”

CHABLOTTE (The Princesa) :“ You make me drunk,
Pray leave ine quiet. 1 feel it affects my head.”

CHRSTERFIRLD (Lord); “Give Dayrollesa chair.”

CHRIST (Jesus): “1t is. finished!" (John xix. 30.)

sigh bathe “Glory to God for ‘all things.

men.”

CrcERO (f0 his assassins): ‘ Strike!"

CoLiexy': “Honour these grey hairs, young
“page (Said to the German who assassinated

mm,

CoLumBus: “Lord, into Thy hands I commend
my spirit.” (See CHARLEMAGNE and TASSO.)
CONDR (Duc d Exghien): “1 die for my king and

oT pee (Shot by order of Napoleon J. in

CopgEr’xicus: “Now, O Lord, set thy servant
free.” (See Luke ii. 29.)

CorpDay (Charlotte): “One man have I slain to
save a hundred thousand.”

CRANMER (Archbishop of Canterbury): “ That un-
worthy hand! That unworthy hand!” (This
he said, according to a popular tradition, as he
held in the flames his right hand which had
signed his apostasy.)

CROMBE (John): ‘““O Hobbema, Hobbema, how [
do love thee !"”

CROMWELL: “ My design is to make what haste
1 can to be gone.”

CuviER<to the nurse who was applying leeches) .
“Nurse, it was I who discovered that leeches
bave red blood.” K

DANTON (to the executioner); “ Besure you show
the mob my head. It ‘will be a long time ere
they see its like.”

DEMO’NAX (the philosopher) ; * You may go home,
the show is over" (Lucian). (See RABELAIS.)
DERBY (Earl of): “ Douglas, I would give all my

lands to save thee.” ae

DICKENS (said in reply to nis sister-in-law, who
urged him to lie down): “ Yes, on the ground,”

DipEROT: “The first step towards philosophy is
incredulity.”

DIOGENES (requested that his body should be
buried, and when his friends said that bis body
would he torn to pieces he replied); “ Quid mihi
nocehunt ferarum dentes nibil sentienti.”

Dove.as (Earl) :.“ Fight on, my merry men.”

EDWARDS (Jonathan): “Trust in God, and you
need not fear."

ELDON (Lord): “It matters not where I am going
whether the weather be cold or hot.”

ELIZABETH (Queen): “All my possessions for a
moment of time,”

ELIZABETH (sister of Louis XVI., on her way to
the guillotine, when her kerchief fell from) her
neck) ; “J pray you, gentlemen, in the name of
modesty, suffer me to cover my bosom.”

ELPHEGE (Archbishop of Canterbury) : “ You urge
me in vain. 1 aim not the man to provide Chris-
tian flesh for Pagan teeth, by robbing my fiock
to enrich their enemy.”

EPAMINONDAS (wounded ; on being told that the
Thebans were victorious): “ Then I die happy.”
(See WOLFE.)

Erty: “ Wonderful! Wonderful this death !”

EULER: “JT am dying.”

FARR (M.D.) : “ Lord, receive my spirit.”

FELTON (John): “T am the man“ (i.e. who shot
the Duke of Buckingham).

FONTENELLE: “1 suffer nothing, but.I feel a sort
of difficulty of living longer.”

FRANKLIN: “ A dying man can do nothing easily.”

FREDERICK V. (of enmark) : “There is nota
drop of blood on my hands.” (See PERICLES.)

GAINSROROUGH : “ We are all going to heaven,
and Vandyke is of the company.” (Sce CROME.)

GARRICK: “Oh, dear!"

GASTON DE Forx (called “Phebus” for his
beauty):~ “I am a dead man! Lord, have
mercy upon me!”

Groncp IV.: “ Watty, what is this? It is death,
my boy. They bare deceived me.” (aid to his
page, Sir Wathen Waller.)

GIBBON; “Mon Dieu! Mon Dieu)”

Ga@Tue: “ More light.” 3

GOLDSMITH : “No, it is not.” (Said in reply to
Dr. Turton, who asked him if bis mind was at
ease.) :

GRANT (General): *J want nobody distressed on
my account,” “bee

Grkcory VI1I.: “1 bave loved justice and bated
iniquity, therefure 1 die in exile' (He had
embrolicd himself with Heinrich 1V., the
Kaiser, and had retired to Salerno.)

Grey (Lady Jane): “Lord, into Thy hands 1!
commend my spirit.” (See CHARLEMAGNE.)

GroTius: “ Be serious,”

GusTAvuUS ADOLPRUS: “My God!*

HALLER: “ My friend, the pulse bas ceased to
beat." (This was said to bis medical attendant.)

HANNIBAL: “Let us now relieve the Romans. ot
their fears by tie death of a feeble old man.

HaRRIson (W. H.): “1 wish you to understand
the true principlés of government. J wish
them carried out, and ask nothing more.”

HaybDy died singing “ Got preserve the emperor |”

HazuiTt: “I have led a happy Niew ;

Henry 11. (of England). “Now let the world go
as it will; 1 care for nothing more.” (This he
said when be was told that his favourite son
Jobn was one of those who were conspiring
against him. (Shakespeare makes Macbeth say .

“ I “gin to be aweary of the sun,
on wish th’ estate o° the world were now un-

one.)

Henry llJ.. “J am Harry of Wincbester.”
(These can hardly be called his dying words,
but only the Jast recorsed They were spoken
on the field of battle When a man Was about
to slay bim. Tbe lattle of Evesham was fuught
August 4th, 1265, but Hepry 11]. died November
16th, 1272.)

Henry VII.: “ We heartily desire our executors
to consider how Lehoofful it is to be prayed for,’

HENRY VIII.: “All is Jost! Monks, monks,
monks !* ;

HENRY (Prince): “Tie a rope round my body.
pull me out of bed, and lay me in asbes that I
pay die with repentant prayers to an uifended

od.”

BEEEAE® (George): “‘Now, Lord, receive my

: “Now I am about to take my last

voyage—a great leap in the dark.” cerky

HOFER (Andreas): “I will not kneel. Fire t™
{Spoken to the soldiers commissioned to shout
nim,

Hoop: “ Dying, dying.” y

Hooper: “ Lord, recei\e my spirit.”

HumMaBoLDT: “ How grand these rays ! They seem
to beckon earth to heaven.”

HuNTER (Dr. William): “1f 1 had strength to
hold a pen, 1 would write down how easy and
pleasant a thing it is to die.”

IRVING (Edward): “1f 1 die, I die unto the Lord.
Amen.”

JACKSON (surnamed “ Stonewall"): “Send Hill
to the front.”

JAMES V. (of Scotland): “It {the crown of Scot-
land) came with a Jass and will go with a lass."
(This he said when told that the queen bad
given birth to a daughter—the future Mary
Queen of Scots.) | 4 5

JEFFERSON (of America): “J resign my spirit to
God, my daughter to my country.”

JEROME (of Prague): “Thou knowest, Lord, that
I have loved the trutb.*

JESUS (See CHRIST).

JOAN 08 Arc: “Jesus! Jesus! Jesusf Blessed

e God.”

JOHNSON (Dr.): “God bless you, my dear™ (to
Miss Morris). »

JOSEPHINE (the divorced wife of Napoleon J,).
“L'ile @Elbe! Napoleon !* et

JULIAN (called the “ Apostate”): “Vicisti, O
Falileé.”

KEATS: “T feel the flowers growing over me.”

KEN (Bishop) : “ God's will be done.”

Kyox:; ‘ Now it is come.” .

LAMB (Charles) : “ au bed-fellows are cramp and
cough—we three all in one bed.” .

LAMBERT (the Martyr): “ None but Christ! None
but Christ!" (This.he said as he was pitched
into the flames.) ‘ a

LAVOISIER, being condemned to die, asked for a
respite of two weeks that he might complete

Dying Sayings $97

Dying Sayings

some experiments in which he was engaged. He
was told that the Republic was in no need of
experiments. (See above, ARCHIME’DBES.)
LAWRENCE (Sf.). Said to have been broiled alive
on «# gridiron, A.D. 258.
“© This side enough is toasted, so turn me, tyrant,

eat,
And see whether raw or roasted I make the
better meat.” Foxe : Book of Martyrs.
LAWRENCE (Com. James): “Don't give up the
ship.” (Mortally wounded on the Chesapeake.)
LEICESTER (Karl of): “ By the arm of St. James,
it is time to die.” 2
LEopowp J. (the Kaiser): “Let me die to the
sound of sweet music.” (See MIRABRAU.)
Lisug (Sir Gevrge):-“ Ay! but I have been
nearer to you, my friends, many a time, and you
have missed me. i
Locke (John): “Oh! the depth of thé riches of
the goodness and knowledge of God. Cease
now.” (This was said to Lady Masham, who
was reading to him some of the Psalms.)
Louis t:: “Huz! bhuz:" Soeseal tena says, “He
turned his face to the wall, twice cried huz/
huzl (outs out !]and then died.)
Louis IX.: “1 will enter now into the house of

the Lor

Louis XI.: “Notre dame d'Embrun, ma bonne
maltresse, aidez moi.” f

Lovis XIV.: “ Why weep ee ? Did you think I
should live for ever? thougbt dying had
been harder.”

Lovis XVI. (on the scaffold): “Frenchinen, I
die guiltless of the crimes imputed to me,
Pray God my blood fall not on France!” __

Louis XVIII.: “A king should die standing.”
(See VESPASIAN and SIWARD.) al

es (James): “I always talk better lying

own.” " sae

MAHOMET or MOHAMMED: “O Allah! be it so!
> ei among the glorious host of Para
ise.”

MALESHERSES (to the priest): “Hold your
tongue ! your wretched chatter disgusts me.”
MARAT (stabbed in his bath by Charlotte Corday):

“Help! help me, my dear!” (To his house-

eeper.
MARGARET (of Scotland, wife of Louis XI. of
France): “Fi de la vie! qu'on ne m’en parle

plus,

MARI£ ANTOINETTE: “Farewell, my children,
for ever. lam going to your father.”

MarTIN Gi: “What dost thou here, thou cruel

st?” (Said to the devil). (St. Sulpicius:

Kpistle to Bassuli.)

MARTINUZZI (Cardinal), the Wolsey of Hungary,
ae was assassinated uttering the words, “ Jesu,

aria!"

Mary ween of England): “ You will find the
word Calais written on my heart.” ‘

MASANIELLO: “ Ungrateful traitors!" (To his

assassins.

MATREWs (Charles): “ Iam ready.”

MAXIMILIAN (Kmperor of Mexico): “ Poor Car-
lotta!” (Referring to his wife.) |

MELANCTHON (in reply to the question, “Do you
want anything ?"): “ Nothing but heaven.”

MLRABEAU : “ Let me fall asleep to the sound of
delicious music,” (See LEOPOLD.) : .

Monica (St.): “In peace [ will sleep with Him
and take my rest.” (St. Augustin ; Confessions.)

Moopy (the actor) :_

“ Reason thus with life:

If I do lose thee, I do lose a thing

That none but fools would keep.’
he same is said of Paterson, au actor in the
orwich Company,

Moore (H ): “Patty, Joy.” ‘

Moore (Sir John): “I hope my country will do
me justice.”

More (Sir Thomas): “For my coming down,
let me shift for myself.”

Mozart: “ You spoke of « refreshment, Emilie ;
take prdess notes, and let me bear once more
my 80) and ee ad Fie

Murat (King of Naples): “Soldiers, save my
face; sim at my heart. Farewell.” (Said to
the men appvinted to shoot him\)

Napovgon I.: “ Mon Dieu! La nation Frangaise.
Téte d'armée!""

‘NAPOLEON III.; * Were you at Sedan?” (To Dr.
Comneau.)

VY

NEvson: “I thank God 1 have done my duty,
Kiss me, Hardy.”

NERO: ““Qualis artifex perio.”

PALMER (the actor): “There is another and a
better world.” (This be said on the stage. Jt
is a line in the part he was performing—7'e
Stranger.)

“PASCAL: “ My God, forsake me not.”

PER’icLES (uf Athens): “I have never caused
any citizen to put on mourning on my account,”
(Sce FREDERICK V,)

Pirt (William): “ Alas, my country !”

Przarno: “Jesu!”

POMPADOUR (Hdme, de): “Stay alittle longer, M.
le Curé, and we will go together.”

PONIATOWSKI (after the bridge over the Pliesse
was blown up): Gentlemen, it behoves us now
to.die with bonour,” 5

Pork: “ Friendship itself is but a part of virtue.”

RABELAIS: “ Let down the curtain, the farce is
over.” (See DEMO/NAX.) 7,

RALEIGH: “It matters little how the head lies.”
(Said on the scaffold where he was beheaded.)

RENAN: “ We perish, we disappear, but the march
of time goes on for ever.”

RIcHARD I. (of England): “Youth, I forgive
thee!” (This was said to Bertrand de Gourdon,
who shot him with an arrow at Chalus.) Then
to his attendants he added,“ Take off his chains,
give him 100 shillings, and let him go.”

RICHARD III. (of England) ; “ Treason ! treason!"
(At Bosworth, where his best men deserted him
and joined the army of Ricbimond, afterwards

+ Henry VII.)

ROBESPIERRE (taunted with the death of Dan-
ton): “Cowards! Why did you not defend
him?” (This must have been before his jaw
was broken by the shot of the gendarme the
day before he was guillotined.)

ROCHEJAQUELEIN (the Vendean hero): reveal Ie
to meet the foe. 1f I advance, follow me ; if 1
retreat, slay me; if I fall, avenge me.”

ROLAND (Madame): “O liberty! What crimes
are committed in thy bame!* i

SALADIN: “ When | am buried, carry my windmg-
sbeet on the point of a spear, and say these
words: Behold the spoils which Saladin carries
witb him! Of all bis victories, realms, and
riches, nothing reinains to him but this.” (See
SKVERUE.) : “

SAND (George): “ Laissez la verdure.” (That is,
leave the plot green, and do not cover the grave
with bricks or stone.)

ScaRRON: “ Ah, my children, you cannot cry for
me so much as I have made you laugh.”

SCHILLEL: “Many things are growing plain and
clear to my understanding.”

ScoTtT (Sir Walter): “God bless you all. I feel
myself again.” (To his family.)

SERVE’TUS (at the stake): “Christ, Son of the
eternal God, have mercy upon me.” (Calvin in-
sisted on his saying, “the eternal Son of God,”
but he would not, and was burnt to death.)

SEve’nus: “I have been everything,and every-
thing is nothing. A little urn will contain all
that remains of one for whom the whole world
was too little.” (See SALADIN.)

SEYMOUR (Jane): “ No, my head never comnitted
any treason; but, if you want it, you can take
it.” (As Jane Seymour died within a fortnight
of the birth of her son Edward—tbe cause of
unbounded delight to the king—I cannot believe
that this traditionary speech is correct.)

SHARPE (Archbishop): “TI shall be bappy.”

SHERIDAN: “J am absolutely undone.”

SIDNEY (Algernon): “I know that my Redecmer
liveth, I die for the good old cause,” (He was
condemned to death by Judge Jeffries as an
accomplice in the Rye House plot.)

SIDNEY (Sir Philip): “I would not change my
joy for the empire of the world.”

SIWARD (the panes “ Lift me up that I:may die
standing, not lying down like a cow.” (See
Louis XVIII. and VESPASIAN.)

SoOcRATES : “Crito, we owen cuck to ZEsculapios.”

STAEL (Madame de): “I Lave loved God, my
father, and liberty.”

STEPHEN (the first Christian martyr): “ Lord,
into thy hands I commend my spirit." :

SWEDENBORG: “What e'clock is it?” (After
being told, he added) “Thank you, and God
-bless you.”

Dymphna

$98

Bagle

TaLMA: “The worst is, 1 cannot see.” (But his
last word was) “ Voltaire,”

Tasso: “Lord, into Thy hands I commend my
spirit.” (See CHARLEMAGNE, and COLUMBUS.)
TAYLOR (General Zachary): “1 have tried to do
my duty, andam not afraid to die. Iam ready.”
TENTERDEN (Lord Chief Justice): “Gentlemen of
the jury, you may retire,” ‘
THERAMENES (the Athenian, condemned by Cri-
tias to drink hemlock, said as he drank the

poison) : “ This to the fair Critias.”

THIEF (The Penitent): L
when Thou comest into Thy Kingdom.”

arene (Lord): “ I'll be shot if I don’t believe
‘m dying.”

TYLER (Wat): “ Because they are all under my
parma, they are sworn to do what I bid
them.”

Vane (Sir Harry): “It is a bad cause which
cannot bear the words of a dying man,”

VESPASIAN: “ A king should die standing "’ (See
Lovis XVIII. and Stwarp); but his last words
were, “ Ut puto, deus flo™ (referring to the fact
that be was the first of the Roman emperors
who died a natural death, if, indeed, Augustus
was poisoned, as many suppose).

ViIcARS (Hedley): “Cover my face.”

VoLTaIRE: ‘ Do let me die in peace.”

WASHINGTON: ‘It is well. I die hard, but am
not afraid to go.” 2 you

WESLEY: “ The best of all is, God is with us,”

WILBERFORCE (His father said to him, “So He
iveth His beloved sleep” ; to which Wilber-
orce replied); “ Yes, and sweet indeed is the

rest which Christ giveth.” (Saying this, he
never spoke again.)

WILuiamM I.; “To my Lady, the Holy Mary, I
commend myself; that she, by ber prayers,
may reconcile her beloved Son to me.”

WILLIAM JI.: “Shoot, Walter, in the devil's
name!" (Walter Tyrrell did shoot, but killed
the king.) ;

WILLIAM III.: “Can this last long?" (To his
Llp He suffered from a broken collar-
one. A

WILLIAM (of Nassau) ; “ O God, have mercy upon
me, and upon this poor nation.” (This was

pi ust before he was shot by Balthasar Gerard.)
ILSON (the ornithologist): ‘“ Bury me where

the birds will sing over my grave.”

WOoOvrs (General): “ What! do+they run already ?
Then I die happy.” (See EPAMINONDAS.)

Wo tssy (Cardinal): “ Had I but served my God
with half the zeal that I have served my king,
He would not have left me in my grey hairs.”

WoORDs WORE “God bless you! Is that you,
ora ?**

Wratr (Thomas): “ What I then said [about the
treason of Princess Elizabeth) I unsay now ;
and what I now say is the truth.” (This was
said to the priest who waited on him on the
scaffold.) u

Ziska (John): “Make my skin into drum-heads
for the Bohemian cause.”

Many of these sayings, like all other
history, belong to the region of Phrase
and Fable, but the collection is inter-
gesting and fairly exhaustive.

Dymph’na. The tutelar saint of
those stricken in spirit. She was a
native of Britain, and a woman of high
rank. Itis said that she was murdered,
at Geel, in Belgium, by her own father,
because she resisted his incestuous pas-
sion. Geel, or Gheel, has long been a
famous colony for the insane, who are
sent thither from all parts of Europe,
and are boarded with.the peasantry.

Dynamite (3 syl.). An explosive
compound consisting of some absorbent
‘(as infusorial earth) saturated with nitroe
glycerine. (Greek, dumdumis, power.)

“Lord, remember me

Dynamite Saturday. January 24th,
1885, when great damage was done to the
Houses of Parliament and the Tower of
London by explosions of dynamite. The
Law-Courts and some other public build-
ings were to have been attacked b
the dynamiters, but happily were we:
guarded. (See CLAN-NA-GABL.)

Dyot Street, Bloomsbury Square,
London ; now called George Street, St.
Giles. Made familiar by a well-knowa
song in Bombastes Furioso :

“My lodging is in heather lane,
A parlour that’s next to the sky . ..”
Rhodes,

Dyser. The deities who conduct the
souls of the deceased to the palace of
Odin. (Scandimavian mythology.)

Dy’vour. The debtor’s badge in
Scotland (French, devoir, to own).
Bankrupts were compelled to wear an
upper garment, half yellow and half
brown, with a parti-coloured cap.
This law was abolished in the reign of
William IV.

Byz’emas Day. Tithe day. -(Por-
tuguese, dizimas, tithes; Law Latin,
Gec'ime.)

E.

E. This letter represents a window;
in Hebrew it is called he (a window).

E.G. or ¢.g. (Latin for ¢remplhi gra’ tia).
By way of example ; for instance. °

E Pluribus Unum (Latin). One
unity composed of many parts. The

motto of the United States of America.

Eager or eagre.
the French aigre.
acr- *‘acer,’’ sharp.)

3 “Tt doth posset_
And curd, like eager droppings into milk.”
Shakespeare: Hamlet, i. 5.
“Vex him with eager words.”
Shakespeare: Henry VI, ii. 4.

Eagle (in royal banners). It was the
ensign of the ancient kings of Babylon
and Persia, of the Ptolemies and Se-
leu/cidés, The Romans adopted it in con-
junction with other devices, but Ma’rius
made it the ensign of the legion, and
confined the other devices to the cohorts.

Sharp, keen, acid ;
(Latin, crude form,

‘The French under the Empire assumed

the same device.

Eagle (in Christian art) is emblematic
of St. John the Evangelist, because, like
the eagle, he looked on ‘‘the sun of
glory” ; the eagle was one of the four
f an which made up the cherub (Ezek.
1, . aie

Bagle

399

Ear

Eagle (in funerals). The Romans
used to let an eagle fly from the funeral
pile of a deceased emperor, Dryden
alludes to this custom in his stanzas on
Oliver Cromwell after his funeral, when
he says, ‘‘ Officious haste did let too soon
th sacred eagle fly.’ ;

Eagle (in heraldry) signifies forti-
tude.

Eagle (for lecterns in churches). The
eagle is the natural enemy of the serpent.
Bl ke arte ents ay the two out-
spread wings of the eagle.

# Pliny io his Watecal History (book
x. chap, 3) enumerates six kinds of
eagles: (1) Melenactos, (2) Pygargus,
(8) Morphnos, which Homer (Ziad,
xxiv. 316) calls perknos, (4) Percnop-
terus, (5) Gnesios, the royal eagle, and
(6) Halizetos, the osprey.

Eagle (in phrases). ;

Thy youth is renewed like the eagle's
(Ps. ciii. 5). This refers to the super-
stition feigned by poets that every ten
years the eagle soars into the ‘fiery
region,’ and plunges thence into the
sea, where, moulting its feathers, it
acquires, new life.

“ She saw where he upstarted brave

Out of the weil.’. ..

As eagle fresh out of the ocean wave,

Where he hath Jefte bis plumes all hory gray,

And decks himself with fethers youthly gay.”

Spenser; Faérie Queene, i. 11, 34.

Eagle, a public-house sign, is in
honour of Queen Mary, whose badge it
was. She put it on the dexter side of

the shield, and the sun on the sinister—-

a conjugal compliment which gave great
offence to her subjects.

The Golden Eagle and the Spread Eagle
are commemorative of the crusades;
they were the devices of the emperors of
the East.

Eagle. ~The spread eagle. A device
of the old Roman or Eastern Empire,
brought over by the crusaders,

Eagle of the doctors of France, Pierre
d’Ailly, a French cardinal and great
astrologer, who calculated the horoscope
of our Lord, and maintained that the
pe \cahaeet the great deluge. (1350-

Eagle of Brittany. Bertrand Dugues-
clin, Constable of France, ie 320-1380.)

Eagle of Meaux [mo]. Jacques Bé-
nigne Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux, the
grandest and most sublime of the pulpit
orators of France. (1627-1704.)

» Eagle. The two-headed eagle. Austria,
Prussia (representing Germany), and
Russia have two-headed eagles, one

+

facing to the right and the other to the
left. The one facing to the west indi-
eates direct succession from Charle-
magne, crowned the sixty-ninth em-

eror of the Romans from Augustus.
n Russia it was Ivan Basilovitz who
first assumed the two-headed eagle,
when, in 1472, he married Sophia
daughter of Thomas Paleologus, an
niece of Constantine XIV., the last
Emperor of Byzantium. The two heads
symbolise the Eastern or Byzantine

mpire and the Western or Roman
Empire.

Eagle-stones or Aetites (aerims).
Yellow clay ironstones supposed to have
sanative and magical virtues. They are
so called because they are found in
eagles’ nests. Epiphanius says, ‘‘ In the
interior of Scythia there is a valley inac-
cessible to man, down which slaughtered
lambs are thrown. The small stones at
the bottom of the valley adhere to these
pieces of flesh, and eagles, when they
carry away the flesh to their nests, carry
the stones with it,’’ The story of Sindbad
in the Valley of Diamonds will occur to
the readers of this article (Zpiphanius :
De duodecim gemmis, etez, p. 30; 1743).

It is said that without these stones
eagles cannot hatch their eggs.

Ear. (Anglo-Saxon, edre.)

A deaf ear. One that refuses to listen ;
as if it heard not.

Bow down Thine ear. Condescend to
hear or listen. (Ps. xxxi. 2.)

By ear. To sing or play by ear means
to sing or play without knowledge of mu-
sical notes, depending on the ear only.

Give ear to... Listen to; give at-

tention to. 7
Iamallear. All attention.
“T was all ear,

And took in strains that might create a soul

Under the ribs of death.”

Milton: Comus, 574.

Dil send you off with a flea in your ear.
With a cuff or box of the ear. e allu-
sion is to domestic animals, who are
sometimes greatly annoyed with these
‘tiny torments.’? There seems also to
be a pun implied—jlea and flee.

% The French equivalent is “ Mettre
la puce & Voreille,” to give one a good
jobation.

In at one ear, and out at the other.
Forgotten as soon as beard. ite!

0 ear, A bad ear for musical in-
tonations; ‘‘ ear-blind’’ or ‘* sound-
blind.” ay

Dionysius’s Ear. A bell-shaped cham-

| ber connected by an underground passage

with the king’s palace, Its object was

Bar

400

Barth

that the tyrant of Syracuse might over-
hear whatever was passing in the prison.

Ear-finger. The little fmger, which
is thrust into the ear if anything tickles it.

Ear-marked. Marked so as to be
recognised. The allusion is to marking
cattle and sheep on the ear, by which
they may be readily recognised.

“The increase [of these wild cattle] were duly
branded and ear-marked each. year.”—Nineteenth
Century (May, 1893), p. 789.

“The late president [Balmaceda] took onboard
a large quancity of silver, which had been ear-
marked for a particular purpose.”—Newspaper
paragraph, Sept. 4, 1891.

Ear-shot. Within ear-shot. Within
‘hearing. The allusion is palpable.

Ears,

- About one’s ears.
The allusion is to a house falling on one,
or a hornet’s nest buzzing about one’s
head.

Bring the house about your ears. Set
the whole family against you. —

4 If your ears burn, people say some
_one is talking of you. Thisis very old, for
Pliny says, ‘*When our ears do glow
and tingle, some do talk of us in our
absence.’? Shakespeare, in Much Ado
About Nothing (iii. 1), makes Beatrice
say, when Ur’sula and Hero had been
ta ing of her, ‘‘ What fire is in mine
ears?’’ Sir Thomas Browne ascribes this
conceit to the superstition of guardian
angels, who aie 4 the right ear if the
talk is favourable, and the left if other-
wise. This is done to cheer or warn.

“ One ear tingles ; some there be
That are snarling now at me.”
Herrick: Hesperides.
Little aed have large ears, (See
RS.

Mine ears hast thou bored. Thou hast
accepted me as thy bond-slave for life.
If a Hebrew servant declined to go free
after six years’ service, the master was
to bring him to the doorpost, and bore
his ear through with an awl, in token
¢ his voluntary servitude. (Exod. xxi.

Over head ané ears Gn, love, in debt,
etc.). Wholly, desperate

“He is over head and ears in love with the
maid. He loves her better than his own life.”—
Terence in English.

To give’s one’s ears [to obtain an
object}. To make a considerable sacri-
fice for the purpose. The allusion is to
the ancient practice of cutting off the
ears of those who loved their own of-
fensive opinions better than their ears.

To have itching ears. Loving to hear
news or current gossip, .(2 Tim. iv. 3.)

‘ye

r

Causing trouble.

To prick up one’s ears, To listen
attentively to something not expected,
as horses prick up their ears at a sudden
sound.

* AL which, like unbacked colts, they pricked

their ears.
. Shakespeate: The Tempest, iv. 1.
To set people together by the ears, To
create ill-will among them; to set them
quarrelling and pulling each other’s
ears,
“ When civil dudgeon first grew high,
And men fell out, they knew not why ;
When hard words, jealousies, and fears,
Set folks together by the ears.”
2 Butler ; Hudibras (The opening).
To tickle the ears. To gratify the ear
either by pleasing sounds or flattering
words. :
Walls have ears. Things uttered in
secret get rumoured abroad. Chaucer
says, ‘‘ That field hath eyen, and the
wood hath ears.” (Canterbury Tales,
v. 1,524.)

Ears to ear Bible (Zhe). (1810.)
“Who hath ears to ear, let him hear.’
(Matt. xiii. 43.) (See Brix.)

Earing. Ploughing. (Anglo-Saxon,
erian, to plough ; Latin, aro.)

“And yet there are five years, in the which
there shall neither be earing nor harvest.”—
Genesis xly. 6.

“In earing time and in harvest thou shalt
rest.”—Exodus x xxiv. 21.

Earl (Anglo-Saxon, corl, a man of
position, in opposition to ceorl, a churl,
or freeman of the lowest rank; Danish,
jarl). William the Conqueror tried to
introduce the word Count, but did not
succeed, although thé wife of an earl is
still called a countess.

“The sheriff is called in Latin vice-comés, as
being the deputy of the earl or comés, to whom
the custody of the shire is said to have been com-
mitted.” — Blackstone: Commentaries, book i.
chap. ix. p. 339.

Earl of Mar’s Grey Breeks. The
2lst Foot are so called because théy
wore grey breeches when the Earl of Mar
was their colonel. (1678-1686.)

The 2lst Foot is now called the
‘*Royal Scots Fusiliers.’’

Early to Bed. ‘Early to bed and
early to rise, makes a man healthy,
wealthy, and wise.”’

“ Lever a cing, diner 4 neuf,
Souper 4 cing, coucher a neuf, —~
Font vivre d’ans nonante neuf.”

(The older of the two.)
-“* Lever a six, dimer a dix
Super a six, coucher a dix,
Fait vivre l'homme dix fois dix.”

Earth. To gather strength from the
earth. The reterence is to Anteos, son
of Posei‘don and Ge, a giant and
wrestler of Lib’ya (Africa). So long as

he touched the earth his strength was

Barthmen

Easter Eggs -

irresistible, Herculés, knowing this,
lifted him into the air and crushed him
to death. Near the town of Tingis, in
Maurita’nia, is a hill in the shape of a
man, and called Zhe hill of Anteos.
Tradition says it is the wrestler’s tomb,
(See MALEGEA.)

Earthmen (7he). Gnomes and fairies
of the mines: a solemn race, who never-
theless . can ue most heartily and
dance most merrily.

“We [earthmen) work at the mines for men ;
we put the ore in readiness for the miners.”—
Besant and Rice: Titania's Farewell.

Earthquakes, According to Indian
mythology, the world rests on the head
of a great elephant, and when, for the
sake of rest, the huge monster refreshes
itself by moving its head, an earthquake
is ccd. The elephant is called
‘‘ Muha-pudma.’’

“ Having penetrated to the south, they saw the
sgreat elophant ‘Muha-pudia,’ equal to a huge
» Mountain, sustaining the earth with its head.”—

he Rumayuna (sect on xxziii.).

° The Lamas say that the earth is
placed on the back of a gigantic frog,
and when the frog stretches its limbs or
moves its head, it shakes the earth.
Other Eastern mythologists place the
earth on the back of a tortoise.

Greek and Roman mythologists ascribe
earthquakes to the restlessness of the
giants which Jupiter buried under high
mountains, Thus Virgil (2néid, iii. 578)
ascribes the eruption of Etna to the giant
Enceladus, :

Earwig. A corruption of the Saxon
ear-wicga (ear-insect); so called because
the hind wings resemble in shape the
human ear. The word.has engendered
the notion that these insects are apt to
get into our ears.

An earwig, metaphorically, is one who
whispers into our ears al] the news and
scandal going, in order to curry favour ;
& flatterer.

“Court earwigs banisb from your ears.”
Political Ballads,
Ease.

(Anglo-Saxon, cath; Latin,
oti-wm.)

At ease. Without pain or anxiety.

Til at ease. Uneasy, not comfortable,
anxious.

Stand at ease! A command given to
soldiers to rest for atime. The ‘' gentle-
men stood at ease’’ means in an in-
forma) manner.

To ease one of his money or purse. To
steal it. (See LitttE Ease.)

Ease (Chapel of). (Sce CHAPEL.)

- Base Her! A command given ona
‘steamer to reduce speed. The next

26

order is generally ‘‘ Stop her! ’’ —i.e. the
steamboat.

East. The custom of turning to the
east when the creed is repeated is to ex-
press the belief that Christ is the Day-
spring and Sun of Righteousness. The
altar is placed at the east end of the
church to remind us of Christ, the ‘‘ Day-
spring’’ and ‘‘ Resurrection’’ ; and per-
sons are buried with their feet to the east
to signify that they died in the hope of
the Trade seca. ,

The ancient Greeks always buried their
dead with the face wpwards, looking to-
wards heaven ; and the feet turned to the
east or the rising sun, to indicate that
the deceased was on his way to Elysium,
and not to the region of night or the
inferno. (Diogenés Laertius: Life of
Solon, in Greek.)

East Indies.

(1) He came safe from the East Indies,
and was drowned wn the Thames. Ho
encountered many dangers of great
magnitude, but was at last killed where
he thought himself secure.

(2) Zo send to the East Indies for
Kentish pippins. To go round about
to accomplish a very simple thing, To
crush a fly on a wheel. To send to the
Chancellor of the Exchequer for a penny
postage-stamp, st

Easter. April was called Ostermo-
nath—the month of the Ost-end wind
pend from the east). Easter is there-
ore the April feast, which lasted eight
days. Our Easter Sunday must be be-
tween March 21st and April 25th. It is
regulated by the paschal moon, or first
full moon between the vernal equinox
and fourteen days afterwards, (Teu-
tonic, ostara ; Anglo-Saxon, nla

Easter. The Saxon goddess of the
east, whose festival was held in the
spring.

Easter-day Sun. It was formerly a
common belief that the sun danced on
Easter Day. Sir Thomas Browne com-
bats the notion in his Vadlgar Errors.

“ But oh, she dances such a way,
No sun upon an Easter day
Is half so fine a sight.”
Sir John Suckling.

Easter Eggs, or Pasch eggs, are sym-
bolical of perention, or the re-creation of
spring. e practice of presenting e
to our friends at Easter is Marites
Persian, and bears allusion to the mun-
dane egg, for which Ormuzd and Abri-
man were to contend till the consumma-
tion of all things. It prevailed not only

Fat 402

Evbionites

with the Persians, but also among the
Jews, Egyptians, and Hindus, Chris-
tians adopted the custom to symbolise
the resurrection, and they colour the
eggs red in allusion to the blood of their
redemption. There is a tradition, also,
that the world was ‘‘ hatched”’ or created
at Easter-tide.

“ Bless, Lord, we beseech thee, this Thy creature
of eggs, that it may become a wbolesome suste-
nance to Thy faithful servants, eating itin thank-
fulness to Thee, on account of the resurrection of
our Lord.”—Pope Paul V : Ritual,

Eat. Zo eat hwmble pie. (See HUMBLE
Piz.)

To eat one out of house and home. To
eat so much that one will have to part
with house and home in order to pay
for it.

To eat one's words. To retract in a
humiliating manner ; to unsay what you
have said; to eat your own lick.

To eat the mad cow. A French
phrase, implying that a person is re-
duced to the very last extremity, and is
willing to eat even a cow that has died
of madness ; glad to eat cat’s meat.

“ I] mangea de cette chose inexprimable qu’on
appelle de la yache enragée.”"—Victor Hugo: Les
Miserables.

To eat the leek. (See LEEK.)

To cat well, | To have a good appetite.
But ‘‘ It eats well”’ means that what is
eaten is agreeable or flavorous. To
“eat badly ”’ is to eat without appetite
or too little; not pleasant to the taste,

Eat not the Brain. This is the
3lst Symbol in the Protreptics of Iam-
blichus; and the prohibition is very
similar to that of Moses farbidding the
Jews to eat the blood, because the Blood
is the life. The brain is the seat of reason
and the ruler of the body. It was also
esteemed the Divine part—at least, of
man,

Eat not the Heart. This is the
30th Symbol in the Protreptics of Iam-
blichus. Pythagoras forbade judges
and priests to eat animal food at all,
because it was taking away life. Other

ersons he did not wholly forbid this
ood, but he restricted them from eating
the drain (the seat of wisdom) and the
heart (the seat of life).

Eat One’s Heart Out (70). To fret
or worry unreasonably; to allow one
grief or one vexation to predominate
over the mind, tincture all one’s ideas,
and absorb all other emotions.

Eats his Head Off (The horse).
Eats more than he is worth, or the work
done does not pay for the cost of keeping.

A horse which stands in the stable un-
employed eats his head off.

Eating One’s Terms. To be study-
ing for the bar. Students are required
to dine in the Hall of the Inns of Court
at least three times in each of the twelve
terms before they are ‘called’ [to the
bar]. (See Docrors’ Commons.)

Eating Together. To eat together
in the East was at one time a sure pledge
of protection. A Persian nobleman was
once sitting in his garden, when a man
prostrated himself before him, and im-
plored protection from the rabble, The
nobleman gave him the remainder of a
peach which he was eating, and when
the incensed multitude arrived, and de-
clared that the man had slain the only
son of the nobleman, the heart-broken
father replied, ‘‘ We have eaten together ;
go in peace,’’ and would not allow the
murderer to be punished.

Eau de Cologne. A perfumed spirit,
prepared at Cologne. The most famous
maker was Jean Maria Fari’na.

Eau de Vie. Brandy. A French
translation of the Latin agua vite (water
of life). This is a curious perversion of
the Spanish acgua di vite (water or juice
of the vine), rendered by the monks
into aqua vite instead of aqua vitis, and
confounding the juice of the grape with
the alchemists’ elixir of life. The same
error is perpetuated in-the Italian acqua
vite ; the Scotch whisky, which is the
Celtic wisc-lyf; and the Irish usque-
baugh, which is the Gaelic and Irish
uisga-beatha. (See AQUA VITR.)

Eaves-dropper. One who listens
stealthily to conversation. The deriva-
tion of the term is not usually under-
stood. The owners of private estates in
Saxon times were not allowed to culti-
vate to the extremity of their possessions,

but were obliged to leave a space for

eaves. This space was called the yfes-
drype (eaves-drip). An eaves-dropper
is one who places himself in the eaves-
drip to overhear what is said in the
adjacent house or field.

“ Under our tents 1’ll play the eaves-dropper,
To hear if any mean to shrink from me.
Shakespeare: Richard III, v. 3.

Eb'ionism. The doctrine that the
poor only shall be saved. dion, plural
ebionim (poor). :

“ At the end of the second century the Ebionites
were treated as heretics, and a pretended leader
(Ebion) was invented by Tertullian to ex plaip the
bame."—Renan: Life of Jesus, chap. xi.”

Ebionites : syl.). A religious sect
of the first and second centuries, whe

4

Bblis

maintained that Jesus Christ was merel
an inspired messenger, the greatest of all
prophets, but yet a man and a man only,
without any existence before His birth
in Bethlehem. (See above.)

Ebilis or Jbies. A jinn, and the
ruler of the evil genii, or fallen angels.
Before his fall he was called Azaz’el or
Hha’ris. When Adam was created, God
commanded all the angels to worship him ;
but Eblis replied, ‘‘ Me thou hast created
of smokeless fire, and shall I reverence
a creature made of dust?’? God was
very angry at this insolent answer, and
turned the disobedient fay into a Shey-
tan gent, and he became the father of
devils.

“His majesty was a bundred feet in height;
bis skin, striped with red, was covered with
sma}l scales, which made it glisten like armour ;
his bair was 60 long and curly a snake might
have lost its way in it; bis flat nose was pierced
with a ring of admirable workmanship ; his small
eyes assumed all the prismatic colours ; his ears,
which resembled those of an elepbant, flapped oa
his shoulders ; and bis tail, sixty feet long, ter-
minated in a hooked claw."”—Croquemitaine, ii. 10.

“When he said unto the angels, ‘ Worship
Adam,’ all worsbipped him except Eblis."—Al
Koran, ii.

Eb’ony. (God’s image done in ebony.
Negroes. Thomas Fuller gave*birth to
this expression.

Ebu’dz. The Hebrides.
Orlando Furioso.)

Ecce Homo. A painting by Cor-
rege’io of our Lord crowned with thorns
and bound with ropes, as He was shown
to the people by Pilate, who said to
them, ‘‘Zece homo !’’ (Behold the man!)
(John xix. 5.)

Other conceptions of this subject,
either painted or engraved, are by Al-
bert Durer (1471-1528), Titian (1477-
1576), Cigoli (1559-1613), Guido (1574-
1642), Albani (1578-1660), Vandyck

1599-1641), Rembrandt (1608-1669),
oussin (1613-1675), and some others.

Ecce Signum. See it, in proof;
Behold the proof !

“Tam eight times thrust through tbe doublet,
four through the bose; my buckler cut through
and through ; my sword backed like a handsaw—
ecce signum!”—Shakespeare: 1 Henry 1V,, ii. 4.

Eccen’‘tric means deviating from the
centre ; hence eeewet, not according
to rule. Originally applied to those

lanets which wander round the earth,
ike comets, the earth not being in the
centre of their orbit. (Latin, ex centrum.)

Eccentric Sensation. The sensa-
tions of the brain transferred to objects
without. For example: we see a tree;
this tree is a reflection of the tree on the

(Ariosto :

403

Hecho

retina transferred to the brain; but the
tree seen is the tree without, not the tree
in the brain. This transferred percep-
tion is called an ‘‘ Eccentric Sensation.”

Eccentric Theory (Zhe) in astro-
nomy. A theory which uses an ecoen-
tric instead of an epicycle in accounting
for the sun’s motion,

Ecclesiastes (5 syl.). One of the
books in the Old Testament, arranged
next to Proverbs, generally ascribed to
Solomon, because it says (verse 1), ‘* The
words of the Preacher, the son of David,
king in Jerusalem.’’ This seems, so far,
to confirm the authorship to Solomon;
but verse 12 says, ‘‘ I, the Preacher, was
king over Israel, in Jerusalem,’’? which
seems to intimate that he was once a
king, but was so no longer. If 80, it
could not be Solomon, who died king of
the twelve tribes. ‘‘Son of David”
often means a descendant of David,
Christ himself being so called.

Ecclesias'tical. The father of eecle-
siastical history. Euse'bius of Cesare’a
(264-340).

Ecclesias'ticus is so called, not
because the writer was a priest, but
because the book (in the opinion of the
fathers) was the chief of the apocryphal
books, designated by them Leclesras' tici
Libri (boaks to be readin churches), to
distinguish them from the canonical
Scriptures.

Echidna (E£-fid'-na). Half-woman,
half-serpent. She was mother of the
Chimera, the many-headed dog Orthos,
the hundred-headed dragon of the
Hesperides, the Col’chian dragon, the
Sphinx, Cer’beros, Scylla, the Gorgons,
the Lernean hydra, the vulture that
gnawed away the liver of Prome’theus,
and the Nem’ean lion. (Hesiod.)

“ [She] seemed a woman to the waist, and fair

ut ended foul in many a scaly fold,

Voluminous and vast.

Milton: Paradise Lost, book fi. 650--2.

Echo. The Romans say that Echo
was a nymph in love with Narcissus, but
her love not being returned, she pined
away till only her voice remained. We
use the word to imply similarity of
sentiment: as You echo my ideas; That
is an echo to my opinion.

“ Sweet Echo, sweetest nymph, that liv'st unseen
Within thy airy shell,
By slow Meander's margent green...
Canst thou not tell me of a gentle pair
‘That likest thy Narcissus are?”
Milton: Comus, 230, etc.

Echo. (Gr., éko ; verb, ékeo, to sound.
To applaud to the echo, To applan
80 loudly as to produce an echo,

Beckhardt 404

——.

Eck’hardt, 4 faithful Eckhardt,
who warneth everyone (German), Eck-
hardt, in German legends, appears on
the evening of Maundy Thursday to
warn all persons to go home, that they
may not be injured by the headless
bodies and two-legged horses which
traverse the streets on that night.

Eclec’tics. Ancient philosophers, who
selected what they thought, best in all
other systems, and made a patchwork
therefrom. There is the eclectic school
of painters, of which Paul Delaroche
was the founder and best exponent; the
eclectic school of modern philosophy,
founded by Victor Cousin; the eclectic
school of architecture; and so on.
(Greek, ek-lego, to pick out.)

Eclectics or Modern Platonists. A
Christian sect which arose in the second
century. They professed to make truth
their.sole object of inquiry, and adopted
from existing systems whatever, in their
opinion, was true. They were called
Platonists because they adopted Plato’s
notions about God and the human soul.

-Eclipses were considered by the
ancient Greeks and Romans as bad
omens. Niclas, the Athenian general,
was so terrified by an eclipse of. the
moon, that he durst not defend ‘himself
from the Syracusans; in consequence of
which his whole army was cut to pieces,
and he himself was put to death.

The Romans would never hold a public
assembly during an eclipse. Some of
their poets feign that an eclipse of the
- moon is because she is gone on a visit to
Endymion.

A very general notion was and still is
among barbarians that the sun or moon
has been devoured by some monster, and
hence the custom of beating drums and
brass kettles to scare away the monster.

The Chinese, Laps, Persians, and some
others call the evil beast a dragon. The
East Indians say it is a black griffin.

The notion of the ancient Mexicans
was that eclipses were caused by sun
and moon quarrels, in which one of the
litigants is beaten black and blue.

Eclip’tic. The path apparently de-
scribed by the sun in his annual course
through fhe heavens. Eclipses happen
only when the moon is in or near the
same plane.

-Eclogue o syl.).. Pastoral poehy
not expressed in rustic speech, but in
the most refined and elegant of which the
Janguage is capable. (Greek, meaning
“elegant extracts,’’ ‘‘ select poetry.’’)

Economy

Eene'phia. A sort of hurricane,
similar to the Typhon.
“The circling Typhon, whirled from point to

Knd dive Hcecrsia reign.”

Z Thomson: Summer,

Ecole des Femmes. Moliére bor.
rowed the plot of this comedy from the
novelletti of Ser Giovanni, composed in
the fourteenth century.

Econ’omy means the rules or plans
adopted in managing one’s own house.
As we generally prevent extravagant
waste, and make the most of our means
in our own homes, so the careful expen-
diture' of money in general is termed
house-management. The word is ap-
plied to time and several other things,
as well as money. (Greek, oikos nomos,
house-law.)

Animal economy. ‘The system, laws,
and management whereby the greatest
amount of good accrues to the animal
kingdom,

“Animal... economy, according to which

animal affairs are regulated and disposed,."—
Shaftesbury : Characteristics.

Political economy. The principles
whereby the revenues and resources of
a nation are made the most of, Thus:
Is Free Trade good or bad economy ?
Articles are cheaper, and therefore the
buying value of money is increased ;
but, on the other hand, competition is in-
creased, and therefore wages are lowered.

Vegetable economy. The system, laws,
and management, boo the greatest
amount of good is to be derived by the
vegetable’ kingdom,

he Christian Economy. The religious
system based on the New Testament.
That is, what is the best economy of
man, taking into account the life that
now is, and that which is to come? The
answer is thus summed up by Christ:
“What is a man profited though he gain
the whole world and lose his own soul?
For what should a man give in exchange
for his soul?”’

The Mosaic economy. The religious
system tonght by God: that is, the sys-
tem whereby man obtains the greatest
amount of value for his conduct, whether
by serving God or living for this life
only, Also called ‘*The Jewish Eco-
nomy.” =s

Economy is a great income. ‘‘No
alchemy like frugality.” ‘Ever save,
ever have.’”’? The following also are to
a similar effect: “A pina day is a groat
a year.”” ‘Take care of the pence, and
the pounds will take care of themselves.””
“‘ Many a little makes a mickle,’”’ “‘Frae:
saving, comes having.” ‘‘A penny

,

—_— i ee

Economy of Nature

405 Edge

saved is a penny gained.” ‘Little and
often fills the purse."

Latin: **Non intelligunt homines
quam magnum vectigal sit parsimonia’”’
(Cicero). ‘‘Sera in fundo est parsi-
monia ’’ (Seneca).

French : ‘‘Plusieurs Peu font un Beau-

coup.” ‘*Benier sur denier batit la
maison.”’
German : ‘* Die sparsamkeit ist ein

grosser zyll’’ (Parsimony is a great
income).

Economy of Nature (Zhe). The
laws of nature, whereby the greatest
amount of good is obtained ; or the laws
by which the affairs of nature are regu-
lated aud disposed.

Ecorchéurs. Freebooters of the
twelfth century, in France; so called
because they stripped their victims of
everything, even their clothes. (French,
écorcher, to flay.)

Ec’stasy (Greek é«-craos, from
éf-iomut, to stund out of [the body or
mind]). To stand out of one’s mind is
to lose one’s wits, to be beside oneself.
To stand out of one’s body is to be dis-
embodied, St. Paul refers to this when
he says he was caught up to the third
heaven and heard unutterable words,
“whether in the body, or out of the
body, I cannot tell’? (2 Cor. xii, 2-4).
St. John also says he was ‘‘in the
split ’’—i,e. ia an ecstasy—when he saw
the apocalyptic vision (i. 10). The
belief that the soul left the body at
times was very gencral in former ages,

and is still the belief of many. (See
Eosrati¢1.)
Ecstatic Doctor (Zhe). Jean de

Ruysbrock, the mystic (1294-1381).

Eestat‘ici (Zhe). A class of diviners
among tho ancient Greeks, who used to
lie in trences, and when they came to
themselves gave strange accounts of
what they EL pael while they were ‘‘ out
of the hody.’”’ (Greek, ex-zste’mi.)

Ectar (Sir). The foster-father of
King Arthur.

Edda. There are two religious codes,
8o called, containing the ancient Scandi-
navian mythology. One is in verse, com-
posed in Iceland in the eleventh cen-
tury by Semund Sigfusson, the Sage ;
and the other in ibe compiled a cen-
tury later by Snorri Sturleson, who
wrote a commentary on the first edda.
The poetical edda contains an account
of creation, the history of Odin, Thor,
'Preyr, Balder, etc., ete. The prose one

.

contains.the exploits of such conquerors
as Velsung, Sigurd, Attle, etc., and is
divided into several parts. The first
part contains historical and mythological
traditions; the second a long poetical
vocabulary ; and the third Scandinavian
prosody, or the modes of composition
adopted by the ancient Skalds, The
poetical compilation is generally called
Semund’s Edda, and the prose one
Snorri’s Edda.

Eden. Paradise, the country and
garden in which Adam and Eve were
placed by God (Gen. ii. 15). The word
means delight, pleasure.

Eden Hall. The luck of Eden Hall.
Aun old painted drinking-glass, supposed
to be sacred. The tale is that the butler
once went to draw water from St. Cuth-
bert’s Well, in Eden Hall garden, Cum-
berland, when the fairies left their drink-
ing-glass on the well to enjoy a little fun.
The butler seized the glass, and ran off
with it. The goblet is preserved in the
family of Sir Christopher Musgrave.
Longfellow wrote a poem on the subject.
The superstition is—

“ Tf that piece either break or fall,
Farewell the luck of Eden Hall.”

= Readers of the Golden Butterfly, by
Besant and Rice, will remember how the
luck of Gilead P. Beck was associated
with a golden butterfly.

Edenburgh, t.e. Edwin’s burgh. The
fort built by Edwin, king of Northum-
bria (616-633). Dun Eden or Dunedin,
is a Saxon form; Edina a poetical one.

Edgar or Edgar’do. Master of
Ravenswood, in love with Lucy Ashton
(Lucia di Lammermoor). ile absent
in France on an important embassy, the
lady is led to believe that her lover has
proved faithless to her, and in the tor-
rent of her indignation consents to marry
the laird of Bucklaw, but stabs him on
the wetting Meet, goes mad, and dies.
In the opera Edgardo stabs himself
also; but ip the novel he is lost in the
quicksands at Kelpies-Flow, in accord-
ance with an ancient prophecy. (Dont-
zetti's opera of * Lucia di Lammer-
moor”; Sir Walter Scott's * Bride of
Lammermoor.”

Edge. lo-Saxon, ecg.)
Not to es tae an edge upon tt. Not
to mince the matter; tos plainly.

“He is, not to put too fine av edge upon it,a
thorough scoundrel.”—Lorcell.
To be on edge. To be very eager ox
impatient.

0 set one's tecth on edge, To give one

Edge Away

406

EBayrn

the horrors ; to induce a tingling or grat-
ing sensation in one’s teeth, as from acids
or harsh noises.
“J had rather hear a brazen canstick turned,
Or a dry wheel grate on the axle-tree ;
And that would set my teeth nothing on edge,
Nothing so much as mincing poetry.”
Shakespeare: 1 Henry IV,, iii. 1.
Edge Away (Zo). To move away
very gradually, ag a ship moves from the
edge of the shore. Often called egg.
(Anglo-Saxon, ecg, an edge; ecg-clif, is
a. sea cliff.)

Edge-bone, (See AITCH-BONE.)
Edge on. (Sce Ece ov.)

Edge of the Sword.
To fall by the edge of the sword. By
a cut from the sword ; in battle.

Edgewise. One cannot get in a word
edgewise. The [conversation is so en-
grossed by others] that there is no getting
in a word,

Edged Tools, Jt is dangerous to
play with edged tools. Itis dangerous to
tamper with mischief or anything that
may -bring you into trouble.

Edhilin’gi, The aristocratic class
among the Anglo-Saxons; the second
rank were termed the Frilingi ; and the
third the Lazzi, (Anglo-Saxon, adele
or edele, noble; free-ling, free-born.
Ricardo says of the third class, they
were the ‘‘ unwilling to work, the dull”
—quos hodie Jazie di’cimus.)

Edict of Milan. Proclaimed ‘by
Constantine, after the conquest of Italy
(313), to secure to Christians the resti-
tution of their civil and religious rights,

Edict of Nantes. An edict pub-

lished by Henri IV. of France, granting |

toleration to his Protestant subjects. It
was published from Nantes in 1598,
but repealed in 1685 by Louis XIV.

Edie Ochiltree. In Scott’s Anti-
quary.

“Charles II. would be as sceptical as Edie
Ochiltree about the existence of circles and
ayenues, altar-stones and cromlechs.”— Knight:
Old England.

Ed‘ify is to build a house (Latin,
.edes-facio) ; morally, to build instruction
in the mind methodically, like an archi-
tect, The Scripture word edification
means the building-up of ‘‘ believers”
in grace and holiness, St. Paul says,
*€ Ye are God’s building,’’ and elsewhere
he carries out the figure more fully,

saying— ;

*“ All the building [or body of Christians), fitly »

framed together, groweth unto a holy temple in
the Lord. "-Eph. fl. 21.

E’diies (2 syl.). Roman officers who
had charge of the streets, bridges, aque-
ducts, temples, and city buildings gene-
rally. We call our surveyors city ediles
sometimes. (Latin, edes, a house.) -

E'dith, called the Maid. of Lorn
(Argyleshire), was about to be married
to Lord Ronald, when Robert, Edward,
and Isabel Bruce, tempest-tossed, sought
shelter at the castle. Edith’s brother
see the Bruce, and being in the
English interest, a quarrel snsued, in
the course of which the abbot arrived,
‘but refused to marry the bridal pair
‘amidst such discord. Edith fled, and,
assuming the character of a page, passéd
through divers adventures. At length
Robert Bruce won the battle of Ban-
nockburn, and when ‘peace was restored
Ronald married the ‘Maid of Lom.’’
(Scott : Lord of the Isles.)

Ednam, in Roxburghshire, near the
Tweed, where Thomson, the author of
The Seasons, was born.

“The Tweed, pure parent-strea’

Whose pastoral banks first heard my Doric reed.”
Autumn (888-9).

Edo’be (2 syl.). Edobe cottages are
those made of sun-dried bricks, like
the Meee of ancient Egypt. (W.
Hepworth Dixon: New America, 1. 16.)

The present and proper form of
this word is Adobe (Spanish, adobar,
plaster).

“They make adohes, or sun-dried bricks, by’
mixing ashes and earth with water, which is then
moulded into large blocks and dried in the sun.”
—Bancroft: Native Races, vol. i. p. 535.

Edward. Edward the Confessor’s
sword. Curta’na (the cutter), a blunt
sword of state, emblematical of mercy.

The Chevalier Prince Charles Edward.
The Young Pretender. Introduced by
Sir Walter Scott in Redgauntlet, first as
“Father Buonaventura,” and afterwards
as Pretender to the Crown. Again in
Waverley.

. _Edwidge. Wife of William Tell.
(Rossini’s opera of Guglielmo Teill.).

Edwin. The hero of Beattie’s Min-

strel. \

“And yet poor Edwin was no pet a! be
Deep thought oft seemed to fix hisinfant eye,
Dainties he heeded not, nor gaud, nortoy, —
Save one short pipe of rudest minstrelsy ;
Sijent when glad ; affectionate, though sby.
And now his look was most demurely sad ;
And “eres he laughed aloud, yet none knew

w eid
The neighbours stared and sighed, yet blessed
the lad ;

Some deemed him wondrous wise, and some
believed him mad.” Canto i, 16,

Ed'yrn. Son of Nudd; called the.

‘*Sparrowhawk.’’ He ousted the Earl

Fel

of Yn'iol from his earldom, and tried to
win E’nid, the earl’s daughter, but fail-
ing in this, became the evil genius of
the gentle earl. Being overthrown in
a tournament by Prince Geraint’, he
was sent to the court of King Arthur,
where his whole nature was. completely
changed, and ‘‘ subdued to that gentle-
ness which, when it weds with manhood,
jmakes a man.”’ (Idylis of the King;
Enid.)

Eel. A nickname for a New Eng- ©

lander,

“The eels. of New England and the corn-
crackers of Virginia.”— Huliburton : Clockmaker.

Eel. <A salt cel. A rope’s end, used
for scourging. At one time eelskins
were used for whips.

“ With my salt eele, went down in the parler,
and there got ay. boy and did beat him.”—Pepys’
Diary (April 24th),

Eel. (Angl -Saxon, el.)

Holding the eel of science by the tait.
Phat is, to have an ephemeral smattering
of asubject, which slips from the memory
as an eel would wriggle out of one’s
fingers if held by the tail.

“Cauda tenes anguilla, in eos apte dicetur,
que res est cum hominibus lubrica fide, per-.

idisque, aut qui rem fugitivam atque incertam
aliquam habént, quam tueri diu non possint.’—
Erusmus: Adagia, p.324, (1629.)

To get used to it, as a skinned eel, i.e.
as an eel is used to being skinned. It
be? be unpleasant at first, but habit

get the befter of such annoyance.

“It ain't always pleasant to turn out for morn-
ing chapel, is it, Gig-lamps? But it’s just like _—
x . with their skinning: it goes against the
‘grain at Dat but you soon get _ use

to it.”—

Bradley|: Verdant Green, chap. vii.

. To skin an eel by the tail isto do things

the wrong way.

Eelkhance Tables. The celebrated
calculation of Nazir’ u Dien, the Persian
astronomer, grandson of Hepehia Khan,
bee out in the middle of the thir-
teenth century.

Effen’di, A Turkish title, about equal
to our “‘squire,”’ given to emirs, men of
learning, and the high priests of mosques.
The title is added after the name, as Ali
effendi (Ali Esquire).

Effigy. To burn or hang one in efigy.
To burn or hang the representation of a

rson, instead of the person himself,
in order to show popular hatred, dislike,
or contempt. e custom comes from
France, where the public executioner
used to hang the effigy of the criminal
elma: himself could not be

oun

407

Egg

Ef'frontery. Out-facing, rude per-
sistence, and overbearing impudence.
(Latin, ef-frons, i.e. ex-frons, out-face.)

Egalité. Philippe, Duc d’Orléans,
father of Louis-Philippe, King of the
French, was so called’ because he sided
with the revolutionary party, whose
motto was “Liberty, fraternity, and
equality.”” Philippe Lgalité was guillo-
tined in 1793.

Ege'ria. The nymph who instructed
Numa in his wise legislation. Numa
used to meet her in a grove near Aric’ia.

Egg. Eggs. (Anglo-Saxon, yg.)
A bad egg. A bad speculation ; a man
who promises, but whose promises are

pie-crust.
A. duck’s egg, in cricket. (See Duck.)
.Golden eggs. Great profits. (See
Goose.)

“IT doubt the bird is fown that laid the golden
eggs.”—Scott: The Antiquary.

The mundane egg. The Pheenicians,
and from them the Egyptians, Hindus,
Japanese, and many other ancient
nations, maintained that the world was
hatched from an egg made by the
Creator. Orpheus speaks of this egg.

Egys of Nuremberg. (See NUREMBERG.)

Pasch eggs. (Sce Easter Eaas.)

The serpent’s egg of the Druids. This
wonderful egg was hatched by the joint
labour of several serpents, and was
buoyed into the air by their hissing.
The person who caught it had to ride off
at full speed, to avoid being stung to
death; but the possessor was sure to
prevail in every contest or combat, and
to be courted by those in power. Pliny
says he had seen one of these eggs, and
that it was about as large as a moderate-
sized apple.

PHRASES AND PROVERBS:

Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.
Don’t venture all you have in one specu-
lation ; don’t put all your pee in
one bank. The allusion is obvious.

From the egg to the apples. (Latin,
** ab ovo usque ad mald.”’) From first to.
last. The Romans began their ‘‘ dinner ”
with eggs, and ended with fruits called
‘ mala,’’ ;

I have eggs on the spit. I am very
busy, and cannot attend to anything
else. The reference is to roasting eggs
on a spit. es! were first boiled, then
the yolk was taken out, braided up with
spices, and put back again; the eggs
were then drawn on a ‘‘spit,’’ and
roasted, As this required both despatch
and constant attention, the person in

Egg

charge could not leave them. It must
be remembered that the word *‘ spit” had
at one time a much wider meaning than
it has now. Thus toasting-forks and

the hooks of a Dutch oven were termed .

spite,

“T forgot to tell you, 1 write short journals
now ; I have eggs on the spit.”—Swift.

I got eggs for my money means I gave
valuable money, and received instead
such worthless things as eggs. When
Wolsey accused the Earl of Kildare for
not taking Desmond prisaner, the Earl
replied, ‘‘He is no more to blame than
his brother Ossory,. who (notwith-
standing his high promises) is glad to
take eggs for his money,” 7.¢. is willing
to be imposed on. (Campion: History
of Ireland, 1633.) ake. =

Like as two eggs. Exactly alike.

“They say we are almost as like as eggs.”—
Shakespeare: Winter's Tale, i. 2.

Sure as eggs is eggs. Professor de Mor-
gan suggests that this is a corruption of
the logician’s formula, ‘‘x is x.’’ (Notes
and Queries.)

. Leach your grandmother to suck eggs.
Attempting to teach your elders and
superiors. The French say, ‘‘' The gos-
lings want to drive the geese to pasture”
(Les ovsons veulent mener les ois paitre).

There is reason in roasting eggs. Even
the most trivial thing has a reason for
being done in one way rather than in
some other. When wood fires were
usual, it was more common to roast eggs
than to boil them, and some care was
required to prevent their being ‘ ill-
roasted, all on one side,’’ as-Touchstone
says (4s You Like ft, iii. 2).

“One likes the pheasant’s wing, and one the leg ;

The vulgar boil, the Jearnéd roast an Be

Pope: Epistles, ii.

To tread upon eggs. To walk gingerly,
as if walking over eggs, which ba eaaily
broken. :

ul you take eggs for your money 2

“ Will you allow Eset to be im ee
upon? Will you take kicks for half-
pence?’’ This saying was -in vogue
when eggs were plentiful as black-
berries.

“My honest friend, will you take eggs for
money ?”—Shukespeare: Winter's Tale, i. 2.

_ Egg Feast. In Oxford the Saturday
preceding Shrove Tuesday is so called;
it is also called Egg-Saturday, because
pasch eggs are provided for the students
on that day.

Egg-flip, Egg-hot, Egg-nog. Drinks
composed of warm spiced ale, with sugar,
spirit and eggs; or eggs beaten up with
wine, sweetened and flavoured, etc.

408

Ego

Egg-on or Edge-on, A corruption
of the Saxon eggtan (to incite). The
Anglo-Saxon ecg, and Scandinavian eg,
means a ‘‘ sharp point ’’—hence edge-hog
(hedgehog), a hog with sharp points,
called in Danish pin-swin (thorny
swine), and in French porc-épic, where
épic is the Latin sprc'ula (spikes).

Egg Saturday (See above, Eca-
FEAST. ) ‘

Egg-trot. A cautious, jog-trot pace,
like that of a good housewife riding to
market with eggs in her panniers,

Egil. Brother of Weland, the Vulcan
of Northern mythology. Egil was a
great archer, and a tale is told of him
the exact counterpart of the famous
story about William Tell: One day
King Nidung commanded Egil to shoot
an apple off the head of his son. Egil
took two well-selected arrows from his
quiver, and when asked by the king
why he took two, replied (as the Swiss
peasant to Gessler), ‘‘To shoot thee, O
tyrant, with the second, if I fail.””

Egis. (See Asais.)

Eg'lantine (3 syl.). Daughter of
King Pepin, and bride of her cousin
Valentine, the brother of Orson. She
soon died. (Valentine and Orson.)

Madame Eglantine. The prioress in
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. Good-
natured, wholly ignorant of the world
vain of her courtly manners, and noted
for her partiality to lap-dogs, her deli-
cate oath, ‘‘ by seint Eloy,’’ her entun-
ing the service swetely in her nose,” and
her speaking French “‘ after the scole of
Stratford atte Bowe.”

Ego and Non-Ego. -‘‘Ego’’ means
I myself ; ‘‘ Non-ego’’ means the objec-
tive world, They are terms used b
Fichté (1762-1814) to explain his Ideal-
ism. According to this philosopher, the
Ego posits or embraces the Non-ego.
Take an example: A tree is an object

_ out of my personality, and therefore a

part of the Non-ego. I see a tree; the
tree of my brain is a subjective tree, the
tree itself is an objective tree. Before
I can sec it, the objective tree and the
subjective tree must be like the two
clocks of a telegraphic apparatus; the
sender and reader must be in connection,
the reader must ‘‘ posit,’ or take in the
message sent. The message, or on-
ego, must be engrafted into the ego. ~
Applying this rule generally, all objects
known, seen, heard, etc., by me become
pert of me, or the ego posits the nqn-ego
y subjective objectivity. wel

ce

Bgoism

409

Elagabalus

Egoism. The theory in Ethics which
places man’s summum bonumin self. The
corrélative of altruism, or the theory
which places our own greatest happiness
in making others happy. Egoism is
selfishness pure, altruism is selfish bene-
volence. ‘‘ Egoist,’’ a disciple of egoism.

“To say that each individual shall reap the
benefits brought to him by bis own powers... .
is to enunciate egoism as an witimate principle of
conduct.""—Spencer: Data of Ethics, p. 189.

Eg’otism. The too frequent use of
the word I; the habit of talking about
oneself, or of parading one’s own doings.
‘“« Fgotist,”’ one addicted to egotism

E’gypt, in Dryden’s satire of Absalom
and Achitophel, means France.
“ Egypt and Tyrus (Holland) intercept your trade,

And Jebusites [Papists] your sacred rites in-

vade,” Part i. 705-6.

Egyptian Crown (Zhe). That of
Upper Egypt was a high conical white
cap, terminating in a knob, That of
Lower Egypt was red. If a king gov-
erned both countries he wore both
crowns (that of Lower Egypt outside the
other). This double crown was called a
pschent. val

Egyptian Days. The last Monday in
April, the second Monday of August, and
the third Monday of December. So
called because Egyptian astrologers
marked them out. =~ "

“ Three days there are in the year which we call
Egyptian Days.'—Sa:ron MS. (British Museum).

Egyptian Festivals (7ihe). Thesix
great festivals of the ancient Egyptians
were—

1, That of Bubastis (= Diana, or the
moon) ; .

2. That of Busiris, in honour of Isis ;

3. That of Sais (= Minerva, Hermés,
or Wisdom) ;

4, That of Heliondlis, in honour of the
BUD ;

5. That of Butis, or Buto, the goddess
of night; and

6. That of Paprémis (= Marsor Arés,
the god of War).

Eider-down. The down of the
eider duck. This duck is common in
Greenlana, Iceland, and the Islands
north and west of Scotland. It is
about the size of a goose, and receives
its distinctive name from the river Eider,
in Denmark. wat

Eikon Basil'ike [Portraiture of the
K ing}. A book attributed to Charles L.,
but claimed by John Gauden, Bishop of
Exeter. ‘The Elxwy is wholly and only
my invention.”” (Gauden; Letter to
the Lord Chancellor.

Eisell. Wormwood wine. Hamlet
says to Laertes, Woul't drink up eisell—
t.e. drink wormwood wine to show your
love to the dead Ophelia? In the Troy
Book of Ludgate we have the line ‘‘ Of
bitter eysell and of eager [sour] wine.”
And in Shakespeare’s sonnets ;

“1 will drink *
Potions of eysell, ‘gainst my strong infection ;
No bitterness that | will bitter think, |
Nor double penance to correct correction.” _
Sonnet cxi.

Eisteddfod. The meetings of the
Welsh bards and others, now held an-
nually, for the-encouragement of Welsh
literat and music. (Welsh, ‘‘a ses-
sions,’’ from eistedd, to sit.)

Either. (Greek, hekater’ ; Irish, ceach-
tar ; Saxon, egther. Ceach’, our ‘‘each,”
and egther, our “ either.’’)

Ejus’dem Fari‘nze (Latin).
same kidney ; of the same sort.

“Lord Hartington, Lord Derby, Mr. Childers,
and others ejusdem farine.’'—Newspaper para-
graph, November, 1885,

El Dora’do. Golden illusion; a
land or means of unbounded wealth.
Orella’na, lieutenant of Pizarro, pre-
tended he had discovered a land of gold
(el dorado) between the rivers Orino‘co
and Am/‘azon, in South America. Sir
Walter Raleigh twice visited Guia‘na
as the spot indicated, and published a
highly-coloured account of its enormous
wealth. Figuratively, a source of wit,
wealth, or abundance of any kind.

The real ‘land of gold”’ is California,
and not Guiana. (See BALNIBARBI.)

“The whole comedy is a sort of El Dorado of
wit."—T. Moore

*% El Dorado (masculine), ‘‘the gilt
one,’ can hardly refer to a country;
it seems more likely to refer to some

rince; and we are told of a prince in
South America who was every da
powdered with gold-dust blown throug
a reed. If this is admitted, no wonder
those who. sought a golden country were
disappointed. ;

El Infante de Anteque’ra is the

Regent Fernando, who took the city of
Anteque’ra from the Moors in 1419.

El Islam. The religion of the Mos-
lems. The words mean ‘the resigning
one’s-self to God.”

El Khi‘dr. One of the good angels,
according to the Koran.

Elagab‘alus. A Syro-Pheenician sun-
god, represented under the form of a
uge conical stone. The Roman emperor,

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, was 80 cal
because in childhood he was priest of the

Of the

= Blaine

Sun-god. Of all the Roman emperors
none exceeded him in debauchery and
sin. He reigned about four years (B.C.
218-222), and died at the age of eighteen.

This madman invited the principal men
of Rome to a banquet, and smothered
them in a shower of roses.

Ela‘ine (2 syl.). The ‘‘lily maid of
Asttolat” (Guildford, in Surrey), who
loved Sir Lancelot “with that love
which was her doom.” Sir Lancelot,
being sworn to celibacy, could not have
married her, even if he had been willing;
and, unhappily, what little love he had
was bestowed on the queen. Btaine felt
that her love was a vain thing, and died.
According to her last request, the bed on
which she died was placed on a barge,
and on it was laid her dead body, ar-
rayed in white, a lily in her right hand,
and a letter avowing her love in the left.
An old dumb servitor steered and rowed
the barge up the river, and when it
stopped at the palace staith, King
Arthur ordered the body to be brought
in. The letter being read, Arthur di-
rected that the msiden should be buried
like a queen, with her sad story blazoned
on her tomb. The tale is taken from
Sir T. Malory’s History of Prince Arthur,
part iii. Tennyson turned it into blank
verse. (Jdylis of the King ; Elaine.)

Elas’mothé'rium (Greek, the metai-
plate beast), An extinct animal, between
the horse and the rhinoceros,

Elberich. The most famous dwarf
of German romance. He aided the
Emperor Otnit (who ruled over Lom-
bardy) to gain for wife the Soldan’s
daughter. (The Heldenbuch.)

Elbow. (Anglo-Saxon, el-boga, el=
an ell, boga= a bow.)

A knight of the elbow. A gambler.

At one’s elbow. Close at hand.

To elbow one’s way in. To push one’s
way thtough a crowd; to get a place by
hook or crook. .

To elbow out; to be elbowed out. To
mupemnede ; to be ousted by a rival.

lp to one’s elbow [in wpe Very
busy, or full of work. Work piled upto
one’s elbows.

Elbow Grease. Perspiration ex-
cited by hard manual labour. They say
“* Elbow grease is the best furniture oil.”

Elbow Room. Sufficient space for
the work in hand.

Elbows. Out at elbows. Shabbily
dressed (applied to men only), meta-
phorically, short of money ; hackneyed;

410

Blector

stale; thus, we say of a play which has
been acted too often that it is worn out
at elbows. It is like a coat which is
no longer presentable, being out at the
elbows.

Elden Hole. Elden Hole needs filling.
A reproof given to great braggarts.
Elden Hole is a deep pit in Derbyshire
Peak, said to be fathomless. (See Sir
W. Scott Peveril of the Peak, ch. iii.)

Elder Brethren, (See TRiniTy
Hovsz.)

Elder-tree. Sir John Maundeville,
speaking of the Pool of Sil’oe, says,
“Fast by is the elder-tree on which
Judas hanged himself, . whenhesold
and betrayed our Lord.’? Shakespeare,
in Love’s Labour’s Lost, v. 2, says,
“ Judas was hanged on an elder.”” (See
FIG-TREE, )

“ Judas he japed
With Jewish siller,
And sithen on an elder tree
Hanged himsel.”
Piers Plowman: Vision.

Eleanor Crosses. (Sce CHARING
Cross.)

Eleatiic Philosophy. Founded by
Xenoph’anes of El’ea about B.c. 530.
The Ionic school believed there was but
one element; the Eleatics said there
were four or six, as heat and cold,
moisture and dryness, odd and even,
from the antagonisms of which visible
objects sprang: Thus, Fire is heat act-
ing on dryness; Air is heat acting
on moisture; Water is cold acting on
moisture; and Earth is cold acting on

ess, (See below

The New Eleatie School was founded
by Leucippos of El’ea, a disciple of Zeno.
He wholly discarded the phantasmagoric
theory, and confined his attention to
the physical properties of the visible
on He was the father of the Atomic
System, in which the, agency of ehance
was again revived.

Elecampane and Amrida, Sweet-
meats which confer immortality (Latin,
helenium campana or inula campana).
Pliny tells us the plant so called sprang
from Helen’s tears. The sweetmeat so
called is a coarse sugar-candy. There
was also an electuary so called, said to
cure wounds given in fight. ‘

“ Here, take this essence of elecampane ;

Rise up, Sir George, and tight again,”
iracle Play of St. George.
_ Elector. A prince who had a vote
in the election of the Emperor of Ger-
many. Napoleon broke up the old Ger-
man empire, and the college of electors
fell agunder. - wd

Blectricity Al)

Blephant

The Great Elector, Frederick William
of Brandenburg (1620-1688),

Electricity (from the Greek elek-
tron, amber). Thalés (B.c. 600) ob-
served that amber when rubbed attracted
light substances, and this observation
followed out has led to the present
science of electricity.

“ Bright amber shines on his electric throne.”
Darwin: Economy of Nature, i. 2

Negative and positive electricity. Two
5 STP conditions of the electric state
of bodies. At one time electricity was
considered a fluid, as heat was thought
to be caloric. Everybody was thought
to have a certain quantity. If a body
contained more than its normal quan-
tity it was said to be positive, if less, it
was said to be negative in this respect.
Another theory was that there were two
different electric fluids, which neutralised
each other when they came in contact.
Electricity is now supposed to be a mere
condition, like heat and motion ; but its
energy is set in action by some molecular
disturbance, such as friction, rupture,
and chemical action. The old terms are
still retained. 3

Electro-Biology. The science of
electricity as it is connected with the
phenomena of living beings, Also the
effect of ‘‘ animal magnetism ”’ on living
creatures, said to produce sleep, stupor,
anesthésia, etc,

Electro-Chemistry. That branch
of chemistry which treats of electricity
as an energy affecting chemical changes.

Elec’'tuary. Something to be licked
up , a medicine made “‘ thick and slab,”
which cannot be imbibed like a liquid
nor bolted like a pill, but which must be
licked up like honey. (Greek, ek-/eicho.)

Eleemos’ynam. Lleemos'ynam se- '

puleri patris tui (Alms on your father’s
grave). (See Mxat.)

Elegant Extracts. The 85th Foot,
remodelled in 1813, after the numerous
edurt-martials which then occurred.
The officers of the regiment were re-
moved, and officers drafted from other
regiments were substituted in their
places. The 85th is now called the
“Second Battalion of the Shropshire
Light Infantry.”” The first battalion is
the old 23rd,

q At the University of Cambridge, in
the good old times, some few men were
too good to be plucked and not good
enough for the Bigs a line was drawn
below the poll-list, and these lucky

unfortunates, allowed to pass, were mick-
named the Hlegant Extracts. There was
a similar limbo in the honour-list, called
the Gulf, in allusion to a Scripture pas-
sage well known and thus parodied,
“Between them [in the poll] and us {in
the honour-lists) there is a great gulf
fixed,”’ etc.

Elegiacs.
PENTAMETERS.)

Elements, according to Aristotle.
Aristotle maintained that there are four
elements—fire, air, water, and earth ,
and this assertion has been the subject
of very unwise ridicule, Modern chemists
maintain the same fact, but have selected
four new words for the four old ones,
and instead of the term ‘‘element,’’ use
“material forms,”? We say that matter
exists under four forms: the imponder-
able (caloric), the gaseous (air), the liquid
(water), and the solid (earth), and this
is all the ancient philosophers meant by
their four elements or elemental forms.
It was Emped’oclés of Sicily who first
maintained that fire, air, earth, and
water are the four elements; but he
called them Zeus, Hera, Goea, and Po-
sei'don. (Latin, eleo for olco. Vossius
says: ab ant. eleo pro oleo, i.e. cresco,

uod omnia crescant ac nascantur.”
tin, elementum. to grow out of.)
cs bY a the great philosopher [Aristotle] at-

(See HEXAMETERS and

His elements,‘ Earth, Water, Air, and Fire ;...

Tell why these simple elements are four ;

Why just so many ; why not less or more ?™

Blackmore: Creation, v.
* The first of these forms — viz.

**Caloric,”’ or the imponderable matter
of heat, is now attributed toa mere con-
dition of matter, like motion.

Elephant. The elephant which sup-
ports the world is called ‘‘ Muha-pudma,”
and the the tortoise which supports the
elephant is called ‘‘ Chukwa.’’ In some
of the Eastern mythologies we are told
that the world stands on the backs of
eight elephants, called ‘‘ Achtequed-
jams.” i

Elephant (Zhe). Symbol of temper-
ance, eternity, and sovereignty. (Sce.
Waiter ELEPHANT.) ae

“Leternité est désignée sur une meédaille de
VYempereur Philippe, par un elephant sur lequel est

. monté un petit gargon armé de fléches."—Noel:

Dictionnaire de la Fable, vol. i. p. 506.

Elephant. (See WHITE ELEPHANT.) |

Only an elephant can bear an elephant’s
load.. An Indian proverb: Only a great
man can do the work of a great man;
also, the burden is more than I can bear ;
it is a load fitfor an elephant. :

Elephant Paper

412

Bilf-arrows

Elephant Paper. A large - sized
drawing-paper, measuring 20 inches by
23. There is also a ‘‘ double elephant
paper,’’ measuring 40 inches by 263.

Elephant and Castle. A public-
house sign at Newington, said to derive
its name from the skeleton of an ele-
phant dug up near Battle Bridge in
1714. A flint-headed spear lay by the
remains, whence it is conjectured that
the creature was killed by the British in
a fight with the Romans. (Zhe Times.)

‘There is another public-house with
the same sign in St. Pancras, probably
intended to represent an elephant with a
howdah.

Elephan’ta, in Bombay, is so called
from a stone elephant, which carried a
tiger on its back, and formerly stood
near the landing-place on the south side
of the island. It has now nearly dis-
appeared. The natives call it Gahra-
pooree (cave town), from its cave, 130
feet long. (Chow-chow.)

Elephan'tine (4 syl.). Heavy and
ungainly, like an elephant. In Rome,
the registers of the senate, magistrates,
generals, and emperors were called ele-
phantine books, because they were made
of ivory. In geology, the elephantine

riod was that noted for its numerous
arge thick-skinued animals. The dis-
ease called elephanti’asis is when the
limbs swell and look like those of ap
elephant more than those of a human
being.

’ Eleusiniian Mysteries. The re-
ligious rites in honour of Deme’ter or
Cerés, performed at Eleu’sis, in Attica.

Elevation of the Host (Zhe). The
celebrant lifting up the ‘consecrated
wafers ’’ above his head, that the people
may see the paten and adore ‘‘the Host”
while his back is turned to the congre-
gation.

Eleven (Anglo-Saxon, endlefene,
mud = ain, lefene = lef, left). One left
or one more after counting ten (the
fingers of the two hands). Twelve is
Twa lef (two left); all the other teens
up to 20 represent 3, 4, 5, etc. + ten.
It would seem that at one time persons
did not count higher than twelve, but
in a more advanced state they required
higher numbers, and introdu the
““teen ’? series, omitting eleven and
twelve, which would be enfeen and twa-
teen.

Eleven Thonsand Virgins. Ur'sula
being asked in marriage by a pagan

prince, fled towards Rome with her
eleven thousand virgins. At Cologne
they were all massacred by a party of
Huns, and even to the present hour
‘their bones” are exhibited to visitors
through windows in the wall. Maury
says that Ursula’s handmaid was named
Undecimella, and that the legend of her
eleven thousand virgins rose out of this
name. (Légendes Pieuses.)

Eleventh Hour (4¢ the).
time (Matt. xx. 1).

Elf ( plural, Elves, Anglo-Saxon, e/f).
Properly, a mountain fay, but more
loosely applied to those airy creatures
that dance on the grass or sit in the
leaves of trees and delight in the full
moon. They have fair golden hair,
sweet musical voices, and magic harps.
They have a king and queen, marry and
are given in marriage. They imper-
sonate the shimmering of the air, the
felt but indefinable melody of Nature,
and all the little prettinesses which a
lover of the country sees, or thinks -he
sees, in hill and dale, copse and meadow,
ies and tree, river and moonlight.

penser says that Prome’theus called the
man he made ‘“‘ Elfe,’? who found a maid
in the garden of Ado’nis, whom he called
“Fay,” of ‘whom all Fayres spring.”’
“Of these a mighty people shortly grew,

And puissant kings, which all the world war

Fayd
And to themselves all nations did subdue.”.
Faérie Queene, ii. 9, stanza 70. etc.

Elf and Goblin, as derived from Guelf
and Ghibelline, is mentioned in Johnson
(article Gopiiy), though the words
existed long before those factions arose.
Heylin (in his Cosmography, p. 130) tells
us that some supported that opinion in
1670. Skinner gives the same etymology.

Red Elf. In Iceland, a person gaily
dressed is called a red elf (raud alfr), in
allusion to a superstition that dwarfs
wear scarlet or red clothes. (Jial’s
Sagas.) Black elves are evil spirits;
white elves, good ones.

Elf-arrows. Arrow-heads of the
neolithic period. The shafts of these
arrows were reeds, and the heads were
pieces of flint, carefully sharpened, and
so adjusted as to detach themselves froin
the shaft and remain in the wounded
body. At one time they were supposed
to be shot by elves at people and cattle
out of malice or revenge.

“ There every herd by sad ex perience knows

How, winged with fate, their elf-shot arrow:

When the sick ewe her summer food fi

stretched on earth the heart-smit heifers
lie.” Collins: Popular Superstitions, “

Just in

Elf -fire

Elf-fire. The ignis-fatuus. The
name of this elf is Will o’ the Wisp,
Jack o’ lanthorn, Peg-a-lantern, or Kit
o’ the canstick (candlestick).

Elf-land. The realm ruled over by
Oberon, King of Faéry. King James
save oD think it is liker Vir'gilis Campi
Elysii nor anything that ought to be be-
lieved by Christians.’’ (Demonology, iii.5.)

Elf-locks. Tangled hair, It is said
that one of the favourite amusements of
Queen Mab is to tie people’s hair in
knots. When a impersonates a
madman, “ he elfs all his hair in knots,”

(Lear, ii. 3.)
“This is that very Mab
That plats the manes of horses in the night,
And Yates {? cakes) the elf-locks in foul sluttish
airs.”

x Shakespearé: Romev and Juliet, i. 4.

Elf-marked. Those born with a
natural defect, according to the ancient
Scottish superstition, are marked by the
elves for mischief. Queen Margaret
called Richard III.—

“Thov elfish-marked, abortive, rooting hog !"—

Shakespeare: Richard I11.,1, 3.

Elf-shot. Afflicted with some un-
known disease, and supposed to have
been wounded by an elfin arrow. ‘The
rind would, in the Middle Ages,
have ascribed to elf-shots. (See
ELF-aRROWS, )

-Elffm. Thefirst fairy king. Heruled
over India and America, (Middle Age
Romance.)

Elgin Marbles. A collection of
ancient bas-reliefs and statues made by
Lord Elgin, and sent to England in 1812.
They are chietly fragments of the Par’-
thenon at Athens, and were purchased
by the British Government for £35,000,
to be placed in the British Museum (1816),
(Elgin pronounced ‘ gin,’ as in begin.)

Elia. A nom de plume adopted by
Charles Lamb, (Lssays of Elia.)

“The adoption of this signature was purely
accidental, Lamb's first contribution to the
London Maguzine was a description of the old
South-Sea House, where he had passed a few
months’ novitiate as a clerk, ... and remeimber-
ing the name of a gay light-hearted foreigner,
who fluttered there at the time, substituted his
name for bis own.”"—Talfourd.

Eli‘ab, in the satire of Absalom and
Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is
meant for Henry Bennet, Earl of Ar-

ngtén. Eliab was one of the chiefs of
the Gadites who joined David at Ziklag.
(1 Chron. xii. 9.)

‘ “ Hard the task to do Eliab right;
Long with the royal wanderer [Charles 11.J he

.. roy .
And firm iv all the turns of fortune proved.”
Absalom and Achitophel, part 11. 936-8.

413

Elissa

——

Eliakim, Jehoiakim, Kivg of Judah.
(B.c. 635, 610-598, )

Elidure (3 syl.). A legendary king
of Britain, advanced to the throne in
place of his elder brother, Arthgallo,
supposed by him to be dead. Arthgallo,
after a long exile, returned to his
country, and Elidure resigned to him
the throne. Wordsworth has a poem on
the subject.

Eligibles and Detrimentals, Sons

which are socially good and bad parties,
to be introduced to daughters with a
view of matrimony.
_ “The County Families of the United Kingdom
is useful to all who are concerned with questions
of precedence, and especially useful to mothers
who desire to distinguish between ‘ eligiblés* and
‘detrimentals.’ "—Notes and Queries, February Ist,
1836, p. 119,

Elijah’s Melons,
Mount Carmel are so called,
ley, Sinai and Palestine.)

Similar formations are those called
‘“ The Virgin Mary’s Peas”’ Bes Com-
pare also the Bible story of Lot’s wife.

The story is that the owner of the land refused
to supply the wants of the prophet, and conse-
quently bis melons were transformed into stones.

Elim‘inate (4 syl.). To turn out of
doors; to turn out of an equation every-
thing not essential to its conditions.
(Latin, e limine, out of doors.)

Eliot oat . A nom de plume of
Marian Evans (Mrs, Cross), author of
Adam Bede, etc. (1820-1880).

Eliott’s Tailors. The 15th Hussars,
now the 15th [King’s] Hussars, previously
called the 15th, or king’s’ own royal light
dragoon guards. In 1759 Lieutenant-
Colonel Eliott enlisted a large number of
tailors on strike into a cavalry regiment
modelled after the Prussian hussars,
This regiment so highly distinguished
themselves, that George III. granted
them the honour of being called “ the
king’s royal.”

Elissa. Dido, Queen of Carthage. A
Pheenician name signifying heroic, brave.

“Nec me meminisse jisebit Elissz.”
irgil: Aneid, iv. 3%.

% Dido was the niece of the Bible
Jezebel. Ithobal I., king of Tyre (1
Kings xvi. 13), had for children Belus,
Margénus, and Jezebel. Of these Belus
was the father of Pygmalion and Dido.
Hence Jezebel was Dido’s aunt.

Elis’sa (deficiency or parswnony;
Greek, ellipsis). Step-sister of Medi’na
and Peris‘sa, but they could never agree
upon any subject. (Spenser: Faerie

weene, book iS ;

Certain stones on
(See Stan-

=

Blivager

Eliva’gor (4 syl.), A cold venomous
stream which issued from ‘Niflheim, and
in the abyss called the Ginnunga Gap,
hardening into layer upon layer of ice.
(Scandinavian mythology.)

Elixir of Life. A ruby, supposed by
the alchemists to prolong life indefinitely,
The tincture for transmuting metals was
also called an elixir. (Arabic, el or al
iksir, the iksir (? coction).) (See Am-
RITA.) :

“ He that has once the Flower of the Sun,

The perfect ruby which we call Elixir. ..

Can confer honour, love, respect, long life,

Give safety, valour, yea, and victory,

To whom he will. In eight-and-twenty days

T’ll make an old man of fourscore a child.
Ben Jonson: The A lchemist, ii. L

Elizabeth had pet names for all her
favourite courtiers; q.¢. 7

The mother of Sir John Norrig she
called ‘‘ My own Crow.”

Burghley was her “ Spirit. _

Mountjoy she termed her *‘ Kitchen-
maid in Ireland.”

. Elizabeth has given more variants
than any other Christian name: Eliza,
“Isa, Isabel, Lizzy, Elizabeth, Elisabetta,
Betty, Bettina, Bess, Bessy, etc.

Elizabeth of Hungary (S¢.), Patron
saint of queens, being herself a queea.
(1207-1231.)

Elizabe’than. After the style of
things in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

Elizabethan architecture is a mixture of’

Gothic and Italian, prevalent in the
reigns of Elizabeth and James f. -

Eli (Anglo-Saxon elm, an ell), It is
said that the English ell was the length
of Henry I.’s arm, but the ordinary
length of a man’s arm is about a yard.

ive him an inch, and he'll take an ell.
Give him a little licence, and he will take
great liberties, or make great encroach-
- ments, The ell was no definite length.
The English ell was 45 inches, the Scotch
ell only 37 inches, while the Flemish ell
wasthree-quartersofayard andaFrench
ella yard and a half, This indefinite
measure expresses the uncertainty of the
length to which persons will go to whom
you give the inch of liberty. Some will

go the French ell; whi’e others of more |

modesty or more limited desires will be
satisfied with the shorter measures.
‘Eli-wand (The King’s). The group
of stars called ‘‘ Orion’s Belt.” ’

“THe King's Ellwand, now foolishly ternied the
‘Belt of Orion.’ "—Hogy : Tales, etc,

Ella, or Alla. King of Northumber-
land, who married Cunstanee. (Chawer:

Man of Lawes Tale.) (See CUNSTANOR,). |

414

Hlohistic

Elliot. In the Black Dwarf, by Sir
Walter Scott, are seven of that name,
viz. Halbert or Hobbie Elliot, of the
Heugh-foot (a farmer) ; Mrs. Elliot, his
grandmother ; John and Harry, his

rothers ; and Liliag, Jean, and Araot,
his sisters.

Elly!’lon. Thé sou's of the: ancient
Druids, which, being too good for hell,
and not good. enough for heaven, are
permitted to wander upon earth till the
judgment day, when they will be, ad-
mitted to a higher state of being, ( Wels}
mythology.) Pe a

Elmo’s Fire (St.), Comazants, or elec-
tric lights occasionally seen on the masts
of ee before and after a storm; so
called by the Spaniards because St. Elmo
is with them the patron saint of sailors,
(See Castor AND POLLUX.)

“ Sudden, breaking on-their raptured sight,
Appeared the splendour of St. Elmo's light.”
Hoole; Orlando Furioso, book ix.
_ Elohim. The genus of which ghosts,
Chemosh, Dagon, Baal, Jahyeh, etc.,
were species, The ghost or spectre
which appeared to Saul (I Sam, xxviii.
14-20) is called Elohim. ‘‘I see Elohim
coming up out of the earth,”’ said, the
witch; and Saul asked, ‘‘ What is HE
like??? (Husxley: Nineteenth Century,
March, 1886.)

“The word Eldbim is often applied in the Bible
to the gods of the Gentiles,"—Lenormant: Begin-
nings of History, chap. vii.

{ In theology, Eléhim (the plural of
Eldah) means the ‘ Lord of Hosts,’’ or
Lord of all power and might. Jehovah
signifies rather the God of mercy and
forgiveness. Hence, Elohim is used to
express the God of creation, but Je-
hovah the God of the covenant of
mercy. aah

“Elohim designates the fulness of Divin

power.’’—Religious Encyclopedia. |

Elohis'tic- avd Jechovis'tic Scrip-
tures. The Pentateuch is supposed by
| Bishop Colenso and many others to have
been written at two widely different
periods, because God is invariably called
Elo/him in some paragraphs, while in
others He is no less invariably called
Jehovah, The Elohistic paragraphs,
being more simple, more primitive, more
narrative, and more pastor, are said to
be the older ; while the Jehovistic para-
graphs indicate a knowledge of geo+
graphy and history, seem to exalt the
priestly office, and are altogether of a
more elaborate character. ose who
maintain this theory think that some
late transcriber has compiled the two
Scriptures and combined them into one,

Bloi

much the same as if the four Gospels

were collated aud welded together into
asingle one. To give one or two ex~
amples*— Gen, i, 27, it is said, “So
God (Elohim) created man in His own
image, (both) male and female’? ;
whereas, in the next chapter (21-24), it
is said that God (Jehovah) caused a deep
sleep to fall on Adam, and that He then
took from the sleeping man a rib and
made it a woman; and therefore (says
the writer) a man shall cleave unto his
wife, and the two be considered one
flesh. Again (Gen, vi. 19) Elohim tells
Noah, ‘*Two of every sort shalt thou
into the ark, a male and a
female”; and (vii. 9) ‘‘There went in
two and two unto into the ark,
the male and the female, as God ( Eeolien)
commanded Noah.” In Gen. vii, ‘
Jehovah tells Noah he is to make a
distinction between clean: and unclean
, and that ‘he is to admit the

former a and the latter by twos,
In the example, the priestly cha-
racter is indicated by the moral, and in.
the: latter by the distinction made
between clean and unclean animals. We
pass no opinion on this theory, but state
it as fairly as we can in a few lines,

Eloi (S¢.). Patron saint of artists
and smiths, He was a famous worker in
gold and silver, and was made Bishop
of Noyon in the reign of Dag’obert,
Probably the St. Eloi of Chaucer’s Prior-
ess was St. Louis (St. Loy).

“ Ther was also a nonne, 8 prioresse,
That of hire ent ee was ful symple and coy 1

Hire grettest ooth was but by Seynt Loy.’
Chaucer : Cunterbury Tales, Prol. 18-20,

We find reference to *‘ Seynt Loy”
again in verse 7143.

Eloquent. The old man eloquent,
Isoc’ratés, the Greek orator. en he
heard that. Grecian liberty was extin-
ished by the battle of Cherone’a,. he
ied of grief.
“That dishonest victory
At Cheronea, fatal to liberty, 2
Killed with report that old man eloquent.”
‘Milton: Sonnets (To Lady Margaret Ley).
The eloquent doctor, Peter Aure’olus,
Archbishop of Aix, a gchoolman.

Elshender or Cannie Elshie.. The
Black Dwarf, alias Sir Edward: Mauley,
alias the Recluse, alias the Wise Wight
of Mucklestane Moor. (Sir Walter Scott:
The Black Dwarf.)

Elsie. The daughter of Gottlieb, a
farm tenant of Prince Henry of Hohe-
neck. The prince was suffering severely

from some malady, and was told that he

415.

Elysium

would be cured if any maiden would
give her life as a substitute, Elsie
vowed to do so, and accompanied the
rince from Germany to Salerno. Here
sie surrendered: herself to Lucifer,

| but was rescued by the prince, who

married her. His health was perfectly
re-established by the pilgrimage. (Zong-
fellow: The-Golden Legend.)

Elves. (Sve wnder Exr.)

Elvidna, The hall of .the goddess
Hel (q.v.).

Elvi‘no. A rich farmer, in love with
Ami‘na, the somnambulist, The fact of
Amina, being found in the bed of Count
Rodolpho the day before the wedding,
induces Elvino to reject her hand and

promise marriage to Liza; but he is
s00n, undeceived—Ami‘na is found to be
innocent, and Liza to have been the
aramour of another; so Ami‘na and
lvi‘no'are wedded under the happiest
auspices. (Belli'ni’s opera, La Sonnam-
bula.) (See Liza.)

Elvi'ra (Donna). <A lady deceived
by Don Giovanni, who deluded her into
a liaison with his valet, Leporello.-
(Mozart’s opera, Don Giovanni.) .

Elvira. A lady who loved Erna’ni,
the robber-captain, and head of a league.
ae Don Carlos, afterwards Charles

. of Spain. She was betrothed to Don
Ruy Gomez de Silva, an old Spanish

| grandee, whom she detested, and Ernani

resolved to rescue her; but it so hap-
pened that the king himself fell in love
with her, and tried to win her. When
Silva learned this, he joined the league ;
but the king, overhearing the plot in
concealment, arrested the conspirators.
Elvira interceded for them, and the king
granted them a free pardon. When
Ernani was on the point of wedding

Elvira, Ernani, ‘being summoned to
death by Silva, stabbed himself. (Verdi’s

opera of Ernani.)

_ El'vish or Elfish. Inritable, peevish,
spiteful; full of little mischievous ways,
like the elves. Our superstitious fore-
fathers thought such persons were actu-
ally ‘* possessed”? by elves; and elvish-
marked is marked by elves or fairies.

“ Thou elvish-marked, abortive, rootin Lh
Shakespeare: Richard I11.,1. 3.
Ely’sium. Zlysian Fields. The Para-
dise or Happy Land of the Greek poets.
Fe gee (the adjective) means happy,
delightful.

“O’er which were shadowy cast Elysian gleams,”
o Thomson: Castle of Peaconse i,
5 oss ake. ea b pconed soul,
D sium.”
mn Mitton: Comus, 261-2,

BRizevir

416

Emergency

El'zevir. An edition of a classic
author, published and printed by the
family of Elzevir, and said to be im-
maculate. Virgil,-one of the master-
pieces, is certainly incorrect in some
places. (1592-1626.)

Em. The unit of measure in printing.
The standazd isa pica M ; and the width
of a line is measured by the number of
such M’s that would stand side by side
in the ‘‘stick.”” This dictionary is in
double columns; each column equals 11

ica M’s in width, and one M is allowed
or the space between. Some work is
made up to 104, 204, etc., ems; and for
the half-em printers employ the letter N,
which is in width half a letter M. As
no letter is wider than the M, and all
narrower letters are fractions of it, this
letter forms a very convenient standard
for printing purposes.

Embargo. To lay an embargo on him
or t¢ is to impose certain conditions
before you give hae consent. Itis a
Portuguese and Spanish word, meaning
an order issued by authority to prevent
ships leaving port for a fixed period.

Embarras de Richesse. More
matter than can be used; overcrowded
with facts or material. A publisher or
editor who is overwhelmed with MSS.,
or contributions; an author who has
more incidents or illustrations in support
of his theory than he can produce, etc.,
have an embarras de richesse.

Ember Days are the Wednesday,
Ga and Saturday of Ember Weeks
(q-v.)-

Ember Weeks. A corruption of
quat'uor tem'pora, through the Dutch
uatemper and German guatember. The
our times are after Quadragesima
Sunday, Whit Sunday, Holyrood Day
er ener and St. Lucia’s Day (Decem-
er). The supposition that persons sat
in embers (or ashes) on these days is
without foundation.

Emblem is a picture with a hidden
meaning; the meaning is ‘‘ cast into”’
or “inserted in’ the visible device.
Thus, a dalance is an emblem of justice,
white of purity, a. sceptre of sovereignty.
(Greek, en-ballo, which gives the Greek
embléma.) (See APOSTLES, Patron

Some of the most common and simple
emblems of the Christian Church are—

A chalice. The eucharist.

The circle inscribed in an equilateral
triangle. To denote the co-equality and
co-eternity of the Trinity.

,

A cross. The Christian’s life and con-

-flict ; the death of Christ for man's re-

demption.

A crown, The reward of the perse-
verance of the saints,

A dove. The Holy Ghast, :

A hand from the clouds, To denote
God the Father.

A lamb, fish, pelican, etc., etc. The
Lord Jesus Christ,

A pheniz. The resurrection.

Emblems of the Jewish Temple.
(See Exod. xxv. 30-32; Rev. i. 12-20.)

Golden candlestick, TheChurch, Itsseyen lights,
the seven spirits of God. (Rev. iv. 6.)

The shewbread. The twelve loayes the twelve
tribes of Israel. Represented in the Gospel
by the twelve apostles, :

The incense of sweet spices, Prayer, which rises

* to heaven asincense. (Rev. viii. 3, 4.)

The Holy of Holies. The nation of the Jews aa
God’s peculiar peopl When the veil which
separated it from the temple was ‘rent in
twain,” it signified that thenceforth Jewsand
Gentiles all formed one people of God.

Embryo means that which swells
inside something (Greek, en-bru'o, which
gives the Greek embruon); hence the
child in‘ the womb; the rudiment in a
plant before it shows itself in a bud;
an idea not developed, etc. 3

Em’elye. The sister-in-law of ‘‘ Duke
Theseus,’’ beloved by the two knights
Pal’amon and Ar’cyte, the former of
whom had her to wife. Itis of this lady
the poet says, ‘‘Up r6os the sun, and
up roos Emelye”’ (v. 2278).

“ This passeth yeer by yeer, and day and day,

Till it fel vonés in a mgrne of May,

That Emelie, that fairer was to scene

Than is the lilie on hire stalkés grene.

And fresscher than the May with flourés

newe 4s’.

Er it was day, as sche was wont to do,

Sche was arisen.” =
Chaucer: Canterbury Tales (The Knighte’s Tale).

Em’erald Isle. Ireland. This term
was first used by Dr. Drennan (1754-
1820), in the poem called #rin, Of
course, it refers to the bright green ver-
dure of the island.

” an emerald set in the ring of the sea.”
Cushlamachree.
“ Nor one feeling of yengeance presume to defile
The cause or the men of the Emerald Isle.”
+ E. J. Drennan: Erin.
Emeralds, According to tradition,
if a serpent fixes its eyes upon an emerald
it becomes blind. (Ahmed ben Abddlaziz :
Treatise on Jewels.) :

Emer’gency. A sudden emergency
is something which starts suddenly into
view, or which rises suddenly out of the
current of events. (Latin, e-mergo, to
rise out of ‘‘the water.’’)

Emergency Man (Az). One engaged
da some special service, as in Irish evie-

ons.

Bmeuté 417

Emeute (French). A seditious rising
or small riot. Literally, a moving-out.
(Latin, e-mov'eo.)

Emile (2 syl.). The French form of
Emilius. The hero of Jean Jacques
Rousseau’s novel of the same name, and
his ideal of a perfectly educated young
man.

Emilia (in Shakespeare’s Othello).
Wife of Iago. She is induced by her
husband to purloin Desdemona’s hand-
kerchief, which Iago conveys to Cassio’s
chamber, and tells the Moor that Desde-
mo’na had given it to the lieutenant as a
love-token. At the death of Desdemona,
Emilia (who, till then, never suspected
the real state of the case) reveals the
fact, and Iago kills her.

Emilia. The sweetheart of Peregrine
Pickle, in Smollett’s novel.

Emilie (The divine), to whom Voltaire
wrote verses, was Madame Chatelet, with
whom he lived at Circy for ten years,

Emmet contracted into Ant: thus,

Em’t, ent, ant (Anglo-Saxon, emete).
“ A bracelet made of emmets’ eyes.”
Drayton: Court of Fairies.

Emne. Pour emne Christen (Bos-
worth), t.e. your even or fellow Christian.
Shakespeare (Hamlet, v.1) has ‘‘ your
even Christian.”? (Anglo-Saxon, Hmne-
eristen, fellow-Cbristian.)

Emolument. Literally, that which
comes out of the mill. - (Latin, e-mola.)
It ergy. meant toll on what was
ground. (See GRIsT.)

Emotion. Literally, the movement
of the mind brought out by something
which affects it. ‘The idea is this. The
mind, like electricity, 1s passive till some-
thing occurs to affect it, when it becomes
roused ; the active state thus produced is
its emotion, and the result thereof is pas-
sion or affection. (Latin, e-2movco.)

Empan’el or Jmpanel is to write the
names of a jury on a panel, or piece of
parchment. (French, panneau, i.e. pan
de peau, piece of skin.)

Empannel, To put the pack-saddle
on a beast of burden.

“Saddle Rozinante, and empannel thine ass.”"—
Don Quixote, ii. 326.

Emped'oclés (4 syl.) of Sicily. A
disciple of Pythag’oras According to
Lu’cian, he threw himself into the crater
of Etna, that persons might suppose he

was returned to the gods, but Etna .

threw out his sandal, and destroyed the
27

Empty

illusion. (Horace Ars Poetica, 404.)
(See CLEOMBROTOS.)

“ He who, to he deemed
A god, leaped fondly into tna flames,
Empedoclés.”
Milton: Paradise Lost, \ii. 471
Emperor. Emperor, not for myself,
but for my people. The maxim of Ha’-
drian, the Roman emperor (117-138).

Emperor of Believers. Omar I.,
father-in-law of Mahomet, and second
caliph of the Mussulmans (581-644).

Emperor of the Mountains, ‘ing of
the woods, and lord of the highways from
Florence to Naples. A title assumed by
Peter the Calabrian, a famous bandit-
chief (1812). ,

Empire City ae New York, the
eat commercial city of the United
States.

Empire of Reason; the Empire of
Truth, etc., 2.¢. reason or truth as the
governing principle. Empire is the Latin
imperium, a jurisdiction, and an emperor
is one who holds command. ‘

Em’pirics. Quacks. A school of
medicine founded by Serap‘ion of Alex-
andria, who contended that it is not
necessary to obtain a knowledge of the
nature and functions of the body in
order to treat diseases, but that expe-
rience is the surest and best guide,
They were nprodes to the Dogmatics
(q.v.). (Greek, peurao, to try, which
gives the Greek empetria, experience.)

“We must not

So stain our judgment, or corrupt our hope, ~

To prostitute our past-cure malady

To empirics.

Shakespeare: Alls Well That Ends Weill, 11. 1.

Employé. (French). One in our em-
ploy: such as clerks, shopmen, servants,
etc. Employée, a female employed by
a master. Employee, either sex. .

“ In Italy, all railroad employes are subjected to
rigorous examination."— Harlan; Eyesight, v. 64.

“ All these employées should be women of cha-
racter.”—Macmillan’s Magazine (July, 1862, p. 257).
Empson. The favourite flageolet-
eantes of Charles II., introduced into
eott’s Peveril of the Peak. Z

“ Julian could only bow obedience, and follow
Bmpson. who was the same person that played
su rarely ov the flageolet.”"—Chap. xxx.

Empty as Air. (Ang.-Sax., emtig.)

“ Dead men’s cries to fill the empty air.”
Shakespeare: 2 Henry VI.,v.2 *

Empty Champagne Bottles. Fel-
low-commoners at Cambridge used to
be so called, pheis acageu ne dress,
being a gaudy purple and silver gown,
a Ts the silver foil round the neck

Empty Chance 418

of a champagne bottle. Very few of
these wealthy magnates took honours,
The nobleman's gown was silk.

Empty Chance. <A chance not
worth calculating on. The ace of dice
was, by the Greeks and Romans, left
empty, because the number of dice was
equal to the number of acesthrown. As
ace is the lowest chance, the empty
chance was the least likely to win.

Empyre‘an. According to Ptolemy,
there are five heavens, the last of which
is pure elemental fire and the seat of
deity ; this fifth heaven is called the
empyrean or the Greek ex-pur, in
fire), (See HEAVEN.)

“Now had the Aln ighty Father from above,

From the pure empyrean where He sits

High throned above all height, bent. down his

eye,” Milton: Paradise Lost, ili. 56-58, *

And again, book vi. 833:

“The steadfast empyréan shook without.”
En Evidence (French). To the

fore. I
“Mr, ———— has been much en evidence of
Jate in the lobby; but as be has no seat, his
. chance of being in tbe ministry is very proble-
matical,"—Newspaper paragraph, February, 1886.
En Gargon, As a bachelor, ‘To
take me en gargon,”’ without ceremony,
as a bachelor fares in ordinary life.

En Masse. The whole lot just as it
stands ; the whole,

En Rapport, In harmony with; in.

sympathetic lines with.

En Route, On the way; on the road
or journey

Enal‘io-saurians (Greek, sca-lizards),
A group of fossil saurians, including the
Ich'thyosaur, Ple’siosaur, Sauropter’ygy,
etc,, ete.

Encel'ados,. The most powerful of
the giants that conspired against Zeus
(Jupiter). The king of gods and men
cast him down, and threw Mount Etna
over him, The poets say that the flames
of this volcano arise from the breath of
this giant. The battle-field of his con-
test was Phleg’ra, in Macedonia,

“So flerce Enceladus in Phlegra stood.”
Hoole: Jerusalem Delivered,
“TJ tell you, younglings, not Encelados,
With all bis threatning band of Typhon’s

Shal resize this prey out of his father's hands,”
. Shakespeare: Titus Andronicus, iv. 2.
Enchanted Castles. De Saint Foix
says that women and girls were subject
to violence whenever they passed by an
abbey quite as much as when they ap-
puoached a feudal castle. When these
Victims were sought for and demanded

End

back, the monks would sustain a siege
rather than relinquish them; and, if
close pressed, would bring to the walls
some sacred relic, which so awed the
assailants that they would desist, rather
than incur the risk of violating such holy
articles. This, he says, is the origin of en-
chanters, enchantments, and enchanted
castles. (Historical Essays.)

Enchanter is one who sings incanta-
tions. (Latin, in-canto, to sing over or
against some one.)

Encomium, The Greek kémos is a
revel in honour of [Bacchus], in which
the procession marches from kdmi to
komé; 1.e, village to village. En-kdmion
is the hymn sung in these processions
in honour of Bacchus; hence, praise,
eulogy

Encore (French). Our use of this
word is unknown to the French, who
use the word dis (twice) if they wish a
thing to be repeated. The French, how-
ever, say encore un tasse (another cup),
encore une fois (still once more), ‘It is
strange how we have perverted almost
every French word that we have natu-
talised, (See ENGLISH FRENCH.)

Encratiites (4 syl.). A sect of the
second century, who condemned mar-
riage, forbade eating flesh or drinkin
wine, and rejected all the luxuries and
comforts of life as ‘things sinful.’’
The sect was founded by Ta’tian, a
heretic of the third century, who com-
piled from four other books what he
called a Diatessaron—an heretical gospel.
(See Eusebius, book iv. chap, xxix.)
(Greek, egerates, self-inastery.)

*~ This heretic must not be confounded
with Tatian the philosopher, a disciple
of Justin Martyr, who lived in the
second century. iors

Encroach means literally to put on
a hook, or to hook on. Those who hook ©
on a little here and a little there.
(French, en croc, on a hook.)

End, (Ang.-Sax. ende, verb endian.)
Alt my wits’ end, At & standstill how
to proceed farther; at a non-plus.

@ is no end of a fellow. A capital
chap; a most agreeable companion; an
Al {A one] (g.v.). Hé is an ‘allround”’
man, and therefore has no end,

Lo be {one’s} end. The cause or agent
of [his] death, : é
* TMs apoplexie will be his end.”
, Shakespeare: 2 Henry IV., iv, 4,
To begin at the wrong end. Toattempt
to do something unmethodically, This

Eind-irons

is often done in education, where chil-
dren are taught aes before they are
taught words, No one on earth would
teach his child to talk in such a manner,
First talk anyhow, and when words are
familiar, teach the grammar of sentences.
The allusion may be to thread wound
on a card or bobbin; if anyone attempts
to unwind it at the wrong eifd, he will
entangle the thread and be unable to
unwind it,

To come to the end of one’s tether. To
do all that one has ability or liberty to
do. The allusion is to an animal tied
to a rope; he can graze only so far as
his tether can be carried out.

To hawe it at my jinger’s end. Tobe
perfectly au fait ; to remember perfectly,
and with ease; tanquam unguis scire.
The allusion is to work done with the
fingers (such as knitting), which needs
no thought after it has become familiar.

To have it on [or at} the tip of my
tongue. (See Trp oF MY TONGUE.)

A rope’send. Ashort length of rope
bound at the end with thread, and used
for punishing the refractory.

shoemaker's end, A length of thread
pointed with a bristle, and used by shoe-
makers.

My latter end. At the close of life.
‘* At the latter end,’’ towards the close.

“ At the latter end of a dinner.”
Shakespeare: All's Well, etc., ti. 5.

On end. Erect.

To put an end to.
cause to terminate.

West end, East end, etc. The quarter
or part of a town east or west of the
central or middle part.

End-irons, Two movable iron cheeks
or plates, still used in cooking-stoves to
enlarge or contract the grate at plea-

To terminate or

sure. The term explains itself, but must |

not be mistaken for andirons or *‘ dogs,’””

End Paper. The blank fly-leaves of
a book.

End of the World (Zhe). According
to rabbinical mythology, the world is to
last six thousand years. The reasons
assigned are (1) because the name Jehova
contains six letters; (2) because the
Hebrew letter m occurs six times in the
book of Genesis; (3) because the patri-
arch Enoch, who was taken to heaven
without dying, was the sixth generation
from Adam (Seth, Enos, Cainan, Mahala-
leel, Jared, Enoch); (4) because God
created the world in six days ; (5) because
six contains three binaries—the first 2000
years. were for the law of nature, the

419

England

next 2000 year's the written law, and the
last 2000 the law of grace.

Seven would suit this fancy quiteas well: there
are seven days ina week ; Jehovah contains seven
letters ; and Enoch was the seventh generation of
the race of man ; and the first two binaries were
Not equal periods. i

Ends.

To burn the candle at both ends. To be
like a man on double business bound,
who both neglects. Of course, no candle
could burn at both ends, unless held hori-
zonteny as the lower end would be ex-
tinguished by the melted wax or tallow.

To make two or both ends meet. To
make one’s income cover expenses; to
keep out of debt. The allusion is toa
belt somewhat too tight. The French
say joindre les deux bouts.

Endemic. Pertaining to a locality.
An endemic disease is one commion to a
particular district, from which it shows
no tendency to spread. Thus intermit-
tent fevers are endemic in marshy places.

Endorse, J endorse that statement.
I accept it; I fully accord with it. The
allusion is to the commercial practice of
writing your name on the back of a bill
of exchange or promissory note if you
choose to make yourself responsible for
it. (Latin, in-dorswm, on the back.)

Endymion, in Greek mythology,
is the setting sun with which the moon is
in love. Endym‘ion was condemned to
endless sleep and everlasting youth, and
Sele’né kisses him every night on the
Latmian hills.

“The moon sleeps with Endymion,
And would not be awaked.”
Shakespeare: Merchant of Venice, v. 1.

Enemy. How goes the enemy? or
What says the enemy? What o’clock
is it? Time is the enemy of man, espe-
cially of those who are behind time.

Enfant Terrible (47) [lit., a terrible
child], A moral or social nuisance,

Enfield Rifle. So called from the
factory at Enfield where it is made.

Enfilade (French) means literally to
spin out; to put thread in [a needle},
as enfiler une aiguille; to string beads
by putting them on a thread, as enjiler
des perles. Soldiers being compared to
thread, we get the following metaphors:
to go through a place as thread through
a needle—to string artillery by placing
it in a line and directing it against an
enemy; hence, to scoyr or rake with
shot. — fi

England. Verstegan quaintly says
that Egbert was ‘‘chiefly moved” to
call his kingdom England ‘‘in respect of

England Expects 4

0 Ensign

Pope Gregory’s changing the name of
Engelisce into Angellyke.” And this
“‘ may have moved our kings upon their
best gold coins to set the image of an
angel,”” (Restitution of Decayed Intelli-
gence in Antiquities concerning... the
English Nation, p. 147.)

* The Angles migrated from the east
of the Elbe to Schleswig (between the
Jutes and the Saxons), They passed over
in great numbers to Britain during the
5th century, and in time established the
kingdoms of the heptarchy.

England Expects that Every Man
will do his Duty. The parole signalled
by Horatio Nelson to his fleet before the
battle of Trafalgar.

England’s Darling. Hereward the
Wake, in the time of William the Con-
queror. The ‘‘Camp of Refuge” was
established in the Isle of Ely, and the
Earl of Morcar joined itin 1071. It was
blockaded for three months by William,
and Hereward (3 syl.) with some of his
followers escaped.

Englentyne (3 syl.). The Nonne or
Prioress of Chaucer’s pilgrims. An ad-
mirable character sketch. (Canterbury
Lales ; Prologue, 118-164.) (See Exot.)

English French. <A kind of per-
versity seems to pervade many of the
words which we have borrowed from the
French. Thus curate (French vicaire) ;
Vicar (French cure).

Encore (French dis).

Epergne (French surtout); Surtout
(French pardessus).

Screw (French v7s), whereas the French
écrou we call a nut; and our vice is é¢au
in French.

Some still say 4 l’outrance (French @
oulrance).

We say double entendre, the French
@ deux ententes.

* The reader will easily call to mind
other examples.

Englishman. The national nick-
name of an Englishman is ‘“‘a John
Bull.”” The nation, taken in the aggre-
gate, is nicknamed ‘‘John Bull.’?. The

rench nickname for an Englishman is
“‘Godam’.”” (Sce BULL.)

-Englishman’s Castle. His house
is so called, because so long as a man
shuts himself up in his own house, no
bailiff can break through the door to
arrest him or scize his goods. It is not
so in Scotland.

E’nid. The daughter and only child
of Yn'iol, and wife of Prince Geraint,

one of the Knights of the Round Table.
Ladies called her ‘‘ Enid the Fair,’’ but
the people named her ‘‘ Enid the Good.”
(Idylls of the King ; Geraint and Enid.)

Enlightened Doctor (Zic). Ray-
mond Lully, of Palma, one of the most
distinguished men of the thirteenth cen-
tury. (1284-1315.)

Enniskillens, The 6th Dragoons;
instituted 1689, on account of their
brave defence of the town of Ennis-
killen, in favour of William IIT.

¥ This cavalry regiment must not be
confounded with the Inniskillings or
Old 27th Foot, now called the ‘ Ist
battalion of the Royal Inniskilling Fusi-
liers,”’ which is a foot regiment.

En/nius. The Chaucer or father of
Roman poets. (B.c. 239-169.)

The English Ennius. Layamon, who
wrote a translation in Saxon of Wace’s
Brute.

The French Ennius. Guillaume di
Lorris (1235-65), author of the Romance
of the Rose, called the Ihad of France.
Sometimes Jehan de Meung (1260-1320),
who wrote the continuation of the same
romance, is so called.

The Spanish Ennius, Tuan de Mena,
born at Cor’dova. (1412-56,)

Enough, (Anglo-Saxon, genoh or
genog.) Enough! Stop now, you have
said all that is needful,

Enough is as good as a feast.

Latin: ‘Milud satius est, quod satis

”?

French: “On est assez riche, quand
on a Je nécessaire.’’

* At one time Enow was used for
numbers reckoned by tale, as: There are
chairs enow, nails enow, men enow, etc. ;
but now enough does duty for both
words, and enow is archaic.

Enscon’ce (2 sy). To hide; to put
under cover. Literally, to cover with a
sconce, orfort, (German, schanze, a fort ;
Danish, schans ; Swedish, skans ; Latin,
abscondo, to hide.)

Ensemble. The tout ensemble. The
general effect; the effect when the
whole is regarded. (French.) . —

Ensign. (French, erseigner.)

Of ancient Athens, An owl.

America. The Stars and Stripes.

The British Navy. The Union Jack
(q.v.).. The white ensign (Royal Navy)
is the banner of St. George with the Jack
cantoned in the first quarter. The red
ensign is that of the merchant service.

Ensilage

421

Epact

The dlwe ensign is that of the navy
reserve,

China. A dragon.

Aneient Corinth.
Peg’asos,

Ancient Danes. <A raven.

Ancient Egypt. A bull, a crocodile, a
vulture.

England (in the Tudor era), St,
George’s cross.

Ancient France. The cape of St.
Martin; then the oriflamme.

A flying horse—i.e.

The Franks (Ripua'rian). A sword
with the point upwards.
The Franks (Salian). A bull’s head.

The Gauls. A wolf, bear, bull, cock. |

The ancient Lacedemonians, The Greek
capital letter L (Jambda A),

he ancient Messe'nians. The Greek
letter mu (M).

The ancient Persians, A golden eagle
with outstretched wings ona white field ;
a dove; the sun,

The Parsdadian dynasty of Persia, A
blacksmith’s apron. (Sce STANDARD.)

The ancient Romans, An eagle for the
legion ; a wolf, a horse, a boar, etc.

Romulus, A handful of hay or fern
(manip‘ulus).

‘ The ancient Saxons, A trotting horse.

The ancient Thebans. A sphinx,

The Turks. Horses’ tails,

The ancient Welsh, A dragon.

Ensilage. A method of preserving
green fodder by storing it in mass under
pressure in deep trenches cut ina dry soil.

Entail’, An entail is an estate cut
from the power of a testator. The tes-
tator cannot bequeath it; it must go to
the legal heirs. (French, en-taiiler.)

Entangle. The Anglo-Saxon tan
means a twig, and twigs smeared with
birdlime were used for catching small
birds, who were ‘‘en-tangled’’ or
twigged.

Ente’le'chy. The kingdom of Queen
Quintessence in the famous satirical
romance of Rabelais called the History
of Gargan'tua and Pantagruel’. Panta-

ruél and his companions went thither
in search of the Holy Bottle. It may
be called the city of speculative science.

* The word is used to express the
realisation of a deau ideal. Lovers have
preconceived notions of human perfec-
tions, and imagine that they see the
realities in the person beloved, who is
the entelechy of their deau ideal,

“Olumiore! enrichie | |
| Dan feu divin, qui in’ard si vivement,
_ Pour me donner Ietre et Jemovement,
‘Rtes-vous aes ma seul entelechie,”
{ Ronsard: sonnet 68 (1524-35),

Pap!

Enter a House right Foot fore
most (Letronius). It was thought
unlucky to enter a house or to leave
one’s chamber left foot foremost. Au-
gustus was very superstitious on this
point. Pythagoras taught that it is
necessary to put the shoe on the right
foot first. ‘‘When stretching forth
your feet to have your sandals put on,
first. extend your night foot’’ (Protrep-
ties of Iamblichus, symbol xii.). Iam-
blichus tells us this symbolised that
man’s first duty is reverence to the gods.

Entering Short. When bills are
paid into a banker’s hands to receive the
amount when due, it is called ‘‘ entering
them short.’’ In this case, if the banker
fails, the assignees must give them up.
Bills in the hands of factors may be so
entered.

Enthu/siast is one who believes that
he himself is i God, or that God is in
him fie ae en theos), Our word in-
spired is very similar, being the Latin
in spiritu (in the spirit). ~

Entire, -Ale, in contradistinction to
‘*cooper,’’ which is half ale and half
porter, As Calvert’s entire, etc.

Entre Nous (French). Between you
and me; in confidence.

N.B.—One of the most common vul- ~
garisms of the better class is ‘‘ Between
you and I.”

Entrée (Zo have the). To be eligible
for invitations to State balls and concerts,

Entremets [arn-tre-may]. Sweet
foods or kickshaws_ served at table
between the main dishes, courses, or
removes; literally, entre-mets (French),
things put between, We now use two
words, entrées and entremets, the former
being subordinate animal foods handed
round between the main dishes, and the

| latter being sweet made dishes.

Eollian. 4n Eolian harp. A box
fitted with strings, like a fiddle. The
strings, however, are not sounded by a
bow, but by a current of air or wind
passing over them.

“ Awake, Eolian harp, awake, x 4
And give to rapture all thy trembling strings.”
Gray: Progress of Poctry, lines 1, 2.

Eolus. God of the winds,
mythology.) ;

Epact. The excess of the solar over
the iunar year, the former consisting: of
365 days, and the latter of 354, or eleven
days fewer. The epact of any year is
the number of ‘days from the last new

(Roman

| moon of the old year to the Ist of the

Hpergne

422

‘Episemon

following January. (Greek, epactos,
feminine epacté, adscititious.)

Eper’gne (2 syl.). A large orna-
mental stand ised in the middle of a
dining-table. It is generally said to be
a French word, but the Frencirtall such
an ornamental stand a setout, strangely
adopted by us to signify a frock-coat,
which the French call a pardessus. The
nearest French word is épargne, saving,
as caisse depargne, a savings bank; verb
épargner, to spare or save. (See Ena-
LISH FRENCH.)

Ephe’bi. Youths between the age
of eighteen and twenty were so called at
Athens. (Greek, arrived at puberty.)

Ephe’sian., A jovial companion; a
thief; a roysterer. A pun on the verb
to pheese—A-pheeze-ian. Pheeze is to
flatter.

“Tt is thine host, thine Ephesian, calls.”
Shakespeare: Merry Wives of Windsor, iv. 5.

Ephesian Letters, Magic charao-
ters. The Ephesians were greatly ad-
_ dicted to magic. Magic characters were
marked on the crown, cincture, and feet
of Diana; and, at the preaching of Paul,
many which used curious [magical]
books burnt them. (Acts xix. 19.)

The Ephesian poet. Hippo’nax, born
at Ephesus in the sixth century B.o.

Ephiial’tes ‘y syl.).
was deprived of his left eye by Apollo,
and of his right eye by Herculés.

Ephialtes (4 syl.), The nightmare.
(Greek, ephialtés, an incubus; from epi-

allomai, to leap upon.)

“ Feverish symptoms all, with which those who
are haunted by the night-hag, whom the learned
call Ephialtés, are but too well acquainted,”—
Sir W Scott: The Antiquary, chap. x.

Eph’ori or Zphors. Spartan magis-
trates, five in number, annually elected
from the ruling caste. They exercised
control even over the kings and senate,

Epic. Father of epie poetry. Homer
Grout 950 B,c.), author of the Ziad and

Yy 88eYy..

+’ Celebrated epics are theIliad,Odyssey, Zincid,
Paradise Lost. :

The great Puritan epic. Milton’s
Paradise Lost.

“Speaking of M, Doré’s performances as an
ilfustrator of the great Puritan epic.” —The
Times.

Ep‘icure (3 syl.). A sensualist; one
addicted to good eating and drinking.
So called from Epicu’ros (g.v.).

Sir Epicure.
The Alchemist, by Ben Jonson.
surname is ‘“‘ Mammon,” Y

A giant who -

worldly sensualist in
His’

Epicure’an. Carnal; sensual; per-
taining to good eating and drinking.
(See EPIcuRos.)

T. Moore has a prose romance entitled
The Epicurean. a

“ Epicurean cooks
Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite.”
Shakespeare: Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 1.

Epicu'ros. (Latin form, Zyicurus.)
The Greek philosopher who founded the
Epicure’an school. His axiom was that
‘‘ happiness or enjoymentis the summum
bonum of life.” is disciples corrupted
his doctrine into ‘‘ Good living is the
object we should all seek,”’ or, according
to the drinking song, ‘‘ Who leads a good
life is sure to live well.”’ =

“ Blest be the day I *scaped the wrangling crew,

From Pyrrho’s [(q v.] maze and Epicurus’ sty.”

Beuttie: Minstrel.

The Epicurus of China, Tao-tse, who
commenced the search for the “ elixir of
life,” Several of the Chinese emperors
lost their lives by drinking his “potion
of immortality ’’ (B.c. 540).

Epi-dem’ice is from the two Greek
words epi-de'mos (upon the people), a
disease that attacks a number of people
at once, either from bad air, bad drain-
age, or other similar cause,

Epigram. A short pointed or anti-
thetical poern ; or any short composition
happily or antithetically expressed.

Ep’ilepsy was called by the Romans
the Comttial or Congress sickness (mor-
bus comitia’lis), because the polling for
the comitia centuria’ta was null and-void
if any voter was seized with epilepsy
while the votes were being taken.

Epimen’'ides (5 syl.). A philosopher
of Crete, who fell asleep in a cave when
a boy, and did not wake again for fifty-
seven years, when he found himself
endowed with miraculous wisdom.
(Pliny : Natural History.) (Sce Rit
Van WINELE.)

“Like Epimenides, I have been sleeping in a
cave ; and, waking, see those whom I left children
are bearded men."—Bulwer Lytton (Lord Lytton).

Epiph’any. The time of appearance,
meaning the period when the star ap-
peared to the wise men of the Hast. The
6th January is the Feast of the Fpiphany.

‘| The word is not special to Chris-
tianity. One of the names of Zeus was
Epiphanes (the manifest one), and fes-
tivals in his honour were called “* Epiph-
anies.” (Greek, epi-phaino, to shine
upon, to be manifest [in creation].)

Epise’mon, in Greek numerals, is a
sign standing for a numeral. us,
émoquov pai, generally called. Fau,

Episode

423

Eira

Episémon, stands for 6, and iota-episemon
for 16. There are two other symbols—
viz. ae for 90, and sampi [san-pi]
for -. The reason is this: The
Greek letters were used for numerals,
and were ranged in three columns of
nine figures each ; but 24 letters will not
divide by 9, so the 3 symbols, episémon,
koppa, and sampi were added to make
up 3 x9. ol. 1, from 1 to 20; col. 2,
from 20 to 100; col. 3, from 100 to 1,000.
_ Bauand Fau areideptical, the B or F being the
dijamma. Thus olves (wine) was pronounced
Foinos, called in Latin Vinum, ahd wor (an egg)
was pronounced O/on, in Latin Ovum.

A dash under a letter multiplied it a
hundredfold. Thus, a = 1, but g = 1000,
For intermediate figures between full
tens a mark was made above the unit.
Thus + (iota) = 10; but «¢ = 10+ 1=11
6 =104+2= 12; 7 = 1043 = 13, and
80 on.

Ep’isode (3 syl.) is the Greek epi-
eis-odos (coming in besides—t.e. adven-
' titious), meaning an adventitious tale
introduced into the main story.

In music, an intermediate passage in
a fugue, whereby the subject is for a
time suspended.

“In ordinary fugues .. . it is usual to allowa
certain number of bars to intervene from time to
time, after which the subject is resumed. The
intervening bars . . . are called Episodes,”—Quse-
ley : Counterpoint, xxii. 169.

_ Epis'tle is something sent to another,
A letter sent by messenger or post.
(Greek, apieetalto.»

Epi-zoot’ic is epi-zoon (upon the herds
and flocks). Zoology is used to signify
a treatise on animals, but we generally
except man ; so epi-zootic is used, demos
(man) not being included.

E’poch means that which bounds in
or holdsin hand, The starting-point of
a@ sequence of events harnessed together
like a team of horses; also the whole
period: of time from one epoch to
another. Our present epoch is the Birth
of Christ; previous to this epoch it was
the Creation of the World. In this
latter sense the word is synonymous
with era. (Greek, epi-ccho.)

“ The incarnation of Christ is the greatest moral

epoch in the universe of God."—Stevens: Parables
nfo « The Lost Sheep,” p. 104),

Epode (2 syl.). In the Greek epode
the chorus returned to their places and
remained stationary. It followed the
strophe (2 syl.), ;

. Father of choral epode. Stesichoros of
Sicily (B.c. 632-552).

Ep’som Races. Worse races held in

May, and lasting four days. They are

held on Epsom Downs, and were insti-
tuted by Charles I. The second day
(Wednesday) is the great Derby day, so
called from Lord Derby, who instituted
the stakes in 1780. The fourth day
(Friday) is called the Oaks, so called
from ‘‘ Lambert’s Oaks.’? The ‘‘Oaks
Estate’? passed into the Derby family,
and the twelfth Earl of Derby estab-
lished the stakes.

* The Derby, the Oaks, and the St.
Leger (held at Doncaster) are called the
Three Classic Races. N.B,—There are
other races held at Epsom besides the

eat four-day races mentioned above—
or instance, the City Suburban and
the Great Metropolitan (both handicap
races).

Epsom Salts. <A salt formerly ob-
tained by boiling down the mineral water
in the vicinity of Epsom, but now chemi-
cally prepared. It is the sulphate of

magnesia.

Equal-to, in mathematics. The
symbol (=), two little parallel lines, was
saat by Robert Recorde, who died

558,

2. As he said, nothing is more equal than parallel
es.” ;

lin

Equation of Time, The difference
between mean and apparent time—i.e.
the difference between the time as shown
by a good clock and that indicated by
a sundial. The greatest difference is in
November, at the beginning of which
month the sun is somewhat more than
sixteen minutes too slow, There are
days in December, April, June, and
September when the sun and the clocks

agree,

Eques Aura'tus. A knight bachelor,
called aura'tus because he was allowed.
to gild his armour—a privilege confined
to knights.

Eq'uipage (3 syl.). Tea equipage.
A complete tea-service. To equip means
to arm or furnish, and equipage is the
furniture of a military man or body of
troops. Hence camp equipage (all be 3
necessary for an encampment) ; field
equipage (all things nece! for the
field of battle) ; a prince’s equipage, an
s0 on. pee

Equity. (See AsTRmA.)

Era. A series of years beginning
from some epoch or starting-point, as:
; B.C.

The Era of the Greek Olympiads .. 776

3 the Foundation of Rome 753
” Nabonassar.. .- -- «- 747
‘5 Alexander the Great .. 324
” the Seleucidm@ ++ +. +. 33

» Julian Bra -+ 2 +e +e

Eraclius

424

Ermine Street

4 THe MunpaneE Era, or the number
of years between thé Creation and the
Nativity :

According to the modern Greek Calendar 7,388
J b Gh BUERE L288

w osepbus .. +. “
° SCaliger, (2. [issilee ws oe (5,R2
& the ancient Greek Church 5,508
* Professor Hales .. .. - 5,411
- L'art de Verifier les Dates 4,968
A Archbishop Ussher .. .. 4,004
re Calmet denice s4 ae 74,000)
os the JewS .. «. es «+ ++ 3,700

4 Oren Eras:

The Era of Abraham starts from Oct. 1, B.C. 2016.
a Actium starts from Jan. 1, R.c, 30.
* Alexander, or of the Lagidw, starts
from Nov. 13, B.€. 324,
* eae eee Independence, July 4, A.D.

" Augustus, B,C, 27,

re Diocletian, Aug. 29, A.D. 284,

» Tyre, Oct. 19, B.C. 125,

” the Chinese, B.C. 2697.

” — French Republic, Sept. 22, A.p.

792,
4 the Heg’ira, J a 16, A.D. 622.
(The flight of Mahomet from Mecca.)
w the Maccabees, B.C. 166.
* the Martyrs, Feb. 23, a.p. $13.
, The Christian Era begins from the
birth of Christ.

. Erac‘lius, the emperor, condemned a
knight to death because the companion
who went out with him returned not.
‘‘Thou hast slain thy fellow,’’ said the
emperor, ‘‘and must die. Go,’’ con+«
tinued he, to another knight, ‘and lead
him to death.” On their way they met
the Puen supposed to be dead, and
returned to Eraclius, who, instead of
revoking his sentence, ordered all three
to be put to death—the first because he
had already condemned him to déath ;
the second because he had disobeyed his
orders; and the third because he was
the real cause of the death of the othér
two. Chaucer tells this anecdote in his
Sompnoures Tale, It is told of Cornelius
Piso by Sene’ca, in his De Ira, lib. i. 16;
but in the Gesta Romano'rwm it is ascribed
to Eraclius,

Eras'‘tians. The followers of Thomas

Lieber, Latinised into Erastus, a Ger-'

man ‘‘heretic’’ of the sixteenth cen-
tury. (1524-1583.)

Eras'‘tianism. State supremacy or
interference in ecclesiastical affairs.
Thus the Church of England is some-
times called “ Erastian,” because the
two Houses of Parliament can interfere
in its ritual and temporalities, and the
sovereign, as the “head” of it, appoints
bishops and other dignitaries thereof.

E’rebus. Darkness. The gloomy
cavern underground through which the
Shades had to walk im their passage to

,

Hadés.
death.’’
“ Not Erebus itself were dim enougo
To hide thee from prevention.” =
Shakespearé ; Julius Caesar, ii. L

Eret’rian. The Fretrian bull. Mene-
demos of Eret’ria, in Eubea; a Grech
philosopher of the fourth century B.c,
and founder of the Eretrian school
which was a branch of the Socrat'ic.
He was called a ‘‘bull’’ from the bull-
like gravity of his face.

“A valley of the shadow of

Eri'gena. John Scotus, called ‘‘Sco-
tus the Wise,’’ who died 886. He must
not be confounded with Duns Scottus
the schoolman, who lived some. four
centuries after him (1265-1308),

Erin. Ireland (q.7.).
Erin’nys or pein ® The goddess of
vengeance, one of the Furies. (Greck

mythology.)
Eriph’ila. The personification ‘of
avarice, who guards the path that leads

: to pleasure, in Orlando Furioso, vi. 61.

Erix, son of Goliah (sic) and grand-
son of Atlas. He invented legerdemain.
(Duchat > Guvres de Rabelars ; 1711.)

Er)-king. King of the elves, who
paca mischief for children, and even

eceives men with his seductions. He is
said to haunt the Black Forest.

Er’meline (Dame)... Reynard’s wife,
in the tale of Reynard the Fox.

Ermie’nes (4 syl.). A renegade
Christian, whose name was Clement.
He was entrusted with the command of
the caliph’s ‘‘ regal host,’’ and was slain
by Godfrey. (Tasso: Jerusalem De-
livered.)

Er’mine or Hermine. Littré de-
rivés the word from Armenia, and says
it is the ‘‘Pontic rat’? mentioned by
Pliny ; if so, the better spelling would
be ‘‘ Armine.’? Prof. Skeat derives the
word from the French hermine, through
harmo, the ermine, stoat, or weazel. e
ermine is technically called the’ Mustela

erminea.

Er'mine Street. One of the four
great public ways made if England by
the Romans. e other three are Wat-
ling Street, Tkentla Street, and the Fosse,
German’icus derives Ermin from Hermés,
whence Jrminsull (a column of Mercury),
because Mercuty presided over public
roads. This is not correct ; Irminsul, or
rather Ermensul, is the Scandinavian
Odin, not a “Column of Mercury’? at

‘Erminia

425

Escapade

cee SS pp

all; and Erming Street really means
Odin’s Street,
“ Fair weyes many on ther ben in Englond,
But four most of all ben zunderstond , ..
Fram the south into the north takit Erming-

strete ;
Fram the east into the west goeth Ikeneld-strete ;
Si rh haat east] to North-west (that is
jum de!

rete.
Fram Dorer (bover) into Chestre go’th Watling- ;

strete;
The forth is most of all that tills from Toté

neys— ;
Fram the one end of Cornwall anon to Catenays

(Caithness]—
Fram the south to North-est into Englondes end
Fosse men callith thisk voix.”
Robert of Gloucester.
Ermin‘ia. The heroine of Jerusalem
Delivered. When her father, the King

of Antioch, was slain at the siege of

Antioch, and Erminia fell captive into
the erusader’s hands, Tancred gave her
her liberty, and restored to her all her
father’s treasures, This generous con-
duct quite captivated her heart, and she
fell in love with the Christian prince.
Aladine, King of Jerusalem, took charge
of her. When the Christian army be-
‘sieged Jerusalem, she dressed herself in
Clorinda’s armour to go to Tancred, but,
being discovered, fled, and lived awhile
with some shepherds on the banks of the
Jordan. Meeting with Vafri‘no, sent as
a secret spy by the crusaders, she re-
vealed to him the design against the life
of Godfrey, and, returning with him
to the Christian camp, found Tancred
wounded. She cured his wounds, ‘so
that he was able to take part in the last
great day of the siege. We are not told
the ultimate fate of this fair Syrian.
Erna’ni. The-bandit-captain, Duke
of Segor’bia and Cardo’na, Lord of Ar’a-
zon, and Count of Ernani, in love with
lvi'ra, who is betrothed to Don Ruy
Gomez de Silva, an old —e grandee,
whom she detests, Charles V. of Spain
also loves her, and tries to win her.
Silva, finding that the king has been
tampering with his betrothed, joins the
league of Ernani against the king. The
king in concealment overhears the plot-
ters, and, at a given signal, they are
arrested by his guards, but, at the inter-
cession of Elvira, are pardoned and set
free. Erna’ni is on the point of marry-
ing Elvira, when a horn is heard. This
horn Ernani had given to Silva when he
joined the ledgue, saying, ‘Sound but
this horn, and at that moment Ernani
will cease to live.” Silva insists on the
fulfilment of the compact, and Ernani
stabs himself. (Verdi's opera of Ernani.)
‘ Ernest (Duke). A poetical romance
by Henry of Veldig (Waldeck), con-
temporary with Frederick Barbarossa.

. loger, is so called by Butler.

| white belly.

Duke Ernest is son-in-law of Kaiser
Konrad II. Having murdered his feuda)
lord, he went on a pilgrimage to the Holy
Land to expiate his crime, and the poem
describes his adventures on the way, It
is a mixture of Homeric and Oriental
myths, and the tales of crusaders. Duke
Ernest fulfilled his pilgrimage, returned
to Germany, and received absolution,

Eros, the Greek equivalent to Cupid,

Eros'tratus. The man who set fire
to the temple of Diana in Ephesus, on
the day Alexander the Great was born,
This he did to make his name immortal.
In order to defeat his vainglory, the
Ephesians forbade his name to be men-

| tioned, but such a prohibition would be

sure to defeat its object.

Erra-Pater, An almanack. William
Lilly, the almapack-maker and astro-
It is said
to have been the ‘‘name”’ of an eminent
Jewish astrologer, (Halliwell: Archaic
Dictionary.)

“Tn mathematics he was greater

Than Tycho Brahe or Erra Pater.”
Butler; Hudibras, i.1.

Erse (1 syl.). The native language of
the West Highlanders of Scotland, who
are of Irish origin. It is a variant of
Trish, Applied by the Scotch Low-
landers to the Highland dialect of
Gaelic. In the eighteenth century Scotch
‘was often called Erse, without distinc-
tion of Highland and Lowland; and
Irish was spoken of as Irish Gaelic. The
practice now is to limit the word £yse to
Trish, and Gaelic to Scotch Highlanders,

Er’udite. Most erudite of the Romans.
Marcus Terentius Varro, a man of vast
and varied eruditién in almost every de-
partment of literature. (8.0, 116-27.)

Erythre’os. (See HoRsE.)

Erythynus. Have'no doings with the
Erythynus, This is the thirty-third
Symbol of the Protreptics of Iamblichus,
The Erythynus is a fish called by Pliny
(ix. 77) erythrinus, a red fish with a
Pythagoras used this fish
as a symbol of a braggadocio, which has
a.lily liver. Have no doings with those
who are tongue-doughty, but have white

| stomachs (where stomach means true
| courage).

Escapa’de (3syl.). French. Means

| literally an escape [from mestrainty
?

hence a spree, lark, or prank. (Spanis

| escapur, escapada.)

“ His second escapade was made for the purpose
of visiting the field of Rullion Green.”—Scott ¢

| Guy Mannering, Xxxvi,

Esclandre 496 Essex Stile
Esclandre. An event which gives Esplan’dian. Son of Am‘adis and
rise to scandal. ‘By the famous Bou- | ‘Oria‘na. He is the hero of Montalyo’s

logne esclandre.”’

* «since the last ‘esclandre* he had held little or
no communication with her.” — Lady Herbert:
Edith, 18.

Eseu’age (3 syl.) means “shield
service,’’ and is applied to that obliga-
tion which bound a vassal to follow. his
lord to war at his own ee charge.
(French, esou, éeu, a shield.)

: Escula’pios (Latin, Lsculapius). A
disciple of Esculapius means a medical
student. Escula’pian, medical. Escu-
la‘pios, in Homer, is a ‘‘ blameless phy-
sician,’? whose sons were the medical

attendants of the Greek army. Subse--

quently; he was held to be the “ god of
the medical art.”

Escu'rial. The eaten of the Spanish
sovereigns, about fifteen miles north-
west of Madrid. It is one of the most
superb structures in Europe, but is built
among rocks, as the name signifies.

Escutcheon of Pretence (4%).
That of a wife, either heiress or co-
- heiress, placed in the centre of her hus-
band’s shield.

Esin’ge. A title given to the kings
of Kent, from Esé, their: first king,
sometimes called Ocbta.

Esmond (Henry). A chivalrous
cavalier in the reign of Queen Anne.
The hero of Thackeray’s novel entitled
Esmond. r

Esoter‘io (Greek,
Exoter‘ic, those without,
ginated with Pythag’oras, who stood
behind a curtain when he gave his lec-
tures. Those who were allowed to
attend the lectures, but not to see his
face, he called his exoterie disciples ; but
those who were allowed to enter the veil,
his esoteric, ;

Aristotle adopted the same terms,
though he did not lecture behind a cur-
tain. He called those who attended his
evening lectures, which were of a popu-
lar character, his exoterics ; and those
who attended his more abstruse morning
lectures, his esoterics.

Espiet (Zs-pe-a). Nephew of Oriande
la Fée. A dwarf, not more than three
feet high, with yellow hair as fine as
gold, and though above a hundred years
old, a seeming child of seven. He was

those wi thin).

one of the falsest Knaves in the world, .

and knew Apts kind of enchantment.
Eomance “A augis d’ Aygremont et de
iviason frére.) <1

The term ort--

continuation of Amadis, called The Fifth
ook.

Esprit de Corps. Fellow-feeling
for the society with which you are asso-
ciated. .A military term—every soldier
will stand up for his own corps.

Esprit Follet. A bogle which de-
lights in misleading and tormenting
mortals.

Esquire. One who carried the escu
or shield of a knight. (Latin, seut‘iger,
a vine me iat an

‘opy of a letter from C. H. ATHILL. Q.

Py of “ Richmond Herald”? :-— , 4

“ Herald's College, E.C., January 26th, 1893,
“The following persons are beer Esquires *:—
“The sons of peers, the sons of baronets, the

sons of knights, the eldest sons of the younger
sons of peers, and their eldest sons in perpetuity
the eldest son of the eldest son of a knight, and
his eldest son in perpetuity, the kings of arms,
the heralds of arms, officers of the Army or Navy
of the rank of captain*and upwards, sheriffs of
counties for life, J.P.’s of counties whilst in com-
mission, serjeants-at-law, Queen’s counsel, ser-
jeants-at-arms, Companions of the Orders of
<nighthood, certain principal officers in the
Queen's household, deputy lieutenants, commis-
sioners of the Court of Bankruptcy, masters of
the Supreme Court, those whom the Queen, inany
commission or warrant, styles esquire, and any
person who, in virtue of his office, takes preced-
ence of esquires.”

* Add to these, graduates of the uni-
versities not in holy orders,

Es'says. Lord Bacon’s essays were
the first in English that bore the name.

“To write just treatises Pag bce leisure in the
writer and leisure in the er... Which is the
cause which hath made me choose to write certain
brief notes ... Which I have called essays."—

|» Dedication to Prince Henry.

Esse‘nes (2 syl.). A sect among the
Jews in the time of our Saviour. ey
were communists who abjured every sort
of fleshly indulgence.- They ate no ani-
mal food, and drank only water. Their
sacrifices to God were only fruits of the
earth. They kept the Sabbath so strictly
that they would not even wash a plate or
rinse a cup on that day. They always
dressed in white, took no part im public
matters, but devoted themselves to con-
templative studies. They held the Jew-
ish Scriptures in great reverence, but
interpreted them allegorically.

Essex. Last seaxé (the territory of
the East Saxons).

Essex Lions, Calves, for which the
county is famous, i
Valiant as an Essex lion (ironical).

Essex Satie. ai cites ae aan
very marshy, it,abounds in ditches, and
has very few stiles, toe

Est-il-possible

427

Bthnic Plot

Est-il-possible. A nickname of
_ Prince George of Denmark, given him
by James II. The story goes that
James, speaking of those who had de-
serted his standard, concluded the cata-
logue with these words,.‘‘ And who do
you think besides? Why, little Est-il-
possible, my worthy son-in-law.’’ James
applied this cognomen to the prince
because, when George was told of his
father-in-law’s abdication, all he did
was to exclaim, ‘‘ Est-il-possible?’’ and
when told, further, of the several noble-
men who had fallen away from him,
‘* Est-il-possible?’’ exhausted his in-
dignation.

Estafette (French; Spanish, esta-
feta). Military couriers sent express.
Their duty is to deliver the dispatches
consigned to them to the postillions ap-
pointed to receive them.

Estates, Estates of the realm. The
powers that have the administration of
affairs in their hands, The three estates
of our own realm are the Lords Spiritual,
the Lords zemporal, and the Commons ;
popularly s ing, the public press is
termed the fourth estate, It is a great
mistake to call the three estates of Eng-
land the Sovereign, the Lords, and the
Commons, as many do. The word means
that on which the realm stands. (Latin,
sto, to stand.) (See FourtH Estate.)

“Herod... made a supper to his... chief
estates.”—Mark vi. 21.

“The king and the three estates of the realm
assembled in parliament."—Collect for Nov, 6,

Este. The house of Este had for their
armorial bearing a white eagle on an
azure shield. Rinaldo, in Jerusalem De-
tivered, adopted this device ; and Ariosto,
in his Orlando Fiurioso, gives it both to»
Mandricardo and Roge’ro, adding that it:
was borne by Trojan Hector. As the
Dukes of Brunswick are a branch of the
house of Este, our Queen is a descend-
ant of the same noble family.

D’Este was the surname adopted by
the children of the Duke of Sussex and
Lady Augusta Murray.

Estot‘iland. An imaginary tract of
land near the Arctic Circle in North
Ameri
by John Scalvé, a Pole.

The snow

“
From cold Estotiland.”
Milton: Paradise Lost, x. 685.

; Estramacgon (French). A blow or
_,eut with a gon hence also ‘“ estra-
” to play at backsword. Sir

Walter Scott uses the word in the sense

ica, said to have been discovered

of afeint or pretended cut. Hence Sir
Jeffrey Hudson, the dwarf, says :—

“T tripped a hasty morris .. . upon the dining-
table, now offering my sword [to the Duke of
Buckingham], and now recovering it, I made.. .
a sort of estramagon at his nose, the dexterity of
which consists in coming mightily near to the
object without touching it.”—Peveril of the Peak,
chap, xxxiv.

Estrich Wool is the soft down of
the estrich, called in French, duvet d’
autriche, It lies immediately under the
feathers of the ostrich,

Estrildis or Estrild. Daughter of a
German king, and handmaid to the
mythical King Humber. When Humber
was drowned in the river that bears his
name, King Locrin fell in love with
Estrildis, and would have married her,
had he not been betrothed already to
Guendole’na; however, he kept Es-
trildis for seven years in a palace under-
ground, and had by her a daughter
named Sabrina. After the death of
Locrin, Guendalo’na threw both Es-
trildis and Sabri‘na into the Severn.
(Geoffrey: British History, ii. ch. ii, -v.)

Es'tuary. Literally, the boiling
place ; the mouth of a river is so called
because the water there seems to seethe
and boil. (Latin, estwo, to boil.)

Eter’nal City (Zhe),.. Rome. Virgil
makes Jupiter tell Venus he would give
to the Romans impe’rium siné finé (an
eternal empire). (Zneid, i. 79.)

Eternal Fitness-of Things. The:
congruity between an action and the
agent.

“Can any man bave a higher notion of the rule
of right, and the eternal fitness of things?’”—~
Fielding : Tom Jones, nook iv. chap. iv.

Eternal Tables. A white pearl,
extending from east to west, and from
heaven to earth, on which, according to

Mahomet, God has recorded every event,

past, present, and to come.

Etesian Wind (4). ‘‘ Etesia flabra
Aquilorium,’’ says Lucretius (v. 741), A
wind which rises annually about the
dog-days, and blows forty days together
in the same direction. It isa gentle and
mild wind. (Greek, énjovos, annual.)

“ Deem not, good Porteus, that in this my song
I mean to harrow up thy humble mind, :
And stay that voice in London known so long ;
For balm and softness, an Etesian wind.”
Peter Pindar: NiLAdmiraro,
-Eth/nic Plot. The Popish plot. In
Dryden’s satire of Absalom and Achito-
phel, Charles II. is called David, the
royalists are called the Jews, and fhe
Papists Gentiles or Ethnoi, whence

Ethnophrones

428

Bulen-spiegel

“Ethnic plot’? means the Gentile or
Popish plot.
« Saw with disdain an Ethnic plot begun...
‘Gainst form and order they their power employ,
Nothing to build, and all things to destroy.”
Part i. 518, 532-3.

Ethnoph'ronés (4 syl.). A sect of
heretics of the seventeenth century, who
ractised the observances of the ancient
agans. (Greek, ethnos-phrén, heathen-
minded.)

E’thon.
gnawed the liver of Prome’theus.

Et/iquette (3 syl.). The usages of
polite society. The word means a ticket
or card, and refers to the ancient custom
of delivering a card of directions and
regulations to be observed by all those
who attended court. The original use
was a soldier’s billet. (French, etiquette ;
Spanish, etigueta, a book of court cere-
monies.)

“Etiquette ... had its original application to
those ceremonial and formal observances prac-
tised at Court.... The term came afterwards
... to signify certain formal methods usedin the
transactions between Sovereign States.”—Burke :
Works, VO), viii. p. 329,

Etna. Virgil ascribes its eruption to
the restlessness of Encelidus, a hundred-
headed giant, who lies buried under the
mountain. (Zn. iii. 578, ete.) In Etna
the Greek and Latin poets place the
forges of Vulcan and. the smithy of the
Cyclops.

Etrenn’es (2 syl.). New-year’s gifts
are so called in France. Stren‘ia, the
Roman goddess, had the superintendence
of new-year’s gifts, which the Romans
called stren@. Ta'tius entered Rome on
New-year’s Day, and received from
some augurs palms cut from the sacred
grove, dedicated to the goddess Strenia.
Having succeeded, he ordained that the
Ist of January should be celebrated by
gifts to be called strene, consisting of
figs, dates, and honey; and that no word
of ill omen should be uttered on that
day

Ettrick Shepherd. James Hogg,
the Scotch poet, who was born in the
i898) of Ettrick, Selkirkshire. (1772-
18365.

“ The Ettrick Shepherd was my guide.
Wordsworth.

Etzel—i.e. Attila. King of the Huns,
a monarch ruling over three kingdoms
and more than thirty principalities ;
being a widower, he married Kriemhild,
the widow of Siegfried. In the Nibelun-
gen-Lied, where he is introduced (part
ui.), he is made very, insignificant, and
sees his liegemen, and even his son and

”

The eagle or vulture that

heir, struck down without any effort te
save them, or avenge their destruction.
He is as unlike the Attila of history as
possible,

Eu'charis, in Fénelon’s Télémaque,
is meant to represent Mdlle. de Fon-
tanges.

Eu'charist literally means a thank-
offering. Our Lord said, ‘‘Do this in
remembrance of me’’—i.e. out of gra-
titude to me. The elements of bread
and wine in the Lord’ssupper. (Greek,
eu-charistia.)

En'clio. A penurious old hunks in
one of the comedies of Plautus (Awdlu-
la’ria).

Eu‘eratées (3 syl.). More shifts than
Ew'cratés. Eucratés, the miller, was one
of the archons of Athens, noted for his
shifts and excuses for neglecting the
duties of the office.

Eudoxians,. Heretics, whose founder
was Eudox'ius, patriarch of Antioch in
the fourth century. They maintained
that the Son had a will independent of
the Father, and that sometimes their
wills were at variance.

Euge'nius. This was John Hall
Stephenson, author of Crazy Tales, a
relative of Sterne. In Sterne’s Tristram
Shandy, Eugénius is made the friend
and wise counsellor of Yorick.

Eu’gubine Tables. Seven bronze
tables found near Bugu'bium (Gzbdio)
in Italy, in 1444, Of the inscriptions, five
are Umbrian and Etruscan, and two are
Latin.

“The Umbrian, the tongue of north-eastern
Italy, is yet more fully represented to us by the
Eugubine tablets . . . supposed to beas old as the
third and fourth centuries before our era."—W.
D. Whitney: Study of Languages, lecture vi. p. 220.

Eulalie (St.). Evu’lalon is one of the
names of Apollo; but in the calendar
there is a virgin martyr called Eulalie,
born at Mer’ida, in Estramadu’ra. When
she was only twelve years old, the great
persecution of Diocle’ was set on
foot, whereupon the young girl left her
maternal home, and, in the presence of
the Roman judge, cast down the idols
he had set up. She was martyred by
torture, February 12th, 308.

Longfellow calls Evangeline the ‘‘ Sun-
shine of St. Euliilie.”

Eulen-spie’gel (Thyl) or Tyli Owl-
glass. ‘The hero of a German tale, which
relates the pranks and drolleries, the
ups and downs, the freaks and fun of a
wandering cottager of Brunswick. The

Bumeos

429

Bustathians

author is said to have been Dr. Thomas
Murner (1475-1530).

Eumee'os or Eumeus. A swineherd.
So called from the slave and swineherd
of Ulysses.

“This second Eumzus strode hastily down the
forest glade, driying before him... the whole
herd of his inharmonious charge.’—Sir Walter
Scott.

Eumen'ides [the good-tempered god-
desses|. A name given by the Greeks to
the Furies, as it would have been omi-
nous and bad policy to call them by their
right name, Lrin'nyés,

Eumnes'tes [Jfemory], who, bein
very old, keeps a little boy name
Anamnestés: [Research] to fetch books
from the shelves. (Spenser: Faerie
Queene, book ii. 9.)

Euno’mians. Heretics, the disci-
les of EHuno’mius, Bishop of Cyz’icum
in the fourth century. They maintained
that the Father was of a different nature
to the Son, and that the Son did not in
reality unite Himself to human nature.

Eupatridz. The oligarchy of Attica.
These lords of creation were subse-
quently set aside, and a democratic form
of government established.

Eu'phemisms. Words or phrases
substituted, to_soften down offensive
expressions.

lace never mentioned to ears polite.
In the reign of Charles Il., a worthy
divine of Whitehall thus concluded his
sermon ;*‘If you don’t live up to the
precepts of the Gospel . . . you must
expect to receive your reward in a cer-
tain place which ’tis not good manners
to mention here’ (Laconics). Pope tells
us this worthy divine was a dean :—
“To rest the cushion and soft dean invite,

Who never mentioned hell to ears polite.”
Moral Essays, epist. iv. 49, 50,

“His Satanic majesty ;” ‘light-fin-
gered gentry;’’ “a gentleman on his
travels’? (one transported); ‘she has
met with an accident” (has had a child
before marriage) ; “help” or.‘‘employé”’
iS servant); ‘not quite correct ’’ (a false-

ood); ‘fan obliquity of vision” (@
squint) ; *‘an innocent ’’ (a fool), ‘‘ bel-
dam”? (an ugly woman), and hundreds
of others.

Eure’ka, or rather Heure'ka (I have
found it out). The exclamation of
Archime’dés, the Syracusan philosopher,
when he discovered how to test the

: a y of Hi’ero’s crown. The tale is,
hat Hiero delivered'a certain weight of
gold to a workman, to be made into a

votive crown, but suspecting that the
workman had alloyed the gold with an
inferior metal, asked Archimedes to test
thé crown. The philosopher went to
bathe, and, in stepping into the bath,
which was quite full, observed that some
of the water ran over. It immediately
struck him that a body must remove its
own bulk of water «when it is immersed,
and putting his idea to the test, found
his surmise to be correct, Now.then, for
the crown. Silver is lighter than gold,
therefore a pound-weight of silver will
be more bulky than a pound-weight of
gold, and being of greater bulk will
remove more water. Vitru'vius says
‘¢ When the idea flashed across his mind,
the philosopher jumped out of the bath
exclaiming, ‘Heure’ka! heure’ka !’ and,
without waiting to dress himself, ran
home to try the experiment.’’ Dryden
has mistaken the quantity in the lines—-
“ The defst thinks he stands on firmer ground,
Cries ‘ Eu’reka !’ the mighty secret's found.”
Religio Laici, 42, 43.
But Byron has preserved the right quan-
1tyv-—
y “ Now we clap
Our hands and cry ‘Eureka !’”
Childe Harold, lv. 3t. 41.
% The omission of the initial H finds
a parallel in our word wdometer for
‘‘hudometer,”’ emerods for ‘ hemor-
rhoids,”’ erpetology for = hexpevo vee rst
on the other hand, we write humble-pie
for ‘‘ umble-pie.’” ‘

Eurus (2 syl.). The east wind. So
called, says Buttmann, from ¢ds, the
east. Probably it is eos erwo, drawn
from-the east, Ovid confirms this ety-
mology: ‘ Vires capit Eurus ab ortu.”
Breman says it is a corruption of éwpos,

“ While southern gales or western oceans roll,

And Eurus steals his ice-winds from tbe polé."

Darwin: Economy of Vegetation, canto vi.

Eurydiicé (4syl.). Wife of Orphens,
killed by aserpent on her wedding night.
Orpheus went down to the infernal
regions to seek her, and was promised
she should return on condition that he
looked not back till she had reached the
upper world. When the poet got to the
confines of his journey, he turned his
head to see if Eurydice were following,
and she was instantly caught back again
into Hadés,

“ Restore, restore Eurydicétolife; _

Oh, take the husband or return the wife.”
Pope: Ode on St. Cecilia's Day.

Eusta‘thians, A denomination so
called from Eusta’thius, a monk of the
fourth century, excommunicated by the
council of Gangra.

Butychians 430

Every Man

Eutychians. Heretics of the fifth

century, violently_opposed to the Nes- |

torians. They maintained that Jesus
Christ was entirely God previous to the
incarnation, and entirely man duriug His
sojourn on earth.. The founder was
Eutychés, an abbot of- Constantinople,
excommunicated in 448, J

Euxine Sea (T7he)—i.e. the hospit-
able sea, It was formerly called A xine
(inhospitable). So the ‘‘ Cape of Good
Hope”’ was called the Cape of Despair.
‘‘Beneventum’’ was originally called
Maleyentum, and ‘‘ Dyrrachium’”’ was
called £pidamnus, which the Romans
thought was too. much like damnim to
be lucky. ;

Evangelic Doctor (The). John
Wycliffe, “the morning star of the
Reformation.’’ (1324-1384.)

Evan’'geline. (4 syl.). The heroine
of Longfellow’s poem so called. The

subject of the tale is the expulsion of ||

the inhabitants of Aca‘dia (Nova Scotia
from their homes by order of George I.
_ Evan’gelist, in Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s
Progress, represents the effectual preacher
of the Gospel, who opens the gate of life
to Christian. (See WYOMING.)

Evangelists.
four :— e
_ Matthew, A man with a pen in bis
‘hand, and a scroll before him, looking
over his left shoulder at an angel. This

Gospel was the first, and the angel |

represents the Being who dictated it.

Matthew a man, because he begins his |

gospel ‘with the descent of Jesus from
the man David.

Mark, Aman seated writing, and b
his side a couchant winged lion. Mar
begins his gospel with the sojourn of
Jesus in the wilderness, amidst wild
beasts, and the temptation of Satan,
“the roaring lion.”? (Ace Lion.)

Luke. Aman with a pen, looking in
deep thought over a scroll, and near him
a cow or ox chewing thecud. The latter

art refers to the eclectic character of
St. Luke's Gospel.

John. A young man of great delicacy, |

with an eagle m the background to
denote sublimity, ‘
The more ancient symbols were—for
Matthew, @ man’s face; for, Mark, a
tion ; for Luke, an oz ; and for John, a
Jlying eagle; in allusion to the four
living creatures before the throne of
God, described in the Book of Revela-
tion: “‘ The first’» .°.*. was like a lion
and the second , . . « like a calf, and

Symbols of the |

the third .... had a face as a man,
and the fourth... . was like a flying
eagle”? (iv. 7). Irene’us says:.“ The
lion signifies the royalty of ‘Christ; the
calf His sacerdotal office; the man’s face

His incarnation ; and the eagle the grace.

of the Holy Ghost.’”.

Evans (Sir Hugh). A pedantic Welsh
parson and schoolmaster of wondrous
simplicity andshrewdness. (Shakespeare:

_ Merry Wives of Windsor.)

Evans (William). The giant porter
of Charles I., who carmed about im his
pocket Sir Geoffrey Hudson, the king’s
dwarf. He was nearly oie feet high,

(Died 1632.) Fuller speaks of him m

| his Worthies, and Sir Walter Scott in-

troduces him in Peveril of the Peak. .

“ As talla man as isin London, always except-
ing the king’s porter, Master Evans, that carfled
you about in his pocket, Sir Geoffrey, as all the
world bas heard tell.”"—Cbap. xxxiii,

Evap‘orate (4 syl.). Be off; vanish
into thin air,

“ Bob and Jonathan, with similar meckness,
took their leave and evaporated.’—Dickens: Our
Mutual Friend, part i, 6,

Events. At all cvenis. In any case;
be the issue what it- may; ‘‘ etewmque
ceciderit,”? ‘

In the event, as ‘In the event of his
being elected,’’ means i7 case, or provided
he is elected ; if the result is that he is
elected. f

Ever and Anon. From time to
time. (See Anon.)

Ever-sworded (The). The 29th
Regiment of Foot, now called the
“Worcestershire Regiment.” In 1746
a part of this regiment, then at St.
John’s Island, was surprised by the
French and massacred, when a command
was issued that henceforth every officer,
even at meals, should wear his sword.
In 1842-1859 the regiment was in the Kast
Indies, and the order was relaxed;-re-
quiring only the captain and subaltern
of the day to dine with their swords on.

J, Ever-Victorious Army (Tie).

Ward’s army, raised in 1861, and placed
under the charge of General Gordon.
By 1864 it had stamped out the Taéping
rebellion, which broke out in 1851 (See
CHINESE GORDON.)

Everlasting Staircase (The). ‘The
treadmill.

Every Man Jack of Them. Every:
one. The older form of everyone was.
everichon, often divided into every chone,

corrupted first into, every-john, then —

a, ee

Bvidence

431

Evolution

into every Jack, then perverted into
every man Jack of ’em.

“{ sball them soon vanquish every chone.”
Shepherd's Kalender.

““To have hadde theym....slayne everye
chone."—More: On the Pusston Woskes 7

Evidence (Jn). Before the eyes of
the people; to the front; actually
present (Latin). Evidence, meaning
testimony in proof of something, has a
large number of varieties, aa—

Circumstantial evidence. That based on cor-
roborative incidents.

Demonstrative evidence, That which can bo
Proved without leaving a doubt.

Direct evidence. That of an eye-witness.

External evidence. That derived from history”

or tradition. | %
. Internal evidence, That derived from con-
tormity with whatisknown. | ay

Material evidence. That which is essential in
order to carry proof. ; r

Moral evidence. That which accords with gen-
eral experience. r

Presumptive evidence. That which is highly
probable. %

Prima facie evidence, That which seems likely,

unless it can be explained away.

Queen's or King’s evidence. That of an accessory
eerray his accomplices, under thé promise of
pardon.

Secondary evidence. Such as is produced when
primary evidence is not to be obtained.

evidence. That derivéd from the senses;
tmignifest andindubitable. “~~ —— '—

Evil Communications, etc. . He
who touches pitch' must expect to be
defiled, A, rotten apple will injure its
companions. One scabby sheep will
infect a whole flock.

French: Tl ne faut qu’une brébis |

galeuse pour giter tout un troupeau.

Latin: Mala vicini pecoris contagia
ledent (Virgily. Tunc tua res agitur,
paries cum proximus ardet. Mala.con-
sortio bonos mores inquinat. Malorum
commercio reddimur deteriores, Hic
niger est, hunc tu, Romane, caveto
(Horace). Uva conspecta livorem ducit
ab uva,

Evil Eye. It was anciently believed
that the eyes of some persons darted
noxious rays on objects which they glared
upon, The first morning glance of such
eyes was certain destruction to man or
‘deast, but the destruction was not un-
frequently the result of emaciation.
Virgil speaks of an evil eye makin
cattle lean. (See Mascorrs, JETTATOR.

“Nes’cio quis ten’eros oc’ulus mihi fas’cinat
agnos.” Ect, iii. 103,

x
Evil May Day (1517). So called
because of the riots made on that day
by 1e London apprentices, who fel] on
the French residents, The ringleaders,
‘with fifteen others, were hanged; and

‘by “Bluff Harry the

four hundred more of the rioters were
carried to Westminster with halters
round their necks, but were Heedoned
ing.’’ he
Constable of the Tower-discharged his
cannon on the mob assembled in tumult
in Cheapside Way.

Evil Principle. (See AHRIMAX,
ARIMANES, ASALOR.)
Evils. “Of two evils, I, have chosen

the least?’ (Prior).

Evolution (Darwinian). -Darwin’s
theory is that different forms of animal
and vegetable life are due to small vari-
ations, and that natural selection isa main
agent in bringing them about. If favour-
able, these variations are perpetuated, if
not they die off. ei

Spencer’s theory is that the present
multitude of obj ects have all sprung from
separate atoms originally homogeneous.

“Evolution is the integration of matter and
concomitant dissipation of motion, during which
the matter passes from an indefinite, incolierenut
bomogeneity toa definite coherent heterogeneity ;
and during which the retained motion undergoes
a parallel transformation.”—Spencer: First Prin-
ciples, Part ii. chap. x vii. p. 306,

Evolution, its process, according to

biologists.
Part i,

, Assuming the existence of some element, call
it protyle (2 syl.),in time we get-matter,and motion.

From matter and motion proceed cohesion and
repulsion, and from cobesion and repulsion we
get crystals, mS,

Next comes chemical action into play, from
which springs primordial protoplasm, or the
protoplasmic clot of purely chemical origin. 1

By further development the chlorophyli cell is
formed, with its power to assimilate, and this
will account for air, water, and minerals. |

By parasitism next comes the proto-hacillus or
fungus, living on the green cells.

And then will follow the protozoin, the first
example of animal life, 4

Part ii.

(1) The Ameeba is the lowest of known animals,
a mollusc, with the sole power of locomotion.

(2) The Syn-wneba is multicellular, with an
organism adapted for sensation, digestion, and
the power of reproduction, ‘

(3) Then will come the Gastrula, an organised
being, with an external mouth. |

(4) Next the Hydra or Polyp, which has localy
ised sense-organs and instincts.

(5) Then the Medusa, with nerves, muscles, and
nerve functions. ‘ ,

(6) Next come worms, which bave special sense*
organs ; ani ‘ f

(7). Then the Himatega, ot Sack-worm, which bas
a rudimentary spinal cord,

Part iii. From the Sack-worm to Man.

8

4

5) Birds and Reptiles. .

(6) Monotremata, which connect reptiles with
mammals.
& Marsupials.

8) Placental Mammals,

emuride,

a0
(ant

ade. | c "
The Monkey tribe, consisting of the New

Bwe-lamb

432

Excelsior

World monkey (called Platyrhines), and the Old
World monkeys (called Catarhines, 3 syl.). F

(12) The Missing Link between the catarhine
monkey and man. The Alali is thought by some
to supply this link, It is one of the monkey tribe
which approaches nearer to the buman species
than any other yet discovered.

* This is no place to criticise the
theory of evolution, but merely to state
it as briefly and plainly as possible.

Ewe-lamb (4). A single possession
greatly prized, (2 Sam. x1. 1-14.)

Ex Cathe'dra (Latin). With au-
thority. The Pope, speaking ex cathedra,
is said to speak with an infallible voice
—to speak as the successor and repre-
sentative of St. Peter, and in his ponti-
fical character. The words are Latin,
and mean ‘from the chair’’—7.¢. the
throne of the
applied to all dicta uttered by authority,
and ironically to self-sufficient, dog-
matical assertions. ;

Ex Hypoth’esi, according to what is
supposed or assumed,

“The justification of the charge [i.¢. the tax for
_ betterment] lies ex hypothesi inan enhanced value
of the property in the Betterment area."—The
Property Protection objection. against section 37 of
the Betterment clause of the Tower Bridge Southern
Approach Bill (1894).

Ex Luce Lucellum. To make a
gain out of ight; to make a cheese-
paring from lucifer-matches, When
Robert Lowe proposed to tax lucifer-
matches, he suggested that the boxes
should be labelled Hx luce lucellum, (Par-
liamentary Reports, 1871.)

“ Lucifer aggrediens ex :uve haurive lucellum
Incldit in tenébras ; lex nova fumus erat.”

Ex Officio (Latin, by virtue of his
office). As, the Lord Mayor for the time
being shall be ex officio one of the trus-
tees.

Ex Parte (Latin, proceeding only from
one of the parties). An ex-parte state-
ment is a one-sided statement, a partial
statement, a statement made by one of
the litigants without being modified by
the counter-statement.

Ex Ped’e Her’culem. From_ this
sample you can judge of the whole.
Plutarch says that hag’oras ingeni-
ously calculated the height of Hercules
by comparing the length of various
stadia in Greece. A stadium was 600
feet in length, but Hercules’ stadium at
Olympia was much longer. Now, says
the philosopher, as the stadium of Olym-
pia is longer than an ordinary stadium,
so the foot of Hercules was longer than
an ordinary foot; and as the foot bears
a certain ratid to the height, so the

pontiff. The phrase is ”

height of Hercules can be easily ascer-
tained. (Varia Scripta.)

Ex Post Facte (Latin). Am ex post
facto law, A law made to meet and
punish a crime after the’offence has been
committed.

Ex Professo (Latin).
expressly.

“Thave neyer written ex professo. on the sub-
ject.\—Gladstone: Nineteenth Century, Nov., 1885.

Ex Uno Omnes means from the one
instance deduced you may infer the
nature of the rest. A general infer-
ence from a particular example, If
one oak-tree bears acorns, all other oak-
trees will grow similar fruit.

Exalta'tion. In old astrology, a
planet was said to be in its ‘‘ exaltation ’’
when it was in that sign of the zodiac
in which it was supposed to exercise its
strongest influence. Thus the exaltation
of Venus is in Pisces, and her ‘‘ dejec-
tion ” in Virgo. 7

“ And thus, God wot, Merc'ry’ is desolate’

In Pisces, wher Venus’ is exaltate’.”
Chaucer ; Canterbury Tales, 6,285,

In chemistry, the refining or subtilising

of bodies, or of their quctities, virtues,

Avowedly ;

or strength.

Exaltation of the Cross. A feast
held in the Roman Catholic Church, on
September 14th, to commemorate the
restoration of the cross to Calvary in
628, It had been carried away by
Khosroes the Persian,

Examination, Examen is Latin for
the needle indicator of a balance. To
examine is to watch the indicator, so as
to adjust the balance.

Examiners (Public). The examiners
at the universities, and at the examina-
tions for the military, naval, and civil
services, etc.

Excalibur (Ex cal (ce) liber [atws}).
Liberated from the stone. The sword
which Arthur drew out of the stone,
whereby he proved himself to be the
king. (Sce Sword.) :

“No sword on earth, were it the Excalibur of
King Arthur, can cut tbat which opposes no
steady resistance to the blow."—Sir Walter Scott.

Ex’cellency (His). A title given to
colonial and provincial governors, am-
bassadors, atid the Lord-Lieutenant of
Ireland. (Compare Luke i. 3.)

Excelsior. Aim at higher things
still, It is the motto of the United
States, and has been made popular by
Longfellow’s poem so named. Used also
as the synonym of super-excellent,

Exception

433

Exeter

Exception. To take exception. To
feel offended ; to-find fault with.

“Her manner was so... respectful, that I
could not take exception to this reproof."—
Farjeon,

Excep’tions prove the Rule. They
prove there is a rule, or there could be
no exceptions; the very fact of excep-
tions proves there must be a rule.

“Exceptio probat regulam ."—Colwmella.

Excheq'’uer. Court of Exchequer. In
the subdivision of the court in the reign
of Edward I., the Exchequer acquired a
separate and independent position. Its
special duty was to order the revenues
of the Crown and recover the king’s
‘debts. It was denominated Scacca'rium,
from scacewm (achess-board), and was
so called because a chequered cloth was
laid on the table of the court. (Dadox :
History of the Exchequer.)

Foss, in his Lives of the Judges,

ives a slightly different explanation.

e says: ‘All round the table was
a standing ledge four fingers broad,
covered with a cloth bought in the
Easter Term, and this cloth was ‘black
rowed with strekes about a span, like a
chess-board. On the spaces of this cloth
counters were arranged, marked for
checking computations.’ ’’

Exci’se (2 syl.) means literally, ia
coupon, or piece cut off (Latin, exci’do).
It is a toll or duty levied on articles of
home consumption—a slice cut off from
these things for the national purse,

“Taxes on commodities are either on produc-
tion within the country, or on importation into it,
or on conveyance or sale within it ; andare classe:
respectively as excise, customs, or tolls."—Mill :
Political Economy, vook v. chap. iii. p. 562.

Exelu’sion. Bill of Exclusion. A
bill to exclude the Duke of York from
the throne, on account of his being a
Papist. Passed by the Commons, but
rejected by the Lords, in 1679; revived
in 1681.

Excommunica'tion. (1) The greater
is exclusion of an individual from the
seven sacraments, from every legiti-
mate act, and from all intercourse with
the faithful. (2) The /esser excommu-
nication is sequestration from the ser-
vices of the Church only. The first
Napoleon was excommunicated by Pope
Pius VII. , and the kings of Italy were
Feet under an anathema by Pius IX.

or adding the Papal dominions to the
United Kingdom of Italy.

“The person excommunicated: Os, ordre, vale,
communio, mensd, negatur (The person excom-
municated is to be hoycotted by the faithful in
os (conversation), orare (prayer), communio (com-
munion), mensé (board).”— Professor T. P. Gury:
Romish Moral Theology rd ed., 1862),

38

Excommunication by Bell, Book, and
Candle. (See CuRSING, etc.)

Excommunication by the ancient Jews.
This was of three sorts—(1) Nidui
(separation), called in the New Testa-
ment ‘‘casting out of the synagogue’’
(John ix. 22) ; (2) Cherem, called by St.
Paul ‘delivering over to Satan’? (1 Cor.
v. 5); (8) Anathema Marana'tha (1 Cor.
Xvi. 22), delivered over to the Lord, who
is at hand, totake vengeance. 'The Sad-
ducees had an interdict called Tetra-
gram'meton, which was cursing the of-
fender by Jeho’vah, by the Decalogue,
by the inferior courts, and with all the
curses of the superior courts.

Excru'ciate (4.syl.). To give one
as much pain as crucifying him would
do. (Latin, ex crux, where. ex is in-
tensitive.)

Excuse. ‘Qui s'excuse, s’accise,’””
or ‘* Tel s’excuse qui s’accuse.’”

Ex’eat (Latin, he may go out). Per-
mission granted by a bishop to a priest
to leave his diocese, In the universities,
it is permission to a student to leave
college before end of term. Sometimes
permission is granted to leave college
after the gates are closed.

Ex’ecrate (3 syl.). To many Roman
laws this tag was appended, “If any
one breaks this law, sacer esto,”’ i.e. let
his body, his family, and his goods be
consecrated to the gods. When a man
was declared sacer, anyone might kiil
him with impunity. Anyone who hurt
a tribune was held a sacer to the goddess
Cerés. vr in this word is intensitive.

“Jfanyone hurt a tribune-in word or deed, be
was held accursed [sacer], and bis goods were con-
fiscated.”— Livy, ili, 55 ; see also Dionysius, vi. 89,
and viii, 17.

Exequatur;> An official recognition
of a person in the character of consul or
commercial agent, authorising him to
exercise his power. The word is Latin,
and means, ‘‘he may exercise”’ [the
function to which he has been ap-
pointed]. :

“The Northern Patriotic League (Oporto) has

. decided to petition the Government to withdraw

the Exequatur from the British Consul here,’'—
Reuters Telegram, Tuesday, Feb. 11th, 1890.

Ex’ercises. Week-day sermons were
so called by the Puritans. Hence the
title of Morning Exercises, week-day ser-
mons preached in the morning,

Ex’eter. The Duke of Exeter's daugh-
ter was a sort of rack invented by the

aes

Exeter Controversy

434

Expose

Duke of Exeter during the reign of
Henry VI. ( Blackstone.)

“ | was the lad that would not confess one word
...+.tbough they threatened to make me hug
the Duke of Exeter's daughter.”’—Scott : Fortunes
of Nigel, xxv.

Ex’eter Controversy. A contro-
versy raised upon a tract entitled Plain
Truth, by the Rev. John Agate, of
Exeter, an Episcopalian ; replied to by
several dissenting ministers, as Withers,
Trosse, Pierce, etc. (1707-1715.)

Ex’eter Domesday. A record con-
taining a description of Wilts, Dorset,
Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall; pub-
lished by Sir Henry Ellis (in 1816) as a
Supplement to the Great Domesday-
Book (q.v.). Called ‘‘ Exon,” either
because it was at one time kept among
the muniments of the Dean and Chapter
of Exeter, or because the Bishop of
Exeter was commissioned to make the
survey.

Exhibition. fy son has got an ex-
hibition at Oxford. An allowance of
meat and drink ; a benefaction for main-
fenance. (Latin, exhiditio, an allow-
ance of food and other necessaries,
* alimentis exhibére aliquem.’’)

“They have founded six exhibitions of £15
each per annum, to continue for two years anda
half."—Taylor; History of the University of Dublin,
chap, v, p. 198.

“1 crave fit, disposition for my wife,
Due reference of place, and exhibition.”
Shakespeare: Othello, i. 3,
Exhibition (The Great) was held in
Hyde Park, London, and lasted from
May 1 to October 15, 1851.

Exies or Aves, MHysterics; ague
fits; any paroxysm.

“Jenny Ritherout has taen the exies, and done
naetbing but laugh and Lege ... for twa days
successively.”—Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary, chap,
XXXV.

Exile. The Neapolitan Exile. Baron

Poe'rio.. One of the kings of Naples

romised the people a constitution, but
Peska his word; whereupon a revolu-
tion broke out, and the baron, with
many others, was imprisoned for many

ears in a dreadful dungeon near Naples.
He was at length liberated and exiled to
America, but compelled the captain to
ateer for Ireland, and landed at Cork,
where he was well received.

_ Exit (Latin, he goes out). A theatri-
cal term Rigred at the point when an
actor is to leave the stage. We also say
of an actor, Exit So-and-so—that is, So-
and-so leaves the stage at this point of
the drama,

He made his exit. He left, or died:
as, ‘“‘He made his exit of this life in
peace with all the world.” Except in
the drama, we say, ‘‘ made or makes his
exit.”” (See above.

“ All the world’s a stage,

And all the men and women merely players ;

They have their exits and their entrances.”

Shakespeare: As You Like It, ii. 7.

Ex’odus. The Exodus of Israel. The
departure of the Israelites from Egypt
under the guidance of Moses. We now
speak of the Exodus of Ireland—i.e. the
departure of the Irish in large numbers
for America; the Exodus of the Aca’-
dians—i.e, the expulsion of these colo-
nists from Nova Scotia in the reign of
George II.; etc. (Greek, ex odos, a
journey out.)

Ex’on, Exon of the Guards. Any one
of the three certain officers of the day
in command of the yeomen of the royal
guard; the acting officer who resides at
the court; an exempt. Capitaines ex-
empts des gardes du corps, (French,
exoine, ex soin, exempt from duty or
care.)

Exor’bitant means literally out of
the rut (Latin, ex o’bita, out of the
wheel-rut) ; out of the track; extrava-
gant (extra-vagant).

Exoter‘ic. (Sce EsoTERic.)

Expectation Week. Between the
Ascension and Whit Sunday, when the
apostles continued praying ‘‘in earnest
expectation of the Comfortér.”

Experimental Philosophy. Science
founded on experiments or data, in
contradistinction to moral and mathe-
matical sciences. Experimental philo-
sophy is also called natural philosophy,
and by the French physics.

Experimen'tum Cru’'cis (Latin). A
decisive experiment. (See CRUCIAL.)

Experto Crede. Believe one who
has had experience in the matter.

Explo’sion means literally, driven -
out by clapping the hands (Latin, ez-
plo'do—i.e. ex-plaudo); hence the noise
made by clapping the hands, a. report
made by ignited gunpowder, ete. ~~

Expo'nent. One who explains or
sets forth the views of another. Thus,
a clergyman should be the exponent
of the Bible and Thirty-nine Articles.
(Latin, ex pono, to expose or set forth.)

Exposé (French). An expos of
something which should have been a pt
out of sight, Thus we say a man made

Hixpress Train

435

Bye-sore

@ dreadful exposé—i.e, told or did some-
peer e which should have been kept con-
cealed.

Express Train. A fast train between
two large towns, with few or no stop-
pages at intermediate stations.

Expressed Oils are those which
are obtained by pressure. Unlike animal
und essential oils, they are pressed out
of the bodies which contain them.

_Expression. A geographical expres~
sion. A term applied to a tract of
country with no recognised nationality.

“This territory is to a very great extent oc-
cupied by one race ...and yet to the present
day Germany is little more than a geographical
expression.”—Daily Telegraph (vefore 1871).

Ex’quisite (3 syl.). One sought out;
a coxcomb, a dandy, one who thinks
himself superlatively well dressed, and
of most unexceptionable deportment.

“ Exquisites are out of place in the pulpit;
they should be set up in a tailor’s window,”—
Spurgeon: Lectures to my Students. (Lecture viii.)

_Exten’sive (3 syl.).
sive, that. Rather fast.
nym for a swell,

Exter. That's Exter, as the old woman
said when she saw Kerton. This is a
Devonshire saying, meaning, I thought
my. work was done, but I find much still
remains before itis completed. ‘‘ Exter’’
is the popular pronunciation of Exeter,

Rather exten-
A slang syno-

and ‘‘ Kerton’’ is Crediton. The tradi-
tion is that the woman in question was
going for the first time to Exeter, and

seeing the grand old church of Kerton
(Crediton), supposed it to be Exeter Ca-

edral. ‘f t’s Exter,’”? she said
‘Sand my journey is over;” but alas!
she had sil eight miles to walk before
she reached her destination.

ath gc [since Moe time of
man}. e 0, great auk, quagga
sea-cow, and white rhinoceros.” :

Getting very rare: the bison, the
Carolina paraket, the giraffe, and the
passenger pigeon once common enough,

‘Extravagantes Constitutio’nés, or
Extra'agants. The papal constitutions
of John XXIL, aan some few of his
successors, supplemental to the ‘‘Corpus
Juris Canon’ici.”” So called because they
were not ranged in order with the other
papal constitutions, but were left “‘ out-
wanderers’ from the general code.

_ Extreme Unction. One af the seven
sacraments of the Catholic Church,
founded on St. James v. 14, “Is any
aick among you? let him call for the

elders of the Church ; and-let them pray
over him, anointing him with oil in the
name of the Lord.’’

Extremes Meet. In French:**‘ Les
extrémes se touchent.””

Extricate. Latin, ex, out of, and
trice, fetters. ‘‘Trice”’ are the hairs,
ete., tied round the feet of birds to
revent their wandering, ‘To extricate
1s to ‘‘ get out of these ¢7ic@ or meshes.”

Exult’ (Latin). To leap out. Thus
we say, ‘‘l am ready to leap out of my
skin ;’’ to jump for joy. ‘

Eye. Latin, oc’wlus ; Italian, occhio ;
Spanish, ajo: Russian, oko Dutch, oog ;
Saxon, eage (where g is pronounced like
y); French, eit.

In my mind’s eye. In my perceptive
thought. The eye sees in two ways:

1) from without; and (2) from within.
hen we look at anything without, the
object is reflected on the retina as ona
mirror; but in deep contemplation the
inward thought ‘‘informs the eye.’’ It
was thus Macbeth saw the dagger; and
Hamlet tells Horatio that he saw his
deceased father ‘‘in his mind’s eye,”’

In the wind’s eye. Directly opposed
to the wind.

In the twinkling of an eye. Tmmedi-
ately, very soon, ‘‘ Au moindre clin
Merl,” Simailar phrases are: “In a
brace of shakes,’’ ‘‘In the twinkling of
a bed-post.’? (See BED-PosT.)

My eye! or Oh, my eye! an exclama-
tion of astonishment. (See ALL My EYE.)

One might see that with half an eye.
Easily ; at a mere glance,

The king’s eyes. His chief officers,
An Eastern expression.

“ One of the seven
Who in God's presence, nearest to the throne
Stand ready at command, and are his eyes
That run thro’all the heavens, or down to earth
Bear his swift errands.” ~ .
Milton: Paradise Lost, iii, 652.

To have an eye on. To keep strict
watch on the person or thing referred to.
To have an eye to the main chance. To

_keep constantly in view the profit to

arise; to act from motives of policy.
(See Marin CHANCE.)

To see.eye to eye. To be of precisely
the same opinion; to think both alike,

Eye-service. Superficial service.

_ “Service gwon rend sous les yeux de

maitre,” :

“Servants, be obedient to them that are your
masters ....; not with eye-service, as men
wr ae but as the servants of Christ.”"—Eph.
Vi. 5, :

Eye-sore. Something that is offen-.
sive to the sight. Sore is the Anglo-Saxon

Hye-teeth

436

ff

painful or grievous to the eye,

“Mordecai was an eye-sore to Haman.”—D’Es-
trange.

Eye-teeth. The canine teeth are so
called because their fangs extend up-
wards nearly to the orbits of the eyes.

To draw one’s eye-teeth. To take the
conceit out of a person; to fleece one
without mercy; to make one suffer loss
without seeing the manceuvre by whieh
it was effected.

“T guess these Yanks will get their eye-teeth
drawn if they don't look sharp.”—W. Hepworth
Dixon; New America, vol. i.

Eye of a Needle. Lady Duff Gor-
don, writing from Cairo, says: ‘‘ Yes-
terday I saw a camel go through the
eye of a needle—i.e. a low arched door
of an enclosure. He must kneel and
bow his head to go through, and thus
the rich man must humble himself”
(Wood: Bible Animals, p. 243). Lord
Nugent, in his Zravels, informs us that
when at Hebron he was directed to go
out by the Needle’s Eye, or small gate
of the city.

- Eye of Greece (Zhe). Athens.
“ Athens, the eye of Greece, mother‘of arts.”
Milton: Paradise Regained, book iv. 240.
Eye of the Baltic (Zhe). Gottland,
in the Baltic,

Eye of the Storm. An opening
between the storm clouds. (See Buix’s
EYE.)

Eyes.

The Almond Eyes, The Chinese.

“He will not receive a very warm, welcome
from the Almond Eyes,”—F, Millar : On the Central
Saints' Rest (1891).

Eyes to the blind. A staff. So called
in allusion to the staff given to Tire’sias
by Athe’nd, to serve him for the eyes
of which she had deprived him. (See,
TIRESIAS. )

To cast sheep’s eyes at one. To look
askant with shyness or diffidence.

To make eyes at one, To look wan-
tonly at a person; to look lovingly at
another. ‘

To rent the eyes with paint (Jer. iv. 30).
The ladies of the East tinge the edge of
their eyelids with the powder of lead-
ore. They dip into the powder a small
wooden bodkin, which they draw“‘through
the eyelids over the ball of the eye,’
Jezebel is said ‘‘to have adjusted her
eyes with kohol” (a powder of lead-
ore), 2 Kings ix. 30. N.B.—The word
‘face’? in our translation should in both
these cases be rendered ‘‘ eyes.’’ (Shaw :

Travels.)

aur ler wage or swer (grievous). It is |

Your eyes are bigger than your stomach.
You fancied you could eat more, but
found your appetite satisfied with less
than you expected. ‘‘Oculi plus devora-
bant quam capit venter.””

Eyed.
One-eyed people. (See ARIMASPIANS,
CrcLoes.)

Eyre. Justices in Eyre. A corrup-
tion of “‘ Justices in itin’ere.’? At first
they made the circuit of the kingdom
every seven years, but Magna Charta
Pan that it should be done annu-
ally.

Eyre (Jane). The heroine of Char-
lotte Bronté’s novel so called. Jane
Eyre is a governess, who stoutly co
with adverse circumstances, and ulti-
mately wins the love of a man of for-
tune. (‘Eyre’ pronounce air.)

Ezour Ve'da or Yajir Veda. The
second of the sacred books of the Hindts.
The four are :—

(1) The Rig Veda (prayers and hymns
in verse) ;

(2) The Ezour

Tose) ;

(3) The Sama’ (prayers to be chanted) ;

and

(4) The Atharvan Veda (formulas of
A sate imprecation, expiation,
etc.).

Ezzelin (3 syl.). Sir Ezzelin recog-
nised count Lara at. the table of Lord
Otho, and charged him with being Con-
rad the corsair. A duel was arranged,
and Ezzelin was never heard of more,
A serf used to tell how one evening he
saw a horseman ‘cast a dead body into
the river which divided the lands of
Otho and Lara, and that there was a
star of knighthood on the breast of the
dead body. (Byron: Lara.) (See
ConBAD.) y

Veda (prayers in

F

F. Fis written on his face. “Rogue”
is written on his face. The letter F used
to be branded near the nose, on the left
cheek of felons, ‘on their being admitted
to ‘benefit of clergy.”” The same was
used for brawlingin church, The custom
was not abolished bylaw till 1822.

F Sharp. A flea. The pun is F,
the initial letter, and sharp because the
bite isacute. (See B Frats.) ;

fr. A corrupt way of ing a capital:
# in Old English, and used as low dowa

¥F.E.R.T.

437

‘Fabricius

a3 1750; as ffrance for France, ffarring-
ton for Farrington, etc. F

¥.E.R.T. The letters of the Sar-
dinian motto.

Kither Fortitu'do Ejus Rhodum Ten'uit,
in allusion to the succour rendered to
Rhodes by the house of Savoy, 1310;

Or, Fadtre et Religione Tenémur, on
the gold doubloon of Victor Amadeus I. ;

Or, Fortitu do Ejus Rempublicam Tenet,

F. 0. B. Free on board; meaning
that the shipper, from the time of ship-
ment, is free from all risk.

F's. The three f’s. Fixed tenure, Fair
rent, Free sale. The platform of the
Irish League in 1880.

Fa’ (Scotch). To get; to get a share
of; to lay a claim to.

“ Where is the laird or belted knight
That best deserves to fa’ that?”
Burns: Whom Will Ye Send, stanza i.

Fabian Society. An association of
socialists.

“ The Fabian Society aims at the reorganisation
of society by the emancipation of land and in-
dustrial capital from individual and class owner-
ship; and the yesting of them in the community
for the general benefit."—H. G. Wilshire: Fabian
Essays on Socialism, June, 1891, p. 91.

The name of the society is derived
from Quintus Fabius, the Roman general,
who won his way against Hannibal by
wariness, not by violence, by caution,
not by defiance. 7

“Fabian tactics lie in stealing inches, not in
grasping ime at Review, May 19th,
1894, p. 385, col. 1. ,

Fabian Soldiers. A complimentary
phrase for Roman soldiers, the bravest
of the brave.

=a {band of trained soldiers} quidem sic
omni disciplina militari [Ipbicratés] erndivit, ut
qa dum quondam ‘ Fabiani milites’
Tani appellati sunt, sic ‘Iplicratenses’ apud
Grzcos in summa laude fuérint.”"—Nepos: Iphi-
crates, ii.

Fabian Tactics or Policy—i.e. de-
. “Win like Fabius, by delay.”
e Roman general Fabius wearied out

Hannibal by marches, counter-marches,

ambuscades, and skirmishes, without ever

coming to an open engagement. Fabius

died B.c. 203,

“ Met by the Fabian tactics, which proved fatal
toits predecessor.”—The Times.

Fabianism. The system called Col-
lectivism. (See CoLLECTIVISTS.)

“Tt must be evident that the Fabian Societ,

y
has a2 really gigantic task before it, the difficulties
of whlel will not be ft

la:

colossal

ber, 1882, p.636).
_. Fabila’s sad Fate. The king Don
-Fabiila was a man of very obstinate

lca and fond ofthe chase. One day
e encountered a boar, and commanded
those who rode with him to remain quiet
and not interfere ; but the boar overthrew
him and killed him. (Chronica Antiqua
de Espana, p. 121.)

Fa‘bius. The American Fabius,
Washington (1732-1799), whose military
policy was similar to that of Fabius.
He wearied out the English troops by
harassing them, without coming to a
pitched battle. Duguesclin pursued the
same policy in France, by the advice of
Charles V., whereby all the conquests of
Edward and the Black Prince were re-
trieved.

Fabius of the French. Anne, Duc de
Montmorency, grandconstable of France;
so called from his success in almost an-
nihilating the imperial army which had
invaded Provence, by laying the country
waste and prolonging the campaign.
(1493-1567.)

Fables. The most famous writers of
fables are—

Pilpay, among the Hindus,

Lokman, among the Arabs.

ZEsop and Babrios, among the Greeks,

Phedrus and Aria‘nus, among the
Romans.

Faerne, Abste’mius, and Casti, among
the Italians. The last wrote The Talk-
ing Animals,

La Fontaine and Florian, among the
French.

John Gay and Edward Moore, among
our own coun en. The former is
sometimes called ‘‘ The English sop.”

Lessing and Pfeffel, among the Ger-
Mans.

Krilof, among the Russians.

(See ASsop.)

Fab'liaux. The metrical fables of
the Trouvéres, or early poets north of
the Loire, in the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries. The word fab/e, in this case,
is used very widely, for it includes not
only such tales as Reynard the For, but
all sorts of familiar incidents of knavery
and intrigue, all sorts of legends and
family traditions. The fabliau of Au-
cassin and Nicolette is full of interesting
incidents, and contains much true ‘pathos
and beautiful poetry. ‘

Fabricius. A Roman hero, repre-

sentative of inflexible purity and
honesty. The ancient writers love to

tell of the frugal way in which he lived
on his hereditary farm; how he refused
the rich presents offered him by the
Samnite ambassadors ; and how at death

Fabulinus

438

Faction

he left no portion for his daughters, |

whom the senate provided for.

“Fabricius, scorner of all-conquering gold.”
Thomson: Scasons ( Winter).
Fabulinus, The god who taught
Roman children to utter their first word.
It was the god Vagitan-us (¢g.v.) who
taught them to utter their first’ cry.
From fari, to speak (Varro).

Fabulous Isles, (See wnder IsLanDs.)

Face. (Latin, facies.)

A. brazen face. A bold, defiant look.
A. brazen-faced person means one with
an impudent, audacious look, especially
in a bad cause. Brass metaphorically is
generally used in a bad or deprecatory
sense, as ‘* You have plenty of brass ’’
[impudence], ‘‘I admire ‘your brass.’’

A rebee face (French, visage de rebec).
An ugly, grotesque face, like that which
used to be cut on the upper part of a
rebec or three-stringed fiddle.

“Dead is the noble Badébec,
Who hada face likearebec.” __
Rabelais: Pantagruel, hook ii. 4.

*’.Badebec was the mother of Gar-
gantua, and died in childbirth.

Awry face, The features drawn awry,
expressive of distaste.

To draw a long face. To look dis-
satisfied or sorrowful, in which case the
‘mouth is drawn down at the corners,
the eyes are dejected, and the face elon-
gated

“ Of course,it is oll right; if you had not drawn
such a long face I.should never have doubted.”—
Dr. Cupid.

To fly in the face of .... Tooppose
violently and unreasonably: to set at
defiance rashly.

To put a good face on the matter, To
make the best of a bad matter; to
bear up under something disagreeable ;
*yulte malum dissimulare;” “in ad-
versis vultum secunde fortune gerére.”’

To sct one’s face against [something].

To oppose it; to resisu its being done.
The expression of the face shows the
state of the inclination of a person’s
mind.
. Face to Face. In the immediate
presence of each other; two or more
persons facing each other. To accuse
another ‘‘face to face’? means not
*‘behind his back’? or in his absénce,
but while present.

_ Faces. ;

. To keep two faces under one hood. To
be double-faced: to pretend to be,
very religious, and yet live an evil life, -

“we never troubled the Church... We knew
we were doing What we ought not to do, and

- scorned to look pious, and keep two faces under

one hood,"—Boldrewood: Robbery Under Arms,
chap. ii.

To make faces.
with the face.

Face. To face it out. Vo persist in
an assertion which is not true, To main-
tain without changing colour or hanging
down the head.

To face down. To withstand with
boldness and effrontery.

Faced. With a facing, lining of the
cuffs, etc. ; also the preterite of the verb
** to face.”?

Faced.

Bare-faced. Impudence unconcealed.
A ‘‘bare-faced lie’”’ is a lie told: shame-
lessly and without prevarication,

Shame-faced. Having shame expressed
in the face.

Faced with [silk, etc.]. An inferior
article bearing the surface of a superior
one, as when cotton-velvet has a silk
surface; the ‘‘ facings’? (as the lining
of coat-cufis, etc.) made of silk, etc.

Face-card or Fuced-card. A court
cara, a card with a face on it.

By far the best ;

To make grimaces.

Facile Princeps.
admittedly first.
Professor Lott, of Halle -chambers'e: Cyclo.
peedia.

Facings. Zo put one through his
facings. ‘To examine; to ascertain if
pas appears on the surface is superficial
only, ’ 5

“The Greek books were again had out, and
Grace .... Was put through her facings.” — 4.
Trollope.

Facgon dé Parler. Idiomatic or
usual form of speech, not meant to be
offensive. I once told a waiter in
Norway that the meat he brought me
for breakfast was not sufficiently cooked,
and he bluntly told me it was mot true
(det er ikke sandt), but he did not intend
to be rude. It was the Norwegian
“ fagon de parler.”’ ;

Fac’tion. The Romans divided the
combatants in the circus into classes,
called factions, each class being distin-
guished by its special colour, like the
crews of a boat-race. The four original
factions were the leek-green (pras‘tna),
the sea-blue (ven'eta), the white (alba),
and the rose-red (os’ea). Two other
factions were added .by .Domitian, the
colours being golden-yellow (azra'ta) and
purple. As these combatants’ strove
against each other, and entertained-a

Pactor

439

Fag

strong esprit de corps, the word was
easily applied to political partisans.

< In the faction riots of Constanti-
nople, a.D. 532, above 30,000 persons
were killed. (Latin, factio.)

Fac'tor. An agent; a substitute in
mercantile affairs; a commission mer-
chant. (Latin, facio, to do, whence the
French facteury one who does something
for an employer.)

“ Asleep and naked as an Indian lay,
An honest factor stole a gem away.”
< Pope: Moral Essays, Ep. iii. 361.

Thomas Pitt, ancestor of the Earl of
Chatham, was appointed by Queen Anne
Governor of Fort St. George, in the
East Indies, and in 1702 pyrgiesed there,
for £20,400, a diamond weigning 127
carats, which he sold to the King of
France. This gem is still called the
Pitt diamond. Pope insinuates that
Pitt stole the diamond. This is not
exactly true. He obtained it for a price
much below its value, and threatened
the thief with exposure if he made a
fuss about the matter.

Facto'tum. One who does for his
employer all sorts of services. Some-
times called a Johan'nes Facto'tum. Our
* Jack-of-all-trades’’ does not mean a
‘factotum, but one who does odd jobs
for anyone who will pay him. (Latin,
fuccre totum, to do everything required.)

Fad" (4). A hobby, a temporary
fancy, a whim, A contraction of faddle
in “‘ fiddle-faddle.’’

“ Among the fads that Charley had taken up for
atime . was that of collecting old prints.”"—
Eggleston: Faith Doctor, chap. iii.

Fada. A fée or kobold of the south
of France, sometimes called ‘‘ Hada.”’
These house-spirits, of which, strictly
speaking, there are but three, brin

ood luck in their right hand and ill
fuck in their left.

Fadda. Mahomet’s white mule,

Fadge (1 syl.). To suit or fit to-
gether, as, Jt won’t fadge; we cannot
fadge together ; he docs not fadge with

me, (Anglo-Saxon, fagen, to fit to-.

gether ; Welsh, fag, what tends to unite.)

“ How will this fadge?”
Shakespeare: Twelfth Night, ii. 2.

Fadge. A farthing. A corrupt con-
traction of fardingal, i.e. farthingale.
(See Curvy.)

Fa'dha (4J). Mahomet’s silver cui-
rass, confiscated from the Jews on their
expulsion from Medi‘na.

Fad'ladeen’. The great Nazir’, or
chamberlain of Aurungze'bé’s harem,

in Lalla Rookh. The criticism of this
self-conceited courtier upon the several
tales which make up the romance are
very racy and full of humour; and his
crest-fallen conceit when he finds out
that the poet was the Prince in disguise
is well conceived.

“He was a judge of everything—from the pen-
cilling of a Circassian’s eyelids to the deepest
questions of science and literature; from the
mixture of a conserve of rose-leaves to the com-

position of an epic poem... all the cooks and
poets of Delhi stood In awe of him,.”"—T. Moore.

Faérie or Feerie. The land of the
fays or faeries. The chief fay realms
are Av’alon, an island somewhere in the
ocean; O’beron’s dominions, situate ‘‘ in
wilderness among the holtis hairy ;’’
and a realm somewhere in the middle
of the earth, where was Pari Banou’s
palace.

“For learnéd Colin Spenser} lays his pipes to gage,

And is to Faéry gone a pilgrimage.”

Drayton: Eclogue, iii.

Faerie Queene. A metrical romance
in six books, by Edmund Spenser (in-
complete). It details the adventures of
various knights, who impersonate dif-
ferent virtues, and belong to the court
of Gloria‘na, Queen of faérie land.

The first book contains the legend of
the Red Cross Knight (the spirit of
Christianity), ‘and is by far the best.
The chief subject is the victory of Holi-
ness over Error. It contains twelve
cantos.

The second book is the legend of Sir
Guyon (the golden mean), in twelve
cantos.

The third book is the legend of
Britomartis (love without lust), in twelve
cantos, Britomartis is Diana, or Queen
Elizabeth the Britoness.

The fourth book is the legend of
Cambel and Tri’amond (jidelity), m
twelve cantos.

The fifth book is the legend of Ar’te-
gal (justice), in twelve cantos.

The sixth book is the legend of Sir
Cal'idore (courtesy), in twelve cantos.

There are parts of a seventh book—
viz. cantos 6 and 7, and two stanzas o:
canto three. The subject is Mutadility.

The plan of the Faerie Queene is bor-
rowed from the Orlando Furioso, but
the CS poe of Spenser is eng
original, and his imagery more striki
than Ariosto’s. Pyontaste says of het

© [He] like a copious river, poured his sor

"er all the mazes of enchanted ground.”
{ The Seasons (Summer), 1574-5,

Fag. One who does, and perseveres:
in doing. In public schools, itemeans

| a little boy who waits upon a bigger

Fag-end

446-

Pair Maid

. one, Probably a contracted form of
factor, factotum ; Latin, fac-ére, to do.
Fag. Servant of Captain Absolute, who

apes his master in all things. (Sheridan :
he Rivals.) ©

“Even the mendacious Mr. Fag assures us,
thouglr he never scruples to tell a lie at his
master’s command, yet it hurts bis conscience
to be found out.”"—Sir Walter Scott.

Fag-end (Ad). The selvedge or coarse
end of a piece of cloth. ‘This also is
from facio, factwm, meaning the part
added after the piece is finished. ‘The
fag-end of a session means the last few
days before dissolution.

Fagged Out. Wearied with hard
work. Fatigued contracted into fa’g’ed.

Fa’gin. An infamous Jew, who
teaches boys and girls to rob with dex-
terity. (Dickens: Oliver Twist.)

Fagot. A badge worn in medieval
times by those who had recanted their
‘theretical’’ opinions, It was designed
to show what they merited, but. had
narrowly escaped. (See Facots,) ~

Ii y a fagots et fagots. There are
divers sorts of fagots; every alike is
not the same, The expression is in
Moliére’s Le Médecin malgré lui, where
Sganarelle wants to show that his fagots
are better than those of other persons;
“Ay, but those fagots are not so good
as my fagots.”? (Welsh, fag, that
which unites; Anglo-Saxon, fegan, to
unite.)

Sentire les fagots. To be heretical; to
smack of the fagots. In allusion to the
eustom of burning heretics by sutround-
ing them with blazing fagots.

Fagot Votes. Votes obtained by the
nominal transfer of property to a person
whose income was not otherwise suffi-
cient to qualify him for being a voter.

The ‘‘ fagot ”’ was a bundle of property
divided into small lots for the purpose
stated above. Abolished.

- “The object was to prevent the creation of
fagot votes."—The Times. ”

Fagots, Cakes made of the “insides”

of pigs, with thyme, scraps of pork, |

sage onions, and other herbs, fried
together in grease, and eaten with pota-
toes, (Greek, phago, to eat.)

Fah‘fah. One of the rivers of Para-
dise in Mahometan mythology.

Fa‘ids, The second class of Druids.

Fai’ence (2 syl.). Majolica. Bo called
from Faen’za, where, in 1299, it was first
manufactured. It is termed .majolica
because the first specimens the Italians

saw came from Majorca. In France it
now means a fine ware not equal to
porcelain.

Fain’eant. Les Rois Fainéants (the
cipher or puppet kings), Clovis II. and
his ten successors were the puppet kings
of the Palace Mayors. Louis V. (last of
the Carlovingian dynasty) received the
same designation,

“*My signet you shall command with all my
heart, madam,’ said Earl Philip,... ‘I am, you
know, a complete Roy Fainéwnt, and never once
interfered wth my Maire du Palais in her pro-
ceedings,’ "—Sir Walter Scott: Peveril of the Peak,
chap. Xv.

Faint.
lady.

“The bold a way will find or make.”
King: Orpheus and Eurydice.

“ Faint harts faire ladies neuer win.” (1569.)

Philobiblion Society's Publications (1827, p. 22).

Faint Hearted. Easily discouraged ;
afraid to venture.

‘Fair (The).

Charles IV., King of France, le Bel
(1294, 1322-1828),

Philippe IV. of France, le Bel (1268,
1285-1314).

Fair as Lady Done. A great Cheshire ~
family that has long occupied a mansion
at Utkinton. (Cheshire expression.)

Fair Geraldine. (See GERALDINE.)

Fair Rosamond, (See Mor Ok

To bid fair, as.““he bids fair to be a
good...” To give good promise of
being . ..3 to indicate future success
2 excellence ; one de quo bene sperdre

teet.

Fair as a lily. (Sce Sms.)

Fair. (Latin feria, holidays.)

A day ibis the fair. Too late forthe
fun, ‘‘Sero sapiunt Phryges.” :The
Phrygians were noted for their obsti-

Faint heart ne'er won fair

“nacy; hence, Phryx verberatus melior.

They were thrice conquered: by Her-
cules, the Greeks, and the Latins, and
were wise ‘‘ after the events.”

Fair (Sloe). (See SLOE-FAIR.)
Fair (Statute). (See Mop.)

Fair City. Perth; so called from
the beauty of it8 situation,

Fair Game. A worthy subject of
banter; one who exposes himself to
ridicule.
ee is ee ig but the whole of his
statemen ‘t ea
ESSER? 0 wore te eae

Fair Maid (Zhe).

Fair Maid of Anjou. Wady Edith
Plantagenet, who married David, Prince
Royal of Scotland. icixs

-

Fair-star 44) Fairies’
i i, + = DWERGER, DWERGUGH, or DUERGAR, Gotho-
Fair Maid of Feb aaa The snow German dwarfs, dwelling in rocks and hills.

drop, which blossoms in February.

Fac Maid of Kent. Joan, Countess of
Salisbury, wife of the Black Prince, and
only daughter of Edmond Plantagenet,
Earl of Kent. She had been twice mar-
Tied ere she gave her hand to the prince,

Fair Maid of Norway. Margaret,
daughter of Eric IT. of Norway, and
granddaughter of Alexander III. of
Scotland. . Being recognised by the
states of Scotland as successor to the
throne, she set out for her new king-
dom, but died on her passage from sea-
sickness, (1290.)

~ Fair Maid of Perth. Katie Glover,
the most beautiful young woman of
Perth. Heroine of Scott’s novel of the
same name,

Fair-star. Zhe Princess Fair-star,
in love with Prince Chery, whom she
sets to obtain for her ‘‘the dancing
water,’’ ‘‘the singing apple,’’ and ‘‘ the
green bird’’ (g,v.). This tale is bor-
rowed from the fairy tales of Straparo‘la
the Milanese, (1550.) Chery and Fair-
Star, by the Countess d’ Aulnoy.

Fair Trade. Smuggling.

“Neither Dirk Hatteraick norany of his sailors,
ell well known men in the fair trade, were again
seen upon that coast,.”—Sir Walter Scott: Guy
Mannering, chap. x. a

és Latterly the phrase has heen introduced into
politics to signify reviprocity of protection
or free-trade. Thatis, free-trade to those nations
that grant free-trade to us, and vice versa.

Fair Way. Ina fair way. On the
right tack. The “fair way ”’ is the proper
track through a channel.

Fair and Square, Honestly, justly,
with straightforwardness,

Fair fall you. Good befall you.

Fair Play is a Jewel, Asa jewel
is an ornament of beauty and value,
so fair play is an honourable thing and
a “jewel in the crown”’ of the player.

Fairies, good and bad.

AFREET or EFREET, One of the Jinn tribe, of
which there are five. (See Story of the Second
.Calendar,)

APPARITION. A ghost,

ARIEL, (See ARIEL.) §

BANSHEE or BENSHERF, an Irish fairy attached
toa house. (See BANSHEE.

be he (Scotch.y. A local hobgoblin or
spiri

BoGlE or BoGLER, a bugbear (Scotch form of
bug). (See BOGIE.) as

ROWNIK, a Scotch domestic fairy; the ser-
vauts' friend if well treated, (See BROWNIE.)
Bue or BUGBEAR, any imaginary thing that
frightens a person. (Welsh, bwg.) (See BUG.)
CAULD LAb (The), the Brownie of Hilton Hall.
(See CAULD LAD.) }
_ DINK, JUN, or GIN (Arabian). (See JINN.)
__ DUENDE (8 syl.), a Spanish house-spirit. (See
DUENDE.) p

DwARre, 8 diminutive being, human or super-

human. (Anglo-Saxon, dweorg.)

(Anglo-Saxon, dweorgh.)_ pose A

EF (plu. Evvss), fairies of diminutive size,
supposed to be fond of practical jokes. (Anglo-
Saxon, wf.) (See ELF.)

ELLE-MAID or ELLE-WOMAN, ELLE-FOLK, of
Scandinavia. >

Esprit FOULET, the house-spirit of France.

FAIRY or FAERIE (plu. FAIRIES), a super-
natural being, fond of pranks, but generally
pleasing. (German and French, fee.)

FAMILIAR (A), an evil spirit attendant on
witches, etc. (See FAMILIAR.)

FATA, an Italian fay, or white lady, F

FATES, the three spirits (Clotho, Lachésis, and
Atrdpos) which preside over the destiny of every
individual. (Latin, fata.) :

Fay (plu. FAys), same as Fairy (q.v.).

FEAR DEARG (The), te. Red Man.
spirit of Munster. -

GENIL (plu.). The sing. genie and genius.
Eastern spirits, whether good or bad, who preside
over aman or nation. “He is my evil AS good]
genius.” (Latin, genius.) (See GENIUS.

GHOST, the immaterial body or noumenon of
a human being. Supposed to be free to visit the
earth at night-time, dut obliged to return to ita
Hadés at the first dawn,

. GHOUL, a demon that feeds.on the dead. (Per-
si

A house-'

ian,
GNOME (1 syl.), the guardian of mines, quarries,
ete. (Greek, yvwuy, a Cabalistic being.) (See
GNOMES.)*

GOBLIN or HOBGOBLIN, a phantom spirit.
(French, gobelin ; German, Kobold.) _

Goop Fouk, (fhe). The Brownies or house+
spirits.

GUARDIAN-ANGEL, an angelic spirit which pre-
sides over the destiny of each individual.

HABUNDIA, queen of the White Ladies.

HaG (A), a female fury. ilton (Comus 4435)
speaks of “ blue meagre hags.”

HAMADRYAD, a Wood-nympb. Each tree hasits
own wood-nymph, who dies when the tree dies.

HOBGOBLIN, (See above, GOBLIN.) Hobis Robin,
as Hodge is Roger.

Horns or HornIE, the Devil. (See HorNIEK.)
: a puny demon or spirit of mischief. (Welsh,
vmp.

ACK-A-LANTERN, @ bog or marsh spirit who

delights to mislead "

JINN or GINN. (See JIXN.) TheseArabian spirits
were formed of “ smokeless fire.”
KEUCPIE (2 syl.). In Scotland, an imaginary

spirit of the waters in the form of a horse. (See
KEUuPI£.)
KoBOLD, a German household goblin, also fre-

quenting mines. (German, Kobold.) (Sce Koro LD.)
LAM’LA (plu. LAst’L£), a hag ordemon. Keats's
Lamia is a serpent which had assumed the form
of a beautiful woman, beloved by a young man,
and getsasoul. (Latin, Lamia.) (See LAMIA.)

LAMIES, African spectres, having the head of a
woman and tail of a serpent. (See LAMLES.)

Lar (plu. Largs) @ syl), Latin household
deities, (See LARES.)

LEPRECHAUN, a fairy shoemaker, _

MAB, the faries’ midwife. Sometimes incor-
rectly called queen of the fairies. (Welsh, inab.)
(See MAB.)

MANDRAKE. (See MANDRAKE,)

MERMAID, a 8ea-spirit, the upper part a woman
and the lower half a fish. :

MERROWsS, both male and female, are spirits of
the sea, of human shape from the waist upwards,
-but from the waist downwardsare likea fish, The
females are attractive, but the males have green
teoth, green bair, pig's eyes, and red noses. Fish-
ermen dread to meet them. 5

MONACIELLO or LITTLE MONK, a house-spirit
of Naples. :

NAIAD (plu. NATADEs [3 syl.] or NAIADS [28y1.]),
water-nymphs. (Latin.) (See NALADS.)

Nis or Nissk (2 syl.), a Kobold or Brownie. A
Scandinavian fairy friendly to farmhouses. (Con-
traction of Nicolaus.) te

Nix (female, NIXIE), a water-spirit.. The nix
has green teeth, and wears a green hat ; the nixi¢

+ is very beautiful. ite
OvERon, king of the fairies, 4

Fairies

442

Fairy Rings

OGRE [pronounce og'r), an inhabitant of fairy-
Jand said to feed on infant children. (French.)

ORENDS, mountain nymphs. (Greek, oros.)

OuPHE (2 8yl.),a fairy or goblin, — =~

PERI, a Persian fairy. Evil peris are called
“ Deevs.” ee a

_PIGWIDGEON, a fairy of very diminutive
size.

PIXY or PIXIE (also pisgy, pisgie), a Devon-
shire fairy, same as Puck,

POUKE (1 syl.), same as Puck, (See POUKE.)

Puck,a merry little fairy spirit, full of funand
harmless mischief. (Icelandic and Swedish, puke.)
(See PUCK.)

ROBIN-GOODFELLOW, another name for PUCK.)
(See ROBIN ....) he. ‘

SALAMANDER, 8 spirit which lives in_ fire.
(Latin and Greek, salamandra.) (See SALA-
MANDBA.)

SHADES, ghosts.

SPECTRE, a ghost,

SpPook (in Theosophy), an elemental,

SPRITE, 8 spirit. ¥ ! FS flags

STROMKARL, & pb akan musical spirit, like
Neck, (SeeSTROMKARL.) _

SYLPH, @ spirit of the air; so named by the
Rosicrucians and Cabalists. (Greek, silphe,
French, sylphide.) (See SYLPHS.)

TRITON, @ sea deity, who dwells with Father
Neptune in a golden palace at the bottom of the
sea. The chief employment of tritons is to blow
@ conch to smooth the sea when it is ruffied.

TROLL, a hill-spirit. Hence Trolls are called
Hill-people or Hill-folk, supposed to be immensely
rich, and especially dislike noise. (See TROLLS.)

Uwn’DINE (2 syl.), a water-nymph. (Latin, wnda.)
(See UNDINE.) x

URCHIN properly means a hedgehog, and is
applied to mischieyous children and small folk
generally. es URCHIN.),

VAMPIRE (2 syl.), the spirit of a dead man that
haunts & house and sucks the blood of the living,
A Hungarian superstition. (See VAMPIRE.)

WERE-WOLF (Anglo-Saxon, tcer-wulf, man-
wolf), a human being, sometimes in one form and
sometimes in another. (Sce aE Ey ue :

WHITE LADIES OF; NORMANDY. (See WHITE
LADIES.

WHITE LADY (The) of the royal family of
Prussia, A,“ spirit" said to’appear before the
death of one of the family. (See WHITE LADY.)

eS LADY OF AVENEL (2 syl.), a tutelary
spirit.

WHITE LADY OF IRELAND (The), the banshee or
domestic spirit of a family.

WHITE MERLE (The), of the old Basques. A
white fairy bird, which, by its singing, restored
sight to the blind. 7 ‘

WIGHT, any human creature, as a “ Highland
wight.” Dwarfs and all other fairy creatures.

WILL-O'-THE-WISP, a spirit of the bogs, whose
delight is to mislead belated travellers.

WRAITH (Scotch), the cree a person shortly
about to die or just dead, which appears to sur-
vivors, sometimes at a _greft distance off. (See
WRAITH, HOUSEHOLD SPIRITS.)

Fairies are the dispossessed spirits
which once inhabited human bodies, but
are not yet meet to dwell with the
‘* saints in light.’’

* All those-airy shapes you now behold 3
Were human bodies once, and clothed with
carey, mould ; .
Our souls, not yet prepared for upper light
Till doomsday wander in the shades of night.”
Dryden; The Flower and the Leaf.

Fairing (4). A present from a fair,
The ing is a patronymic = a descendant
of, come from, belonging to.

“Fairings come thus plentifully in.”
Shakespeare: Love's Labour's Lost, v. 2.

_ Fair'limb. The sister of Bitelas and
daughter of Rukenaw, the ape; in the
tale of Reynard the Fou.

Fairservice (Andrew). A shrewd
Scotch gardener at Osbaldis'tone Hall.
(Sir Walter Scott : Rob Roy.)

Fairy of nursery mythology is the
personification of Providence, e good
ones are called fairies, elves, elle-folks,
and fays; the evil ones are urchins,
ouphes, ell-maids, and ell-women.

“ Fairies, black, grey, green, and white,

You moonshine revellers, and shades of night,

You ouphen-heirs of fixéd destiny,

Attend your office,” -

akespeare: Merry Wives of Windsor, v. 5.

The dress of the fairies, They wear a
red conical cap; a mantle of green
cloth, inlaid with wild. flowers; green
pantaloons, buttoned with bobs of silk;
and silver shoon. They ca ivers
of adder-slough, and bows made of the
ribs of a man buried where ‘three
lairds’ lands meet ;’’ their arrows. are
made of bog-reed, tipped with white
flints, and dipped in the dew of hemlock ;
they ride on steeds whose hoofs would
not ‘‘dash the dew from the cup of a
harebell.”? (Cromek.)

“ Fairies small, two foot tall
With caps red on their head.”
Dodsley's Old Plays: Fuimus Troés, i. 5.

Fairy Darts. Flint arrow-heads,
supposed at one time to have been

thrown by fairies in their pranks,

Fairy Hillocks. Little knolls of
grass, like mole-hills, said in the “ good
old times ’’ to be the homes of fairies.

Fairy Ladies or Mage, such is
Urganda, the guardian of Amadi’gi ; the
fair Oria’na ; Silva’na, the guardian of
Alido'ro; Luci’na, the protectress of
Alido’ro and his lady-love, the maiden-
warrior, Mirinda; Eufros'ina, the sister
of Luci’‘na; Argea, the protectress of
Floridante , and Filide’a, sister of Ardea;
all in Tasso’s Amadi'gi.

Fairy Land. The land where fairies
are supposed to dwell; dreamland; a
place of great delight and happiness.

“The fairest of fairy lands—the land of home.”
Jean Ingelow: The Letter, part i, stanza 31.

Fairy Loaves or Fairy Stones.
Fossil sea-urchins (echi’ni), said to be
made by the fairies.

Fairy Money. Found money. Said
to be placed by some good fairy at the
spot where it was picked up. ‘Fairy
money’? is apt to be transformed into
leaves.

Fairy Rings. Circles of rank or
withered grass, often seen in lawns,
meadows, and grass-plots. Said to be
produced by the fairies dancing on the
spot, In sober truth, these rings are

Fairy Sparks 44é

poe an ag’aric or fungus below the
surtace, which has seeded in a circular
range, as many plants do. Where the
ring is brown and almost bare, the
“spawn ’’ is of a greyish-white colour.
The grass dies because the spawn en-
velops the roots so as to prevent their
absorbing moisture ; but where the grass
is rank the ‘‘spawn’’ is dead, and
Berves as manure to the young grass.

“ You demi-puppets, that
By moonshine do the green-sour ringlets make,
hereof the ewe not bites.”
Shakespeare : Tempest, v. 1.

Fairy Sparks. an phosphors light
from decaying wood, fish, and other
substances. Thought at one time to be
lights prepared for the fairies at their
revels,

Fairy of the Mine. A malevolent
being supposed to live in mines, busying
itself with cutting ore, turning the wind-
lass, etc., and yet effecting nothing. (See
GNOME.)

“No goblin, or swart fairy of the mine,
Hath hurtful power o'er true virginity.”
Milton: Comes, 447-8,

Fait Accompli (French). A scheme
which has been already carried out with
success.

“The subjection of the South is as much a fait
accompli as the declaration of independence
itself.’—The Times.

*Faith. Defender of the Faith. . (See
DEFENDER. ) :

In good faith, *< Bond fide ;” “de bonne

foi;” with no ulterior motive.

Faithful, in Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Pro-
gress, is seized at Vanity Fair, burnt to
death, and taken to heaven in a chariot
of fire. A Puritan used to be called
Brother Faithful. _The abiding disciples
of any cult are called the faithful.

Jacob Faithful. The hero of Captain
Marryat’s novel so called.

Father of the faithful. Abraham
(Rom. iv. ; Gal. iii. 6-9). ;

Fakar (Diwl). The scimitar of
Mahomet, which fell to his share when
the spoil was divided after the battle of
Bekr. This term means ‘‘The Tren-
chant.”’

Fake (1 syl.). Fake away. Cut
away, make off (Latin, fac, do, make).
It also means to do—i.e. to cheat or
swindle.

Fake, A single fold of a coiled cable,
(Scotch, faik, a fold; Swedish, vika, to
tmvolve; Saxon, fagan, to unite.)

_ Fakenham Ghost. A ballad by
Robert Bloomfield, author of The Far-
mer’s Boy. The ghost was a donkey,

Fall

Fakir’ (/ndian). A poor man, a
mendicant, a religious beggar. The
Fakirs are the lowest in the priesthood of
Yesidis. They wear coarse black or
brown dresses, and a black turban over
which a red handkerchief is tied. Fakirs

erform all menial offices connected with
urials. They clean the sacred building,
trim and light the lamps, and so on.

Falcon’ and Falconet. Pieces of
light artillery, the names of which are
borrowed from hawks. (Sce SakER,)

Falcon Gentle (4). A goshawk.

Falcon Peregrine or Pel'erin. La
seconde lignie est faucons que hom apele
‘* nelerins,’’ par ce que nus ne trowve son
nr; wins est pris autresi come en pelerin-
age, et est mult legiers a norrur, et mult
cortis, et vaillans, et de bone maniere.
(Tresor de Brunst Latin: Des Faucons.)

“A faukoun peregryn than seméd sche
Of fremdé (foreign) land.”
Chaucer; Canterbury Tales (10,742).

Fajd-stool. A small desk at which
the Litany is sung or said, The place
at the south side of the altar at which
sovereigns kneel at their coronation.
ese tee Latin, falda, a thing which
olds or shuts up.)

Faldistory. The episcopal seat ina
chancel, which used to fold or lift up.

Falernian, the sécond best wine in
Italy, was so called by the ancient
Romans because it was made of grapes
from Falernus. There were three sorts
—the rough, the sweet, and the dry.

- Falkland, In Godwin’s novel called
Caleb Williams. He commits murder,
and keeps a narrative of the transaction
in an iron chest. -Williams, a lad in his
employ, opens the chest, and is caught
in the act by Falkland. The lad runs
away, but is hunted down. This tale,
dramatised by Colman, is entitled The

_ Tron Chest.

Fal-lals, Nick-nacks ; ornaments of
small value. (Greek, phalara, metal
ornaments for horses, etc.)

“ Our god-child passed in review all her gowns
fichus, tazs, bobbins, laces, silk stockings, ani
fallals..—Thackeray: Vanity Fair, chap. Vi. p. 38.

Fall. Jn the fall. In the autumn, at
the fall of the leaf. (dn American
revival.)

“ What crowds of patients the town doctor kills,

\Or how, last fall, he raised the weekly bills.”

Dryden: Juvenai.
To try a fall. To wrestle, when each
tries to ‘' fall’? or throw the other.

“Tam given, sir,... . tounderstand that your
younger brother, Orlando, hath a disposition to
come in disguised against me to try a fall."—As
You Like It,i. - :

Fall Away

444

False

Fall Away (Zo). To lose flesh; to
degenerate; to quit a party, as ‘‘his
adherents fell away gradually [one by
one], or rapidly.”

Fall Flat (Zo), . To-lie prostrate or
Hs aaaeyaatt ; to fail to interest, as ‘‘ the
ast act fell flat.”

Fall Foul, To fall foul of one is to
make an assaulf on someone. A sea
term. A rope is said to be fou? when it
ig entangled; and one ship falls foul of
another when it runs against her and
prevents her, free progress. Hence to
Tun up against, to assault.

Fall From (70). To violate, as
fall from hig word ;”’ to tumble or slip
off, as “to fall from 4 horse;’’ to
abandon or go away from, as ‘‘to fall
from grace.”

+ Fall In (70). To take one’s place

with others; to concur with, as ‘“‘he_}.

fell in with my views’’—that is, his
‘views or ideas fell into the lot of my
views or ideas. (See Fauu Out.)

’ Fali Off (Zo). To detach themselves;
to be, thrown off [a horse]; to leave.
The Latin decido.

Fall Out (Zo). To quarrel; to hap-
pen. (Latin, acctdo.) (See Fan ie)

“ Three children sliding on the ice
Upon a summer's day >,
As it fell out they all fellin,
The rest they ran away.”
, Porson: Mother Goose.
wal See ye fall not out by the way.”—Genesis xly.

Fall Sick: (Zo). To, be unwell.
Latin phrase, ‘‘ In morbum incidtre.”?

Fall Through (Zo). To
through [an insecure place]; to
vf being carried out or accomplished.

Fall to (70). To begin [eating, fight-
Ing, etc.]. Ng
“They sat down .... and without gwaiting

».. fell to-like commoners after grace.”—Kane:
Arctic Explorations, vol. i. chap, xXx, p. 419.4

tumble
fail

Fall into a Snare (70), or ‘‘To fall
into an ambuscade.’’ To stumble acci-
dentally into a snare. This is a Latin
phrase, ‘“‘insidias incidére.”’ Similarly,
to fall into disgrace is the Latin ‘‘m
offensionem cadére.”?

Fall of Man (Zhe). The degeneracy
of the human race in consequence of
the ‘‘ fall’? [or disobedience] of Adam,
man’s federal head. Adam fell, or
ceased to stand his ground, under temp-
tation.

Fall of the Drop (Tike), in thea-
trical parlance, means the fall of the

‘to |--drop-curtain at the end~of the act or

play.

Fall Out of (Zo). To tumble or slip
from, as, ‘‘ The weapons fell out of my
hands.” This is a Latin phrase, De
manibus meis arma cecidérunt.””

Fall Short of (Zo). To be deficient
of a supply. This is the Latin excido,
-to fail. To fall short of the mark is a
figure taken from archery, quoits, etc.
where the missile falls to the ground
before reaching the mark.

Fall Together by the Ears (70).
To fight and scratch each other ; to con-
tend in’strife. ‘To fail together by the
ears”’ is ‘‘ inter se certare ;”? but ‘‘to set
together by the ears’”’ is ‘‘ discordium
concitare.”?

Fall Upon One’s Feet (Zo). To
escape a threatened injury; to light
upon one’s feet.

Falling Bands. Neck-bands which
fall on the chest, common in the seven-
teenth century.

Falling Sickness. Epilepsy, in which
the patient falls suddenly to the ground.
“ Brutus—He [i.e. Cesar) bath the falling-sick-
ness. }
Cassius.—No, Cesar hath it not: but you, and T,
And honest Casca, we have the falling-sickness,”

Shakespeare: Julius Cesar, i. 2.

Fallin:

Stars are said by Mahome-

3 £4
Fall Under (Zo). To incur, as, “to | tans to be firebrands flung by good angels

be under the reproach of carelessness ; ”’
to be submitted to, as, ‘to fall under
consideratign,’’ a Latinism, ‘‘ In deliber-
ationem cadére,””

Fall Upon (Zo). To attack, as “to
fall upon the rear,’’a Latin phrase, ‘‘2/é2-
mis incidére ;’? to throw oneself on, as,
“the fell on his sword,’’ ‘‘manu sna
cadére ;’’ to happen on, as, ‘‘On what
day will the games fall?”?

Wall in With (Zo). To meet acci-
dentally; to come across. This is &
Latin phrase, in aliquam casu incidére.”’

against evil spirits when they approach
too near the gates of heaven,

Fallow Land. Land ploughed, but

not sown; so called from its brown or
tawny colotr. (German, jfahl, tawny;
fealo,

Anglo-Saxon, fan or
hence, fallow decr, red deer.)
“ Break up the fallow land.~—Jer. iv. 3,

False (The Rule of). A method of
solving certain mathematical questions
generally done by equations. Suppose
the question is this: “‘ What number is
that whose half exceeds its third by 122”

pale-red ;

Amock

False Ceiling 445

Fanfaronade

————————————————

Assume any number you like as the
supposed answer—say 96. Then, by the
question, 96 +-2 = 96 + 3 + 12, or
48 = 32 + 12, t.c. 54, but 48 does not
equal 54, the latter is 16 too much.

Well, now state by rule of proportion
thus, 16: 12:: 96 to the answer, which
is 72, the number required.

False Ceiling. The space between
the garret-ceiling and the roof.

Fal'staff. A fat, sensual, boastful
and mendacious knight; full of wit and
humour; he was the boon companion of
Henry, Prince of Wales. (land2 Henry
IV., and Merry Wives of Windsor.)

Falutin (High), Oratorical bombast;

~ affected pomposity; ‘‘Ziclesvein,”’ (See

‘ALUTEN.
None of your high falutin airs with me.
None of your swell ways with me.
(Dutch, verlooten.)

Familiar, A cat, dog, raven, or other
dumb creature, petted by a ‘‘ witch,’’
and supposed to be her.demon in dis-
guise. (See below.)

Familiar Spirits. Spirit slaves,
From the Latin, fam'ulus (an attendant).
“ Away with him! he has a familiar under his
tongue.”—Shakespeare; 2 Henry VI., iv. 7.
Familiarity. Zoo much familiarity
breeds contempt.
Latin; Nimia familiaritas contempt-
um parit, ie,
vench: La familiarité engendre le
mépris. ”
talian: La famigliarita fa dispregi-
amento.

“¥ tribus optimis rebus tres pessime oriuntur :
e veritate odium; e familiaritate contemptus ;
e felicitate invidia."—Pluturch ttranslated).

Famiilists. Members of the ‘‘ Family
of Love,” a fanatical sect founded by
David George, of Delft, in 1556. , They
maintained that all men are of one
family, and should love each other as
brothers and sisters,
called Familism.

. A person of family. One

Family.
- of aristocratic birth. The Latin gens.

“Family will take a person anywhere,”—
Warner : Little Journey in the World, chap. iv,

Fan. JT could brain him with his
lady’s fan (1 Henry IV., ii. 3)—i0e.
is brains out with a fan handle.
The ancient fans had long handles, so
that ladies used their fans for walking-
‘sticks, and it was by no means unusual

for very testy dames to chastise unruly

Their system is!
|” New World.

children by beating them with their fan-
sticks,
“Wer't not better

Your head were broken with the handle of a fan ?"
Beaumont and Fletcher: Wit at Several Weapons, Vv.

Fan-light (4), placed over a door, is
a semicircular window with radiating
bars, like the ribs of an open fan.

Fanat'ic. ‘Those transported with
religious or temple madness, Among
the Romans there were certain persons
who attended the temples and fell into
strange fits, in which they pretended
to see spectres, and uttered what were
termed predictions, (Latin, fa'nuwm, a
temple.)

“That wild enetgy which.leads
The enthusiast to fanatic deeds.”
Lemans; Tule of the Secret Tribunal.

Fancy. lLove—i.e, the passion of
the fantasy or imagination. A fancy-
man is aman (not your husband) whom
you fancy or select for chaperon,

“Tell me where is fancy bred,
Or in the heart or in the head.” ,
Shakespeare; Merchant of Venice, lil, 2.

The fancy. Pugilists. So called because
boxing is the chief of sports, and fancy
means sports, pets, or fancies. Hence
‘‘ dog-fanciers,”’ ‘‘ pigeon-fanciers,’’ etc.

Fancy-free. Not in love.

“In maiden meditation fancy-free.”
Shakespeare: Midsummer Night's Dream, ii, 2,
Fancy Man (4). A cavalier servant

or cicisbeo; one selected by a married
lady to escort her to theatres, etc., to
ride about with her, and to amuse her,
The man she “‘ fancies ’’ or likes.

Fancy-sick. Love-sick.
“ All fancy-sick she is, and pale of cheer,”
Shakespeare: Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2.
Fane’sii. A Scandinavian tribe far
north, whose ears were so long that the
would cover their whole body. (Pliny.

Fanfar’on. A swaggering bully;
a cowardly boaster who blows his own
trumpet. Sir Walter Scott uses the
word for finery, especially for the gold
chains worn by military men, common
in Spain amongst the conquerors of the
(Spanish, fanfarr’on, a
bully ; French, fanfare, a flourish of
trumpets, or short piece of military
music performed by brass instruments
and kettledrums.)

“Marry, hang thee, with thy fanfarona about
thy neck!’ said the falconer.”—Scott: The Abbot,
cxvil,

Fanfar’onade (4 syl.): ‘Swaggering ;
vain boasting; ostentatious display.
(See above.)

“The bishop copied this proceeding from tbe
fanfaronade of M. Boufilers,"—Swift,

Fang

Fang. A sheriff’s officer in Shake-
speare’s 2 Henry IV.

Fangs. I fell into his fangs. Into
his power, his clutches. (Anglo-Saxon,
fang, a grasp.)

. “To seize,

Traitors, that vice-like Fe the hand ye lick.”

Bailey: Festus (A Village Feast), sec. 9.

Fangled. 4 new-fangled notion is
one just started or ontartetned. (Saxon,
Sengan, to begin.)

Fanny Fern, <A nom de plume of
Mrs. Sarah Payson Parton, sister of Mr,
N. P. Willis, the American poet. (Born
1811, died 1872.)

Fanti’gue (2 syl.). A function; a
fussy anxiety; that restless, nervous
commotion which persons have who are
phautom-struck,

Fantocci'ni [ fanto-che'ny], A dra-
matic performance by puppets. (Italian,
JSantoccio, a puppet.) ‘

Fantom-corn. The mere ghost of
corn, having been bewitched. (French,
Santome, a ghost.)

- Fantom-fellow. A person who is
light-headed, and under the ban of some
hobgoblin. (See above.)

._ Fantom-fiesh. Flesh that hangs
loose and flabby—supposed to be under
the evil influence of some spectre, (See
above.)

Far and Away. ‘ Nudlus proximus
aut secundus ;’’ as, ‘‘far and away the
best ;’’ some person or thing beyond all
comparison or rivalry.

Far Cry from. Jt is a far ery from
-.. to. . 5 las, it is’a far cry from
Moses to Moses Montefiore, and from
David to Disraeli, but they all were
Jews, and had certain features in
common. Sir Walter Scott several
times uses the phrase ‘‘ It’s a far cry to
Lochow [Lochawe].’’ It is a far cry
from O’Connell to Kossuth.

Far fetched. Not closely connected ;
a remote conceit; as, ‘a far-fetched
simile,’’ a ‘‘ far-fetched allusion.’ Also,
obtained from a foreign or distant
country, ‘‘ guwod rarum est, cavum est.”

“The passion for long, involved sentences... ,
and far-fetched conceits ... passed away, anda
clearer and less ornate style became popular,”"—
Lecky : English in the Eighteenth Century, vol. i.
chap, i. p. 91.

Far Gone. Deeply affected : as, ‘‘ far
gone in love.”’

Far Niente (8 syl.). Italian phrase.
The Latin otiwm. Dolce Sar niente is the
sweet enjoyment of having nothing to
do, i.c. ot a holiday. (See Douce.)

446

Farmer George

Farce (1 syl.). Stuffing. Dramatic
pieces of no solid worth, but stuffed full
of ludicrous incidents and expressions.
They bear the same analogy to the regu-
lar drama as force-meat does to a solid

joint. (French, farce ; Latin, fareo, to
stuff.)

Farceur (Zhe). One who writes or
acts farces.

Farcy or Farcin (Latin, farcimen, a
sausage, any stuffed meat), A disease
in horses, which consists of a swelling of
the ganglions and lymphatic vessels, It
shows itself in little knots; glanders.

Fare, meaning the expense of a
journey or passage across water, is the
Anglo-Saxon fare or fer, a journey ;
verb, faran, to travel. (Archaic, feriage,
the fare for crossing a ferry.)

Fare Well (Zo). Yow cannot fare
well but you must ery out roast meat.
Don’t blazon your good fortune on the_
house-top. ‘‘ Sorex suo perit indicio,’’
Terence has the same idea: ‘* Eyomet
meo indicio muser, quasi sorex, hodie

pemi.” (Hunuchus, v. 7, 23.)
Fari‘na. Hjusdem farine. Other
rubbish of the same sort. Literally,

‘* Other loaves of the same batch,” Our
more usual expressions are, ‘* Others of
the same kidney,” ‘‘others of the same
feather,”’ ‘‘ others tarred with the same
brush.”’

Far'ina'ta or Farinata Degli Uberti.
A nobleman of Florence, chief of the
Ghibelline faction, placed by Dante, in
his Inferno, in a red-hot coffin, the lid
of which is suspended over him till the
day of judgment. He is represented as

faithless and an epicure. (Thirteenth
century.)
Farleu or Farley. A duty of 6d.

aid to the lord of the manor of West
Slapton, in Devonshire. (Bailey.) Money
given by a tenant instead of his best
beast (heriot).

Farm means food; so called because
anciently the tenant was required to pro-
vide the landlord with foo Mn way of
rent. (Anglo-Saxon, fearme, food.)

To farm taxes is the French affermer
(to let or lease), from ferme, a letting for
the supply of food. .

Farmer George. George III. ;.so
called from his farmer-like manners,
taste, dress, and amusements, (1738,
1760-1820.) j ; 3

“ A better farmer ne’er brushed dew from lawn.”
Byroms Vision of Judgment,

Farmers

Farmers. A farmer ought to make
four rents in order to live: one for rent,
one for labour, one for stock, and one
for himself,

Farnese Bull [Far-na'-ze]. A name
given to a colossal group attributed to
Apollo‘nius and Tauriscus of Trallés, in
Asia Minor. They belonged to the
Rhodian school, and lived about B.c.
300. The group represents Dirce bound
to the horns of a bull by Zethus and
Amphi'on, forill-using theirmother. It
was restored by Bian’chi in 1546, and
placed in the Farnese palace, in Italy,

Farnese Hercules [Far-na'-ze Her-
cu-lees|. A name given to Glykon’s copy
of the famous statue of Lysippos, the
Greek sculptor in the time of Alexander
the Great. It represents the hero leaning
on his club, with one hand on his back,
as if he had just got possession of the
apple of the Hesperidés. Farne’se is
the name of a celebrated family in Italy,
which became extinct in 1731.°

“Tt struck me that anifronclad is to a wooden
vessel what the Farnese Hercules is to the Apollo
Belvidere. The Hercules is not without a beauty
of its own,”—The Times (Paris correspondent),

Faroese (3 syl.), Belonging to the.
Faroe Islands; a native of the islands,

Farra’go. A farrago of nonsense,

A confused heap of nonsense. Farrago
is a. a mixture of far (meal) with
other ingredients for the use of cattle.
“ Anquetil was derided . . , for having suffered
a farrago of nonsense to be palined off upon bim
by jhis Parsi_teachers as the works of the sage
Goroaster.”— Whitney: Oriental Studies (Avesta),
chap. vi. p. 184,

Farringdon Ward (London). The
aldermanry, etc., granted by John le
Feure to William Farendon, citizen and
goldsmith of London, in consideration
of twenty marks given beforehand as a
gersum to the said John le Feure.
(1279.)

Far'thing. A fourth part.. Penny
pieces used _ to be divided into four
parts, thus, €) . One of these quarters
was a feor- thung or farthing, and
ae a halfpenny. (Anglo-Saxon, feor-
thung. ,

WA ay care for it a brass farthing.
James II. debased all the coinage, and
issued, amongst other worthless coins,
brass pence, halfpence, and farthings.

The feorthung was the fourth part
of other coins. Thus, we read in the
Grayfriar’s Chronicle :—

“This yere the kynge made a newe quyne, as

the nobylle, half-nobylle, and ferdyng-nobylle.”

Far'thingale (3 sy). A sort of
crinoline petticoat. The word means a

447

| not beén pierced at all.

Fasting

“ puard for modesty.’? (French, vertu-
garde, corrupted into verdingade, and
then into farthingale.)

Faryndon Inn. Serjeants’ Inn,
Chancery Lane, used to be so called:

Fascina'tion means “ slain or over-
come by the eyes,”” The allusion igs to
the ancient notion of bewitching by the

- power of the eye. (Greek, baskaino, i.e.

phaési kaino,.to kill with the eyes. Sce
Valpy : Etymology of Greek Words, p. 23,
col. 1; Latin, fas‘cino.), (See Evi, Eye.)

“None of the affections have been noted to
oe and bewitch, but love and envy.’—
acon,

Fashion [ fash’-w.] Ina pdt or
after a fashion. ‘Ina sort of a way;’?
as, ‘“he spoke French in a fashion ”’ (7.¢,
very badly). (‘‘French of Stratford
atte Bowe.”’) ” ‘

Fashion of Speech (4). ‘“‘ Facon de
parler” (q.v.) ; ‘* Ratio loqguendi !”

Fast Girl or Young Lady (4) is one
who talks slang, assumes the airs of a
knowing one, and has no respect for
female delicacy and retirement. She is.
the ape of the fast young man.

Fast Man (4) is one who lives a
continual round of ‘‘ pleasure” so fast
that he wears himself out.

Fast and Loose (Zowplay). To run
with the hare and hold with the hounds;

‘to blow both hot and cold; to say one

thing and do another, The allusion is
to a cheating game practised at fairs.
A belt is folded, and the player is asked
to prick it with a skewer, so as to pin it
fast to the table; haying so done, the
adversary takes the two ends, and /ooses
it or draws it away, showing that it has

‘He forced his neck into a noose,
To show his play at fast and loose;
And when be chanced t'escape, mistook,
For art and subtlety, his luck,” é
Butler; Hudibras, ili. 2.
- Fasti.

Working, days; when, in
Rome, the law‘courts,were open. Holy
days (dies non), when the law-courts
were not open, were, by the Romans,
called ne-fasti.

Fasting. The most ingenious method
of fasting I know of is that recorded in
the Mappemonde Papistique, p. 82. A
Venetian saint had certain boxes made
like mass-books, and these book-boxes
were filled, some with Malmsey wine,
and some with the fleshiest parts of
capons and partridges. These were
supposed to be books of devotion, and
pe saint lived long and grew fat on

em, : :

—_——s -2

Fastrade

448

Father

Fastra'de (2 syl.). Daughter of the
Saxon count Rodolph and Luitgarde the
German. One of the nine wives of
Charlemagne. :

* Those same soft bells at eventide
Rang in the ears of Charlemagne,
As, seated by Fastra’da's side =
At Ingelheim, in all his pride, %
He heard their sound with secret pain.
Longfellow : Golden Legend, vi.

-Fat. -All the fat is in the fire. The
allusion is to the process of frying. If
the grease is spilt into the fire, the coals
smoke and blaze so as to spoil the food.
The proverb signifies that something has
been let out imadvertently which will
cause a ‘‘regular flare up.”

The Fat :-—

Alfonzo II. of Portugal. (1212-1223.)

Charles II. of France, /e Gros. (832,
881-888.)
Louis VI. of France, le Gros, (1078,

1108-1137.)

Fat Men.

Edward Bright, of Essex, weighed
44 stone, or 616 pounds, at death. He
was 5 feet 9 inches high, 5 feet round
the chest, and 6 feet 11 inches round the
paunch. He died 1750, aged thirty.

Daniel Lambert, born at St. Marga
ret’s Leicester, weighed 739 pounds,
He was 3 yards 4 inches round the waist,
l yard 1 inch round the leg. (1770-1809.)

Fat asa Porpoise. Theskin of the
Sina is nearly an inch thick, and
under it is a layer of fat somewhat
thicker, and yielding oil of the finest
quality.

Fata. Women introduced in medi-
geval romance not unlike witches, and
under the sway of Demogorgon. In
Orlando Innamora'to we meet with the
“Fata Morga’na;” in Bojardo, with
the “ Fata Silvanella.’? The Fates Nera
and Bianca, the protectresses of Gui-
do’ne and Aquilante; the “ Fata della
Fonti,’’ from whom Manricardo obtains
the arms of Hector; and ‘ Alci’na,”
sister of Morga’na, who carries off
Astolfo. In Tasso we have the three
daughters of Morga’na, whose names
are Morganetta, Nivetta, and Carvilia;
we have also Dragonti’na, Monta’na,
Argea (called the queen of the Fates),
protectress of Floridante), Filidea (sister
of Argea), and several others.. In the
Ado'ne of Marini we have the Fata
named “ Falsire’na.”’

Fa'ta Morga’na. A sort of mirage
occasionally seen in the Straits of
‘Messina, ata is Italian for a ‘‘ fairy,”
and the fairy Morga’na was the sister of
Arthur and pupil of Merlin. She lived

at the bottom of a lake, and dispensed
her treasures to whom she likec. She is
first introduced in the Orlando In-
namora’to as ‘* Lady Fortune,’’ but sub-
sequently assumes her witch-like at-
tributes. In Tasso her three daughters
are introduced.

Fatal Gifts. Collar of Arsinoe, col-
lar and yeil of Eriph’ylé, gold of the
Nibelungen, gold of Tolosa, necklace of
Cadmos, Harmonia’s necklace and robe,
opal of Alphonso XII., the Trojan horse,
the shirt of Nessus, etc. (See these
subjects.)

Fate =something destined or suitable,
is not the Latin fatewn, but the French
ait = share, one’s own, that which suits
one; as ‘voila mon fait,” that is the
man for me,

“ Pour moi, ma sieur, a dit ls cadette, j'aime le
solide, je veux un- homme riche, et le x don

Blanco sera mon fait.”—Le Sage: Diable Boiteur.
Fa'tes (I syl.). Zhe cruel fates. The
Greeks and Romans supposed there were

three Parce or Fates, who arbitraril
controlled the birth, events, and death
of every man. They are called cruel
because they pay no regard to the
wishes and requirements of anyone.

~ The three Fates were Clotho (who
held the distaff), Lachésis (who spun
the thread of life), and Atropos (who
cut it off when life was ended),

Fa'ther. A friar in holy orders. (See
BROTHER.

A father suckled by his daughter. Eue
phra‘sia, the Grecian daughter, so pre-
served the life of Evan‘der, her aged
father.

Xantip’pe so preserved the life of her
father Cimo’nos in prison. The ‘
marvelling the old man held out so long,
set a watch and discovered the fact.
Byron alludes to these stories in his
Childe Harold.

“ There is 2 dungeon, in whose dim, drear light
What do I gazeon?... rf
An old man, and a female young and fair,
Fresh as a nursing mother, in whose vein
The blood is nectar. ...
Here youth offers to old age the food,
The milk of his own gift —it is her sire
To whom she renders back the debt of blood...
Drink, drink and live, old man! heaven's realm
holds no such tide.”
Byron: Childe Harold, iv. st. 148, 150,

Without father, without mother, with-
out descent, having neither beginning of
days nor end of life—i.e. Melchisedec
(Heb. vii. 3). He was not the son of a
priest, either on his father’s or mother’s
side; his pedigree could not be traced
in. the priestly line, like that of the
ordinary high priests, which can be
traced to Aaron; nor did he serve in

3

Father Mathew

449

Fatima

courses like the Levites, who begin and
end their official duties at stated times.

= Jesus was a ‘‘ priest after the order
of Melchisedec.’’ Neither His reputed
father, Joseph, nor His mother, Mary,
was of the priestly line. As priest,
therefore, He was ‘‘ without father,
without mother,’’ without genealogy.
And, like Melchisedec, He is a ‘ priest
for ever.”’

He apes it on me. He imputes it to
me; he says it is my bantling.

Father Mathew. (Sce MaTHEW.)

Father Neptune. The ocean.

Father Norbert. Pierre Parisot,
the French missionary (1697-1769).

Father Paul Pie’tro Sarpi, father
of the order of Servites in Venice, who
changed his Christian name when he
assumed the religious habit. (1552-1623.)

Father Prout. Francis Mahoney,
a humorous writer in Fraser’s Maga-
zine and the Globe newspaper. (1805-
1866.)

Father Thames, or Old Father
Thames. The Thames, so far as it
belongs to London,

bi Say, Father Thames, for thou hast seen
Full many a sprightly Trace
Disporting on thy margent green,
The paths of pleasure trace.”
Gray: Distant Prospect of Eton College.

‘The epithet is not uncommonly fe
plied to other great rivers, especially
those on which cities are built, The
river is the father of the city, or the
reason why the site was selected by the
first settlers there.

“O Tiber, Father Tiber,
To whom the Romans pray.”
Macaulay : Lay of Horatius.

Father Thoughttul. Nicholas Cat’-
inat, a marshal of Frauce; so called by
his soldiers for his cautious and thought-
ful policy. (1637-1712.)

Father of Waters. The Irawaddy,
in Burmah, and the Mississippi, in North
America. The Nile is so called by Dr.
Johnson in his Rasselas, (See FaTHER
THAMES.)

Father of his Country.

Cicero was so entitled by the Roman
senate. They offered the same title to
Ma’‘rius, but he refused to accept it.

Several of the Cesars were so called—
Julius, after quelling the insurrection of
Spain ; pore ete.

‘Cosmo de’ Med’ici (1389-1464).

G. Washington, the defender and pa-
ternal counseller of the American States.
(1732-1799.)

Andrea Do’rea (1468-1560). Inscribed
on the base of his statue by his country-
men of Gen’oa.

Androni‘cus Paleol’ogus II. assumed
the title (1260-1332).

(See also 1 Chron. iy. 14.)

Father of the People.

Louis XII. of France (1462, 1498-
1515). Henri IV. was also termed ‘‘ the
father and friend of the people” (1553,
1589-1610).

Christian III. of Denmark (1502,
1534-1559).

Gabriel du Pineau, the French lawyer
(1573-1644).

Fathers of the Church. The early
advocates of Christianity, who may be
thus classified :—

(1) Five apostolic fathers, who were
contemporary with the apostles—viz.
Clement of Rome, Bar’nabas, Hermas,
Igna’tius, and Pol'ycarp.

(2) The primitive fathers. Those ad-
vocates of Christianity who lived in the
first three centuries. They consisted of
the five apostolic fathers (¢.v.), together
with the nine following :—Justin, Theo-
phiilus of Antioch, Irenz’uvs, Clement
of Alexandria, Cyp’rian of Carthage,
Origen, Gregory Thaumatur’gus, Dio-
nysius of Alexandria, and Tertullian.

(3) The fathers, or those of the fourth
and fifth century, who were of two
groups, those of the Greek and those of
the Latin Church. (See below.)

Fathers of the Greek Church.
Peclon Athana’sius, pea the Grab

rego: azianze’nus, Gregory of Nys-
sn, Cyril of Jerusalem, Chrys’ostom
Epipha’nius, Cyril of Alexandria, and
Ephraim, deacon of Edessa.

Fathers of the Latin Church,
Lactantius, Hil’ary, Ambrose of Mil’an,
Jerome, Augustin of Hippo, and St.
Bernard,

The last of the fathers. St. Bernard,
(1091-1153). The schoolmen who fol-
lowed treated their subjects systematic-

ally.
Tounaes of the fathers of Christian

doctrine. Cesar de Bus (1544-1607).

Fath‘om (Count), A villain in Smol-
let’s novel so called. After robbing his
benefactors, and fleecing all who trusted
“him, he is at last forgiven.

Fatima. The last of Bluebeard’s
wives, who was saved from death by
the timely arrival of her brother with a

of friends. Mahomet’s favourite
ughter was called Fatima,

Fatted Calf 4

i)

Fear Fortress .

Fatted Calf. To kill the fatted calf.
To welcome with the best of everything.
The phrase is taken from the parable
in the third gospel of the prodigal son.
(Luke xv. 30.)

Fatua Multier. A law term for a
courtesan. Fatuus with jurisconsults
means one not in a right mind, incor-
rigibly foolish. }

Fault. 4¢ fault. Not on the right
track ; doubtful whether right or wrong.
Hounds are at fault when the scent is
broken because the fox has jumped upon
a wall, crossed a river, cut through a
flock of sheep, or doubled like a hare.

In Geology, the break or displace-
ment of a stratum of rock is called a

ault.

Fault. (French, saute, Latin, fallo,
to fail.)

‘For fault of a better (Shikespeare :
Merry Wives,i. 4). Having no better.

“Tam the youngest of that name, for fault of
a worse.” —Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet, ti. 4.

In fault, To blame.

“Ts Antony or we in fault fur this?”
Shakespeare: Antony and Cleopatra, iii, 13.

To a fault: In excess; as, kind to a

fault, Excess of every good is more or
less evil.
To find fault. To blame; to express

disapprobation.

Faults.
No one is without his faults, i.e. is
faultless. ‘* Vitiis nemo sine nascitur.”

Fau'na (2 syl.). The animals of a
country at any given geological period ;
so’ called from the mythological fauns,
who were the patrons of wild animals,

* Nor Jess the place of curious plant be knows—
He both his Flora aod his Fauna shows.”
Crabbe: Borough,

* Faust (1 syl.). The grandest of all’

Geethe’s dramas. Faust makes a com-
pact with Mephistoph’elés, who on one
occasion provides him with a cloak, by
means of which he is wafted through
the air whithersoever he chooses. ‘‘ All
that is weird, mysterious, and magical
groups round this story.”? An English
amatic version has been made by Bayle
Bernard.
| Dr. Faustus, a tragedy by Marlow;
Faust and Marguerite, by Boucicault ;
Faust e Margherito, an opera by Gounod,
ete, me

Faux-jour (French). A false or
contrary light; meaning that a picture
is hung so that the light falls on it in
the oppesite direction to whut it ought.
The artist has made his light fall in one

direction, but it is so hung that the light
falls the other way.

Faux Pas. A ‘false step’’ ; a breach
of manners or moral conduct. (French.)

Favo'nius. The zephyr or west
wind, Itimeans the wind favourable to
vegetation.

Fa'vours. — Ribbons made into a
bow ; so called from being the favours
bestowed by ladies on the successful
champions of tournaments. (See TRUE-
Love Knot; Curry Favour

“ Here, Fluellen ; wear thou this favour for me,
and slick it in thy cap.’'—Shukespeare: Henry V,

2

iv. 7.

Favourite. One'to whom a lady
gives a ‘‘favour’’ or token. The horse
which betting men suppose is most
likely to come off the winner of a par-
ticular race.

Favourites. False curls on the
temples; a curl of hair on the temples
plastered with some cosmetic ; whiskers
made to meet the mouth:

“ Yet tell me, sire, don't you as nice appear
With your false calves, bering, and fav'rites

“here?” rs. Centlivre,
(See Farry.)

Fay.

Faye (1 syl). The way to Faye
(French, ‘* Faie-la Hep A A winding
or zigzag manner, like ‘* Crooked Lane
at Eastcheap.”? A person who tries to
do something indirectly goes by _ the
pathway to Faye... Faye is a. little
village in France, built on ap eminence
so steep that there is no getting to it
except by a very zigzag path. ;

“They go in to Paradise ...as the way is to
Kye abclais: Gargantua and Puntagruel,

Faz‘io. A native of Florence, who
first tried to make his fortune by al-
chemy ; but being present when Bartoldo,
an old miser, died, he buried the body
secretly, and stole his money - bags.
Being now rich, he became acquainted
with the Marchioness Aldabella, with
whom he passed his time in licentious
pleasure. His wife Bianca, out of
jealousy, accused him to the duke. of

eing privy to the death of Bartoldo ;
and Fazio was condemned to death for
murder. Bianca now tried to undo the
mischief she had done, but it was too
late; she went mad with grief, and
died of a broken heart. (Dean Milman :
Fazio.) ‘ hice

Fear Fortress. An hypothetica
castle in. a forest véar Saragossa. It
represents that terrible obstacle which
fear conjures up, but which vanis hes,
into thin air as it is approached by a

¢

Fearless

451 Feather

stout heart and clear conscience. The
allegory forms the third part of the
legend of Croquemitaine,

“If a child disappeared, or any cattle were’

carried off, the trembling peasants said, ‘The
lord of Fear-fortress has taken them.’ If a fire
broke out anywhere, it was the lord of Fear-
fortress who must have lit it. The origin of all
accidents, mishaps, and disasters was traced to
the mysterious owner of this invisible castle."—
Croquemitaine, iii. 1.
“Tt sunk before my earnest face,
It vanished quite pa
And left no shadow on the place,
Between me and the day.
Such castles rise to strike us dumb;
But, weak in every part, 9
They melt before the strong man’s eyes
And fly the true of heart.” | :
C. Mackay: The Giant (slightly altered).

Fearless [Sans peur]. Jean, Duke of
Burgundy (1371-1419).

(See BAYARD.)
Feast of Reason.
“There St. John (Sin-jn}] mingles with the
friendly bowl

feast of reason and the flow of soul.”
Pope: Imitations of Horace, il, 1.
Feasts, Annive days of joy.
They are either immovable or movable.
The chief-immovable feasts are the four
rent-days— viz. the Annunciation or
Lady-Day (March 25th), the Nativity
of John the Baptist (June 24th), Mi-
chaelmas Day (September 29th), and

Christmas pe vowel 25th). The .

Circumcision (New Year’s Day, January
Ist), Epiphan
Saints

eery, 6th), All
’ (Noyember .Ist), All Souls’ (No-
earn nd), and the several Apostles’
ays.
The chief movable feasts depend upon

Easter.Sunday. They are—
Palm Sunday. The Sunday next before

Easter Sunday.

Good Friday. The Friday next before
Easter Sunday.

Ash Wednesday. The first day of

a ima Sunday. Sixty days bef
exagesima Sunday. Sixty days before
ienster Fichda: < aie

Ascension, ay or Holy Thursday.
Fortieth day after Easter Sunday.

Pentecost or Whit - Sunday. The
seventh Sunday after Easter Sunday,

Trinity Sunday. The Sunday next
after Pentecost, etc.. etc.

Feather. Meanin ies or kind,
From the proverb, “ Birds of a feather ’’
—i.e. of the same plumage, and therefore
of the same sort.)

“Tam not of that feather to shake off
My friend, when he must need me,”
na are: Timon of Athens. i. 1.

Feather. A light, volatile person.
' “ 4 wit’s a feather, anda chief a rod;
_» An honest man's the noblest work of God.”

r EA of la : Essay on Man, 247-8.
_A broken feather. (See BROKEN . . )

An oiled feather, Kindness of manner
and speech. An oiled feather will do
more to ease a stubborn lock than great
force, (See Power’s Tract called The
Oiled Feather.)

Birds of a feather flock together.

Latin : Similes similibus gaudent.
Pares cum paribus facile congregantur.
Cicero says, ‘‘Deos novimus ornatu et
vestitu.”

French : Qui se ressemble, s’assemble.

In full feather. Flush of money. In
allusion to birds not on the moult.

An grand feather, Dressed to the
nines.

In high feather. In exuberant spirits,
joyous. When birds are moulting they
mope about, but as sdon as they regain
their feathers their spirits revive.

Tickled with a feather. Easily moved
to laughter. ‘Pleased with a feather,
tickled with a straw,’’ is more usual ;
Rire de la moindre bagutelle,

Also annoyed by trifles, worried by
little annoyances.

“From day to day some silly things
Upset you altogether ; N s
There's nought so soon convulsion brings

As tickling witha feather.
'Gainst minor evils let him pray
Who Fortune's favour curries ;
For one that big misfortunes slay,
Ten die of little worries.”
Sims: Ballads of Babylon (Little Worries).
Cut a feather. A ship going fast is
said to cut a feather, in allusion to the
ripple which she throws off from her
bows. Metaphorically, “‘ to cut a dash.’

“ Jack could never cut a feather,”—Sir W. Scott:
The Pirate, xxxiv.

To show a@ white feather. (See
WHiTE....)

Feather in Your Cap. Thai's a
feather in your cap. An honour to you.
The allusion is to the very general
custom in Asia and among the American
Indians of adding a new feather to their
head-gear for every enemy slain. The
Caufirs of Cabul stick a feather in their
turban for every Mussulman slain by
them. The Incas and Caciques, the
Meunitarris and Mandans (of America),
the Abyssinians and Tur’comans, etc ,
étc., follow the same custom. So did
the ancient Lycians, and many others,
In Scotland and Wales it is still. cus-
tomary for the sportsman who kills the
first woodcock to pluck out a feather
and stick it in his cap. In fact, the
custom, in one form or another, seems ta
be almost universal.

‘2 When ‘‘Chinese’”’ Gordon quelled
the Taiping rebellion he was honoured
by the Chinese Government with the
‘¢ yellow jacket and peacock’s feather.”

Feather

452

Feeble

In Hungary, at one time, none might
wear a feather but he who had slaina
Turk. (Lansdowne MS. 775, folio 149.)

Feather One’s Nest.

He has feathered his nest well. He has
made lots of money-; has married a rich
woman. The allusion is to birds, which
line their nests with feathers to make
them soft and warm.

Feather One’s Oar (7%).

To feather an oar is to turn the blade
parallel with the surface of the water
as ‘the hands are moved forward for a
fresh stroke, (The Greek pteron means
both ‘an’ oar” and ‘“‘a feather;’’ and
the verb pterod, to ‘furnish with oars”
or ‘‘with feathers.’’) The oar throws
off the water in a feathery spray.

“He feathered his oars with such skill and dex-
terity.” Jolly Young Waterman.

Feather Stone. A federal stone or

_ stone table at which the ancient courts
baron were held in the open air, and at
which covenants were made.
Soedus, a treaty.)

Feathers (Z/c). A public-house sign
in compliment to Henry VI., whose cog-
nizance it was.

Fine feathers make fine birds, (Latin,
“ Vestis virum facit,” dress makes the
man). The French proverb is ‘La
belle plume fait le bel oiseau.’’

The.Prince of Wales’ feathers, "The
tradition is, that the Black Prince, havy-
ing slain John of Luxemburg, King of
Bohemia, in the Battle of Cressy, as-
sumed his crest and motto, The -crest
consisted of three ostrich feathers, and
the motto was ‘‘ Ich diew’’ (I serve).
John of Arden discovered a contempo-
rary MS., in which it is expressly said
that this was the case; but much con-
troversy has arisen on the question.
Dr. Bell affirms that the crest is a rebus
of Queen Philippa’s hereditary title—
viz. Countess of Ostre-vant (ostrich-
feather). Randall Holmes claims an
old British origin; and the Rev. H.
Longueville asserts that the arms of
Roderick Mawe, prior to the division of
Wales into principalities, was thus bla-
zoned :—‘‘ Argent, three lions passant
regardant, with their tails passing be-
tween their legs and curling over their
backs in a feathery form.” ;

Feature means the ‘‘ make.’’ Spenser
speuks of God’s ‘secret understanding
of our feature ’’—7.e, make or structure.
It now means that part which is most
pest Eee or important. Thus we
speak of the chief feature of a painting,

(Latin, —

a garden, a book, etc., etc.
Jaiture ; Latin, factura.)

February. The month of purifi-
cation amongst the ancient Romans,
(Latin, feb'ruo, to purify by sacrifice.)

The 2nd of Feb! ruary(CandlemasDay).
It is said, if the weather is fine and
frosty at the close of January and be-
ginning of February, we may look for
more winter to come than we have seen
up to that time,

“ Si sol splendescat Mari’a Purificanté,
Major erit glaciés post festum quai fuit ante.”
Sir T. Browne: Vulgar Errors,
“Tf Candlemas Day be dry and fair,
The half o’ winter’s come and mair ;

If Candlemas Day be wet and foul,
The half o' winter was Cape You,”

(Norman,

ich Proverb.

“The badger peeps out of his hole on Candle-
mas Day, and, if he finds snow, walks abroad ; but
if he sees the sun shining he draws back into his
hole.’—German Proverb. _

Fe'cit (Latin, he did it), A word in-
scribed after the name of an artist,
sculptor, etc., as David fecit, Goujon
fecit ; i.e. David painted it, Goujon
sculptured it, etc.

Fec'ula means sediment, Starch is
a fec'ula, being the sediment of flour
steeped in water. (Latin, feces, dregs.)

Fed’eral States, In the late Ame-
rican’ war the Unionists were 80 called—
i.e. those northern states which combined
to resist the eleven southern or Con-
federate states (7.v.).

Fee, Anglo-Saxon feoh, cattle, goods,
money. So in Latin, pecunita, from pecus,
cattle. Capital is captta, heads [of
cattle], and chattels is a mere variant,

Fee-farm-rent is where an estate is
anted, subject to a rent in fee of at
east one-fourth its value. It is rent

- paid on lands let to farm, and not let in

recompense of service at a greatly re- |
duced value.

Fee-penny. A fine for money over-
due. Sir Thomas Gresham often wrote
for money ‘‘in order to save the fee-
penny.”

Fee Simple. An estate free from
condition or limitation. If restricted
by conditions, the inheritance is called a
‘Conditional Fee.’ ;

Fee-tail (4). An estate limited toa
person and his lawful heirs.

Feeble. Most forcible Feeble: A writer
whose language is very “loud,” but
whose ideas are very jejune. Feeble is
a ‘‘woman’s tailor,’’ brought to Sir John
Falstaff as a recruit. He tells Sir John
“he will do his good will,” and’ the

Feed of Corn

knight replies, ‘‘ Well said, courageous
Feeble! Thou wilt be as valiant as
the wrathful dove, or most magnani-
mous mouse . . . most forcible Feeble.”
(Shakespeare: 2 Henry IV, iu. 2.)

Feed of Corn. A quartern of oats,
the quantity given a horse on aj ourney
when the ostler is told to give him a feed.

Feet. How are your poor feet? This
was the popular street mo¢ in the year of
the Great Pehibition of London in 1862.
The immense labour of walking over
the exhibition broke down all but the
strongest athletes.

Fehm-gericht or Vehmgericht (3 syl.).
The secret tribunals of Westpha'lia, for
the preservation of public peace, sup-
pression of crime, and maintenance of
the ‘“Catholic’’ religion. The judges
were enveloped in profound mystery ;
they had their secret spies through all
Germany; their judgments were cer-
tain, but no one could discover the
executioner, These tribunals rose in the
twelfth century, and disappeared in the
sixteenth. Sir Walter Scott, in Anne
of Gierstein, has given an account of
the Westphalian Fehmgericht.. (Old
German, fehmen, to condemn; Gericht,
a tribunal.)

“This Vigilance Committee (of Denver cityJisa
moderg reproduction of the famous Velmeger-
icht."—The Times.

'Felician (Father). The priest and
schoolmaster of Grand Pré, who accom-
panied Evangeline in her wanderings
to find Gabriel, her affianced husband.
(Longfellow : Evangeline.)

Felix, a monk who listens to the
singing of a milk-white bird for a
thousand years, which seemed to him
‘but a single hour,’’ so enchanted was
he by the song. (Longfellow: The Golden
Legend.)

Fe'lixmar’te (4 syl.). The hero of
a Spanish romance of chivalry by Mel-
chior de Or’teza, Cabalile'ro de Ubédda
1566). The curate in Don Quixote con-

emned this work to the flames,

- Fell (Dr.). (See Doctor FELL.)

Fellow Commoner, A wealthy or
married undergraduate of Cambridge,
who pays extra to ‘‘common”’ (.¢. dine)
at the fellows’ table. In Oxford, these
demi-dons are termed (rentlemen Com-
moneys.

_ Fellow commoner or gentleman com-
moner. An empty bottle; so called
because these sort of students are, as
_aclass, empty-headed, —

453

Fenella

Felo de Se. The act of a suicide
when he commits self-murder. Murder
is felony, and a man who murders him-
self commits this felony—felo de se.

“A felo-de-se, therefore, is he that deliberately
puts ap end to bis own existence.”"— Blackstone :
Commentaries, bouk iv. chap. xv. p. 189,

Feme-covert. A married woman.
This does not mean a woman coverte by
her husband, but a woman whose head
is covered, not usual with maidens or
unmarried women. In Rome unmarried
women wore on their heads only a corolla
(i.e. a wreath of flowers). In Greece they
wore an anadéma, or fillet. The Hun-
ale spinster is called hajadon (bare-

eaded). Married women, a3 a general
rule, have always covered their head with
a cap, turban, or something of the same
sort, the head being covered asa badge of
subjection, Hence Rebekah (Gen. xxiv,
65), being told that the man she saw
was her espoused husband, took a veil
and covered her head. Servants wear
caps, and private soldiers in the presence
of their officers cover their heads for the
same reason. (See Eph. v. 22, 23.)

Women do not, like men, uncover
their heads even in saluting, but bend
their knee, in token of subjection, (See
SALUTATIONS. ) :

Feme-sole, A single woman. Feme-
sole merchant. A woman who carries on
a trade on her own account,

Femme de Chambre, (French.) A
chambermaid.

Fem’ynye (3 syl.). A medieval name
for the kingdom of the Am’‘azons. Gower
terms Penthesile’a ‘‘ queen of Feminee.”’
“Hé (Thessus] conquered al the regne of Fem-

ynye.” Chaucer: Canterbury Tuwles, 868.

Fen Nightingale. A frog, which
sings at night in the fens, as nightin-

les sing in the groves, (See ARCADIAN

IGHTINGALE.)

Fence Month. The close time of
deer, from fifteen days before Midsum-
mer to fifteen days after it. This being
fawning time, deer-hunting is forbidden.

Fenchurch Street (London). The
church in the fens or marshy ground by
the “‘ Langbourne ”’ side.

Fencible ‘Regiments. A kind of
militia raised in 1759, again in 1778-9,
and again in 1794, when a force of
15,000 was raised, The force was dis-
banded in 1802,

Fenella. A pretended deaf and dumb
sylph-like attendant on the Countess of

erby, in Scott’s Pev'eril of the Peak,

Fenians

454

Fern

Fenians. An anti-British associa-
tion of disaffected Irishmen, called the
Fenian Brotherhood, after the ancient
Fenians of Ireland; formed in NewYork,
in 1857, to overthrow the domination
of England in Ireland, and make Ire-
land a republic. The word means a
hunter—Gaelic, fianna, from feadhach
(pronounced fee-agh), a hunt, Before
the Germanic invasion, a Celtic race
so called occupied not only parts of
Ireland and Scotland, but also the
north of Germany and the Scandi-
pavian shores. Oisin (Ossian) refers to
them, and one passage is thus rendered
in The Antiquary: ‘‘Do you compare
your psalms to the tales of the bare-
armed Fenians?’? Oisin was the grand-
son of Fionn, the “ fair-haired righ
(chief) of the Fenians,’’ and all the
high officers of this volunteer associa-
tion were men of rank. It appears that
the Fenians of Ireland (Biren). Scotland
(Alba), England (Soerng), and Scandi-
navia, had a great civil battle at Gabhra,

“in Ireland, and extirpated each other.
Oisin alone escaped, and he had slain
‘twice fifty men with his own hand.”
In the great Fenian outbreak of Ireland
in 1865, etc., the leaders were termed
‘* head centres,’’ and their subordinates
‘*egntres."’ (See Cuan-NA-GAEL.)

Fennei Said to restore lost vision
and to give courage.

“ Above the lowly plants it towers,

The fennel with its yellow flowers,

And in an earlier age than ours,

Was gifted with the wondrous powers
Lost vision to restore ;

It gave new strength and fearless mood,

And gladiators flerce and rude

Mingled it in tbeir daily food ;

And be who battied and subdued
Tbe wreath of fennel wore.”
Longfellow: The Goblet of Life, stanza 6.

Fenrir or Fenris. The wolf of sin
[?.e. of Loki], meaning the goading of a
guilty conscience. The ‘* wolf” was the

rother of Hel (g.v.). When he gapes,
one jaw touches earth and the other
heaven. In the Ragnarok he swallows
the sun and conquers Odin; but being
conqueed by Vidar, he was cast into
Nifiheim, where Loki was confined.

Fenton, One who seeks to mend his
fortune by marriage. He is the suitor of
Anne Page. Her father objects to him,
he says, because ¥
And that, my ee oe ceaita oie iby expense,
1 seek to heal it onl by bis’ wealth.”
if Shakespeare: Merry Waves of Windsor, til. 4

Fers Nature. Applied im law to
animals living in a wild state, as distin-

ished from animals which are do:

icated,

Feramorz. The young Cashmerian

et, who relates poetical tales to Lalla

ookh, in her journey from Delhi to
Lesser Buchar’ia. Lalla Rookh is going
to be married to the young sultan, but
falls in love with the poet. On the wed-
ding morn she is led to her future hus-
band, and finds that the poet is the
sultan himself, who had gallantly taken
this course to win the heart of his bride
and beguile her journey. (J. Moore.)

Fer'dinand. Son of the King of
Naples, and suitor of Miranda, daughter
of Pros’pero, the banished Duke of
Milan. (Shakespeare: Tempest.)

In Love’s Labour's Lost, the same
name is given to the King of Navarre.

Ferdinan'do. A brave soldier who
obtained a complete victory over the
King of Morocco and Grena‘da, ‘near
Tarifa, in 1340. Being in love with
Leono’ra de Guzman, Alfonso XI., whose
life he had saved in the battle, created
him Count of Zamo’ra and Marquis of
Montreal, and gave him the hand of
Leonora in marriage. No sooner was
this done, than Ferdinando discovered
that Leonora was the king’s mistress ;
so he restored his ranks and honours to
the king, repudiated his bride, and re-
tired to the monastery of St. James of
Compostella. Leonora entered the same
monastery as @ novice, obtained the
forgiveness of Ferdanando, and died,
(Donizetti’s opera of La Favori'ta.)

Ferdo'si. A Persian poet, famous
for the copious flow of his diction. He
wrote in verse the Shah-Némeh, or
history of the Persian kings, which took
thirty years, and contains 120,000 verses,

Ferguson. J¢’s ali very fine, Fer-

uson, but you don’t lodge here. yo
F mpanion of the

erguson was the co
Marquis of Waterford, when that young
nobleman made bimself notorious for
his practical jokes in the middle of the
cueteenth century. In one of oa
rees the two companions
pee the marquis found his why Rome to
the house of his unclé, the Archbishop
of Armagh, Charles ‘Street, St. James’s

uare. e marquis had gone to bed,
when a thundering knock came at the
door. ais, suspecting who it

The ar
was that knocked, threw up the window
and said, ‘It is all fine, Ferg
but you don’t lodge here;” and for
many years the saying was popaiae, (ee
Notes and Queries, Jan. 16, 1886, p. 46.)

ue

Fern, (See Fanny FERN.) a!

Fern Seed

455

Fetch

Fern Seed. /Fe have the receipt of
fern seed, we walk invisible (1 Henry
JV., act iv. 4). The seed of certain
species of fern is so small as to be in-
visible to the naked eye, and hence the
plant was believed to confer invisibility
on those who carried it about their
person. It was at one time believed
that plants have the power of imparting
their own speciality to their wearer.
Thus, the herb-dragon was said to cure
the poison of serpents ; the yellow celan-
dine the jaundice ; wood-sorrel, which
has a heart-shaped leaf, to cheer the
heart; liverwort to be good for the
liver, and so on.

Wiksbabaataraivinnic
Beaumont and Fletcher: Fair Maid of the Ina, i. 1.
“ The seeds of fern, which, by prolific beat

Cheered and unfolded, form a plant s0 great,

Are less 8 thousand times than what the eye

Can i by the tube descry.”

Blackmore: Creation,

Fernando Florestan. A state
prisoner of Seville, married to Leonora,
who, in man’s disguise, and under the
name of Fide'lio, became the servant of
Rocco, the jailor. Pizarro, governor of
the prison, conceived a hatred to Fer-
nando, and resolved to murder him.
Roeco and Leonora were sent to dig his
grave, and when Pizarro entered the

ungeon, Leonora intercepted his pur-
re At this juncture the minister of

tate arrived, and ordered the prisoner's
release. (Beethoven: Fidelio.)

Ferney. The patriarch of Ferney.
Voltaire; so called because he retired to
Ferney, a small sequestered village near
Gene’va, from which obscure retreat he

ured forth his invectives against the

ch Government, the Church, nobles,
puns, priests, and indeed all classes.

“There arein Paris five or six statues of the
patriarch of Ferney."—The Times.

Fero’hers. The guardian angels of
Persian mythology. aOey are countless
im number, and their chief tasks are for
the well-being of man.

Fer’racute [sharp iron}. A giant in
Turpin’s Chronicle of Charlemagne. He
had the strength of forty men, and was
=e pie! high. Tho no lance

yuld pierce his hide, Orlando slew him
Divine interposition. (See FeeRav.)

who took
she had been divorced by Alexander,
Fane ot Gontpntipenle. ( Valentine

ibe gest “Brazen Head,” that told

| who consulted it whatever they

required to know,*was kept in the castle
of this giant. (Valentine and Orson.)
(See FERRAU.)

Ferrara. An Andrew Ferrara. A
broadsword or claymore of the best
> bearing the name of Andrea

erra'ra, one of the Italian family whose
swords were famous in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries. Genuine
“ Andrea Ferraras’? have a crown
marked on the blade.

< My father had an Andrea Ferrara,
which been in the family about a
century. It had a basket-hilt, and the
name was distinctly stamped on the
blade.

“We'll put in bail, boy, old Andrew Ferrara
shall lodge his security.”—Scott : Waverley, chap. L

Ferrau (in Orlando Furiosc). Fer-
raute, Fer'racute, or Fer’ragus, a Sara-
cen, son of Lanfu’sa. He dropped his
helmet in the river, and vowed he would
never wear another till he had won that
worn by Orlando. Orlando slew him
with a wound in the navel, his only
vulnerable part.

Ferrex and Porrex. Two sons
of Gorboduc, a mythical British_king,
Porrex drove his brother from Britain,
and when Ferrex returned with an army
he was slain, but Porrex was shortly
after put to death by his mother. One
of the first, if not the very first, historical
play in the English language was Ferrex
@ Porrez, by Thomas Norton and
Thomas Sackville.

Ferumbras. (See FIERABRAS.)

Fes'cennine Verses. Lampoons,
so called from Fescennia in Tuscany,
where performers at merry-makings
used to extemporise scurrilous jests of
& personal nature to amuse the audience.

Fess (Latin, fasera, a band or covering
for the thighs). In heraldry, the fess is
a band drawn honzontall
across the shield, of which it
occupies one-third. It re-

ts the band which was
worn by knights low down
across the hips.

Fest. A pledge. Festing-man, a surety
to another. esling-penny, & penny

iven in earnest to secure a bargain.
(Anglo-Saxon, festing, an act of con-
dence, an entrusting.)

Fetch. A wraith—the disembodied
ghost of a living person. (See FETICHE ¥

“Fetches . . . most commonly appear to distant
friends and relations at the very instant pre

ceeding the death of those they represent "—
Brand: Popular Antiquities (Death Omens)

Fetches

456

Fiacre

_ Fetches, Excuses, tricks, artifices.
(Saxon.)
“ Deny to speak with me? They are sick? they

are weary? ;
They have travelled all the night ? Mere fetches,”
Shakespeare: King Lear, ii, 4.

Fet'iche or Fet'ish. The African idol,

the same as the American Man'itou. The

worship of this idol is called Fet'ichism

or Fet'ishism, (Portuguese, fetisso, ma-
gician, fairy, oracle.)

*. Almost anything will serve for a fetiche: afly, d

a bird, a lion, a fish, a serpent, a stone, a tree
struck by lightning, a bit of metal, a shell; but.the
most potent of all fetiches is the rock Tabra.:
The fetiche or fetish of the bottle. The
imp drunkenness, or drunkenness itself,

Fetter Lane is probably feuterer-lane,
A feuterer is a keeper of dogs, and the
lane has always been famous for dog-
fanciers. Howel, with less probability,
says it is Fewtor Lane, i.e. the lane of
fewtors or worthless fellows who were
for ever loitering about the lane on
their way to the gardens. Faitour is an
archaic word for a worthless fellow, a
lazy vagabond, from the Norman-French,

Fettle, as a verb, means to repair ;
to smoothe; as an adjective, it means
well-knit, all right and tight. “It is
connected with our word feat, the French
JSaire, the Latin facere.

Fettled ale, in Lancashire, means ale
warmed and spiced.

Feu de Joie (French). A funning
fire of guns on an occasion of rejoicing.

Feud, meaning “hatred,” is the Saxon {

Sehth (hatred) ; but feud, a ‘‘fief,’’ is
the Teutonic fee-odh (trust-land). (Sce
below.)

Feudal or Fodal (2 syl.). In Gothic
odh means ‘‘property,”’ hence odh-all
(entire property); Flemish, wdal. By
transposition we get all-ohd, whence
our allodiwn (absolute property claimed
by the holders of fiefs); and by com-
bining the words fee and odh we get fce-
odh, feodh, or fot (property given by
way of fee for services conferred).
(Pontoppidan.)

Feudal System (The). A system
founded on the tenure of feuds or fiefs,
given in compensation for military ser-
vice to the lord of the tenants,

Feuillants. A reformed Cistercian
order instituted by Jean de la Barriére
in 1586. So called from the convent of
Feuillans, in Ianguedoc, where they
‘were established in 1577.

The club of the Feuillants, in the French

Revolution, composed of moderate Jaco-
bins. So called because the convent of
the Feuillants, near the Tuileries, was
their original club-room (1791-2).

Feuilleton [few-y%-ton]. A fiy-sheet,
Applied to the bottom part of French
newspapers, generally devoted to a tale
or some other light literature.

“The daily [French] newspapers all had feuille-
tons with continued stories in’ them,”—Hale ;

Ten-times One, chap. viii. p. 125,

Fever-lurdan or Fever-lurgan, A
fit of idleness. Lurdea means a block-
head, (French, lowrd, heavy, dull, thick.
headed ; lowrdand, a blockhead.)

Fever-lurk. <A corruption of Fever.
lurg, as ‘‘ Fever-lurgan”’ is of Fever-
lurdan, The disease of laziness.

“ Fever-lurk,
Neither play nor work,”

Fey. Predestined to early death.
When a person suddenly changes his
wonted manner of life, as when a miser
becomes liberal, or a churl good-hu-
moured, he is said in Scotch to be fey,
and near the point of death.

“She must be fey (said Triptolemus), and in

that case has not long to live."—Sir W, Scott: The
Pirate, chap. v.

Fe’zon, Daughter of Savary, Duke

. of Aquitaine, demanded in marriage by

a pagan, called the Green Knight; but
Orson, having overthrown the pagan,
was accepted by* the lady instead,
(Valentine and Orson.)

Fior Fie! An exclamation indicating
that what is reproved is dirty or indecent.
The dung of many animals, as the boar,
wolf, fox, marten, and badger, is called
Jiants, and the “ orificium ana‘le’’ is
called afi, a word still used in Lincoln-
shire. (Anglo-Norman, fay, to clean out ;
Saxon, afylan, to foul; our defile or jfile,
to make foul ; jilth, etc.)

The old words, jie-corn (dross corn),
Jji-lands (unenclosed lands), fi-mashings
(the dung of any wild beast), ete., are
compounds of the same word,

“J had another process against the dung-
farmer Master Fifl,"—Rabelais : Pantugruel, bou
i. 17.

Fi. Fa. A contraction .of the two
Latin words, jeri facias (cause it to be
done). A judicial writ for one who has
recovered damages in the Queen’s courts,
being a command to the sheriff to see
the judgment of the court duly carried
out. vast .

Fiacre. A French cab or hackne
coach. So called from the Hotel de St.
Fiacre, Paris, where the first station of

Fian

4

7 fiddier’s Money

these coaches was established by M.
Sauvage, about 1650. j

*% According to Alban Butler, Fiacre
was the son of an Irish king, born in
600, to whose tomb pilgrimayes were
made in the month of August. His day
is August 30th, (Lives of the Saints,
vol. ii. p. 379.)

Fian (John), a schoolmaster at Salt-
pans, near Edinburgh, tortured to death

and then burnt at the stake on the Castle.

Hill of Edinburgh, Saturday, January,
‘1591, because he refused to acknowledge
that he had raised a storm at sea, to
wreck James I. on his voyage to Den-
mark to visit his future. queen. First,
his head was crushed in upon his brain
by means of a rope twisted tighter and
tighter; then his two legs were jammed

to a jelly in the wooden boots; then his’
nails were pulled out and pins inserted -
; as he still re- |

in the raw finger tips; a:
mained silent, he was strangled, and his
dead body burnt to ashes, -

Fiars. Striking tha fars. Taking
the average price of corn. Fiars is a
Gothie word, still current in Ireland.
(Scotch law.)

Fias‘co. A failure, amull. In Italy
they cry Ola, ola, fiasco ! toan unpopular
pon! is word, common in France
and Germany, is employed as the opposite
of furore. i

< The history of the word is as fol-
lows :—In making Venetian glass, if the
slightest flaw is detected, the glass-

blower turns the article into a fiasco— |

that is, a-common flask..

A gentleman from ‘North America (G. Fox,
“the Modern Bathylus™) furnishes me with the
following anecdote: “There was once a clever
harlequin of Florence named Dominico Bianco-
lelli, noted for his comic harangues. He was
wont to improvise upon whatever article he held
in his hand. One night he appeared holding a
fiask (fiasco); but failing to extract any humour
wha er from his subjectghe said, ‘It is th
fault, fiasco,’ and dashed the flask on the gronnd.
-After that a failure was commonly called in
Florence a‘ flasco..” To me itappears incredible
that a clever improvisator could draw no matter
from an empty bottle, apparently a subject rife
with matter,

Fiat. J give my fiat to that proposal.
epnsiy to it. A fiat in law is an

der of the court directing that some-
thing stated be done. (Latin, fiat, let
it be done.)

Fib. An attendant on Queen Mab in
Drayton’s Nymphidia. Fib, meaning a
falsehood, is the Latin fadula, a fable.

Fi'co: (See Fie.)
Fico for the phrase.”
Shi are: Merry Wives of Windsor, i. 3.
“T see contempt marching forth, giving me
the fico morh his thombe in his mouth." — Wit's
Miserte.596, ,

- Fiddle (Latin, fidis or fides), He was

jirst fiddle. Chief man, the most dis-
tinguished of the company.

To play second fiddle. To take a sub-
ordinate part. The allusion is to the
leader of concerts, who leads with a
fiddle,

The. Scotch fiddle or Caledonian Cre-
mona, The itch. As fiddlers scratch
with a bow the strings of a fiddle, so
pon sufiering’ from skin-irritation

eep scratching the part irritated.

Fiddle About (Zo). To fiddle about
‘a thing means to ‘‘play”’ business, To
fiddle with one’s fingers is to move them
about as a fiddler moves his fingers up
and down the fiddle-strings,

“Mere trifling, or unprofitable fiddling about

nothing.”—Barrow ; Sermons, vol. i, sermon 7.

fiddle-de-dee! An exclamation
signifying what you say is nonsense or
moonshine. Fiddle-de-dee is meant to
express the sound of a fiddle-string
‘vocalised. Hence ‘‘sound signifying
nothing.’”.

Fiddle-faddle, tis all fiddle-faddle.
Rubbishy nonsense; talk not worth
attention.. A ricochet word, of which
we have a vast number, as “ flim-flam,’’
‘‘helter-skelter,’’ ‘‘ wishy-washy,’’ ete.
To fiddle is to waste time in playing on
the fiddle, and hence fiddle means a
trifle, and fiddle-faddle is silly trifle or
silly nonsense.

* Pitiful fool that I was to stand fiddle-faddling

__ in that way.”

Clough: Amours de Voyage, canto iv, stanza 3,

Fiddleback. The namie of Oliver
Goldsmith’s poor unfortunate pony, on
which he made his country excursions.

Fiddler. Drunk as a fiddler. Fidd-
lers at wakes and fairs were allowed
meat and drink to their heart’s content,
and seldom left a merry-making sober.

Oliver’s Fiddler. Sir Roger L’Es-
trange (1616-1704). So called because
he, at one time, was playing a fiddle or
viole with others in the house of John
Hingston when Cromwell was one of
the guests,

< Fiddler is a slang word for sixpence,

Fiddler’s Fare or Fiddler’s Pay.
Meat, drink, and money.

Fiddler’s Green. The land of the
leal or ‘Dixie Land” of sailors;
where there is perpetual mirth, a fiddle
that never ceases to untiring dancers,
plenty of grog, and unlimited tobacco,

Fiddler’s Money. A silver penny.
The fee given to a fiddler at a wake by
each dancer,

Fiddler’s News 4

Fiddler’s News. Stale news carried
about by wandering fiddlers.

Fiddlestick. In the Great German
epic called The Nibelungen-Lied, this
word is used six or eight times for a
broadsword.

“ His fiddlestick he grasped, "twas massy, broad,

and long,
As sharp as any razor.” Stanza 1,841.

“My paaleticns. te feather ; on whom I let it
a « . .
If he has friends that love him, ’twill set them
weeping all.” Stanza 1,880.
“ His fiddlestick, sharp-cutting, can hardest steel
ivide, i
And at a stroke can shiver the morion’s beamy
pride.” Stanza 2,078.
Fiddlesticks! An exclamation sig-
nifying what you say is not worth atten-
tion. To fiddle about is to waste time,
fiddling. A fiddlestick is the instrument
used in fiddling, hence the fiddlestick is
even less than the fiddle.

Fide'le (3 syl.). The name assumed
by Imogen in Shakespeare’s Cymbeline.
Collins has a beautiful elegy on Fidele.

Fide'’lio. Beethoven’s only opera.
(See LEONORA.)

Fides. The goddess of Faith, etc.

Fides (2 syl.). Mother of John of
Leyden. Not knowing that her'son was
the “‘ prophet’’ and ruler of Westphalia,
but thinking that the prophet had caused
his death, she went to Munster to curse
the new-crowned monarch. The moment
she saw him she recognised him, but
the ‘‘ prophet-king,’’ surrounded by his
courtiers, pretended not to know her,
Fides, to save her son annoyance, de-
clared she had made a mistake, and was
confined in the dungeon of the palace at
Munster, where John visited her and
was forgiven. When her son set fire
to his palace, Fides rushed into the
flames and perished with him. (Jeyer-
beer’s opera of Le Prophete.)

Fides Carbonarii. Blind faith,
faith of a child. A carbona’ro being
asked what he believed, replied, ‘‘ What
the Church believes; ”’ and, being asked
again what the Church believes, made
answer, ‘What I believe.’’
BONARI.) (Rowx: Dictionnaire Comique.)

Field. (Anglo-Saxon, feld.)

In agricultural parlance, a field is a
portion of land belonging to a farm.

In huntsman's language, it means all
the riders, ‘

In heraldry, it means the entire surface
of the shield,

In military language, it means a
battle; the-place where a battle is

(See Car- |

8 Field

fought, or is about to be fought; a
campaign.

In sportsmen’s language it means all
the horses of any one race.

Against the ‘held. In horse-racing, to
bet against the field means to back a
particular horse against all the: rest
entered for the race.

In the field. A competitor for a prize.
A term in horse-races, as, so-and-so was
in the field. Also in war, as, the French
were in the field already.

Master of the field. Yn military par-
lance, means the conqueror in a battle.

To keep back the field, is to keep back
the riders,

To take the ficld. To move the army
preparatory to battle.

To win the field. To win the battle.

Field-day. Day of business, Thus,
a clergyman jocosely calls a ‘‘ kept fes-
tival” his field-day. A military term,
meaning a day when a regiment is taken
to the fields for practice,

Field Marshal. A general officer‘of
the highest rank, who commands an
army, or, at any rate, more than one
corps. ~

Field Officer. Any officer between
captain and a general officer, A major’
or a lieutenant-colonel may be a field
officer, being qualified to command whole
battalions, or a ‘‘ field.’?

_ Field Pieces. Small cannon carried
into the field with an army. ;

Field Works. Works thrown up by:
an army in besieging or defending a
fortress, or in strengthening its position.

“Earth-forts, and especially field works, will
hereafter play an important part in wars.”—W. 7.
Sherman: Memoirs, vol. ii, chap. xxiv. p. 398.

Field of Blood. Acel’dama, the
piece of land bought by the chief
priests with the money which Judas
threw down in the temple; so called .
because it was bought with blood-
money. (Matt. xxvii. 5; Acts i. 19.)

‘ The battle-field of Canne (B.c. 216)
is so called because it was especially
sanguinary. +
_ Field of Ice, A large body of float-
ing ice. ,

Field of Vision or Field of View.
The space in a telescope, microscope, .
stereoscope, etc., within which the ob- —
ject is visible. If the object: is not
distinctly visible, it must be brought into
the field by adjustment. ee

Field of the Cloth of Gold. The .
plain, near Guisnes, where Henry VIII, ~

Field

had his interview with Francois I. in
1520; so called from the splendour and
magnificence displayed there on the
occasion.

Field of the Forty Footsteps.
At the back of the British Museum,
once called Southampton Fields. The
tradition is that two brothers, in the
Duke of Monmouth’s rebellion, took
different sides and engaged each other
in fight... Both were killed, and forty
impressions of their feet remained on
the field for many years, where no grass
would grow. The encounter took place
at the extreme north-east of Upper
Montague “Street. The Misses Porter
wrote a novel on the subject, and the
Messrs. Mayhew a melodrama.

Fielding. The Fielding of the drama.
George Farquhar, author of the Beaux’
Stratagem, etc. (1678-1707.)

Fierabras (Si7), of Alexandria, son
of Balan, King of Spain. The greatest
giant that ever walked the earth. For
height of stature, breadth of shoulder,
and hardness of muscle he never had an
equal. He possessed all Babylon, even
to the Red Sea; was seigneur of Russia,
Lord of Cologne, master of Jerusalem,
and even of the Holy Sepulchre. He
carried away the crown of thorns, and
the balsam which embalmed the body of
Our Lord, one drop of which would cure
any sickness, or heal any wound in a
moment. One of his chief exploits was
to slay the ‘‘fearful huge giant that
ech the bridge Mantible,” famous
or its thirty arches of black. marble,
His pride was laid low by Olivier, one
of CE emannes paladins. The giant
then became a child of God, and ended
his days in the odour of sanctity, ‘“‘ meek
as a lamb and humble as a chidden
slave.” Sir Fierabras, or Ferumbras,
figures in several medieval romances,
and is an allegory of Sin overcome by
the Cross. (See Bavan.)

Fifteen decisive Battles (Zhe), ac-
cording to Sir E. 8. Creasy, were:

1. The battle of Mararuon (Sept.,
490 B.c.), when Miltiadés, with 10,000
Greeks, defeated 100,000 Persians under
Datis and Artaphernés.

. The naval battle at Syracuse (Sep.,_

13 3B.c.), when the Athenians under
liclas and Demosthents were defeated
with aloss.of 40,000 killed and weunded,
and their entire fleet.
3. The battle of Arsr’ta (Oct.,
331 B.c.), when Alexander the Greut

459

Fifth-Monarchy Men

overthrew Darius Codomanus for the
third time.

4. The battle of Meraurus (207 B.c.),
when the consuls Livius and Nero cut te

jeces Hasdrubal’s army, sent to rein-

orce Hannibal. eae

5. In a.p. 9 Arminius and the Gauls
utterly overthrew the Romans under
Varus, and thus established the inde-
pendence of Gaul.

6. The battle of CHALons (a4.D. 451),
when Aetius and Theodoric utterly de-
feated Attila, aud saved Europe from
devastation.

7. The battle of Touns (Oct., 732 a.D.),
when Charles Martel overthrew the Sa-
racens under Abderahmen, and thus
broke the Moslem yoke from Europe,

8. The battle of Hastinas (Oct., 1066),
when William of Normandy slew Harold
II., and obtained the crown of England.

9. The battle of ORLEANS in 1429, when
Joan of Arc secured the independence of
France.

10. The defeat of the Spanish ARMADA
in 1588, which destroyed the hopes ofthe
Pope respecting England.

11. The battle of BLENHEDM we Aug.,
1704), when Marlborough and Prince
Eugene defeated Tallard, and thus pre-
vented Louis XIV. from carrying out
his schemes.

12. The battle of Puttrowa (July,
1709), when Czar Peter utterly defeated
Charles XII, of Sweden, and thus estab-
lished the Muscovite power.

13. The battle of Saratoca (Oct.,
1777), when General Gates defeated the
British under General Burgoyne, and
thus secured for the United States the
alliance of France.

14, The battle of Vaumy (Sep., 1792),
when the French Marshal Kellerman de-
feated the Duke of Brunswick, and thus
established for atime the French republic.

15. The battle of WaTERLOO (18 June,
1815), when Napoleon the Great was
defeated by the Duke of Wellington, and
Europe was restored’to its normal con-
dition.

The battle of GETTYSBURG, in Pennsylvania
(3 July, 1863), when the Confederates, under re
command of Gencral Lee, were defeated hy the
Northern army, was certainly one of the most im-
portant, if not the most important, of the Ameri-
can Ciyil War,

The battle of SeDAN (Sep., 1870), when Napoleon
gave up his sword to William, King of Prussia,
which put an end to the empire of France.

_Fifth-Monarchy Men. A sect of
English fanatics in the days of the Puri-
tans, who maintained that Jesus Christ
was about to come a second time to
the earth, and establish the fifth uni-
versal monarchy. The four preceding

Fig

460 Fighting Prelate

monarchies were the Assyrian, the Per-
sian, the Macedonian, and the Roman,
In politics, the Fifth-Monarchy Men
were arrant Radicals and levellers.

Fig. Full Full dress. A cor-
ruption of the Italian in jioc’chi (in gala
costume). It was derived from the tas-
sels with which horses were ornamented
in state processions. Thus we read in
Miss Knight’s Autobiography, ‘‘ The
Pope’s throne was set out for mass, and
the whole building was in perfect fiocchi”
(in full fig). Another etymology has
been suggested by a correspondent in
Notes and Queries, that it is taken from
the word full fig. (figure) in fashion
books.

“The Speaker sits at one end all in full fig, with
& clerk at the table below.”—Trollope: West
Indies, chap. ix. p. 101.

Fig or Figo. I don’t care a fig for

ou; not worth a fig. Anything at all.

ere fig is jico—a fillip or snap of the

fingers. Thus we say, ‘‘I don’t care

that for you,’’ snapping the fingers at
the same time. (Italian, far le fiche,
to snap the po French, faire la
Jigue ; German, diefeigen weisen ; Dutch,
de vyghe setten, etc.) (See F100.)

“ A fig for Peter.” }
Shakespeare : 2 Henry VI., ii. 9.
“The figo for thy friendship.”
Shakespeare: Henry V.., iii. 6,

Fig Sunday. Palm Sunday is so
called from the custom of eating figs on

that day. The practice arose from the
Bible ayy of Zaccheus, who climbed
up into a fig-tree to see Jesus.

‘’ Many other festivals have their
ayaa! foods; as, Michaelmas goose,
hristmas, plum-pudding, Shrove Tues-
day, pancake day ; Ash Wednesday, salt
cod; Good Frida » hot cross-buns;
posch “ogee, roast-chestnuts, etc., have
eir special days.

Fig-tree. It is said that Judas
hanged himself on a fig-tree. (See
ELDER-TREE.)

“Queeret aliquis‘qua ex ar’boré Judas se suspen’-
derit? Arbor ficus fuisse di’citur."—Barradius.

Figs. J shan’t buy my Attic jigs in
future, but grow them. Don’t count
your chickens before they are hatched.

t was Xerxes who boasted that he did
not intend any longer to buy his fi
use he meant to conquer Attica an
add it to his own empire; but Xerxes
met a signal defeat. at Sal’amis, and
‘¢never loosed his sandal till he reached
Abde’ra..”’

6 In the name of the Prophet, Figs!”
A burlesque of the solemn language
employed jin eastern countries in the

=

- cocks,

common business of life. The line
occurs in the imitation-of Dr. Johnson’s

ompous style, in Rejected Addresses, by
vince and Horace Smith.

Figged out. (See Fic, Full Fig.)

Fig'aro. A type of cunning dex-
terity, and intrigue. The character is
in the Barbier de Séville and Mariage de
Figaro, by Beaumarchais. In the former
he is a barber, and in the latter a valet ;
but in both he outwits every one. There
are several operas founded on_ these
dramas, as Mozart’s Nozze di Figaro,
Paisiello’s Jl Barbiere di Siviglia, an
Rossini’s J? Barbiere di Sivigha.

Fight. (See Hudibras, Pt. iii. c. 3.)
“ He that fights and runs away
May live to fight another day ;
But he that is in battle slain
Can never rise to fight again.”
Sir John Mennes: Musarum Delicte. (1656,)

Demos’thenés, being reproached for
running away from Philip of Macedon,
at Cherone’a, replied, ‘ 5 man that
runs away may fight again ("Avipp 6 gevyor
nai maAuw paxieviones (See Aulus Gel-
lius, xvii. 21.)

Fight Shy (70). To avoid, A sh
person is unwilling to come forward,
and to fight is to resist, to struggle in a
contest. To ‘fight shy,” therefore, is
to resist being brought into contest or
conflict. by

Fighting-cocks. To live like fighting-
To have a profusion of the best
food. Fighting-cocks used to be high
fed in order to aggravate their pug-
nacity and increase their powers of en-
durance.

Fighting Fifth (Zhe). The 5th
Foot. This sobriquet was given to the
regiment during the Penins War.

e‘‘ Old and Bold Fifth,” the Duke
of Wellington’s Body-guard, is now
called the “‘ Northumberland Fusiliers.”’
What a terrible vexation must the
abolition of the time-honoured names of
our old regiments have been to our army !

Fighting Kings [Chen-kuo}. Cer-
tain feudatories of China in tly
contending for mastery over each other.
(B.c. 770-320.)

_ Fighting Prelate. Henry Spencer,
Bishop of Norwich, who greatly distin-
suished himself in the rebellion of Wat
ler. He met the rebels in the fi
with the temporal sword, then absoly
them, and sent them to the gibbet. .

“The Bishop of Norwich, the famous ‘ fighti
froine: 3M ed an army into Finwdera, = hond
mpbell, ; Ie

Fighting the Tiger

461

Filomena

Fighting the Tiger. Gaming is so
called in the United States of America,

“After seeing ‘fighting the tiger, as gaming
is styled in the United States, I have arrived at
the conclusion that apeornd is more fairly carried
on in the Monte Carlo casino than in any Ameri-
can gaming-house.” — The Ninetcenth Century,
Feb., 1890, p. 249.

Fighting with Gloves on.. Sparring
without showing animosity; fightin,
with weapons or words with colour
friendliness. Fighting, like boxers, with
boxing gloves. Tories and Whigs in the

two Houses of Parliament fight with
gloves on, so long as they preserve all
the outward amenities of debate, and

conceal their hostility to each other by
seeming friendliness.

Figure. To cut a figure. This phrase
seems applicable more eg to dress
and outward bearing.
is rather to make a name or reputation,
but the distinction is not sharply ob-
served.

To make a figure. To be a notability.
Faire quelque figure dans le monde. ‘‘ He
makes no figure at court;’’ Id ne fart
aucune figure a la cour,

Figure. What's the figure? The
price; what am I to pay ? what *‘ figure ”’
or sum does my debt amount to?

Figure-head. A figure on the head
or projecting cutwater of a ship.

Figure of Fun (4). A droll appear-
anoe, whether from untidiness, quaint-
ness, or other peculiarity. ‘A precious
figure of fun,’ is a rather stronger
expression. These are chiefly applied
to young children.

es. A corruption of fingers, that
is, ‘‘ digits’ (Latin, digiti, fingets). So
called from the primitive method of
marking the monades by the fingers.
Thus the first four were simply i, ii, iii,
iiit; five was the outline of the hand
simplified into a v; the next four figures
were the two combined, thus, vi, vii,
viii, viiii; and ten was a double v, thus,
x. At a later period iiii and viiii were
expressed by one less than five (i-v) and
one. less than ten (i-x). Nineteen was
ten-plus-nine
clumsy and unphilosophical device.

Filch. To steal or purloin. A filch
is a staff with a hook at the end, for
plucking clothes from hedges and
abstracting articles from shop windows.

bably it is a corruption of pilfer.
elsh, yspeilio and yspeiliwr ; Spanish,

o makea figure.

x + ix), etc.—a most’

pellizcar : French, piller and peler. Filch
and pilfer are variants of the same word.
“ With cunning hast thou filched my daughter's

eart.
Shakespeare: Midsummer Night’s Dream, i. 2.

File. To cheat. The allusion is to
filing money for the sake of the dust
which can used or sold. A file is a
cheat. Hence ‘‘a jolly file,” ete.

“Sorful becom that fals file.”
Cursor Mundi MS.

In single file. Single row ; one behind
another. (French, file, a row.)

Rank and file. Common soldiers,
Thus we say, ‘Ten officers and three
hundred rank and file fell in the action.”’
Rank refers to men standing abreast,
Jjile to men standing behind each other.

“It was only on the faith of some grand expe-
dition that the credulous rank and file of the
Brotherhoud subscribed their dollars.” — The

Filia Doloro’sa. ‘The Duchesse
d’Angouléme, daughter of Louis XVL..
ree the aederal Antig’one. (1778-
1831.)

Filibuster. A piratical adventurer.
The most notorious was William Walker,
who was shot in 1855. (French, flibustier,
a corruption of our ‘‘ freebooter , ’’ Ger-
man, freibeuter ; Spanish, filibustero ;
Dutch, vrijbueter.) (See BUCCANEER.)

Filioque Controversy i. long
disturbed the Eastern and Western
Churches. The point was this: Did the
Holy Ghost proceed from the Father
and the Son (Filto-que), or from the
Father only? The Western Church
maintained the former, and the Eastern
Church the latter dogma. The filio-que
was added in the Council of Toledo 589.
Amongst others, Pope Leo III. was
averse to the change. (Nicene Creed.)

The gist of the argument is this: If the Son is
one with the Father, whatever proceeds from the
Father must proceed from the Son also. This js
pecially. called “The Procession of the Ho

Fill-dyke, The month of February,
when the rain and melted snow fills the
ditches to overflowing,

Fillet. A narrow band round the
head for binding the hair, or simply
for ornament. Aurelian was the first
Roman emperor that wore a royal fillet
or diadem in public. In the time of
Constantine the fillet was adorned with
precious stones,

Filome’na. Longfellow‘ calls Florence
Nightingale St. Filomena, not only be-
cause Filomena resembles the Latin word
for a nightingale, but, also because this

Filter 462

saint, in Sabatelli’s picture, is repre-
sented as hovering over a group of sick
and maimed, healed by her intercession.
(See THAUMATUREUS.)

Filter. To run through felt, as jelly
is strained through flarmel. The Ro-
mans strained the juice of their grapes
through felt into the wine-vat, after
which it was put into the casks. (Latin,
Jeltrum, felt, jiltrwn, a strainer.)

Fin, The hand. A contraction of
jinger. Thus we say, “Give us your
fin’’—i.e, shake hands. The derivation
from a fish’s fin is good only for a joke.

Finality John, Earl Russell, who
maintained that the Reform Bill of 1832
was a finality, yet in 1854, 1860, and
1866 brought forth other Reform Bills.

Finance (French). Revenue derived
from fines or subsidies. In feudal times
finance was money paid to a lord fora
privilege, In the plural we use the word
to signify available money resources,
‘Thus we say, ‘‘My finances are ex-
hausted,’’ meaning I have no more funds
or available money.

Finch Lane (London). So called
from a family of consideration by the
name of Finch or Finke. There was
once a church in the lane called St.
Benet Finke. There is an Irish saint
named Finc, in Latin Fincana, whose
day is October 13th.

Find. You know what.you leave behind,
but not what you will find. And this it
is that ‘‘ makes us rather bear the ills we
have, than fly to others that we know
not of,”

Fin'don Haddocks, Haddocks
smoked with green wood. (See Sir IV,
Scott: The Antiquary, xxvi.) Findon
or Finnon is a village some six miles
south of Aberdeen, where haddocks are
cured. a

Findy. Plump, full, (Saxon, findig.)

“A cold May anda windy
Make barns fat and findy.”
‘ Old Proverb.

Fine Arts. Those arts which chiefly

depend on a delicate or fine imagina-
tion, as music, painting, poetry, and
sculpture.
. Fine as Fivepence, The ancient
Saxon shilling was coin worth dd. ‘* To
dress fine as fivepence’’ is to dress very
smartly. The Saxon shilling was a far
better coin than those made of tin, lead,
and other inferior metals.

Fine-ear. One of Fortu'nio’s ser-
vauts, who could hear the grass grow

Finger

and the mole work underground.
(Grimm’s Goblins : Fortunio.)

Fin’etor. A necromancer, father of,
me Poche Cte in Amadis of
‘aul,

Fingal—i.e, Fin-mac-Coul. (See Sir
W. Scott: The Antiguary, chap, xxii.)

Fingal’s Cave. The basaltic cavern
of Staffa. So called from Fion na Gaet
(Fingal), the great Gaelic hero, whose
achievements have been made familiar
by the Fingal of Macpherson.

Finger. (Anglo-Saxon, finger).

The ear finger, digitus auricularis—i.e,
the little finger. The four fingers are
the index finger, the middle finger, the
ring finger, and the ear finger, In
French, le doigt auriculaire. The-little.
finger is so called because it can, from
its diminutive size, be most easily intro-
duced into the conduit of the ear,

“Le doigt auriculaire est le petit doight, ainsi:
nomimé parce qu'a cause de ga_petitesse, il peut
facilement étre introduit dans le conduit auditif
externe.”’—Dict. des Sciences, ett. ;

Lhe index finger. The first finger ; so
called because it is used as a pointer.

( The medical finger. The ring finger’
Qv.). ‘

“ At last he put on her medical fingera pretty;
handsome gold ring, whereinto was enchased a
precious toadstone of Beausse.’—abelais: Pan-
tagruel, iii, 17.

The ring finger. The finger between
the long and little finger was used by
the Romans as a ring-finger, from the
belief that a nerve ran through it to the
heart. Hence the Greeks and Romans
used to call it the medical finger, and
used it for stirring mixtures, under the
notion that nothing noxious could touch
it without its giving instant warning to
the heart. It is still a very. general
notion in England that it is bad to rub
on salve or scratch the skin with any but
the ring finger. The fact that there was
no such intimacy between the finger and
the heart was not discovered till after
the notion was deeply rooted. Pliny
calls this digitus annularis, :

With a wet finger. Easily. (See Wet.
FINGER.) rr

My little finger told me that. The

same as ‘‘A little bird told me that,”
meaning, I know it, though you did not
expect it. The former expression is
from Molitre’s Malade Imaginaire, (See
BrrRD.) . pteaeiat
“ By the pricking of my thumbs, — ow
Something wicked this way comes.”
Shakespeare: Macbeth, iv. 1. —
Cry, baby, cry ; put your finger in your
eye, etc. This nursery rhyme icy a

—

Finger and Glove

463

Fire

be referred to by Shakespeare in his
Comedy of Errors, ii. 2 :—
“No longer will I be fool,
To put the finger in the eye and weep.”

To hold up a finger (in an auction
room) by way of a bid, was a Roman
custom, “‘digitum tollére”’ (Cicero: In
bing Actio i. 54). Horace confirms

S.

To turn up the little finger. (See
URN.)
Finger and Glove. To be finger and

glove with another means to be most
intimate.

Finger in the Pie. T7o have a finger
in the pie. To assist or mix oneself
eavey i any matter. Esse rev par-
ticeps. French, Mettre la main a la
pate, :

Finger Benediction. In the Greek
dnd Reman Church the thumb and first
two, fingers represent the Trinity. The
thumb, being strong, represents the
Father ; the long or second finger, Jesus
Christ ; and the first finyer, the Holy
Ghost, which proceedeth from the Father
and the Son. (Sce BLESSING.)

Some bishops of the Anglican Church |

use this ure while pronouncing the
bettie ;

Finger-stall. A hutkin, a cover for
a@ sore: a ee The Germans call a
thimble a finger-hut, where hut is evi-
dently the word hut or huth (a tending,
keeping, or guarding), from the verb
huten (to keep watch over), Our hutkin
is simply a little cap for guarding a sore
finger. Stall is the Saxon ste (a place),
whence our stall, a place for horses,

Fingers. The old names for the

fingers are :—
umb (Anglo-Saxon thuma).

Towcher (the finger that touches), fore-
man, or poimter. This was called by
the Anglo-Saxons the sczte-finger, i.e.
the shooting finger.

Long-man or long finger.

Lech-man or ring-finger. The former
means ‘‘ medical finger,’’ and the latter
is a Roman expression, ‘‘ digitus annu-
la'ris,"” Called by the Anglo-Saxons
the gold-finger.

Little-man or little finger. Called by
the Anglo-Saxons the ear-jinger.

Fingers. Ben Jonson says—

. The thumb, in chiromancy, we give to Venus ;
+ The fore-finger to Jove ; the midst to Saturn ;
The ring to So} ; the least to Mercury ”
Alchemist, i. 2.

His fingers are all thumbs. Said of a
Sao awkward in the use of his hands.
Ce. sont les deux doigts de la main,

Fingers before Forks.

“This Vulcan was a smith, they tell us,
That first invented tongs and bellows ;
For breath and fingers did their works
(We'd fingers long before we'd forks),”

King - Art of Love.

Fingers’ Ends. J have it at my
Jigers’ ends, 1am quite familiar with it
and can do it readily. It is a Latin pro-
verb (Scire tanguam un'gues dig'ttosg.),
where the allusion is to the statuary,
who knows every item of his subject by
the touch. (See UNGUEM.)

“Costard: Go to; thou hast it ad dungbill, at
the fingers’ ends, as they say: ; 3

Holofernes: O, 1 smell false Latin: dunghill
for unguem,”—Shakespeare: Love's L rs Lost,
Vig

Fingered. |

The light-fingered gentry. Priggers,
que ungues hamatos et uncos habent.

Fingle-fangle (4). A ricochet word
meaning a fanciful trifle. A ‘‘new
fangle”’’ is a novel contrrvance. ‘‘ New
fangled,”’ etc.

Finished to the Finger-nail, or
‘ad unguem,”’ in allusion to statuaries
running their finger-tips over a statue

| to detect if any roughness or imperfec-

tion of surface remains.

Finny Tribe. Fish ;:.so called be-
cause they are furnished with fins.

Finsbury (London). A corruption
of Fens-bury, the town in the fens.

Fion, son of Comnal, an enormous
giant, who could pe his feet on two
mountains, and then stoop and drink
from a stream in the valley between.
(Gaelic legend.)

Fir-cone on the Thyrsus. The juice
of the fir-tree (turpentine) used to be
mixed by the Greeks with new wine
to make it keep; hence it was adopted
as one of the symbols of Bacchus.

Fir-tree (The). Atys was metamor-
phosed into a fir-tree by Cybelé, as he
was about to lay violent hands on him-
self. (Ovid: Metamorphoses, x. fable 2.)

Fire. (Anglo-Saxon, fyr ; Greek, pwr.)
St. Antony’s fire. Erysipelas, ‘‘ Le
eu St. Antoine.”? (See pert
St. Helen’s fire. “Ignis sancte Heléne.””
‘* Feu St. Helme.” (Sce Castor and
Poutux ; and Exmo.)
Hermes’s fire. Same as St. Helen’s
a past d through the fi
have myself passed thr re ;
I have rial cg of ‘Aomail have had
experience in trouble. The allusion is
to Shadrach, Meshach, and Aredwogas
who were cast into the fiery furnace
Nebuchadnezzar (Dan. iii.),

Fire

, 464

First-class

Tf you will enjoy the fire you must put
up Tia the ras atin, “ Commod' =
itas quevis sua fert incommdda secum.’’)
Every convenience has its inconveni-
ence,

More fire in the bed-straw. More mis-
chief brewing. Alluding to the times
ne straw was used for carpets and

eds.

No fire without smoke, (French, ‘* Nul
feu sans fumée.”) No good without its
mixture of evil.

No smoke without fire, To every scan-
dal there is some foundation.

Where there is smoke there is fire.
Every effect is the result of some cause.

Fire. Zhe Great Fire of London
(1666) broke out at Master Farryner’s,
the king’s baker, in Pudding Lane, and
after three nights and three days was
arrested at Pie Corner, St. Paul’s
Cathedral, eighty-nine other churches,
anc 13,200 houses were burnt down.

Fire Away! Say on; say what you
have to say. The allusion to firing a
gun; as,
muzzle with something you want to say;
fire away and discharge your thoughts.

“* Foster, [ haye something I want you and
Miss Caryll to understand,’ ‘Fire away!’ ex-
claiined Foster.”"—Watson: The Web of a Spider,
chap. Xv.

Fire away, Flan'agan. A taunt to a
boaster. A man threatening you, says
he will do this, that, and the other; you
reply, ‘‘ Fire away, Flanagan.” Crom-
well marched against a castle defended
by Flanagan, who threatened to open
his cannon on the Parliamentarians unless
they withdrew. Cromwell wrote on the
corner of the missive sent to him, “‘ Fire
away, Flanagan,” and the doughty cham-
pion took to his heels immediately.

Fire First. Non, Monsieur, nous ne
tirons jamais les premiers. According
to tradition, this was said by the Count
D’Auteroches to Lord Charles Hay at
the battle of Fontenoy, 30th April,
1745 (old style).

“On c'était de tradition dans l'armée; on
laissait toujours par courtoisie, Pavantage du
premier feu a Vennemi,” (See Notes and Queries,
2th October, 1892, p. 345.)

Fire-balloon. A balloon whose as-
consional power is derived from hot air

rising from a fire beneath its open mouth.
Montgolfier used such a balloon.

Fire-brand. An incendiary; one
who incites to rebellion; like a blazing
brand which sets on fire all it touches.

“Our fire-brand brother, Paris, burns us all.”
kespeare: Troilus and Cressida, ii, 2.

ou are primed up to the |

Fire-drake or Fie-dragon. A fiery
serpent, an ignis-fatuus of large propor-
tions, superstitiously believed to be a
flying dragon keeping guard over hid
treasures,

“There isa fellow somewhat near the door, he
should be a brazier by his. face, for, o’ my con-,
science, twenty of the dog-days now reign in ‘s
nose... . That fire-drake did I hit three times on
the head.”—Shakespeare: Henry VIII, V. 3

Fire-eaters. Persons ready to quar-
rel for anything. The allusion is to the
jugglers who ‘“‘ eat’’ flaming tow, pour
melted lead down their throats, and
hold red-hot metal between their teeth.
Richardson, in the seventeenth century
—Signora Josephine Girardelli (the ori-
ginal Salamander), in the early part of
the nineteenth century—and Chaubert,
a Frenchman, of the present century,
were the most noted of these exhibitors.

“The great fire-eater lay unconscious upon the
floor of the house.”—Nashville Banner,

Fire-new. Spick and span new (q.v.).

“ You should bave accosted her ; and with some
excellent jests fire-new from the mint."—Skake-
speare: Twelfth Night, ili. 2.

Fire-ship. <A ship filled with com-
bustibles to be sent against adverse
vessels in order-to set them on fire.

Fire Up (Zo). To become indig-
nantly angry. The Latin, ‘‘ird exardes-
c&re,” “ Inflammer de colere.”

Fire Worship was introduced into
Persia by Phe’dima, widow of Smerdis,
and wife of Gushtasp darawesh, usuall
called Hystaspes (B.¢. pare oF It is
not the sun that is worshipped, but God,
who is supposed to reside in it; at the
same time they reverence the sun, not as
a deity but as the throne of deity. (See
PARSEES, )

Fire and Sword. Letters of fire and
sword, If a criminal resisted the law
and refused to answer his citation, it
was accounted treason in the Scottish
courts; and ‘‘ letters of fire and sword”
were sent to the sheriff, authorising him
to use either or both these instruments
to apprehend the contumacious party.

Fire and Water. J will qe through
fire and water to serve you. The refer-
ence is the ordeals of fire and water
which might be transferred to. substi-
tutes. Paul seems to refer to substitu-
tional death in Rom. v. 7: “ Scarcely

' for a righteous man will one die; yet

for a good man some would even dare to
die.” : }

Firm as a Rock. (Sce SIMILES.) _

First-class Hard Labour. Under —
this sentence, the prisoner sleeps ona

First -fruits

465

Fish

plank bed without a mattress, and
spends six or eight hours a day turning
a hard crank, or treading a wheel. (See
SEcoNnD-cLass Harp LaBour.)

First-fruits. The first profitable
results of labour. In husbandry, the
first corn that is cut at harvest.' We
also use the word in an evil sense; as,
the first-fruits of sin, the first-fruits of
repentance.

First Water. 4 diamond of the first
water, (See DIAMOND.)

First Gentleman of Europe. A
‘nickname given to George IV., who
certainly was first in rank, but it would
be sad indeed to think he was ever the
most gentlemanly man in feeling, man-
ners, and deportment, Louis d'Artois
was so Called also.

First Grenadier of France. A
title given by Napoleon to Latour d’Au-
vergne (1743-1800).

First Stroke is Half the Battle,
‘* Well begun is half done.” ‘‘ A good
lather is half the shave.’’

Latin: “Incipe: dimidium facti est ccepisse.*
(Ausonius.) i
“Dimidium facti, qui ccepit, habet.”

(Horace.) -
French: “ Barbe bien savonnée est 4 moitié faite,
Heureux commencement est lu moitié
de l’euvre.
C’ n'est que le premier pas qui cofite.*

Fish, The French have a remarkable
locution respecting fish as a food:

“ Aprés poisson, lait est poison ;

Aprés poisson, le vin est bon ;
Aprés poisson, noix est contre-poison.”

Fish. The reason why fish are em-
ployed.as.card-counters. is from a mis-
apprehension of the French word fiche
(a five-sou piece), The, two points
allowed for, the ‘‘rub’’ are called in
French la fiche de consolation, The
Spanish word pez has also a double
meaning—a ‘‘winning,”’ or a “fish ;”’

eZ is the Welsh pysg, Latin pose’, Eng-
ish fish.

A loose cae One of loose or dissolute
habits. Fish implying a human being
is derogatory, but bird is a loving term,
as my ‘‘bonny bird,’”’ etc. Beast is
most reproachful, as ‘‘ You are a

t, ”

‘A pretty kettle of fish. (See Krvtux.)
44, weer fish. An eccentric person.

(See above, Loose FisH.) Be.
Allis fish that comes to my net. “* Auri
bonus est odor ex re qualibet.”” I am

willing to deal in anything out of which
Ican make a profit. I turn everything
to some use. | é

“ Al is fishe that cometh to me net."—G. Gas- |

eoigne: The Steele Glas (died 15!
0.

He eats no fish ; he is not a papist : be
is an honest man, and one to bs trusted
In the reign of Elizabeth papists were
opposed to the Government, and Pro-
testants, to show their loyalty, refused
to eat fish on Fridays to show they were
not papists.

“TI do profess. ...to serve him trnly ,..
and to eat no ish."—Shakespeare: King Lear, \. 4.

I have other fish to fry ; “Jai bien
@autres affurres en téte ;” ‘* Aliud mihi
est agendum ;"’ I am busy and canpot
attend to [that] now; I have other
matters to attend to.

Mute as a fish, Fish have no lauguage
like birds, beasts, and insects. Their

- utmost power of sound is a feeble cry of

ain, the result of intestinal respiration.
he French also say ‘‘mute comme un
poisson.”’

The best fish smell when they are three
days old; “Vhote et le poisson puent
passé trois jours.” ‘Withdraw — thy
foot from thy neighbour’s house, lest he
get weary of thee, and so hate thee"’
(Prov. xxv. 17). ‘‘Don’t outstay your
welcome.”’

The best fish swim near the bottom.
“* Le meilleur poisson nage prés du fond.”’
What is most commercially valuable is
not to be found on the surface of the
earth, nor is anything else really valu-
able to be obtained without trouble.
‘*Tl faut casser le noyau pour en avoir
Vamande,”’ for ‘‘ Nil sine magno vita
labore dedit mortalibus.”’

Fish. It is neither fish, flesh, nor fowl;
or Neither fish, flesh, nor good red her-
ring. Not fish (food for the monk), not
flesh (food for the baa Py generally),
nor yet red herring (food for paupers).
Suitable to no class of people; fit for
neither one thing nor another.

? Fish comes first because in the
Middle Ages the clergy took precedence
of the laity.

“She would be a betwixt-and-between ... .
neither tish nor fowL”—Mre. Lyan Linton.

Fish-day (4) [jour maigre). A day
in the Roman Catholic Church when
persons, without ecclesiastical permis-
sion, are forbidden to eat meat.

Fish-wife (4). A woman who hawks
fish about the streets. ©
Fish and Flesh. You must not make

sh of one and flesh of the othey. You
et creal both alike. Fish is an in-

' ferior sort of animal food to flesh. The

alliteration has much to do with the
phrase. :

Fishin Treubled Water (7). In
French, “ Pécher en cau troublé.” To

Fish it Out

scramble for personal advantage in
times of rebellion, revolution, or a tier

calamity. ;

Fish it Out (Zo). This is the Latin
expiscor.

Fish out of Water. Out of place;
without one’s usual occupation ; restless
from lack of employment.

Fisher of Souls (The great). The
devil.

©] trust, young man, that neither idleness nor
licentions pleasure....the chief baits with
which the great Fisber of souls conceals his
hooks, are the causes of your declining the career
to which I would incite you."—Sir W, Scott: The
Monastery, chap. xi.

. Fisherman. The jisherman-who was
father of three kings. Abu Shujah al
Bouyah was a Persian fisherman in the

rovince of Delém’, whose three sons,
mad, Ruken, and Moez, all rose to
sovereign power.

Fishing. Fishing for compliments.
Laying a bait for praise.

_ Fisk (in Hudibras) was Nicholas
Fisk, a physician and astrologer, who
used to say that a physician never de-
served his bread till he had no teeth to
eat it. . In his old age he was almost a
beggar. ;

Fitz (Norman). Son of; as Fitz-
Herbert, Fitz-William, Fitz-Peter, ete.
It is sometimes applied to illegitimate
children, as Fitz-Clarence, Fitz-roy,
etc.

Fitz-Fulke (Hebé). ‘‘A gracious,
graceful, graceless grace ;’’ ‘‘fat, fair,
and forty.”” (Byron: Don Juan, canto
Xvi.)

Fitzwilliam Museum (Cambridge
University). So called from Earl Fitz-
william, who left £100,000, with books,
paintings, etc., to form the nucleus of a
museum for the benefit of the university.

Five, or the pentad, the ae mystic
number, being the sum 2+ tithe
first eren and first odd compound. Unity
is God alone, t.¢. without creation. Two
is diversity, and three (being 1.+ 2) is
the compound of unity and diversity, or

‘the two principles in operation since
creation, and representing all the powers
of nature. 2

2? Five-mintte Clause. A Proves
sometimes inserted in deeds of se
tion, whereby it is stipulated that the
deed is null and voidif the husband and
wife remain together five minutes after
the eeparation is enjoined.

466

Fixt

Five Natigns (Jie). The five con-
federated Indian tribes, viz. the Mohawks,
Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Se-
necas. Known as the [roguois Confede-
racy.

Five Points (The). (See Catvinism.)

Five Wits. (1) Common sense, (2)
imagination, (3) fantasy, (4) estimation,
and (5) memory. Common sense is the
outcome of the five senses ; imagination
is the ‘‘ wit’? of the mind; fantasy is
imagination united with judgment ;
estimation estimates the absolute, such
as time, space, locality, and so on; and
memory is the “ wit’? of recalling past
events. (See SEvEN WITS.)

“ Four of bis five wits went haiting off.”
Shakespeare: Much Ado, etc., |. 2.

“ These are the five witts removyng inwardly :
ei ‘Common witte,’ and then ‘ Ymagip-
ation,’
*‘ Fantasy,’ and ‘ Estimation" truely,
And ‘ Memory."
Stephen Hawes: The Pusse-tyme of Plesure (1515).

Sry Cir.

Fiver (A). A five-pound note. A
‘tenner’ is a ten-pound note.

Fives. A game similar to court-ten-
nis ; the hand, however, is used instead of
aracket. Said to be so called because
the game is three fives (15).

“Ho forgot that cricket and fives are capita)
training for tennis."—T. Hughes: Tom Brown at
Oxford, chap. ii.

A bunch of fives. The fist, in which
the five fingers are bound in a bunch.

Fix. I’m in a fir. A predicament.
The allusion is to machinery which will
not move. The Northumberland was in
a terrible fix at the launch, when it
refused to leave the dock. (1866.)

Fixed Air. Carbonic dioxide gas. Dr.
Black gave it this name, because car-
bonate of magnesia evolved by heat
carbonic acid, that is, MgO, CO, evolved
COx, thereb proving that COz (carbonic
acid) is a ‘‘ fixed air.’’

Fixed Oils. Oils obtained by simple
pressure. These oils do not readily dry
or volatilise, but remain fixed in their
oily character.

Fixed Stars. Stars whose relative
position to other stars is fixed or always
the same. Planets are always shifting
their relative positions.

Fixt (Zhe). That is, the Firmament.
According to the Ptolemaic System, the
earth is surrounded by nine spheres.
These spheres are surrounded by the

{ Primum Mobile (or First Moved) ; ‘and the

Sh

Flaccus 467s

Fiame

Premium Mobile is enveloped by the
empyréan, or abode of deity
“They pass the planets seven, and pass the fixt,
And that crystalline sphere whose balance weighs
The trepidation talked, and that tirst moved.”
Milton: Paradise Lost, iii. 481—3,

Flaccus, Horace, the Roman poet,
whose full name was Quintus Hora’tius
Flaccus.

Flag. (Danish, flag.)

A black flag is the emblem of piracy or
of no quarter. (See BLack Fxacs.)

To ede! the black flag. To declare
war e curtain which used to hang
before the door of Ayeshah, Mahomet’s
favourite wife, was taken for a national

flag, and is regarded by Mussulmans as

the most precious of relics. It is black,
and is never unfolded except as a declar-
ation of war,

A red flag. To display a red flag is to
defy or dare to battle. Red isthe emblem
of blood. The Roman signal for battle.

A yellow fing signals contagious disease
on board ship.

To get one’s flag. To become an
admiral. Formerly the captain of a flag-
ship was called a ‘‘ flag-officer.””

“ | do not believe that the bullet is cast that is
to deprive you of life, Jack , you'll Oe your flag,
as 1 hope to get mine. "—Kingston: The Three Ad-
mirals, xiil,

To hang the flag half-mast high is in
token of mourning or distress,

To hang out the white flag. To sue for
quarter , to give in.

To lower one’s flag , to eat humble pie
to eat the leek , to confess oneself in the
wrong, to eat one’s own words.

“Tbe Association after systematically
opposing the views of the National Congress,
had to lower the flag and pass a résolution in
favour of simultaneous examinations.” — Nine-
teenth Century (April, 1894, page 670)

To strike the flag. To lower it or pull
it down upon the cap, in token of re-
spect or submission. In naval warfare
it means to surrender.

Flag, Flags.
Banners of Saints, Flags smaller than stand-
ards, and not slit at the extremity.
Royal Banners contain tbe royal arms,
Standards, much larger and longer than banners,
and slit at the extremity. A standard has no
armorial bearings. “
Burgee. A small flag with the loose end cleft
likea =<.
Pennant. A small triangular ane
_Pennons, much smaller than standards ; rounded
at the extremity, and charged with arms.
Bannerols, banners of great width, representing
alliances and descents,
_Pengils, small flags shaped like the vanes on
pinnacles.

Flag Lieutenant (4). An admiral’s
aide-de-camp.

Flag-officer. Either an admiral,
vice-admiral, rear-admiral, or’ commo-
dore. These officers alone are privileged

to carry a flag denotingrank, Admirals
carry their flag at the main, vice-admi-
rals at the fore, and rear-adinirals at the

mizen. (See ADMIRAL.)
Flag-ship. A ship carrying a flag
officer. (See ADMIRAL.)

Flag Signals (on railroads),

“ White is all right ; Red is all wrong ;
Green is go cautiously bowling along.”

Flag’s Down (The). Indicative of
distress. When the face is pale the
“flag is down.” Alluding to the un-
cient custom of taking down the flag of
theatres during Lent, when the theatres
were closed.

“'Tis Lent in your cheeks, the flag’s down."—
Dodsley’s Old Plays (vol y.). 314, article, “ Mad
World.”)

Flag of Distress. A card at one’s
window announcing ‘‘lodgings’’ or
**board and lodgings.” The allusion is
evident, A flag reversed, hoisted with
the union downwards.

Flagellants. A sect of enthusiasts
in the middle of the thirteenth century,
who went in procession about the streets
inflicting on themselves daily flagel-
lations, in order to merit thereby the
favour of God. They were put down
soon after their appearance, but revived
in the fourteenth century. Also called
“ Brothers of the Cross.”

Flam. Flattery for an object; blar-
ney; humbug. (Inish, fim, Anglo-Saxon,
Jlem, flight.)

“They told me what a fine thing it was to he an
Englishman, and about liberty and property ..
1 find it was a flam."—Godwin: Caleb Williams,
vol. ji. chap. v. p. 57.

Flamberge or Floberge. The sword
which Maugis took from Anthénor, the
Saracen admiral, when he came to attack
the castle of Oriande la Feé. It was
made by Weyland, the Vulcan, Otythe

agate Se pee
Northern Olympus. ed of Mau-
gis d’ Aygremont et de Vivian son Frére.)

“Mais si une fois je luy fais essayer ceste-cy
plus tranchante que ‘Joyeuse, Durandel, Haute-
claire. ou Flamberge, je le fendray jusques 93
lrestomach "—Pierre def Arivey: Le Jalouz, v. 6.

Flamboyant Architecture. A flomd
style which prevailed in France in the
15th and 16th centuries. So called from
its flame-like tracery.

“The great tower [of Antwerp cathedral). .
most florid and flamboyant .. is oneof the few
rivals of. the peerless, steeple of Strasbourg."—
James : Sketches (Belgium), p. 394.

Flame. A sweetheart. ‘An old
flame,’’ a quondam sweetheart. In

Latin, flamma is used for /ove, and so is

| fewin French. Ardeo, to burn like fire,

is also applied to the passion of love ;

| hence,. Virgil (Zed. ii, 4), ‘‘ Corydon

Flaming

ardebat Alexin ;’’ and Horace (Epoch
xiii, 9), ‘Arsit Anacreon Bathyllo.”

Flaming. Superb, captivating, at-
tractive. The French jlambant. This
word was originally applied to those

ersons who dressed themselves in rich

ressés ‘‘ flaming’? with gold and silver
thread. We now speak of a ‘flaming
advertisement,”’ etc.

“ Le velour, trop commun en France,
Sous toy reprend son vieil honneur,
Tellement que ta remontrance
Nous a fait voir la différence
Du valet et de son Seigneur,
Et du muguet chargé de soye
Qui a tes princes s’esgaloit,
Et riche en draps de soye, alloit
Faisant flamber toute la yoye.”
Ronsard: Au Roy Henri Il. (1546.)
Fia'‘ming Swords. Swords with a
wavy or flamboyant edge, generally used
for state purposes. The Dukes of Bur-
pundy carried swords of this sort, and
hey were worn in our country till the

accession of William IIT.

Flamin'‘ian Way. The great north-
‘ern road of ancient Italy, constructed
by ©. Flamin’‘ius, and beginning at the

laminian gate of Rome, and leading to
Ariminium (Rimini).

Flanders (oll). The chief character
of De Foe's novel of the same name.
She runs through the whole career of
female profligacy, then turns religious.

Flanders’ Babies. The wooden
jointed dolls common in the early part
of the nineteenth century, and now
aime entirely superseded by ‘‘ wax
alls,’

Flanders’ Mare (Zhe).
VIII. called Anne of Cleves.
at Chelsea in 1557.

So Henry

Flaneur (French), A lounger, gos-

siper. From flaner, to saunter about.

Wlap-dragons. Small combustible
bodies blazing atone end and floating
in a glass of liquor. ‘The liquor was
stirred about with a candle-end to pro-
mote combustion. A skilful toper would
swallow them blazing, as we swallow
the blazing raisins of snap-dragons.

“He drinks off candles’ ends for flap-dragons.”
—Shakespeare: 2 Henry IV., ii. 4,

Flare-up. A sudden outburst of
anger; a gas-jet or other ignitible body
dan up when lighted with a sudden

aze,

Flare-up (4). A rumpus or row.
Also a banquet or jovial treat. The
first meaning is simply the substantive
‘ef the verb. The second meaning refers
to dazzle and ‘splendour ”’ displayed,

468

She died .

Flay a Fox

Flash. A mere flash in the pan. All
sound and fury, signifying nothing; like
the attempt to discharge a gun that ends
with a flash in the lock-pan, the gun
itself ‘‘ hanging fire.”

Flash Men and Flash Notes. Be-
tween Buxton, Leek, and Macclesfield
is a wild country called the Flash, from
a chapel of that name. Here used to
live a set of pedlars, who hawked about
buttons, ribbons, and other articles made
at Leek, together with handkerchiefs
and small wares from Manchester. They
were known on the road as Flash-men,
and frequented fairs and farmhouses.
They paid, at first, ready-money; but
when they had established a credit, paid
in promissory notes, which were rarely
honoured. They were ultimately put
down by the magistracy.

Flat. One who is not sharp; a suite
of rooms on one floor.

“Oh, Messrs... . what flats you are!”—The
Times,

“ He said he was going to have a flat to let on the
top tloor.” — Howells: Hazards of New Fortunes.

vol. i, part i. p. 123,

Flat as a flounder, I knocked him
down flat asa fiounder. A. flounder is
one of the flat-fish.

Flat as a pancake, Quite flat. A pan-

cake is a thin flat cake, fried in a pan.

Flat-fish. He is a regular flat-fish.
A dull, stupid fellow, not up to enye
thing. The play is upon flat (stupid),
and such fish as plaice, dabs, and soles.

Flat Milk. Skimmed milk, that is,
milk ‘fletted’’ (Anglo-Saxon, jlet,
cream ; Latin, flos lactis.)

Flat Race (4). A race on the flat
or level ground without obstacles.

Flat Simplicity. ‘ The flat simplicity
of that reply was admirable.” (Colley
Cibber : The Crooked Husband, i. 1.)

Flatterer. Vitellius, the Roman sy-
nony1of flatterer. (Zacitus, Ann.xi. 32.)

Flatterers. When flatterers meet, the
devil goes to dinner, Flattery is so perni-
cious, so fills the heart with pride and
conceit, so perverts the judgment and
disturbs the balance of the mind, that

Satan himself could do no greater mis-

chief. He may go to dinner and leave
the leaven of wickedness to operate its
own mischief, Y
“ Porteus, there is a proverb thou shouldst read Fy
“When flatterers meet, the devil goes to dinner,’
Peter Pindar: Nil Admirart.
Flay a Fox (70). To vomit.
“At the time of the paroxysm he used to flay :
Sa way of antidote”—Rabeluis: Pantagru

Flea

469

Flemish School

Flea. When the Princess Badoura
was placed on Prince Camaral’zaman’s
bed, in order to compare their claims
to beauty, the fairy Maimouné changed
herself into a flea, and bit the prince on
the neck in order to awake him. Next,
the genius Danhasch changed himself
into a flea and bit the princess on the
lip, that she might open her eyes and see
the prince. eee Nights; Cama-
ralzaman and Badoura.)

Flea as a4 parasite.
“ Hobbes clearly proves that every creature
Lives in a state of war by nature ;
So naturalists observe a flea
Has smaller fleas that on him prey,
And these have smaller still to bite 'em,
Aud 80 proceed ad insinitum.”
Swift: Poetry ; a Rhapsody.
Sent off with a flea in his ear. Peremp-
torily. A dog which has a flea in the
ear is very restless, and runs off in
terror and distress, In French: Metlre
@ quelqwun puce ad Voreille. Probably
our change of word implies a pun.

. Flea-bite. It is a mere flea-bite. A
thing of no moment. Thus, a merchant
who has suffered loss by speculation or

failure might: say that the loss is a mere |

flea-bite to him. A soldier might call
a wound a mere flea-bite. A passing

inconvenience which annoys but leaves

no permanent injury. Mr. Disraeli
8 oke of the national debt as a mere
ea-bite.

Flea’s Jump. Aristoph’anés, in the
Clouds, says that Socratés and Che’-
rephon tried to measure how many times
its own length a flea jumped. They took
in wax the size of a flea’s foot; then, on
the principle of ex pede Herculem, calcu-
lated the length of its body. Having
found this, and measured the distance of
the flea’s jump from the hand of Socrates
to Cherephon, the knotty problem was
resolved by simple multiplication.

Fle‘ance (2 syl.). Son of Banquo.
(Shakespeare : Macbeth.)

Fléche. Faire fléche de tout bois, To
turn every event into a cause of censure.
To make whatever wood falls in your
path an arrow to discharge at your
adversary.

Flecknoe (Richard). An Irish priest,
who printed a host of poems, letters, and
travels. As a poet, his name, like the
names of Mevius and Bavius among the
‘Romans, is proverbial for vileness. Dry-
‘den says he—
: '“Reigned without dispute

‘Through all the realms of nonsense absolute.”
ae Dryden: MacFlecknoe.

f

Fledgeby (2 syl.). An over-reaching,
cowardly sneak, who conceals his dirty
bill-broking under the trade name of
Pubsey & Co. He is soundly thrashed
by Altred Lammle, and quietly pockets
the affront. (Dickens: Mutual riend.)

Flee the Falcon (Zo). To let fly

. the small cannon.

“*T ll flee the falcon’ (so the small cannon was
called) ‘I'll flee the falcon ... my certie, she'll
ruffie their feathers for them’” {i.e, the insur-
gents],—Siy W. Scott: Old Mortality, chap. xxv.

Fleeced (1 syl.). Cheated of one’s
money ; sheared like a sheep.

Fleet Book Evidence. No evidence
at all. The books of the Old Fleet
prison are not admissible as evidence
to prove a marriage. (Wharton: Law
Dictionary.)

Fleet Marriages. Clandestine mar-
riages, at one time performed without
banns or licence by needy chaplains, in
Fleet Prison, London. As many as thirty
marriages a day were sometimes cele-
brated in this disgraceful manner ; and
Malcolm -tells us that 2,954 were regis-
tered in the four months ending with
February 12th, 1705. pation by the
Marriage Act in 1754. (See Chaplain of
the Fleet, by Besant and Rice.)

Fleet Street (London). For 200
years after the Conquest London was
watered on the west by ‘‘the river of
Wells,’’ afterwards called ‘‘ Fleet dyke,
because (Stowe says) it runneth past the
Fleete.’’? In the middle of the city and
falling into the Thames was Wellbrooke ;
on the east side, Langbourne; and in
the western suburbs, Oldbourne. Along
the Fleete and Oldbourne ‘ships’
used to ply with merchandise. These
four, together with the Roding, the
Lea, the Ravensbourne, and the Wandle,
now serve as sewers to the great me-
tropolis.

Fleet of the Desert. A caravan.

Flemish Account. A sum less than
that expected. In Antwerp accounts
were kept in livres, sols, and pence ;
but the dive or pound was only 12s.
In Notes and Queries we have an example
of a Flemish account, where £373: Flem-
ish becomes £213 2s. 10d. English.

Flemish School. A school of paint-
ing established by the brothers Van
Eyck, in the fifteenth century. The
chief early masters were serene.
Weyden, Matsys, Mabus, and Moro. Of
the second period, Rubens and Vandyck,
Snyders, Jordaens, Gaspar de Crayery

and.the younger Teniers. 7

Flesh and Blood

Flesh and Blood. Human nature,
as ‘‘ Flesh and blood cannot stand it.”’

Flesh-pots, Sighing for the flesh-pots
of Egypt. Hankering for good things
no longer at your command. The chil-
dren of Israel said they wished they had
died ‘when they sat by the flesh-pots
of Egypt’’ (Exodus xvi. 3)—t.e. when
they sat watching the boilers which
contained the meat they were to have
for dinner. The expression also means
abundance of appetising food.

Fleshed. He fleshed his sword. Used
it for the first time. Men jleshed in
cruelty—t.e, initiated or used to it. A
sportsman’s expression. When asports-
man wishes to encourage a young dog or
hawk, he will allow it to have the first
game it catches for its own eating. This
“flesh.” is the first it has tasted, and
fieshing its tooth thus gives the creature
a craving for similar food, Hence, also,
to eat with avidity.

G “The wild dog

Shall flesb his tooth on every innocent.”
Shakespeare: 2 Henry IV., iv. 5.

Fleshly School (Zhe). A class of

‘* realistic’? British poets, such as Swin- '

burne, Rossetti, Morris, ete. So called
by Thomas Maitland [2. Buchanan] in
the Contemporary Review.

Fle’ta. An excellent treatise on the
common law of England, written in
the fourteenth century by an unknown
writer while a prisoner in the Fleet.

Fleur-de-Luce. A cor-
ruption of Fleur-de-Lis. (See
Frac.) In Italian the white
iris is called jiordilisa. Made q
thus.
“They may give the dozen white luces in their
coat.” — Shakespeare: Merry Wives, 1. 1.
Fleurs-de-Lys. In the reign of Louis
VII. (1137-1180) the national standard
was thickly charged with flowers. In
1365 the number was reduced by
Jharles VI. to three (the mystical church
bumber).
feraldrie, 1611, says the device is
“Three toads erect, saltant ;’’
in allusion to which Nostrada’-
mus, in the sixteenth century,
calls Frenchmen erapatuds
(toads). Recently it has been
thought that the device is really a ‘bee
flying,’’ because certain ornaments re-
‘sembling bees were found in the tomb
‘of Childeric, father of Clovis, when it
was opened in 1653. These bees are
now generally believed to be the fleurons
of horse-trappings, and quite independent
of the emblem. ;

470

Guillim, in his Display of

Flins

The fleur-de-lys or lily-flower was
chosen by Flavio Gio’ja to mark the
north point of the compass, out of com-
pliment to the King of Naples, who was
of French descent (1302).

Flibbertigibbet. One of the five
fiends that possessed ‘‘poor Tom.”
Shakespeare got it from Bishop Harsnet’s
account of the Spanish invasion, where
we are told of forty fiends which the
Jesuits cast out, and among the number
was Fliberdigibet. Shakespeare says he
‘is the fiend of mopping and mowing,
who possesses chambermaids and waiting
women’? (King Lear, iv. 2). And,
again, that he ‘‘ begins at curfew and
walks till the first cock,’’ giving men
pins and needles, squint eyes, hare-lips,
and soon. (Shakespeare: Lear, iii, 4.)

Flic (French). A policeman or ser-
geant de ville. ‘* Une allusion a@ Vépée
des sergents de ville, ou plutét aux fleches
des archers primitifs” pprectss. ence
‘* flic-flacs,’’ thumps and thwacks.

Flick. To strike with a quick jerk.
To “flick a whip in one’s face’’ is to
strike the face with the lash and draw
the whip suddenly back again. (Anglo-
Saxon, jliccerian ; Scotch, flicker ; Da-
nish, jlikkeren, to twinkle, etc.)

Flies. (Sce FLY.)

Fling.

I must have a fling at.. Throwa
stone at something. To attack with
words, especially sarcastically. To
make a haphazard venture. usion is
to hurling stones from slings, t

To have his fling. 'To live on the loose
fora time. To fling about his time and
money like ‘‘ ducks and drakes.”’

“If he is young, he desires to have his
‘fling before he is compelled to settle down “—
Nineteenth Century (February, 1892, p. 208). %

Fling Herself at my Head (70).
To make desperate love to a man; to
angle obviously to catch a certain indi-
vidual for a husband. ;

“*Coxcomb ?* said Lance ; ‘ why, ‘twas but last
night the whole family saw her . ©. fling her:
self at my head,’"—Sir W, Scott: Peveril of the
Peak, chap. vii. ry

Flins [a stone]. An idol of the an-
cient, Vandals scttled in Lusace. It was
a huge stone, draped, wearing a lion’s
skin over its shoulders, and designed to
represent death. Mr. Lower says that
the town of Flint in North Wales is
named in honout of this stone deity, and
gives Alwin Flint in Suffolk as another

example. (Pat. Brit.) se eb
The Welsh .call Flint-Fint Teg-cing)
(Flin’s beautiful band or girdle).” ~~

Frora’s Dial

‘Flint. To skin a flint. To act
meanly, and exact the uttermost farthing.

Flint Im’plements. -Arrow-heads,
axe-heads, lance-heads, and knives, made
of granite, jade, oe oa jasper, ba-
salt, and other hard stones. - The first
were discovered on the banks of the
Somme, near Amiens and Abbeville, but
others have been discovered in Belgium,
Germany, Italy, etc. They were the
rude instruments of men before the use
of metal was known.

Flint Jack, Edward Simpson, an
occasional servant of Dr. Young, of
Whitby. So called because he used to
tramp 'the kingdom vending spurious
fossils, flint arrow-heads, stone celts, and
other imitation antiquities. Professor
Tennant charged him with forging these
wares, and in 1867 he was sent to prison
tor theft,

Flipper. Tip us your flipper. Give
me your hand. A fever ta the paddle
of a turtle,

Flirt. -A coquette. The word-is

from the verb flirt, as, “to flirt a:

fan.” The fan being used for coquet-
ting, those who coquetted were called
fan-flirts, Lady Frances Shirley, the
favourite of Lord Chesterfield, intro-
duced -the word. Flirt is allied to
flutter, flit, jerk, ete.

Flittermouse, A bat. South calls
the bata flinder-mouse. (German, fleder-
maus:)

Flo (Old French), A crowd, (Latin,
fluctus.)

* Puis lor tramist par buiz ouverz
Grand flo d'Anglois de fer couverz.”
Guillaume Guwiart, verse 1692,

Floated (Stock Exchange. term).
Brought out (said of a loan or company),
as the Turkish ’69 Loan was floated by
the. Cohens. The French 6 per cent.
was floated by the Morgans.

Floaters (Stock Exchange term).
Exchequer bills and other unfunded
stock, (Sce Stock ExcHANGE SLANG.)

-Floating Academy (Thc). The
hulks, _

Flogging the Dead Horse. Trying
to revive an interest-in a subject out
of date. Bright said that Earl Russell’s
‘‘Reform Bill’? was a ‘dead horse,”
amd every attempt to create any enthu-
siasm in its favour was like “ flogging
the dead horse.”

Flogged by Deputy. When Henri _

IV. of France abjured Protestantism and

was received into the Catholic Church,
in 1595, twe ambassadors were sent to
Rome who knelt in the portico of St.

' Peter, and sang the Miserére. At each

verse a blow with a switch was given on
their shoulders.

*. Strange as this may seem, yet numerous ex-
amples occur in the Scriptures ; thus, for David's
sin thousands of his. subjects were "flogged to
death by deputy ;"’ and what else is meant by the
words “ by his stripes we are healed” ?

Flood. The almost universal tradition
of the East respecting this catastrophe is
that the waters were boiling hot. (Sce’
the Talmud, the Targums, the. Korgn,
etc.)

Floor. _J floored him. Knocked him
down on the floor ; hence, to overcome,
beat or surpass. Thus, we say at the
university, ‘‘I floored that paper,” i.e.
answered every question on it. ‘I
floored that problem ’’—did it perfectly,
or made myself master of it.

Floorer. That was a floorer. That
blow knocked the man down on the
floor. In the university we say, ‘‘ That
paper or question was a floorer ;’’ inean-
ing it was too hard to be mastered, (See:
above.)

Flora. Flowers; all the vegetable
pat fae of a country or of a geo-
ogical period, as the-flora of England,
the flora of the coal period. Flora was
the Roman goddess of flowers,

“ Another Flora there, of bolder hues,

And ricber sweets beyond our garden's pride.”

Thomson: Summer.

The animals of a period or country
are called the Fauna; hence, the phrase
the Flora and the’ Fauna of ....
signifies ail its vegetable and animal
productions.

Metropolis of Flora. Aranjuez, in
Spain, is so called, from its many beau-
tiful gardens,

Flora’s- Dial, A dial formed by

flowers which open or close at stated

hours,
I. Dial of flowers which open—
(a) The first twelve hours.

3 OPENS.
(Scandinavian Sowthistle closes.)
Yellow Goat's-beard.
Common Ox-tongue, , ‘
Hawkweed ; Late-Howering Dandelion ; and
Wild Succory. i
White Water-lily ; Naked-stalked Poppy
and Smooth Sowthistle. A
Shrubby Hawkweed and Spotted Cat's-ears,
White Water-lily ; Garden Lettuce; and
African Mariszold,
‘Scarlet Pimpernel ; Mouse-ear Hawkweed:
_ and Proliferous Pink. :
9. Field Marigold. oo
10, Red Sandwort.. ’
ll. Star of Bethlehem.
Noon. Ice Plant.

>

SP AP YT Swernrs

Florence

472

Florizel

(4) The second twelve hours,
Mt, . OPENS,
1, Common Purslane.
2, (Purple Sandwort closes.)
3. sDandetion closes.)
4 White Spiderwort closes.)
5.
6
7.
8

. Julap.
. Dark Crane’s-hill.
(aber seothad Poppy closes.)
, Orange Day-lily closes.)
9, Cactus
10. Purple y
V1. Niglt-bloopming Catch-fiy.
Midnight. (Late-flowering Dandelion closes.)

II. Dial of closing flowers—
(a) The first twelve hours,

AM. 2 CLOSES,
Scandinavian Sowthistle.
(Yellow Goat's-beard opens.)
cco mon Oxtongue opens),
Wild Succory opens,
(Several Sowthistles open.)

_ (Spotted Cat's-ear opens.)
Night-flowering Catcb-fly.
Evening Primrose,

Purple Bindweed,

10. Yellow Goat's-beard. 2

ll. Bethlehem Star (la dame d'onze heures).
Noon. Field Sowthistle.

(6) The second twelve hours.

whe 4 CLOSES.

Red or Proliferous Pink,

Purple Sandwort,

Dandelion or Field Marigold. _

White Spadewort and Field Bindwort,

Common Cat's-ears,
. White Water-lily.

Naked-stalked Poppy. ;

Orange Day-lily and Wild Succory.
. Convolvulus Linne’us and Chickweed.

0 Common Nipple-wort.
‘1}. Smooth Sowthistle.
Midnight, Creeping Mallow and Late Dandelion.

Florence (Zhe German), Dresden,

Florentine Diamond (The). The
fourth in size of cut diamonds. It weighs
1394 carats, belonged to Charles, Duke
of Burgundy; was picked up by a
peasant and sold fer half-a-crown.

Floren'tius. A knight who bound

PUN ta.
indweed,

SPOS AAP yom

P

sa

PPMAMS HN

himself to marry a “foul and ugly.

witch,’’ if she would teach him the solu-

tion of a riddle on whichhis life depended. —

(Gower: Confessio Amantis.)

Flor’ian (St.). Patron saint of mer-
cers, being himself of the same craft.

Floria'‘ni. <A sect of heretics of the
second century who maintained that
God is the author of evil, and taught
the Gnostic doctrine of two principles.
Floria’rus was their founder.

Florid Architecture. The latter
division of the perpendicular style, often
called the Tudor, remarkable for its
haan character or profusion of orna-
ment,

Florida (U. S. America). In 1712
Ponce de Leon sailed from France to the
West in search of “the Fountain of
Youth.’’ He first saw land on Easter

Day, and on account of the richness and
quantity of flowers, called the new pos-
session ‘‘ Florida,’

. Flor/imel [honey-flower]. A damsel
of great beauty, but so timid that she
feared the ‘‘ smallest monstrous mouse
that creeps on floor,’ and was abused by
everyone. Her form was simulated by
a witch out of wax, but the wax image
melted, leaving nothing behind except
the girdle that was round the waist.
(Spenser: Faérie Queene, book iii. 4,8;
iv. 11, 12.) "

“Florimel loved Mar‘inel, but Proteus cast her
into a wae Poa from which, ban released hy
the order of Neptune, she married the man of ber
choice.""—Spenser: Faérie Queene, bookiv. .

“St. Amand had Jong since in bitterness re-
pented of a transient infatuation, had long since
distinguished the true Florimel trom the false.”
—Sir E. B. Lytton: Pilgrims of the Rhine, iii.

Florimel’s Girdle gave to those who
could wear it ‘‘ the virtue of chaste love
and wifehood true ;’’ butif any woman
not chaste and faithful put it on, it
‘“loosed or tore asunder.”’ It was oncé
the cestus of Venus, made by her hus-
band Vulcan; but when she wantoned
with Mars it fell off, and was left on the
“ Acida‘lian mount.’? (Spenser: Faérie
Queene, book iv. 11, 12.)

Florin, An English coin representin
2s., or the tenth of a sovereign, issue’
in 1849. Camden informs us that Ed-
ward III. issued gold florins worth 6s.,
in 1337. The word is generally sup-
posed to be derived from Florence; but
as it had a lily on one side, probably it
is connected with the Latin los, a flower.
(See GRACELESS FLORIN.)

Florisan’do, One of the knights in
the Spanish version of Aim'adis of Gaul,
whose exploits and adventures are re-
counted in the 6th and following books.
This part of the romance was added by
Paez de Ribe’ra. .

Flor‘isel of Nice’a, A knight whose
exploits and adventures form a supple-
mental part of the Spanish version of
Amadis of Gaul. This part was added
by Felicia’no de Silva, =~

Flor’ismart. One of Charlemagne’s
paladins, and the bosom friend of Roland.

Flor’izel. Prince of Bohemia, in love
yan Per'dita. (Shakespeare: Winter's

ale.)

Florizel. George the Fourth, when
prince, corresponded under this name
with Mrs. Robinson, actress and poet,
generally known as Perdita, that bein
the character in which she first attndéted
the prince’s attention. vi

== a

Flotsam and Jetson

473

Flowered Robes

Prince Florizel, in Lord Beaconsfield’s
novel of Endymion (1880), is meant for
Napoleon III,

Flotsam and Jetson. Waifs found
in the sea or on the shore. ‘‘Flotsam,’’
goods found floating on the sea after a
a wreck. ‘‘Jetson,’’ or Jetsam, things
thrown out of a ship to lighten it. (An-
glo-Saxon, flotan, to float; French, jeter,
to throw out.) (See Lica.)

Flower Games, _Fétes held at
Toulouse, Barcelona, Treviso, and other
places, where the prizes given consisted
of flowers.

Flower Sermon. A sermon preached
on Whit Monday in St. Catherine Cree,
when all the congregation wear flowers.

Flower sermons are now (1894)
preached very generally once a year,
especially in country churches, Every
lies is supposed to bring a bunch of

owers to the altar, and the flowers next
day are sent to some hospital,

Flower of Chivalry.
given to several cavaliers : e.g.
_ William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale,
in the fourteenth century.

Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586),

Chevalier de Bayard (/e chevalier sans
pew et sans veproche) (1476-1524),

Flower of Kings, Arthur is so
called by John of Exeter. (Sixth cen-
tury.)

Flower of Paradise. The Ipomea
or Camala'ta, called by Sir W Jones
‘‘Love’s creeper.’’? It symbolises that
mythological plant which fulfils all

esire.

Flower of the Levant. Zante,
noted for its beauty and fertility, “ Zan-
té! Zanté, flos di Levanti.”

Flowers and Trees.
_ (1). Dedicated to heathen gods:
‘Tue Cornel cherry-tree to Apollo
’ ” 0.

A name

» Cypress
» Dittany » Tbe Moon,
» Laurel » Apollo,
» Lily Juno,
» Maiden’s-Lair » Pluto
» Myrtle » Venus
» Narcissus » Cerés,
» Oak a » Jupiter
w» Olive » Minerva,
' » Poppy » Cerés,
» Vine » Bacchus
(2) Dedicated to saints ; ‘
Canterbury Bells to St. Augustine of England.
Crocus » St. Valentine.

roc!
Crown Imperial } Edward the Confessor.
Daisy. » St. Margaret,
Herb Christophe » St. Christopher.
Lady's-smock + » The Virgin-Mary,
Rose » Mary Magdalene.
Pe a » St. John,
Barnaby’s Thistle ,, St, Barnabas,

(3) National emblems:

Leek emblem of Wales.
Lily (Fleur-de-lys) France.
nw (Giglio blanco) 4, Florence,
» white " the Ghibe}line badae,
i si badge of tue Guelpha,
zinden mes Prussia,
lignonette ” Saxony,
Pomegranate Spain,
Rose England.

. ” 2 A
red, Lancastrians ; white, Yorkists.

Shamrock emblem of Ireland,

Thistle " Scotland,

Violet PA Athens and Napoleon
Sugar Maple ” Canada.

(4) Symbols:
Box is a symbol of the resurrection.
Cedars » the faituful.

Corn-ears ’ the Holy Communion,

Dates ‘ the faithful.

Grapes * this is my blood.

Holly ” the resurrection,

lyy ” the resurrection,
| Lily ” purity

Olive " peace,

Orange-blossom,, virginity,

Palm ” victory.

Rose ” incorruption.

Vine ”

Christ our Life,
ew ” death,
N.B.—The laurel, oak, olive, myrtle, rosemary,
cypress, and amaranth are all funereal plants.
Flowers and Trees with Christian
Traditions, :
The Aspen leaf is said to tremble
because the cross was made of Aspen-
wood.

Ah! roms tremble, Aspen-tree,

We need not ask thee why thou shakest,
For if, as gee legend saith,”
On thee the Saviour bled to death,

No wonder, Aspen, that thou quakest ;

Aud, till in judgment all assemble,
Thy leaves accursed shall wail and tremble.

The dwarf elder is called in Wales
‘‘the plant of the Blood of Man.”’

The spon finer is known in Palestine
as the ‘‘ Blood-drops of Christ.’?

The following are also said to owe
their stained blossoms to the blood which
trickled from the cross :— |
The red anemone ; the arwn ; the purple

orchis ; crimson-spotted leaves
of the roodselken (a French tradi-
tion); the spotted. persicaria, snake-
weed. (See CHRISTIAN TRADITIONS.)

Flowérs at Funerals. The Greeks
crowned the dead body with flowers, and

laced flowers on the tomb also. The

mans decked the funeral couch with

leaves and flowers, and spread flowers,
wreaths, and fillets on the tomb of
friends, When Sulla was buried as
many as 2,000 wreaths were sent in. his
honour. Most of our funeral customs
are derived fromthe Romans; as dressing
in black, walking in procession, carryin
insignia’ on the bier, raisin been
over the grave, called twmulus, whence
our tomb.

Flowered Robes. In ancient Greece

4

_ to say ‘‘a woman wore flowered robes”

Flowing

was to imply that she was a fille publique.
Solon made it a law that virtuous women
should appear in simple and modest
apparel, but that harlots should always
dress in flashy or flowered robes.

“AS Aaa slaves are known by their stig-
mata, so flowered garments indicate one of the
Sere suon gs [worxaArda]."—Clemens of Alexan-

ru,

Flowing Philosophers. The fol-
lowers of Heraclitos, referred to by Plato
as rods péovras ( Thectetus, 181 A). Hera-
clitos denied the permanency of every-
thing im nature except change. Tenny-
son has a poem entitled Ox péovres.

Fluellen. A Welsh captain and
great pedant, who, amongst other learned
quiddities, attempted to draw a parallel
between Henry V. and Alexander the
Great ; but when he had said that one
was born at Monmouth and the other at
Macedon, both beginning with the same
letter, and that there was a river in both
cities, he bad exhausted his best paral-
lelisms, (Henry V., iv. 7.)

“ Bis parallel is, in all essential circumstances,
as incorrect as that which Fluellen drew between
Macedon and Monmouth."'—Lord Macaulay. )

Fluke, Hap-hazard. In billiards it
means playing for one thing and getting
another Hence an advantage gaine
by luck more than by skill or judgment.
(German, gltck, chance, our luck.)

“We seem to haye discovered, as it were bya
fluke, a most excellent rule for all future Cabinet
arrangements.”—The Times.

Flummery. Flattering nonsense,
palaver. In Wales itis a food made of
oatmeal steeped in water and kept till it
has become sour. In Cheshire and
Lancashire it is the prepared skin of
oatmeal mixed with honey, ale, or
milk, pap; blanc-mange. (Welsh,
ymry, wash-brew, from dlym, sour or
sharp.)

“You came .. with your red coats and flashing
buttons. ,.and her bead got turned with your
flummery.”—Simms: The Purtizans, chap. xxix.

Flummux. (Jo). To bamboozle, to
deceive ; to be in a quandary. ‘I am
regularly flummuxed’’—-i.e. perplexed.
The first syllable is probably a variant
of flam, humbug, deception,. and the
word seems to be compounded on the
model of the word ‘‘ perplex.”

“ For the privates, the sergeants, and spectors,
She flummuxed them all to a coon.”

\ Sims: Dagonet Ballads (Moll Jarvis).

Flummuxed. The mark © set ona
street, gatepost, house, etc., as a warn-
ing to fellow-vagabonds not to go near,
for fear of being given in charge.

Flunkey. A livery servant,

(Old
French, flanguier, a heuchman.)

474

Fly

Flur. The bride of Cas’sivelaun,
“for whose love the Roman Cesar first
invaded Britain.’’ (Zennyson : Enid.)

Flush (4), in cards, means a whole
hand of one suit, as a ‘‘ flush of clubs,’
a ‘flush of hearts,’ etc. (See below.)

Flush of Money. Full of money.
Similarly 4 flush of water means a
sudden and full flow of water. (Latin,
fluz-us.) .
Fea bedi not very flush in [the] ready,”—Dr.

Flute. The Magic Flute, an opera by
Mozart (Die Zauberflote). The ‘flute”’
was bestowed. by the powers of dark-
ness, and had the power of inspiring
love. Unless purified the love was only
lust, but, being purified by the Powers
of Light, it subserved the holiest; pur-
poses. Tamino and Pamina are guided
by it through all worldly dangers to the
knowledge of Divine Truth.

Flutter, A very weak specimen of a
fop, in the Belle’s Stratagem, by Mrs.
Cowley.

Flutter the Dovecotes (70). To
disturb the equanimity of a society. The
phrase occurs in Coriolanus.

“The important movement in favour of a gene-
ral school of law fluttered the dovecotes of the
rape et Court.”—Nineteenth Century (Nov., 1892.

Fly (plural jlys). A hackney coach,
a cab. A contraction of Fly-by-night,
as sedan chairs on wheels used’ to
called in the regency. These ‘* Fly-by-
nights,”’ patronised greatly by George,
Prince of Wales, and his boon com-
panions, during their wild night pranks
at Brighton, were invented 1809 by John
Butcher, a carpenter of Jew Street,

“In the morning we took a iy .an English term
for an exceedingly sluggish vehicle, and droye up
to the Minister's.” — Hawthorne: Our Old House,
(Pilgrimage to Old Boston, p. 171).

Fly (plural flies). An insect. All flies’
shall perish except one, and that is the
bee-fly. (Horan.) pe Se 7

A Ry has three he and two com-'

ound eyes, each of which has 4,000

acets,

The god of flies. In the temple of
Actium the Greeks used to sacrifice an-
nually an ox to the god of flies, Pliny
tells us that at Rome sacrifice was offered
to flies in the temple of Hercules Victor.
The Syrians undoubtedly offered sacri-
fice to the same tiny tormentors. It is
said that no fly was ever seen in Solo-
mon’s temple, <= tT
Aone Pliny, case nalered eactioge ee

Fly-boy

475

Fo-hi

.POMY1OS, a surname given by the Cyrenians to
Zeus, for delivering Herakles [Hercules] from
flies durin
offered to
from flies.)

BELZEDUB, Or BEELZEBUTH (Prince of Flies), was

one of the principal Syrian gods, to whom
Sacrifice was offered on all ferialia.

Buc.opus, in Roman mythology. CRhod. xxii. 3.)

MyA@nos (the fly-chaser), one of the deities of the
Arcadians and Eleans, (Pliny, x, 28.) (Greek,
myid,a fly ; agra, taken in bunting or chasing.)

Flies in amber, (See under AMBER.)

To crush a fly onawhecl. Making a
mountain of a mole-hill, Taking a wheel
used for torturing criminals and heretics
for killing a fly, which one might destroy
with a flapper.

Fly on the coach-whecl (A). One who
fancies himself of mighty importance,
but who is in reality of none at all. The
allusion is to the fable of a fly sitting on
a chariot-wheel and saying, ‘‘ See what
a dust we make!’

Not a fly with him. Domitian, the
Roman emperor, was fond of catchin
flies, and one of his slaves, being aske
if the se apeton: was alone, wittily replied,
‘Not a fly with him.”’

To rise to the fly. To be taken in by
a hoax, as a fish rises to a false fly and
is caught.

“ He [the professor] rose to the fly witha charm-
Ing simplicity."—Grant Allen: The Mysterious Oc-
eurrence in Piccadilly, part ii.

‘Fly-boy. The boy in a printing-office
who lifts the printed sheets off the press.
He is called the fly-boy because he
catches the sheets as they fly from the
tympan (g.v.) immediately the frisket
(g.v.) is opened. This is now generally
performed by the pressmen

Fly a Kite (7>). To send a begging
letter to persons of a charitable reputa~
tion, or 1m easy circumstances, to solicit
pecuniary aid, urging poverty, losses, or
sickness. as an excuse. (See KITE-FLY-
ING.)

Fly-by-night (4). One who defrauds
his creditors by decamping at night-
time. (See Fry.)

Fly in One’s Face (Zo). To get
into a passion with a person ; to insult ;
as a hawk, when irritated, flies in the
face of its master,

Fly in the Face of Danger (70).
To run in a foolhardy manner into
danger, as a hen flies in the face of a
dog or cat.

. Fly in the Face of Providence

(fo). To act rashly, and throw away
good opportunities ; to court danger.
Fly Open (Zo). To open suddenly.
as, “the doors flew open,’’ ‘des porkes

sacrifice. Sacrifices were yearly
cus Apomyios. (Greek, apo-myia,

s’ouvrirent,” as ney do sometimes by
the force of the wind,

Fly Out at (Zo). To burst or break
into a passion. The Latin, involoin...

“Poor choleric Sir Brian would fly out at his
coachiuan, his butler, or his gamekeeper, and use
language... which... from any other master,
would have brought about a prompt resignation.’
—Good Words, 1887,

Flying Colours (Zo come off with).

In triumph; with the flags unfurled
and flying,

Flying Dutchman, A spectral ship,
seen in stormy weather off the Cape of
Good Hope, and considered ominous of
ill-luck, Sir Walter Scott faye she was
originally a vessel laden with precious
metal, but a horrible murder having
been committed on board, the plague
broke out among the crew, and no port
would allow the vessel to enter. The
ill-fated ship still wanders about like a
ghost, doomed to be sea-tossed, but
never more to enjoy rest, Captain
eke has a novel called The Phantom

ip.

Flying without Wings (No). No-
thing can be done without the proper

| means,

“Sine pennis vola’re haud factle est.”—Plautua.

Flyman’s Plot (Zhe). In theatrical
language, means a list of all the articles
required by the flyman in the play pro-
duced. The flyman is the scene-shifter,
or the ‘‘man in the flies,”

Fog-eater. A white bow in_ the
clouds during foggy weather is so called.
Such a bow was seen in England dur-
ing January, 1888. A week preceding,
the weather had been clear, sunshiny,
and genial, then followed several days
of thick fog, during which the white
bow appeared. The bow was followed
by several days of brilliant mild weather.

Fogie or Fogey. Ax old fogey.' Pro-
poerly an old military pensioner. This
term is derived from the old pensioners
of Edinburgh Castle, whose chief occu-
pation was to fire the guns, or assist in
quelling street riots. (Allied to fogat,

phogot, voget, feged, fogde, etc.

“What has the world come to [said Thackeray]
.-. When two broken-nosed old fogies like you
and me git talking about love to each other."—
Trollope: W.M. Thackeray, chap. i, p. 61.

Fo-hi or Foé, One of the chief deities
of the Chinese. His mother, Moyé, was
walking one day along a river .bank,
when she became suddenly encircled by
a rainbow, and at the end of twelvo
years was the mother of a son.. During

Foil

476

‘Pond

_gestation she dreamed that she was preg-
nant with a white elephant, and hence
the honours paid to this beast. (Asiatic
Researches.)

Foil. That which sets off something
to advantage. The allusion is to the
metallic leaf used by jewellers to set off
precious stones, (French, fewille ; Latin,
folium ; Greek, phullon, a leaf.)

“ Hector, as a foil to set him off.” Broome.
“T'lt be your foil, Laertes. In mine ignorance

Your skill shall, like a star i’ the darkest night,

Btick flery off indeed.”

Shakespeare: Hamlet, v, 2.

He foiled me. He outwitted me.

“If 1 be foiled, there is but one ashamed who
Se was gracious,"—Shakespeare: As You Like

To run a foil. To puzzle; to lead
astray, The track of game is called its
foil; and an animal hunted will some-
times run back over the same foil in
order to mislead its pursuers.

- Folio. A book of the largest size,
formed by folding the paper only once,
so that each sheet makes two leaves. It
is from the Italian, wun libro in pgs,
through the French, tn-folio, ol. is
the contraction for folio.

Folio (so-and-so), in mercantile books,
means page so-and-so, and sometimes
the two pages which lie exposed at the
same time, one containing the credit and
the other the debit of one and the same
atcount. So called because ledgers, etc.,
are made in folio, The paging is called
the folio also. Printers call a page of
MS. or printed matter a folio regardless
of size.

Folio. In conveyances seventy-two
words, and in Parliamentary proceed-
ings ninety words, make a folio,

Folk. Latin, vzulq’
people) ; German, volk ; Dutch, volch ;
axon, fole; Danish, folk. Folk and
vulgar are variants of the same word.

the common

Folk. Juirics, also called ‘ people,”
“ neiphbours,’’ “‘wights,’’? The Germans
have their ‘Aleine voli (little folk), the
Swiss their hill people and earth people.

~The little folk,
So happy and so gay, amuse themselves

Sometimes with singing ...
Sometimes with dancing, when they jump and

sprin
Like tid young skipping kids in the Alp-grass.”
i Vyss; Idyll of Gertrude and Rosy.

“ In the hinder end of harvest, at Ali-hallow e’en, —

When our good neighbours ride, if I r

right
Some buckled on beenwand,and some on a been.”

Montgomery ; Flyting against Polwart.

© I crouché thee from the elvés, and from wights.”
e ” Chaucer: The Millere’s Tale.

Folk-lore. Whatever pertains to a
knowledge of the antiquities, super-
stitions, mythology, legends, customs,
traditions, and proverbs of a people.
A ‘‘folklorist’? is one who is more or
less acquainted with these matters.

Folk-mote [a folk meeting]. A word
used in England before the Conquest for
what we now call a county or even a
parish meeting.

Follets. Goblins of the north of
France, who live in the houses of simple
rustics, and can be expelled neither by
water nor exorcism. They can he heard
but are never seen. In the singular
number, ‘ esprit follet.’?

Follow. Follow your nose, go straight
on, He followed his nose—he went on
and on without any discretion or thought
of consequences.

He who follows truth too closely wilt
have dirt kicked in his face. Be not too
strict to pry into abuse, for ‘‘odium
veritas parit,” ‘* Summum jus suprema
est injuria.”

Follower. A male sweetheart who
follows the object of his affections, A
word very common among servants.
Mistresses say to female servants, ‘‘T
allow no followers ’’—i.e. I do not allow
men to come into my house to see you.
Also a disciple, a partisan. 1

“The pretty neat servant-maids had their choice

of desirable followers,’'—EZ, 0. Gaskell: Cranford,
chap. ili. p. 53,

Folly. Father of Folly (Abu Jahl),
an aged chief, who led a hundred horse
and seven hundred camels against Ma-
homet and fell at the battle of Bedr.
His own people called him Father of
Wisdom (Abw’ Lhoem).

Folly. A fantastic or foolishly ex-
travagant country seat, built for amuse-
ment or vainglory. (French, folie.)

“We have in? this country a word (namely,
Folly) which has a technical appropriation to the
case of fantastic buildings,’—De Quincey: Essays
on the Poets (Keats, p, 90). :

Fisher’s Folly. A large and beautiful
house in Bishopsgate, with pleasure-gar-
dens, bowling-green, and hot-houses,
built by Jasper Fisher, one of the six
clerks of Chancery and a Justice of the
Peace. Queen Elizabeth lodged there.

“ Kirby’s castle, and Fisber's folly
Spinola’s pleasure, and Megse’s glory.”
Stowe: Survey.

Fond. A foolish, fond parent, Here
fond does not mean affectionate, but
silly. Chaucer uses the word fonne for
a prrlsion and the Scotch fow is to

lay the fool. Shakespeare has “fond

esire,”’ *‘ fond love,’’ “fond shekels of

Fons et Origo

477

Fools

gold,’ ‘‘fond wretch,” ‘‘fond mad-
woman,” etc. ‘‘Fondling’’ means an
idiot, or one fond.

“See how simple and how fond I am.”

Shakespeare: Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2.

“ Fander than ignorance.”
Shakespeare: Troilus and Cressida, i, 1.

Fons et Origo (Latin). The prim-
ary cause, fax et focus, the instigator,
as Juno was the far et focus of the
Trojan war.

Font, in printing, sometimes called
Fount, a complete set of type of any
one size, with all the usual points and
accents; a font consists of about 100,000
characters. The word is French, fonte,
from fondye (to melt or cast), When a
letter of a different type to the rest gets
into a page it is called a ‘‘ wrong font,’’
and is signified in the margin by the two
letters wf. (See TYPE.)

Taken to the font, Baptised. The
font is a vessel employed for baptism.

Fontara’bia. Now called Fuenter-
rabia (in Latin, Fons rap’idus), near the
Gulf of Gas’cony. Here, according to
Maria‘na and other Spanish historians,
Charlemagne and all his chivalry fell
by the sword of the Spanish Saracens.
Monten and the French writers say
that, the rear of the king’s army bein
cut to pieces, Charlemagne returned an
revenged their death by a complete
victory.

“ When Charlemagne with all his peerage fell

By Fonturabia.””
Milton; Paradise Lost, book 1. 587.

Food. Sir Walter Scott remarks that
live cattle go by Saxon names, and slain
meat by Norman-French, a standing
evidence that the Normans were the
lords who ate the meat, and the Saxons
aaa serfs who tended the cattle. Exam-
ples:

Sheep Ox Calf Hog Pig (Saxon).
Mutton Beef Veal Bacon Pork (Norman-French),

Food of the gods. (See AMBROSIA,
NECTAR.)

Food for Powder.
levied in times of war.

‘Foods ‘and Wines. Gastronomic
curiosities. .

Foods.
Bterlets from the Volga,
Eels from the Tiber.
as Grouse from Scotland.
» al Bustards from Sweden.
‘ Bears’ feet from the Black Forest.
es humps from America.
illet of beef a la Chateaubriand.

Ortolans 4 la Lucullus,

| tai Wines.
Old Madeira with the soup.
Chateau-Filbot ’58 with the side diihes. __
Johannisberger and Pichon-Longueville with the

_ vrelerés. .
batenu-La litte 48 with the entrées.
: kling Moselle with the roast. —

Raw recruits

Fool. In chess, the French call the
“‘Dishop’? fou, and used to represent the
piece in a fool’s dress; hence, Regnier
says, ‘‘ Les fous sont aux échecs les plus
proches des pee Sat.). Fou is a
corruption of the Eastern word Fol (an
elephant), as Thomas Hyde remarks in
his Ludis Orientalibits (i, 4), and on old
boards the. places occupied by our
‘‘ bishops ’’ were occupied by elephants.

A Tom Fool. A person who makes
himself ridiculous. (See Tom.)

“The ancient and noble family of Tom Fool.”
—Quarterly Review,

Fool [a food], as gooseberry fool,
raspberry fool, means gooseberries or
raspberries pressed, (French, fouler, to
press.)

Fool Thinks, As the fool thinks, so
the bell clinks (Latin, ‘‘ Quod valde voi’.
timus facile cre'dimus”). A foolish person
believes what he desires,

Fool in his Sleeve. Every man
hath a fool in his sleeve, No’ one is
always wise. The allusion is to the
tricks of jugglers,

The wisest fool in Christendom, JamesI,
was so called by Henri 1V., but he
learnt the phrase of Sully,

Fool or Physician at Forty. Plu-
tarch tells us that Tiberius said ‘‘ Every
man is a fool or his own physician at
forty.’’ (Treatise on the Preservation of
Health.)

Fools, (French, fol, Latin, follis.)

1) The most celebrated court fools :

a) Dag’onet, jester of King Arthur;
Rayére, of Henry I.; Scogan, of Ed-
ward LV.; Thomas Killigrew, called
“King Charles’s jester” (1611-1682) ;
Archie Armstrong, jester in the court
of James I. (died 1672).

® Thomas Derrie, jester in the court
of James I,

(c) James Geddes
Queen of Scots,
Jenny Colquhoun,

(d) Patch, the court fool of Elizabeth,
wife of ne ws, He eaereny

é omers, .’3 jester,
us died 1560. wid

(f) W. F. Wallet, jester in the court

jester to Mary
is predecessor was

of Queen Elizabeth.

2) Trib’oulet, jester of Louis XIf,
and Francois I, (1487-1536) ; Brusquet,
of whorg Brantéme says ‘‘he never had
his equal in repartee” AR
Chicot, jester of Henri III. and IV.
et sono Longely, of Louis XIIL. ;
and An’geli, of Louis XIV., last of the
titled fools of France.

Fool's Bolt 478

Foot

h) Klaus Narr, jester of Frederick the

ase, elector of Prussia,

(i) Yorick, in the Court of Denmark,
referred to by Shakespeare in Hamlet,
Viens

2) Not attached to the court:

G3 Patrick Bonny, jester of the regent
Morton; John Heywood, in the reign
of Henry VII., dramatist, died 1505;
Dickie Pearce, fool of the Earl of Suf-
folk, whose epitaph Swift wrote.

(4) Kunz von der Rosen, private jester
to the Emperor Maximilian I.

¢) Ggnnella the Italian a-PJ-

d) Le Glorieux, the jester of Charles
le Hardi, of ict Sia

(¢) Patche, Cardinal Wolsey’s Ppa
whom he transferred to Henry V.

a most acceptable gift.

(f). Patison, licensed jester to Sir
Thomas More. Introduced by Hans
Holbein in his picture of the chancellor.
- (3) Men worthy of the motley :

(a) Andrew Borde, physician to Henry
VIII., usually called Merry Andrew
(1500-1549).

(4) Gen. Kyaw, a Saxon officer,
famous for his blunt jests.

(c) Jacob Paul, Baron Gundling, who
was laden with titles in ridicule by
Frederick William I. of Prussia,

(2) Seigni Jean (Old John), so called
to distinguish him from Johan ‘‘ fol de
Madame,’”’ of whom Marot speaks in
his epitaphs. Seigni Jean lived about a
century before Caillette.

(e) Ri
in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. He
died 1588,

(f) Caillette *‘ flourished” about 1494.
In the frontispiece of the ‘‘Ship of
Fools,” printed 1497, there is a picture
both of Seigni Jean and also of Caillette.

Feast of Fools. A kind of Saturnalia,
popular in the Middle Ages. Its chief
object was to honour the ass on which
onr Lord made His triumphant entry
into Jerusalem, This ridiculous mum-
mery was held on the day of circum-
cision (January 1). The office of the
day was first chanted in travesty; then,
“a procession being formed, all sorts
of absurdities, both of dress, manner,
and instrumentation, were mdulged in.
An ass formed an essential feature, and
from time to time the whole procession
imitated the braying of this animal, es-
pecially.in the place of ‘ Amen.”

Fool’s Bolt. A fool’s bolt is soon
shot (Henry V., iii. 7). Simpletons
cannot wait for the fit and proper time,
but waste their resources in random

II, as.

chard Tarlton, a famous clown

endeavours; a fool and his money are
soon parted. The allusion is to the
British bowmen in battle; the good soldier
shot with a purpose, but the foolish
soldier at random, (See Prov. xxix. 11.)

Fool’s Paradise. Unlawful pleasure,
illicit love, vain hopes. Thus, in Romeo
and Juliet, the Nurse says to Romeo,
“Tf ye should lead her [Juliet] into a
fool’s paradise, it were a gross... .
behaviour.” The old schoolmen said
there were three places where persons
not good enough for paradise were ad-
mitted: (1) The limbus patrum, for
those good men who had died before the
death of the Redeemer; (2) The limbus
infantum or paradise of unbaptised
infants ; and (3) The limbus fatuo’rum
or paradise of idiots and others who were
non compos mentis, (See LImBo.)

Foolscap. A corruption of the
Italian foglio-capo (folio-sized sheet).
The error must have been very ancient,
as the water-mark of this sort of paper
from the thirteenth to the seventeenth
cy, was a fool’s head, with cap and

ells, :

Feot. (Greek, pod’; Latin, ped ;
French, pied ; Dutch, voet ; Saxon, fot.
Foot and pedal are variants of the same
word.)

Best foot- foremost. Use all possible
dispatch. To ‘‘set on foot” is to set
agoing. If you have various powers of
motion, set your best foremost.

“ Nay, but make baste ; the better foot before.”
; Shakespeare : King John, iv. 2, ~

1 have not yet got my foot in, Tam
not yet. familiar and easy with the
work. The allusion is to the preliminary
exercises in the great Roman foot-race.
While the signal. was waited for, the
candidates made essays of jumping, run-
ning, and posturing, to excitea suitable
warmth and make their limbs supple:
This was ‘‘ getting their foot in’? for
the race. (See HAND.) a ity

I have the measure or length v. his foot:
I know the exact calibre of his mind.
The allusion is to the Pythagore’an ad-
measurement of Hercules by the length
of his foot. (See Ex PEDE.)

To light on one’s feet. To escape a
threatened danger. It is said that ots
thrown from a height always light on
their feet. O hakeneatl

To put down your bens on [a matter].
Peremptorily to forbidit, = © = |

To show the cloven foot. To betray an

‘ evilintention. The devil is represented —

with a cloven foots) 5 sc oe

Foot-breadth

Turn away thy foot from the Sabbath
(Isa. lviii, 13). Abstain from working
and doing your own pleasure on that
jay. The allusion is to the law which

rohibited a Jew from walking on a
Sabbath more than a mile. He was to
turn away his foot from the road and
street,

Withdraw thy foot from thy neigh-
bour’s house, lest he get weary of thee,
and so hate thee. ever outstay your
welcome.

With one foot im the grave.
dying state. :

You have put your foot in it nicely.
You have got yourself into a pretty
mess. (In French, vous avez mis le pied
dedans.) When porridge is burnt or
meat over-roasted, we say, ‘t The bishop
hath put his foot in.’’ (See BisHoP.)

Afoot, On the way, in progress. (See
Gamm’s Aroot, MatreR AFoor.)

“ Mischief, thou art afoot,

Take thou what course thou wilt.” __
Shakespeare: Julius Cesar, iii. 2.

Foot-breadth or Quern-biter. The
sword of Thoralf Skolinson the Strong,
a companion of Hako I. of Norway.
(See Sworps.)

Foot-lights. Zo appear before the
foot-lights, On the stage, where a row
of lights is placed in front along the
floor to lighten it up.

Foot Monsters. In the Italian
romance of CGueri‘no Meschi’no Indians
ere spoken of with feet so large that
(hey carry them over their heads like
umbrellas,

Foot-notes. Notes placed at the
bottom of a page.
“ A trifling sum of misery
Now added to the foot of thy account.”
Dryden.
Foot-pound. The unit of result
in estimating work done by machinery.
Thus, if we take 1 lb. as the unit of
weight and 1 foot as the unit of dis-
tance, a foot-pound would be 1 lb. weight
raised 1 foot.

Foot of a Page. » The bottom of it,
meaning the notes at the bottom of a
page.

Footing. He is on good footing with
the world. He stands well with the
world. This is a French phrase, tre
sur un grand pied dans le monde. ‘Grand
pied’? means “large foot,” and the allu-
sion is to the time of Henry VIII., when
the rank of a man was designated by
the size of his shoe—the higher the ra

In a

479

Fordelis

the larger the shoe. The proverb would
be more correctly rendered, ‘‘ He has a
large foot in society.”’

To pay your footing. To give money
for drink when you first enter on a
trade. Entry money for being allowed
to put your foot in the premises occu-

ied by fellow-craftsmen. This word
is called foot-ale by ancient writers.
(See GARNISH.)

Footman’s Wand (4). (SeeRunNIna
Foormen.)

Footmen, (See RunNING FoorMen.)

Fop’s Alley. The passage between
the tiers of benches, right and left, in
the Opesa-house, frequented by mashers
and other exquisites.

Foppington (Lord). An empty cox-
comb in Vanbrugh’s Relapse, of which
Sheridan’s Trip to Scarborough is a
modified Version.

“The shoemaker in the Relapse tells Lord Fop-
pington that his lordship is mistaken in supposing
that his shoe pinches.”"—Lord Mucaulay.

Forbears. Ancestors, predecessors—
7.¢. those born before the present genera
tion. (Anglo-Saxon, fér-béran.)

“My name is Grieme, so please you,—Roland
Greme, whose forbears.wete designated of
Heathergill, in the Debateable Land&.”—Sir W.
Scott: The Abbot, chap. xviii.

Forbés, referred to by Thomson: in
his Seasons, was Duncan Forbes, of
Cullo’den, lord president of. the Court
of Session.: For many years he ruled the
destinies and greatly contributed to the
prosperity of Scotland. He was on
triendly terms with Pope, Swift, Ar-
buthnot, etc. The word is now gene-
rally pronounced as a monosyllable.

“ Thee, Forbés, too, whom every worth attends...,
Thy country feels thro’ her reviving ris, :
Planned by thy wisdom, by thy soul informed.”

Thomson: Autumn,

Forbidden Fruit (7hc), Mahometan
doctors aver, was the banana or Indian
fig, because fig-leaves were employed to’
cover the disobedient pair when they
felt shame as the result of sin. Called
‘ Paradisaica.”” _Metaphorically, un-
lawful = forbidden indulgence.

Foreible Feeble School.
FEEBLE.)

Ford. Mr. amd Mrs. Ford are cha-
racters in The Merry Wives of Windsor.
Mrs. Ford pretends to accept Sir John
Falstaff’s protestations of love, in order’
to punish es by her devices. -

For‘delis (in Orlando Furioso). Wife
of Bran‘dimart, Orlando’s intimate

(See

| friend. When Brandimart was slain,

Fore 480

Fortiter in Re

she dwelt for a time in his mausoleum
in Sicily, and died broken-hearted.
(Book xi.)

Fore. To the fore.
rank ; eminent.

To come to the fore. To stand out
prominently ; to distinguish oneself; to
stand forth.

Fore-and-Aft. Lengthwise, in oppo-
sition to ‘‘ athwart-ships’’ (or across the
line of the keel). (Dana; Seaman’s Man-
ual, p. 96.)

In the front

“A slight spar-deck fore-and-atft."—Sir W. |

Raleigh,

Forecastle. Ancient ships had a
castle, as may be seen in the tapestry of
the House of Lords, representing the
Spanish Arma’da. The ternr forecastle
means before the castle. The Romans
called the castled ships navés turri‘te,

“That part of the upper deck forward of the
foremast... In merchant ships, the forward
part of the vessel, under the deck, where the
sailors live.”"—Dana: Seaman's; Manual, p. 96,

Foreclose. To put an end to. A
legal term, meaning to close before the
time specified; e.g. suppose I held the
mortgage of a man called A, and A fails
to fulfil his part of the agreement, I can
insist upon the mortgage being cancelled,
foreclosing thus our agreement.

“The embargo with Spain foreclosed this
trade.”—Curew,

Fore-shortened. Not viewed late-
rally, but more or less obliquely. Thus,
a man’s leg lying on the ground, with
the sole of the foot nearer the artist than
the rest.of the body, would be perspec-
tively shortened.

“He forbids the fore-shortenings, because they
make the parts appear little.”—Dryden,.

Forfar. Do as the cow o’ Forfar did,
tak’ a stannin’ drink. A cow, in passin
a door in Forfar, where a tub of ale ha
been placed to eool, drank the whole of
it. The owner of the ale prosecuted the
owner of the cow, but a learned baillie, ~
in giving his decision, said, ‘‘ As the ale
was drunk by the cow while standing at
the door, it must be considered deoch an
doruis (stirrup-cup), to make a charge
for which would be to outrage Scotch
hospitality.”’ (Sir W. Scott : Waverley.)

Forget-me-nots of the Angels,
The stars are so called by Longfellow.
‘The similitude between a little light-
blue flower and the yellow stars is very
remote, Stars are more like buttercups
than forget-me-nots.
bs ep, cage by one, in the infinite meadows of

Blossom the lovely stars, the forget-me-nots of
the angels.” Evangeline,

Forgive, blest Shade. This very
celebrated epitaph is in Brading church-
ard, Isle of Wight, and is attributed to
Mrs. Anne Steele (Z'heodosia), daughter
of a Baptist minister of Bristol, but was
touched up by the Rev. John Gill, curate
of Newchurch. Set to music in three
parts by J. W. Callcott (1795).

Forgiveness. (Ang.-Sax., forgifenes.)
“ Forgiveness to the injured doth belong,

But they ne'er pardon who have done the
biden Conquest of Granada, part ii. act i. 2
“Proprium humani generis, odisse quem lace-

ris.”"—Tacitus,

Fork Out. Hand over; pay down;
stand treat. Fingers are called forks,
and this may suffice to explain the

hrase; if not, we have the Anglo-
Saxon verb feccan (to draw out, to take),
and ‘fork out’? would be ‘ fec out.”’

Forks. The gallows. (Latin, urea.)
Cicero (de Divinitate, i. 26) says, ‘‘ Ferens
Surcam ductus est,’? often quoted in proof
that criminals condemned to the cross
were obliged to carry their own cross to
the place of execution. But the ordinary
meaning of furca is a kind of yoke to
which the hands of criminals were
fastened. The punishment was of three

degrees of severity: (1) The furca
ignominiosa ; (2) the furca pendlis ;
and (8) the furca capitalis. The first

was for slight offences, and consisted in
carrying the fureca on the shoulders,
more or less weighted. The second
consisted in careying the fwrca and bein
scourged. The third was being scour,

to death. The word furcifer meant what
we call a gallows-bad or vile fellow.

Forked Cap (4). A bishop’s mitre
is so called by John Skelton,
or forked.

Forlorn Hope. Cromwell says, “‘Our -

forlorn of horse marched within a mile
of the enemy,”’ .e. our horse picket sent
forward to reconnoitre approached within
a mile of the enemy’s camp. (German,
verloren.)

Forlot or Firlot., The fourth part-of
a boll. From feower (four), Alot s

Forma Pau ’peris (Latin, Under plea
of poverty). Lo.sue in forma pauperis.
en a person has just cause of a suit,
but is so poor that he cannot raise £5,
the judge will assign him lawyers and
counsel without the usual fees,
For’titer in Re (Latin). Firmness
in doing what is to be done; an un-
flinching resolution to persevere to the

tis cleft .

Fortunate Islands

481 Foscari

end, Coupled with Suaviter in modo
(q.0.)-

Fortunate Islands, Now called the
Canaries.

Fortuna’tus, You have found For-
tunatus’s purse. Are in luck’s way.
The nursery tale of Fortwna’tus records
that he had an inexhaustible purse. It
is from the Italian fairy tales of Strapa-
ro'la, called Nights. Translated into
French in 1585. (See WisHinG Cup.)

Fortune. Fortune favours the brave.
0 Fortes fortu'/na ad‘juvat.”) (Terence:
hor'mio, i, 4.)

Fortu'nio. The assunied name of a
damsel, youngest of three sisters, who
dressed herself as a cavalier to save her
aged father, who was summoned to the
army. Fortunio on the way engaged
seven servants: Strong-back, who could
carry on his back enough liquor to filla
river ; Lightfoot, who could traverse any
distance-in no time; Marksman, who
could hit an object at any distance ; Fine-
ear, who could hear anything, no matter
where uttered ; Boisterer, who could do
any amount of cudgelling ; Gourmand,
who could eat any amount of food; and
Tippler, who could drink a river dry and
thirst again, Fortunio, having rendered
invaluable services to King Alfourite, by
the aid of her seven servants, at last
married him. (Grimm’s Goblins: For-
tunio. Countess D’ Aulnoy: Favy Tales.)

Forty. A superstitious number,
arising from the Scripture use. Thus
Moses was forty days in the mount;
Elijah was forty days fed by ravens;
the rain of the flood fell forty days, and
another forty days expired before Noah
opened the window of the ark; forty
days was the period of embalming;
Nineveh‘had forty days to repent; our
Lord fasted forty days; He was seen
forty days after His resurrection ; etc.

St. Swithin betokens forty days’ rain
-or dry weather ; a quarantine extends to
forty days; forty days, in the Old English
law, was the limit for the payment of
the fine for manslaughter ; the privilege
of sanctuary was for forty days; the
widow was allowed to remain in her
husband’s house for forty days after his
decease ; a knight enjoined forty days’
service of his tenant: a stranger, at the

expiration of forty days was compelled*

to be enrolled in some tithing ; members
of Parliament were protected from arrest
forty days after the prorogation of the
House, and forty days before the House
was convened ; a new-made burgess had

31

to forfeit forty pence unless he built a
house within forty days; etc., ete.

The ancient physicians ascribe many
strange changes to the period of forty;
the alchemists looked on forty days as
the charmed period when the philo-
sopher’s stone and elixir of life were to
appear.

fool or physician at forty. (See under
Foot.)

Forty Stripes save One. The Jews
were forbidden by the Mosaic law to
inflict more than forty stripes on an
offender, and for fear of breaking the
law they stopped short of the number.
If the scourge contained three lashes,
thirteen strokes would equal ‘‘ forty save
one.

Forty stripes save one. The thirty-
nine articles of the Anglican Church.

Forty Thieves, In the tale of Ali
Baba’. (Arabian Nights’ Entertain-
ments.)

Forty Winks. A short nap. Forty
is an indefinite number, meaning a few.
Thus, we say, ‘‘A, B, C, and forty
more.”’ Coriola’nus says, ‘I could beat
forty of them”’ (iii, 1). (See Forty.)

“The slave had forty thousand lives,”
Shakespeare: Othello, iii, 1.
“JT loved Ophelia ; forty thousand brothers
Could not, with all their quantity of love,
Make up my sum.”
Shakespeare: Hamlet, v. 1.

Forty-five. No. 45. The celebrated

“number of Wilkes’s North Britain, in

which the Cabinet Ministers are accused
of putting a lie into the king’s mouth.

Forwards (Marshal). G. L. von Blii-
cher was called Marschall Vorwarts, from
his constant exhortation to his hussars in
the campaigns preceding the great battle
of Waterloo. Vorwérts / always Vore
warts! (1742-1819.)

Fos’cari (Francis). Doge of Venice,
He occupied the office for thirty-five
years, added Brescia, Ber’gamo, Crema,
and Raventia to the Republic, greatly
improved the city, and raised Venice to
the pinnacle of its glory. “Of his four
sons only one, named Jac’opo, survived ;
he was thrice tortured. Before his final
banishment, the old doge, then eighty-
four years of age, hobbled on crutches to
the gaol where his son was confined, but
would not mitigate the sentence of ‘* The
Ten.” His son, being banished to Cardia,
died, and Francis was deposed. As he
descended the Giant Staircase he heard
the bell toll for the election of his suc-
cessor, and dropped down dead. (Byron;
The Two Foscart.)

Foss

4gu

Fourierism

Jacopo Fos'cari. Denounced by the
Couneil of Ten for taking bribes of
foreign powers. He was tried before his
own father, confessed his guilt, and was
banished. During his banishment a
Venetian senator was murdered, and
Jacopo, being suspected of complicity
_in the crime, was again tortured and
banished. He returned to Venice, was
once more brought before the council,
subjected to torture, and banished to
Candia, where in a few days he died,

“Nothing can sympathise with Foscari—
Not e’en a Foscari.”
Byron: The Two Foscart.

Foss (Corporal). An attendant on
Lieutenant Worthington. A _ similar
character to Trim in Sterne’s Tristram
Shandy. (G. Colman: The Poor Gentle-
man.)

Foss-way. One of the four :princi-
ss highways made by the Romans in

gland, leading from Cornwall to Lin-
-coln. It had a foss or ditch on each
side of it. (See Ermine STREET.)

Fossa et Farca [pit and gallows}.
An ancient privilege granted by the
Crown to its vassals, to cast female

felons into a ditch, and hang male ones

on a gallows,

According to Wharton (Law Diction-
ary), this furca is not the Latin word,
but the Hebrew farkah, to divide.
Hence also the servile tenure called
Furcam et Flagellum,

Fossils. Things dug up, animal and
vegetable remains-dug out of the earth.
(Latin, fodio, to dig up.)

“Many other bodies, which, because we dis-
cover them by digging into the bowels of the
earth, are called by one common name—/ossils,
under which are comprehended metals and mine-
rals.” [Not now.)]—Locke.

Foster Brother or Sister. One
brought up by the same nurse.

A foster-child is one brought up by
those who are notits real parents. (Saxon,
Sostrian, Danish fostrer, to nurse.

Fou Drunk. “ Wilbraham has fou-
drunk”’—i.e. is despicably drunk, dead
drunk. French, fou, ‘‘mad,’’ as fou-
enragé ; or simply fw’, t.es “full,” “ in-
tensive,” as in full-oft, ‘‘ full-well ye
reject the commandment of God” (Mark
vu. 9).

Foul Proof. A proof is a rough
impression of a manuscript set up in
type, or of a drawing engraved, for the
author’s correction. The proof with
many faults is a foul proof, but the
“pull,”? after the errors are corrected, is
termed a clean proof, These impressions

are called proofs because they must be
approved of by author and reader before
they are finally printed,

Foul-weather Jack. Commodore
Byron, said to be as notorious for foul
weather as Queen Victoria is for fine,
(1723-1786.)
pre ict Sir John Norris, who died

46.

Fountain of Death. In Jerusalem
Delivered, the hermit tells Charles and
Ubald of a fountain, the sight of which
excites thirst, but those who taste its
water die with laughter.

Pompo’nius Me’la speaks of a fountain
in the Fortunate Islands, “‘ Qui potavére
risu soluuntur in mortem.” Petrarch al-
ludes to the same,

These- fountains symbolise the plea-
sures of sin.

Fountain of Youth. A fountain
supposed to possess the power of restor-
ing youth. It was thought to be in one
of the Baha’ma Islands.

Four The aie of the
Four Kings (Livre des Quatre Rois), A

k of cards. In a French pack the
our kings are Charlemagne, David,
Alexander, and Cesar, representatives

of the Franco-German, Jewish or
Christian, Macedonian, and Roman
monarchies.

Four Letters, containing the name
of God, and called by Rabbins ‘‘ tetra-
grammaton.’’? Thus, in Hebrew, JHVH
eliev ally) in Greek, @cos ; in Latin,

eus; in French, Dieu; in Assyrian,
Adat ; Dutch, Godt ; German, Gott;
Danish, Godh ; Swedish, Goth ; Persian,
Soru ; Arabic, Alla; Cabalistic, Agla;
Egyptian, @ové ; Sanskrit, Deva; Spanish
Dios ; Italian, [dio ; Scandinavian, Odin,
etc.

3. This probably is a mere coincidence,
but it is worthy of note. F

Four Masters. Michael and Cu-
coirighe O’Clerighe, Maurice and Fear-
feafa Conry, authors of the Annals of
Donegal. L

Fourierism. A communistic sys-
tem, so called from Charles Fourier, of
Besan¢on. According to Fourier, all the
world was to be cantoned into groups,
called phalansteries, consisting each of
400 families or, 1,800 individuals, who
were to live in a common edifice, fur-
nished with workshops, studios, and
all sources of amusement. The several
groups were at the same time to be
associated together under a unitary

L. Fourierists

483

Fox-fire

overnment, like the Cantons of Switzer-
fend or the States of America. Only one
language was to be admitted; all the
gains af each phalanstery were to belong
to the common purse ; and though talent
and industry were to be rewarded, no
one was to be suffered to remain indi-
gent, or without the enjoyment of cer-
tain luxuries and public amusement
(1772-1837).

Fou'rierists. French communists, so
called from Charles Fourier. (See above.)

Fourteen, in its connection with
Henri IV. and Louis XIV. The follow-
ing are curious and strange coincidences :

Henet IV.

14 letters in the name Henri-de-Bourbon, Hewas
the 14th king of France and Navarre on the
extinction of the ret of Navarre. He was
born on Dec, 14, 1553, the sum of which year
ameunts to 14; he was assassinated on May 14,
1610; and lived 4 times 14 years, 14 weeks, and
4 times 14 days, . eeF

14 May, wee Was born Marguerite de Valois, his
first wife.

14 May, 1588, the Parisians rose in revolt against

‘im, because he was a “ heretic.”

14 March, 1590, he won the great battle of Ivry.

14 May, 1590, was-organised a grand ecclesiastical
and military demonstration against him,which
drove bim from the faubourgs of Paris. i

14 Nov., 1590, the Sixteen took an oath to die
rather than submit to a “heretic” king,

It was Gregory XIV. who issued & Bull excluding
Henri from the throne.

14 Nov., 1, the Paris parlement registered the

papal Bull. .

4 ieee sep se Duke of Savoy was reconciled to

enri IV.

14 Sept., 1606, was baptised the dauphin (after-
_. wards Louis XIII.), son of Henri IV. :

14 May, 1610, Henry was assassinated by Ravaillac,

For the dates see Histoire de France, by Bordier
and Churton (1859),

14th of the name, He mounted the throne 1643,
the sum of which figures equals 14. He died
1715, the sum of whieh figures also equals 14,
He reigned 77 years, the sum of which two
Seuxes equals 14. He was born 1638, died 1715.
which ‘added together equals 3353, the sum 0
which figures comes to 14. Such a strange
combination is probably without parallel.

Fourteen Hundred (A Stock Ex-
change warning). It is to give notice
that a stranger has entered ’Change.
The term was in use in Defoe’s time.

Fourth Estate of the Realm (The).
The daily press. The most powerful of
all. Burke, referring to the Reporters’
Gallery, said, ‘‘ Yonder sits the Fourth
Estate, more important than them all.’

Fourth of July (Zhe). The great
national holiday of as United States of
America. The Declaration of Indepen-
dence was July 4, 1776.

Fowler (Henry the Fowler), Hein-
rich I., King of Germany, was s0 called,
because when the deputies announced to
him his election to the throne, they

found him fowling with a hawk on his
fist (876, 919-936).

* This tradition is not mentioned by
any historian before the eleventh cen-
tury ; but since that period numerous
writers have repeated the story. He
was called in Latin, Henricus Auceps.

Fox (The old). Marshal Soult was so
nicknamed, from his strategic talents
and fertility of resources. (1769-1851.)
(See REYNARD.)

Fox. Antipathy to foxes.
of natural antipathies,
makes Shylock say :

* Some men there be love not a saping Pig,

Some that are mad if they behold a cat.’

Tycho Brahé would faint at sight of a
fox, Marshal d’Albret at sight of a pig,
Henri III, at sight of a cat. (See
ANTIPATHY.)

A wise fox will never rob his neigh-
bour’s hen-roost, because it would soon
be found out. He goes farther from
home where he is not known.

Every fox must pay his skin to the
Surrier. The crafty shall be taken in
their own wiliness.

2 a le volpi si trovano in pellicaria,”"—Jtalian

To set a fox to keep thegeese. (Latin,
Ovem RL Bales aii He entrusted
his money to sharpers,

Fox (That). So our Lord called Herod
Antipas, whose crafty policy was thus

ointed at, ‘Go ye, and tell that fox,
ehold, I cast out devils” (St. Luke xiii.
82). (B.0. 4—a.D. 39.)

~ Herod Agzinps I, (a.p. 41-44.)

Herod Agrippa. II. (a.p. 52-100.)

Fox. An Old English broadsword.

‘* A correspondent of Wotes and Que-
ries (May 2nd, 1891, p. 356) says: ‘‘ The
swords were manufactured by Julian’
del Rei of Tolédo, whose trade-mark
was a little dog, mistaken for a fox.”
The usual derivation is the Latin falz,
French fauchon, our falchion.

“ O signieur Dew, thou diest on point of fox,

Except, O signieur, thou do give tome

Egregious ransom.’
Shakespeare: Henry V., iv. 4.

“T had a sword, ay, the flower of Smithfield for
& sword, a right fox?’ faith.”—Two Angry Women
of Abington (1599),

Fox (Zo). To steal or cheat; to
fub; also ‘‘to shadow’’ a suspect; to
watch without seeming so to do. A dog,
a fox, and a weasel sleep, as they say,
‘¢with one eye open.”

Fox-fire—i.e, fause or ‘‘ false fire,’
the phosphoric hight, without heat,
which plays round decaying matter.

Speaking
Shakespeare

Fox-tail 484

Frangipani

Fox-tail. I gave him a flap witha
ox-tail. Icajoled him; made a fool of
im. The fox-tail was one of the badges

of the motley, and to flap with a fox-tail
is to treat one like a fool.

Fox’s Sleep (4). A sleep with one
eye on the qui vive. Assumed indiffer-
ence to what is going on. (See above.)

Foxed. A book stained with reddish-
brown marks is said to be foxed, Of
course, the stain is so called because it is
of the colour of a fox,

Foxgiove, called by the Welsh
Fairy’s glove and by the Irish Faty- bells,
is either a corruption of Folk’s glove—
t.e. the glove of the good folks or fairies,
or else of the Saxon fox[es]glofa, red or
fox-coloured glove, (French, gants de
Notre Dame.)

Foxites @ syl.). The Quakers. So
called from George Fox, who organised
_the sect (1624-1690).
“ His muzzle, formed of opposition stuft,
Firm as a Foxite, would not lose its ruff.”
Dr. Wolcott [Peter Pindar]: The Razor Seller.
Foxy. Strong-smelling, or red-haired;
like a fox.

Fra Diav'olo (Michele Pozza), <A
celebrated brigand and renegade monk,
who evaded pursuit for many years
amidst the mountains of Calabria. (1760-
1806.) Auber has made him the subject
of an opera.

Fracassus, Father of Ferriigus, the
giant, and son of Morganté.

“ Primus erat quidam Fracassus prole gigantis,
Cujus stirps olim Morganto venit ab illo,
Qui bacchioconem campane ferre solebat,
Cum quo Mille bominum colpos fracasset in

S ts Merlin Oocaius (i.e, Théophile Folengo) :
fistoire Macaronique (1606).

-. Sradubio [Brother Doubt], says
peuser, wooed and won Duessa (False-
aith); but one day, while she was

thing, discovered her to be a ‘filthy
old hag,’’ and resolved to leave her,

False -faith instantly metamorphosed

him into a tree, and he will never be

relieved till ‘‘he can be bathed from
the well of living water.” (Fuaérie

Queene, book i. 2.) "

Frame of Mind. Disposition. A
printer's frame is a stand on which the
type is disposed; a founder’s frame is a
mould into which molten metal is dis-
sea or poured ; a weaver’s frame iis a

oom where the silk or thread is dis-
posed or stretched for quilting, etc.; a
picture frame is an ornamental edging
within which the picture is disposed; a.

within which the feelings of the mind
are disposed, (Anglo-Saxon, fremm-an,)

France. The heraldic device of the
city of Paris is a ship, As Sauval says,
‘6 Tile de la cité est faite comme un grand
navire enfoncé dans la vase, et échoué au
Jil de Veau vers le milieu de la Seine,”
This form of a ship struck the heraldic
scribes, who in the latter part of the
Middle Ages emblazoned a ship on the
shield of Paris.

Frances'ca. A Venetian maiden,
daughter of Minotti, governor of Corinth,
She Joved Alp, and tried to restore him
to his country and faith; but, as he re-
fused to recant, gave him up, and died
broken-hearted. (Byron. Siege of Co-
rinth.) ?

Frances'ca da Rimini, Daughter
of Guido da Polenta, Lord of Ravenna,
Her story is told in Dante’s Inferno
(cantov.). She was married to Lanciotto
Malatesta, Lord of Rimini, but com-
mitted adultery with Paolo, her hus-
band’s brother. Both were put to death
by him in 1389, Leigh Hunt has a
poem, and Silvio Pellico a tragedy, on
the subject,

Francis’s Distemper (St.). Impe-
cuniosity ; being moneyless. Those of
the Order of St. Francis were not allowed
to carry any money about them.

“J saw another case of gentlemen of St. Fran-
cis’s distemper.”—Jabelais : Pantagruel, v, 21.

Francis'cans, or Min‘orites Ss syl.).
Founded in 1208 by St. Francis of Assisi,
who called poverty ‘‘ his bride.’’ Poverty
was the ruling principle of the order.
Duns Scotus, Roger Bacon, Cardinal
senses Ganganelli, etc., were of this
order.

Called Franciscans, from the name of their

founder. f

» Afinorites,from their professed humility.

» Grey Friars, from the colour of their

outer garment,

Mendicants, because they were one of
| the Begging or mendicant order,

» Observants, because they strictly ob-

served the rule of poverty.
% The Franciscan Sisters were known
as Clares, or Poor Clares, Minoresses,

Mendicants, and Urbanites, ffot

Frangipa’ni. A powerful Roman
family. So called from their benevolent
distribution of bread during a famine.

Frangipani. A delicious ume,
made of spices, orris-root, and musk,
in imitation of real Frangipani _ Mutio
Frangipani, the famous Italian botanist,
visited the West Indies in 1493. The
sailors perceived a delicious

nce
‘mental frame, therefore, is the boundary | as they neared Antig’ua, and Mautio

sre

Frangipani

told them it proceeded from the Plu-
méria Alba. The plant was re-named
Frangipani, and the distilled essence
received the same name.

Frangipani Pudding is pudding
made of broken bread. (Frangere, to
break ; panis, bread.)

Frank. A name given by the Turks,
Greeks, and Arabs to any of the inhabi-
tants of the western parts of Europe, as
the English, Italians, Germans, Spani-
ards, French, etc.

Frank Pledge. Neighbours bound
for each other’s good conduct. Hallam
says every ten men in a village were
answerable for each other, and if one of
them committed an offence the other
nine were bound to make reparation.
The word means the security given by
Franklins or free-men.

Frankeleynes Tale, in Chaucer,
resembles one in Boccaccio (Decameron,
tig No. 5), and one in the fifth book
of his Philocope. (See DoRIGEN.)

Frank’enstein (3 syl.). A young
student, who made a soulless monster
out of fragments of men picked up from
churchyards and dissecting-rooms, and
endued it with life by galvanism. The
tale, written by Mrs, Shelley, shows how
the creature longed for sympathy, but
was shunned by everyone. It was only
animal life, a parody on the creature
man, powerful for evil, and the instru-
ment of dreadful retribution on the
student, who usurped the prerogative of
the Creator.

“The Southern Confederacy will be the soulless
monster of Frankenstein.”—Charles Sumner,

‘t Mrs, Shelley, unfortunately, has
given no name to her monster, and
therefore he is not unfrequently called
‘*Frankenstem ’’ when alluded to. This,
of course, is an error, but Frankenstein’s
monster is a clumsy substitute.

“T believe it would be impossible to control the

Frankenstein we should have ourselves created.”
~—Sir John Lubbock (a speech, 1886).

¥rankforters. People of Frankfort.

_ Franklin. The
Thaddeus Czacki (1765-1813).

Frankum’s Night. A night in June
destructive to apple- and pear-trees.
The tale is that one Frankum offered
sacrifice in his orchard for an extra fine
erop, but a blight ensued, and his trees
were unproductive.

Frantic. Br ain-struck (Greek, phe en, 1

Polish Franklin. -

485

’ without

Free Bench

the heart as the seat of reason), madness
being a disorder of the understanding.

“ Cebel’s frantic rites have made them mad.”
Spenser.

Fraserian. One of the eignty-one
celebrated literary characters of the 19th
century published in Fraser’s Magazine
(1830-1838). Amongst them are Harrison
Ainsworth, the countess of Blessington,
Brewster, Brougham, Bulwer, Campbell,
Carlyle, Cobbett, Coleridge, Cruikshank,
Allan Cunningham, D’Israeli (both Isaac
and Benjamin), Faraday, Gleig, Mrs.
8. C. Hall, Hobhouse, Hogg (the Ettrick
shepherd), Theodore Hook, Leigh Hunt,
Washington Irving, Knowles, Charles
Lamb, Miss Landon, Dr. Lardner,
Lockhart, Harriet Martineau, Dr.
Moir, Molesworth, Robert Montgomery,
Thomas Moore, Jane Porter, Sir Walter
Scott, Sydney Smith, Talfourd, Talley-
rand, Alaric Watts, Wordsworth, and
others to the number of eighty-one.

Fraserian Group (Zhe) consists of
twenty-seven persons: Maginn. Onhis
right hand, Washington Irving, Mahony,
Gleig, Sir E. Brydges, Carlyle, and
Count d’Orsay. On his left hand, Barry
Cornwall, Southey, Perceval Banks,
Thackeray, Churchill, Serjeant Murphy,
Macnish, and Harrison Ainsworth. Op-
posite are Coleridge, Hogg, Galt, Dun-
lop, Jerdan, Fraser, Croker, Lockhart,
Theodore Hook, Brewster, and Moir.

Frater. An Abram-man Cae
(Latin, frater, a brother, one of the
same community or society.)

Frat’eret’to. A fiend mentioned by
Edgar in the tragedy of King Lear.

“Frateretto calls me, and tells me Nero is an
angige in the lake of darkness. Pray. innocent,
and beware of the foul flend.”—Acct iil. 6.

Frat/ery. The refectory of a monas-
tery, or chief room of a frater-house.
A frater isa member of a fraternity or
society of monks, (Latin, frater, a bro-
ther.)

Fraticel/lians [Little Brethren]. A
sect of the Middle Ages, who claimed to
be the only true Church, and threw off
all subjection to the Pope, whom they
denounced as an apostate. They wholly
disappeared in the fifteenth century.

Fre’a, The Anglo-Saxon form of
Frigga, wife of-Odin, Our Friday is’
Frea’s daeg. ;

Free. 4 free and easy. A social
cae where persons meet ther

ormality to chat and smoke.

Free Bench (francs bancus). The:
widow’s right to a copyhold. It is not»

Free Coup

486

French Cream

a dower or gift, but a free right inde-
pendent of the will of the husband.
Called bench because, upon acceding to

the estate, she becomes a tenant of the
manor, and one of the benchers, 7.é.

pares who sit on the bench occupied
y the parés curia.

Free Coup (in Scotland) means a

os of waste land where rubbish may

e deposited free of charge.

Free Lances. Roving companies of
knights, etc., who wandered from place
to place, after the Crusades, selling their
services to purone who would pay for
them. In Italy they were termed Con-
dottie’ri.

Free Lances of Life (Zhe). The
Aspasias of fashion. The fair frail
demi-monde.

Free Spirit. Brethren of the Free
Spirit. A fanatical sect, between the
thirteenth and fifteenthcenturies, diffused
‘through Italy, France, and Germany.
They claimed ‘‘freedom of spirit,”’ and
based their claims on Romans viii. 2-14,
“The law of the Spirit hath made me
free from the law of sin and death,”

Free Trade. The Avyostle of Free
Trade, Richard Cobden (1804-65).

Freebooter means a free rover,
oe buiten, to rove, (whence vrij-

witer ; German, freibeuter, etc.)

“His forces consisted mostly of base people
and freebooters.”—Bacon.

Freeholds, Estates which owe no

aluty or service to any lord but the sove- _

reign. (See COPYHOLD.).

Freéman (Mf7s.). A name assumed
by the Duchess of Marlborough in her
correspondence with Queen Anne. The
queen called herself Mrs. Morley.

Freeman of Bucks. A cuckold,
“The allusion is to the buck’s horn, (See

Horns.)
Freeman’s Quay. ‘Drinking at
Freeman’s Quay. (See DRINKING.)

Freemasons, In the Middle Ages
@ guild of masons speciall employe in
‘building churches, Called ‘‘free’’ be-
cause exempted by several papal bulls
from the laws which bore upon common
craftsmen, and exempt from the burdens
thrown on the working classes. .

% St, Paul’s, London, in 604, and St.
Peter’s, Westminster, in 605, were built
Uy grecmascns. Gundulph (bishop of

ester), who built the White Tower,
was a“

rand Master;" so was Peter

of Colechurch, architect of Old London
Bridge. Henry VII.’s chapel, West-
minster, was the work of a Masfer
Mason; so were Sir Thomas Gresham
who planned the Royal Exchange),
nigo Jones, and Sir Christopher Wren.
Covent Garden theatre was founded in
1808 by the Prince of Wales in his
capacity of ‘‘ Grand Master.”

“Before the beginning of the 18th century the
corporation of freemasons was not sufficiently
organised to have had much influence on art.”—
J. Fergusson: Historic Archeology, vol, i, partfii.
rchap. viii. p. 527.

The lady Freemason was the Hon.
Miss Elizabeth St. Leger, daughter of
Lord Doneraile, who (says the tale) hid
herself in an empty clock-case when the
lodge was held in her father’s house,
and witnessed the proceedings. She was
discovered, and compelled to submit to
initiation as a member of the craft.

Freeport (Sir Andrew). A London
merchant, industrious, generous, and of
great good sense. He was one of the
members of the hypothetical club under
whose auspices the Spectator was pub-
lished.

Freestone is Portland stone, which
cuts freely in any direction.

Freethinker. One who thinks
unbiassed by revelation or ecclesiastical
canons, as deists and atheists.

“Atheist is an old-fashioned word, Iama
freethinker.”—Addison.

Freezing-point. We nerally
mean by this expression that degree of
Fahrenheit’s thermometer which indi-
cates the temperature of frozen water—
viz. 32° above zero. If we mean any
othér liquid we add the name, as the
freezing-point of milk, sulphuric ether,
quicksilver, and so on. In Centigrade
and Réaumur’s instruments zero marks
the freezing-point.

Freischutz (pronounce fry-shoots),
the free-shooter, a legendary German
archer in league with the Devil, who
give him seven balls, six of which were
o hit infallibly whatever the marksman

aimed at, and the seventh was_to be

. directed according to the will of his co-

partner. FF. Kind made the libretto
and Weber set to music, the opera based
on the legend, called Der Freischiitz.

Freki and Geri, The two wolves of
Odin.

French Cream. Brandy. In France
it is extremely general to drink after
dinner a cup of coffee with a glass of
brandy in it instead of cream. ‘This
“<natent digester ’’ is called a Gloria, —

>

French Leave

487

Friar Dominic

French Leave. Zo take French
teave. To take without asking leave or
giving any equivalent. The allusion is
to the French soldiers, who in their
invasions take what they require, and
never wait to ask permission of the
a eH or pay any price for what they

e.

The French retort this courtesy by
calling a creditor an Englishman (un
Anglais), a term in vogue in the six-
teenth century, and used by Clement
Marot. Even to the present hour, when
& man excuses himself from entering a
café or theatre, because he is in debt, he
says: ‘‘ Non, non! je suis Angle” (“‘Iam
cleared out’’).

“ Et aujourd’buy je faictz soliciter
Tous me angloys.”
Guillaume Creton (1520).

French leave. Leaving a party, house,
or neighbourhood without bidding good-
bye to anyone ; to slip away unnoticed.

French of Stratford atte Bowe.
English-French.
" And French, she (the nun) spak ful, faire and

ladter tae ecole of Stratford atte Bowe,

For French of Parys was to hire unknowe.”

Chaucer ; Canterbury Tales (The,Prologue).

Frenchman. Done like a Frenchman,
turn and turn again (1 Henry VL, iii.
4), The French are usually satirised by
medizval English authors as a fickle,
wavering nation. Dr. Johnson says he
once read a treatise the object of which
was to show that a weathercock is a
satire on the word Gallus (a Gaul or

cock).

Frenchman. The nickname of a
Frenchman is ‘‘Crapaud ”’ (9.0-),
“Johnny” or ‘‘Jean,’? ‘* Mossoo,’

‘‘Robert Macaire’’ (¢.v.); but of a
Parisian ‘‘ Grenouille’? (Frog). (See
BRISSOTINS. )
ray atana erect, they dance whene’er they
Monkeys in action, Detrequets an a tmistle ro
French Canadian, *‘ Jean Baptiste.”

French Peasantry, “ Jacques Bon-

homme.”’ :

French Reformers, ‘‘ Brissotins”? (q.v.).

Fres’co-painting means fresh-paint-
ing, or rather paint applied to walls
while the plaster is fresh and damp.
Only so much plaster must be spread as
the artist can finish painting before he
retires for the day. There are three
chambers in the Pope’s palace at Rome
done in fresco by Raphael Urbino and
Julio Roma’no ; at Fontainebleau there
is a famous one, containing the travels

of Ulysses in sixty pieces, the work.of

several artists, as Bollame’o, Martin
Rouse, and others,
“ A fading frescoe here demands a als

Freshman, at college, is a man not
salted. It was anciently a custom in the
different colleges to play practical jokes
on the new-comers. rye of the most
common was to assemble them in a room
and make them deliver a speech. Those
who acquitted themselves well had a
cup of caudle ; those who passed muster
had a caudle with salt water; the rest
had the salt water only. Without scan-
ning so deeply, ‘‘fresh-man’’ may
simply mean a fresh or new student.
(See BEJAN.)

Freston. An enchanter introduced
into the romance of Don Belia'nis of
Greece.

“Truly I can’t tell whether it was Freston or
Friston ; but sure I am that his name ended in
‘ton.’ "—Don Quixote.

Frey. Son of Niord, the Van. He
was the Scandinavian god of fertility
and peace, and the dispenser of rain.
Frey was the patron god of Sweden and
Iceland, he rode on the boar Gullin-
bursti, and his sword was self-acting.
(See GERDA.)

Nidrd was not of the Asir.«- He, with his son
and daughter, presided Over the sea, the clouds,
the air, and water generally. They belonged to
the Vanir.

Freyja. Daughter of Niord, goddess
of love. She was the wife of Odin, who
deserted her because she loved finery
better than she loved her husband. Her
chariot was drawn by‘two cats, and not
by doves like the car of Venus. (Scan-

dinavian mythology.)

Friar. 4 curtal Friar. (See Cur-
TAL.)

Friar, in printing. A part of the

sheet which has failed to receive the
ink, and is therefore left blank. As
Caxton set up his printing-press in
Westminster Abbey, it is but natural to
suppose that mo: and friars should
give foundation to some of the printers’
slang. (See Monk.)

_ Friar Bungay is an historical cha-
racter overlaid with legends. It is said
that he ‘‘ raised mists and vapours which
befriended Edward IV. at the battle of
Barnet.”’
lias es ote Parenti hs
Lytton [Bulwer Lytton): The Last of the Barons,
Friar Dom‘inie, in Dryden’s Spanish
Friar, designed to ridicule the vices of

_ the priesthood,

Friar Gerund

488. Friar's Tale

¥riar Ger’und. Designed to ridi-
cule the pulpit oratory of Spain in the
eighteenth century; full of quips and
cranks, tricks and startling monstrosi-
ties. (Joseph Isla: Life of Friar Gerund,
1714-1783.

Friar John. A tall, lean, wide-
mouthed, long-nosed friar of Seville,
who dispatched his matins with wonder-
ful celerity, and ran through his vigils
quicker than any of his fraternity. He
swore lustily, and was a Trojan to fight.
When the army from Lerne pillaged the
convent vineyard, Friar John seized the
staff of a cross and pummelled the
rogues most lustily. He beat out the
brains of some, crushed the arms of
others, battered their legs, cracked their
ribs, gashed their faces, broke their
thighs, tore their jaws, dashed in their
teeth, dislocated their joints, that never
corn was so mauled by the thresher’s
flail as were these pillagers by the
‘* baton of the cross.” (Rabelais: Gar-
.gantua and Pantagruel, book i, 27.)

“If a joke more than usually profane is to be

uttered, Friar Johnis the spokesman. . .. A mass
of lewdness, debauchery, profanity, and valour.”
—Foreign Quarterly Review,

Friar Laurence, in Shakespeare’s
Romeo and Juliet.

Friar Rush. A house-spirit, sent
from the infernal regions in the seven-
teenth century to keep the monks and
friars in the same state of wickedness
they were then in. The legends of this
roysterer are of German origin, (Bruder
Rausch, brother Tipple.)

Friar Tuck. Chaplain and steward
of Robin Hood. Introduced by Sir
Walter Scott in Ivanhoe. He is a
pudgy, paunchy, humorous, self-indul-
gent, and combative clerical Falstaff.
His costume consisted of a russet habit
of the Franciscan order, a red corded
girdle with gold tassel, red stockings,
and a,wallet. A friar was nicknamed
tuck, because his dress was tucked by a
girdie at the waist. Thus Chaucer
says, ‘Tucked he was, as is a frere
about.”?

“ In this our spacious isle I think there is not one

But He hath heard some talk of Hood ana Little
, wat Tuck, the merry friar, which many a sermon

In praise of Robin Hood, his outlaws, and their
trade.” Drayton: Polyolbion, s. 26.
Friar’s Heel. The outstanding up-
night stone at Stonehenge is so called.
Geoffrey of Monmouth says the devil
bought the stones of an old woman in
Ireland, wrapped them up in a wyth, and

brought them to Salisbury plain. Just
before he got to Mount Ambre the wyth
broke, and one of the stones fell into the
Avon, the rest were carried to the plain.
After the fiend had fixed them in the

ound, he cried out, ‘‘ No man will ever

d out how these stones came here.”? A
friar replied, ‘‘That’s more than thee
canst tell,’ whereupon the foul fiend
threw one of the stones at him and
struck him on the heel. The stone stuck
in the ground, and remains s0 to the
present hour,

Friar’s Lanthorn, Sir W. Scott calls
Jack o’Lantern Friar Rush. This is an
error, as Rush was a domestic spirit, and
not a field esprit follet. He got admit-
tance into monasteries, and played the
monks sad pranks, but is never called
‘*Jack.”’? Sir Walter Scott seems to have
considered Friar Rush the same as *‘ Friar
with the Rush (light),” and, therefore,
Friar with the Lantern or Will o’ th
Wisp. f

“ Better we had through mire and bush

Been lanthorn-led by Friar Rush.”
Sir Walter Scott: Marmion.

Milton also (in his Li AU) ealls
‘Willo’ the Wisp a friar, probably mean-
ing Friar Rush:
“She was pinched, and pulled, she said ;
And he by Friar’s lantern led.”
but “‘Rush’’ in this name has nothing
to do with the verb rush [about] or rush
[light]. It is the German Brtider Rausch,
called by the Scandinavians Broder Rus.
Scandinavian, rus, intoxication, in
erman rausch, which shows us at once
that Friar Rush was the spirit of ineb-
riety. (See Ronin GOODFELLOW.)

Friars. [brothers]. Applied to the four

eat religious orders — Dominicans,

ranciscans, Augustinians, and Carme-
lites. Later, a fifth order was added—
that of the Trinitarians. The first two
were called Black and Grey friars, the
Carmelites were called White friars, and
the Trinitarians Crutched friars (g.v.).

Friars. (See BLACK.)

Friars Major (Fratré: iajo'rés).
The Domin’‘icans. :

Friars Minor (lratrés mino'rés).
The Francis’cans. ;

Friar’s Tale. A certain archdeacon
had a sumpnour, who acted as his secret
spy, to bring before him all offenders.
One day as he was riding forth on his
business he met the devil disguised as a,
yeoman, swore eternal friendship, and

pyoaiced to ‘go snacks”? with him. |

hey first met a carter whose cart stuck

Fribble

489

Friend

in the road, and he cried in his anger,
‘<The devil take it, both horse and cart
and hay!’’ Soon the horse drew it out
of the slough, and the man cried, ‘‘ God
bless you, my brave boy!”? ‘There,’
said the devil, ‘‘ is my own true brother,
the churl spake one thing but he thought
another.” They next came to an old

screw, and the sumpnour declared he:

would squeeze twelve pence out of her
for sin, ‘though of her he knew no
wrong;’’ so he knocked at her door
and summoned her ‘‘for cursing” to
the archdeacon’s court, but said he
would overlook the matter for twelve
pence, but she pleaded poverty and im-
plored mercy. “‘ The foul fiend fetch me
if I excuse thee,’’ said the sumpnour,
wheréat the devil replied that he would
fetch him that very night, and, seizing
him round the body, made off with him.
(Chaucer ; Canterbury Tales.)

Fribble. An effeminate coxcomb of
weak nerves, in Garrick’s farce of Miss
in her Teens.

Friday is the Mahometan Sabbath.
It was the day on which Adam was
created and our Lord was crucified.
The Sabe’ans consecrate it to Venus or
Astarté. (See FrEa.)

= Friday is Frig-deg=dies Ventris,
called in French Vendredi, which means
the same thing. It was regarded by the
Scandinavians as the luckiest day of the
week, (See below, Frrpay, Unlucky.)

Friday. Fairies and all the tribes of
elves of every description, according to
medieval romance, are converted into
hideous animals gn Friday, and remain

so till Monday, (See the romance. of

Gueri’no Meschi'no, and others.)

Black Friday. (See Buacx.) Z

Long Friday, Good Friday, long being
a synonym of great, Thus Mrs, Quickly
says, ‘‘’Tis a long loan for a poor lone
woman to bear’’ (2 Henry IV. ii. 1), and
the Scotch proverb, “‘ Between you and
the long day”’—i.e. the great or judg-
ment day. Good Friday in Danish is
Langfiedag, and in Swedish Langfredag.

Friday. .4 man Friday. A faithful
and submissive attendant, ready to turn
his hand to anything.

My man Friday. The young savage
found by Robinson Crusoe on a Friday,
and kept as his servant and companion
on the desert island.

_Friday Street (London). The street
of fishmongers who served Friday mar-
kets. (Stow.)

Friday and Columbus.

Friday, August 3rd, 1492, Columbus started on bis
_ Voyage of discovery,

Friday, October 12th, 1492, he first sighted land.

Friday, January 4th, 1493, he started on bis return
oper: .

Friday, March 12th, 1493, he safely arrived at Palos,

Friday, November 22nd, 1493, he reached Hispa-
: niola in his second expedition,

Friday, June 13th, 1494, he discovered the conti-

nent of America.

Friday and the United States.

Friday, June 17th, 1775, was fought the battle of
_ Bunker’s Hill. ,
Friday, July 17th, 1776, the motion was made by
John Adams that the United States are and

ought to be independent

» Friday, October 17th, 1777, Saratoga surrendered,

Friday, September 22nd, 1780, the treason of Ar-
nold was exposed. . L

? To these Fridays should be added :

Friday, July 13th, 1866, the Great Eastern sailed
from Valentia, and on Friday, July 27th, 1866,
landed safely with the cable at Heart's Ease,
Newfoundland,

Friday a Lucky Day. , Sir Wil-
liam Churchill says, ‘‘ Friday is my lucky
day. I was born, christened, married,
and knighted on that day; and all my
best accidents have befallen me on a
Friday.”’

¥ In Scotland Friday is a choice day
for weddings, Not so in England. «

He who laughs on Friday will weep on
Sunday. Sorrow follows in the wake
of joy. The line is taken from Racine’s
comedy of Les Plaideurs.

Friday, an Unlucky Day. Because
it was the day of our Lord’s crucifixion ;
it is accordingly a fast-day in the Roman
Catholic Church. Soames says, ‘‘ Adam
and Eve ate the forbidden fruit on a
Friday, and died on a Friday.”’ (Anglo-
Saxon Church, p. 255.)

“But once ona Friday (‘tis ever they say),

A day when misfortune is aptest to fall.”
Saxe: Good Dog of Bretté, stanza 3,

In Spain, Friday is held to be an
unlucky day. So is it esteemed by
Buddhists and Brahmins. The old Ro-
mans called it xefastus, from the utter
overthrow of their army at Gallia Nar-
bonensis. And in England the proverb is
that a Friday moon brings foul weather.

Friend (.4). The second in a duel,
as ‘‘Name your friend,”’ ‘“‘ Captain B.
acted as his friend.’

“Mr. Baillie was to have acted Disraeli’s
friend, if there had been a duel between that
statesman and Daniel O'Connell.” — Newspaper
paragraph (December, 1885).

Better kinde i i than fremd kinde
(motto of the Waterton family) means

“better kind friend (i.e. neighbour’) than
a kinsman who dwells in foreign parts.”’
Probably_it is Prov. xxvii. 10, ‘‘ Better
is a neighbour that is near, than a

Friend at Court

490

Prithiof

brother far off.’? In which case fremd
would be = stranger. Better a kind
friend than a kinsman who is a stranger.

Friend at Court al eg means a
friend in a court of law who watches the
trial, and tells the judge if he can nose
out an error; but the term is more
generally applied to a friend in the
royal court, who will whisper a good
word for you to the sovereign at the
proper place and season. (See Amicus
CURLE.

Friend in Need V0: A friend in
necd is a friend indeed, ‘ Amicus certus
in re incerta cernitur.””

Friend of Man. Marquis de Mira-
beau. So called from one of his works,
DT’? Ami des Hommes (5 vols.). This was
the father of the great Mirabeau, called
by Barnave ‘‘the Shakespeare of elo-
quence.’”? (1715-1789.)

Friends .. . Enemies, Our friends
the enemy. When, on April 1, 1814, the
allied armies entered Paris, Sir George
Jackson tells us he heard a viva pass
along the streets, and the shout ‘nos
amis, nos ennemis.”’

Friendly Suit (4). A snit brought
by a creditor against an executor, to
compel all the creditors to accept an
equal distribution of the assets.

Friendship (Examples of):

Achilles and Patroclos, Greeks.

Amys and Amylion (q.v.), Feudal History.

Baccio (Fra Bartholomew) and Mariotto, artists.
Basil and Gregory.

Burke and Dr. Johnson.

Christ and the “ Beloved disciple," New Testa-

ment.
Damon and Pythias, Suyracusans.
David and Jonathan, Old Testament.
Diomédés and Sthendlos, Greeks.
Epaminondas and Pelopldas, Greeks,
Goethe and Schiller. (See Carlyle: Schiller, p, 108.)
Hadrian and Antindus,
Harmodios and Aristogiton, Greeks,
Hercules (Heraklés] and Iol&éos, Greeks,
Idoméneus (4 syl.) and Merton, Greeks,
Maurice (F, D.), and O. Fingaley, :
Montaigne and Etienne de la Boétie, French.
Nisus and Euryalus, Trojans,
Pyladés and Orestés, Greeks,
Sacharissa and Amdret, Syracusans,
Septimyos and Alcander, Greeks.
Theseus (2 yl.) and Pyrithdos, Greeks,
William of Orange and Bentinck. (See Macaulay ;
History, i. p. 411.)

Friendships Broken (Eng. Hist.) :
Elizabeth and the Karl of Essex.

‘ Other examples in other histories
might be added; as
Brutus and C:;

ys
Innocent TY and Otho 1V, (See Milman: Latin
“ Ohristi f ‘

ianity, Vol. Vv. p. 284)

Jels (rock

Frigga, in the genealogy of Msi,
is the supreme goddess, wife of Odin,
and daughter of the giant Fiorgwyn.
She presides over marriages, and may
be called the Juno of Asgard. (Scandie
navian mythology.)

Frilingi. The second rank of people
among the ancient Saxons. (See EDHI-
LINGI.) E

Fringe. The Jews wore fringes to
their garments, These fringes on the
garments of the priests were accounted
sacred, and were touched by the common
people asa charm. Hence the desire of
the woman who had the issue of blood
to touch the fringe of our Lord’s gar-
ment, (Matt. ix. 20-22.)

Frippery. Rubbish of a tawdry cha-
racter; worthless finery ; foolish levity.
A friperer or fripperer is one who de
in frippery, either to sell or clean old
clothes, (French, friperie, old clothes
and cast-o: tovnianead

We kaow what Blane henge

“Old clothes, cast dresses, tattered rags,

Whoseworks are e'en the frippery of wit.”
Ben Jonson,

Frippery properly means rags and all
sorts of ot and ends. French, fripe
(a rag), friperie (old clothes and furni-
ture), fripier (a broker of old clothes,
etc.). pplied to pastry. BEugéne
Grandet says, ‘‘ En Anjou la ‘frippe’
exprime Vaccompagnement du pain, depuis
le beurre plus distinguée des frippes.””

Frisket. The light frame of the
printing-press, which folds down upon
the tympan ae over the sheet of a
to be printed. Its object is two-fold—
to hold the sheet in its place and to kee
the margins clean, It is called friske
because it frisks or skips up and down
very rapidly—t.e. the pressman opens
it and shuts it over with great alacrity,
the movement being called “ flying the
frisket.’’

Frith. By frith and fell. By wold
and wild, wood and common. ith is
the Welsh Frith or Pia and means a
“woody place.’” Fell is the German

p and means barren or stony
places, a common.

Frithiof (pron. JFrit-yo means
‘‘peace-maker,”’ In the Woot e die

he married Ingéborg (Jn-ge-boy'-e), the
daughter of a petty king of Norway, and
widow of Hring, to whose dominions he
succeeded. His adventures are recorded

in the Saga which bears his name, and,

myths.

Frithiofs Sword

491

Frozen Words

$e

which was written at the close of the
thirteenth century.

Frithiof’s Sword, Angurva’del
(stream of anguish). (See Sword.)

Fritz (Old Fritz), Frederick II. the
treo. King of Prussia (1712, 1740-

Frog. A frog and mouse agreed to
settle by single combat their claims to a
voarsh ; but, while they fought, a kite
carried them both off. (sop: Fables,
oan
What fate Pap enc bon me feos tera
Cary : Dante, exxiil.
Nie Frog is the Dutchman (not French-
man) in Arbuthnot’s History of John
Bull. Frogs are called ‘Dutch’ night-
ingales.”’

Frog’s March. Carrying an obstrep-
erous prisoner, face downwards, by his
four limbs,

Frogs. Frenchmen, properly Paris-
tans. So called from their ancient heraldic
device, which was three frogs or three
toads, ‘“‘Quw’en disent les grenouilles ?”?
—What will the frogs (people of Paris)
say ?—was in 1791 4 common court
phrase at Versailles, There was a point
in the pleasantry when Paris was a
quagmire, called Jwte'tia (mud-land)
because, like frogs or toads, they lived
in mud, but now it is quite an anomaly.
(See CRAPAUD.)

Frogs. The Lycian shepherds were
changed into frogs for mocking Lato’na.

Ovid : Met¢morphoses, vi. 4.)
As pel those hinds that were transformed to

Railed at Latona’s twin-born progeny.”

Milton: Sonnet, vii.

Tt may be all fun to you, but it is death
to the frogs. The allusion is to the fable
of a boy stoning frogs for his amusement.

Frollo (Archdeacon Claude). A priest
who has a great reputation for sanctity,
but falls in love with a gipsy girl, and

ues her with relentless persecution
cause she will not yield to him. (Victor
Hugo: Notre Dame de Paris.)

Fronde (1 syl.). A political squabble
during the ministry of Cardinal Maz’-

, in the minority of Louis XIV.
(1648-1653). The malcontents were
called Frondeurs, from a witty illustra-
tion of a councillor, who said that they
were “like schoolboys wha sling stones
about the streets. en no eye is upon

them they are bold as bullies; but
the moment a ‘policeman’ approaches,
away they scamper to the ditches for

concealment’ (Montglat). The French
for a sling is fronde, and for slingers,
Srondeurs.

“lt was already true that the French govern-
ment was a despotism ... and as speeches and
Jampoons were launched by persons who tried to
hide after they had shot their dart, some one
compared them to children with a sling (fronde),
who let fly a stone and run away.”—0, M. Yonge:
History of France, chap. viii. p. 136,

, Frondeur. A backbiter; one who

‘throws stones at another.

“And what about Diebitsch?’ began another
Srondeur."’—Vera, p. 200,

Fronti’‘no. (See Horse.)
Frost. Jack Frost, The personifica-
tion of frost.

“ Jack Frost looked forth one still, clear night,
And he said, ‘ Now I shall be out of sight ;
So over the valley and over the height
tn silence I’ll take my way.’”
Miss Gould

Frost Saints, (See Ick Saryts.)

Froth (Master). ‘A foolish gentle-
man” in Measure for Measure.

Lord Froth. A pompous coxcomb in
The Double Dealer, by Congreve.

Froude’s Cat. This cat wanted to
know what was good for life, and every-
one gave her queer answers. The owl
said, ‘‘ Meditate, O cat;’’ and so she
tried to think which could have come
first, the fowl or the egg. (Short Studies
on Great Subjects.)

“£1 were toask, like Froude’s cat,‘ What is my
duty?’ you would answer, I suppose, like the

sagacious animal in the parable,'Get your own
dinner .,.. that is my duty, I suppose.'"—Edna
Lyall: Donovan, chap. ix.
Frozen Music,
called by F. Schlegel.
Frozen Words appears to have been
a household joke with the ancient
Greeks, for Antiph’anés applies it to.the
diseourses of Plato: ‘‘ As the cold of
certain cities is so intense that it freezes
the very words we utter, which remain
congealed till the heat of summer thaws
them, so the mind of youth is so
thoughtless that the wisdom of Plato
lies there frozen, as it were, till it is
thawed by the ripened judgment of
mature age.”? (Plutarch’s Morals.)

“The moment their backs were turned, little
Jacob thawed, and renewed his crying from the
Pea where Quilp had frozen him.” — Dickens:

Id Curiosity Shop.

“Truth in person doth appear Whe
Like words congealed in northern air.”
Butler: Hudibras, pt. i. 1, lines 147-8.

Everyone knows the incident of the
‘frozen horn”? related by Munchausen.

‘t Pantagruel and his companions, on
the confines of the Frozen Sea, heard the
uproar of a battle, which had been frozen
the preceding winter, released by a thaw,
(Rabelais: Pantagruel, book iv. chap. 56.)

Architecture. So

Frumentius

492

Fulsome

Frumen'tius (St.). Apostle of Ethi-
opia and the Abyssinians in the fourth
century.

Fry. Children (a word of contempt).
Get away, you young fry. It means pro-
perly a crowd of young fishes, and its
application to children should be limited
to those that obstruct your path, crowd
about you, or stand in your way.
(French, frat, spawn.)

Nothing to fry with (French). No-
thing to eat; nothing to live on. (See
WIDE-NOSTRILS.)

Frying-pan. Out of the frying-pan
into the fire. In trying to extricate
yourself from one evil, you fell into a
greater. The Greeks used to say, ‘‘ Out
of the smoke into the flame; ”’ and the
French say, ‘‘ Zombre de la potle dans la
braise.”’

Fub. To steal, to prig. (French,
fourbi, ‘‘a Jew who conceals a trap;”’
Sourber, “to cheat;’’ for, ‘a false
pocket for concealing stolen goods.’’)

Fuchs [a fox]. A freshman of the
first year in the German University. In
the second year he is called a Bursch.

Fudge. Not true, stuff, make-up.
(Gaelic, ffug, deception; Welsh, jug,
pretence; whence ffugiwr, a pretender
or deceiver.) A word of contempt be-
stowed on one who says what is absurd
or untrue. A favourite i ree of
Mr. Burchell in the Vicar of Wakefield.

Fudge Family. A series of metri-
cal epistles by Thomas Moore, purport-
ing to be written by a family on a visit
to Paris. Sequel, The Fudge Family in
England.

Fuel. Adding fuel to fire. Saying or
doing something to increase the anger
of a person already angry. The French
say, ‘“‘ pouring oil on fire.”’

Fuga ad Salices (4). An affecta-
tion or pretence of denial; as, when
Cesar thrice refused the crown in thé
Lu’percal. <A “nolo episcopari.”” The
allusion is to—

“Malo me Galatéa petit, lasciva puella,
Et fugit ad salices, et se cupit ante vidéri.”
Virgil: Hcldga, iii. 64, 65.

“Cranmer was not prepared for so. great and
sudden an elevation. _Under pretence that the
king's affairs still required his presence abroad,
he tarried six months longer, in the hope that
Henry might consign the crosier to some other
band. There was no affectation in this—no fuga
ad saliccs. _ Ambition is made of sterner stuff
than the spirit of Cranmer.’—Blunt : Reformation
in England, 123. E

Fuggers.,° German merchants, ro-
verbial for their great wealth. ‘Rich
as a Fugger” is common in Old English

dramatists. Charles V. introduced some
of the family into Spain, where they
superintended the mines.

“T am neither an Indian merchant, nor yet a
Fugger, but a poor boy like yourself.”—Gusman
d@ Alfarache.

Fugleman means properly wingman,
but is applied to a soldier who stands in
front of men at drill to show them what
to do. Their proper and original post
was in front of the right wing. (German,
Fligel, a wing.)

Fulhams, or Fullams. Loaded dice ;,
so called from the suburb where the
Bishop of London resides, which, in the
reign of Queen Elizabeth, was the most
notorious place for blacklegs in all
England. Dice made with a cavity
were called ‘‘ gourds.’? Those made to
throw the high numbers (from five to
twelve) were called ‘“‘high fullams’”’
or ‘‘ gourds,’’ and those made to throw
the low numbers (from ace to four) were
termed ‘‘ low fullams’’ or ‘* gourds.”

“For gourd and fullam holds .
And ‘high’ and ‘low’ beguile the rich and poor.”
Shakespeare: Merry Wives of Windsor, i. 3.
Fulhams. Make-believes ; so called
from false or loaded dice. (See above.)
“Fulhams of poetic fiction.”
Butler : Hudibras, pt. ii. 1.
“Have their fulhams at command
Brought up to do their feats at hand,’
Butler : Upon Gaming.

Full Cry. When all the hounds have
caught the scent, and give tongue in
chorus.

Full Dress. The dress worn on

“occasions of ceremony. If a man has

no special costume, his “full dress” is
a suit of black, open waiscoat, swallow-
tailed coat, white neckcloth, and patent-
leather boots or half-boots, Academniicals
are worn in the Universities and on offi-
cial occasions; and full military dress is
worn when an officer is on duty, at
court, and at official fétes, but other-
wise, ‘‘ evening dress”? suffices.

Full Fig (In). “ En grande teniue.”
Probably ‘‘ fig’? is the contraction of
figure in books and journals of fashion,
and full fig. would mean the height-of
fashion. It is outrageous to refer the
phrase to the fig-leaves used by Adam
and Eve, by way of aprons. (See Fa.)

Full Swing {m. Fully at work;
very busy ; in full operation.

Fulsome. ‘ Ful” is the Anglo-
Saxon fi (foulness), not ful full 5
“some”? is the affix meaning united with,
the basis of something; as, gladsome.

E Fum

mettlesome, gamesome, lightsome,
frolicsome, etc., etc.

“No adulation was too fulsome for her [Eliza-
eth), no flattery of her beauty too great.’—
Green: Short History of England, chap. viii. sec. 3,

Dp. 376,

Fum, or Fung hwang. One of the
four symbolical animals supposed to
preside over the destinies of the Chinese
Empire. It originated from the element

of tire, was born in the Hill of the Sun’s |

Halo, and has its body inscribed with
the five cardinal virtues. It has the
forepart of a goose, the hind-quarters of
a stag, the neck of a snake, the tail of a
fish, the forehead of a fowl, the down of
a duck, the marks of a dragon, the back
of a tortoise, the face of a swallow, the
beak of a cock, is about six cubits high,
and perches only on the woo-tung tree.
It is this curious creature that is em-
broidered on the dresses of certain man-
darins.

Fum the Fourth. GeorgelV.
“And where is Fum the Fourth, our royal bird.”

Byron: Don Juan, xi. 78.

Fu'mage (2 syl.). A tax for having
a fire, mentioned in Domesday Book,
and abolished by William III, (Latin,
Jumus, smoke.)

Fume. Jn a fume. In ill-temper,
especially from impatience. The French
say, ‘* Fumer sans tabac; Fumer sans
pipe”? (to put oneself into a rage).
Smoking with rage, or rather with the
ineffectual vapour of anger. .

“A! Rignot, il est courageulx
Pour un homme avantureulx
Et terrible quant ilse fume.” .
L Aventureulx (a farce).

Fun. To make fun of. To make a
butt of ; to ridicule ; to play pranks on
one. (Compare Irish fonn, delight.)

Like fun. Thoroughly, energetically,
with delight.

“On'y look at the dimmercrats, see what they’ve

Jest siinbly by stickin’ together like fun.”
Lowell ; Biglow Papers (First series iv. stanza 5).

Fund. The sinking fund is money
set aside by the Government for paying
off a part of the national debt. ‘This
money is “sunk,” or withdrawn from
circulation, for the bonds purchased by
it are destroyed.

Funds or Public Funds. Money lent
at interest to Government on Govern-
ment security. It means the national
stock, which is the foundation of its
operations,

A fall in the funds is when the ae
tation is lower than when it was last
quoted, Pa :

493

Furbelow

A rise in the funds is when the quota-
tion is higher than it was before.

To be interested in the funds is to have
money in the public funds,

To be out of funds, out of money.

Funeral means a torchlight proces-
sion (from the Latin, fits, a torch),
because funerals among the Romans
took place at night by torchlight, that
magistrates and priests might not be
violated by seeing a corpse, and so be
chown from performing their sacred

uties.

“Funus (a funeral], from funes or funalia
{torches]..... originally made of ropes,”’—
Adams ; Roman Antiquities (Funerals).

Funeral Banquet. The custom
of giving a feast at funerals came to
us from the Romans, who not only
feasted the friends of the deceased, but
also distributed meat to the persons em-
ployed.

“ Thrift, thrift, Horatio! the funeral baked meats

Did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables.”

Shakespeare: Hamlet, i. 2.

Funeral Games, Public games wert
held both in Greece and Rome in
honour of the honoured dead, Examples
of this custom are numerous: as at the
death of Azan (son of Axrcas, father of
the Arcadians) ; the games instituted by
Hercules at the death of Pelops; those
held at the death of Gidipus; the games
held by Achilles in honour of his friend
Patroclos (Homer: Iliad, book xxiii.) ;
those held by Ainéas in honour of his
father Anchis’es (Virgil: dnéid, book
v.); the games held in honour of Mil-
tiidés (Herodotos) ; those in honour of
Brasidas (Thucydidés); and those in
honour of Timoléon mentioned by Plu-
tar¢éh. The spectators at these games
generally dressed in white.

Fungo’so, <A character in Lvery

Man in His Humour, by Ben Jonson.
“Unlucky as Fungoso in the play.”
Pope: Essay on Criticism (328).

Funk. Zo be in a funk may be the
Walloon ‘‘ In de fonk ztin,” literally to
“be in the smoke.’ Colloquially to
be in a state of trepidation from un-
certainty or apprehension of evil.

Funny Bone. A pun on the word
hu'merus. It is the inner condyle of
the humerus ; or, to speak untechnically,
the knob, or enlarged end of the bone
terminating where the ulnar nerve is
exposed at the elbow; the crazy bone.
A Titoek on this bone at the .glbuw pro-
duces a painful sensation.

‘Fur’below. A corruption of falbata,

Furca

494

Gabel

a word in French, Italian, and Spanish
to signify a sort of flounce.

“ Flounced and furbelowed from head to foot.”
—Addison,

Furea. (See Fossa and Forks.)

Furcam et Flagellum (gallows and
whip). ‘The meanest -of all servile
tenures, the bondman being at the lord’s
mercy, both life and limb. (See Forxs.)

Furies (Zhe Three). Tisiphdne (Goel,
or Avenger of blood), Alecto (Im-
placable), and Megera (Disputatious).
The best paintings of these divinities
are those by I Giottino (Thomas di
Stefano) of Ilorence (1324-1356), Giulio
Romano (1492-1546), Pietro da Cortona
(1596-1669), and Titian (1477-1576),

Furies of the Guillotine (Tie).
The tricoteuses—that is, Frenchwomen
who attended the Convention knitting,
and encouraged the Commune in all
their most bloodthirsty excesses. Never
in any age or any country did women so
disgrace their sex.

Furor. Son of Occasion, an old hag,
who was quite bald behind. Sir Guyon
bound him “‘ with a hundred iron chains
and a hundred knots.” (Spenser: Faérie
Queene, book ii.)

Fusber'ta. Rinaldo’s sword is so
called in Orlando Furioso. (See SwoRD.)

“This awful sword was as dear to him as Durin-
da’na or Fusberta to their respective masters,”
—Sir W. Scott.

Fusilier’s. Foot-soldiers that used
to be armed with a fusil or light musket.
The word is now a misnomer, as the six
British and two Indian regiments so
called carry rifles like those of the rest
of the infantry.

Fuss. Much ado about nothing,
(Anglo-Saxon, fus, eager.)
“So full of figure, so full of fuss,
She seemed to be nothing but bustle.”
Hood: Miss Kilinansegg, part iii. stanza 12.
Fus'tian. Stuff, bombast, preten-
tious words, Properly, a sort of cotton
velvet. (French, futaime ; Spanish, fus-
‘tan, from Fustat in Egypt, where the
cloth was first made.) SES BoMBast ;
CAMELOT.)

“Discourse fustian with one’s own shadow.”— .

Shakespeare: Othello, ii. 3. i
“Some scurvy quaint collection of fustian,

pareeets and uplandish words.”—Heywood: Fairé
aide of the Exchange, ii. 2.

Fustian Words, Isaac Taylor
thinks this phrase means toper’s words
and derives fustian from fuste, Old
French for a cask, whence “ fusty”’
(tasting of the cask). It may be so, but
we have numerous phrases derived from

materials of dress applied to speech, aa
velvet, satin, silken, etc. The mother
of Artaxerxes said, ‘‘ Those who address
kings must use silken words.’? In
French, ‘‘ faire patte de velour’? means
to fatten with velvet words in order to
seduce or win over.

Futile e syl.) is that which will not
hold together; inconsistent. A futile
scheme is a design conceived in the mind
which will not hold good in practice.
(Latin, fwtio, to run off like water,
whence futtlis.) (See SoHEME.)

G.

G. This letter is the outline of a
camel’s head and neck. It is called in
Hebrew gimel (a camel).

G.C.B. (See Batu.)

G.H.V.L. on the coin of William III,
of the Netherlands is Groot Hertog Van
LIuzemburg (grand duke of Luxembourg).

G.O.M. The initial letters of Grand
Old Man; so Mr. Gladstone was called
during his premiership 1881-1885, Lord
Rosebery first used the expression 26th
April, 1882, and the Right Hon, Sir
William Harcourt repeated it, 18th
October, the same year; since then it
has become quite a synonym for the
proper name.

Gab (g hard). The gift of the gab.
Fluency of speech ; or, rather, the gift of
boasting. onto gaber, to gasconade ;
Danish and Scotch, gad, the mouth;
Gaelic, gob ; Irish, cab ; whence our gap
and gape, gauble and gobble., The gable
of a house is its beak.)

“ There was a good man named Job
Who lived in the land of Uz,
He had a good gift of the gob,

The same thing happened us.”
Book of Job, by Zach. Boyd.

“Thou art one of the knights of France, who
hold it for glee and pastime to gad, as they term
it, of.exploits that are beyond human power,’—
Sir W. Scott: The Talisman, chap. ii.

Gab‘ardine’ G syl.), A Jewish
coarse cloak, (Spanish, gavardina, a
long coarse cloak.)

“ You as me misbeliever, cut-throat dog,
And spit upor my Jewish gabardine.”
Shakespewre : Merchant of Venice, 1.3

Gabel’, Gabelle (g hard). A salt-
tax. A word applied in’/French histo

to the monopoly ‘of salt. All the salt
made in France had to be brought to the

royal warehouses, and was there gold at

a price fixed by the Government.

iniquity was that some provinces had to

:
»*

i

“

Gaberlunzie

495

Gadshill

twice as much as others. Edward .

: jokingly called this monopoly “‘ Kin,
Philippe’s Salic law.’? It was abolish
in 1789. (German, gale, a tax.)

Gaberlunzie, or 4 gaberlunzie man
(g hard). A mendicant ; or, more strictly
ing, one of the king’s bedesmen,
who were licensed beggars.. The word
gaban is French for ‘‘a cloak with tight
sleeves and a hood.” Lwunzie is a dimi-
nutive of laine (wool); so that gaser-
Sunzie means ‘‘ coarse. woollen gown.”
These bedesmen were also called blue-
gowns (q.v.), from the colour of their
cloaks. (See above, GABARDINE.)

Ga’briel (7 hard), in Jewish mytho-
logy, is the angel of death to the favoured

ople of God, the prince of fire and
Runtie: and thé only angel that can
speak Syriac and Chaldee. The Maho-
metans call him the chief of the four
favoured angels, and the gpirit of truth.
In medieval romance he is the second of
the seven spirits that stand before the
throne of God, and, as God’s messenger,
carries to heaven the prayers of men.
(Jerusalem Delivered, book i.) The
word means ‘‘power of God.’’ Milton
makes him chief of the angelic guards
placed over Paradise.

“ Betwixt these rocky pillars Gabriel sat,

Chief of the angelic guards.
Paradise Lost, iv. 549-550.

Longfellow, in his Golden Legend,
makes him the angel of the moon, and
says he brings to man the gift of hope.

*Tam the angel of the moon...
Nearest the earth, {t is my ray
That best illumines the midnight way.
I bring the gift of hope.”
The Miracle Play, iii.
= It was Gabriel who (we are told in

the Koran) took Mahomet to heaven on
Al-borak (¢.v.), and revealed to him his
‘prophetic lore.”’ Ih the Old Testament
Gabriel is said to have explained to
Daniel certain visions; and in the New
Testament it was Gabriel who announced
to Zacharias the future birth of John
the Baptist, and that afterwards ap-
peared to Mary, the mother of Jesus.
(Luke i. 26, etc.)

Gabriel’s horse, Haizum.

Gabriel’s hounds, called also Gabble
Ratchet. Wild geese.. The noise of the
erred cee (anser ee in ra i is
like that of a pack of hounds in full cry.

| The legend is that they are the souls of
unbaptised childrén wandering through
the ok till the Day of Judgment.
Gab'’riell’e (3 syl.; g hard). La Belle
Gabrielle. Daughter of Antoine d’Es-
trées, grand-master of artillery, and

-

ni hp of the Ile de France. Henri
., towards the close of 1590, happened
to sojourn for a night at the Chateau
de Coeuvres, and fell in love with
Gabrielle, then nineteen years of age.
To throw a flimsy veil over his intrigue,
he married her to Damerval de Lian-
court, created her Duchess de Beaufort,
and took her to live with him at court.

“ Charmante Gabrielle,
Percé de mille dards,
Quand la gloire m’appelle
A la suite de Mars.” Henri IV.

Gabri’na, in Orlando Furioso, is a
sort of Potiphar’s wife. (See under
ARGEO.) hen Philander had un-
wittingly killed her husband, Gabrina
threatened to deliver him up to the law
unless he married her; an alternative
that Philander accepted, but ere long
she tired of and poisoned him, The
whole affair being brought to light,
Gabrina was shut up in prison, but,
effecting her escape, wandered about
the country as an ojJd hag. Knight after
knight had to defend her; but at last
she was committed to the charge of
Odorico, who, to get rid of her, hung
her on an oldelm. (See ODoRICO.)

Ga/briolet'ta (g hard). Governess
of Brittany, rescued by Am’adis of Gaul
from the inas of Balan, “ the bravest
and strongest of all the giants.’ (Ama-
dis of Gaul, bk. iv. ch. 129.)

Gad (g hard). Gadding from place to
place. Wandering from pillar to post
without any profitable purpose.

“Give water no passage, neither a wicked
woman liberty to gad abroad.”—Zcclesiasticus
XXV. 35.

Gad-abont (4). A person who spends
day after day in frivolous visits, gadding
from house to house.

Gad-fly is not the roving but the
goading fly. (Anglo-Saxon, gad, a goad.)

Gad-steelL Flemish stecl. So called
because it is wrought in gads, or small
bars. enee tases gad, a small bar or
goad ; Icelandic, gaddr, a spike or goad.)

“T will go get a leaf of brass,
And‘with a gad of steel will write these words.”
Shakespeave: Titus Andronicus, iv. 1,

Gadshill, in Kent, near Rochester.
Famous for the attack of Sir John Fal-
staff and. three of his knavish com-
panions on a party of four travellers,
whom they robbed of their purses,
While the robbers were dividing the
spoil, Poins and the Prince of Wales
set upon them, and ‘‘outfaced them
from their prize ;’’ and as for the ‘‘Her-
cules of flesh,’? he ran and ‘‘roared far
mercy, and still ran and roared,” saga

ne Gaels

496

Galére

the prince, ‘‘as ever I heard a bull-
ealf.’? Gadshill is also the name of one
of the thievish companions of Sir John,
(Shakespeare: 1 Henry IV., ii. 4.

* Charles Dickens lived at Gadshill.

Gaels. A contraction of Gaid-heals
(hidden rovers), The inhabitants of Scot-
land who maintained their ground in the
Highlands against the Celts.

Gaff (g hard). Crooked as a gaff. A
gaff is an iron hook at the end of a
short pole, used for landing salmon, etc.
The metal spurs of fighting-cocks. In
nautical language, a spar to which the
head of a fore-and-aft sail is bent.
(Dana: Seaman’s Manual, p.97.) (Irish,
gaf ; Spanish and Portuguese, gafa.)

Gaffer (g hard). A title of address,
as ‘‘ Gaffer Grey,’’ ‘‘ Good-day, Gaffer.’’
About equal to ‘‘mate.” (Anglo-Saxon,
gefera, a comrade.) Many think the
word is ‘‘grandfather."’ (See GAaMMER,)

“ If 1 had buta thousand a year, Gaffer Green,

If ] had but 3 thousand a year.”

Gaffer Green and Robin Rough.

Gags, in theatrical parlance, are in-
terpolations, When’ Hamlet directs the
players to say no more ‘‘than is set
down,’’ be cautions them against in-
dulgence in gags. (Hamlet, iii. 2.)
(Dutch, gaggelen, to cackle. .Compare
Anglo-Saxon, geagl, the jaw.)

Gala Day (9 hard). A festive day;
a day when people: put on their best

attire. (Spanish, gq/a, court dress;
Italian, gala, finery; French, gala,
pomp.)

Galactic Circle (The) is to sidereal
astronomy what the ecliptic is to planet.
ary astronomy. The Galaxy being the
sidereal equator, the Galactic circle is
inclined to it at an angle of 63°.

Galahad, or Sir Galaad (g hard).
Son of Sir Launcelot and Elaine, one of
the Knights of the Round Table, so
pure in life that he was successful in his
search for the Sangrail. Tennyson has
a neat on the subject, called Lhe Holy
Grail,

“ There Galaad sat, with manly grace, -
Yet maiden meekness in his face.” |
Sir W. Scott: Bridal of Triermain, ii. 13.

Gal'aor pine Brother of Am’adis
of Gaul, a gay libertine, whose adven-

tures form a strong contrast to those of
the more serious hero.

Galate’a. A sea-nymph, beloved b
Polyphe’me, but herself in love wit

Acis. Acis: was crushed under a huge

rock by the jealous giant, and Galatea
threw herself into the sea, where she
joined her sister nymphs. Carlo Mar-
atti (1625-1713) depicted Galatea in
the sea and Polypheme sitting on a rock.
Handel has an opera entitled Acis and
Galatea,

Galathe (3 syl.). Hector’s horse,
“ There is a thousand Hectors in the field ;
Now here he fights on Galathé his horse,
And there lacks work.”
Shakespeare; Troilus and Cressida, v. 5.
Galaxy (The). The ‘Milky Way.”
A long white luminous track of stars
which seems to encompass the heavens
like a girdle. According to classic fable,
it is the path to the palace of Zeus (1 syl.)
or Jupiter. (Greek, gala, milk, genitive,
galaktos.)
A galaxy of beauty. A cluster, as-
sembly, or coterie of handsome women.

Gale’s Compound. Powdered glass
mixed with gunpowder to render it non-
explosive. Dr. Gale is the patentee.

Galen (g hard). Galen says “‘ Nay,”’
and Hippoc'ratés ** Yea.”” The doctors
disagree, and who is to decide? Galen
was a physician of Asia Minor in the
second Christian century. Hippoc’ratés
—a native of Cos, born B.c. 460—was
the most celebrated physician of an-
tiquity.

Galen. A generic name for an apothe-
cary. Galenists prefer drugs (called
Galenical medicines), Paracelsians use
mineral] medicines.

Galeot'ti (Martius)., Louis XI.’s
Italian astrologer. Being asked by the
king if he knew the day of his own
death, he craftily replied that he could
not name the exact day, but he knew
this much: it would be twenty-four
hours before the decease of his majesty.
Thrasullus, the soothsayer of Tiberius,
Emperor of Rome, made verbally the
same answer to the same question.

“*Gan thy pretended skill ascertain the hour of
thine own death ?’

“Only by referring to the fate of another,’ said
Galeotti.

“*T understand not thine answer,’ said Louis.

“*Know then, O king,’ said Martius, ‘that this
only I can tell with certainty concerning mine
own death, that it shall take place exactly twenty-
four hours before your majesty’s.’”

Sir W. Scott: Quentin Durward, chap, xxix.

Galera’na (g hard), according to
Ariosto, was wife of Charlemagne;
{Orlando Furioso, bk. xxi.) (See CHARLE-
MAGNE, ) BS

Galére (2 syl.). Que diable allait-il
aire dans cette galére? (What. business
he to be on that galley #).
from Moliére’s comedy of Les

=a ea

Galesus

de Scapin. Scapin wants to bamboozle
Géronte out of his money, and tells him
that his master (Géronte’s son) is de-
tained prisoner on a Turkish galley,
where he went out of curiosity. He
adds, that unless the old man_ will
ransom him, he will be taken to Algiers
as a slave, Gérorte replies to all that
Scapin urges, ‘*‘ What business had he to
go on board the galley?” The retort is
given to those who beg money to help
them out of difficulties which they have
brought on themselves. ‘‘I grant you
are in trouble, but what right had you
to go on the galley ?”’

ogue la Galére. (See Vocus.)

Gale’sus bard). A river of Pug'lia,
not far from Tarentum. Thesheep that
fed on the meadows of Gale’sus were
noted for their fine wool. (Horace:
2 Carminum Liber, vi. 10.)

Galian’a (g hard). A Moorish prin-
cess. Her Cher King Gadalfe of
Tole’do, built for her a palace on the
Tagus s0 splendid that the phrase ‘“‘a
palace of Galiana’’ became proverbial
in Spain.

Galimau’frey or Gallimau'frey (7
hard). A medley ; any confused jumble
of things; but strictly speaking, a hotch-

otch made up of all the scraps of the
arder, (French, galimafrée ; Spanish,

gallefa, broken meat,’ gallofero, a

ggar.)

“ He woos both high and low, both rich and poor,
Both young and old, one with another, Ford ;
He loves thy gaily-mawfry [all sorts).”

} Shakespeare: Merry Wives, ii. 1.

Gall and Wormwood. Extremely
disagreeable and annoying,

“Jt was_so much gall and. wormwood to the
family.”"—M7s. E. Lyn Linton.

Gall of Bitterness (The). The
bitterest grief ; extreme affliction. The
ancients taught that grief and joy were
subject to the gall, aitection to the heart,
knowledge to the kidneys, anger to the
bile (ane of the four humours of the
body), and courage or timidity to the
liver, The gall of bitterness, like the
heart of hearts, meaus the bitter centre
of bitterness, as the heart of hearts
means the innermost recesses of the
heart or affections. In the Acts it is
used to signify ‘“‘the sinfulness of sin,’
which leads to the bitterest grief.

“T perceive thou art in the gall of bitterness,
and in the bond of iniquity.”—Acts viii. 23,
_Gall of Pigeons. The story goes
that pigeons have no gall, because the
doya sent from the ark by Noah burst

497

” Gallicism

its gall out of grief, and none of the
pigeon family havehad a gall ever since,

* For sin’ the Flood of Noah
The dow she had nae ga’.”
Jamieson: Popular Ballads (Lord of Rorlin's
Daughter).

Gall’s Bell (St.). A four-sided bell,
which was certainly in existence in the
seventh century, and is still shown in
the monastery of St. Gall, Switzerland.

Gallant’ (g hard). Brave, polite,
courteous, etc. (French, galant.)

Gallery. To play with one eye on the
gallery. To work for popularity, As
an actor who sacrifices his author for
popular applause, or a stump political
orator ‘‘ orates’’ to catch votes.

“The instant we begin to think about success

and the effect of our work~—to play with one eye
on the gallery—we lose power, and fouch, and
everything else,’"—Rudyard Kipling: The Light
that Failed,
_ Galley (g hard). A printer’s frame
into which type from the stick (q.v.) is
emptied. Inthe galley the type appears
only in columns; it is subsequently di-
vided into pages, and transferred to the:
‘* chase” ar, (French, galée.)

Galley Pence. Genoese coin brought
over by merchants (‘‘ galleymen’’), who
used the Galley Wharf, ‘Thames Street.
These pence, or rather halfpence, were
larger than our own.

Gal'lia (g hard), France,

“Impending hangs o’er Gallia’s humbled coast,”
: Thomson: Summer.

Gallia Bracca’ta [trousered Gaul],
Gallia Narbonen’sis was so called from
the ‘‘braccee ’”’ or trousers which the
natives wore in common with the Scy-
thians and Persians,

Gallia Coma'ta. That part of Gaul
which belonged to the Roman emperor,
and was governed by leg’ates (lega'ti),
was so called from the long hair (coma)
worn by the inhabitants flowing over
their shoulders,

Gallice’nz. The nine virgin priest-
esses of the Gallic oracle. By their
charms they could raise the wind and
waves, turn themselves into any animal
form they liked, cure wounds and
diseases, and predict future events.
(Gallic mythology.).

Gallicism (g hard). A phrase or
sentence constructed after the French
idiom ; as, ‘‘when you shall have re-
turned home you will find a letter on
your table.’? Government documents
aie especially guilty of this fault. In
St. Matt. xv. 32 is a Gallicism: “I have

| compassion on the ‘multitude, because

r Gallicum 498

Gamaheu

they continue with me now three days,
saa have nothing to eat.”” (Compare
St. Mark viii, 2.)

Gallicum Merleburge.
of ‘Stratford atte Bowe.”

“ There is a spring which (so they say), if any-
one tastes, he murders his French [Gallice harha-
rizat) ; 80 that when anyone speaks that language
ill, we say he speaks the French of Marlborough
(Gallicum Merleburge)."— Walter Map.

Galligantus. A giant who lived
with Hocus-Pocus in an enchanted
castle. By his magic he changed men
and women into dumb animals, amongst
which was a duke’s daughter, changed
into aroe. Jack the Giant Killer, ar-
rayed in his cap, which rendered him
invisible, went to the castle and read the
insvription : ‘‘ Whoever can this trumpet
blow, will cause the giant’s overthrow.”’
He seized the trumpet, blew a loud
blast, the castle fell down, Jack slew
the giant, and was married soon after
to the duke’s daughter, whom he had
rescued from the giant’s castle. (Jack
the Giant Killer.)

Gallimaufry. (See GALIMAUFREY.)

Galli’pot (g hard) means a glazed
ay as galletyles (3 ell means glazed
iles. (Dutch, glewpot, glazed pot.) In
farce and jest it forms a by-name for an
apothecary.

_ Gallo-Bel’gicus, An annual register
in Latin for European circulation, first
published in 1598.
“Tt is believed,
And told for news with as much diligence
As if twere writ in mgt aR
Thomas May: The Heir. (1615,)

Galloon. (See CADDICE.)

Galloway (g hard). A horse less
than fifteen hands high, of the breed
which originally came from Galloway in
Scotland,

“Thrust him downstairs! Know we not Gallo-
way nags ?"—Shakespeare: 2 Henry IV., ii. 4.

“ The knights and esquires are well mounted on
Jarge bay horses, the common
Galloways."—S. Lanier; Boy's
ebap. xiv. p. 25.

Gallowglass, An armed servitor (or
foot-soldier) of an ancient Irish chief.

Gallus Numid'icus (4). A turkey
cock. Our common turkey comes
neither from Turkey nor Numidia, but
Jrom North America.

“ And bedecked in borrowed plumage, he struts
over his pages as solemnly as any old Gallus
Nuwnidicus over the farmyard.”—Fra, Ollie (1885),

Galore (2 syl.,g hard), A sailor’s
term, meaning “in abundance.” (Irish,
go leor, in abundance.)

For his Poll he had trinkets and gold galore,
Besides of prize-money quite a store.”
Jack Rovij

French

ople on little
roissart, book i.

Gal'vanism (g hard). So called from
Louis Galva’ni, of Bologna. Signora
Galvani in 1790 had frog-soup pre-
scribed for her diet, and one day some
skinned frogs which happened to be
placed near an electric m ne in motion
exhibited signs of Ma ef This strange
phenomenon excited the curiosity of
the experimenter, who subsequently
noticed that similar convulsive effects
were produced when the copper hooks
on which the frogs were strung were
suspended on the iron hook of the
larder. Experiments being carefully
conducted, soon led to the discovery of
this important science,

Galway Jury. An enlightened,
independent jury. The expression has
its birth in certain trials held in Ireland
in 1635 upon the right of the king to
the counties of Ireland, Leitrim, Ros-
common, Sligo and Mayo, gave judg-
ment in favour of the Crown, but Galway
opposed it; whereupon the sheriff was
fined £1,000, and each of the jurors
£4,000,

Gam. (See GANELON.)

‘Ga’ma (g hard), Vasco da Gama,
the Portuguese, was the first joiee so
navigator who doubled the Cape of
Hope.

“ With such mad seas the daring Gama fought...

Incessant labouring round the stormy Cape.”
Thomson : Summer,

Vasco da Gama. , The hero of
Camoéns’ Lusiad, He is represented as
sagacious, intrepid, tender- hearted,
pious fond of his country,-and holding

is‘temper in full command, He is also
the hero of Meyerbeer’s posthumous
opera, L’ Africaine.
“Gama, captain of the venturous band,
Of bold emprise, and born for high command,
Whose martial fires, with prudence close allied,
Ensured the smiles of fortune on his side.”
Camoéens: Lusiad, dk. i.

Gamaheu, a natural cameo, or intag-
lio. These stones (chiefly agate) contain
natural representations of plants, land-
scapes, or animals, Pliny Hells us that
the ‘“‘ Agate of Pyrrhus”’ contained a
representation of the nine Muses, with
Apollo in the midst. Paracelsus calls
them naturaltalismans, Albertus Mag-
nus makes mention of them, and Gaffa~
ret, in his Curiosités inouies, attributes to
them magical powers, (French, camaiet,
from the oriental gamahuia, camehuia, or
camebouia.) a

? When magicwas ranked asa science,
certain conjunctions were called ‘‘Ga-

in unions,”

SS

Gamaliel

499

Gammut

Gamaliel, In the Talmud is rather
a good story about this pundit. Cesar

ed Gamaliel how it was that God
robbed Adam in order to make Eve.
Gamaliel’s daughter instantly replied,
the robbery was substituting a golden
vessel for an earthen one.

Gambo’ge (2 syl., first g hard, second
g soft). So called from Cambo’'dia or
Camboja, whence it was first brought,

Game includes hares, pheasants,

parttidges, grouse, heath-game, or moor-
game, ore tag and bustards. (Game
Act, 1,2, Will. IV.) (See Sportive
SEASON.)

Game.

Two can play at that game. If you
claw me I can claw you; if you throw
stones at me I can do the same to you.

The Duke of Buckingham led a mob to.

break the windows of the Scotch
Puritans who came over with James I.,
but the Puritans broke the windows of
the duke’s house, and when he com-
plained to the king, the British Solomon
quoted to him the proverb, ‘‘ Those who
live in glass houses shouldn’t throw
stones.”’

You are making game of me. You are

chaffing me. (Anglo-Saxon, gamen,
jest, scoffing.)
Game-leg. A bad or lame leg.

(Welsh, cam ; Irish, gam, bad, crooked.)
Game for a Spree, Are you game
for @ spree? Are you inclined to join
in a bit of fun? The allusion is to
e-cocks, which never show the white
eather, but are always ready for a fight.

Game is not worth the Candle
oo The effort is not worth making ;
e result will not pay for the trouble.
(See CANDLE.)
Game's Afoot (Zhe). The hare has
started; the enterprise has begun.
Se ee eed a
Follow your spirit And upop this charge ,

‘ for Harry! England! and St. George.”
a Mar Rabecphave. Henry Vaile “Bs

Gam’elyn (3 syl., g hard). The
youngest of the three sons of Sir Johan
de Boundys. On his death-bed the old

ight left ‘‘ five plowes of land”’ to

of his two elder sons, and the rest
of his property to Gamelyn. The eldest
took charge of the boy, but entreated
him shamefully; and’ when Gamelyn, in
his manhood, demanded of him his
heritage, the elder brother exclaimed,
“Stand still, gadelyng, and hold thy
arene “‘T am no gadelyng,”’ retorted
e proud young spirit ; ‘‘ but the lawful

’ son of a lady and true knight,”

At this
the elder brother sent his servants to
chastise the youngling, but Gamelyn
drove them off with ‘‘a pestel.”” Ata
wrestling-match held in the neighbour-
hood, young Gamelyn threw the cham-
pion, and carried off the prize ram; but
on reaching home found the door shut
against him. He at once kicked down
the door, and threw the porter into a
well. Theelder brother, by a manwuvre,
contrived to bind the young scapegrace
to a tree, and left him two days without
food; but Adam, the spencer, unloosed
him, and Gamelyn fell upon a party of
ecclesiastics who had come to dine with
his brother, “sprinkling holy water on
the guests with his stout oaken cudgel.”
The sheriff now sent to take Gamelyn

, and Adam into custody; but they fled

into the woods and came upon a party
of foresters sitting at meat. The captain

ve them welcome, and in time Game-
yn rose to be ‘‘ king of the outlaws.’’
His brother, being now sheriff, would
have put him to death, but Gamelyn
constituted himself a lynch judge, and
hanged his brother. After this the king
appointed him chief ranger, and he
married, This tale is the foundation of
Lodge’s novel, called Huphue’s Golden
Legacy, and the novel furnished Shake-
speare with the plot of As You Like It.

Gammer (g hard). A corruption of
grandmother, with an intermediate form
“‘pranmer.’’ (See Halliwell, sub voce.)

Gammer Gurton’s Needle. The
earliest comedy but one in the English
language, It was ‘‘Made by Mr. S.,
Master of Arts.”?’ The author is said to
have been Bishop Still of Bath and
Wells (1543-1607).

Gam/mon (g hard). A corruption
of gamene. Stuff to impose upon one’s
credulity ; chaff. (Anglo-Saxon, gamen,
scoffing ; our game, as “ You are making
game of me.’’)

Gammon (g hard) means the leg, not
the buttock). (French, jambon, the leg,
jambe ; Italian, gamba.)

Gam'mut, or Gamut (g hard). It is
gamma ut, ut”? being the first word in
the Guido-von-Arrezzo scale of wt, re,
mi, fa, sol, la. In the eleventh century
the ancient scale was extended a note
below the Greek proslamban/omy note
A), the first space of the bass staff.

e new note was termed y (gamma),
and when ‘ut’? was-substituted by Ar-
rezzo the ‘‘supernumerary’’ note was
called gamma or uf, or shortly, gama’ ub

Gamp

500

Gangway ;

—i.e. “Gut.”? The gammut, therefore,
properly means the diatonic scale be-
ginning in the bass clef with ‘‘ G,”’

Gamp (Mrs.), or Sarah Gamp (g
hard). A monthly nurse, famous for her
bulky umbrella anil perpetual refer-
ence to Mrs, Harris, a purely imaginary

erson, whose opinions always confirmed

er own. (Dickens;. Martin Chustle-
wit.)

“ Mrs, Harris, I says to her, if I could afford to
lay out all my fellow creeturs for nothink, 1 would

gladly doit. Such is the love 1 bear ’em.”

Punch caricatures the Standard as
‘“‘Mrs. Sarah Gamp,”’ a little woman

with an enormous bonnet and her cha- |

racteristic umbrella.

A Sarah Gamp, or Mrs. Gamp. A
big, pawky umbrella, so called from
Sarah Gamp. (See above.)

In France it is called wx Robinson,
from Robinson Crusoe’s umbrella, (De-
foe.) :

. Gampsand Harrises. Workhouse
nurses, real or -supposititious. (See
Camp, )

“Mr. Gathorne Hardy is to look after the Gamps
und Harrises of Lambeth and the Strand.”—The
Daily Telegraph.

Gan/abim. The.island of thieves and
plagiarists. So called from the Hebrew
spe ‘i thief), (Rabelais: Pantagr'uel,
lv. 66,

Gander (g hard), What's sauce for
the goose is sauce for the gander. Both
must be treated exactly alike. Apple-
sauce is just us good for one as the
other. (Anglo-Saxon gés, related to gons
and gums. The d and » of gan-a are
merely euphonic; the a being the mas-
culine suffix. Thus han-d was the mas-
culine of hen. Latin, anser.)-

Gander-cleugh. Folly cliff; that
mysterious land where anyone who

makes a ‘‘ goose of himself”’ takes up |

his temporary residence. The hypo-
thetical Jedediah Cleishbotham, who
edited the Tales of My Landlord, lived
there, as Sir Walter Scott assures us.

_Gander-month. Those four weeks
-when the ‘‘monthly nurse” rules the
house with despotic sway, and the master
is made a goose of.

Gan’elon (g‘hard). Count of May-
ence, one of Charlemagne’s paladins, the
“Judas” of knights. His castle was
built on the Bloeksberg, the - loftiest
peak of the Hartz mountains Jealousy
of Roland made fim a traitor ;,and inv

order to destroy his rival, he planned
with Marsillus, the Moorish king, the
attack of Roncesvallés. He was six and
a-half feet high, with glaring eyes and
fiery hair ; he loved solitude, was very
taciturn, disbelieved in the existence of
moral good, and never had afriend. Hi
name is a by-word for a traitor of the
basest sort.

“ Have you not beld me at such a distance from
your counsels, as if I were the most faithless spy

since the days of Ganelon?”—Sir Walter Scott:
The Abbot, chap, xxiv,

“You would have thought him [Ganelon] one
of Attila’s Huns, rather than one of the paladins
of Charlemagne's court.”—Croquemitaine, iii.

Ga'nem (g hard), having incurred
the displeasure of Caliph Haroun-al.-
Raschid, effected his escape by taking
the place of a slave, who was carrying
on his head dishes from his own table,
(Arabian Nights’ Entertainments.)

Gan’esa (g hard). Son of Siva and
Parbutta; also ed Gunputty, the
elephant god. The god of wisdom, fore-
thought, and prudence. The Mercury
of the Hindus.

“Camdeo bright and Ganesa sublime

Shall bless with joy their own propitious clime."
Campbell: Pleasures of Hope, i.

Gang aegley (Zo). To go wrong:
(Scotch.)
“ The best-laid schemes of mice and men
Gang aft agley.” Burns,

Gang-board, or Gang-way (9 hard):
The board or way made for the rowers
to pass from stem to stern, and where
the niast was laid when it was unshipped,
Now it means the board with cleats or
bars of wood by which passengers walk
into or out of a ship or steamboat. A
gang is an alley or avenue,

“ As we were putting off the boat they laid hold

of the gangboard and unhooked it off the boat's
stern."—Cook: Second Voyage, bk. iii. chap, iv.

Gang-day (ghard). The day in Ro-
gation week when boys with the clergy
and wardens used to gang round the
parish to beat its bounds,

Gangway (7 hard). Below the gang-
way. In the House of Commons there
is a sort of bar extending across the
House, which separates the Ministry and
the Opposition from the rest of the mem-
bers. To sit ‘below the gangway ’”? is
to sit amongst the general members,
neither among the Ministers nor with
the Opposition. ; veek

Clear the gangway. Make xoomsfor-
the passengers from the boat, clear the
passage,. "(Seg GANG-BQARD.) 5

Ganges 501

Gardening

Ganges (The) is so named from gang,

the earth.
Ganga.
“Those who, through the curse, have fallen
from heaven, having performed ablution in this
stream, become free from sin ; cleansed from sin
by this water, and restored to happiness, they
shall enter heaven and retarn again to the gods.
After having performed ablution in this living
water, they become free from all iniquity.’"—T7'he
Ramayuna (section xxxv.). 7
Ganna. A Celtic prophetess, who
succeeded Velle’da. She went to Rome,
and was received by Domitian with great

honours, (Zacitus: Annals, 55.)

Ganor (g hard), Gineura (g soft), or
Guinever. Arthur’s wife. :

Gan’ymede (3 syl.; g hard). Jove’s
cup-bearer; the most beautiful boy ever
born. He succeeded Hebé in office.

“ When Ganymede above
His service ministers to mighty Jove.”
Hoole's Ariosto, ».

Often called Gunga or

Ga/ora. <A tract of land inhabited -

by a people without heads. Their eyes
are in their shoulders, and their mouth
in their breast. (Hakluyt’s Voyages.)
(See BLEMMYEs.)

Gape hard). Looking for gape-
seed, Gain eee and nee Hothings
A corruption of ‘‘ Looking a-gapesing ; ”
gapesing is staring about with one’s
mouth open. A-gapesing and a-trapes-
ing are still used in Norfolk.

Seeking a gape’s nest. (Devonshire.) A

gape’s nest is a sight which-people stare.

at with wide-open mouth. The word
“nest ’? was used in a much wider sense
formerly than itis now. Thus we read
of a ‘‘nest of shelves,’”? a ‘nest of
thieves,’’ a “cosy nest.”? A gape’s nest
is the nest or place where anything
stared at is to be found. (See Marn’s
NEst.)

Gar’agan’tua (g hard). The giant
that swallowed five pilgrims with their
staves and all in a salad, From a book
entitled Fhe History of Garagantua,

1594, Laneham, however, mentions the

ook of Garagantua in 1575. The giant
in Rabelais is called Gargantua (q.v.).
“You must borrow me Gargantua’s mouth
first {before [ can utter so long a word);'‘tisa
word too great for any mouth of this age’s size.”
—Shakespeare: As You Like It, iii. 2.
* Garagantuan. Threatening, bully-
ing. (See preceding.) —

| Garble (g hard) properly means to
sift out the refuse. us, by the statute
of 1 James I. 19, a penalty is imposed
on the sale of drugs not garbled. We
.now use the word to express a mutilated
extract, in which the sense of the author
is perverted by what is omitted, (French,

e

garber, tomake clean; Spanish, garbil.
lar.)

“A garbled quotation may he the most effectual
perversion of an author’s meaning.”—McCosa :
Divine Government, p. 14.

~ One of the best garbled quotations
is this: David said (Psalm xiv. 1),
“There is no God” (omitting the pre-
ceding words, ‘‘ The fool hath said in his
heart.’’)

Garci'as (g hard). Zhe soul of Pedro
Garcias, Money. It is said that two
scholars of Salamanca discovered a
tombstone with this inscription :—‘‘ Here
lies the soul of the licentiate Pedro
Garci‘as ;”? and on searching for this
“soul” found a purse with a hundred
golden ducats. (Gil Blas, Preface.)

Gar‘darike (4 syl., g hard). So
Russia is called in the Eddas.

Garden (g hard). The eercen of
Joseph of Arimathe’a is said to be the
spot where the rotunda of the Holy
Sepulchre now stands.

The Garden or Garden Sect. The
disciples of Epicu’rus, who taught in his
own private garden.

“Epicurus in bis garden was lan, uid ; the birds

of the air have more enjoyment of their food."—
Ecce Homo,

Garden of England, Worcestershire
and Kent are both so called.

Garden of Europe. Italy.

Garden of France. Amboise, in the
department of Indre-et-Loire,

Garden of India. Oude.

Garden of Ireland, Carlow.

Garden of Italy. Theisland of Sicily.

Garden of South Wales. The southern
division of Glamorganshire.

Garden of Spain. Andalusia,

Garden of the Sun. The Hast Indian
(or Malayan) archipelago.

Garden of the West. Mlinois; Kansas
is also so called.

Garden of the World. The region of
the Mississippi.

Gardener (g hard). Get on, gar-
dener! Get on, you slow and clumsy
coachman. The allusion is to a man who
is both gardener and coachman.

Gardener, Adam is so called by
Tennyson.

“ From yon blue sky above us hent,
Tbe grand old gardener and his wife (Adam

and Eve.
Smile at the claims of long descent.”
Lady Clara Vere de Vere
“Thou, old Adam's likeness,
Get to dress this garden,” §
Shakespeare: Richard IT., iti. 4
Gardening (g hard). (See ADAM'S
PROFESSION.)

Gargamelle

502

Gargantuan

Father of landscape gardening. Lenotre
(1613-1700).

Gargamelle’ (3 syl., g hard) was the
wife of Grangousier, and daughter of the
king of the Parpaillons (dutterflies). On
the day that she gave birth to Gargantua
she ate sixteen quarters, two bushels,
three pecks, and a pipkin of dirt, the
mere remains left in the tripe which
she had for supper; for, as the proverb
says—

“ Scrape tripe as clean as o’er you can,
A tithe of filth will still remain.”

Gargamelle, Said to be meant for
Anne of Brittany. She was the mother
of Gargantua, in the satirical romance
of Gargantua and Pantagruel', by Ra-
belais. Motteux, who makes ‘‘ Panta-
gruel’’ to be Anthony de Bourbon, and
“Gargantua”? to be Henri d’Albret,
says ‘‘Gargamelle’’ is designed for
Catherine de Foix, Queen of Navarre.
(Rabelais, i. 4.)

Gargan'‘tua (g hard), according to
Rabelais, was.son of Grangousier and
Gargamelle.
he cried out ‘‘ Drink, drink !’’ so lustily
that the words were heard in Beauce
and Bibarois; whereupon his royal
father exclaimed, ‘‘ Que grand tuas!”’
which, being the first words he uttered
after the birth of the child, were ac-
cepted as its name; so it was called
“‘Gah-gran’-tu-as,’’ corrupted into Gar-
g’an-tu-a, It needed 17,913 cows to
supply the babe with milk, When he
went to Paris to finish his education he
rode on a mare as big as six elephants,
and took the bells of Notre Dame to
hang on his mare’s neck as jingles. At
the prayer of the Parisians he restored
the bells, and they consented to feed his
mare for nothing. On his way home
he was fired at from the castle at Vede
Ford, and on reaching home combed
his: haiz with a comb 900 feet long, when
at every ‘‘rake’’ seven’ bullet-balls fell
from his hair. Being desirous of asalad
for dinner, he went to cut some lettuces
as big as walnut-trees, and ate up six
i aie from Sebastian, who had hidden
themselves among them out of fear.
Picrochole, having committed certain
offences, was attacked by Gargantua in
the rock Clermond, and utterly de-
feated ; and Gargantua, in remembrance
of this victory, founded and endowed
the abbey of Theleme [ Ze-dame]. (Rabe-
lais: Gargantua, i. 7.

Gargantua is said to be a satire on
-Frangois I., but this cannot he correct,
as he was born in the kingdom of the

Immediately he was born.

butterflies, was sent to Paris to finish
his education, and left it Sar to
succour his own country. otteux,
perceiving these difficulties, thinks it is
meant for Henri d’Albret, King of
Navarre.

Gargantua’s mare. Those who make
Gargantua to be Francois I. make his
‘‘ great mare’? to be Mme, d’Estampes.
Motteux, who looks upon the romance
as a satire on the Reform party, is ata
loss how to apply this word, and merely
says, ‘‘It is some lady.’’? Rabelais says
‘She was as big .as six elephants, an
had her feet cloven into fingers. She
was of a burnt-sorrel hue, with a little
mixture of dapple-grey ; but, above all,
she had a terrible tail, for it was every
whit as great as the steeple pillar of
St. Mark.’? When the beast got to
Orléans, and the wasps assaulted her,
she switched about her tail so furiously
that she knocked down all the trees that

w in the vicinity, and Gargantua,
elighted, exclaimed, ‘‘Je trouve beau
ce !”’ wherefore the locality has been
called ‘‘ Beauce’’ ever since. The satire

- shows the wilfulness and extravagance

of court mistresses. (Rabelais: Gar-
gantua and Pantagruel, book i. 16.)

Gargantua’s shepherds, according to
Motteux, mean Lutheran preachers ; but
those who look upon the romance as a
political satire, think the Crown ministers
and advisers are intended,

Gargantua’s thirst. Motteux says
the “great thirst’’ of Gargantua, and
“mighty drought”’ at Pantagruel’s birth,
refer to the withholding the cup from
the laity, and the clamour raised by the
Reform party for the wine as well as the
bread in the eucharist.

Gargan’tuan, Enormous, inordi-
nate, great beyond all limits, it needed
900 ells of Chatelleraut linen to make
the body of his shirt, and 200 more for
the gussets; for his shoes 406 ells of blue
and crimson velvet were required, and
1,100 cow-hides for the soles. He could
play 207 different games, picked his teeth
with an elephant’s tusk, and did every-
thing in the same “‘ large way.” -

“Tt sounded like a Gargantuan order for a
dram."—The Standard, F

A Gargantuan course of studies. A
course including all languages, as well _
ancient as modern, all the sciences, all
the -ologies and -onomies, together with
calisthenics and athletic sports. Gar-
gantua wrote to his son Pantagruel, com-
manding him to learn Greek, Latin,
Chaldaio, Arabic; all history, geometry,

«

is

Gargittios

arithmetic, and music; astronomy and
natural philosophy, so that ‘‘there be
not a river in all the world thou dost
uot know the name of, and nature of all
its fishes ; all the fowls of the air ; all the
several kinds of shrubs and herbs; all
the metals hid in the bowels of the
earth ; with all gems and precious stones.
I would furthermore have thee study the
Talmudists and Cabalists, and get a
perfect knowledge of man. In brief, I
would have thee a bottomless pit of all
knowledge.” (Rabelais: Pantagruel,
book ii. 8.)

Gargit’tios. One of the dogs that.
guarded the herds and flocks of Ger’yon,
and which Hercules killed. The other
was the two-headed dog, named Orthos,
or Orthros.

Gargouille, or Gargoil (g hard). A
water-spout in church architecture.
Sometimes also spelt Gurgoyle. They are
usually carved into some fantastic shape,
such as a dragon’s head, through which
the water flows. Gargouille was the
great dragon that lived in the Seine,
ravaged Rouen, and was slain by St.
Romanus, Bishop of Rouen, in the
seventh century. (See DRaGon.)

Garibaldi’s Red Shirt. The red
shirt is the habitual upper garment of
American sailors. Any Liverpudlian will
tell you that some fifteen years ago a
British tar might be discerned by his
blue shirt, and a Yankee ‘‘salt’’ by his
red, Garibaldi first adopted the Ameri-
can shirt, when he took the command of
the merchantman in Baltimore.

Garland (¢ hard).

“A chaplet should be composed of four roses
...and a garland should be formed of laurel or
dak leaves, interspersed with acorns,”—J. E,
Cussans: Handbook of Heraldry, chap. vii. p. 105.

Garland. A collection of ballads in

True Lovers’ Garland, etc.

Nuptial garlands are as old as the
hills. The ancient Jews used them,
according to Selden ( Uxor Heb,, iii. 655) ;
the Greek and Roman brides did the
same (Vaughan, Golden Gove); so did
the Anglo-Saxons and Gauls.

“Thre ornamentys pryncipaly to a wyfe: A
rynge on hir fynger,a broch on hir brest, and a
F

ond on hir hede. Therynge betokenethe true’

love; the broch clennesse in herte and chastitye ;

the garlond . ; . gladness and the dignity of the
sacrement of wedlock.” — Leland: Dives and
Pauper (1493).

Garlick is said to destroy the mag-
netic power of the loadstone, This
notion, though proved to be erroneous,
has the sanction of Pliny, Solinus,
Ptolemy, Plutarch, Albertus, Mithiolas,

508

Garrote

Rueus, Rulandus, Renodseus, Langius,
and others. Sir Thomas Browne places
it among Vulgar Errors (book ii, chap. 3.)
_ Martin Rulandus saith that Onions and Gar-
lick ... hinder the attractive wer fof the
magnet] and rob it of its virtue of drawing iron,
to which Renodzus agrees ;)but this is all lies.”—
W. Salmon: The Completa English Physician, etc.,
chap, XXv, p. 182,

Garnish (9 hard). ne mpi i
to be spent in drink, demanded by j il-
birds of new-comers. In prison slang
garnish means fetters, and garnish-
money is money given for the ‘“honour”’
of weating fetters. The custom became
obsolete with the reform of prisons,
(French, garnissage, trimming, verb gar-
nir, to decorate or adorn.) (See Field-
ing’s and Smollett’s novels.)

Garratt (g hard). The Mayor of
Garratt. Garratt is between Wands-
worth and Tooting ; the first mayor of
this village was elected towards the close
of the eighteenth century ; and his elec-
tion came about thus: Garratt Common
had been often encroached on, and in
1780 the inhabitants associated them-
selves together to defend their rights.
The chairman of this association was
entitled Mayor, and as it happened to be
the time of a general election, the society
made it a law that-a new ‘mayor’
should be chosen at every general elec-
tion. The addresses of these mayors,
written by Foote, Garrick, Wilkes, and
others, are satires on the corruption of
electors and political squibs. e first
Mayor of Garratt was ‘‘Sir” John
Harper, a retailer of brickdust in Lon-
don; and the last was ‘Sir’? H
Dimsdale, muffin-seller, in 1796, Foote
has a farce entitled The Mayor of Gare.
ratt,

_ Garraway’s, i.e. Garraway’s coffee-
house, in Exchange Alley. It existed
for 216 years, and here tea was sold, in
1657, for 16s. up to 50s. a pound, The
house no longer exists,

Garrot’e or Garotte (2 syl., E Meaky
is the Spanish garrote (a stick. he ori-
ginal way of garrotting in Spain was to
place the victim on a chair with a coord
round his neck, then to twist the cord
with a stick till strangulation ensued. In
1851 General Lopez was garrotted by the
Spanish authorities for pete aa et
gain possession of Cuba; since which
time tho thieves of London, etc., have
adopted the method of strangling their
victim by throwing their, arms round
his throat, while an accomplice rifles his
pockets. . j

R Sa acac . a eae a

Garter

Garter (g hard). Knights of the
Garter. The popular legend is that
Joan, Countess of Salisbury, accidentally
slipped her garter at a court ball. It
was picked up by her royal partner,
Edward III., who gallantly diverted the.
attention of the guests from the lady by
binding the blue band round his own
knee, saying as he did so, ‘‘ Honi soit qui
mal y pense”? (1348).

Wearing the garters of a pretty
maiden either on the hat or knee was a
common custom with our forefathers,
Brides usually wore on their legs & host
of gay ribbons, to be distributed after
the marriage ceremony amongst the
bridegroom’s friends; and the piper at
the wedding dance never failed to tie a
pice? of the bride’s garter round his pipe.

f there is any truth in the legend given
above, the impression on the guests
would be wholly different to what such
an accident would produce in our days;
but perhaps the ‘ Grader of the Garter,”’
after all, may be about tantamount to
‘“The-Order of the Ladies’ Champions,”’
We + The Order of the Ladies’ Favour-
tes,

Gar’vies (2 syl., g soft). Sprats. So
called from Inch Garvie, an isle in the
Frith of Forth, near which they are
caught.

Gasconade (3 syl., g hard). Talk
like that of a Gascon—absurd boasting,
vainglorious braggadocio. It is said that
a Gascon being asked what he thought
of the Louvre in Paris, replied, ‘‘ Pretty
well; it reminds me of the back part of
my father’s stables.’? The vainglory of
this answer is more palpable when it is
borne in mind that the Gascons were
Ey poor. The Dictionary of the

rench Academy gives us the following
specimen: ‘‘ A Gascon, in proof of his
ancient nobility, asserted that they used
in his father’s house no other fuel than
the batons of the family marshals.”’

Gaston (g hard). Lord of Claros,
one of Charlemagne’s paladins,

Gastrol’ators. People whose god
is oS) belly. (Rabelais: Pantagruel,
iv. 58.

Gat-tooth (g hard). Goat-tooth.
(Anglo-Saxon, qi) Goat-toothed is
having a lickerish tooth. Chaucer makes
the wife of Bath say, ‘‘ Gat-toothed I
was, and that became me wele.”’

Gate Money. Money paid at the
gate for admission to the grounds where
some contest is to be seen,

504

Gaunt

Gate-posts. The post on which the
gate hangs and swings is called the
“hanging-post’’; that against which it
shuts is called the ‘‘ banging post.”’

Gate of Italy. That part of the
valley of the Adige which is in the
vicinity of Trent and Rovere’do. A
narrow gorge between two mountain
ridges.

Gate of Tears [Babelmandeb]. The

' passage into the Red Sea. So called by

the Arabs from the number of shipwrecks
that took place there.

“ Like some ill-destined bark that steers

In silence through the Gate of Tears.”
T. Moore: Fire Worshippers.

Gath (g hard), in Dryden’s satire of
Absalom and Achitophel, means Brus-
sels, where Charles IT, long resided while
he was in exile.

“ Had tbus old David [Charles wre od
Not dared, when fortune called him, to be king,
At Gath an exile he might still remain.”

Tell it not in Gath. Don’t let your
enemies hear it. Gath was famous as
being the birthplace of the giant Goliath.

‘Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets
of Askelon; lest the daughters of the Philistines
rejoice, lest the daughters of the uncircumcised
triumph -’—2 Sam. i. 20.

Gathered = dead. The Bible phrase,
‘‘He was gathered to his fathers.”

“ He was (for he is gathered) a little man with
a coppery complexion.’"—Dr, Geist, p. 25. "

Gathers (g hard). Out of gathers.
In distress ; in a very impoverished con-
dition. The allusion is to a woman’s
gown, which certainly looks very seedy
when ‘‘ out of gathers’’—i.e, when the
cotton that kept the ‘*pleats”’ together
has given way. (Anglo-Saxon, gader-ian,
to gather, or pleat.)

Gauche (French, the ee hand). Awk-
ward. Awk, the lefthand. (See ADRoIT.)

Gauch’erie (3 syl., g hard). Things
not comme il faut ; behaviour not accord-
ing to the received forms of society ;
awkward and untoward ways. (See
above.)

Gau'difer (g hard). A champion,
celebrated in the romance of Alexander.
Not unlike the Scotch Bruce,

Gaudy-day (A). A holiday, a feast-
day. (Latin gaudéo, to rejoice.)

Gaul (g hard). France.

“ Insulting Gaul ‘bas roused the world to war.”
Thomson: Autumn.

“Shall haughty Gaul invasion tbreat ?”—Burns.
Gaunt (g hard). John of Gaunt..

The third son of Edward III, ; so called

- Gauntgrim

505

Gaze -

from Ghent, in Flanders, the place of
his birth.

Gauntgrim (7 hard). The wolf.

“«For my part (said he), I don't wonder at my
cousin’s refusing Bruin the bear and Gauntgrim
the wolf. ... Bruin is always in the sulks, and
Gauntgrim always in a passion.” "—Z. B. Lytton:
Pilgrims of the Rhine, chap. xii,

Gauntlet (g hard). Zo run the gant-
let. To be hounded on all sides. Cor-
ruption of gantlope, the passage between
two files of soldiers. oes gang-
laufen or gassenlaufen.) The reference
is to a punishment common among
sailors. a companion had disgraced
himself, the crew, provided with gaunt-
lets or ropes’ ends, were drawn up in
two rows facing each other, and the
delinquent had to run between them,
while every man dealt him, in passing,
as severe a chastisement as he could.

< The custom exists among the North
American Indians. (See Fenimore Cooper’
and Mayne Reid.)

To throw down the gauntlet. To chal-
lenge. The custom in the Middle Ages,
when one Sg challenged another,
was for the challenger to throw his

untlet on the ground, and if the chal-
lenge was accepted the person to whom
it was thrown picked it up.

“Ty is not for Spain, reduced as she is to the
lowest degree of social inanition, to throw the
gauntlet to the right and left."—7he Times.

Gauta'ma (g hard). The chief deity
of Burmah, whose favourite offering is a
paper umbrella.

The four sublime verities of Gauta'ma
are ag follows:

1) Pain exists. ,
__ (2) The cause of pain is “ birth sin.”’
The Buddhist supposes that man has
passed through many previous exist-
ences, and all the heaped-up sins accu-
mulated in these previous states consti-
tute man’s ‘‘ birth sin.’’
i) Pain is ended only by Nirva’na,
4) The way that leads to Nirvana is
—right faith, right judgment, right
language, right purpose, right practice,
right obedience, right memory, and
wight meditation (eight in all).

Gautier and Garguille (French), -

Ali the world and his wife.
Se mocquer de Gautier et de Garguille
to make fun of everyone). Gautier-
arguille was a clown of the seventeenth
century, who gave himself unbounded
licence, and provoked against himself a
storm of angry feeling.
_ Gau'vaine or Ga'wain = Gau-wain
2 syl., g hard). Sir Gawvaine the
ourteous, One of Arthur's knights,

and his nephew. He challenged the
Green Knight, and struck off his head;
but the headless knight picked up’ his
poll again and walked off, telling Sir
Gauvaine to meet him twelve months
henee. Sir Gauvaine kept his appoint-
ment, and was hospitably entertained ;
but, taking possession of the girdle be-
longing to the lady of the house, was
chastised by the Green Knight, confessed
his fault, and was forgiven.
“ The gentle Gawain's courteous lore,
Hector de- Mares and Pellinore,
And Lancelot that evermore
Looked stol’nwise on the queen,”
Sir W. Scott: Bridal of Triermain, ii. 13.

Gav’elkind (g hard). A tenure in
Wales, Kent, and Northumberland,
whereby land descended from the father
to aii his sons in equal proportions. The
youngest had the homestead, and the
eldest the horse and arms.

*. Coke (1 Institutes, 140 a) says the word is gif
eal Bes (give all the-kin) ; but Lambarde suggests
the nglo-Saxon gafol or gavel, rent ; and says it
means “land which yields rent”! gavel cyn, rent
for the family derived from land. There is a
similar Irish word, gabhailcine,a family tenure.

Gawain (g hard), (See GAUVAINE.)

Gawzrey (g hard), One of the race of
flying women who appeared to Peter
Wilkins in his solitary cave. (Robert
Pultock : Peter Wilkins.)

Gay (g hard). Gay as the king’s
candle, A French phrase, alluding to an
ancient. custom observed on the 6th of
January, called the ‘ Eve or Vigil of the
Kings,”’ when.a candle of divers colours
was burnt. The expression is used to
denote a woman. who is more showily
rae than is consistent with good

te.

Gay Deceiver (A).
(q.v.); @ libertine.

“T immediately quitted the precincts of the
castle, and posted myself on the high road, where
the gay deceiver was sure to be intercepted on
his return.”—Le Sage: Adventures of Gil Blus
(Smollett's translation). (1749)

Gay Girl. A woman of light or
extravagant habits. Lady Anne Berke-
ley, dissatisfied with the conduct of her
daughter-in-law (Lady Catherine How-.
ard), exclaimed, ‘‘ By the blessed sacra=
ment, this gay girl will beggar my son
Henry.’’ (See above.)

“what eyleth you? Some gay gurl, God it wot,
Hath brought you thus upon the very trot” (7.e,
put you on your high horse, or into a pay

sion), Chaucer : Canterbury Tales, 3,767.

Gaze (1 syl., g hard). Zo stand at
gaze. To stand in doubt what to do
A term in forestry. When a stag first
hears the hounds it stands dazed, look-
ing all round, and in doubt what to do,

A Lothario

Gaze-hound

506

Geese

Heralds call a st&g which is represented
full-faced, a ‘‘stag at gaze.”

“The American army in the central states re-
mained wholly at gaze."—Lord Mahon: History,

“ As the poor frighted deer, that stands at gaze,
Wildly determining which way to fly.”
Shakespeare: Rape of Lucrece, 1149-50,

Gaze-hound, (See Lymz-Hovunp.)

Gazet'te (2 syl., g hard), A news-
paper. The first newspapers were issued
in Venice by the Government, and came
out in manuscript once a month, during
the war of 1563 between the Venetians
and Turks. The intelligence was read
publicly in certain places, and the fee
for hearing it read was one gazetta (a
Venetian coin, somewhat less than a
farthing in value).

*. The first official English newspaper, called
The Oxford Gazette, was published in 1642, at Ox-
ford, where the Court was held. On the removal
of the Court to London, the name was changed to
TheLondon Gazette. The name wasrevived in 1665,
during the Great Fire. Now the official Gazette,
published every Tuesday and Friday, contains an-
nouncements of pensions, promotions, bankrupt-
cies, dissolutions of partnerships, etc, (Sce NEws-

_ PAPERS.)

Gazet'ted (g hard). Published in
the London Gazette, an official news-
paper.

Gaz‘nivides (3 syl.). A dynasty of
Persia, which gave four kings and lasted
fifty P hese (999-1049), founded by.Mah-
mou
to the Caspian Sea,

Gear (g hard) properlymeans‘‘dress,”’
In machinery, the bands and wheels that
communicate motion to the working part
are called the gearing. (Saxon, gearwa,
clothing.)

In good gear. To bein good working
order.
gear. Not in working condi-
tion, when the ‘‘gearing’’ does not act
properly ; out of health.

Gee-up! and Gee-woo! addressed to
horses both mean ‘‘ Horse, get on.’?
Gee = horse, In Notts and many other
counties nurses say to young children,
‘*Come and see the gee-gees,’’? There
is not the least likelihood that Gee-;woo
is the Italian gio, because gio will not fit
in with any of the other terms, and it is
absurd to suppose our peasants would go
to Italy for ech. wend Woa! ior Woo!
(q.v.), meaning stop, or halt, is quite
another word. We subjoin the follow-
ing quotation, although we differ from
it. (See Come ATHER, Wo00’sH,)

“Et cum sic gloriarétur, et cogitares cum
quanta pe duceretur ad illum virum super
equum, dicendo Gio/ Gio/ cepit pede percutére

terram quasi pungeret equum. calcaribus,”"—Dia-
logus Creaturarum (1480),

Gazni, whoreigned fromthe Ganges:

Geese (7 hard), (See GANDER, GOosE.)
Geese save the capitol, The tradition is
that when the Gauls invaded Rome a
detachment in single file clambered up
the hill of the capitol so silently that the
foremost man reached the top without
being challenged; but while he was
striding over the rampart, some sacred
geese, disturbed by the noise, began to
cackle, and awoke the garrison. Marcus
Man‘lius rushed to the wall and hurled
the fellow over the precipice. To com-
memorate this event, the Romans carried
a golden goose in procemen to the capitol
every year (B.C. 590).
“ Those consecrated geese in orders,

That to the capitol were warders,

And being then sy patrol,

With noise alone beat off the Gaul.”

Butler: Hudibras, ii. 3,

All his swans are geese, or All his swans
are turned to geese. All his expectations
end in nothing; all his boasting ends in
smoke, Like a person who fancies he
sees a Swan on a river, but finds it to be
only a goose.

the phrase is sometimes reversed
thus, ‘All his geese are swans.’’
Commonly applied to people who think
too much of the beauty and talent of
their children.

Every man thinks his own geese swans.
Everyone is prejudiced by self-love.
Every crow thinks its own nestling the
fairest. Every child is beautiful in its
mother’s eyes. (See Aisop’s fable, The
Eagle and the Owl.)

Latin ; Suum cuique pulchrum. Sua
cuique sponsa, mihi meas, Sua cuique
res est carissima, Asinus asino, sus suo
pulcher,

German: Eine giite mutter: halt ihre
kinder vor die schonsten.

French: A chaque oiseau son nid
parait beau.

Italian: A ogni Le we paion’ belli i
suoi grollatini) Ad ogni uccello, suo
nico é bello.

The more geese the more lovers, The
French newspaper called L’ Hurope, De-
cember, 1865, repeats this proverb, and
says:—‘ It is customary in England for
every gentleman admitted into society
to send a fat goose at Christmas to the
lady of the house he is in the habit of
visiting. Beautiful women receive a
whole magazine... .and are thus
enabled to tell the number of their lovers
by the number of fat geese sent to
them.” (Zhe Times, December 27th, 1865.)
Truly the Frenchman knows much
more:about us than we ever “‘ dreamt of
in our philosophy.’’ ;

Geese, (See Goose, CAG Mac.)

—

Gehenna 507

Gender-words

Gehen’na (Hebrew, g hard). The
place of eternal torment. Strictly speak-
ing, it means simply the Valley of Hin-
nom (Ge-Hinnom), where sacrifices to
Mol were offered and where refuse
of all sorts was subsequently cast, for
the consumption of which fires were kept
constantly burning,

' “ And made his grove
The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence
And black Gehenna called, the type of hell.”
Milton: Paradise Lost, book i, 403-5,

Gelert hard), The name of
Llewellyn’s dog. One day a wolf entered
the room Where the infant son of the
Welsh prince was asleep; Gelert flew at
it and killed it; but when Llewellyn re-
turned home and saw his dog’s mouth
bloody, he hastily concluded that it had
killed his child, and thrust it through
with his sword. The howl of the dog
awoke the child, and the prince saw too
late his fatal rashness, Beth-gelert ‘is
the name of the place where the dog was
buried. (See Betu-GEERt, Doc.)

*’ A similar story is told of Czar Piras of
Russia. In the Gesta Romanorum the story is
told of Folliculus, a knight, but instead of a
fserpent the dog is saidito have killed a wolf.
The story occurs again in the Seven Wise Masters.
In the Sanskrit version the dog is: called an ich-
neumon and the wolf a “ black snake,” In the
Hitopadesa (iv, 3) the dog is an otter; in the
Arabic a weasel ; in the Mongolian a pole-cat; in

_ the Persian a cat, etc.

Gellatley (Davie). The idiot ser-
vant of the Baron of Bradwardine.
Sir W. Scott: Waverley.) Also spelt

ELLATLY,

Gema‘ra hard), which means
* complement,’’ is applied to the second
part of the Talmud, which consists of
annotations, discussions, and amplifica-
tions of the Jewish Mishna. There is
the Babylonian Gema’ra and the Jeru-
salem Gema'ra. The former, which is
the more complete, is by the academies
of Babylon; the latter by those of
Palestine.

“Scribes and Pharisees ... set little value on
the study of the Law itself, but much on that of
the commentaries of the rabbis, now embodied
in,the Mishna and Gemara,.”—Geikié: Life of
Christ, vol. ii, ch. xxxvi. p. 64,

Gemmagog. Son of the giant Oro-

‘médon, and inventor of the Poulan

shoes—i.¢, shoes with a spur ‘behind,
and tumed-up toes fastened to the
knees, These shoes were forbidden by
Charles V. of France in 1365, but the
fashion revived again. (Duchat: Ouvres
de perder)
is ing to the same authority,
giants were great inventors: Erix in-
vented legerdemain ; Gabbara, drinking
1ealths ; Gemmagog, Poulan shoes ;

| soldiers of goo

Hapmouche, drying and smoking neats’
tongues ; etc. etc. ;

Gems. (Sce JEWEIS.)

Gendarmes. ‘Men at arms,” the
armed police of France. Thé term was
first applied to those who marched in
the train of knights; subsequently to
the cavalry; in the time of Louis XIV.
to a body of horse charged with the
preservation of order; after the revolu-
tion toa eae! police chosen Fore old

character; now it is
applied to the ordinary police, whose
costume is half civil and half military.

Gender-words: Billy, nanny ; boar,
sow; buck, doe; bull, cow; cock, hen;
dog, bitch; ewe, tup; groom = man;

+ he, she; Jack, Jenny; male, female;

man, maid; man, woman; master, mis-
tress; Tom; tup, dam; and several
‘¢ Christian names; as in the following
examples :—

Ape: Dog ape, bitch ape,

Ass: Jack ass and Jenny ; he ass, she ass.
Bear: He bear, she bear. _ A

Bird: Male bird, female bird ; cock bird, hen

ird.

Blackcock (grouse); moorcock and hen (red
grouse), 2

Bridegroom, bride. -

Calf: Bull calf, cow calf.

Cat: Tom cat, lady cat, he andshe cat, Gib
cat (¢.v.).

Charwomany Da :

Child: Male child, female child; man child,
woman child (child is either male or female, ex-
cept when sex is referred to). "

Devil; He and she devil (if sex is referred to).

Donkey : Male and female donkey. «See Ags.)

Elephant: Bull and cow elephant; male and
female elephant, _ end

Fox: Dog and bitch fox ; the bitch is algo called
@ vixen,

Game cock.

Gentleman, gentlewoman or lady,

Goat: Billy and Nanny goat; he and she goat;
buck goat,

Hare: Buck and doe hare,

Heir: Heir male, heir female.

Kinsman, kinswoman.

Lamb : ewe lamb; a raphe

Mankind, womankin

Merman, mermaid.

Milkman, milkmaid or milk-woman,

Moorcock, moorhen,

Otter: Dog and bitch otter, |

Partridge: Cock and ben partridge,

Peacock, peahen.

Pheasant: Cock and hen pheasant,

Pig: Boar and sow pig. |

Rabbit: Buck and doe rabbit,

Rat: A Jack rat. « :

Schoolmaster, schoolmistress.

Seal: Bull and cow, The bull of fur seals
under six years of age is called a “ Bachelor.”

Servant: Male and female servant ; man and
maid servant. : a

Singer, songstress ; man and woman singer.

Sir [John], Lady (Mary).

Sparrow ; Cock and ben sparrow.

wan: A cob or cock swan, pen-swan.

Turkey cock and hen.

Wash or washer-woman,

Whale: Bull or Unicorn, and cow.

Wren ; Jenny ; cock Robin ; Tom tit ; ete.

Wolf: Dog wolf, bitch or she-wolf.

‘’ Generally the name of the animal
stands last; in the following instances,

General Funk

508 Geneva Print

however, it stands before the gender-
word :—

Blackcock ; bridegroom ; charwoman; game-
cock ; gentleman and gentlewoman ; heir male
and female; kinsman and woman; mankind,
womankind ; milkman, milkmaid or -woman ;
moorcock and hen; peacock and hen; servant
man and maid; turkey cock and hen; wash or
washer-woman.

* In a few instances the gender-word does
not express gender, as jackdaw, jack pike, roe-
buck, etc.

(2) The following require no gender-
word :—

Bachelor, spinster or maid.
ee belle. ig)
oar, SOW (pig).
Boy, ‘girl (both child).
Brother, sister.
Buck, doe (stag or deer),
Bull, cow (black cattle).
Cock, hen (barndvor fowls).
Cockerel, pullet. :
Colt, filly (both foal),
Dad, father,
Dog, bitch (both dog, if sex is not referred to).
Drake, duck (both duck, if sex is not referred

to).
Drone, bee.
Farl, countess, \
Father, mother (both parents). ,
Friar, nun.
Gaffer, gammer. , ;
Gander, goose (both geese, if sex is not referred

to).
sentleman, lady (both gentlefolk).
Hart, roe (both deer).
Husband, wife. “
Kipper, shedder or baggit (spent salmon).
King, queen (both monarch or sovereign),

ad, lass. — 3

Mallard, wild-duék (both wild fowl).

Man, maid.

Man, woman,

Master, mistress,

Milter, spawner (fish).

Monk, nun.

Nephew, niece,

Papa, mamma,

Ran), ewe (sheep).

Ruf, reeve.

Sir, ma’am,

Sir (John), Lady (Mary],

Sire, dam,

Sloven, slut.

Son, daughter,

Stag, hind (voth stag, if sex is not referred to).

Stallion, mare (both horse).

Steer, aba F

Tup, dam : eep).

Uncle, aunt.

‘Widow, widower,

Wizard, witch,

-. The females of other animals are made by
adding a suffix to the male (-ess, -ina, -ine, -ix, -a,
ee, etc.) ; as, lion, lioness; czar, czarina ; hero,
heroine ; testator, testatrix, etc.

General Funk, A panic.

“The influence.of ‘General Funk’ was, at one
time, far too prevalent among both the colonists
and the younger soldiers.” — Montague: Carm-
paigning in South Africa, chap. vi. (1880). Nya

General Issue is pleading ‘“ Not

ilty’’ to a criminal charge; ‘‘ Never
indebted ’’ toa charge of debt; the issue
formed by a general denial of the
plaintiff’s charge.

Generalis’simo (g soft). Called
Tagus among the ancient Thessalians,
Brennus ppene. the ancient Gauls, Pen-
dragon among the ancient Welsh or Celts.

Gen’erous (g soft). Generous as
Hatim. An Arabianexpression. Hatim
was a Bedouin chief famous for his war-
like deeds and boundless generosity.
His son was contemporary with Ma-
homet.

Geneu'ra (g soft). Daughter of the
King of Scotland, Lurca’nio carried
her off captive, and confined her in his
father’s castle. She loved Ariodantés,
who being told that she was false, con-
demned her to die for incontinence
unless she found a champion to defend
her. Ariodantés himself became her
champion, and, having vindicated her
innocence, married her. This is a satire
on Arthur, whose wife intrigued with
Sir Launcelot. (Orlando Furioso, bk. 1.)

Gene’va (g soft), contracted, into
Gin. Originally made from malt and
juniper-berries. (French, geniévre, a juni-
per berry.)

Gene'va Bible. The English ver-
sion in use prior to the present one; so
called because it was originally printed
at Geneva (in 1560).

Geneva Bible (The). The wine cup
or beer pot. The pun is on Geneva,
which is the synonym of gin, (Latin,
bibo, I drink [gin].)

“ Eh bien, Gudyil, lui dit le vieux major, usile
diable de discipline? Vous avez déja Iu la Bible
de Genéve ce matin.’—Les Puritains d Ecosse,
part iii. chap, 2.

Gene'va Bull, Stephen Marshall,
a preacher who roared like a bull of
Bashan. Called Geneva because he was
a disciple of John Calvin.

Geneva Courage. Pot valour; the
braggadocio which is the effect of having
drunk too much gin. Gin is a corrupt
contraction of Geneva, or, rather, of
geniévre, The juniper-berry at one time
used to flavour the extract of malt in
the manufacture of gin. It may be used
stillin some qualities of gin. (See DutoH
CovURAGE., )

Gene’va Doctrines. Calvinism.
Calvin, in 1541, was invited to take up
his residence in Genéva as the public
teacher of theology. From this period
Géneva was for many years the centre
of education for the Protestant youths
of Europe.

Geneva Print (Reading). Drinking
gin or whisky.
“why, Jobn,’ said the veteran, ‘what a discl-
line is this you have been kecping? You have
n reading Geneva print this morning already."
‘J have heen reading the Litany,’ sai
shaking his head, with a Jook of drunken gray-

ity."—Sir W, Scott: Old Mortality, chap. xi,

tany,’ said John.—

Geneviéve

B09

Gentile

Geneviéve (St.). Thesainted patron-
ess of the city of Paris. (422-512.)

Genii King. King Solomon is sup-
posed to preside over the whole race of
Hey (D’ Herbelot : Notes to the Koran,
c. 2.

Gen/‘itive Case means the genus
‘case, the case which shows the genus;
thus, a bird of the air, of the sea, of the
marshes, etc. The part in italics shows
to what genus the bird belongs. Our’s
is the adjective sign, the same as the

Sanskrit syd, as udaka (water), udaka- -

a (of water, or aquatic). So in

reek, demos (people), demo-sios (be-
longing to the people), or genitive demo-
sio, softened into demo-’i0. In Chaucer,
ete., the genitive is written in full, as
The -Clerkes Tale, The Cokes Tale, The
Knightes Tale, The Milleres Tale, etc.

Ge’nius, Genii (Roman mythology)
were attendant spirits. Everyone had
two of these tutelaries from his cradle
to his grave. But the Roman genii
differ in many SS ae from the Eastern.
The Persian and Indian genii had a cor-
poreal form, which they could change at
pleasure. They were not guardian or
attendant spints, but fallen angels,
dwelling in Ginnistan, under the do-
minion of Eblis. They were naturally
hostile to man, though compelled
sometimes to serve them as slaves. The
Roman genii were tutelary spirits, very
similar to the guardian angels spoken of
in Scripture (St. Matt. xviii. 10), (The
word is the old Latin geno, to be born,
from the notion that birth and life were
due to these dit genita' les.)

Genius (birth-wit) is imnate talent;
hence propensity, nature, inner man.
“ Cras genium mero cura'bis’’ (to-mor-
row you shall indulge your inner man
with wine), Horace, 3 Odes, xvii.14. ‘‘In-
dulg'cre genio”? (to give loose to one’s

ropensity), Persius, v. 151. ‘ De-
Pranbaite genium suum”? (to stint one’s

Fy tite, to deny one’s self), Terence: .
0

rmio,i. 1. (See above.)

Genius. Tom Moore says that Common
Sense went out one moonlight night with
Genius on his rambles; Common Sense
went on many wise things saying, but
Genius went gazing atthe stars, and fell
into a river. This is told of Thalés by
Plato, and Chaucer has introduced it

into his Milleres Tale.

“ So ferde another clerk with astronomye:
He walkéd in the feeldés for to pres
Upon the sterrés, what ther shuld befall,
Till he was in a marlé pit i-fall.”
aS ; i Canterbury Tales, 3,457.

My evil genius (my ill-luck). The
Romans maintained that two genii at-
tended every man from birth to death—
one good and the other evil. Good luck
was brought about by the agency of
“his good genius,’’ and ill luck by that
of his ‘‘ evil genius.”’

Genius Loci (Latin).
deity of a place.

“Tn the midst of this wreck of ancient booksand
utensils, with a gravity equal to (that of) Marius
among the ruins of Carthage, sat a large black
cat, which, to a superstitious eye, might have
presented the genius loci, the tutelar demon of
the apartment.”—Sir W. : The Antiquary,
chap. lil.

Gen’oa, from the Latin, genu (the
knee) ; so called from-the bend made
there by the Adriatic. The whole of
Italy is called a man’s leg, and this is
his knee.

Genove’fa (g soft). Wife of Count
Palatine Siegfried, of Brabant, in the
time of Charles Martel. Being suspected
of infidelity, she was driven into the
forest of Ardennes, where she gave birth
to a son, who was nourished by a white
doe. In time, Siegfried discovered his
error, and restored his wife and child to
their proper home,

Genre Painter (genre 1 syl). A
painter of domestic, rural, or village
scenes, such as A Village Wedding, The
Young Recruit, Blind Man's Buff, The
Village Politician, ete. It is a French
term, and means, ‘‘ Man: his customs,
habits, and ways of life.” Wilkie, Ostade,
Gerard Dow, etc., belonged to this class.
In the drama, Victor Hugo introduced
the genre system in lieu of the stilted,
unnatural style of Louis XIV.’s era.

“We call those ‘ genre’ canvases, whereon-aré
painted idyls of the fireside, the roadside, and the
farm ; pictures of real life.”"—Z, C. Stedman: Poets
of America, chap. iv. p. 98.

Gens Braccata. Trousered people.
The Romans wore no trousers like the
Gauls, Scythians, and Persians. The
Gauls wore ‘‘bracces” and were ¢alled
Gens braccata,

Gens Togata, The nation which
wore the toga. The Greeks wore the
‘‘pallium”’ and were called Gens pal-
lidta.

Gentle (7 se means having the
manners of genteel persons—i.¢. persons
of family, called gens in Latin.

“Wwe must be'gentle, now we are gentlemen.”"—
Shakespeare: Winter's Tale, v. 2.

The gentle craft. The gentleman’s
trade, so called from the romance of
Prince Crispin, who is said to have made
shoes. It is rather remarkable that the

The tutelary

Gentle Shepherd

510 3

George

“gentle craft’? should be closely con-
nected with our svob (q.v.).

“ Here Hans Sachs, the cobbler poet, laureate
_ of the gentle craft, __ ‘
Wisest of the Twelve Wise Masters, in huge
folios sang and laughed.”
Longfellow: Nuremberg, stanza 19.

The gentle craft. Angling. The pun
is on gentle, a maggot or grub used for
baiting the hook in angling.

Gentle Shepherd (Zhe). George
Grenville, the statesman, a nickname
derived from a line applied to him by
Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham. Gren-
ville, in the course of one of his speeches,
addressed the House interrogatively,
‘“‘Tell me where? tell me where?”’
Pitt hummed a line of a song then
very popular, ‘‘ Gentle shepherd, tell me
where?’’ and the House burst into
laughter (1712-1720).

Gentleman (g soft). <A translation
of the French gentilhomme, one who
belongs to the gens or stock. According
_ to the Roman law, gens-men, or gentle-
men, were those only who had a family
name, were born of free parents, had no
slave in their ancestral line, and had
never been degraded to a lower rank,

A gentleman of the four outs. A vulgar
upstart, with-owt manners, with-out wit,
with-out money, and with-out credit.

Gentlemen of Paper and Wax.
The first of a new line ennobled with
knighthood or other dignity, to whom
are given titles and coat-armour. They
are made ‘‘ gentlemen”’ by patent and a
seal.

_ Geoffrey Crayon. ‘The hypothetical
author of the Sketch Book. Washing-
ton Irving, of New York (1783-1859),

Geology (g soft). The father of
geoloyy. William Smith (1769-1840).

Ge’omancy (9 soft). Divining by the
earth. So termed because these diviners
in the sixteenth century drew on the
earth their magic circles, figures, and
lines. (Greek, ge, the earth; mantev’a,
prophecy.)

Geometry (g soft) means land-mea-
suring. ‘The first geometrician was a
ploughman pacing out his field. (Greek,
ge, the earth ; metron, a measure.)

George II. was nicknamed “ Prince
Titi.”’ (See Trrt.) ; :

George III. was nicknamed ‘‘Farmer
George,’”’ or ‘‘ The Farmer King.”” (See
FARMER.)

George IV. was nicknamed ‘The
First Gentleman of Europe,” ‘“Fum
the Fourth,” “Prince Florizel,’’ ‘The

ace nn EEE Ene ii

Adonis of fifty,’ and “‘ The Fat Adonis
of fifty.” (See each of these nicknames.)

George, Mark, John (S8.). Nos-
tradamus wrote in 1566:

“ Quand Georges Dieu crucifera,
ue Marc le ressucitera,

t que St. Jean le bortera,

La fin du monde arriyera.”

In 1886 St. George’s day fell on Good
Friday, St. Mark’s day on Easter Sun-
day, and St. John’s day on Corpus
Christi—but ‘‘the end of the world” did
not then arrive.

George (St.) (g soft). Gibbon, in his
Decline and Fall, ii. 323, asserts that the
patron saint of England was George
of Cappadocia, the turbulent Arian
Bishop of Alexandria, torn to pieces by
the populace in 360, and revered as a
saint by the opponents of Athanasius ;
but this assertion has been fully dis-
proved by the Jesuit Papebroch, Milner,
and others. _

That St. George is a veritable charac-
ter is beyond all reasonable doubt, and
there seems no reason to deny that he
was born in Armoriica, and was be-
headed in Diocletian’s persecution by
order of Datianus, April 23rd, 303. St.
Jerome (331-420) mentions him in one
of his martyrologies; in the next cen-
tury there were many churches to his
honour. St. Gregory ee J has in
his Sacramentary a ‘‘ Preface for St..
George’s Day;’’ and the Venerable Bede:
(672-735), in his rete says, ‘At
last St. George truly finished his martyr-
dom by decapitation, although the gests
of his passion are numbered among the
apocryphal writings.”

In regard to his connection with Eng-
land, Ashmole, in his History of the
Order of the Garter, says that King
Arthur, in the sixth century, placed the
picture of St. George on his banners;
and Selden tells us he was patron saint
of England in the Saxon times. It is
quite certain that the Council of Oxford
in 1222 commanded his festival to be ob-
served in England as a holiday of lesser
rank ; and on the establishment of the
Order of the Garter by Edward IIT. St.
George was adopted as the patron saint.

The dragon slain by St. George is
simply a common allegory to express the
triumph of the Christian hero over evil,
which John ‘‘ the Divine’’ beheld under
the image of a dragon. Similarly, St.
Michael, St., Margaret, St. Silvester, and
St. Martha are all depicted as slaying
dragons; the Saviour and the Virgin as
treading them under their feet; and
St. John the Evangelist as charming a

George b

Winged dragon from a poisoned chalice
given him to drink. Even John Bunyan
avails himself of the same figure, when
he makes Christian encounter Apollyon
and prevail against him,

George (St.), the Red Cross Knight (in
Spenser’s Faerie Queene, bk. i.), repre-
sents ‘‘Piety.”? He starts with Una
(Truth) in his adventures, and is driven
into Wandering Wood, where he en-
‘counters Error, and passes the night
‘with Una in Hypocrisy’s cell. Being
visited by a false vision, the knight
abandons Una, and goes with Duessa
pis ae the palace of Pride.
He leaves this palace clandestinely, but
being overtaken Users is persuaded
to drink of an enchanted fountain, when
he becomes paralysed, and is taken cap-
tive by Orgoglio. Una informs Arthur
of the sad event, and the prince goes to
the rescue. He slays Orgoglio, and the
Red Cross Knight, being set free, is
taken by Una to the house of Holiness
to be healed. On leaving Holiness, both
Una and the knight journey towards
Eden. As whey draw near, the dragon

orter flies at the knight, and St. George

as to do battle with it for three whole
days before- he succeeds in slaying it.
The dragon being slain, the two enter
‘Eden, and the Red Cross Knight is
united to Una in marriage.

St. George and the Dragon. According
to the ba given in Percy’s Reliques,
St. George was the son of Lord Albert
of Coventry. His mother died in giving
him birth, and the new-born babe was
stolen away by the weird lady of the
woods, who brought him up to deeds of
arms. His body had three marks.; a
dragon on the breast, a garter round one
of the legs, and a blood-red cross on the
arm. When he grew to manhood he
first fought inst the Saracens, and
then went to Syle’né, a city of Libya,
where was a stagnant lake infested b
a huge dragon, whose poisonous brea
6: many a city slain,’ and whose
hide ‘‘no spear nor sword could pierce.”
Every day a virgin was sacrificed to it,
and at ae it came to the lot of Sabra,
the king’s daughter, to become its victim.
She was tied to the:stake and left to be
devoured, when St. George came up, and
vowed to take her cause in hand. On
came the dragon, and St. George, thrust-
ing his lance into its mouth, killed it on
the spot. The king of Morocco and the
King of Egypt, unwilling that Sabra
should marry a Christian, sent St. Geor,
to Persia, and directed the ‘‘sophy ”’ to
_ kill him. He was accordingly t

George Sand

into a dungeon, but making good his
escape, carried off Sabra to hae
where she became his wife, and the
lived happily at Coventry together till
their death.

~ A very similar tale is told of
Hesioné, daughter of Laomédon, (See
HEsIoneE, SEA MONSTERS.) iC

St. George he was for England, St,
Denis was for France. This refers to

.the war-cries of the two nations—that,

of England was ‘‘St. George!’’ that of

France, ‘‘ Montjoye St. Denis! ”’

“Our ancient word of courage, fair ‘St. George,’

Inspire us with the spleen of flery dragons,”
Shakespeare: Richard 111, v, 3,

When St. George goes on horseback St.

Yves goes on foot. In times of war

lawyers have nothing todo, St, George

is the patron of soldiers, and St, Ives of

lawyers.

St. George’s Arm. The Hellespont is

' so called by the Catholic Church in

honour of St. George, the patron saint of
England. (Papebroch : Actes des Saints.)

St. George’s Channel. An arm of tha
Atlantic, separating Ireland from Great
Britain ; so called in honour of St.
George, referred to above.

St. George’s Cross. Redon awhite field.

St. George’s Day (April 23rd), A day
of deception and oppréssion. It was
the day when new leases and contracts
used to be made.

George a’ Green. As good as George
a@ Green. Resolute-minded; one who
will do his duty come what may. George
a’ Green: was the famous pinder or
pound-keeper of Wakefield, who re-
sisted Robin Hood, Will Scarlett, and
Little John single-handed when_ they
attempted to commit a trespass in Wake-
field.

“ ‘Were ye bold as George-a-Green,
IT shali niake bold to turn again.”
Samuel Butler: Hidibras,

George Eliot, The literary name
of Marian. Evans [Lewes], authoress of
Adam Bede, Mill on the Floss, Felix
Holt, ete.

George Geith. The hero of a novel
by Mrs. Trafford [Riddell]. He is one
who will work as long as he has breath
to draw, and would die in harness, He

| would fight against all opposing cir-

cumstances while he had a drop of blood
left in his veins, and may be called the
model of untiring industry and indomit-
able moral courage.

George Sand, The pen-name of
Mme. Dudevant, born at Paris 1804.
Her maiden name was Dupin.

inet =

George Street

512

Gerst-Monat

George Street (Strand, London) .

commences the precinct of an ancient

mansion which originally belonged: te |

the-bishops of Norwich. After passing
successively into the possession of
Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, the

archbishops of York, and the Crown, ©

it came to George Villiers, Duke of
Buckingham, The second Duke of
Buckingham pulled down the mansion
and built the streets and alley called re-
speetively “‘ George’’ (street), ‘‘ Villiers”’
(street), ‘‘ Duke’? (street), ‘‘ Of’? (alley),
and ‘‘ Buckingham ”’ (street).

Geraint’ (g hard).
of Devon, and one of the knights of the
Round Table. Overhearing part of
E‘nid’s words, he fancied she was faith-
less to him, and treated her for a time
very harshly; but Enid nursed him so
carefully when he was wounded that
he saw his error, “nor did he doubt her
more, but rested in her fealty, till he

- crowned a happy life with a fair death.”
(Tennyson : Idylls of the King ; Pnid.)

Geraldine (3 syl., g soft). The Fair
Geraldine. Lady Elizabeth Fitzgerald
is so called in the Earl of Surrey’s poems.

Gera/nium (g soft). The Turks say
this was a.common mallow changed by
the touch of Mahomet’s garment.

The word is from the Greek gerdnos
(a crane); and the plant is called
“Crane’s Bill,’? from the resemblance
of the fruit to the bill of a crane.

Gerda (g hard). Wife of Frey, and
slaughter of the frost giant Gymer. She
is so beautiful that the brightness of her
naked arms illuminates both air and sea.
Frey (the genial spring) married Gerda
(the frozen earth),-and Gerda became
the mother of children. (Scandinavian
mythology.)

German or Germaine (g soft). Per-
taining to, related to, as cousins-german
(first cowsins), german to-the subject
(bearing on or pertinent to the subject).
This word has no connection with
German (the nation), but comes from
the Latin germa'nus (of the same germ
or stock). First cousins have a grand-
dather or grandmother in common.

“Those that are germaine to him, though re-
moved fifty times, shall all come under the

ngman.”’—Shakespeare: Winter's Tale, iv. 3,

German. Jehan de Maire says,
“Germany is so called from Cwsar’s

ister Germina, wife of Salvius Brabon,”
. Geoffrey of Monmouth says that
Bbraucus, a mythological descendant

Tributary Prince’ ’

of Brute, King of Britain, had- twenty

sons and thirty daughters. All the

sons, except the eldest, settled in Ger-

many, which was therefore, called the

ent sf the Germans or brothers. (See
ove.

“[Ebrank.} ‘An bappy man in his first days he was,
And happy father of fair progeny ;
For all so many weeks ag the year 8
80 many children he did multiply !__ “=
Of which were twenty sons, which did apply
Their minds to praise and chivalrous desire,
These germans did subdue all Germany,
Of whom it hight... .”. 7
" , Spenser: Faérie Queene, ii. 10,
*. Probably the name is Ger-man, meaning “ war-
man.” The Germans call themselves Deutech-en,
which is the same as Teut-on, with the initial
letter flattened into D, and “ Teut * means a mul-
titude. The Romans called the people Germans
at least 200 years before the Christian era, for in
1547 a tablet (dated B.C. 222) was discovered, re-
cording the victories of the Consul Marcellus
over Veridomar, ‘‘General ef the Gauls and
Germans.”
Gott-

Father of German literature.
hold Ephraim Lessing. (1729-1781.)

German Comb. The four fingers

and thumb. ‘Se pygnoit du pygne
d' Almaing’’ (Rabelais), He com his
hair with his fingers. Oudin, in his Dic-

tionnaire, explains pygne d’Aleman by
**los dedos et la dita.’”? The Germans
were the last to adopt periwigs, and
while the French were never seen witli-
out a comb in one hand, the Germans
adjusted their hair by running their
fingers through it.

“ He apparelled himself according to the season,
and afterwards combed his head withan Alman
oP ee : Gargantua and Pantagruel,

ook i, 21.

German Silver is not silver at all,
but white copper, or copper, zinc, and
nickel mixed together. It was first made
in Europe at Hildberg-hausen, in Ger-
many, but had been used by the Chinese
time out of mind,

Gerryman’der (g hard). So to
divide a county or nation into repre-
sentative districts as to give one special
political party undue advantage over
others. The word is derived from
Elbridge Gerry, who adopted the scheme
in Massachusetts when he was governor.
Gilbert Stuart, the artist, looking at the
map of the new distribution, with a
little invention converted it into a sala-
mander, ‘‘No, no!’’ said Russell, when
shown it, ‘‘nota Sala-mander, Stuart ;
call it a Gerry-mander.”’ :

% To gerrymander is so to hocus-
Pocus figures, etc., as to affect the
alance. ‘

Gerst-Monat. Barley-month. The
Anglo-Saxon name for September; se
called because it was the time of barley
beer making. [ad i

|

4

Aca:

Gertrude ~ 513

Gewgaw

Ger’trude (2 syl., g hard). Hamlet’s
mother, who married Claudius, the
murderer of her late husband. She in-
adyertently poisoned herself by drink-
ing a potion prepared for her son.
(Shakespeare : Hamlet.)

Gertrude (St.), in Christian art, is
sometimes represented as surrounded
with rats and mice; and sometimes as
spinning, the rats and mice running
about her distaff.

Gertrude of Wyo’ming. The name
of one of Campbell’s poems,
Gervais (St.). The French St.

Swithin, June 19th, (See SwiTH1n.)

In 1725, Bulliot, a French banker, made a bet
that, as it rained on St: Gervais's Day, it would
Train more or less for forty days afterwards. The
bet was taken by so many people that the entire
property of Bulliot was pledged. The bet was
oSt, and the banker was utterly ruined.
| Ger’yon (g hard). A human monster
with three bodies and three heads,
whose oxen ate human flesh, and were
guarded by a two-headed dog. Herculés
slew both Geryon and the dog. This
fable means simply that Geryon reigued
over three kingdoms, aud was defended
by an ally, who was at the head of two
tribes,

Geryon’eo. <A _ giant with three
bodies; that is, Philip II. of Spain,
master of three kingdoms. (Spenser :
Faérie Queene, v. 11.)

Ges'mas (g hard). (See Desmas.)

Gess'ler ( hard). The Austrian
governor of the three Forest Cantons
of Switzerland. A man of most brutal
nature and tyrannical disposition. He
attempted to carry off the daughter of
Leuthold, a Swiss herdsman ; but Leut-
hold slew the ruffian sent to seize her,
and fled. This act of injustice roused
the people to rebellion, and Gessler,
having put to death Melch’tal, the patri-
arch of the Forest Cantons, insulted the
people by commanding them to bow
down to his cap, hoisted on a high pole,
Tell refusing so to do, wasarrested with
his son, and Gessler, in the refinement
of cruelty, imposed on him the task of
shooting with his bow and arrow an
apple from the head of his own son,
Tell succeeded in this dangerous skill-
trial, but in his agitation dropped an
arrow from: his robe. The governor
insolently demanded what the second
arrow was for, and Tell fearlessly re-
plied, ‘To shoot you with, had I failed
in the task imposed upon me.’’ Gessler
now ordered him to be carried in chains

across the lake, and cast into Kusnacht }

castle, a prey ‘‘to the reptiles that lodged
there.”? He was, however, rescued by
the peasantry, and, having shot Gessler,
freed his country from the Austrian
yoke.

Gesta Romano’rum (7 soft), com-
pie by Pierre Bercheur, prior of the

enedictine convent of St. Eloi, Paris,
published by the Roxburgh Society.

dited by Six F. Madden, and afterwards
by 8. J. Herrtage.

Geste or Gest (g soft). A story,
romance, achievement. From the Latin
gesta (exploits).

“The scene of these gestes being laidin ordinary
life.”—Cyclopadia Britun. (Romunce).

Get (Zo). To gain; to procure; to
obtain. 3
“ Get wealth and place, if possible with grace;
{f not, by any nieans get wealth and place,”
Horace (Satires) says :—“ Rem facis,
recte si possis ; si non, rem facis.”’

Get, Got. (Anglo-Saxon, git-an.)

“I got on horseback within ten minutes after T
got your letter. When! got toCanterbury | got
a chaise for town; but. 1 got wet through, and
have got such 2. cold that I shall not get rid of in
ahurry. I got to the Treasury about noon,-but
tirst of all got sbayed and dressed. I soon got
into the secret of getting « memorial before the
Board, but 1 could not get an answer then ; how-
ever t got intellig@ice from a messenger that I
should get one next, morning. “As soon as I got
back to my inn, ] got my supper, and then got to
bed. When J got up next morning, I got my
breakfast, and, having got dressed, I got out in
time to get an answer to my memorial. As soon
as 1 got it, I got into a chaise,and got back to
Canterbury by three, and got home for.tea,
have got nothing for you, and so adieu.”—Dr.
Withers,

Get by Heart (Zo). To commit to

memory. In French, ‘‘ Apprendre une
chose par caur.””

Get One’s Back Up (Zo). To show
irritation, as.cats set up their backs
when angry.

Get-up (A). A style of dress, as
“ His get-up was excellent,” meaning his
style of dress exactly suited the part he
professed to enact,

Get up (Zo).

To rise from one’s bed.

To learn, as ‘‘I must get up my
Buclid.”’ :

To organise and arrange, as ‘‘ We
will get up a bazaar.’

tethsemane, q She eas Rncareve |
supposed in legendary story to be spot
by the blood of Christ, _

Gew'gaw (g hard). A showy trifle,
estes ge-gaf, % trifle; French, joujou,
a toy. ,

ES Bushee! © eo wos a

Ghebers

514

Ghe'bers or Gue’bres. The original
natives of Iran (Persia), who adhered to
the religion of Zoroaster, and (after the
conquest of their country by the Arabs)
became waifs and outlaws. The term is
now applied tofire-worshippersgenerally.
Hanway says that the ancient Ghebers
wore a cushee or belt, which they never
laid aside,

Ghibelline (g hard), or rather Waib-
lingen. The war-cry of Conrad’s fol-.
lowers in the battle of Weinsberg (1140).
Conrad, Duke of Suabia, was opposed
to Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony,
whose slogan was Guelph or Welfe, his
family name.

Ghost. To give up the ghost. To
die. The idea is that life is independent
of the body, and is due to the habitation
of the ghost or spirit in the material
body. At.death the ghost or spirit
leaves this tabernacle of clay, and either
returns to God or abides in the region of
spirits till the general resurrection.
hua in Ecc. xii. 7 it is said, ‘‘ Then
shall the dust return to the earth as it
was: and the spirit shall return unto
God who gave it.”’

“ Man dieth,and wasteth away : yea,man giveth
up the ghost, and where is he ?"—Job xiv, 10.

The phere. a chance, The least like-
lihood. ‘He has not the ghost of a
chance of being elected,’’ not the shadow
of a probability.

Ghoul. (See Farry.)

Giaffir (Djaf-jir), Pacha of Aby’dos,
and father of Zule’ika. He tells her he
intends to marry her to Kara Osman
Ogloo, governor of Magne'sia ; but Zu-
leika has betrothed herself to her cousin
Selim. The lovers flee, Giaffir shoots
Selim, Zuleika dies of grief, and the
pacha lives on, a heart-broken old man,
ever calling to the winds, ‘‘ Where is
my daughter?” and echo answers,

ere?’? (Byron: Bride of Abydos.)

Giall. The infernal river of Scandi-
navian mythology.

Giallar Bridge. The bridge of-
death, over which all must pass to get to
Helheim. (Scandinavian mythology.)

Giallar Horn (The). Heimdall’s
horn, which went out into all worlds
whenever he chose to blow it. (Scandi-
nowiem mythology.)

Gian ben Gian (g soft), King of
the Ginns or Genii, and founder of the
Srentt He was overthrown by Aza’-
sil or Lucifer, (Arab superstitions.)

Giants
Giant of Literature (The). Dr.
Samuel Johnson (1709 - 1783), Also

called ‘‘ the great moralist- ’?

Giants (9 soft).

(1) Of Greek mythology, sons of Tar'-
taros and Gé. When they attempted to
storm heaven, they were hurled to earth
by the aid of Hercules, and buried under

ount Etna,

(2) Of Scandinavian mythology, were
evil genii, dwelling in Jotunheim (giant-
land), who had the power of reducing or
extending their stature at will.

(3) Of nursery mythology, are canni-
bals of vast stature and immense mus-
cular power, but as stupid as they are
violent and_ treacherous, The best
known are Blunderbore (q.v.), Cormo-
ran’ (g.v.), Galliantus (¢.v.), Gombo
(q.v.), Megadore and Bellygan.

(4) In the romance of Gargan'tua and
Pantagruel, by Rabelais, giants mean
princes.

(5) Giants of Mythology.

Ac/AMAS. One of the Cyclops, (Greek fable.)

ADAMAS’TOR (q.v.).

4£G#/0N, the hundred-handed. One of the Titans.
(Greek fable.) i {

Aaq’Rios. One of the- Titans. He was killed by
the Parcy. (Greek fable.)

ALCYONEUS [AI’-si-o-nuce), or AL/c1ow. Jupiter
sent Herculés against him for stealing some of
the Sun’s oxen. But Herculés could not do
anything, for immediately the giant touched
the earth he received fresh strength. (See
below, ANTAOS.) At length Pallas carried
him beyond the moon. His seven daughters
were metamorphosed into halcyons. (Argon-
autic Expedition, i. oe 5

plage The giant Or¥on is so called by the

Tabs,

ALIFAN’FARON or ALIPHAR’NON (@.2.).
ALO’Eos. Son of Poseidon Canacé. Each of his
two sons was 27 cubits high. (Greck fable.)
Aw’erant. A crud ean slain by Guy of War-

wick. (Percy: Reliques.

ANGOULAFFRE (@.v.), (See below, 21 feet.)

ANT2#/OS (9.v.; see above, ALCYONEUS). (See
below, 105 feet.)

ARGES (2 syl.). One of the Cyclops. (Greek fable.)

As/CAPART (@.v.).

ATLAS (q.v.).

BALAN (@,2,).

BELLE (1 syl.) (9.0).

BELLE’RUS (@.v.).

BLUNDERBORE (3 8y].) (@.v.).

BRIAR’EOS or BR1’AREUS (3 Byl.) (@.¥.).

BROBDINGNAG ae

BRONTES (2 Syl.) (@.¥.).

BURLOND (¢.0.).

Ca'cos or CACUS (@.v.). z é

CALIG/ORANT (¢.¥.).

CAR/ACULLAM’RO. The glant that Don Quixote
intended shonld kneelat thefeet of Dulcin’ea.
(Cervantes : Don Quixote.)

Carus. In the Seven Champions,

CHALBROTH. The stem of all the giant race,
(Rabelais: Pantagruel), : t

CHRISTOPH’ERUS. (See CHRISTOPHER, St.)

CLYT’LOs (q.%.).

Caos. Son of Heaven and Earth. He married
ae and was the father of Latona. (Greek

ie, .
COLBRAND,. (See COLBRONDE.) t
CORFLAM’BO (q..). . ¥
CORMORAN (q.v.) P yy Hor
CORMORANT. A giant discomfited by Sir Brian.
(Spenser : Faérie Queene, vi. 4.) . ’

Giants 515 Giants
CoTTAS (q.2.). TEUTOBOCH’US (King). «(See below, 30 feet.) |
CovuutLn (q@.v.). THAON. One of the giants who made war with
CYCLoPs the) (q.v.). the gods, He was.killed by the Parce. (Greek
ESPAIR (g.v.).

DONDASCH (q,v.).
EPHIALTES (4 yt) (@.v.).

height.
FER’RACUTE (@ syl.) (g.v).
R/RAGUS a5: .
is tcp morn ‘e--10-brah) (q.v.).
G.0.).
Fior’Gwvn, the father of Frigga (Scandinavian
- mythology).
FRACASSUS (g.v.). . F
Gaw’BARA, Father of Goliah of Secondille
(3 syl.), and inventor of the custom of drink-
ing healths. (Duchat: Guvres de Rabelais.

M71,
GALA pas, The giant slain by King Arthur. (Sir
7. Malory : History of Prince Arthur.)
GALLIGANTUS (¢.v.).
AGANTUA (G.2.)»
ARGANTUA (@.U.).
GARIAN. In the Seven Champions.
GEMMAGOG (q.v.).
GERYON’EO (@.2,).
GIRALDA (@.2,).
GODMER (q@.v.).
GOEMOT or GOEMAGOT (2.9.).

Goo’Macog, King of the giant race of Albion;
slain by Cori’neus, | -.
GRANGOUSIER. The giant king of Utopia, father

of Gargantua. (Rabelais: Garyantua,
GRANTORTO (q.v.).
GRIM (@.2.).
GRUMBO (@.2.).
GuY OF WARWICK (@.2.).
GycEs (2 syl.). One of the Titans. He had fifty
heads and a hundred bands. (Greek fable.)
HAP’ MOUCHE (2 syl.) (g.v.). p
HippPou’ytos. One of the giants who made war
with the gods. He was killed by Hermés,
(Greek fable.)
erie (q.v.).
RIMTHURSAR (Q.2.),
HuRTALI (¢.v.).
INDRACIT’TRAN (@.v.).
Inus (g.v.). 5
Jotun. The giant of Jétunheim or Giant-land.
(Scandinavian sod be
JULIANCE. A giant of Arthurian romance,
JUNNEB (q.0.).
KiFri. The giant of atheism and infidelity.
KotTtTos. One of the Titans. He had a hundred
hands. (See BRIAREOs.) (Greek fable.)
MALAMBRU’NO <a.
MARGUTTE (q.v.).
MAveys (q.v.
MAUL Sh 5 >
OGNON Se
-) (@.0.). * obi
ut famous for his mace with six

ANTAG’RUEL (@.v., Ly, :
HIDON. In the Seven Champions.

-) (¢.¥.).

POL’ YPHE’MUS or Dee ed @GsylL) @.v.).

PORPHYR’ION (q.v.).

PYRAC’MON. One of the Cyclops. (Greck fable.)

Henge In the Seven Champions.

RitnHo. The giant who commanded King Arthur
to send him his heard to complete the lining
ofarobe. Inthe Arthurian romance.

Praise (See DRAUGHT OF THOR, p. 340.)

LAY-G ;

_ ,TaRTARO. The Cyclops of Basque mythology.

-GOOD (q.v.).
STER’oPEs (8 syl.). One of the Cyclops. (Greek

Sable.)

TITANS (The) (q.v.).

TIT’YOS8 (@.v.).

TREYEAGLE (@.v.).

TYPHUS (@.2.).

TYPHON (¢.v.).

WIDENOSTRILS (¢.¥.). :

YOHAK. The giant guardian of the caves of
Babylon. (Southey: Thalaba, book v.)

Of these giants the following are note-
worthy : i

19 feet in height: A skeleton discovered at Lu-
cerne in 1577. Dr, Plater is our authority for
this measurement.

21 feet in height: Angoulaffre of the Broken
Teeth, was 12 cubits in height. (A cubit was
21 inches.) ‘ i

30 feet in height: Teutobochus, whose remains
were discovered near the Rhone in 1613. They
occupied a tomb 30 feet long. The bones of
another gigantic skeleton were exposed by
the action of the Rhone in 1456. If this wasa
human skeleton, the height of the living man
must have been 30 feet. y Y

80} feet in height : Orion, according to Pliny, was
46 cubits in height. y

105 feet in height: Antzos is said hy Plutarch to
have been 60 cubits in height. He further-
more adds that the grave of the giant was
opened hy Serbonios,

300 feet in height: The “monster Polypbeme.”
It is said that his skeleton was discovered at
Trapa’ni, in Sicily, in the fourteenth century.
If this skeleton was that of a man, he must
have been 300 feet in height.

(6) Giants of Real Life,

ANAK (of Bible history), father of the Anakim.
The Hebrew spies said they’ were mere grass-
hoppers in comparison with these giants
(Joshua xv. 14; Judges i. 20; and Numbers
xiii. 33.)

ANAK, (See BRICE.) ‘i ‘

ANDRONI'Cus II. was 10 feet in height. He was
gramison of Alexius Comnénus.. Nicétas
asserts that he had seen hin. 3

BAMFORD (Edward) was 7 feet 4 inches. He died
in 1768, and was buried in St. Dunstan's
churchyard. 3

BATEs (Captain) was 7 feet U4incbes. He was a
native of Kentucky, and was exhibited in
London in 1871, His wife (Anna Swann) was
the same height. ,

BLACKER (Henry) was 7 feet 4 inches, and most
symmetrical. He was born at Cuckfield, in
Pree in 1724, and was called “The British

iant.’

BRADLEY (William) was 7 fect 9 inches in height.
He was born in 1787, and died 1820. His birth
ig duly registered in the parish church of
Market Weighton, in Yorkshire, and bis right
hand is preserved in the museum of the
College of Surgeons.

Brick (M. J.) exhibited under the name of Anak,
was 7 fee} 8 inches in height at the age of 26.
He was born in 1840 at Lae Eee at the
Vosges, and visited England 1862-5. His arms
had a stretch of 954 inches, and were there-
fore 3} inches too long for symmetry. |

BRUSTED (Von) was 8 feet in height. This Nor-
way giant was exhibited in London in 1880.

Busby (Joh2) was 7 feet 9 inches in height,and

his brother was about the same. They were
natives of Darfield, in Yorksbire. N

CHANG, the Chinese giant, was 8 feet 2 inches in
height. The entire name of this Chinese giant
was Chang-Woo-Goo. He was exhibited in
London in 1865-1866, and again in 1880. He wag
a native of Fychou. 3 :,

CHARLEMAGNE was nearly 8 feet in height, and
was 80 strong he could squeeze together three
horseshoes with his bands, 4 ‘

CoTTER i hota was 8 feet a inches in. height.
This Irish giant died at Clifton, Bristol, im
1802. A cast of bis hand is preserved in the
tmuseum of the College of Surgeons.

Giants

516

Giant’s Leap

DANIEL, the porter of Oliver Cromwell, was a
man of gigantic stature, ? y
ELEA/ZER Was 7 cubits (nearly 14feet). Vitellius
sent this giant to Rome ; and he is mentioned
by Josephus. N.B.—The height of Goliath was

6 cubits and a span,

Nothing can bea greater proof that thé cubit
was not 21 inches, for no recorded height of any
giant known has reached 10 feet, The nearest
approach to it was Gabara, the Arabian giant
(9 feet 9 inches) mentioned by Pliny, and Middle-
ton of Lancashire (9 feet 3inches) mentioned Dy
Dr. Plott. Probably a cubit was about 18 inches,

ELEIZEGUE (Joachim). Was 7 feet 10 inches in
height. He wasa Spaniard, and exhébited in
the Cosmorama, Regent Street, London,

EVANS (William) was 8 feet at death. He was a
porter of Charles I., and died in 1632.

FRANK (Big), _Was 7 feet 8inchesin height. He
was an Irishman whose name was Francis
Sheridan, and died in 1870. 5

FRENZ (Louis) was 7 feet 4 inches in height. He
was called “‘ the French giant.”

FuNnUoM (court giant of Eugene'II.) was 11 feet
6 inches, a ‘ a

GABARA, the Arabian giant, was 9 feet 9 inches,
This Arabian giant is mentioned by Pliny, who
says he was the tallest man seen in the days of
Claudius, A

GILLY was 8 feet. This Swedish giant was ex-
hibited in the early part of the nineteenth
century, F

GOLIATH was 6 cubits and a span (11 feet
9 inches, if the cubit = 21 inches, and the
span = 9 inches), -

See note to the giant ELEAZER. If the cubit
was 18 inches, then Goliath was the same height
as the Arabian giant Gabara,

GoRDON (Alice) was 7 feet in height. She was a
native of Essex, and died in 1737, at the age

of 19.

HALE (Robert) was 7 feet 6 inches in height. He
was born at Somerton, in Norfolk, and was
called “ the Norfolk giant” (1820-1862),

HAR’DRADA (Havold) was nearly 8 feet in height
C5 ells of Norway”), and was called “the
Norway giant.” Snorro Sturleson says he was
“about 8 feet in height.”

HOLMES (Benjamin) was 7 feet 6 inches in height.
He was a Northumberland man, and was made
sword-bearer of the Corporation of Worces-
ter. He died in 1892. ,

JOHN FREDERICK, Duke of Brunswick, was 8 feet
6 inches in height, ‘

KINTOLOCHUS REX was 15 feet 6 inches in
height (!), 5 feet through the chest to the
spine (!), and 10 feet across the shoulders (!).

. This, of course, is quite incredible,

La PIERRE was 7 feet lincb in height. He was
born at Stratgard, in Denmark.

Louis was 7 feet 4 inches in height. Called “the
French giant.” His left hand is preserved in

. the museum of the College of Surgeons.

LOUISHKIN was 8 feet 5 inches in height. This
Russian giant was drum-major of the Im-

eral Guards. r 5

McDONALD Wemee) was 7 feet 6 inches in hei ht.
Be was born in Cork, Ireland, and died in

MCDONALD (Samuel) was 6 feet 10 inches in
height. This Scotchman was usually ealled
“Big Sam,” He was he Prince of Wales's
footman, and died in 1802. :

MAGRATH (Cornelius) was 7_feet 10 inches in
height at_the age of 16. He was an orphan
reared by Bishop Berkeley, and died at the age
of twenty (1740—1760), * i

MAXIMINUS. Was 8 feet Ginchesin height. The

“Roman emperor, from 235 to 238.

MELLON (Edmund) was 7 feet 6 inches in height
at the age of nineteen. He was born at. Port
Leicester, in Ireland (1740-1760),

MIDDLETON (John) was 9 feet 3 inches in height.
“His hand was J7 inches Jong and 8} broad,”
He was born at Hale, Lancashire, in the reign
of James J. (See ubove,GABARA.) (Dr. Plott:
Natural History of Staffordshire, Pp. 295.)

MILLER (Maximilian Christopher) was.8 feet in
height. His hand measured 12 inches, and his
forefinger was 9 incheslong, This Saxon giant
died in London at the age of sixty (1674-1734),

MURPHY was 8 feet 10 inches in height. This
Irish giant was contemporary with O’Brien
(see below), and died at Marseilles, q

O'BRIEN, or CHARLES BYRNE, was 8 feet 4 inches
in height. The skeleton of this Trish giant is
preserved in the College of Surgeons, He
died in Cockspur Street, London, and was
contemporary with Murphy (1761-1783). |

O'BRIEN (Patrick) was 8 feet 7 inches in height,
He died August 3, 1804, aged thirty-nine.

Oc, King of Bashan, According to tradition, he
lived 3,000 years, and walked beside the Ark
during the Flood. One of his bones formed a
bridge over a river, His bed (Deuteronomy
ili, 11) was 9 cubits by 4 cubits, Ate

Jf the cubit was really 21 inches, this would
make the hed 153 feet by 10}. The great bed of

Ware, Herts, is 12 feet by 12, (See above, ELEAZAR

—note.

OSEN (Heinrich) was 7 feet 6 inches in height at
the age of 27,and weighed above 37 stone. Hé
was bornin Norway. (See above, HARDRADA.)

Ponrvs was ‘5 cubits in height” (7 feet 6 inches),
He was an Indian king who fought against
Alexander the Great near the river Hydaspés,
hd Curtius: De rebus gestis Alexandri

ani, a
Whatever the Jewish cubit was, the Roman
cubit was not more than 18 inches, % ~
RIECHART (J, H.) was 8 feet 4 inches in height,
He was a native of Friedberg, and both his
father and mother were of gigantic stature,

SALMERON (Martin) was 7 feet 4 inches in height.
He was called ‘The Mexican Giant,”

Sam (Big). (See MACDONALD.)

SHERIDAN, (Sce above, FRANK.)

SWANN (Anne Hanen) was 7 feet 11} inches in
height, Sbe was a native of Nova Scotia.
TOLLER (James) was 8 feet at the age of 24, He

died in February, 1819. H

Josephus speaks of a Jew 10 feet-2 inches.

Becanus asserts that he had seen a man nearly
10 feet high, and a woman fully 10 feet. _ \

Gasper Bauhin speaks of a Swiss 8 feet in height.

Del Rio tells us be himself saw a Piedmountese
in 1572 more than 9 feet in height,

Cc, F. S. Warren, M.A. (in Notes and Queries,
August 14th, 1875), tells us that his father knew a
lady 9 feet in height and adds “ her head touched
the ceiling ofa good-sized room,”

Nh cetie Nes says he saw at Congo a black nan
9 feet bigh, 4

In the museum of Trinity College, Dublin, is a
human skeleton 8 teet 6 inches in height.

Thomas Hall, of Willingham, was 3 feet 9 inches
attheageof3, | | ..

A giant was exhibited at Rouen in theearly part
e (the elgiteon ts century 17 feet 10 inches @) in
eight, z f

Gorapus, the surgeon, tells us of a Swedish

jeutente who, at the age of 9, was over 10 feet in

eight. ‘

Turner, the naturalist, tells us he saw in Brazil
a giant 13 feet in height, | ‘

{. Thevet published, in 1575, an account of a
‘South American giant, the skeleton of which he
measured, It was 1] feet 5 inches,

Giant’s Causeway, in Ireland. A
basaltic mole, said to be the commence-
ment of a road to be constructed by the
giants across the channel, reaching from
Ireland to Scotland. — ,

Giants’ Dance (The). Stonehenge,
which Geoffrey of Monmouth says was
removed from Killaraus, a mountain in
Ireland, by the magical skill of Merlin,

“Tf you [Aurelius] are desirous to honour the
burying-place of these nen [who routed Hengist} —
with an everlasting monument, send for the
Giants’ Dance, which is in Killaraus, a mountain
in Ireland."—Geoffrey of Monmouth; British His-
tory, book viii. chap, 10. : d ety

Giant’s Leap (The), Lam-Goemago 6:
The legend is that Corineus (3 syL), iz

Giants’ War

517

Gift-horse

his encounter with Goemagog, or Gog-
magog, slung him on his shoulders, ¢ar-
ried him to the top of a neighbouring
cliff, and heaved him into the sea. Ever
since then the cliff has been called Lam-
Goemagog. (Thomas Boreman: Gigan-
tick History; 1741.)

Giants’ War with Jove + ene
The War of the Giants and the War of
the Titans should’be kept distinct. The
latter was after Jove or Zeus was god
of heaven and earth, the former was
before that time. Kronos, a Titan, had
been exalted by his brothers to the su-
premacy, but Zeus made war on Kronos
with the view of dethroning him. After
ten years’ contest he succeeded, and
hurled the Titans into hell. The other
war was a revolt by the giants against
Zeus, which was readily put ,down by
the help of the other gods and the aid
of Hercules.

Giaour (jow’-er). An unbeliever, one
who disbelieves the Mahometan faith.
A corruption of the Arabic Kiafir. It
has now become.so common that it
scarcely implies insult, but has about
the force of the word ‘‘ Gentile,’”’ mean-
ing ‘‘not.a Jew.”
tale so called, but he has not given the
giaour a narhe.

“The city won for Allah from the Giaour,
The ‘@taour from Othman’s race again may

wrest.”
Byron: Childe Harold, canto ii. stanza 77.

i Gib (g soft). The cut of his gib. (See
1B

0 hang one’s gib. To be angry, to
pout. The lower lip of a horse is called
its gib, and so is the beak of a male
salmon,

Gib Cat. <A wom-cat. The male
cit used to be called Gilbert. Nares
says that Tibert or Tybalt is the French
form of Gilbert, and hence Chaucer in
his Romance of the Rose, renders ** Thi-
bert le Cas” py ‘“‘Gibbe, our Cat”? (v.
6204). Generally used for a castrated
cat, (See TyBaur.)

“Jam as melancholy as a gib cat or a lugged
bear.’—Shakespeare: 1 Henvy {V., i. 2.

Gib’berish (g hard). Geber, the
Arabian, was by far the greatest alche-
mist of the eleventh century, and wrote
several treatises on ‘‘the art. of making
gold ’’ in the usual mystical jargon, be-
cause the ecclesiastics would have put to
death any one who had openly written
on ‘the subject. Friar Bacon, in 1282,
furnishes a specimen of this gibberish,

Byron has a poetical |

He is giving the prescription formaking
gunpowder, and says—
“ Sed tamen salis-petre

LURU MONE CAP URBE

Et sulphuris.”
The second line is merely an anagram of
Carbonum pulvere (pulverised charcoal),

< “Gibberish,” compare jabler, and

gabble,

Gib’bet (g soft). A foot-pad, who
‘piqued himself on being the best-be-
haved man on the road.”? (George Far-
quhar: Beaux’ Stratagem.)

To gibbet the bread (Lincolnshire),
When bread turns out ropy and is sup-
posed to be bewitched, the good dame
runs a stick through it and hangs it in
the cupboard. It is gibbeted in terrorem
to other batches.

Gibelins or (Ghil'ellines (g hard).
(See GUELPHS.)

Gib’eonite (4 syl., ghard), Aslave’s
slave, a workman’s labourer, a farmer’s
understrapper, or Jack -of-all-work.-
The Gibeonites were made ‘‘ hewers of
wood and drawers of water’’ to the
Israelites, (Josh, ix. 27.)

“And Giles must trudge, whoever gives com,

-. mand,
A Gibeonite, that serves them all by turn.”
Bloomfield: Furmer’s Boy.

Giblets pei Dukeof), A very tat
man. In Yorkshire a fat man is still
nicknamed ‘“‘ giblets.”’

Gibral'tar (9 soft). A contraction of
Gibel al Tari (Gib’ al Tar), ‘mountain
of Tari.’? This Tari ben Zeyad was an
Arabian general who, under the orders
of Mousa, landed at Calpé in 710, and
utterly defeated Roderick, the Gothic
King of Spain. * Cape Tari‘fa is named

- from the same general.

Gibraltar of Greece. A precipitous
tock 700 feet above the sea, in Nauplia
(Greece).

Gibraltar of the New World. Cape
Diamond, in the province of Quebec.

-Gif Gaff Givé and take ; good turn
for good turn.

“T have pledged my word for your safety, and
you must give me yours to be private in the
matter—gift gaff, you know.’”—Sir W. Scott: Red-
gauntlet, chap, xil.

Gift-horse. Don’t look a gift-horsein

" the mouth. When a present is made, do

not- inquire too minutely into its in-
trinsic value,

Latin: “Noli equi dentes inspicere
donati.”” ‘‘Si quis det mannos ne
quere in dentibus annos”’ (Monkish).

Italian: ** A cavallao daio non guar-
dar in bocca.” ;

Gig

518

Giles Overreach

French: “\A cheval donné il ne faut
pas regarder aux dents.’’

Spanish: ‘A cavall dato no le mirem
el diénte.”’

Gig (g hard). A whipping top, made
like a Vv.
“Thou disputest like an infant. Go, whip thy
gig.”—Shakespeare : Love's Labour's Lost, v. 1.
Gig-lamps, Bpedteeles. Gig-lamps
are the ‘‘spéctacles’’? of a gig. (See
VERDANT GREEN.)

Gig-manity. Respectability. A
word invented by Carlyle. A witness
in the: trial of John Thurtell said, ‘I
always thought him ([Thurtell] a re-
spectable man.”? And being asked by
the judge what he meant, replied, ** He
[Thurtell] kept a gig.’’

“ A princess of the blood, yet whose father had
sold his inexpressibles .. . In a word, Gigmanity
disgigged. —Carlyle: The Diamond Necklace,
chap. v.

Giggle (g hard). Have you found a

iggle’s nest? A question asked in

orfolk when anyone laughs immoder-
ately and senselessly. The meaning is,
‘*Have you found a nest of rompin
girls that you laugh so?” Giglet is stil
im common use in the West of England
for a giddy, romping, Tom-boy girl, and
in Salop a flighty person is called a
“ gigele,”? (See GaPE’s-NEST.)

Gik Blas (g soft). The hero of Le
Sage’s novel of the same name. Timid,
but audacious ; well-disposed, but easily
led astray ; shrewd, but easily gulled b

ractising on his vanity ; pord-ne tare 4
Ba without moral principle. The tale,
according to one account, is based on
Matteo Aleman’s Spanish romance, called
the Life of Guzman ; others maintain
that the orginal was the comic romance
entitled Relaciones de la Vida del Escu-
dero Marcos de Obregon.

Gil’bertines (3 syl., g hard). A re-
ligious order founded in the twelfth
century by St. Gilbert of Lincolnshire.

Gild the Pill (Zo). To do some-
thing to make a disagreeable task less
offensive, as a pill is gilded to make it less
offensive to the sight and taste. Child-
ren’s powders are hidden in jam, and
authors are ‘‘ damned with faint praise.”

Gilded Chamber (7/2). The House
of Lords.

“Mr. Rowland Winn is now Lord St. Oswald,
and after yéurs spent in the Lower House he has
retired to the calm of the gilded champer,”—
Néwspaper paragraph, June 26th, 1885. .

Gilderoy’ (3 syl., g hard), A famous

yobber, who robbed Cardina] Richelieu _

and Oliver Cromwell. There was a
Seotch robber of the same name in the
reign of Queen Mary. Both were noted
for their handsome persons, and both
were hanged.

Gilderoy’s Kite. Higher than Gil-
deroy’s kite. To be hung higher than
Gilderoy’s kite is to be -punished more
severely than the very worst criminal.
The greater the crime, the higher the
gallows, was at one time a practical
legal axiom. Haman, it will be remem-
bered, was hanged on avery highgallows.
The gallows of Montrose was 30 feet
high. The'ballad says:—

“ Of Gilderoy sae fraid they were
They bound him mickle firoug.
Till Edenburrow they led him thair
And on a gallows hong ;
They hong him high abone the rest,
He was 80 trim’a boy .,. .”

He was “‘ hong abone the rest” of the criminals
because his crimes were deemed to be more hein-
ous, So high he hung he looked like “a kite”
in the clouds, ?

Gildip'pe (in Jerusalem Delivered).
Wife of Edward, an English baron. She
accompanied her husband to the Holy
War, and performed prodigies of valour
(book ix.), Both she and her husband

were slain by Solyman (book xx.).

Giles Q syl., g soft). The ‘‘farmer’s
boy ”’ in Bloomfield’s poem so called,

Giles (St.). Patron saint of cripples
The tradition is thatthe king of France,
hunting in the desert, accidentally
wounded the hermit in- the knee; and
the hermit, that he might. the better
mortify the fiesh, refusing to be cured,
remained a cripple for life. cs

The symbol of this saint is a hind, in
allusion to the ‘‘heaven-directed hind ’’
which went daily to his cave hear the
mouth of the Rhone to give him milk.
He is sometimes represented as an old
man with an arrow in his knee and a
hind by his side, )

St. Giles’s parish. Generally situated
in the outskirts of a city, and originally
without the walls, cripples and beggars
not being permitted to pass the gates.

Hopping or Hobbling Giles. A lame
person; so called from St. Giles, the
tutelar saint of cripples. (See CRIPPLE-

GATE. )
Lame as St. Giles’, Cripplegate. (See
above.)

Giles Overreach (Sir). 4 New
Way to Pay, Old Debts, by Massinger.
The “‘ Academy fi ” of this charac-
ter was Sir Giles Mompesson, a notorious
usurer, banished the kingdom for his
misdeeds, q

_ an

Giles

519

Gingerbread

Giles of Antwerp (9 soft). Giles
Coignet, the painter (1530-1600).

Gill (g soft) or Ji/, A generic name
for a lass, a sweetheart. (A contraction
of Gillian = Juliana, Julia.)

“Jack and Jill wentupthehill....
Nursery Rhymes,
“Every Jack has got his Jill (@.e. Ilka laddie
has his ie)."—Burns.

Gill (Harry). A farmer struck with
the curse of ever shivering with cald,
because he would not allow old Good
Blake to keep a few stray sticks whic
she had picked up to warm herself by.

“Oh! what’s the matter ? what's the matter ?
What is’t that ails youns Harry Gill,
That evermore his teeth they chatter,
Chatter, chatter, chatter, still? ....
No word to any man he utters,.
A-bed or up, to young or old ;

But ever. to himself he mutters—

* Poor Harry Gill is very cold.”
Wordsworth: Goody Blake and Harry Gill.

Gills(ghard), Wipe your gills (your
mouth), The gills of fishes, like the
mouth of man, are the organs of respi-

ration.

Gillie (g hard). A servant or at-
tendant ; the man who leads a pony
about when a child is riding. A gtllie-
wet-foot is a barefooted Highland lad,

“These gillie-wet-foots, as they were called,
were destined to beat the bushes.”—Sir Walter
Scott: Waverley, chap. xiii, ‘

Gillies’ Hill. In the battle of Ban-
nockburn (1314) King Robert Bruce
ordered all the servants, drivers of carts,
and camp followers to go behind a height.

- When the battle seemed to favour the

i

Scotch, these servants, or gillies, desirous
of sharing in the plunder, rushed from
their concealment with such arms as
they could lay hands on; and the Eng-
lish, thinking them to be a new army,
fled in panic. The height in honour
was ever after called The Gillies’ Hill.
(Sir Walter Scott: Tales of a Grand-
Sather, x.)

Gillyflower (g soft) is not the July-
flower, but the French girofiée, from

irofle (a clove), called by Chaucer ‘ gi
{otro The common stock, the wall-
flower, the rocket, the clove pink, and
several other plants are so called. (Greek
karuophullon ; Latin, caryophyllum, the
clove gillyflower.)

“ The fairest flowers 0’ the season
Are our carnations and streaked gillyflowers.”
Shakespeure: Winter's Tale, iv. 2.

Gilpin (John), of Cowper’s famous
ballad, is a caricature of Mr. Beyer, an
eminent linendraper at the end of Pater-
noster Row, where it joins Cheapside.
He died 1791, at the age of 98. It was
Lady Austin who told the adventure to

7

Pi.

our domestic poet, to divert him from
his melancholy. The marriage adventure
of Commodore Trunnion in Feregrine
Pickle is very similar to the wedding-
day adventure of John Gilpin.
“ John Gilpin was a citizen
Of credit and renown ;
A trainhand captain eke was he
Of famous London town.”
Cowper : John Gilpin.
3 Some insist that the “ trainband

captain’? was one Jonathan Gilpin,
who died at Bath in 1770, leaving his
daughter a legacy of £20,000.

Gilt (g hard). To take the gilt off the
ingerbread. To destroy the illusion.
he reference is to gingerbread watches,

men, and other gilded toys, sold at fairs.
These eatables were common even in the
reign of Henry IV., but were then made
of honey instead of treacle.

Gilt-edge Investments. A phrase
introduced in the last quarter of the
19th century (when so many investments
proved worthless), for investments in
which no risks are incurred, such as
debentures, preference shares, first mort-
gages, and shares in first-rate companies,

Giltspur Street (West Smithfield).
The route taken by the gilt-spurs, or
knights, on their way “to Smithfield,:
where tournaments were held.

Gimlet Eye (g hard). <A squint-
eye; strictly speaking, ‘‘an eye that
wanders ob aol » jocosely called a
“ piercer.”’ 6 elsh, wim, a movement
round ; cwimlaw, to twist or move in a
serpentine direction ; Celtic, guimbée.)

, Gimmer (9 soft), or Jimmer, a jointed
hinge. In Somersetshire, gimmace. We
have also gemel. A. gimimal is a double
ring; hence gimmal-bit. (Shakespeare :
Henry V., iv. 2.)

Gin Sling. A drink made of gin
and water, sweetened and flavoured.
Sling’? = Collins, the inventor, con-
tracted into ¢’lins, and perverted into
slings.

Gin’evra (g soft). The young Italian
bride who hid in a trunk with a spring-
lock. The lid fell upon her, and she
was not discovered till the body had
become a skeleton. (Rogers: Italy.)

& *E ithe cause what it might, from bis offer she

nk,
And Ginevra-like, shut herself up in a trunk.”
Lowell,

_ Gingerbread, The best used to
be made at Grantham, and Grantham
ingerbread was as much a locution as
verton toffy, or tuffy as we used to

Gingerbread

520

Gipsy

call it in the first half of the nineteenth
century.

To get the gilt off the gingerbread. To
appropriate all the fun or profit and
leave the caput mortuum behind. Inthe
first half of the nineteenth century
gingerbread cakes were profusely deco-
rated with gold-leaf or Dutch-leaf,
which looked like gold.

Gingerbread (g soft). Brummagem
wares, showy but worthless, The allu-
sion is to the gilt gingerbread toys sold
at fairs.

Gingerbread Husbands, Ginger-
bread cakes fashioned like men and
gilt, commonly sold at fairs up to the
middle of the nineteenth century,

Gingerly. Cautiously, with faltering
steps. The Scotch phrase, ‘‘ gang that
gate,’’ and the Anglo-Saxon aaa
(going), applied to an army looking out
for ambuscades, would furnish the ad-
verb gangendehe; Swedish, gingla, to
~ go gently.

“Gingerly, as if treading upon eggs, Cuddie
began to ascend the well-known pass,”— Scott:
Old Mortality, chap, xxv.

Gingham. So called from Guingamp, |

a town in rtleine where it was origin-
ally manufactured (Littré). A common
‘playful equivalent of umbrella.

Ginnunga Gap. The abyss between
Niffheim (the region of fog) and Mus-

elheim (the region of heat). It existed
befor either land or sea, heaven or
earth, (Scandinavian mythology.)

Gi’ona (9 soft). A leader of the Ana-
baptists, once a servant of Comte d’O'ber-
thal, but discharged from his service for
theft. In the rebellion headed by the
Anabaptists, Giona took the Count pri-
soner, but John of Leyden set him free
again. Giona, with the rest of the con-
spirators, betrayed their prophet king as
soon as the Emperor arrived with his
army. They entered the banquet room
to arrest him, but perished in the flaming
palace. (Meyerbeer: Le Prophete, an
opera.)

Giotto. Round as Giotto’s O. An
Italian proverb applied to a dull, stupid
fellow. The Pope, wishing to obtain
some art decorations, sent a messenger
to obtain specimens of the chief artists
of Italy, The messenger came to Giotto
and delivered his message, whereupon
the artist simply drew a circle with red
paint. The messenger, in amazement,
asked Giotto if that were all. Giotto
replied, ‘‘Send it, and we shall see if
dis Holiness understands the hint,’? A

specimen of genius about equal to a
brick as a specimen of an edifice.

Giovan’ni (Don). A Spanish liber-
tine. (See Juan.) His valet, Leporello,
says his master had ‘‘in Italy 700 mis-
tresses, in Germany 800, in Turkey and
France 91, in Spain 1,003.’? When ‘the
measure of his iniquity was full,’ the
ghost of the commandant whom he had
slain came with a legion of ‘foul
fiends,’”? and carried him off to a ‘‘dread-
ful, gulf that opened to devour him.’’
(Mozart: Don Giovanni, Libretto by
Lorenzo da Ponte.)

Gipsy (g soft). Said to be a corrup-
tion of /gyptian, and so called because
in 1418 a band of them appeared in
Europe, commanded by a leader named
Duke Michael of ‘‘ Little Egypt.”” Other
appellations are :

(2) Bohemians. So called by the
French, because the firstthat ever ar-
rived in their country came from Bo-
hemia in 1427, and presented themselves
before the gates of Paris. They were
not allowed to enter the city, but were
lodged at La Chapelle, St. Denis, The
French nickname for gip'sies is cagouwx
(unsociables). q

(8) Ciga'nos So called by the Portu-
guese, a corruption of Zinga‘né. (Sce
TCHINGA'NI.) :

(4) Gita'nos. So called by the Span-
iards, a corruption of Zingané, (See
TcHINGa'NI.)

(5) Heidens (heathens). So called by -
the Dutch, because they are heathens.

(6) Pharaoh-nepek (Pharaoh’s people),
So called in Hungary, from the notion‘
that they came from payee. 4

(7) Sinte. So called by themselves,
because they assert that they came from

Sind, i.¢. Ind (Hindustan). (See Tourn-
Ga'NI,) ' “
(8) Zatar. So called by the Danes

and Swedes, from the notion that they
came from Tartary. eo

(9) Tehinga'ni or Tshingani. So called
by the Turks, from a tribe still existing
at the mouth of the Indus (Zshin-calo,
black Indian). vt

(10) Wala’chians, So called by the
Italians, from the notion that they came
from Walachia, -

(11) Zigeu'ner (wanderers), So called
by the Germans.

~ Zincali or Zinga'ni. Said to be
so called by.the Turks, because in 1517
they were led by Zinga’neus to revolt
from Sultan Selim; but more likely a
mere variety of Tchingani (q.v.).

¥ Their language, called “ Rominy,”

Gipsy

521

Girl

contains about 5,000 words, the chief of
which are corrupt Sanskrit.

*: There is a legend that these people
are waifs and strays on the earth, because
they: refused to shelter the Virgin and
her child in their flight to Egypt. (Aven-
tinus, Annales Boiorum, chap. viii.)

Gipsy (Zhe). Anthony de Sola’rio,
the painter and illuminator, J/ Zingaro
(1382-1455).

Giral‘da (¢ soft). The giantess; a
statue of victory on the top of an old
Moorish tower in Seville.

Gird. To gird with the sword, To
raise to a peerage. It was the Saxon
method of investiture to an earldom,
continued after the Conquest.* Thus,
Richard I. ‘girded with the sword”’
Hugh de Pudsey, the aged Bishop of
Durham, making (as he said) ‘‘ a young
earl of an old prelate.”’

Gird up the Loins (70). To pre-
vee for hard work ora journey. ‘The

ews wore a girdle only when at work
orona journey, Even to the present day,
Eastern people, who wear loose dresses,
gird them about the loins.

“The loose tunic was an inconvenient walking
dress ; therefore, when persons went from home,
they tied a girdle round it (2 Kingsiv.2; ix.1;
Isaiah v. 27; Jeremiah i, 17; Jobn xxi, 7; Acts
xii. 8)."—Jahn: Archeologia Biblica (section 121),

Girder (4). A cooper. Hoops are
zirders, John Girder=John, the cooper,
a character in The Bride of Lammermoor,
by Sir Walter Scott.

Girdle (g hard). A good name is
better than a golden girdle. A good name
is better than money. It used to be
customary to carry money in the girdle,
and a girdle of gold meant a “ purse of
gold.”” The French proverb, ‘‘ Bonne
renommée vaut mieux que ceinture dorée,”
refers rather to the custom of wearing
girdles of gold tissue, forbidden, in 1420,
to women of bad character.

(ae wnder the girdle. Not yet
rm.

_ “All children under the girdle at the time of
ee sre held to be legitimate,”—Notes and
weries,

a

Tf he be angry, he knows how to turn
his girdle (Much Ado about Nothing,
v. 1). If he is angry, let him prepare
himself to fight, if he likes. Before
wrestlers, in ancient times, engaged in
combat, they turned the buckle of their
Rene behind them. Thus, Sir Ralph

‘inwood writes to Secretary Cecil :

“T said. ‘What I spake was not to make him

etka He replied,‘ If I were angry, I migbt turn
the buckle of my girdle behind me.’"—Dec. 17,

He has a large mouth but small girdle.
Great expenses but small means. The
girdle is the purse or purse-pocket. (See
above.)

He has undone her girdle. Taken her
for his wedded wife. The Roman bride
wore a chaplet of flowers on her head,
and a girdle of sheep’s wool about her
waist, A part of the marriage ceremony
was for the bridegroom to loose this
girdle. (Vaughan: Golden Grove.)

The Persian regulation-girdle, In Per-
sia a new sort of ‘‘ Procrustés Bed”’ is
adopted, according to Kemper. One of
the officers of the king is styled the
‘chief holder of the girdle,’’ and his
business is to measure the ladies of the
harem by a sort of regulation-girdle.
If any lady has outgrown the standard,
she is. reduced, like a jockey, by spare
diet; but, if she falls short thereof, she
is fatted up, like a Strasburg goose, to
regulation size. (See PROCRUSTES. )

To put a girdle round the earth. To
travel or go round it. Puck says, ‘‘T’il.
put a girdle round about the earth in
forty minutes.” (Midsummer Night's
Dream, ii. 2.)

Girdle (Florimel’s), The prize of a
- grand tournament in which Sir Satyrane
and several others took part. It was
dropped by Florimel, picked up by Sir
Satyrane, and employed by him to bind
the monster sent in her pursuit; but it
came again into the hands of the knight,
who kept it in a golden casket. It was
a ‘‘ gorgeous girdle made by Vulcan for
Venus, embossed with pearls and precious
stones ;’’ but its chief virtue was

“It gave the virtue of chaste love, _
And wifehood true to all that it did bear ;
But whosoever contrary doth prove
Might not the same about her middle wear,
But it would loose, or else asunder tear.”
Spenser: Faérie Queene, book iii. canto vii. 31.
¥ King Arthur’s Drinking Horn, and
the Court Mantel in Orlando Furioso,
possessed similar virtues,

Girdle (St. Colman’s) would meet
only round the chaste.

“Jn Treland it yet remains to be proved whether
St, Colman’s girdle has not lost its virtue” [the
reference is to Charles 8. Parnell).—Nineteenth
Century, Feh., 1891, p. 206.

Girdle of Venus, (See Cxzstvs.)

Girl, This word has given rise to a
host of guesses :—
Railey suggests garrula, & chatterbox.
M : nshew ventures the Italian girella, a weather-
cock,
wee goes in for the Anglo-Saxon ceorl, a
cbur

Why not girdle, as young women before mar-
riage wore a girdle (gir'le) ; and part of a Roman.
marriage ceremony was for the bridegroam to
looge the zone, <r"

Girondists

As for guessing, the word gull may put in a
claim (1 Henry iv. 1); so may the Greek kouré,
a girl, with a diminutive suffix koure-la, whence
gourla, gourl, gurl, girl.

(The Latin.gerula means a maid that attends on
achild. Chaucer spells the word gurl.) ;

Probably the word is a variation of darling,
Anglo-Saxon, deorting.

Giron’‘dists (7 soft). French, Giron-
dins, moderate republicans in the first
‘French Revolution. So called from the
department of Gironde, which chose for
the Legislative Assembly five men who
greatly distinguished themselves for
their oratory, and formed a political
party They were subsequently joined

y Brissot, Condorcet, and the adherents
of Roland. The party is called The
Gironde, 791-93.)

* The new assembly, called the Legislative As-

sembly, met October 1, 1791. Its more moderate
members formed the party called the Girondists.”
—0, M, Yonge: France, chap, ix. p. 168,

Gir’ouet'te (3 syl., g soft). A turn-
coat, a weathercock (French), The Dic-
tionnaire des Girouettes contains the
names of the most noted turncoats, with

- their political veerings.

Gis (g soft) t.e. Jesus. A corruption
of Jesus or J. H.8. Ophelia says ‘‘ By
Gis and by St, Charity.” (Hamlet, iv. 5.)

Gita'nos, (See Gipsy.)

, Give and Take (policy). One of
mutual forbearance and accommodation,

“[(His) wife jogged along with him very com-
fortably with a giye and take policy for many
_years."—Hugh Conway.

Give it Him (Zo). To scold or
thrash a person; As ‘‘I gave it him
right and Jeft.’? ‘‘T’ll give it you when
Lcatch you.”” An elliptical phrase, dare
penam, ‘Give it him well,”

Give the Boys a Holiday. Anaxag’-

oras, on his death-bed, being asked what
honour should be conferred upon him,
replied, ‘‘ Give the boys a holiday.”

Give the Devil his Due. Though
bad, I allow, yet not so bad as you make
him out. Do not lay more to the charge
of a ‘person than he deserves. The
French say, ‘‘I ne fips pas faire le diable
plus noir qu'il n'est.” ‘The Italians have
the same proverb, ‘‘ Non bisogna fare il
diablo piu nero che non é.”

The devil is not so black as he is painted.
Every black has its white, as well as
every sweet its sour.

Don’t fret your gizzard.
Don’t be so anxious; don’t worry your-
‘self. The Latin stomachus means
temper, .etc., as well as stomach or

“gizzard.” (French, gésier.)

522

‘eight feet

site of the present city of

Glasgow Arms

That stuck in his gizzard. _Annoyed
him, was more than he could digest.

Gjallar. Heimdall’s horn, which he
blows to give the gods notice when any
one is approaching the bridge Bifrdst
(q.v.). (Scandinavian mythology.)

Glacis. The sloping mass on the
outer edge of the covered way in fortifica-
tion. Immediately without the ‘‘ditches’’
of the place fortified, there is a road of
communication all round the fortress
(about thirty feet wide), having on its
exterior ria a covered mass of earth

igh, sloping off’ gently to-
wards the open country. The road is
technically called the covered way, and
the sloping mass the glacis, a

Gladsheim [Home of joy). The
largest and most magnificent mansion of
the Scandinavian Atsir. It contains
twelve seats besides the throne of Al-
fader. The great hall of Gladsheim was
called ‘‘Valhalla,”’ .

Gladstone Bag (4). A black leather.
bag of various sizes, all convenient to be
hand-carried. These bags have two
handles, and are made so as not to touch
the ground, like the older carpet bags,
Called Gladstone in compliment to W. BE.
Gladstone, many years léader of the
Liberal party.

Glamorgan. Geoffrey of Monmouth’
says that Cundah’ and Morgan, the sons
of Gonorill and Regan, us the
crown at the death of Cordeilla. The
former resolved to reign alone, chased
Morgan into Wales, and slew him at the
foot of a hill, hence called Gla-Morgan
or Glyn-Morgan, valley of Morgan.
(See Spenser : aarie Queene, ii. 10.)

Glasgow Arms, An oak tree, a bell
hanging on one of the branches, a bird
at the top of the tree, and a salmon with:
a ring in its mouth at the base. :

St, Kentigern, in the seventh century,
took up his abode on the banks of a little
stream which falls into the Clyde, the
lasgow.
Upon an oak in the clearing he hung a
bell to summon the savages to worship,
hence the oak and the bell, Now for
the other two emblems: A queen having
formed an illicit attachment to a soldier,
gave him a precious ring which the king
had given her, -The king, aware of the
fact, stole upon the soldier in sleep,
abstracted the ring, threw it into the
Clyde, and then asked the queen for it.
The queen, in alarm, applied to St.
Kentigern, who knew the whole affair;

Glasgow

523 Glasse

and the saint went to the Clyde, caught
a salmon with the ring in its mouth,
handed it to the queen, and was thus the
means of restoring peace to the royal
coupk, and of reforming the repentant
queen, _

“3 The queen’s name was Langoureth,
the king’s name Rederech, and the Clyde
was then called the Clud.

“ The tree that never grew,
The bird that never flew,
The fish that never swam,
The bell that never rang.”

A similar legend is told of Dame
Rebecca Berry, wife of Thomas Elton,
of Stratford Bow, and relict of Sir John
Berry (1696). - Rebecca Berry is the
heroie of the ballad called The Cruel
Knight, and the story says that a knight
passing by a cottage, heard’-the cries
ef a woman in labour, and knew by
his occult science that the child was
doomed to be his wife. He tried hard
to elude his fate, and when the child
was grown up, took her one day to the
seaside, intending to drown her, but re-
lented. At the same time he threw a
ring into the sea, and commanded her
never again to enter his presence till she
brought him that ring. Rebecca, dress-
ing a cod for dinner, found the ring in
the fish, presented it to Sir John, and
became his wife. The Berry arms show
a fish, and on the dexter chief point a
ring or annulet.

Glasgow Magistrate (4). A salt
herring. When George IV. visited Glas-
gow some wag placed a salt herring on
the iron guard of the carriage of a
well-known magistrate who formed one
of the deputation to receive him. I
remember a similar joke played on a
magistrate, because he said, during a
time of great scarcity, he wondered wh
the poor did not eat salt herrings, whic
he himself found very appetising.

Glass is from the Celtic g/as (bluish-
green), the colour produced by the woad
employed by the ancient Britons in
dyeing their bodies. Pliny calls it g/as-
trum, and Cesar vitrum.

Glass Breaker (4). A wine-bibber.
To crack a bottle is to drink up its con-
tents and throw away the empty bottle.
A glass breaker is one who drinks what
is in the glass, and flings the glassunder
the table. In the early part of the nine-
teenth century it was by no means un-
usual with topers to break off the stand
of their wineglass, so that they might
not be able to set it down, but were

af
~

compelled to drink it clean off, without
heel-taps.

“Troth, ye’re hae glass-breaker; and neither am
I, unless it be a screed wi’ the neighbours, or
when I'm on a ramble.”—Sirx W. Scutt: Guy Man-
nering, chap. 45.

“We never were P yeyetaae in this house,
Mr. Lovel."—Sir W. Scott : The Antiquary, chap. ix.

Glass-eye. <A blind eye, not an eye

made of glass, but the Danish glas-oie
(wall-eye).

Glass Houses. Those who live in
glass houses should not throw stones,
When, on the union of the two crowns,
London was inundated with Scotchmen,
Buckingham was a chief instigator of
the movement against them, and parties.
used nightly to go about breaking their’
windows. In retaliation, a party of
Scotchmen smashed the windows of the
Duke’s mansion, which stood in St.
Martin’s Fields, and had so many win-
dows that it went by the name of the
** Glass-house.’”? The court favourite
eppeers to the king, and the British
Solomon replied, ‘Steenie, Steenie, those
wha live in glass housen should be care-
fu’ how they fling stanes.”

* This was not an original remark of
the English Solomon, but only the appli-
cation of an existing proverb: ‘‘ El que
tiene tejados de vidro, no tire piedras al
de su _vezino.”? (Nunez de Guzman;
Proverbios.) (See also Chaucer’s Troylus,
ii.

“Qui » sa maison de verre,
ur le voisin ne jette pierre.”
Proverbes en Rimes (1664),

Glass Slipper (of Cinderella). <A
curious blunder of the translator, who
has mistaken vair (sable) for verre
(glass). Sable was worn only by kings
and princes, so the fairy as royal
slippers to her favourite. Hamlet says
he shall discard his mourning and re-

sume ‘‘his suit of sables’? (iii. 2).

Glasse i, Hannah), a name im-
mortalised by the reputed saying in a
cookery book, ‘‘ First catch your hare,”
then cook it according to the directions
given. This, like many other smart,
sayings, evidently grew. ‘The word in

“the cookery-bock is ‘‘cast’’ (i.e, flay).

“Take your hare, and when it is cast ”’
(or cased), do so and so, (See CasE,
CaTcH YOUR HaRz.)
“ We'll make you some sport with the fox ere
we case him.”—Shakespeare: All's Well, ctc., ill. 6.
“Some of them knew me,
Else had they cused me like a cony.”
Beaumont wad Fletcher ; Love's Pilgrimage, ii. 3,
First scotch your hare (though not
in Mrs. Glasse) is the East Anglian
word scatch (flay), and might suggest the

Glassite

524 Glencoe

play of words. Mrs. Glasse is the pseu-
donym which Dr. John Hill appended to
his Cook’s Oraele.

Glassite (4). A Sandemanian; a
follower of John Glass (eighteenth cen-:
tury). Members of this Scotch sect are
admitted by a ‘‘ holy kiss,’? and abstain
from all animal food which has not been
well drained of blood. John Glass con-
demned all national establishments of
religion, and maintained the Congrega-
tional system. Robert Sandeman was
one of his disciples,

Glastonbury, in Arthurian legend,
was where king Arthur was buried.
Selden, in his I/lustrations of Drayton,
says the tomb was ‘‘ betwixt two pillars,’’
and he adds, ‘‘ Henry II. gave command
to Henry de Blois, the abbot, to make

reat search for the body, which was
ound in a wooden coffin some sixteen
foote deepe; and afterwards was found
a stone on whose lower side was fixt a
~ jJeaden cross with the name inscribed,”’
The authority of Selden no doubt is very
great, but it is too great a tax on our
credulity to credit this statement.

Glaswe'gian. Belonging to Glas-
gow.

Glauber Salts, So called from
Johann Rudolph Glauber, a German al-
chemist, who discovered it in 1658 in his
researches after the philosopher’s stone.
It is the sulphate of soda.

Glaucus (of Beotia). <A fisherman
who instructed Apollo in soothsaying.
He jumped into the sea, and became a
marine god. Milton alludes to him in
his Comus (line 895) :

“TBy] old soothsaying Glaucus’ spell.”

Glaucus (Another). InLatin, Glaucus
alter. One who ruins himself by horses,
The tale is that Glaucus, son of Sisyphus,
would not allow his horses to breed, and
the goddess of
that they killed him,

Glaucus’ Swop (4). A one-sided
bargain, Alluding to the exchange of
armour between Glaucos and Diome’des.
As the armour of the Lycian was of
gold, and that of the Greek of brass, it
was like bartering precious stones for
French paste. Moses, in Goldsmith’s
Vicar of Wakefield, made ‘‘a Glaucus’
swop.”’ with the spectacle-seller. ,

Glaymore or Claymore (2 syl.). The
Scottish great sword, It used to bea
large two-handed sword, but was subse-
quently applied to the broadsword with

ove so infuriated them-

the basket-hilt. (Gaelic, elaidhamh, a
sword ; more, great.)

Glazier, Js your father a glazier ?
Does he make windows, for you stand in
my light and expect me to see through
you?

Gleelx. A game at cards, sometimes
called cleek. Thus, in Epsom Wells,
Dorothy says to Mrs. Bisket, ‘* 1’U? make
one at cleek, that’s better than any two-
handed game.’’? Ben Jonson,-in the A/-
chemist, speaks of gleek and prim’ero
as “the best games for the gallantest
company.”

Gleek is played by three persons.
Every deuce and trois is thrown out of
the pack. Twelve cards are then dealt
to each player, and eight are left for
stock, which is offered in rotation to the
players for purchase. The trumps are
called Tiddy, Tumbler, Tib, Tom, and
Towser. Gleek is the German gleich
(like), intimating the point on which
the game turns, gleek being three cards
all alike, as three aces, three kings, etc,

Gleichen (Zhe Count de), A German
knight married to a lady of his own
country. He joined a crusade, and,
being wounded, was attended so dili-
gently by a Saracen princess that he
mazried her also.

Gleipnir, The chain made by the
fairies, by which the wolf Fenrir or
Fenris was securely chained. It was
extremely light, and made of such things
as ‘the roots of stones, the noise made
by the footfalls of a cat, the beards of
women, the spittle of birds, and such
like articles,”’

_Glenco’e (2 syl.). Zhe massacre of
Glencoe, The Edinburgh authorities ex-
horted the Jacobites to submit to Wil-
liam and Mary, and offered pardon to all
who submitted on or before the 3lst of
December, 1691. Mac-Ian, chief of the
Macdonalds of Glencoe, was unable to
do so before the 6th of January, and his
excuse was sent to the Council at Edin-
burgh. The Master of Stair (Sir John
Dalrymple) resolved to make an example
of Mac-len, and obtained the king’s

ermission ‘‘to extirpate the set of

hieves.’”’? Accordingly, on the Ist of
periaty, 120 soldiers, led by a Captain
Campbell, marched to Glencoe, told the
clan they were come as friends, and lived
econ among them for twelve days ;

ut on the morning of the 13th, the glen-
men, to the number of thirty-eight,
were scandalously murdered, their huts
set on fire, and their flocks and-herds

*

Glendoveer

52

5 Glossin

driven off as plunder. Campbell has
written a poem, and Talfourd a play on
the subject.

Glendoveor, in Hindu mythology,
is a kind of sylph, the most lovely of the

eect spirits. (Sce Southey’s Curse of
ehama.)

“Tam a blessed Glendoveer,
’Tis mine to speak and yours to hear.”
Rejected Addresses (Imitations of Southey).

Glendower (Owen). A Welsh chief,
one of the most active and formidable
enemies of Henry IV. He was descended
from Llewellyn, the last of the Welsh
princes. Sir Edmund Mortimer married
one of- his daughters, and the husband
of Mortimer’s sister was Earl Percy,
generally called ‘‘ Hotspur,” who took

ouglas prisoner at Homildon Hill,
Glendower, Hotspur, Douglas, and others
conspired to dethrone Henry, but the
coalition was ruined in the fatal battle
of Shrewsbury, Shakespeare makes the
Welsh nobleman a wizard of great di-
versity of talent, but especially conceited
of the prodigies that ‘‘ announced ”’ his
birth. (Shakespeare : 1 Henry IV.)

Glim. (See Dovsk THE GLIM.)

Globe of Glass (Reynard’s). To con-
sult Reynard’s globe of glass. To seek
into futurity by magical or other de-
vices. This globe of glass would reveal
what was being done, no matter how
far off, and would afford information on
any subject that the person consulting
it wished to know. The globe was set
in a wooden frame which no worm
would attack. Reynard said he had
sent this invaluable treasure to her
majesty the queen as a present; but it
never came to hand, inasmuch as it had
no existence except in the imagination
of the fox. (H. von Alkmar: Reynard
the Fox.)

Your gift was like the globe of glass of
Master Reynard. Vox et preterea nihil.
A great promise, but no performance,
(See abof.)

Worthy te be set in the frame of Rey-

nard’s globe of glass, Worthy o. om
imperishable ; worthy of being preserve
for ever.

Gloria, A cup of coffee with brandy
in it instead of milk. Sweetened to

Gloria in

ortion of this doxology is ascribed to
ele sicenas a.D. 139, (See GLoRy.)

Gloria‘na. (Queen Elizabeth con-
sidered as a sovereign.) Spenser says
in his Faérie Queene that she kept an

Excelsis, The latter

annual feast for twelve days, during

‘which time adventurers appeared before
her to undertake whatever task she‘chose
to impose upon them. On one occasion
twelve knights presented - themselves
before her, and their exploits form the
scheme of Spenser’s allegory. The poet
intended to give a separate book to each
knight, but only six and a half books
remain.

Glorious John, John Dryden, the
poet (1631-1701).

Glorious First of June. June Ist,
1794, when Lord Howe, who commanded
the Channel fleet, gained a decisive vic-
tory over the French.

Glorious Uncertainty of the Law
(The), 1756. The toast of Mr. Wilbra-
ham at a dinner given to the judges and
counsel in Serjeant’s Hall. This dinner
was given soon after Lord Mansfield had
overruled several ancient: legal decisions
and had introduced many innovations in

the practice.

Glory. .Meaning speech. or the
tongue, so called by the Psalmist -be-
cause speech is man’s speciality. Other
animals see, hear, smell, and feel quite
as well and often better than man, but
rational speech is man’s glory, or that
which distinguishes the race from other
animals.

“T will sing and give praise even with my
glory.”—Psali cviii. 1.

“That_my glory may sing praise to Thee, and
not be silent.”—Psalm xxx. 12. ;

“Awake up my glory, awake psaltery and harp.”
—Psalm lvii. 8

Glory Demon (The). War.

“Fresh troops had each year to be sent off to
glut the maw of the ‘Glory Demon,’”—C. Thom-
son: Autobiography, 32.

Glory Hand. In folk lore, a dead
man’s hand, supposed to possess. certain
magical properties.

“De hand of glory is hand cut off from a dead
man as have been hanged for mutther, and dried
very nice in de shmoke of juniper wood.”—Sir W.
Scott: The Antiquary (Dousterswivel).

Glory be to the Father, etc. The
first verse of this doxology is said to be
by St. Basil, During the Arian con-
troversy it ran thus: ‘‘ Glory be fo the
Father, by the Son, and i” the Holy
Ghost.’”? (See GLoRta.)

Glossin (Lawyer) purchases Ellan-
gowen estate, and is found by Counsel-
or Pleydell to be implicated in carrying
off Henry Bertrand, the heir of the
estate. Both.Glossin and Dirk Hatter-
aick, his accomplice, are sent to prison,
and in the night the lawyer contrives to

Gloucester

526

Gloves

enter the smuggler’s cell, when a quarrel
ensues, In which Hatteraick strangles
him, and then hangs himself.”” (Sir W.
Scott: Guy Mannerimg.)
Glouces’ter (2 syl.). The ancient
Britons called the town Caer Glou
bright city). The Romans Latinised
lou or Glove in Glev-wm, and added
colonia (the Roman colony of Gley-um).
The Saxons restored the old British word
Glou, and added ceaster, to signify it had
been a Roman camp. Hence the word
means ‘‘Glou, the camp city.’ Geoffrey
of Monmouth says, when Arvir’agus
married Genuissa, daughter of Claudius
Cesar, he induced the emperor to build
a city on the spot where the nuptials
were solemnised; this city was called
Caer-Claw’, a contraction of Caer-Claud,
corrupted into Caer-glou, converted by
the Romans into Glou-caster, and by the
Saxons into Glou-ceaster or Glou-cester.
“¢Some,”’ continues the same ‘“‘ philolo-
gist,” ‘‘derive the name from the Duke
~ Gloius, a son of Claudius, born in Britain
on the yery spot.”

Glove. In the days of chivalry it was
customary for knights to wear a lady’s
glove in their helmets, and to defend it
with their life.

“One ware on his headpiece his ladies sleve,
and another bare on hys helme the glove of his
dearlynge.’—Hall: Chronicie, Henry IV.

Glove, Abribe. (See GLovE Money.)

Hand and glove. Sworn friends; on
most intimate terms; close companions,
like glove and hand.

“And prate and preach about what others proye,
As if the world and they were hand and glove.”

Cowper.

He bit his glove. He resolved on
mortal revenge. On the ‘“ Border,” to
bite the glove was considered a pledge of
deadly vengeance.

“Stern Rutherford right little said,
But bit his glove and shook his head.”
Sir Walter Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel.
Here I throw down my glove. I chal-
lenge you. In allusion to an ancient
custom of a challenger throwing his
glove or gauntlet at the feet of the
person challenged, and bidding him to
pick it up. If he did so the two fought,
and the vanquisher was considered to be
adjudged by God to be in the right. To
take up the glove means, therefore, to
accept the challenge.

“TL will throw my glove to Death jtself, that
there’s no maculation in thy heart.”—Shakespeare:
Troilus and Cressida, iv. 4.

To take up the glove. To accept the
challenge made by casting a glove or
gauntlet,on the ground.

Right as my glove. The phrase, says
Sir Walter Scott, comes from the custom
of pledging a glove as the signal of irre-
fragable faith. (Zhe Antigquary.)

Glove Money. A bribe, a perquisite;
so called from the ancient custom of
presenting a pair of gloves to a person
who undertook a cause for you. Mrs.
Croaker presented Sir Thomas More,
the Lord Chancellor, with a pair of gloves
lined with forty pounds in “ angels,’’
as a ‘token.’ Sir Thomas kept the
gloves, but returned the lining. (See
above.)

Gloves are not worn in the presence
of royalty, because we are to stand un-
armed, with the helmet off the head and
gauntlets off the hands, to show we have
no hostile intention. (See SALUTATIONS.)

Gloves used to be worn by the clergy
to indicate that their hands are clean
and not open to bribes. They are no
longer officially worn by the parochial
clergy.

Gloves given to a judge im a maiden
assize. In an assize without a criminal,
the sheriff presents the judge with a pair
of white gloves. Chambers says, an-
ciently judges were not allowed to wear
gloves on the bench (Cyclopedia). To
give a judge a pair of Sloves, therefore,
symbolised that he need not come to the
bench, but might wear gloves. ;

You owe me a pair of gloves, A small
present. The gift of a pair of gloves
was at one time a perquisite of those
who performed small services, such as
pleading your cause, arbitrating your
quarrel, or showing you some favour
which could not be charged for. As the
services became more important, the
glove was lined with money, or made
to contain some coin called glove money
(g.v.). Relics of this ancient custom
were common till the last quarter of a
century in the presentation of gloves to
those who attended weddings and fune-
rals. There also existed at. one time the
claim of a pair of gloves by a lady who
chose to salute a gentleman caught:
napping in her company. In The Fair
Maid of Perth, by Sir Walter Scott,
Catherine steals from her chamber on
St. Valentine’s morn, and, catching
Henry Smith asleep, gives him a kiss.
The glover says to him: ;

“Come into the boop with me, my son, and 1
will furnish thee. with a fitting theme, Thou
knowest the maiden who ventures to kiss a sleep-
ing man wins of him a pair of gloves,’”—Chap. v.
In the next chapter Henry presents the
gloves, and Catherine accepts them.

s

Glubdubdrib 5

7

Go it -

A round with gloves. A friendly con-
test ; a fight with gloves,

“Will you point out. how this is going to be a
genteel round with gloves?”—Watson: The Wedof
the Spider, chap. ix.

Glubdub‘drib. The land of sorcerers
and magicians visited by Gulliver in his
Travels, (Swift,)

Gluckist and Picci'nists. A foolish
rivalry excited in Paris (1774-1780) be-
tween the admirers of Gliick and those
of Picei’‘ni—the former a German musical
composer, and the latter an Italian.
Marie Antoinette was a Gliickist, and
consequently Young France favoured the
rival claimant. In the streets, coffee-
houses, private houses, and even schools,
the merits of Gliick and Piccinini were
canvassed; and all Paris was ranged on
one side or the other. This was, in fact,
a contention between the relative merits
of the German and Italian school of
music. (See BAcBUC.)

Glum had a sword and cloak given
him by his grandfather, which brought
good luck fo their possessors. After this

resent everything prospered with him.

e gave the spear to Asgrim and cloak
to Gizur the White, after which every-
thing went wrong with him. Old and
blind, he retained his cunning long after
he had lost hisluck. (The Nials Saga.)

To look glum. To look dull or moody.
(Scotch, glowm, a frown; Dutch, loom,
heavy, dull; Anglo-Saxon, glém, our
gloom, gloaming, etc.)

Glumdalelitch. A girl, nine years
old, and only forty feet high, who had
charge of Gulliver in Brobdingnag.
(Swift: Gulliver’s Travels.)

“Soon as Glumdalclitch missed her pleasing care,

She wept, she blubbered, and she tore her hair,

J Pope.
Glutton (The). Vitelius, the Roman.

emperor (15-69), reigned from January 4
to December 22, a.p. 69.

Gluttony. (See Aricrus, etc.)

Gna'tho. A vain, boastful parasite in —

the Eunuch of Terence (Greek, gnathon,
jaw, meaning ‘‘ tongue-doughty ’’),
Gnomes (1 syl.), according to the
Rosicru‘cian system, are the elemental
spirits of earth, and the guardians of
' mines and quarries. (Greek, gnoma,
knowledge, meaning the knowing onés-
the wise ones.) (Sce Farry, SaLaMaAN.
DERS.).

“The four elements are inhabited by spirits:

called sylphs, gnomes, nymphs, and salamanders.
The gnomes, or demons of the earth, delight in
mischief ; but the sylphs, whose habitation is in

air, are the best conditioned creatures imagin-
eble."—Pope: Pref. Letter to the Rape of the Lock,

Gnostics. The knowers; opposed to
believers, various sects in the first ages
of Christianity, who tried to accommo-
date Scripture to the speculations of
Pythag’oras, Plato, and other ancient
philosophers. They taught that know-
edge, rather than mere faith, is the true
key of salvation. In the Gnostic creed
Christ is esteemed merely as an eon, or
divine attribute personified, like Mind,
Truth, Logos, Church, etc., the whole
of which eons made up this divine ple-
roma or fulness. Paul, in several of his
epistles, speaks of this ‘‘ Fulness (ple-
roma) of God.’? (Greek, Gnxos‘ticos.)
(See AGNOSTICS.)

Go. (Anglo-Saxon, gan, ie ga,I go.)

Here’s a go or Here's a pretty go.
Here’s a mess or awkward state of
affairs.

It is no go. Itis not workable. ‘ Ca
ira,’’ in the French Revolution (it will
go), is a similar phrase.

(See Great GO, and Litrze Go.)

Go (The). All the go. Quite the
fashion; very popular ; /a vogue.
Go along with You. In French,

Tirez de long, said to dogs, meaning
scamper off, run away. Aw long et au
large, %.e. entirely, go Off the whole
length and breadth of the way from me
to infinite space.

“To go along with some one,’ with
the lower classes, means to take a walk
with someone’ of the opposite sex, with
a view of ‘matrimony if both parties
think fit.

Go-between (A). An interposer ;
one who interposes between two parties.

Go-by. To give one the go-by. To
ee ae notice, to leave in the
urch.

Go it Blind. Don’t stop to deliber-
ate. In the game called ‘‘Poker,”’ if
a player chooses to ‘‘go it blind,” he
doubles the ante before looking at his
cards, If the other players refuse to
see his d/ind, he wins the ante.

Go it, Warwick! A street cry
during the Peninsular War, meaning,
“Go it, ye cripples!’’? The Warwick-
shire militia, stationed at Hull, were
more than ordinarily licentious and
disorderly. ‘

Go it, you Cripples! Fight on,
you simpletons; scold away, you silly
or quarrelsome ones. <A cripple is slang
for a dullard or awkward person,

Go of Gin

528

God

Go of Gin, A quartern. In the
Queen’s Head, Covent Garden, spirits
used to bé served in quarterns, neat—
water ad libitum. (Compare STIRRUP
Cup.)

Go on all Fours. Perfect in all

oints. We say of a pun or riddle, “ It

oes not go on all fours,’’ it will not
hold good in every way. Lord Macau-
lay says, ‘‘It is not easy to make a
simile go on all fours.” Sir Edward
Coke says, ‘‘Nullwm sim’ile quatuor
ped'ibus currit,” The metaphor is taken
from a horse, which is lame if only one
of its legs is injured. All four must be
sound in order that it may go,

Go Out (7Zp).. To rise in rebellion;
the Irish say, ‘*To be up.’’ To go out
with the forces of Charles Edward. To
be out with Roger More and Sir Phelim
O’Neil, in 1641.

“I thocht my best chance for payment was
cep to gae out myself.’—Sir W. Scott: Waverley,

Go through Fire and Water to
serve you. Do anything even at per-
sonal cost and inconvenieuce. The re-
ference is to the ancient ordeals by fire
and water. Those condemned to these
ordeals might employ a substitute.

Go to! A curtailed oath. ‘Go to
the devil !’’ or some such phrase.

“ Cassius; I (amj ablef than yourself
To make conditions. P
Brutus; Go to! You are not, Cassius.’
Shakespeare: Julius Cesar, iv. 3.

Go TO BANFF, and bottle skate.

GO To BATH, and get your head shaved.

@o TO BUNGAY, and get your breeches mended.

Go To COVENTRY, Make yourself scarce,

Go To HEXHAM. A kind of Alsatia or sanctuary
in the reign of Henry V1 1.

Go TO JERICHO, Out ofthe way. (See JERICHO.)

nd many other similar phrases.

Go to the Wall (70). To bepushed
on one side, laid on the shelf, passed by.
Business men, and those in a hurry,
leave the wall-side of a pavement to
women, children, and loungers.

Go without Saying (70). Cela va
sans diré, To be a self-evident fact;
well understood or indisputable.

Goat. Usually placed under seats
in church stalls, etc., as a mark of dis-
honour and abhorrence, especially to
ecclesiastics who are bound by the law of
continerice,

The seven little goats. So the Pleiades
are vulgarly called in Spain.

Goat and Compasses. A public-
house sigu in the Commonwealth ; a cor-
ruption of ‘‘ God en-compasses [us].””

*? Some say it is the carperrters’ arms
three goats and a chevron. The

chevron being mistaken for a pair of
compasses.

Goats. (Anglo-Saxon, gat.)

The three goats. A public-house sign
at Lincoln, is a corruption of the Three
Gowts, that is, drains or sluices,-which
at one time conducted the waters of a
large lake into the river Witham, .The
mete of the inn is now the Black

oats.

Gobbler (4). A turkey-cock is so
called from its cry.

Gob’bo (Launcelot), A clown in
Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice.

Gob’elin Tapestry. So called from
Giles Gob’elin, a French dyer in the
reign of Francois I., who discovered the
Gobelin scarlet. His house in the
suburbs of St. Marcel, in Paris, is still
called the Gobelins.

Goblin. A familiar demon. Accord-
ing to popular belief goblins dwelt in
private houses and chinksof trees. Asa
specimen of forced etymology, it may be
mentioned that Elf and Goblin have
been derived from Guelph and Ghibelline.
(French, gobelin, a lubber-fiend; Armoric
gobylin ; German kobold, the demon of
mines; Greek, kobalos ; Russian, colfy ;.
Welsh codblyn, a ‘‘ knocker ;’’? whence the
woodpecker is called in Welsh ‘‘ coblyn
y coed.””) (See Farry.)

Goblin Cave. In Celtic called “‘ Coir
nan Uriskin” (cove of the satyrs), in
Benvenue, Scotland.

“ After landing on the skirts of Benvenue, we
reach the cave or cove of the goblins by a steep
and narrow defile of one hundred yards in length,
Jt is a deep circular amphitheatre of at least six
hundred yards’ extent in its upper diameter, gra-
dually narrowing towards the base, hemmed in
all round by stecp and towering rocks, and reu-
dered impenetrable to the rays of the sun by a
close covert of luxuriant trees. On the south
and. west it is bounded by the precipitous
shoulder of Benvenue, to the height of at least
500 feet ; towards the east the rock appears at
some former period to have tumbled down, strew-
ing the white course of its fall with immense
fragments, which now serve only to give shelter
to foxes, wild cats, and badgers."—Dr. Graham..

Goblins. In Cardiganshire the miners
attribute those strange noises heard in
mines to spirits called ‘‘Kmockers’’
(goblins). (See above.)

God. Gothic, goth (god); German,
gh: (See ALLA, ADONIST, ELOHISTIC,
etc.

asked Simonidés the poet, ‘‘What is
God?’ Simonidés asked to have a day
to consider the question. Being asked
the same question the next

It was Hiero, Tyrant of Syracuse, who :

ay, he

God

529

Gods

PE 6 FL

desired two more days for reflection.
re time he reed before Hiero he
doubled the length of time for the con-
sideration of hisanswer. Hiero, greatly
astonished, asked the philosopher why
he did so, and Simonidés made answer,
‘* The longer I think on the subject, the
farther I seem from making it out.”
It was Voltaire who said, “Si Dieu
nexistait pas, il faudrait Vinventer.”
God and the saints, “Il vaux mieux
s’adresser a Dicu qwa ses saints.” ‘Il
vaut mieux se tenir aw trone quwaua
branches.’ Better go to the master
than to his steward or foreman,
God bless the Duke of Argyle. Itis
said that the Duke of Argyle erected a
row of posts to mark his property, and
these posts were used by the cattle to rub
against. (Hotten: Slang Dictionary.)
God helps those who help themselves. In
French, ‘' Aide-toi, le ciel Vaidera,’? “A
toile ourdie Dicu donne le fil’? (You make
the warp and God will make the woof).
God made the country, and man made
the town, Cowper in Lhe Task (The
Sofa). Varro says in his De Re Rustica,

“ Divina Natira agros dedit; Ars hu-

mana @edificavit urbes.”’

“God save the king.’’ It is said by
some that both the words and music of
this anthem were composed by Dr. John
Bull (1563-1622), organist at Antwerp
cathedral, where the original MS. is still

reserved, © Others attribute them to

enry Carey, author of Sally in our
Alley, The words, ‘‘Send him vic-
torious,’’ etc., look like a Jacobin song,
and Sir John Sinclair tells us he saw
that verse cut: in an old glass tankard,
the property of P. Murray Threipland,
of Fingask Castle, whose predecessors
were staunch Jacobites. 2.

No doubt the words of the anthem
have often been altered. The air and
words were probably first suggested to
John Bull by the Domine Salvuin of the
Catholic Church. In 1605 the lines,
‘‘Frustrate their knavish tricks,’ etc.,
were added in reference to Gunpowder

_ Plot. In 1715 some Jacobin added the
words, ‘‘Send him [the Pretender] vic-
torious,”’ etc. And in 1740 Henry Carey
reset both words and music for the
bervers--Company. on the birthday of

orge II.

God sides with the strongest. Julius
Civiles. Napoleon I. said, ‘‘ Le bon Dieu
‘est. toujours du cété des gros bataillons.”
‘God helps those that help themselves.
“The fable of Hercules and the Carter.

God tempers the wind to -the shorn

‘Yamb, Sterne (Maria, in the Sentimental

4 34. ;

Journey), In French, “A brebis tondue
Dieu lui mesure le vent ;?? “ Dieu mesure
le froid a la brebis ‘tondue.” *‘ Dieu
donne le froid selon la trobbe.’” Sheep
are shorn when the cold north-east
winds have given way to milder
weather.

Full 4 the god—inspired, menadic.

e

(Latin, Dei plenus.)

Gods,

Britons, The gods of the ancient
Britons. Taramis (the father of the

gods and master of thunder), Teutatés
(patron of commerce and inventor of
letters), Esus (god of war), Belinus
(= Apollo), Ardena (goddess of forests),
Belisarna (the queen of heaven and tho
moon

CARTHAGINIAN GODS. Urania and
Moloch. The former was implored
when rain was required.

“Ista ipsa virgo (Urania) ceelestis pluviarum
pollicitawix.”—Tertullian.

% Moloch was the Latin Saturn, to
whom human sacrifices were offered.
Hence Saturn was said to devour his own

children,
CHALDEANS. The seven gods of
the Chaldeans. The gods of the seven
lanets called in. the Latin language
Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Apollo [#.c. the
Sun], Mercury, Venus, and Diana [i.e.
the Moon].
Eayprian Gops. The two chief
deities were Osiris and Isis (supposed to
be sun and moon). Of inferior gods,
storks, apes, cats, the hawk, and some
20,000 other things had their temples,
or at least received religious honours.
Thebes worshipped a ram, Memphis the
ox [Apis], Bubastis a cat, Momemphis
a cow, the Mendesians a he-goat, the
Hermopolitans a fish called ‘“ Latus,”’
the Paprimas the hippopotamus, the
Lycopolitans the wolf. ‘The ibis was
deified because it fed on serpents, the
crocodile out of terror, the ichneumon
because it fed on crocodiles’ eggs.
Erruscans, .Zheir nine gods.
Juno, Minerva, and Tin’ia (the three
chief); to which add Vulcan, Mars,
Saturn, Hercules, Summa‘nus, and Ve-
dius. (See AESIR.)

* Lars Porséna of Clusium,
By the nine gods he swore |
That the great house of Tarquin
Should suffer wrong no more.
By the nine gods he swore it,
And named a trysting day.”
Macaulay; Horatius, stanza 1.
Gauu. The gods of the Gauls were
Esus and Teutatés (called in Latin Mars
and Mercury).. Lucan adds a third |

named Taranés (Jupiter). Casar says

t %

Gods

530

Godfrey’s Cordial +

they worshipped Mercury, Apollo, Mars,
Jupiter, and Minerva. The last was the
inventor of all the arts, and presided
over roads and commerce.

GREEK AND RoMAN GODS were di-
vided into Dit Majorés and Dit Minorés.
‘The Dii Majorés were twelve in number,
thus summed by Ennius—

Juno, Vesta. Minerva, Cerés, Diana, Venus, Mars,
Mercurius, Jovy, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo.
Their blood was ichor, their food was ambrosia,
their drink nectar. They married and had chil-
dren, lived on Olympus in Thessaly, in brazen
houses built by Vulcan, and wore golden shoes
which enabled them to tread on air or water.

The twelve great deities, according to
Ennius were (six male and six female) :

LATIN. GREEK.
JUPITER (King) ZEUS (1 syl,). ~
Apollo (the sun) Apollon.

Mars (war) Arés.

Mercury (messenger)
Neptune (ocean)

Hermés.
Poseidon (3 syl.).

Vulcan (smith) Hephaistos sy"

JUNO (Queen) HERA.
Cerés (tillage) Deméter,
Diana (moon, hunting) Artémis.
Minerva (wisdom). Athéna.
Venus (love and beauty) Apbrodité.
Vesta (home-life) Hestia.

*.. Juno was the wife of Jupiter, Hera of Zeus ;
Venus was the wife of Vulcan, Aphrodite of
Hephaistos.

Four other deities are often referred to :

Bacchus (wine) Dionysos.
Cupid (the lad Love) Tos.
Pluto (of the Inferno) Plutin
Saturn (time) ronos

‘*s Of these, Proserpine (Latin) and Persepbiné
(Greek) was the wife of Pluto; Cybélé was the
wife of Saturn, and Rhea of Kronos.

~ In Hesiod’s time the number of
gods was thirty thousand, and that none
might be omitted the Greeks observed
a feast: called @coféva, or Feast of the
Unknown Gods. We have an All Saints’
day.

Tpis yap uvproe eioiv emi xPovt movAvBore(pn
‘A@avatoe Zyvos, PvAakes mepoOTov avOpwrwv.
Hesiod, i. 250.

* Some thirty thousand gods on earth we find

Subjects of Zeus, and guardians of mankind.”

Prerstan Gops.. The chief god was
Mithra. Inferior to him were the two
oa Oromasdés and Tremanius. The

ormer was supposed to be the author of
all the evils of the earth.

Saxon cops. Odin or Woden (the
father of the gods), to whom Wednes-
day is consecrated; Frea (the mother
of the gods), to whom Fri-day is con-
ssopiled ; Hertha (the earth); Tuesco,
to whom Tues-day is consecrated ; Thor,
to whom Thurs-day is consecrated.

ScaNDINAVIAN Gops. The supreme gods

of the Scandinavians were the Mysteri- - |-

ous Three, called Har (the mighty), the
Lixe Micuty, and the THIRD PERSON,
who sat on three thrones above the
Rainbow.” Thon came the sir, of |

which Odin was the chief, who lived
in Asgard, on the heavenly hills, between
the Earth and the Rainbow. Next came
the Vanir’, or genii of water, air, and
clouds, of which Niord was chief.

GoDs AND GODDESSES. (See DEITIES,
FIRIEs.)

Gods. ;
Among the gods. In the uppermost
gallery of a theatre, which is near the
ceiling, generally painted to resemble
the sky. The French call this celestial

region paradis.

Dead gods. The sepulchre of Jupiter
is in Candia. Esculapius was killed
with an arrow. The ashes of Venus are
shown in Paphos. Herculés was burnt’
to death. (Ignatius.)

Triple gods, (See TRINITY.)

God’s Acre. A churchyard or ceme-’
tery. :
“T like that ancient Saxon phrase, which calls

The burial ground God's Acre.”—Longfellow.

Gods’ Secretaries (The). The three'
Parce. One dictates the decrees of the |
gods; another writes them down; and
the third sees that they are carried out.
(Martianus Capella. 5th century.)

God-child. One for whom a person
stands sponsor in baptism, A godson or
a goddaughter.

Goddess Mothers (The). What the
French call ‘‘ bonnes dames” or ‘‘les
dames blanches,’’ the prototype of the
fays ; generally represented as nursing!
infants on their laps. Some of these
statues made by the Gauls or Gallo-
Romans are called ‘ Black Virgins.” —_-

Godfather. To stand godfather. To
pay the reckoning, godfathers being
generally chosen for the sake. of the
present they are expected to make the
child at the christening or in their wills.

Godafathers. Jurymen, who are the
sponsors of the criminal.

“In christening time thou shalt have two god-
fathers. Had | been judge,thou sbouldst have
had ten more to bring thee to the gallows, not to
the font.”—Shakespeure: Merchant of Venice, iv. 1.

Godfrey. The Agamemnon of
Tasso’s Jerusalem Delivered, chosen by
God as chief of the Crusaders. He is
represented as calm, circumspect, and
prudent ; a despiser of ‘t worldly empire,
wealth, and fame.’ sa

Godfrey’s Cordial. A patent medi-
eine given to children troubled with
colic. Gray says it was used by the
lower orders to ‘‘ prevent the crying of
children in pain” when in want of |

- aD

Godiva

531

Gojam

proper nourishment, It consists of sas-

safras, opium in some form, brandy or-

rectified spirit, caraway'seed, and treacle,
There are seven or eight different. pre-=
parations. Named after Thomas Godfrey
of Hunsdon, in Hertfordshire, in the
first quarter of the eighteenth century.

Godi'va (Lady). Patroness of Coven-
try. In 1040, Leofric, Earl of Mercia
and Lord of Coventry, imposed certain
exactions on his tenants, which his: lady
besought him to remove. To escape
her importunity, he said he would do so
if she would mde naked through the
town.. Lady Godiva took him at his
word, and the Earl faithfully kept his
promise.

The legend asserts that every inhabit-
ant of Coventry kept indoors at the
time, but a certain tailor peeped through
his window to see the lady pass. Some
say he was struck blind, others that his
eyes were put out by the indignant
townsfolk, and some thatyhe was put to

death. Be this as it may, he has ever,

since been called ‘‘ Peeping Tom of
Coventry.” Tennyson has a poem on
the subject. ;

*? The privilege of cutting wood in
the Herduoles, by the parishioners of St.
Briavel’s Castle, in Gloucestershire, is
said to have been granted by the Ear! of
Hereford (lord of Dean Forest) on pre-
inet the same terms as those accepted
by Lady Godiva.

‘Peeping Tom’’ is an interpolation
not anterior to the reign of Charles IL.,
if we may pee any faith in the figure
in Smithfield Street, which represents
him in a flowing wig and Stuart cravat,

Godless Florin (Zhe). Also called
‘The Graceless Filorin.’’ In 1849 were
issued florins in Great Britain, with no
— except ‘* Victoria Regina.’’? Both
F.D, (Defender of the Faith) and D.G.
(by God’s Grace) were omitted for want
of room. From the omission of ‘‘ Fidéi
Defensor’? they were called Godless
florins, and from the omission of ‘‘ Dei
Gratia’’ they were called Graceless
florins.

_.% These florins (2s.) were issued by
Sheil, Master of the Mint, and as he was
a Catholic, so great an outcry was made
against them that they were Called in
the same year.

Godliness. Cleanliness next to god-
liness, ‘‘as Matthew Henry says.”
Whether Matthew Henry used the pro-
verb as well known, or invented it, de-

ponent sayeth not.

Godmer. <A British giant, son of
Albion, slain by Canu'tus, one of the
companions of Brute.

“ Those three monstrous stones . ..
Which that huge son of hideous Albion, .
Great Godmer, threw in fierce contentién
At bold Canutus: but of him was slain.”

Spenser: Faérie Queene, ii, 10,

Goél, The avenger of blood, so called

by the Jews.

Goe’mot or Goém’agot. The giant
who dominated over the western horn
of England, slain by Corin’eus, one ‘of
the companions of Brute. (Geoffrey:
Chronicles, i,16.) (See Conrneus.

Gog and Magog. The Emperor
Diocle'tian had thirty-three infamous
daughters, who murdered their husbands;
and, being set adrift in a ship, reached
Albion, where they fell in with a num-
ber of demons. The offspring of this
unnatural alliance was a race of giants, }
afterwards extirpated by Brute and hid
companions, refugees from Troy. Gog
and Magog, the last two of the giant,
race, were brought in chains to London, '
then called Troy-novant, and, rene
chained to the palace of Brute, whic
stood on the site of our Guildhall, did
duty as porters. We cannot pledge our-
selves to the truth of old Caxton’s narra-
tive ; but we are quite certain that Gog
and Magog had their effigies at Guild-
hall in the reign of Henry V. The old
giants were destroyed in the Great Fire,
and the present ones, fourteen feet
high, were carved in 1708 by Richard
Saunders,

Children used to be told (as a very mild joke)
that when tbese giants hear St,. Paul’s clock
strike twelve, they descend from their pedestals
and go into the Hall for dinner,

Gog’gles. A corruption of ogles, eye-
shades. (Danish, 007, an eye; Spanish,
ojo; or from the Welsh, gogelu, to
shelter.)

Gogmagog Hill (The). The higher
of two hills, some three miles south-edst
of Cambridge. The legend is that Gog-
magog was a huge giant who fell in love
with the nymph Granta, but the saucy
lady would have nothing to say to the
big bulk, afterwards metamorphosed
auto the hill which bears his namé.'
(Drayton : Polyolbion, xxi.)

Go'jam. A province of Abyssinia
(Aire - Captain Speke traced it to
e Victoria Nyanza, near the Moun:
tains of the Moon (1861)..
“The swelling Nile.
From his two springs in Gojam’s sunny realm,
Pure-welling out.” Thomson; Summer,

Golconda 532

Golden Asg

Golcon‘da, in Hindustan, famous for
its diamond mines.

Gold. By the ancient alchemists,
gold represented the sun, and silver the
moon. In heraldry, gold is expressed
by dots.

All he touches turns to gold. It is said
of Midas that whatever he touched
turned to gold, (See RAInBow.)

“To manu illius plumbum auruin fiebat."—Petro-
nNUUS,

Gold. All that glitters is not gold.
(Shakespeare : Merchant of Venice, ii. 7.)

*“ All thing which, that schineth as the gold

Is nought gold.
Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 12,890.
“Non teneas aurum totum quod splendet ut
aurum
Nec pulchrum pomum quodlibet esse bonum.”
Ala/nus de In’sulis; Parab’ole.

He has got the gold of Tolo'sa. His ill
gains will never prosper.
Roman consul, in his march to.Gallia
Narbonensis, stole from Tolo’sa (Tou-
louse) the gold and silver consecrated
-by the Cimbrian Druids to their gods,
When he encountered the Cimbrians
both he and Mallius, his brother-consul,
were defeated, and 112,000 of their
men were left upon the field (B.c. 106).

The gold of Nibelungen. Brought ill-
luck to every one who possessed _ it.
(Icelandic Edda.) (See FaTau GIFts.)

Mannheim gold. A sort of pinch-
beck, made of copyet and zinc, invented
at Mannheim, in Germany.

Mosa'ie gold is ‘“‘aurum musi'vum,” a
bi-sulphuret of tin used by the ancients
in tesselating. (French, mosaique.)

_ Gold Purse of Spain. Andalusia
is so called because it is the city from
which Spain derives its chief wealth..

Golden. The Golden (‘‘ Aura’tus”’).
So Jean Dorat, one of the Pleiad poets
of France, was called by a pun on his
name. This pun may perhaps pass
muster; not so the preposterous title
given to him of ‘‘The French Pindar.”
(1507-1588.)

.. Golden-tongued (Greek, Chrysol'ogos).
So St. Peter, Bishop of Ravenna, was
called. (433-450.)

The golden section of a line. Its divi-
sion into two such parts that the rect-
angle contained by the smaller segmen
and the whole line equals the square on
the larger segment. (Euclid, ii. 11.)

Golden Age. The best age; as the
golden age of innocence, the golden age
of literature. Chronologers divide the
time between Creation and the birth of
Christ into ages; Hesiod describes five,

Cepio, the

and Lord Byron adds a sixth, *‘ The Age
of Bronze.’’ (See AGE, AUGUSTAN.)

i. The Golden Age of Ancient Nations :

(1) New Assyrian Empire, From
the reign of Esar-haddon or Assur Adon
(Assyria’s prince), third son of Sennach’-
erib, to the end of Sarac’s reign (B.C.
691-606). ee

(2) CHALDEO - BABYLONIAN EMPIRE,
From the reign of Nabopolassar or Nebo-
pul-Assur Ore the great Assyrian) to
that of Belshazzar or Bel-shah-Assur
(Bel king-of Assyria) (B.C. 606-538).

(3) Cutna. The Tang dynasty (626-
684), and especially the reign of Tae-
tsong (618-626).

(4)-Ecypr. The reigns of Sethos I.
and Ram’eses II. (z.c. 1336-1224).

(5) Mepra. ‘The reign of Cyax’ares
or Kai-ax-Arés (the-king son-of * Mars”)
(B.C. 634-594).

(6) Persia. The reigns of Khosru I.,
and IT. (631-628),

ii, The Golden Age of Modern Nations.

(1) Encrann, The reign of Elizabeth
(1558-1603).

(2) France. Part of the reigns of
Louis XIV, and XV. (1640-1740).

(3) GerMany. The reign of Charles
V. (1519-1558).

(4) PortucaL. From John I. to the
close of Sebastian's reign (1383-1578).
In 1580 the crown was seized by Felipe
II. of Spain.

(5) Prussta. The reign of Frederick
the Great (1740-1786).

(6). Russta. The reign of Czar Peter
the Great (1672-1725).

(7) Spain. The reign of Ferdinand
and Isabella, when the crowns of Castile
and Aragon were united (1474-1516).

(8) SWEDEN. From Gustavus Vasa to
the close of the reign of Gustavus Adol-
phus (1523-1632).

Golden Apple. ‘‘ What female heart
can gold despise?’ (Gray). Inallusion to
the fable of Atalanta, the swiftest of all
mortals, She vowed to marry only that
man who could outstrip her in a race.
Milan‘ion threw down three golden
apples, and Atalanta, stopping to pick
them up, lost the race.

Golden Ass, The romance of Apu-
le‘ius, written in the second century,
and called the golden because of its ex-
cellency. It contains the adventures of
Lucian, a young man who, being acci-
dentally metamorphosed into an ass
while sojourning in Thessaly, fell inte
the hands of robbers, eunuchs, magis-
trates, and so on, by whom he was ill-
treated ; but ultimately he recovered his

Golden Ball

583

Golden House

human form. Boccaccio has borrowed
largely from this admirable romance;
and the incidents of the robbers’ cave in
Gil Blas are taken from it.

Golden Ball (The). Ball Hughes,
one of the dandies in the days of the
Regency. He paid some fabulous prices
for his dressing cases (flourished 1820-
1830). Ball married a Spanish dancer.

He shirked a duel, and this probably popularised
the pun Golden Ball, Lerden Ball, Hughes Ball,

The three golden balls. (See BALLS.)

Golden Bay. The Bay of Kieselarke
is so called because the sands shine like
gold or fire. (Hans Struys, 17th cent.)

Golden Bonds. Aurelian allowed
the captive queen Zenobia to have a
slave to hold up her golden fetters.

Golden Bowl is Broken (Tie).
Death has supervened.

“Or ever the silver cord be loosed, or the
solden. bowl be broken, or the pitcher be broken
at the fountain, or the wheel broken at the cis-
tern, Then shall the dust return to the earth as
it was; and the spirit shall return unto God who
Gave it."—Ecclesiastes xii. 6, 7.

“Remember thy Creator”:

before the silver cord of health is loosed by
sickness;

before the golden bowl of manly strength has
been broken up; : f

before the pitcher or body, which contains the

_ spirit, has been broken up;
before the wheel of life has run its course, |
and the spirit has returned to God,who gaveit.,

Golden Bull. An edict by the Em-

eror Charles IV., issued at the Diet of

uremberg in 1356, for the purpose of
fixing how the German emperors were
to be elected. (See Butt.)

Golden Calf. We all worship the
golden calf, i.e. money. The reference
is to the golden calf made by ‘Aaron
when Moses was absent on Mount Sinai.
(Exod. xxxii.) According to a common
local tradition, Aaron’s golden calf is
buried in Rook’s Hill, Lav’ant, near
Chichester.

Golden Cave.
guarded by two giants and two centaurs ;
the waters of the cistern were good for

uenching the fire of the cave ; and when
this fire was quenched the inhabitants of
Scobellum would return to their native
forms. (Zhe Seven Champions, iii. 10.)

Golden Chain. “Faith is the golden
chain to link the penitent sinner unto
God’* (Jeremy Taylor). The allusion is
toa ge in Homer’s Iliad (i. 19-30),
where Zeus says, If a golden chain were
let down from heaven, and all the gods
and goddesses pared at one end, they
would not be able to pull him down to

Contained a cistern

earth; whereas he could lift with ease
all the deities and all created things
besides with his single might.

Golden Fleece. Ino persuaded her
husband, Ath’amas, that his son Phryxos
was the cause of a famine which a -
lated the land, and the old dotard
ordered him to be sacrificed to the angry
gods. Phryxos being apprised of this
order, made his escape over sea on a
ram which had a golden fleece, When he
airived at Colchis, he sacrificed the ram
to Zeus, and gave the fleece to King
f&e'tés, who hung it on a sacred oak.
It was afterwards stolen by Jason in his
celebrated Argonautic expedition. (Sce
ARGO.)

“ This rising Greece with indignation viewed,
And youthful Jason an attempt conceived
Lofty and bold; along Pene’us’ banks,
Around Olympus’ brows, the Muses’ haunts,
He roused the brave to re-demand the fleece."

Dyer: The Fleece, ii.

Golden fleece of the north. The fur
and peltry of Siberia is so called.

* Australia has been called ‘‘The
Land of the Golden Fleece,’’ because of
the quantity of wool produced there,

Golden Fleece. An order of knight-
hood by this title was instituted by
Philip I1I., Duke of Burgundy, in 1429.
The selection of the fleece as a badge is

erhaps best explained by the fact that
the manufacture of wool had long been
the staple industry of the Low Countries,
then a part of the Burgundian posses-
sions,

Golden Fountain. The property of
a wealthy Jew of Jerusalem. ‘‘In
twenty-four hours it would convert any
metal into refined gold ; stony flints into
pure silver ;' and any kind of earth into
excellent metal.’? (Zhe Seven Cham-
pions of Christendom, ii. 4.)

Golden Girdle. Louis VIII. made
an edict that no courtesan should be
allowed to wear a golden girdle, under
very severe penalty. Hence the pro-
verb, Bonne renommé vault mieux que
ceinture dorée. (See GIRDLE.)

Golden Horn. The inlet of the
Bosphorus on which Constantinople is
situated. So called from its curved
shape and great beauty.

Golden House. This was a palace
erected by Neroin Rome. It was roofed
with golden tiles, and the inside walls,
which were profusely gilt, were em-
bellished with mother-of-pearl and pre-
cious stones; the ceilings were inlaid
with ivory and gold. The banquet-hall
had a totatory motion, and its vaulted

Golden Legend

534

Golden Town

ceiling showered flowers and perfumes

on the guests. The Farne’se popes and
rinces used the materials of Nero’s
ouse for their palaces and villas.

Golden Legend. A collection of
hagiology (lives of saints) made b
Jaques de Voragine in the thirteent
century ; valuable for the picture it
gives of medieval manners, customs,
and thought. Jortin says that the
young students of religious houses, for
the exercise of their talents, were set to
accommodate the narratives of heathen
writers to Christian saints. It was a
collection of these “‘lives’’ that Voragine
made, and thought deserving to be
called ‘‘ Legends worth their Weight in
Gold.”’ Longfellow has a dramatic
poem entitled The Golden Legend.

Golden Mean. Keep the golden

‘mean. 'The wise saw of Cleobu’los, King -

of Rhodes (x.0. 630-559).

“ Distant alike from each, to neither lean,
But ever keep the happy Golden Mean.”
Rowe: The Golden Verses.
Golden-mouthed. Chrysostom; so
called for his great eloquence (A.D. 347-
407).

Golden Ointment. Eye salve. In
allusion to the ancient practice of rub-

bing ‘‘stynas of the eye”’ with a gold.

ring to cure them.
“havea sty here, Chilax
1 have no gold to cure it.”
Beaumont and Fletcher: Mad Lovers,
Golden Opinions. ‘‘I have bought
golden opinions of all sorts of people.’’
(Shakespeare: Macbeth, i. 7.)

Golden Palace.
Hovse.)

Golden Rose. A cluster of roses
and rosebuds growing on one thorny
stem, all of the purest gold, chiselled
with exquisite workmanship. In its
cup, among its petals, the Pope, at every
benediction he pronounces upon it,
inserts a few particles. of amber and
musk. It is blessed on the fourth Sun-
day in Lent, and bestowed during the
ecclesiastical year on the royal lady
whose zeal for the Church has. most
shown itself by pious deeds or pious
intentions. The prince who has best
deserved of the Holy See has the blessed
sword and cap (/o stocco e il beretto) sent
him. If no one merits the gift it is laid
up in the Vatican. In the spring of
1868 the Pope gave the golden rose to
Isabella of Spain, in reward of “her
faith, justice, and charity,’’ and to ‘‘fore-
token the protection of God to his

(See GoLpEN

well- beloved daughter, whose high
virtues make hera shining light amongst
women,’? The Empress Eugénie of
France also received it.

Golden Rule.

In morals—Do unto others. as you
would be done by. Or Matt. vii. 12.

In arithmetic—The Rule of Three.

Golden Shoe (4). <A pot of money.
“The want of a golden shoe”’ is the
want of ready cash. It seems to be a
superlative of a ‘silver slipper,” or good
luck ‘generally, as he ‘‘ walks in silver
slippers.”’

Golden Shower or Shower of gold,
A bribe, money. The allusion is to the
classic tale of Jupiter and Dan’aé. Ac-
ris‘ios, King of Argos, being told that
his daughter’s son would put him to
death, resolved that Dan’aé should never
marry, and accordingly locked her up in
a brazen tower. Jupiter, who was in
love with the princess, foiled the king
by changing himself into a shower of
gold, under which guise hereadily found
access to the fair prisoner.

Golden Slipper (Zhe), in Negro
melodies, like ‘‘golden streets,’’ etc.,
symbolises the joys of the land of the
leal; and to wear the golden Ree
means to enter into the joys of Paradise.

The golden shoes or slippers of Para-
dise, according to Scandinavian mytho-
logy, enable the wearer to walk on air or
water.

Golden State. California; 60 called
from its gold ‘‘ diggins.”’

Golden Stream. Joannes Damas-
ce’nus, author of Dogmatie Theology
(died 756).

Golden Thigh. Pyare is said
to have had a golden igh, which he
showed to Abiris, the Hyperborean
priest, and exhibited in the Olympic
games. Pelops, we are told, had an
ivory shoulder. Nuadhad a silver hand
ie Spee Hann), but this was arti-

cial.

Golden Tooth. A Silesian child, in
1593, we are told, in his second set of
teeth, cut ‘‘one great tooth of pure
gold;’’ but Libavius, chemist of Coburg,
recommended that the tooth should be
seen by a goldsmith; and the goldsmith
pronounced it to be ‘‘an ordinary tooth
cleverly covered with goldJeaf.” .

Golden Town tes So Mainz or
wb was called in Carlovingian

es, $ : i

Golden Valley

Golden Valley (The). The eastern
portion of Limerick is so called, from
its great natural fertility.

Golden Verses. So called because
they are ‘‘ good as gold.”” They are by.
some attributed to Epicar’mos, and by
others to Emped’oclés, but always go-
under thename of Pythag’oras, and seem
quite in, accordance with the excellent
precepts of that philosopher. They are
as follows :—

Ne‘er suffer sleep thine eyes to close
Before thy mind hath run

O’er every act, and thought, and word,

._ From dawn to set of sun ;

For wrong take shame, but grateful feel
Jf just thy eourse hath been;

Such effort day by day renewe

Will ward thy soul from sin, E.C. B.

Goldy. The pet name given by Dr.
Johnson to Oliver Goldsmith. Garrick
said of him, ‘‘He wrote like an angel
and talked like poor Poll.’? (Born Nov.
29, 1728; died April 4, 1774.)

Gol’gotha signifies a skull, and cor-
responds to the French word chaumont.
Probably it designated a bare hill or
rigng Gpound, having some fanciful re-
semblance to the form of a bald skull.

“ Golgotha seems not entirely unconnected with
the hill of Gareb, and the locality of Goath, men-
tioned in Jeremiah xxxi. 39, othe north-west of
the city. I am inclined to fix the place where
Jesus was crucified . . .on the mounds which
command the valley of Himnom, above Birket-
Mamila.”—Renan: Life of Jesus, chap. XXV,

Golgotha, at the University church,
Cambridge, was the gallery-in which the
‘‘heads of the houses”’ sat; so called
because it was the place of skulls or
heads. It has been move wittily than
truly said that Golgotha was the place
of empty skulls.

Goliath. The Philistine giant, slain
by the stripling David with asmall stone
hurled from a sling. (1 Sam. xvii. 23-
54.) (See GIants. )

Golosh’, It is said that Henry VI.
wore half-boots laced at the side, and
about the same time was introduced the
shoe or clog called the ‘‘galage’’ or
‘ gologe,’”? meaning simply a covering;
to which is attributed the origin of our
‘word golosh. This cannot be correct,
as Chaucer; who died twenty years be-
fore Henry VI. was born, uses the word.

The word comes to us from the Spanish :

gelocke. (wooden _ shoes);

German,

“Newer worthy to unbocle his galoche.”

? Chaucer: Squire's Tale.
marists. Opponents of Art-
s. So called from Francis Gomar,

their leader (1563-1641).

535

Gonfanon

Gombeen Man (Tie).
a village usurer; a money-lender.
word is of Irish extraction,

“They suppose that tbe tenants can have no
other supply of capital than from the gombeen
eee Hake: Free Trade in Capital, p.

Gombo. Pigeon French, or French
as itis spoken by the coloured popula-
tion of Louisiana, the French West
Indies, Bourbon, and Mauritius. (Con-
nected with jumbo.)

“Creolejs almost pure French, not much more
mispronounced than in some parts of France; but
Gombo is a mere phonetic burlesque of French,
interlarded with African words, and other words
which are neither African nor French, but prob-
ably belong to the aboriginal language of the
various countries to which the slaves were
brought from Africa."—The*Nineteenth Century,
October, 1891, p. 576,

Gondola, A Venetian boat.

“Venice, in her purple prime. ... when the
famous law was passed making all gondolas black,
that the nobles should not squander fortunes
upon them,’’—Curtis; Potiphar Papers, i. p, 31.

Gone ’Coon (4). (See Coon.)

Gone to the Devil. (See under
DEVIL.)

Gone Up. Put out of the way,
hanged, or otherwise got rid of, In
Denver (America) unruly citizens are
summarily hung on a, cotton tree, and
when any question is asked about them
the answer is briefly given, ‘‘ Gone up”?
—i.e. gone up the cotton tree, or sus-
pended from one of its branches. (See
Fe: kee: by W. Hepworth Dixon,
ih

Gon’eril. One of Lear’s three daugh-
ters. Having received her moiety of
Lear’s kingdom, the unnatural daughter
first abridged the old man’s retinue,
then gave him to understand that his
company was troublesome. (Shake-
speare: King Lear.)

Gon’falon or Gonfanon, — An ensign
or standard. A gonfalonier is a magis-
trate that has a gonfalon, (Italian,
gonfalo'ne; French, qeaseion ; Saxon,
guth-fana, war-flag.) Chaucer uses the

| word gonfanon; Milton prefers gonfalon.

Thus he says :—

“Ten thousand thousand ensigns high advanced,
Standards and gonfalons, 'twixt van and rear
Stream in the air, and for distinction serve
Of hierarchies [3 sy1.J, of orders, and degrees.”

Paradise Lost, v. 539.

Gonfanon. The consecrated banner
of the Normans. When William in-
vaded England,;his gonfanon was pre-
sented to him bythe Pope. It was
made of purple silk, divided at the end
like the banner attached to the ‘* Cross
of the Resurrection.’ When Harold

A tallyman ;
The

Gonin

536

Good Samaritan

was wounded in the eye, he was borne
to the foot of this sacred standard, and
the English rallied round him; but his
death gave victory to the invaders, The
high altar of Battle Abbey marked the
spot where the gonfanon stood, but the
only traces now left are a few stones,
recently uncovered, to show the site of
this memorable place.

Gonin. C’est un Maitre Gonin. He
is a sly dog. Maitre Gonin was a
famous clown in the sixteenth century.
“Un tour de Maitre Gonin”’ means a
cunning or scurvy trick, (See ALI-
BORON.)

Gonnella’s Horse. Gonnella, the
domestic jester of the Duke of Ferra’ra,
rode on a horse all skin and bone. The
jests of Gonnella are in print. '

“His horse was as lean as Gonnella’s, which (as
the Duke said) ‘Osso atque pellis totus erat’
(Plautus).”"—Cervantes ; Don Quixote,

Gonsal’ez [Gon-zalley]. Fernan
Gonsalez was a Spanish hero of ‘the
- tenth century, whose life was twice
saved by his wife Sancha, daughter of
Garcias, King of Navarre. The adven-
tures of Gonsal’ez have given birth to a
host of ballads.

Gonville College (Cambrid e). The
same as Caius College, founded in 1348
by Edmond Gonville, son of Sir Nicholas
Gonville, rector of Terrington, Norfolk.
(See Carus COLLEGE.)

Good. The Good.
Alfonso VIII, (or IX.) of Leon, ‘‘ The
Noble and Good.” (1158-1214.)
Douglas (The good Sir James), Bruce’s
friend, died 1330.
(1319,

Jean II. of France, le Bon.
1350-1364.)

Jean III., Duc de Bourgogne. (1286,
1312-1341.)

Jean of Brittany, ‘‘The Good and

Wise.”? (1287, 1389-1442.)
Philippe III., Due de Bourgogne,
(1396, 1419-1467.

Réné, called Lhe Good King Réné,

titular King of Na’ples. (1439-1452.)
Richard II., Duc de Normandia, (996-

1026.)
Richard de Beauchamp, twelfth Earl
of Warwick, Regent of France. (Died

1439.)

Good-bye. A contraction of God be
with you. Similar to the French adibu,
which is @ Dieu (I commend you to God).

* Some object to the substitution of
“God” in this phrase, reminding us of
eur common phrases good day, good
night, good morning, good evening;

rie

lower grade of society.

“*Good be with ye’? would mean ma
you fare well, or good abide [with Foul.

Good-Cheap. The French bon marché,
a good bargain. ‘‘Cheap’’ here means

market or bargain, (Anglo-Saxon, ccap.).

Good Duke Humphrey, Hum-
phrey Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester,
youngest son of Henry IV., said to have
been murdered by Suffolk and Cardinal
Beaufort. (Shakespeare: 2 Henry VI.,
iii. 2.)

*. Called “Good,” not for his philan-
thropy, but from his devotion to the
Church. Hewasan out-and-out Catholic,

Good Folk (Scotch guid folk) are like
the Shetland land-Trows, who inhabit
the interior of green hills. (See Trows.)

Good Form, Bad Form. Comme il
Saut, bon ton ; mauvais ton, comme il ne
faut pas. Form means fashion, like the
Latin forma.

Good Friday. The anniversary of
the Crucifixion. ‘‘Good’? means Aoly.
Probably good = God, as in the phrase
** Good-bye’? (q.v.).

Born on Good Friday. According to
ancient superstition, those born on
Christmas Day or Good Friday have the
power of seeing and commanding spirits,

Good Graces (To get into one’s). To
be in favour with.

“Having continued to get into the good graces
of ae huxom widow."—Dickens: Pickwick, chap.

Good Hater (4). J love a good hater.
I like a man to be with me or against
me, either to be hot or cold. Dr. John-
son called Bathurst the physician a
‘“ good hater,’’ because he hated a fool,
and he hated a rogue, and he hated a
Whig; ‘“‘he,” said the Doctor, ‘‘was a
very good hater.’’

Good Lady (Zhe). The mistress of
the house. ‘* Your good lady,’ your
wife, (See GOODMAN.

' % “My good woman” is a depreca-

tory address to an inferior; but “Is

your good woman at home?’ is qnite

respectful, meaning ee wife (of the
/ me os

Good Neighbours... So the Scotch
call the Norse drows.. “bt

Good Regent. James Stewart, Earl
of Murray, appointed Regent of Scot-
land after the imprisonment of Queen
Mary.

Good tan,, One who sue-

Samari 1G. BH
cours the distressed, The character i

e

Good Time

537

Goody

from our Lord’s Parable of the man
who fell amiong thieves (St. Luke x.
80-37).

Good Time. There is a good time
coming. This has been for a long, lon
time a familiar saying in Scotland, an
is introduced by Sir alter Scott in his
Rob Roy. Charles Mackay has written
PA son, te called, set to music by Henry
Russell. ;

Good Turn (Zo do a).
ness to any one.

Good and All (For). Not tenta-
eee not in pretence, nor yet tem-
porally, but bond fide, really, and alto-
gether. (Sve ALL,)

“The good woman never died after this, till she
eame to die for good and all,” —L' Lstrange: Fables.

Good as Gold. Thoroughly good.

Good for Anything. Ripe for any
sort of work.

“ After a man has had a yéar or two at this sort
of work, he is good... . foranything.’—Boldre-
wood’: Robbery under Arms, chap, xi.

Not good for anything. Utterly worth-
less ; used up or worn down,

Good Wine needs no Bush. It was
customary to hang out ivy, boughs of
trees, flowers, etc., at public houses to
notify to travellers that. ‘‘ good cheer’?
might be had within.

“ Some ale-houses upon the road I saw,
And some with bushes showing they wine did
” Poor Robin's Perambulations (1678),

Goods. I carry all my goods, with me
(Omnia mea mecum porto). Said by Bias,
one of the seven sages, when Prie’né was
besieged and the inhabitants were pre-
paring for flight.

Goodfellow (Robin). Sometimes
called Puck, son of Oberon, a domestic
spirit, the constant attendant on the

nglish fairy-court ;, full of tricks and
fond of practical jokes.

“That shrewd and knavish sprite,
Called Robin Goodfellow.” f
Shakespeare : Midgummer Night's Dream, ii. 1.

Goodluck’s Close (Norfolk), A
corruption of Guthlac’s
from a chapel founded by Allen, son of
Godfrey de Swaffham, m the reign of
Henry IT., and dedicated to St. Guthlac.

Goodman. A husband or master is
the Saxon gma or goma (a man), which
in the inflected cases becomes guman or
goman. In St. Matt. xxiv. 43, ‘‘If the

man of the house had known in

To do a kind-

what watch the thief would come, he .

would have watched.”” Gomman and

‘Se

lose, so called |

gommer, for the master and mistress of
a house, are by no means uncommon.
The phrase is also used of the devil.

“ There’s nae luck about the house
When our gudeman’s awa.” Mickle.

Goodman, or St. Gutman. Patron
saint of tailors, being himself of the
same craft.

Goodman of Bal'lengeich, The
assumed name of James V. of Scotland
when he made his disguised visits
through the country districts around
Edinburgh and Stirling, after the fashion
of Haroun-al-Raschid, Louis XI., etc.

Goodman’s Croft. A strip of ground
or corner of a field formerly left untilled,
in Scotland, in the belief that unless
some such place were left, the spirit of
evil would damage the crop.

“Scotchmen still liyring remember the corner of
a fleld being Jeft for the goodman’s croft." —Tylor:
Primitive Culture, ii, 370,

Goodman’s Fields, Whitechapel.
Fields belonging to a farmer named
Goodman,

“ At the which farm I myself in ee have
fetched many a halfpenny-worth of milk, and
never had less than three ale-pints for a halfpenny
in suinmer, nor less than one ale-pint in winter,
always hot from the kine... and strained, One
Trolop, and afterwards Goodman, were the farm-
ers there, and had thirty or forty kine to the pail.”
—Stow. A

_Goodwin Sands consisted at one
time of about 4,000 acres of low land
fenced from the sea by a wall, belonging
to Earl Goodwin or Godwin. William
the Conqueror bestowed them on the
abbey of St. Augustine, at Canterbury,
and the abbot. allowed the sea-wall to
fall into a dilapidated state, so that the
sea broke through in 1100 and inundated
the whole, (See TENTERDEN STEEPLE.)

‘Goodwood Races, So called from
the park in which they are held. They
begin the last Tuesday of July, and last
four days; but the principal one is
Thursday, called the ‘Cup Day.’’
These races, being held in a private
park, are very select, and admirably
conducted. Goodwood Park, the pro-
perty of the Duke of Richmond, was
purchased by Charles, the first Duke, of
the Compton family, then resident in
East Lav’ant, a village two miles north
of Chichester.

Goody. <A depreciative, meaning
weakly moral and religious. In French,
bon homme is used in a similar way.

“No doubt, if a Cesar or a Napoleon comes be-
fore some. man of weak will... especially if be
be a goody man, [he] will quail.”"—J. Cook; Cone
science, lecture iv, p. 49, -

*

Goody

538

Goose

Goody is good-wife, Chaucer’s good-
lefe ; as, Goody Dobson. Good-woman
means the mistress of the house, con-
tracted sometimes into gommer, as good-
man is into gomman. (See GOODMAN.)

Goody Blake. A poor old woman
who was detected by Harry Gill, the
farmer, picking up sticks for a wee-bit
fire to warm herself by. The farmer
compelled her to leave them on the field,
and ‘Goody Blake invoked on him the
curse that he might never more be warm.
From that moment neither blazing fire
nor accumulated clothing ever made
Harry Gill warm again. Do what he
would, ‘‘his teeth went chatter, chatter,
still.” A re Goody Blake and
Harry Gill.)

Goody Two-Shoes. This tale first
appeared in 1765. It was written for
ape Ll as it is said, by Oliver Gold-
sinith.

Goody-goody. Very religious or
moral, but with no strength of mind or
independence of spirit.

Goose. A tailor’s smoothing-iron ; s0 -
called because its handle resembles the.

neck of a goose.

“Come in; tailor; here you may roast your
goose.”—Shakespeare: Macheth, it. 3.

Ferrara geese. Celebrated for the
size of their livers. The French péte
de foie gras, for which Strasbourg is
so noted, is not a French invention, but
a mere imitation of a well-known dish
of classic times.

“T wish, gentlemen, it was one of the geese of
Ferrara, so much celebrated among the ancients
for the magnitude of their livers, one of which is
said to have weighed upwards of two pounds,
With this food, exquisite as it was, did Heliog-
ab/alns regale his hounds.”—Smollett : Peregrine
Pickle.

Wayz Goose. (See Waxz.)

PU cook your goose for you. Ill pay
you out. Eric, King of Sweden, coming
to a certain town with very few soldiers,
the enemy, in mockery, hung out a goose
for him to shoot at. Finding, however,
that the king meant. business, and that
it would be no laughing matter for them,
they sent heralds to ask him what he

wanted. ‘‘To cook your goose for you,”

he facetiously replied.

He killed the goose to get the eggs. He
‘grasped at what was more than his due,
and lost an excellent customer. ‘The
Greek fable says a countryman had a
goose that laid golde ; thinking to
make himself rich, he killed the goose
to get the whole stock of eggs at once,
but lost everything. :

He steals a goose, and gives the giblets
in alms. He amasses wealth by over-
reaching, and salves his conscience by
giving smal] sums in charity.

The older the goose the harder to pluck.
Old men are unwilling to part with their
money. The reference is to the custom
of plucking live geese for the sake of
their quills, Steel pens have put an end
to this barbarous custom. - :

To get the goose. To get hissed on the
stage. (Theatrical.)

What a goose you are, In the Egyptian
hieroglyphics the emblem of a vain silly
fellow 1s a goose.

Goose and Gridiron. A. public-
house sign, properly the coat of arms of
the Company of Musicians—viz. a swan
with expanded wings, within a double
tressure Lithe gridiron], counter, flory,
argent. Perverted into a goose strikin
the bars of a gridiron with its foot, an
called “The Swan and Harp,’ or
“* Goose and Gridiron.””

This famous lodge of the Freemasons, of which

Wren was Master (in Londyn Honse Yard), was
doomed in 1894,

Goose at Michaelmas. One legend
says that St. Martin was tormented by
a goose which he killed and ate. Ashe
died from the repast, good Christians
have ever since sacrificed the goose on
the day of the saint.

The popular tradition is that Queen
Elizabeth, on her way-to Tilbury Fort
(September 29th, 1588), dined at) the
ancient seat of Sir Neville Umfreyville,
where, amowg-other things, two fine
geese were provided, for dinner. ‘The
queen, having eaten heartily, called for
a bumper of Burgundy; and gave as a
toast, ‘ Destruction to the Spanish
Armada!’? Scarcely had she spoken
when a messenger announced the de-
struction of the fleet by astorm, Tho
queen demanded a second bumper, and
said, ‘‘ Henceforth shall a goose com-
memorate this great victory.’’ This tale
is marred by the awkward circumstance
that the thanksgiving sermon for the
victory was preached at St. Paul’s.on the
20th August, and the fleet was dispersed
by the winds in July. Gascoigne,
who died 1577, refers to the custom
of goose-eating at Michaelmas as .com-
mon. kriiselt

Ana somewhat cles attew Vere stile, for fesre

the lease tlies loose,” > -

‘7 At Michaelmas time stubble-geese
are in perfection, and tenants formerly

Gooseberry

nted their landlords with one to
eep in their good graces,
Although geese were served at table In Michael-

™as time, before the destruction of the Armada,
still they commemorate that event, So there

were doubtless rainbows before the Flood, yet |

God made the rainbow the token of His promise
not to send another Flood upon the world.

Gooseberry. Fox Talbot says this
is St. John’s berry, being ripe about St.
John's Day. [This must be John the
Baptist, at the end of August, not John
the Evangelist, at the beginning of
May.}] Hence, he says, it is called in
Holland Jansbeeren. Jans'-beeren, he
continues, has been corrupted into Gans-

and Gans is‘ the German for

oose: This is very ingenious, but gorse

furze) siti sim ‘am Sat eeaesy
orse-berry .(the pric 2 wo

be like the soda aie (the

“prickly berry”), and kraus-~beere |

e rough gooseberry), from krauen
to scratch). Krausbeere, Gorse-berry,
ooseberry. In Scotland it is called

grosser. (See BEAR’S GARLICK.)

To play gooseberry is to go with two

lovers for appearance’ sike. The person
“‘who plays propriety ’’ is expected to
hear, see, and say nothing. (See GoosE-
‘BERRY PICKER.)
' He played up old gooseberry with me.
He took great liberties with my property,
and greatly abused it ; in fact, he made
gooseberry fool of it. (See below.)

Gooseberry Fool. A corruption of
gooseberry foulé, milled, mashed,
pressed, The French have foulé de
pommes; foulé de raisins; foulé de
groseilles, our ‘* gooseberry fool.”

Gooseberry fool is a compound made
of gooseberries ,scalded and ‘-pounded
with cream.

Gooseberry Picker (4). One who
has all the toil and trouble of picking a
troublesome fruit for the delectation of
‘others, (See TAPISSERIE.)

Goosebridge. Go to Goosebridge.
“ Rule a wife and have a wife.’? Boc-
checio (ix. 9) tells us that a man who
had married a shrew asked Solomon

what he should do to make her more |

submissive ; and the wise king answered,
“‘ Go to Goosebridge.’’ Returning home,
deeply perplexed, he came to a bridge
where a muleteer was trying to inducé
ake
sisted, bu

teer at length
asked the name of the bri
told it was *‘ Goosebridge.’”’ Petruchio

» stronger will of the mule-

539

over it The mule re- |.

ailed. The man |
ridge, and was |

Gorgibus

tamed Katharine by the power of a
stronger will.

Goose Dubbs, of Glasgow. <A sort
of Seven Dials, or Scottish Alsa’tia.
The Scotch use dubds for a filthy puddle,
ek i dwb, mortar ; Irish, doid, plas-
ter,

“The Guse-dubs o' Glasgow: O girs, what a
huddle o’ houses, .. . the green middens o' baith
liquid and solid matter, soomin’ wi’ dead cats and
auld shoon.”—Noctes Ambrosiana,

Goose Gibbie. A half-witted lad,
who first ‘‘ kept the turkeys, and was
afterwards advanced to the more im-
portant office of minding the cows,”
(Sir Walter Scott: Old Mortality.)

Gopher-wood (753), of which the

ark was made.

Jt was acacia, says the Religious Tract Socicty.

It was boawood, says the Arabian commentators.

It was bulrushes, daubed over with slime, says
Dawson. . .

1t was cedar, says the Targum of Onkclos.

‘It was cypress, says Fuller, and «vmap is not
unlike gopher,

It was ebony-wood, says Bockart.

It was deal or Jir-wood, say some,

Jt was juniper-wood, says Castellus,

It was pine, say Asenarius, Munster, Persie,
Taylor, etc.

It. was wicker-wood, says Geddes,

Gordian Knot. A great difficulty.
Gordius, a peasant, beimg chosen king
of Phrygia, dedicated his waggon to
Jupiter, and fastened the yoke to a
beam with a rope of bark so ingeniously
that no one could untie it. Alexander
was told that *‘ whoever undid the knot

.would reign over the whole East.”

‘“Well then,’’ said the conqueror, ‘* it
is thus I perform the task,’”’ and, .so
saying, he cut the knot in twain with
his sword.

To cut the knot is to evade a difficulty,
or get out-of it in a summary manner.

“ Buch praise the Macedonian got

For having rudely cut the Gordian knot,”
Waller: To the King..
“Turn bim to any canse of policy,
The Gordian knot of it he will unloose,
Familiar as his garter.”
Shakespeare: Henry V. i. 1.

Gordon Riots. Riots in 1780,
headed by-Lord George Gordon, to com-
pel the House of Commons to repeal the
bill passed in 1778 for the relief of
Roman Catholics. Gordon was undoubt-
edly of unsound mind, and he died in
1793, a proselyte to Judaism. Dickens
has given a very vivid description of the
Gordon riots in Barnaby Rudge.

Gor’gibus. An honest, simple-minded
burgess, brought into all sorts of troubles
by the love of finery and the gingerbread
gentility of his niece and his daughter.
(Moliere: Les Précieuses Ridicules. ;

Gorgon 540

Gorgon. Anything unusually hide-
ous. There were three Gorgons, with
serpents on their heads instead of hair ;
Medu’sa was the chief of the three, and
the only one that was mortal; but so
hideous was her face that whoever set
eyes on it was instantly turned into
stone. She was slain by Perseus, and
her head placed on the shield of Minerva.

* Lest Gorgon rising from the infernal lakes
With horrors armed, and curls of hissing snakes,
Should fix me, stiffened at the monstrous sight,
A stony image in eternal night.”

Odyssey, xi.

“What was that snaky-headed Gorgon shield
That wise Minerya wore , unconquered virgin,
Wherewith she freezed her foes to congealed

stone?

But rigid looks of chaste austerity,

And noble grace, that dashed brute violence

With sudden adoration and blank awe.”

Milton: Comus, 458—463,

Gorham Controversy. This arose
out of the refusal of the bishop. of Exe-
ter to institute the Rev: Cornelius Gor-
ham to the vicarage of Brampford Speke,

‘* because he held unsound views on the

doctrine of baptism.’”? Mr. Gorham

maintained that ‘‘ spiritual regeneration
is not conferred on children by baptism.”’

Aiter two years’ controversy, the Privy

Council decided in favour of Mr. Gor-

ham, (1851).

Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall, husband
of Igerna, who was the mother of King
Arthur by an adulterous connection with
Uther, pendragon of the Britons.

Gosling. A term applied to a silly
fellow, a simpleton,
“Surprised at all they mect, the gosling pair,
With awkward gait, stretched neck, and silly

stare,
Discover huge cathedrals.”
Cowper : Progress of Error, 379-81.
Goslings. The catkins of nut-trees,
pines, etc. Halliwell says they are so
called from. their yellow colour and
fluffy texture.

Gospel. A panacea; a scheme to
bring about some promised reform; a
beau ideal. Of course.the theological
word is the Anglo-Saxon godspell, i.e.
God and spel (a story), a translation of
the Greek evangelion, the good story.

“ Mr. Carnegie’s gospel is the very thing for the
transition period from social heathendom to
social Christianity.”—Nineteenth Century (March,
1891, p. 380).

Gospel according to...
chief. teaching of [so-and-so]. ‘* The
Gospel according to Mammon” is the
making and collecting of money. ‘‘ The
iced, according to Sir Pertinax Mac
Sycophant,’’ is bowing and cringing to
those who are in a position to lend you
@ helping hand.

y

The

Goth

Gospel of Nicodemus (7he), Some-
times called ‘‘ The Acts of Pilate ’’ (Acta
Pilati), was the main source of the
‘Mysteries’? and ‘‘ Miracle Plays” of
the Middle Ages; and although now
deemed apocryphak, seems for many ages
to have been accepted as genuine.

Gospel of Wealth (Zhe). The hy-
pothesis that wealth is the great end and
aim of man, the one thing needful.

“The Gospel of Wealth advocates leaving free
the operation of laws of accumulation.”—Car-
neyie: Advantages of Poverty.

Gospellers. Followers of Wyclifie,
called the ‘‘ Gospel Doctor;”’ any one
who believes that the New Testament
has in part, at least, superseded the Old.

Hot Gospellers. A nickname applied
to the Puritans after the Restoration,

Gossamer.

According to legend,

| this delicate thread is the travelling of the

Virgin Mary’s winding-sheet, which fell
to earth on her ascension to heaven. It
is said to be God's seam, t.e. God's
thread. Philologically it is the Latin
gossipin-us, cotton.

Gossip. A tattler; a sponsor at bap
tism, a corruption of gossib, which is God-
sib, a kinsman in the Lord. (Sid, pair,
Anglo-Saxon, kinsman, whence sibman,
he is our sib, still used.)

“Tis not a maid, for she hath had forsine spon:
sors for ber child); yet ‘tis a maid, for she is her
master's servant, and serves for wages,"— Shake-
speare: Two Gentlemen of Verona, iii, 1.

Gossip. A father confessor, of a good,
easy, jovial frame.

“Here, Andrew, carry this to m

father Boniface, the monk of St.
Walter Scott; Quentin Durward.

Gossyp'ia. The cotton-plant per-
sonified.
“ The nymph Gossypia heads the velvet sod,

And warms with rosy smiles the watery god.”
Darwin; Loves of the Plants, canto ii,

Got the Mitten. Jilted; got his
dismissal. The word is from the Latin
mitto, to dismiss.

“There is a young tady I have set'my heart on;
though whether she is agoin’ to give me ‘hern, or

gossip, jolly

artin'’s."—Sir

Y give me the mitten, J ain't quite satisted.”—Su:

Slick: Human Nature, p. 90, :

Gotch. A large stone jug with a
handle (Norfolk). Fetch the gotch, mor
—i.e. fetch the great water-jug, lassie.

“A gotch of milk I've been to fill.”
Bloomfleld: Richard and Kate.
Goth. Icelandic, got (a horseman) ;
whence Woden—i.e. Gothen. :

“The Goths were divided by the Dni into
Enst Goths (Ostrogoths), and West Goths (Visi-
goths), and were the most cultured of the German
peoples.”—Baring-Gould : Story of Germany, p, 37.

ail

Gotham

Last of the Goths. Roderick, the
thirty-fourth of the Visigothic line of
kings (414-711). (See RoDERICE.)

Gotham, Wise Men of Gotham—
fools. Many tales of folly have been
fathered on the Gothamites, one of which
is their joining hands round a thom-

- bush to shut ina cuckoo. The ‘“ bush”’

is still shown to visitors.

It is said that King John intended to
inake a progress through this town with
the view of purchasing a castle and
grounds. The townsmen had no desire
to be saddled with this expense, and
therefore when the royal messengers
appeared, wherever they went they saw
the people occupied in some idiotic
pursuit. The king being told of it,
abandoned his intention, and the ‘‘ wise
men ”’ of the village cunningly remarked,
“We ween there are more fools
through Gotham than remain in it.”
Andrew Boyde, a native of Gotham,
wrote The Merrie Tules of the Wise Men
of Gotham, founded on a commission
signed by Henry VIII. to the magistrates
of that town to prevent poaching.

N All nations have fixed upon
‘ some locality as their limbus of fools ;
thus we have Phrygia as the fools home.
of Asia Minor, Abde'ra of the Thracians,
Beeo’tia of the Greeks, Nazareth of the
ancient Jews, Swabia of the modern
Germans, and so on. (See COGGESHALL.)

Gothamites (3 syl.). _ American
cockneys. New Yorkis called satirically
Gotham.

“Such things as would strike ... a stranger in
our beloved Gotham, and places to which our
regular Gothamites (American cockneys) are
wont to repair."—Fraser’s Magazine: Sketches of
American Society.

Gothic Architecture has nothing
to do with the Goths, but is a term of
contempt bestowed by the architects of
the Renaissance period on medieval
architecture, which they termed Gothic
or clumsy, fit for barbarians.

“St. Louis ... built the Ste, Chapelle of Paris,

... the most precious piece of Gotbic in North-
ern Kurope.’"—Ruskin: Fors Clavigera, vol. i.

*. Napoleon JT1. magnificently restored and laid
open this exquisite church,

Gouk or Gowk. In the Teutonic the
word gauch means fool; whence the
Anglo-Saxon geac, a cuckoo, and the
Scotch goke or gouk. ;

Hunting the gowk [fool], is making
one an April fool. (See APRIL.)

A gowk storm is a term applied to a
storm consisting of several days of
tempestuous weather, believed by the

541

Goutte de Sang

peasantry to take place periodically about
the beginning of April, at the time that
the gowk or cuckoo visits this country.

“That being done, he hoped that this was buta
gowk-storm.’”—Sir G, Mackenzie: Memoirs, p. 79.

Gourd. Used in the Middle Ages for
corks (Orlando Furioso, x, 106); used also
for a cup or bottle. (French, gourde ;
Latin, ithe

Jonah’s gourd [kikiven], the Palma
Christi, called in Egypt Aiki. Niebuhr
speaks of a specimen which he himself
saw near a rivulet, which in October
“rose eight feet in five months’ time.”
And Volney says, “ Wherever plants
have water the rapidity of their growth
is prodigious. In Cairo,’ he adds, ‘‘there
is a species of gourd which in twenty-
four Rants will send oyt shoots four
inches long.”” (Travels, Vol. i. p. 71.)

Gourds. Dice with a secret cavity.
Those loaded with lead were called
Fulhams (¢.v.).

i “Gourds and fullam holds,
And high and low beguile the rich and poor.”
Shakespeare: Merry Wives of Windsor, i. 3.

Gourmand and Gourmet (French).
The gourmand is one whose chief pleasure
is éating ; but a gourmet is a connoisseur
of food and wines. In England the
difference is this: a gourmand regards
quantity more than quality, a gourmet
quality more than quantity. (Welsh,
gor, excess; gorm, a fulness; gourmod,
too much ; gormant; etc.) (See APICIUS.)
_ “In former times [in France] gourmand meanta
judge of eating, and gourmet a judge of wine ..
Gourmet is now universally understood to refer
to eating, and not to drinking.” —Hamerton:
French and English, part v. cha. iv. p. 249.

Gourmand’s Prayer (Zhe), ‘O
Philoxenos, Philoxenos, why were you
not Prometheus?’? Prometheus was
the mythological creator of man, and
Philoxenos was a great epicure, whose
great and constant wish was to have the
neck of a crane, that he might enjoy the
taste of his food longer before it was
swallowed into hisstomach. (Aristotle :
Ethics, iii. 10.)

Gourre (1 syl.). A debauched wo-
man. The citizens of Paris bestowed
the name on Isabella of Bavaria.

“We have here’... a man... who to his.
second wife espoused La grande Gourre.”—Rabe-
lais: Pantag'ruel, iii, 21.

Gout, fromthe French goutie, a drop,
because it was once thought to proceed
from a ‘‘drop of acrid matter in the
joints.” :

Goutte de Sang. The Adonis flower
| or pheasant’s eye, said to be stained by

Goven .

542

Grace Darling

the blood of Adonis, who was gored by
# boar.
“O fleur, si chére 4 Cytheree
Ta corolle fut, en naissant,
Du sang d'Adonis colorée.”

Goven. St. Goven’s Bell. (See Incu-
CAPE.)

Government Men. Convicts,

“(He] had always been a hard-working man...

ood at most things, and, like a lot more of the

vernment men, as the convicts were called,
... had saved some money.”—Boldrewood: Robbery
under Arms, chap. i.

Gowan. A daisy ; a perennial plant
or flower. "

The ewe-gowan is the common daisy,
apparenhly enominated from the ewe,
as being frequently in pastures fed on
by sheep.

“Some bit waefw' love story, enough to mak
the pinks an’ the ewe-gowans blush to the very
lip.” —Brownie of Bodsbeck, i. 215.

Gower, called by Chaucer ‘‘ The moral
Gower.”’

“O mora] Gower, this book | direct
To thee, and to the philosophical Strood,
To vouchsauf there need is to correct
Of your benignities and Zealés tie

Gowk., (See Goux.)

Gowk-thrapple (Maisier). A pulpit-
drumming ‘chosen vessel’’ in Scott’s
Waverley.

Gowlee (Indian). A ‘‘cow-herd.”
One of the Hindu castes is so called.

Gown. Gown and town row A
scrimmage between the students of
different colleges, on one side, and the
townsmen, on the other. These feuds go
back to the reign of King John, when
3,000 students left Oxford for Reading,
owing to a quarrel with the men of the
town. What little now remains of this
“‘ ancient tenure ’’ is confined, as far as
the town is concerned, to the bargees
and their “.tails,”’

Gownsman. A student at one of
the universities; so called because he
wears an academical gown.

Graal. (Sce Gratt.)

Grab. To clutch or seize. J grabbed
tt ; he grabbed him, i.e, the bailiff caught
him. (Swedish, grabba, to grasp ; Danish,
griber ; our grip, gripe, grope, grapple.)

A land grabber. A very common ex-

ression in Ireland during the last two

ecades of the nineteenth century, to
signify one who takes the farm or land
of an evicted tenant. .

Grace. The sister Graves. The Ro-
mans said there were three sister Graces,
bosom friends of the Muses. They are

représenteds as embracing each other, _

to show that where one is the other is
welcome. Their names are Aglea,
Thalia, and Euphros¥né. -

Grace’s Card or Grace-card, The
six of hearts is so called in Kilkenny.
At the Revolution in 1688, one of the
family of Grace, of Courtstown, in Ire-
land, equipped at his own expense a
regiment of foot and troop of horse, in
the service of King James. William of
Guanes promised him high honours if he
would join the new party, but the in-
dignant baron wrote on a card, ‘‘ Tell
your master I despise his offer.” The
card was the six of héarts, and hence the
name. a

It was a common practice till quite
modern times! to utilise playing-cards
for directions, orders, and addresses,

Grace Cup or Loving Cup. The larger
tankard passed round the table after
grace, It is still seen at the Lord
Mayor's feasts, at college, and occasion-
ally in private banquets.

? The proper way of drinking the
cup observed at the Lord Mayor’s ban-

uet or City companies’ is to have a
silver bowl with two handles and a
napkin. Two persons stand up, one to
drink and the other to defend the
drinker. Having taken his draught, he
wipes the cup with the napkin, and
passes it to his ‘‘defender,’’ when the
next person rises to defend the new
drinker. And so on to the end.

Grace Darling, daughter of William
Darling, lighthouse-keeper on Longstone,
one of the Farne Islands, On the morn-
ing of the 7th Septemher, 1838, Grace
and her father saved nine of the crew of
the Forfarshire steamer, wrecked amon
the Farne Isles, opposite Bamboroug!
Castle (1815-1842). Wordsworth has a
poem on the subject.

The Grace Darling of America. Ida
Lewis (afterwards Mrs. W, H. Wilson,
of Black Rock, Connecticut). _ Her
father kept the Limerock lighthouse in
Newport harbour. At the age of
eighteen she saved four young men whose
boat had upset in the harbour. “A little
later she saved the life of a drunken
sailor whose boat. had sunk. . In 1867
she rescued three men; and in 1868 a
small boy who had clung to the mast of
a sailboat from midnight till morning.
In 1869 she and her brother Hosea
rescued two sailors whose boat had
capsized in a squall. Soon after this
she married, and her career at the light-
house ended. (Born 1841.) - rtrd

il

Grace Days

543

Grain

Grace Days or Days.of Grace. The »

three days over and above the time stated
in a commercial bill. Thus, if a bill is
drawn on the 20th June, and is payable
in one month, it-ought to be due on the
20th of July, but three days of grace are
to be added, bringing the date to the
23rd of July.

Gracechurch (London) is Gres-
church, or Grass-church, the church
built on the site of the old grass-market.
eg at one time included all sorts of

erbs.

Graceless Florin. The first issue
of the English florins, so called because
the letters D.G. (““by God’s grace’’) were
omitted for want of room. It happened
that Richard Lalor Sheil, the master of
the Mint, was a Catholic, and a scandal
was raised that the omission was made
on religious grounds. The florins were
called in and re-cast. (See GoDLESS
FLoRIN.)

2, Mr. Sheil was appointed by the Whig
ministry Master of the Mint in 1846; he
issued the florin in 1849; was removed
in 1850, and died at Florence in 1801,
aged nearly 57.

Gracio’sa. <A princess beloved by
Percinet, who thwarts the malicious
schemes of Grognon, her stepmother.
(A fairy tale.)

Gracio’so. The interlocutor in the
Spanish drame romantique. He thrusts
himself forward on all occasions, ever
and anon directing. his gibes to. the
audience.

Gradas‘so. A bully; so called from
Gradasso, King of Serica’na, called by
Ariosto ‘‘the bravest of the Pagan
knights.’’ He went against Charlemagne
with 100,000 vassals in his train, all
“ discrowned kings,’? who never ad-
dressed him but on their knees. (Orlando
Furioso and Orlando Innamorato.)

Gradely. A north of England term
meaning thoroughly ; regular y as Be-
have yourself gradely. A gradely fine day.

“Sammy ‘ll fettle him graidely."—Mrs. H. Bur-
nett: That Lass o Lowrie’s, chap. ii.

Grad'grind (Thomas). .A man who.
measures everything with rule and
compass, allows nothing for the weak-
ness of human nature, and deals with
men and women as a mathematician
with his figures. He shows that summum
is is pers injuria. (Dickens: Hard

Imes. ee loves a
Sate Fradgringt panervatus and disparage ft.

Greemes (The). A class of free-
booters, who inhabited the debatable
land, and were transported to Ireland
at the beginning of the seventeenth cen-
tury.

Graham. A charlatan who gave
indecent and blasphemous addresses in
the ‘‘ Great Apollo Room,’’ Adelphi. He
sometimes made mesmerism a medium
of pandering to the prurient taste of his
audience,

Grahame’s Dyke. The Roman wall
between the friths of the Clyde and
Forth, so called from the first person
who leaped over it after the Romans
left Britain.

“This wall defended the Britons for a time, but
the Scots and Picts assembled themselves in
great numbers, and climbed over it... . Aman
hamed Grahame is said to have been the first
soldier who got over, and the common people
still call the remains of the wall ‘Grahame’s
Dike.’""—Sir Walter Scott; Tales of a Grand-

Sather.

Grail (The Holy). In French, San
Graal. This must not be confounded
with the san-greal or sang-real, for the
two are totally distinct. The ‘‘Grail”
is either the paten or dish which held
the paschal lamb eaten by Christ and
His apostles at the last supper, or the
cup which He said contained the blood
of the New Testament. Joseph of
Arimathea, according to legend, pre-
served this cup, and received into it
some of the blood of Jesus at the
crucifixion. He brought it to England,
but it disappeared. The quest of the
Holy Grail is the fertile source of
the adventures of the Knights of the
Round Table. In some of the tales it is
evidently the cup, in others it is the
paten or dish (French, grasal, the sacra-
mental cup). Sir Galahad discovered it
and died; but each of the 150 knights
of King Arthur caught sight of it; but,
unless pure of heart and holy in con-

duct, the grail, though seen, suddenly -

disappeared. (See GREAL and GALAHAD.)

Grain. A knave in grain. A knave,
though a rich man, or magnate. Grain
means scarlet (Latin, granum, the coccus,
or scarlet dye).

“A military vest of purple flowed
Livelier than Meline’an (Thessalian), or the
of! Sara (Tyre) worn by kings and beroes old

In time of truce.” x

Paradise Lost, xi. 241-244, »

Rogue ingrain. A punning application
of the above phrase to millers. f

Togo agunst the grain. Against one’s
inclination.. The allusion is to wood,
which cannot be easily planed the wrong
way of the grain. he a4

are

\

Gramercy 544

Grandison

With a grain of salt. Latin, ‘‘ Cum
rano salis,’? with great reservation.
he French phrase has another meanin

—thus, ‘‘ Il lemangerait avec un grain
sel’? means, he could double up such a
little whipper-snapper as easily as one
could swallow a grain of salt.
Latin phrase cum does not mean ‘‘ with’?
on‘‘ together with,”’ but it adverbialises
the noun,.as cum jide, faithfully, cum
Silentio, silently, cum letitia, joyfully,
cum grano, minutely (‘' cum grano salis,”
in the minute mannet that one takes
salt).

Gramercy. Thank you much (the
French grand merci). Thus Shakespeare,
‘*Be it so, Titus, and gramercy too”’
(Titus Andronicus, i. 2). Again, ‘ Gra-
mercies, Tranio, well dost thou advise’’
(Taming of the Shrew, i. 1), When
Gobbo says to Bassanio, ‘‘God_ bless
‘your worship !’’ he replies, ‘‘ Gramercy.

ouldst thou aught with me?’ (der-
chant of Venice, ii. 2.)

Grammar. Zenod’otos invented the
terms singular, plural, and dual.

The scholars of Alexandria and of the
rival academy of Per’gamos were the
first to distinguish language into parts
of speech, and to give technical terms to
the various functions of words.

The first Greek grammar was by
Dionysios Thrax, and it is still extant,
He was a pupil of Aristarchos.

Julius Cesar was the inventor of the
term adlative case,

English grammar, is the most philo-
sophical ever devised ; and if the first
and third personal pronouns, the rela-
tive pronoun, the 3rd person singular of
the present indicative of verhs, and the
verb ‘to be’’ could be reformed, it
would be as near perfection as possible.

* It was Kaiser Sigismund who
stumbled into a wrong gender, and when
told of it replied, ‘‘ Ayo sum Imperator
Romanorum, et supra grammaticam”
(1520, 1548-1572).

Grammarians, Prince of Gram-
marians, _ Apollo'nios of exandria,
called by Priscian Grammatico'rum prin-
ceps (second -century B.C.).

Grammont, The Count de Gram-
mont’s short memory. When the Count
left England he was followed by the
brothers of La Belle Hamilton, who, with
drawn swords, asked him if he had not
forgotten something. “True, true,’’
Said the Count; ‘‘I promised to marry
your sister,” and instantly went back to

In the’

repair the lapse by making the youn
indy Countess of Grammont, yaretd

Granary of Europe. So Sicily used
to be called.

Granby. Zhe Marquis of Granby. A
public-house sign in honour of John
Manners, Marquis of Granby, a popular
English general (1721-1770).

The Times says the old marquis owes
his sign-board notoriety ‘‘ partly to his
personal bravery and partly to the
baldness of his head. He still presides
over eighteen public-houses in London
alone,”’

Old Weller, in Pickwick, married the
hostess of the “‘ Marquis of Granby’ at
Dorking.

Grand (French).

Le Grand Corneille. Corneille, the
French dramatist (1606-1684).

Le Grand Dauphin. Wouis, son of
Louis XIV. (1661-1711).

La Grande Mademoiselle. The Duchesse
de Montpensier, daughter of Gaston, Duc
d’Orléans, and cousin of Louis XIV.

Le Grand Monarque. Louis XIV.,
cH oe “The Baboon’’ (1638, 1643-

715). :
Le Grand Pan. Voltaire APG RES)
Monsieur le Grand. ‘he Grand
Equerry of France in the reign of Louis
XIV., etc.

Grandee. In Spain, a nobleman of
the highest rank, who has the privilege of
remaining covered in the king's presence.

Grand Alliance. Signed May 12th
1689, between England, Germany, an
the States General, subsequently also by
Spain and Savoy, to prevent the union
of France and Spain.

Grand Lama. The object of wor-
ship in Thibet and Mongolia. The word
lama in the Tangutanese dialect means
‘“‘mother of souls.” It is the repre-
pe seme of the Shigemooni, the highest
god.

Grande Passion (Zhe). Love.’ ’
“This is*scarcely sufficient . ... to ie the.
element .... 80 indispensable to the existence
of a grande passion."—Nineteenth Century (Feb-
ruary, 1892, p. 210). 20 te
Grandison (Sir Charles), “The union
of a Christian anda gentleman. Richard-
son’s novel so called. Sir Walter Scott
calls Sir Charles ‘‘the faultless monster.
that the world ne’er saw.’? Robert
Nelson, reputed author of the Whole
Duty of Man, was the prototype.
Grandison Cromwell Lafayette.
Grandison Cromwell was the witty

Grandmother

545

Grass

nickname given by Mirabeau to ae
ette, meaning thereby that he had all the
ambition of a Cromwell in his heart, but
wanted to appear before men as a Sir
Charles Grandison.

Grandmother. ify grandmother's
review, the British Review. Lord Byron
said, in a sort of jest, “I bribed my

randmother’s review.’? The editor of
the British called him to account, and
this gave the poet a fine opportunity of
pointing the battery of his satire against
the periodical. (Don Juan.)

Grané (1 sy!.). To strangle, throttle
(Anglo-Saxon, gryn).

Grange. Properly the granum (gra-
nary) or farm of a monastery, where
the corn was kept in store. In Lincoln-
shire and other northern counties any
lone farm is so called.

Mariana, of the Moated Grange, is the
title of a poem by Tennyson, su Salas
by the character of Mariana in e=
speare’s Measure for Measure.

% Houses attached to monasteries
where rent was paid in grain were also

“Till thou return, ‘aed ae T ny EY 3
pooner nee odd fier ohitgeto koe} of jaca
Grangerise. Having obtained a co

of the poet’s works, he todesded at vit

to Grangerise. them. Grangerisation is
the addition of all'sorts of things directly
and indirectly bearing on the book in
qnenaen, illustrating it, connected with

or its author, or even the author’s
family and correspondents. It includes
autograph - letters, caricatures, prints,
broadsheet, biographical sketches, anec-
dotes,’ scandals, press notices, parallel
passages, and any other sort of matter
which can be got together as an olla
podrida for the matter in hand. The

word is from the Rev. J. Granger (1710-

1776). Pronounce Grain-jer-ise. (See

BowDiseisz.) There are also Granger-

ist, Grangerism, Grangerisation, etc.

Grangousier (4 sy].). King of Uto’-
pia, who married, in ‘‘ the vigour of his
old age,’’ Gargamelle, daughter of the
king of the Parpaillons, and became the
father of Gargantua, the set He is
described as a man in-his dotage, whose
delight ‘was to draw scratches on the

hearth with a burnt stick while watch-

ing. the broiling of his chestnuts. When
told of the invasion of Picrochole, King
of Lerné, he exclaimed, ‘‘Alas! alas.
do I dream? Can it be true??? and
began calling on all the saints of the
35° -

calendar. He_then sent to expostulate
with Picrochole, and, seeing this would
not do, tried what bribes by way of
reparation would effect. In the mean-
time he sent to Paris for his son, who
soon came to his rescue, utterly defeated
Picrochole, and put his army to full
rout. Some say he is meant for Louis
XII., but this is most improbable, not
only because there. is.very little re-
semblance between the two, but because
he was king of Utopia, some consider-
able distance from Paris. Motteux
thinks the academy figure of this old
Priam was John d’Albret, King of Na-
varre. He certainly was no true Catho-
lic, for he says in chap. xlv. they called
him a heretic for declaiming against the
saints, (Rabelais: Gargantua, i. 3.)

Grani (2 syl.). Siegfried’s horse,
whose swiftness exceeded that of the
winds, (See HORSE.)

Granite City (Zhe). Aberdeen.

Granite Redoubt (The). The gren-
adiers of the Consular Gnard were so
called at the battle of Marengo in 1800,.
because when the French had given way
they formed into a square, stood like
flints against the Austrians, and stopped
all further advance, :

Granite State (The). New Hamp-
shire is so called, because the mountain
parts are chiefly granite.

Grantorto, A giant who withheld
the inheritance of Ire’na Urelend), He
is meant for the genius of the Irish re-
bellion of 1580, slain by Sir Art’egal.
(Spenser : Faérie Queene, v.) (See GIAnts.)

Grapes. The grapes are sour. You
disparage it because it is beyond your
reach. ‘The allusion is to the well-known
fable of the fox, which tried irf vain'to
get at some grapes, but when he found
they were beyond his reach went away
88) Bs ‘“‘T see they are sour,”

4 Sapo hat has been ‘trans-
lated “‘ wild grapes’? (Isaiah v. 2-4) the
Arabs call Fil pos Sa tem ”? It is the
fruit of the deadly nightshade, which is
black and shining. is plant is very
common in the vineyards of Palestine.

Grass. Gone to grass. Dead. The
allusion is to the grass which grows over
the dead. Also, ‘‘Gone to, rusticate,;”
the allusion being to a horse which. is.
sent,to grass when unfit for work.

ot to Jet the grass grow under one’s
Jeet. To be very active and energetic.

“Captain Cuttle held on at a great pace, and
allowed no grass to grow under his feet."—
Dickens: Dombey and Son. isa .

~

Grass Widow

To give grass. To confess yourself
vanquished. aan

To be knocked down in a pugilistic
encounter is to ‘‘ go to grass;’’ to have
the sack is also to go to grass, as a cow
which is no longer fit for milking is sent
to pasture, :

A grass-hand is a compositor who fills
@ temporary vacancy.

Grass Widow was anciently an un-
married woman who has had a child,
but now the word is used for a wife
temporanly parted from her husband.
The word means a grace widow, a widow
by courtesy, (In French, veuve de grace ;
in Latin, viduca de gratia; a woman
divorced or separated from her husband
by a dispensation of the Pope, and not
by death; hence, a woman temporally
separated from her husband.)

“Grace-widow (‘grass-widow') is a term for
one who becomes a widow by grace or favour,
not of necessity,as by deatb. The term origin-
ated in the earlier ages of European civilisation,
when divorces were granted (only) by authority

: on gre Catholic Church."—Jndianopolis Mews

© The subjoined explanation of the

term may be added in a book of “‘ Phrase
and Fable.”

During the gold mania in California
a man would not unfrequently put his
wife and children to board with some
family while he went to the ‘‘ diggins."’
This he called. ‘‘ putting his vt Sia
grass,’’ as we put a horse to ss when
not wanted or unfit for sgt ah

Grasshopper, as the sign of a grocer,
is the crest of Sir Thomas Gresham, the
merchant grocer. The Royal Gresham
Exchange used ‘to be profusely deco-
rated with grasshoppers, and the brass
one on the eastern part of the present
edifice is the one which escaped the fires
of 1666 and 1838.

~ There is a tale that Sir Thomas was
a foundling, and that a woman, attracted
by the chirping of a grasshopper, dis-
covered the outcast and brought him up.
Except as a tale, this solution of the
combination is worthless. Gres = grass
(Anglo-Saxon, g7r@s), and no doubt

asshopper is an heraldic reébus on the
name. uns and rebuses were at one
time common enough in heraldry, and
often very far-fetched.

Grasshopper (Zhe). A compound
of seven animals. (Anglo-Saxon, gras-
hoppa.)

“Tt has the bead of a horse, the neck of an ox,
the wings of a dragon, the feet of a camel, the
teil of a serpent, the hornsota anes and the body

‘ales (The Four

of a scorplon,"—Caylus: Oriental
Talismans),

546

Grave >

Grassmarket. At one time the
place of execution in Edinburgh.

“T like nane o’ your sermons that end in a
psalm at the Grassmarket.”— Sir Walter Scott:
Old Mortality, chap. xxxv.

Grassum or Gersome. A fine in
money paid by a lessee either on taking
possession of his lease or on renewing it,
(Anglo-Saxon, gersum, a treasure.)

Gratia‘no. Brother of the Vene-
tian senator, Brabantio. (Shakespeare :
Othello.)

Also a character in Zhe Merchant
of Venice, who “talks an infinite deal
of nothing, more than any man in all
Venice.’’ He is one of Bassanio’s friends,
and when the latter marries Portia, Gra-
tiano marries Nerissa, Portia’s maid.

Grave. To carry away the meal from
the grave. The Greeks and Persians
used to make feasts at certain seasons
(when the dead were supposed to return
to their graves), and leave the fragments
of their banquets on the tombs (Hize-
mos'ynam sepul'cri pat ris),

With one foot in the grave. At, the
very verge of death. 6 expression
was used by Julian, who said he would
‘learn something even if he had one
foot in the grave.”” The parallel Greek
phrase is, ‘‘ With one foot in the ferry-
boat,’’ meaning Charon’s.

Grave. Solemn, sedate, and serious ~
in look and were This is aed pain
vavis, grave; but “ grave,”’ a place o
fiteemant is the Anglo-Saxon gref, a
pit; verb, graf-an, to dig.

More grave than wise, ‘ Tertius e calo
cectdit Cato.”

Grave-diggers (Hamlet). “If the
water come to the man . . .”” The legal
case referred to by Shakespeare oc-
curred in the fifth year of Queen Eliza-
beth’s reign, called Hales »v. Petit, stated
at length in Notes and Queries, vol. viii.
p. 123 (first series).

Grave Maurice. A _public-house
sign. The head of the [Graf Moritz],
Prince of Orange, and Captain-General
of the United Provinces (1567-1625).
(Hotten: Book of Signs.)

Grave Searchers, Monkir and
Nakir, so called by the Mahometans.
(Ockley, vol. ii.) (See Monxrr.)

Grave as.a Judge. Sedate and
serious in look and manner.

Grave as an Owl. Having an aspect

’ of solemnity and wisdom.

Gravelled

547

Great Harry

Gravelled. I’m regularly gravelled.
Non-plussed, like a cs ip run aground
and unable to move.

“ When you were ares for ek: of matter.”
—Shakespeare: 4s You Like It, iv. 1.

Gray. The authoress of Auld Robin
Gray was Lady Anne Lindsay, after-
wards Lady Rornasi (1750-1825).

Gray Cloak. An alderman above
the chair; so called because his proper
costume is a cloak furred with gray amis.
(Hutton: New View of London, intro.)

Gray Man’s Path. A singular
fissure in the greenstone precipice near

pes in Ireland.
ray’s Inn pendon) was the inn or
singed of the Lords Gray.

Grayham’s, (See GRAHAME’s DYKE.)

Graysteel. The sword of Kol, fatal
to the owner. It passed to several hands,
but always brought ill-luck. (Ice!andie
Edda.) (See Fatau Girts ; Sworps.)

Greal (San). Properly divided, it is
sang-real, the real blood of Christ, or
the wine used in the last supper, which
Christ said was ‘‘ His blood of the New
Testament, shed for the remission of
sin.”? According to tradition, a part of
this wine-blood was preserved by Joseph
of Arimathea, in the cup called the Saint
Graal. When Merlin made the Round
Table, he left a place for the Holy Graal.
(Latin, Sang [uis uid) Real[is].) (See GRAAL.)

Grease One's Fist or Palm (70),
To give a bribe.

x Grease ny fist with a yeas oF Guarteet he y
shall fin n your a lea é
Virgin Widow, iv. 1. p.
“8S. You must sa it first.
c. Lunderstand you—
Greaze him i* the fist.”
Cartwright: Ordinary (1651).

Greasy Sunday. Dominica carnelevale
—i.e. Quinquagesima Sunday, (See Du
Cange, vol. iii. p. 196, col. 25°

Great (The).

ABBAS I., Shah of Persia. (1557, 1585-1628.) .
ALBERTUS MAaGnus, the schoolman. (1193

1280.)
funy TIL, King of Asturias and Leon. (848,

AUFRED, of yas foe (849, 871-901.)
ALEXANDER, of Macedon. (B.0. 356, 340-323.)
8ST. BASIL, Bisho; i Cesare’a,

CAwUTE, of England and Denmark. (995, 1014

036.)
CASIMIR IIT., of Poland. ne 1233-1370.)
* OCfARLES I., a rats Bs Germany, called

Charlemagne. 14)”
oe Hil, vor te II.), Duke of Lorraine. (1542-
4 P Bo ae EMMANUEL I., Duke of Savoy. (1562-
CONSTANTINE I., Emperor of Rome. (272, 306-

337.
CoUPERIN, (Francis), the French musical com-
poser. (1663-1

ty

Dovucuras, (Archibald, the great Earl of Angus,
also called Bell-the-Cat tg.v.). (Died 154.) ;
FERDINAND I., of Castile and Leon. (
034-1065.)
FREDERICK WILL1aAM, Blector of Brondenbure,
surnamed The Great Elector. (1620, 1 .)
FREDERICK IL., of Prussia. ee 1740-1788)
GRecory I., Pope. (544, 590-604.)
HENRI IV., of France. (1558, 15891610.)
HEROD AGRIPPA |., Tetrarch of Abile’né, who
beheaded James (Acts. xii). (Died ap. 44.)
HIAO-WEN-TEE, the sovereign of the Han dy-
nasty of China. He forbade the use of gold and
silver vessels in the palace, and appropriated tbe
money which they fetched to the aged poor, (B.C.

206, 179-157.)
JOHN 11., of Portugal. Ses, 1481-1495.)
(1326, 1342-

SUSTINIAN I. (483, 527-565

LEWwIs f., of Hungary. eo

Louis I. Prince of Condé, Dac @’Evshien.

ws IV., called Le Grand Monarque. (1638,

woe II., Sultan of the Turks. (1490, 1451-

be haat ap ie Duke of Bavaria, victor of
Prague. (1573- 1.

Cosmo DI’ ph gered first Grand Duke of Tuscany.
(1519, 1537-1574.)

GONZALES PEDRO DE MENDOZA, prone be a
of Spain, statesman and scholar. (1508-15 75.)

NICHOLAS I., Pope (was Pope from 858-867).

OTHO I. Emperor ofGermany. (912, 936-973.)

PETER t., of Russia. (1672, 1689-1725.)

PIERRE TIL; of Aragon, (1239, 1276-1285.)
F on) (Giacomo), the Italian general.5 (1369-
42.

SAPoR or SHAH-POUR, the ninth king of the
Sassan/’idés (q.v.). ef 207-379.

SIGISMUND, King of Poland, (1466, 1506-1548.)
vt temiigg yn King of the 0 strogoths. (454, 475-
5

THEODO’sIUS I., Emperor. (346, 378-395.)
at. MATTEO VISCONTI, Lord of Milan. (1250, 1295-

VLADIMIR, Grand Duke-of Russia. (973-1014.)
WALDEMAR I., of Denmark. (1131, 1157-1181.)

Great Bullet-head. George Cadou-
dal, leader of the Chouans, born at
Brech, in Mor’bihan. 1769-1804.)

Great Captain. . (See Caprarn.)

Great Cham of Literature. So
Smollett calls Dr. Johnson. 1709-1784.)

Great Commoner (Zhe). William
Pitt (1759-1806).

Great Cry and Little Wool Much
ado about nothing. (See Cry.)

Great Dauphin. (See GRAND.)

Great Elector (Zhe). Frederick
William, Elector of Bran enburg (1620,
1640-1688).

Great Go. A familiar term fora uni-

aes examination for degrees: the

vious examination ”’ i the
ittle Go.”
“Great Go”? is usually shortened into
‘** Greats,””

“Since I have been readin,
Lhave had to go into all sor
Grant Allen:

Great

+... formy rents,
he Backslider, mare ie ont

Harry (Zhe). A man-of-war
built by Wenry VIL. the first of any
size constructed in England. It was
burnt in 1553. (See Heney GRacE DE
DI£v.)

Great Head

548

Grecian

Great Head. Malcolm IIJ., of Scot-
land; also called Canmore, which means
the same thing. (Reigned 1057-1093.)

“Malcolm III., called Canmore or Great Head.”
—Sir W. Scott: Tales of « Grandfather, i. 4,

Great Men (Social status of).

ESOP, a manumitted slave.

ARKWRIGHT (Sir Richard), a barber.

BEACONSFIELD (Lord), a solicitor’s clerk.

BLOOMFIELD, a cobbler, son of a tailor.

BuUNYAY, a travelling tinker.

BURNS, a gauger, son of a ploughman.

CADMON, a cowberd. ;

CERVANTES, a common soldier,

CLARE, a plougbman, son of a farm labourer,

CLAUDE LORRAINE, a pastrycook.

COLUMBUS. son of a weaver.

Coox (Captain), son of a husbandman.

CROMWELL, 60n of a brewer,

CUNNINGHAM (Allan), a stonemason, son of &
peasant. r

DEFOE, 2 hosier, son of a butcher,

DEMOSTHENES, son Of a cutler.

DICKENS, a, newspaper reporter; father the

same.
Enon (Lord), son of a coal-broker,
FARADAY (Michael), a. book binder.
FERGUSON (James), the astronomer, son of a
day-labourer. ‘
FRANKLIN, @ journeyman printer, son of a
tallow-chandler. .
~ HARGREAVES, the machinist, a poor weaver.
Hoa, a shepherd, son of a Scotch peasant.
HOMER, a farmer's son (said to have begged his
bread). ’
HORACE, son of a manumitted slave, _
HowaArD (John), a grocer's apprentice, son of
a tradesman. }
KEAN (Edmund), son of a stage-carpenter in a
minor theatre. . ;
JONSON (Ben), a bricklayer.
LATIMER, Bishop of Worcester, son of a small
farmer
LUCIAN, a sculptor, son of a poor tradesman.
MONK (General), a volunteer. 7
Cure (John), 800 of a@ poor carpenter in Corn-
wall,
PAINE (Thomas), astay-maker, son of a Quaker.
Porson (Richard), son of a parish clerk in
Norfolk, i
i RICHARDSON, a bookseller and printer, son of a
oiner.
SHAKESPEARE, son of a wool-stapler.
STEPHENSON (George), 80n of a fireman at a
colliery.
* VirGitL, son of a porter. 4
Watt (James), improver of the steam engine,
son of a block-maker.
WASHINGTON, a farmer. ,
WOLSEY, son of a butcher.

*.. And hundreds more.

Great Men (Wives of). (See under
WIVES.)

Great Mogul The title of the chief
of the Mogul Empire, which came to an
end in 1806.

Great Mother.
Junius Brutus and the sons of Tarquin
asked the Delphic Oracle who was to
succeed Superbus on the throne of
Rome, they received for answer, ‘‘He
who shall first kiss his mother.’? “While
the two princes hastened, home. to fulfil
what they thought was meant, Brutus
fell to the earth, and exclaimed, ‘‘ Thus
kiss I. thee, O earth, the great mother
of us all.’”

tally.

The earth. When

Great Perhaps (7he).. So Rabelais
(1485-1553) described a future state.

Great Scott or Scot! A mitigated
form of oath. The initial letter of the
German Gott is changed into ‘Se.

“<Great Scott!... Beg pardon!" ejaculated
Silas, astounded."—A, C, Gunter: Baron Montez,
book iv. chap. xix.

Great Sea (7h So the Mediter-
ranean Sea was called by the ancient
Greeks and Romans.

Great Unknown (T7he). Sir Walter
Scott, who published the Waverley Novels
anonymously. (1771-1832.)

Great Unwashed (7he). The artisan
class. Burke first used the compopnd,
but Sir Walter Scott popularised it, .

Great Wits Jump. . Think alike;
Thus Shakespeare says, /‘' It
ea with my humonr.”’. (1 Henry IV,
iv. 2.

Great Wits to Madness nearly
are Allied. (Fope.) Seneca says,
“¢ Nullum magnum ingenium absque mize
tura dementia est.”

Greatest.
the greatest number, Jeremy Bentham’s
political axiom. (Liberty of the People.)
(1821.)

Greatheart (If.). The guide of
Christiana and her family to the Celéstial
City. (Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress, ii.)

Greaves (Sir Launcelot). A sort of
Don Quixote, who, in the reign of George
II., wandered over England to redress
wrongs, discourage moral evils not re-

The greatest happiness of

cognisable by law, degrade immodesty,.

punish ingratitude, and reform society.
His Sancho Panza was an old sea captain.
(Smollett : Adventures of Sir Launcelot
Greaves.) °

Grebenski Cossacks. So called
from the word greben (a comb). This
title was conferred upon them by
Czar Ivan I., because, in his campaign
against the Tartars of the Caucasus, they
scaled a mountain fortified with sharp
spurs, sloping down from its summit,
and projecting horizontally, like a comb.
(Dunchn : Russia.) Tad

Grecian Bend (The). An affecta-
tion in walking assumed by English
ladies in 1875. The silliness spread to
America and other countries which
affect passing oddities of fashion. =.

Grecian Coffee-house, in Devereux
ae _ new ee eae rin =
ally open ry ua, a Greek slave,
brought to re Ri in 1652 by Daniel

-

é

i

Grecian

549

Greek

Edwards, a Turkey merchant. This
Greek was the first to teach the method
of roasting coffee, to introduce the drink
into the island, and to call himself a
“ coffee-man.””

Grecian Stairs, <A corruption of
greesing stairs. Greesings (steps) still
survives in’ the architectural word grees,
and in the compound word de-grees,
There is still on the hill at Liacoln a
flight of stone steps called ‘‘ Grecian
stairs,”

“Paul stood on the greezen [i.e. stairs].”"—
Wicliffe: “Acts xxi. 40.

Greedy - ustice). In A New. Way to
e.

Pay Old Debts, by Massinger.
Greegrees. Charms. (African su-
perstition.)
A gree-gree man. One who sells
charms. :
Greek ne « Manuel Alva’rez (el
Griege), the Spanish sculptor (1727-

_ All Greek to nie. Quite unintelligible ;
an unknown tongue or language. Casca
says, ‘‘For mine own part, it was all
Greek to me.’ (Shakespeare: Julius
Cesar, i. 2.) ‘* C'est du’Grec pour moi.”

Last of the Greeks, Philopo’men, of

egalop’olis, whose great object was to
‘infuse into the Achwzans a military spirit,
and establish their independence (B,¢.
252-183).

"To play the Greek (Latin, grecari), To
indulge in one’s cups. ‘The Greeks have
always been considered a luxurious race,
fond of creature-comforts, Thus Cicero,
in his oration against ‘ Verres,’’ says:
“ Discumbitur ; fit sermo inter eos et
invita'tio, wt Greco. more. bibere'tur :
hospes'horta'tur, poscunt majo'ribus
ypoc'ulis. > celebra'tur omnium. sermo'ne
letitiagueconviv'ium.”’ The law in Greek
banquets was EF pithi e apithi (Quaff,
or be off!) (Cut in, or cut off!).. In
Troilus and Cressida Shakespeare makes
Pan‘darus, -bantering Helen for her

love to Tro'ilus, say, ‘‘I think Helen .

loves him better than Paris;’’ to which
Cressida, whose wit is to parry and per-
vert, replies, ‘‘ Then she’s a merry Greek
indeed,’’ insinuating that she was a
‘‘woman of pleasure.” (Zroilus and
Cressida, i, 2.) +> mod
«Un Gree (French). A cheat. Towards
the close of the reign of Louis XIV., a
knight of Greek origin, named Apoulos,
was caught in the very act of cheating at
lay, even in the palace of the grand
monarque. He was sent to the gallefs,
and the nation which gave him birth

rt cross (++).

became from that time a byword for
swindler and blackleg,

Un potage a la Grecque. Insipid soup ;
Spartan broth.

When Greek joins Greek, then is the tug
of war. When two men or armies of
undoubted courage fight, the contest will
be very severe. The line is from a verse
in the drama of Alexander the Great,
slightly altered, and the reference is to
the obstinate resistance of. the Greek
cities to Philip and Alexander, the Mace-
donian kings.

“When Greeks joined Greeks, then was the tug
of war.” Nathaniel Lee,

In French: the word ‘ Gree’? some-
times means wisdom, as—

It est Gree en cela.
talent that way.

Ll mest pas grand Gece. He is no
great conjurer.

Greek Calends. Never. To defer
anything to the Greek Calends is to defer
it sine die. There were no calends in the
Greek months. The Romans used to pay
rents, taxes, bills, etc., on the calends,
and to defer paying them to the ‘‘ Greek
Calends.’”? was virtually to repudiate
them. (See NEVER.)

“ Will you speak of your paltry prose doings in
my presence, whose great historical ae in
twenty books, with notes ix. proportions as been

ostponed 'ad Graecas Kalendas: ?''—Sir WW. Scott;

he Betrothed (Introduction),

Greek Church includes the church
within the Ottoman Empire subject to
the patriarch of Constantinoplé, the
church in the kingdom of Greece; and
the Russo-Greek Church. The Roman
and Greek Churches formally separated
in 1054. The Greek Church dissents
from the doctrine that the Holy Ghost
proceeds from the Father and’ the Son.
(Filiogue), rejects the Papal claim to
supremacy, and administers the eucharist
in both kinds to the. Jaity; but the
two churches agree in their belief of
seven sacraments, transubstantiation,
the adoration of the Host, confession,
absolution, penance, prayérs for the
dead, etc. :

Greek Commentator. Fernan Nu-
nen de Guzman, the great promoter. of
Greek literature in Spain. _ (1470-1553,)

Greek Cross. Same shape as St.
The Latin cross
has the upright one-third longer than
the cross-beam (+). © ; 6itt
° St George’s Cross is seen on our
banners, where the crosses of St, An-
drew and St. Patrick are combined with
it. (See Union Jack.) oS odd

He has ‘great

Greek Fire

550

Green Goose

Greek Fire. A composition of nitre,
sulphur, and naphtha, Tow steeped in
the mixture was hurled in a blazing
state through tubes, or tied to arrows,
The invention is ascribed to Callini‘cos,
of Heliop’olis, a.p. 668.

A very similar projectile was used by
the Federals in the great American con-
test, especially at the seige of Charleston.

Greek Gift (4). A treacherous gift.
The reference is to the Wooden Horse
said to be a gift or offering to the gods
for a. safe return from Troy, but in
reality a ruse for the destruction of the
city. (See Fata. Girts.)

“Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes.”
Virgil: Zeid, ii, 49.

Greek Life. A sound mind in asound
body. ‘‘ Mens sana in corpore sano,”

“Tbis bealthy fife, which was the Greek life,
came from keeping the body in good tune,’—
Daily Telegraph.

Greek Trust. No trust at all.
‘* Greca fides’? was with the Romans no
faith at all. A Greek, in English slang,
means a cheat or sharper, and Gree
ore are sadly in character with Greca

Ss

Greeks in the New Testament mean
Hellenists, or naturalised Jews in foreign
countries; those not naturalised were
called Arameean Jews in Syria, Meso-
potamia, and Palestine.

‘‘! will praise God that our family has éver
remained Aramean ; Dot one among us bas ever
gone over to the Hellenists."—Eldad the Pilyrim,
cbap. ii.

Green. Young, fresh, as green cheese,
t.e. cream cheese, which is eaten fresh ;
green goose, a young .or midsummer
goose,

“If you would fat green geese, shut them up
whben they are about 8 month old."—Mortimer :
Husbandry

Immature in age or judgment, inex-
perienced, young.

“ Tbe text is old, the orator too green.”
Shakespeare: Venus and Adonis, 806.

Simple, raw, easily imposed upon; a
greenhorn (q.v.).

“* Heis so jolly green,’ said Charley."—Dickens:
Oliver Twist, chap. ix:

Green. The imperial green of France
was the old Merovin’gian colour re-
stored, and the golden bees are the
ornaments found on the tomb of Chil-
deric, the father of Clovis, in 1653. The
imperial colour of the Aztecs was green ;
the national] banner of Ireland is green ;
the field of many American fi is

m, as their Union Jack, and the

ags of the admiral, vice-admiral, rear-

admiral, and commodore; and that of
the Chinese militia is green,

Green is held unlucky to particular
clans and counties of Scotland. The
Caithness men look on it as fatal,
because their bands were clad in gre
at the battle of Flodden, It is disliked
by all who bear the name of Ogilvy, and
is especially unlucky to the Grahame
clan. One day, an aged man of that
name was thrown from his horse in a
fox chase, and he accounted for the
accident from his having a-green lash to
his riding whip. (See KrnpDAL GREEN.)

< For its symbolism, etc., see under
CoLours.

N.B. There are 106 different shades
of green. (See KENDAL GREEN.)

Green Bag. What's in the green
bag? What charge is about to be pre-
ferred against me? The allusion is to
the ‘‘ Green Bag Inquiry ”’ (q.2,),

Green Bird (Zhe) told ever yemine &
person wished to know, and ed like
an oracle, (Countess D’ Aulnoy: Fair
Star and Prince Chery.)

Green Cloth. The Board of Green
Cloth. A board connected with the
royal household, having power to. cor-
rect offenders within the verge of the
palace and two hundred y: beyond
the gates. A warrant from the board
must be obtained before a servant. of the
palace can be arrested for debt, So
called ‘‘ because the committee sit-with
the steward of the household at a board
covered with a green cloth in the count-
ing-house, as recorders and witnesses to
the truth.’’ It existed in the reign of
Heaney I., and probably at a still earlier
period.

Green Dogs. Any extinct race, like:
that of the Dodo. Brederode said to
Count Louis: ‘‘1I would the whole race
of bishops and cardinals was extinct,
like that of green dogs.” (Motley
Dutch Republic, part ii. 5.) re

Green Dragoons (Zhe). The 13th
Dragoons (whose regimental facings were
green). Now called the 13th Hussars,
and the regimental facings have been
white since 1861. :

Green Glasses, To look through
green glasses, To feel jealous of one,
to be envious of another’s success.

“If we had an seine 3? of theatrical talent, we
had also our quantum of stage jealousies ; for who
looks through his green glasses more peevishly.
than an actor when his brother Thespian brings
down. the house ‘with applause.”—C. Thomson:
Autobiography, p. 197.

Green Goose (4). A young goose

not fully grown.

\

Green Gown 551

Green-eyed

Green Gown (4). A tousel in the
new-mown hay. To ‘“‘give one a green

wn’? sometimes means to go beyond
the bounds of innocent playfulness,

“ Had any dared to give her (Narcissa] a green
The fair had petrified him with a frown. ...
Pure as the snow was she, and cold as ice.”

Peter Pindar: Old Simon,
Green Hands (a nautical phrase).

Inferior sailors, also called boys. A crew

is divided into (1) Able seamen; (2)

Ordi seamen ; and (3) Green hands

or boys. The term “‘boys’’ has no re-

ference to age, but merely skill and
knowledge in seamanship. Here “green”’
means not ripe, not mature.

Green Horse (The). The 5th Dra-
goon Guards; so called because they are
a horse regiment, and have green for
their regimental facings. Now called
‘¢The Princess Charlotte of Wales’s Dra-
goon Guards.”

Tarleton’s green horse. That is, the
horse of General Tarleton covered with

en ribbons and housings, the elec-
Senuerhs colours of the member for

Liverpool, which he represented in 1790,
1796, 1802, 1807. His Christian name
was Banastre,

Green Howards (The). The 19th
Foot, named from the Hon. Charles
Howard, colonel from 1738 to 1748.
Green was the colour of their regimental
facings, now white, and the regiment is
called ‘‘ The Princess of Wales’s Own.’’

Green Isle, or The Emerald Isle.
Treland; so called from the brilliant

green hue of its grass.

Green ht (The). A ig
who demanded Fezon in marriage; but,
overcome by Orson, resigned his claim.
(Valentine and Orson.)

Green Labour. The lowest-paid
labour in the tailoring trade. Such
ents are sold to African gold-
iggers and agricultural labourers, sae
and shoddy do more for these garments
than cotton or cloth. (See GREENER.)

Green Linnets. The 39th Foot, so
called from the colour of their facings.
Now the Dorsetshire, and the facings
are white.

Green Man. This public-house sign

represents the gamekeeper, who used at

one time to be dressed in green.
~ But the ‘Green Man sball I pass by unsung,
Which mine own James upon his sign-post

hung?
His sign, his image—for he once was seen _,
8 attendant, clad in keeper's green.”
; an Crabbe + Borough.

The men who let off fireworks were

called Green-men in the reign of James I.

“ Have you any squibs, any green-man in your
shows ?"—The Seven Champions of Christendom.

Green Room (Zhe). The common
waiting-room in a theatre for the per-
formers ; so called because at one time
the walls were coloured green to relieve
the are affected by the glare of the
stage lights.

Green Sea. The Persian Gulf; s0
called from a remarkable strip of water
of a green colour along the Arabian
coast.

* Between 1690 and 1742 the 2nd
Life Guards were facetiously called
“The Green Sea’? from their sea-green
facings, in compliment to Queen Catha-
rine, whose favourite colour it was.
ins facings of this regiment are now

ue.

Green Thursday. Maundy Thurs-
day, the great day of absolution in the
Lutheran Church. (German, @rin-don-
nerstag ; in Latin, dies viridium, Luke
xxiii. 31

Green Tree, If they do these things
in the green tree, what shall be done in the
dyy? (Luke xxiii. 31.) If the right-
eous can find no justice in man, what
must not the unnghteous expect? If
innocent men are condemned to death,
what hope can the guilty have? If
green wood burns so readily, dry wood
would burn more freely still.

Green Wax. Estreats delivered to
a sheriff out of the Exchequer, under
the seal of the court, which is impressed
upon green wax, to be levied(7 Henry IV.
¢. 3). (Wharton > Law Lexicon.)

Green as Grass, Applied to those
easily gulled, and quite unacquainted
with the ways of the world. ‘‘ Verdant
Greens,’’

Green Bag Inquiry. Certain papers
of a seditious character packed in a
green bag during the Regency. The
contents were laid before Parliament,
and the committee advised the su -
sion of the Habeas Corpus Act (1819.

Green Baize Road (Gentlemen of
the), Whist players. ‘‘ Gentlemen of
the Green Cloth ”’ billiard players.

(See Bleak House, chap. xxvi. par. 1.)
Probably the idea of sharpers is in-

| cluded, as “Gentlemen of the Road”’

means highwaymen.

Green-Eyed Jealousy or Green-
eyed Monster, Expressions used by

Green 552

Shakespeare (Merchant of Venice, iii. 2 ;
Othello, iii. 3). As cats, lions, tigers,
and all the green-eyed tribe ‘‘mock the
med# they feed on,’’ so jealousy mocks
its victim by loving and loathing it at
the same time.

Gréen in my Eye. Do vou see any
Mage in the white of my eye (or eyes) ?

io I look credulous and easy to be bam-
boozled? Do I look like a greenhorn ?
Credulity and wonderment are most pro-
nounced in the eye.

Green Man and Still. This public-
house sign refers to the distillation of
spirits from green herbs, such as pepper-
mint cordial, and so on. The green man
is the herbalist, or the greengrocer of
herbs, and the still is the apparatus for
distillation.

Green Ribbon Day in Ireland is
March 18th, St. Patrick’s Day,. when
the shamrock and Bryan ribbon are worn
as the national badge.

Green Sleeves and Pudding Pies.
This, like Maggie Lauder, is a scurrilous
song, in the time of the Reformation, on
the doctrines of the Catholic Church and
the Catholic clergy. (See ‘‘ John Ander-
son, my Jo.’’)

Greens of Constantinople (Tye).
A political party opposed to the Blues
in the reign of Justinian.

Greenbacks, Bank notes issued
by the Government of the United States
im 1862, during the Civil War ; so called
because the back is printed in green.
In March, 1878, the amount of green-
backs for permanent. circulation was
fixed at 346,681,016 dollars; in rough
numbers, about 70 millions sterling.

Greener, A slang term fora foreigner
who begins to learn tailoring or shoe-
makiog on his arrival.in England.

Greengage. Introduced into Eng-
land by the Rey. John Gage from the
Chartreuse Monastery, near Paris. Called
by the French ‘‘ Reine Claude,’’ out of
compliment: to the daughter of Anne
de Bretagne and Louis XII., generally
called fa bonne reine (1499-1524).

‘Greenhorn (A). A simpleton, a
youngster. . French, Cornichon (a cor-

nicle or little horn), also.a simpleton, a |

calf,

ut Panuree le vean eocquart, cornichon, escorne
.. Viens ici nous ayder, grand veau plourart.”
ete," —Habelais, book iy, chap. xxi,-

Gregorian

Greenlander. A native of Green-
land. Facetiously applied to a green-
horn, that is, one from the verdant
country called the land of green ones.

Greenlandman’s Galley. The
lowest type of profanity and vulgarity.

“In my seafaring days the Greenland sailors
were notorious for daring and their disrespect of
speech, prefacing or ending eyery sentence with
an oath, or some indecent expression. Even in
those days [the first quarter of the nineteenth
century]a‘ Greenlandman’s Galley’ was proyerbi-
ally the lowest in‘ the scale of vulgarity.”—C.
Thomson: Autobiography, p. 118

Too low for even a Greenlandmaws
Galley. One whose ideas of decency
were degraded below even that of a
Greenland crew.

Greenwich is the Saxon Grené-wie
(green yillage) , formerly called Grenawic,
and in old Latin authors “ Grenoviam
viridis.”’
of grian-wie (the sun city).

Greenwich Barbers. Retailers of
sand ; so called because the inhabitants

of Greenwich ‘‘shave the pits”” in’ the

neighbourhood to supply London with ~

sand,
Gregarines (3 syl.). In 1867 the

women of Europe and America, from the
thrones to the maid-servants, adopted
the fashion of wearing a pad made of
false hair behind their head, utterly
destroying its natural probe apae The
microscope showed that the hair em-
ployed for these ‘‘ uglies’? abounded in
a pedic'ulous insect called a greg’arine
(or little herding animal), from the Latin
grex (a herd). The nests on the fila-
ments of hair resemble those of spiders
and silkworms, and the ‘ object”? used
to form one of the exhibits in micro-
scopical soirées.

Grego'rian Calendar. One which
shows the new and full moon, with the
time of Easter and the movable feasts
depending thereon. The reformed calen-
dar of the Church of Rome, introduced
by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582, corrected
the error of the civil year, according to
the Julian calendar. ti

Grego'rian Chant. So called be-

cause it was introduced into the church
service by Gregory the Great (600): >

Gregorian Epoch. The epoch or
day on which the Gregorian calendar
commenced—March, 1582. need

Gregorian Telescope. The first

| form of the reflecting telescope, invented

Some think it is a compound

Gregorian

553

by James Gr professor of mathe-
watis in cea cisversity of St. Andrews.
(1663.) pom 4

Grego'rian Tree. The gallows 3 80
jr from — successive ny
regory, Sen. , Gregory, Jun. ,an
Brandon. Sir Willian Segar, Garter
Knight of Arms, granted a coat of arms
to Gregory Brandon. (See HancMen.)
“ This trembles under the black rod,and he
Doth fear his fate from the Gregorian tree.”
: Mercutius Pragmaticus (1641).
_Grego’rian Water or Gringorian
Water. Holy water; so called because
Gregory I. was a most strenuous recom-
mender of it.

“In,case they should happen to encounter with
devils, by virtue of the Gringoriene water, they
might make them disappear.”—Ruabelais : Gargan-
tua, book i. 43.

Gregorian Year. The civil year,
according to the correction introduced
by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582. The
equinox which occurred on the 25th of
March, in the time of Julius Czxsar, fell
on the llth of March in the year 1582.
This was because the Julian calculation
of 365} days to a year was 11 min. 10sec.
toomuch. Gregory suppressed ten days,
so as to make the equinox fall on the
2ist of March, as it did at the Council
of Nice, and, by some simple arrange-
ments, prevented the recurrence in
future of a similar error.

- Greg’ories (3 syl.). Hangmen. (See
GREGORIAN Tare.) : ay :

-Gregory (4). <A school-feast, so
called from being held on St. Gregory's
Day (March 12th). On this day the
pupils at one time brought the master
all sorts of eatables, and of course it was
& dies non, and the master shut his eyes
to all sorts of licences. Gregories were
uot limited to any one country, but were
common to all Europe.

Gregory (St.): The last Pope who
has been ice Usually represented
with the tiara, pastoral staff, his book of
homilies, and a dove. The last is his

Gregory ts or St. Gregory’s
pach Harmless eo ea on Hun-

gary the a eir Gregories
played at ecldvere, marched through the
town with flying colours, some on pony
back and some on foot; as they went
they clattered their toy swords, but of
course hurt no one.

Grenade 1.). An explosive shell,
weighin semrewesn ax petal, to be

Grdve
Grenadier’ (3 syl.). Originally a
soldier employed to theow hand enh Ade

Grenadier Guards. The first regi-
ment of Foot Guards. Nofed for their
size and height.

GrendeL A superhuman monster
slain by Beowulf, in the Anglo-Saxon
romance of that title. (See Zurner’s
abridgement.)

Gresham College (London).
ae by Sir Thomas Gresham in

Gresham and the Grasshopper.
(See GRASSHOPPER. )

Gresham and the Pearl. When
Queen Elizabeth visited the Exchange,
Sir Thomas Gresham, it is said, pledged
her health in a cup of wine containing a
precious stone crushed to atoms, and
worth £15,000, If this tale.is true, it
was an exceédingly foolish imitation of
Cleopatra (9.v.).

“ Here fifteen thonsand pounds at one clap goes
Instead of sugar ; Gresham drinks the pearl
Unto his queen and mistress. Pledgeit, lords,”

Heywood ~ If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody.

To dime or sup with Sir Thomas
Gresham. (See under DINE.)

Greta Hall. The poet of Greta Hall.
Southey, who lived at Greta Hall, in
the Vale of Keswick. - (1774-1843.)

Gretchen. A pet German diminu-
tive of Margaret.

Greth’el (Gammer). The hypotheti-
cal narrator of the Nursery Tales edited
by the brothers Grimm

Gretna Green Marri2a. Run-
away matches. In Scotland, all that is
required of contracting parties “is a
mutual declaration before witnesses of
their willingness to marry, so that elopers
reaching the parish of Graitney, or vil-
lage of Springfield, could get legally
married without either licence, banns,
or priest. The declaration was generally
made to a blacksmith.

Crabbe has a metrical tale called
Gretna Green, in which che Belwood
elopes with Clara, the hter of Dr.
Sidmere, and gets married ; but Belwood
was a “‘ rere and. Clara a an ; ita a
vagant , 80 they soon ea
other sind Partert “(Tales of the Hall,
book Xv.) (22) gar¥

Gréve ¢ syl.). Place de Gréve. The
Tyburn of ancient Paris. The present
Hétel de Ville occupies part of the site.
The word gréve means the strand of a

river or the shore of the sea, and is 59,

Grey

called from gravier (gravel or sand).
The Place de Gréve was on the bank of
the Seine,

“who Bas Ger, been to Paris must needs know the
reve.
The fatal retreat of th’ unfortunate brave,
i es and justice most oddly contri-
uu
To ease Hero’s pains by a halter or gibbet.”
Prior: The Thief and the Cordelier.

Grey Friars. Franciscan friars, so
called from their grey habit.
friars are Dominicans, and White friars
Carmelites.

Grey Hen (4). A stone bottle for
holding liquor. Large and small pewter
pots mixed together are called ‘‘hen and
chickens,”’

“A dirty leather wallet lay near the sleeper,
.+.also a grey-hen which had contained some
sort of strong liquor.”"—Miss Robinson: White-
Sriars, chap, vili.

Grey Mare, The Grey Mare is the
better horse. The woman is paramount,
It is said that a man wished to buy a
horse, but his wife took a fancy toa grey
~ mare, and so pertinaciously insisted that
the grey mare was the better horse, that
the man was obliged to yield the point.

< Macaulay says: ‘‘I suspect [the
proverb] originated in the preference
poucaty. given to the grey mares of

“landers over the finest coach-horses, of
England.”’

‘he French say, when the woman is
paramount, C’est le mariage d’epermer
(Tis a hawk’s marriage), because the
female hawk is both larger and stronger
than the male bird.

“As long as we have eyes, or hands, or breath,
We'll look, or write,.or talk you all to death.
Yield, or she-Pegasus will gain her course,

And the grey mare will prove the better horse.”

Prior: Epilogue to Mrs. Manley's Lucius.

Grey Wethers, These are huge
boulders, either embedded or not, very
common in the ‘ Valley of Stones ’’ near
Avebury, Wilts. When split or broken
up they are called sarsens or sarsdens.

Grey-coat Parson (4). Animpro-
priator; a tenant who farms the tithes.

Grey from Grief,

Ludovico Sforza became grey in a
single night.

harles I, grew grey while he was on
hist trial. ite: r ;

arie inette grew grey from grie
during her impegontiont. (See GRAY.)

Grey Goose Wing (The). ‘‘ The
grey goose wing was the death of him,”’
the arrow which is winged with grey.
goose feathers.

Grey Mare’s Tail. A cataract that
is made by the stream which issues from

Black

4 Grisvance-monger -

Lochskene, in Scotland, so called from
ifs appearance.

Grey Washer by the Ford (The).
An Irish wraith which seems to be wash-
ing clothes in a river, but when the
‘*doomed man’’ approaches she holds
up what she seemed to be washing, and
it is the phantom of himself with his
death wounds from which he is about: to
suffer. (Hon. Emily Lawlett : Essex in
Ireland, p. 245-6.)

Greybeard (4). An earthen pot
for holding spirits; a large stone jar.
Also an old man. (cf. BELLARMINE.)

“We will give a cup of distilled waters ..
unto the next pilgrim that comes over; and ye
ingy keep for the purpose the grunds of the last
greybeard.”"—Sir W. Scott: The Monastery, chap.
ix

Greycoats, Russian soldiers of the
line, who wear grey coats.

“You might thjnk of him thus calm and col-
lected charging his rifle for one more shot at the
advancing greycoats.”— Besant and Rice: By
Celia’s Arbour, chap. xlv.

Greyhound. ‘“ A greyhoundeshoulde
be heded like a snake, And neked like a
Drake ; Foted like a Kat, Tayled like a
Rat ; Syded like a Teme, Chyned like a
Beme.”’ (Dame Berner.)

“ Syded like a teme,” probably means both sides
alike; a plough-team being meant.

Greyhound. A public-house sign,
in honour of Henry » whose ge

it was.
Greys. The Scotch Greys. The 2nd
(Royal North British) ns, 80

called: because they are mounted on grey
horses. tr §

Grid‘iron, Emblematic of St. Lau-
rence, because in his om he was
broiled to death on a gridiron. In allu-
sion thereto the chi of St. Laurence
Jewry, near Guildhall, has a gilt grid-
iron for a vane, The gridiron is also an
attribute of St. Faith, who.was martyred
like St. Laurence; and St. Vincent, who
was partially roasted on a gridiron
covered with spikes, AD. 258. (See
EscuRtat. )

It is said that St. Laurence uttered the follow-

ing doggerel during bis martyrdom :
“This side enough is roasted, turn me, tyrant, eat,
a 908s if raw or roasted 1 make the better
Grief. To come to grief. To be
ruined; to fail in business. As lots of
money is the fulness of joy, so the want -
of it is the grief of griefs. The Ameri-
cans call the dollar ‘‘ almighty.”
Grievance-monger. One who is
always raking up or talking about his
own or his party’s grievances, public or
private, vd wor

oe ey

Griffen Horse

555

Grind

Griffen Horse (Zhe) belonged to
Atlantés, the magician, but was made
use of by Roge’ro, Astolpho, and others,
It flew through the air at the bidding of
the rider, and landed him where he
listed. (Ariosto: Orlando Furioso.)

Griffin. A cadet newly arrived in
India, half English and half Indian.

Griffins, the residue of a contract
feast, taken away by the contractor, half
the buyer's and half the seller’s,

Griffon, Griffen, or Griffin. Off-
spring of the lion and eagle, Its legs
and all from the shoulder to the head ure
like an eagle, the rest of the body is that
of a lion. This creature was sacred to
the sun, and kept guard over hidden
treasures. Sir Thomas Browne says the
Griffon is emblematical of watchfulness,
courage, perseverancé, and rapidity of
execution (Vulgar Errors, iii. 2.) (See
ARIMASPIANS, )

Grig. Merry csagqrig. A grig isthe

sand-eel, and a cricket. pitta e te also
a class of vagabond dancers and tumblers
who visited ale-houses socalled. Hence
Levi Solomon, alias Cockleput, who lived
in Sweet Apple Court, being asked in
_ eaaalne son poy he obtained his
iving, replied that ‘She went a-grigging.”
Hane think the expression should 2
merry as a Greek, and have Shakespeare
to back them: ‘'Then she’s a merry
Greek ;’’ and again, ‘‘ Cressid ’mongst
the merry Greeks ”’ (Troilus and Cressida,
i. 2; iv. 4). Patrick Gordon also says
‘‘No people in the world are so jovial
and merry, so given to singing and
dancing, as the Greeks.”’

Grim (Giant), in Bunyan’s Pilgrim's
Progress, part ii. He was one who
tried to et Ne pe on their way to the
Celestial City, but was slain by Mr.
_ Greatheart. (See Giants.)

Grima’ce (2 syl.). Cotgrave says
this word -is from Grima’cier, who was a
celebrated carver of fantastic heads in
Gothic architecture. This may be so, but
-our word comes direct from the French
grimace ; grimacier, one who makes wry
faces.

Grimalkin or Graymalkin (French,
te, malkin). Shakespeare makes the

Vitch in Macbeth say, ‘‘I come, Gray-
malkin,” Malkin being the name of a
foul fiend, The cat, supposed to be a
witch and the companion of witches, is
called by the same name.

_ Grimes (Peter). This son of a stead:
fisherman was a drunkard and a thief.

He had a boy whom he killed by ill-
usage. Two others he made away with,
but was not convicted for want of evi-
dence. As noone would live with him,
he dwelt alone, became mad, and was
lodged in the parish poor-house, confessed
his crime in his Belinioh) and died.
(Crabbe: Borough, letter xxii.)

Grimni’s Law. A law discovered
by Jacob L. Grimm, the German philolo-

st, to show how the mute consonants
interehange as corresponding words oc-
cur in different branches of the A’ryan
family of languages. Thus, what is p in
Greek, Latin, or Sanskrit becomes d. in
Gothic, and 6 or f in the Old High Ger-
man; what is ¢ in Greek, Latin, or San-
skrit becomes ¢A in Gothic, and din Old
High German; etc. Thus changing p
into f, and ¢ into th, ‘‘pater’’ becomes
‘*father.’’

Grimsby (Lincolushire). Grim was a
fisherman who rescued from a drifting
boat an infant named Habloc, whom he
adopted and brought up. Thiseinfant
turned out to be the son of the king of
Denmark, and when the boy was restored
to his royal sire Grim’ was laden with
gifts. He now returned to Lincolnshire
and built the town which he called after
his own name, The ancient seal of the
town contains the ndmes of Gryme and
Habloc. This is the foundation of the
opie tales about. Havelock the

ane.

Grim’s Dyke or Devil’s Dyke (Anglo-
Saxon, yrima, a goblin or demon).

Grimwig. A choleric old gentleman
fond of contradiction, generally ending
with the words ‘or I’ll eat my head.’
Heis the friend of Brownlow. (Dickens :
Oliver Twist.)

Grin and Bear It (You must), or
You must grin and bide it, for resist-
ance is hopeless. You may make up
a face, if you like, but you cannot help
yourself,

Grind. To work up for an examina-
tion ; to grind up the subjects ‘set, and
to grind into the memory the necessary
cram. ‘The allusion is to a mill, and the
analogy evident.

To grind one down. To reduce the
price asked ; to lower wages. <A knife,
etc., is gradually reduced by grinding.

To take a grind is to take a constitu-
tional tite . fetes a i i a

ace the greatest amount o
sores, This is the physi ps ay
The literary grind is a turn at hard study.

Grinders

556

Groat

To take a grinder is to insult another
by applying the left thumb to the nose
and revolving the right hand round it,
as if working a hand-organ or coffee-
mill. This insulting retort is given
when someone has tried to practise on
your credulity, or to impose upon your
good faith.

Grinders. The double teeth which
grind the food put into the mouth. The
Preacher speaks of old age as the time
when ‘‘ the grinders cease because they
are few” (Hee. xii. 3).
TREE.)

Grisaille, A style of painting in
tints, resembling solid bodies in relief,
such as ornaments of cornices, etc.

Grise, A step. (See GRECIAN STarRs.)
* Which as a grise or step may help these lovers

Into your favour,
Shakespeare: Othello, i. 3.

Grisilda or Griselda, The model of
enduring patience and conjugal obe-
dience. She was the daughter of Janic’-
ola, a,poor charcoal-burner, but became
the wite of Walter, Marquis of Saluzzo.
The marquis put her humility and obe-
dience to three severe trials, but she
submitted to them all without a murmur:
(1) Her infant daughter was taken from
her, and secretly conveyed to the Queen
of Pa'via to bring up, while Grisilda was
made to believe that it had been mur-
dered. (2) Four years later she had a
son, who was also taken from her, and
seut to be brought up with her sister.
When the little girl was twelve years old,
the marquis told Grisilda he intended to
divorce her and marry another; so she
was stripped of all her fine clothes and
sent back to her father’s cottage. On
the ‘‘ wedding day’’ the much-abused
Grisilda was sent for to receive ‘‘ her
rival’’ and pre are her for the ceremony.
When her acd saw in her no spark of
jealousy, he told her the “ bride’’ was

er own daughter. The moral of the
tale is this: If Grisilda submitted with-
out a murmur to these trials of. her
husband, how much more ought we to
submit withqut tepining to the trials
sent us by God.

_ This tale is the last of Boccaccio’s De-
cameron ; it was rendered by Petrarch
into a’ Latin romance entitled De Obe-
dientia et Fide Uxo'ria Mytholo'gia, and
forms Zhe Clerkes Tale in Chaucer’s
Canterbury Tales. Miss Edgeworth has
a novel entitled The Modern Griselda.

rist. All grist that comes to my
_ mill, All is appropriated that comes to
me; all is made use of.that comes in. my

(See ALMOND

way. Grist is all that quantity of corn:
which is to be ground or crushed iat one
time. ‘he phrase means, all that. is
brought— good, bad, and indifferent
corn, with all refuse and waste—is put
into the mill and ground together. (See
EMOLUMENT.) ee

To bring grist to the mill. ‘To supply
customers or furnish supplies.

Griz’el or Grissel. Octavia, wife of
Mare Antony and sister of Au
Cesar, -is called the ‘‘ patient Grizel’’ of
Roman story. (See GRISILDA.)

“ For patience she will prove a second Griasel.’
Shakespeare: Taming: of the Shrew, ii, 1,

Groaning Cake. A cake prepared
for those who called at the house of a
woman in confinement ‘‘to see the
baby.”’ ‘

Groaning Chair. The chair used
by women after confinement when they
received visitors,

Groaning Malt. A strong ale brewed
for the gossips who attend at the birth
of a child, and for those who come to
offer to a husband congratulations at
the auspicious event. A cheese, called
the Ken-no, or “‘ groaning cheese,”’ was
also made for the occasion. (See KEN-No. )

“Meg Merrilies descended to the kitchen to
secure her share of the groaning malt."—Sir W.
Scott: Guy Mannering, chap. iii.

Groat. From John o’ Groat’s house
tothe Land’s End, From Dan to Beer-
sheba, from one end of Great Britain to
the other. John o’ Groat was a Dutch-
man, who settled in the most northerly
point of Scotland in the reign of James
IV., and immortalised himself by the
way he settled a dispute respecting
precedency, (See JOHN 0’ GRoAT.)

Blood without groats is nothing (north
of England), meaning ‘¢ family without
fortune is worthless.’’ The allusion is to
black-pudding, which consists chiefly of
blood and groats formed into a sausage.

Not worth a groat. Ofno value. A

at isa silver fourpence. The Dutch
Beal a coin called a grote, a contraction of
grote-schware (great schware), so called
because it was equal in value to five little
schware. Sothe coin of Edward III. was
the groat or great silver penny, equal to
four penny pieces. The modern groat
was first issued in 1835, and were with-
drawn from circulation in 1887. (French,
gros, great.) Groats are no longer in
circulation. 1 baile
“He that spends a groat a day dies.

: , Spends
“idly above six pounds a year,”—Franktin ;.
sary Hints, p. 131, z LOW BAI fat

Grog

557

Ground Arms

Grog. Rum and water, cold without.
Admiral Vernon was called Old Grog by
his sailors because he was accustomed
to walk the deck in rough weather in a
grogram cloak. As he was the first to
serve water in the rum on board ship,
the mixture went by the name of grog.
Six-water grog is one part rum to six

arts of water. Grog, in common par-
ance, is any. mixture of spirits: and
water, either hot or cold.

Grog Blossoms. Blotches on-the
face that are produced by over-indulg-
ence of grog.

Gro’gram. A coarse kind of taffety,
stiffened with gum. A corruption of the
French gros-grain.

“Gossips in grief and grograms clad.”
Praed: The Troubadour, canto i, stanza 5.

Groined Ceiling. One in which
the arches are divided or intersected.
(Swedish, grena, to divide.)

Grommet, Gromet, Grumet, or
Grummet. <A younker on board ship.
In Smith’s Sea Grammar we are told that
*‘younkers are the young men whose
duty it is to take in the ere or top
the yard for furling the sails or slinging
the yards... .” ‘‘ Sailors,’”’ he says,
“are the elder men.’’ Gromet is the
Flemish grom (a boy), with the dimi-
nutive, It pppes* in bride-groom, ete.
Also a ring of rope made by laying a
single strand. (Dana: Seaman’s Manual,
p. 98.) Also a powder-wad.

Grongar Hill, in South Wales, has
been rendered famous by Dyer’s poem
called Grongar Hill,

Groom of-the Stole. Keeper of the
stole or state-robe. His duty, originally,
was to invest the king in his state-robe,
but he had also to hand him his shirt
when he dressed. The office, when a

sb reigns, is termed Mistress of the

‘obes, but Queen Aune had her ** Groom
of the Stole.” (Greek, stol/é,a garment.)
(See BRIDEGROOM.)

Gross. (See ADVOWSON.)

Grosted or Robert Grosseteste, Bishop
of Lincoln, in the reign of Henry III.,
the author of some two hundred works,
He was accused of dealings in the black
arts, and the Pope ordered a letter to be
written to the King of England, enjoin-
ing him to disinter the bones of the too-
wise bishop and burn them to powder.
(ied 1253.) : ;
~ “None a deeper knowledge boasted, mei
onieiammmmmies oy ck rset

Grotes’que (2 syl.) means in “‘Grotto
style.”” Classical ornaments so called
were found in the 13th century in
grottoes, that is, excavations made in
the baths of Titus and in other Roman
buildings. These ornaments abound in
fanciful combinations, and hence any-
thing outré is termed grotesque.

Grotta del Cane (Naples). The
Dog’s Cave, so called from the practice
of sending dogs into it to show visitors
how the carbonic acid gas near the floor
of the cave kills them.

Grotto. Pray remember the grotto.
July 25 new style, and August 5 old style,
is the day dedicated to St. James the
Greater ; and the correct. thing to do in
days of yore was to stick a shell in your
hat or coat, and pay a visit on that day
to the shrine of St. James of Compos-
tella, Shell grottoes with an image of
the saint were erected for the behoof
of those who could not afford such pil-
grimage, and the keeper of it reminded
the passer-by to remember it was St.
James’s Day, and not to forget their
offering to the saint.

Grotto of Ephesus (7%). The test
of chastity. E. Bulwer*Lytton, in his
Tales of Milétus (iii.), tells us that near

‘the statue of Diana is a grotto, and if,

when a woman enters it, she is not
chaste, discordant sounds are heard and
the woman is never seen more; if,
however, musical ‘sounds are heard, the
woman 1s a pure virgin and comes forth
from the grotto unharmed.

Ground. (Anglo-Saxon, grund.)

Tt would suit me down to the ground.
Wholly and entirely.

To break ground. To be the first to
commence a project, etc.; to take the
first step in an undertaking.

To gain ground. To make progress ;
te be improving one’s position or pro-
spects of success.

To hold one’s ground. To maintain
one’s authority; not to budge from
one’s position; to retain’ one’s popu-
larity.

To lose ground. 'To become less popu-
lar or less successful; to be drifting
away from the object aimed at. ;

To stand one’s ground, Not to yield
or give way; to stick to one’s colours;
to have the courage of one’s opinion,

Ground Arms (70). To pile or stack
military arms, such as guns, on the
ground (in drill),

Groundlings

558

Guards

Groundlings. Those who stood in
the pit, which-was the ground in ancient
theatres.

“To split the ears of the groundlings.” |
Shakespeure: Hamlet, iii. 2.

Grove, The ‘grove?’ for which the
Jewish women wove hangings. and
which the Jews were commanded to cut
down and burn, was the wooden Ash’-
era, a sort of idol symbolising the gener-
ative power of Nature,

Growlers and Crawlers. The four-
wheel cabs; called “ growlers’’ froin
the surly and discontented manners of
their drivers, and ‘‘crawlers’’ from
their slow pace

“Taken as @ whole, the average drivers of
hansom cabs... are smart, inteNigent men, sober,
honest, and hardworking. ... They have little...
in common with the obtrusive, surly, besotted
drivers of the ‘growlers’ and ‘ crawlers.’ "—Nine-
fenth Century, March, 1893, p. 473

Grub Street. Since 1830. called
Milton Street, near Moorfields, London,
once famous for literary hacks and in-
-ferior literary productions. The word
is the Gothic graban (to dig), whence
Saxon grab (a grave) and groep (a ditch).
(See Dunciad, 1, 38, etc.)

Gruel, To give him his gruel. To
kill him. The allusion is to the very
common practice in France. in the six-
teenth century, of giving poisoned pos-
sets—an art brought to perfection by
Cathérine de Medicis ee» her Italian
advisers. ;

Grumbo. A giant in the tale of Tom
Thumb. A raven picked up Tom, think-
ing him to be a grain of corn, and
dropped him on the flat roof* of the
giant’s castle. Old Grumbo came to
walk on the roof terrace, and Tom crept
up his sleeve.
shook his sleeve, and Tom fell into the
sea, where a fish swallowed him, and
the fish, having been caught and brought
to Arthur’s table, was the means of intro-
ducing Tom to the British king, by
whom he was knighted. (Nursery Tale:
Tom Thumb.)

Grundy. What will Mrs. Grundy
say? What will our rivals or neigh-
bours say? The phrase is from Tom
Morton’s Speed the Plough. In the first
scene Mrs. Ashfield shows herself very
jealous of neighbour Grundy, and farmer
Ashfield says to her, ‘‘ Be quiet, wuil ye?
Always ding, dinging Dame Grundy into
my ears. hat will Mrs. Grundy zay ?
What will Mrs. Grundy think?. . .’

Grunth. The sacred book at the
Sikhs, > ’

The giant, annoyed, |

Gruyére. A town in Switzerland
which gives its name to a kind of cheese

-made there.

Gryll. Let Gryll be Gryil, and keep
his hoggish mind. Don’t attempt to
wash a blackamoor white; the leopard
will never change his spots. Gryll is
from the Greek grw (the grunting of a
hog). When Sir Guyon disenchanted
the forms in the Bower of Bliss some
were exesedingly angry, and one in par-
ticular, named Gryll, who had been
metamorphosed by Acra‘sia into a hog,
abused him most roundly. ‘* Come,’’
says the palmer to Sir Guyon,

“ Let Gryll be Gryll, and have his bneyiah mind,

But let us hence depart while weather serves,

and wind.” &
Spenser * Faérie Queene, Dook ii. 12

Gryphon (in Orlando Furioso), son
of Olive’ro and Sigismunda, brother of
Aquilant, in love with Origilla, who
plays him false. He was called White
from his armour, and his brother Black.
He overthrew the eight champions of
Damascus in the tournament given to
celebrate the king’s wedding-day. While
asleep Marta’no steals his armour, and
goes to the King Norandi’no to receive
the meed of high deeds. In the mean-
time Gryphon awakes, finds his armour

| gone, is obliged to put on Marta’no’s,

and, being mistaken for the coward,
is hooted and hustled by the crowd.
He lays about him stoutly, and kills
many. The king comes up, finds out
the mistake, and offers his hand, which
Gryphon, like a true knight, receives.
He joined the army of Charlemagne.

Gryphons. (See GRIFFON.)

Guadia’na, The squire of Duran-
darté. Mourning the fall of his master
at Roncesvallés, he was turned into the
river which bears the same name, (Don
Quixote, ii. 23.)

Guaff. Victor Emmanuel was so
called from his nose.

Gua‘no is the Peruvian word hua'no
(dung), and consists of the droppings of
sea-fowls.

Guarantee. An engagement on the
part of athird person to see an agree-
ment fulfilled.

Guard. To be off one’s guard, To be
careless or heedless.

«A guardroom is the place where mih-
tary offenders are detained ; and a guard-
ship is a ship stationed in a port or
harbour for its defence. Phat

Guards of the Pole. Thetwostars
8 and y in the Great Bear. Shakespeare,

Guarinos

559

Guendolen

in Othello, ii. 1, refers to them where he
says, the surge seems ‘to quench the
guards of the ever-fixéd pole.”

“How to knowe the houre of the night by the
[Polar] Gards, by knowing on what point of the
compass they shall be at midnight every fifteenth
day throughout the whole year.”"—Norman: Safe-
gard of Sailors (1587)

Guari'nos (Admiral). One of Char-
lemagne’s paladins, taken captive at the
battle of Roncesvalles. He fell to the
lot of Marlo’tes, a Moslem, who offered
him his daughter in marriage if he would
become a disciple of Mahomet. Guari’-
nos refused, and was cast into a dungeon,
where he lay captive for seven years.
A joust was then held, and Admiral
Guari‘nos was allowed to try his hand
at a target. He knelt before the
Moor, stabbed him to the heart, and then
vaulted on his grey horse Treb’ozond’,
and escaped to France.

Gubbings. Anabaptists near Brent,
in Devonshire. | They had no ecclesiasti-
cal order or authority, “but lived in
holes, like swine; had all things in com-
mon, and inultiplied without marriage.
Their language was vulgar Devonian. . .
They lived by pilfering sheep; were
fleet as horses ; held together ike bees ;
and revenged every wrong. One of the
society was always elected chief, and
ealled King of the Gubbings,”. (Fuller.)

N.B. Their name is from gubbings, the
offal of fish (Devonshire).

Gudgeon. Gaping for gudyeons.
Looking out for ces extremely im-
probable. As a gudgeon is a bait to
deceive fish, it means a lie, a deception.

To swallow a gudgeon. To be bam-
boozled with a most palpable lie, as silly
fish are caught by gudgeons. (French,
gowon, whence the phrase faire avaler
le goujon, to humbug.)

“ Make fools believe in their foreseeing
of enlace before they are in being;
To swallow gudgeons ere they're catched,

And count their chickens ero they're hatched.”
Butler: Hudibras, ii. 3.

Gudrun. A model of heroic forti-
tude and pious resignation. She was a
season betrothed to Herwig, but the

ing of Norway carried her off captive.
As he would not marry him, he put her
to all sorts of menial work, such as
washing the dirty linen. One day her
brother and lover pporared on the scene,
and at the end she married Herwi
pardoned the ‘‘ naughty ” king, and a
went merry as a marriage bell. (4
North-Saxon poem.)

Gudule (2 syl.) or St.Gudu'la, patron
saint of Brussels, was daughter of Count
Witger, died 172... She is represented

with a lantern, from a tradition that
she was one day going to the church
of St. Morgelle with a Mntern, which
went out, but the holy virgin lighted it
again with her prayers.

St. Gudule in Christian art is repre-
sented carrying a lantern which a demon
tries to put out. The legend is a repeti-
tion of that of St. Geneviéve, as Brussels
is Paris in miniature.

Gue‘bres or Ghebers [Fire- Wor-
shippers|. Followers of the ancient
Persian religion, reformed by Zoroaster.
Called in Persian gadr, in the Talmud
Cheber, and by Origen Kabir, a corrup-
tion of the Arabic Kajir (a non-Ma-
hometan or infidel), a term bestowed
upon them by their Arabian conquerors.

Guelder Rose is the Rose de Guel-
dre, i.e. of the ancient province of
Guelder or Guelderland, in Holland.

-But Smith, in his English Flora, says
it is a corruption of Elder Rose, that is,
the Rose Elder, the tree being considered
a species of Elder, and hence called the
s Vater Elder.”

Guelpho (3 syl.), son of Actius IV.,
Marquis d’Este and of Cunigunda, a
German, King of Carynth'ia. He led
an army of 5,000 men from Germany,
but two-thirds were slain by the Persians,
He was noted for his “broad shoulders
and amplechest. Guelpho was Rinaldo’s
uncle, and next in command to Godfrey.
(Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered, iii.)

Guelphs and Ghibellines. Two
great parties whose conflicts make up
the history of Italy and Germany in the
twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth cen-
turies, Guelph is the Italian form of
Welfe, and Ghibelline of Waiblingen,
and the origin of these two words is this:
At the battle of Weinsburg, in Suabia
(1140), Conrad, Duke of Franconia,
rallied his followers with the war-cry
Hie Waiblingen (his family estate), while
Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, used
the cry of Hie Welfée (the pope name).
The Ghibellines supported in Italy the
side of the German emperors; the
Guelphs opposed it, and supported the
cause of the Pope.

Guen’dolen (3 syl.). A fairy whose
mother was a human being. One day
King Arthur wandered into the valley
of St. John, when a fairy palace rose to
view, and a train of ladies conducted

him to their queen. King Arthur and
Guen'dolen fell in love with each other,

and the fruit of their illicit love was a
daughter named Gyneth. After the

= - Guendolena

560

Guides

lapse of three months Arthur left Guen’-
dolen, and the deserted fair one offered
him 2 ing cup. As Arthur raised
th. cup a drdp of the contents fell on
his horse, and so burnt it that the horse
leaped twenty feet high, and then ran
In mad career up the hills till it was
exhausted. Arthur dashed the cup on
the ground, the contents burnt up every-
thing they touched, the fairy palace
vanished, and Guen’dolen was never
more seen. This tale is told by Sir
Walter Scott in The Bridalof Triermain.
It is called Lyulph’s Tale, from canto i.
10 to canto ii. 28, (See G¥NETH,)
~ Her mother was of human birth,
Her sire a Genie of the earth,
In days of old deemed to preside
Over lover's wiles and beauty’s pride.
Bridal of Triermain, ii. 3
Guendole‘na, daughter of Corin’eus
and wife of Locrin, son of Brute, the
legendary king of Britain. She was
divoreed, and Locrin married Estrildis,
by whom he already had a daughter
named Sabri‘na. Guendole’na, greatly
_indignent, got together'a large army,
and near the river Stour a battle was
fought, in which Locrin was. slain.
Guendole‘na now assumed the govern-
ment, and one of. her first acts was to
throw both Estrildis and Sabri’na into
the nver Severn. (Geoffrey - Brit. Hist.,
ii. chaps. 4, 5.)

Guenever. (See GUINEVEER.)

Guerilla, improperly Guerilla wars,
means a petty war, a partisan conflict;
and the parties‘are called Guerillas‘or
Guerilla chiefs. soe guerra, war.
The word is applied to the armed bands
of peasants who carry on irregular war
on their own account, especially at such
time as their Government is contending
with invading armies.

“The town was wholly without defenders, and
the guerillas murdered people and destroyed
property without bindrance.—Lessing: United

e2, Chap. x Vili. p. 676.

Guerino Meschi'no [the Wretched).
An Italian romance, half chivalric and
half spiritual, first printed in Padua in
1473. Guerim was the son of Millon,
King of Alba’nia. On the day of his
birth his father was dethroned, and the
child was rescued by a Greek slave, and
called Meschino. When he grew up he
fell in love with the Princess Elize’na,
sister of the Greek Emperor, at Con-

stantinople.*

Guess (I). A peculiarity of the
natives of New U.S. America,
Guest, The rateful Guest was
the brand fixed by ip of Macedon on

@ Macedonian soldier. who had been
kindly entertaimed by a villager, and,
being asked by the king what he could
give him, requested the farm and cottage
of his entertainer.

Gueux. Jes Gueux. The ragamuf-
fins. A nickname assumed by the first
revolutionists of Holland in 1665, It arose
thus: When the Duchess of Parma made
inquiry about them of Count Berlaymont,
he told her i were “‘the-scum and
offscouring of the people”? (/es gueur).
This being made public, the party took
the name in defiance, and from that
moment dressed like be , substi-
tuted a fox’s tail in lieu of a feather,
and a wooden platter instead of a brooch.
They met at a-public-house which had
for its sign a cock crowing these words,
Vive les Gueux par tout le monde! (See
Motley : Dutch Republic, ii. 6.) .

=< The word gueuxr was, of course, not
invented by Berlaymont, but only ap-
plied by him to the deputation referred
to. In Spain, long before, those who
opposed the Inquisition were so called.

N.B. The revolters of Guienne as-
sumed the name of Eaters; those of
Normandy Barefoot; those of Beausse
and Soulogne Wooden-pattens ; and in
the French Revolution the most violent
were termed Sansculoties.

Gugner. A spear made by the dwarf
Eitri and given to Odin. It Aeter tasted
to hit and slay in battle. (TheLdda.)

Gui. Le Gui (French). The mistle-
toe or Druid’s plant. x

Guide’rius. The elder son of Cym-
beline, a legendary king of Britain
during the reign of Augustus Cesar,
Both Guiderius and his brother Arvir’-
agus were stolen in infancy by Bela’rius,
a banished noble out of revenge,
and were brought up by him in a cave.
When row to man’s estate, the Romans
invaded Britain, and the two young men
so distinguished themselves that they
were introduced to the king, and Belarius
related their history. of Mon-
mouth says that Guiderius succeeded
his father, and was slain by Hamo.
(Shakespeare: Cymbeline.) 2 _

Guides (pron. gheed). Contraction of
guidons, corps of French cav
which carries the guidon, a stan
borne by light horse-soldiers, broad at

one end and near! ted at the other.
The a Gude was | sd i
1796 ‘apoleon as a personal body-
guard ; in 1848 several s were

created, but Napoleon II. made the

Guido

corps.a part of the Imperial Guard.
‘Great care must be taken not to confound
the Guides with the Gardes, as they are
totally distinct terms. ;

' Guido, surnamed the Savage (in Or-
lando Furioso), son of Constantia and
Amon, therefore younger brother of
Rinaldo. He was also Astolpho’s kins-
man. Being wrecked on the coast of the
Amazons, he was doomed to fight their
ten male champions. He slew them all,
and was then compelled to marry ten of
the Amazons. He made his escape with
Ale’ria, his favourite wife, and joined the
army of Charlemagne.

Guido Francischini. A reduced
ote areal who ae el aerre! his for-
tune. by marrying Pompilia, the putative
child a Pietro saad ctentaes When
the marriage was consummated and the
money. secure, Guido ill-treated Pietro
and Violante; whereupon Violante, at
confession, asserted that Pompilia was
not her child, but one she had brought
up, the offspring of a Roman wanton,
and she applied to the law-courts to
recover her mouey. When Guido heard

this he was furious, and so ill-treated °

his wife that she ran away under the
protection of a young canon. Guido
pursued the fugitives, overtook them,
and had them arrested; whereupon the
canon was suspended for three years,
_and Pompilia sent to a convent. Here
‘her health gove way, and as the birth of
aichild was expected, she was permitted

to leave the convent and live with her.

bsg ‘parents. Guido went to the
ouse, murdered all three, and was

executed. (Browning: The Ring and
the Book.)
Guildhall The hall of the city

. guilds. Here are the Court of Common
Council, the Court of Aldermen, the
Chamberlain’s Court, the police court
presided over by an alderman, etc. The
ancient guilds were friendly trade socie-
ties, in which each member paid a certain
fee, called a.guild, from the Saxon gildan
(to Pay). There was a separate guild
for each craft of importance.

“Gild (guild) signified among the Saxons a
fraternity. Derived from the verbd gyld-an (to

vay), pacouse every man paid bis sbare."—Black- -

ae N ommentaries, book i, chap. xviii. p. 474
Guillotine (3 svl.), So named from

Joseph Ignace Guillotin, a French phy-

sician, who proposed its adoption to pre-

vent unnecessary pain (1738-1814).

_ ‘7 It was facetiously called ‘‘ Mdlle.

Guillotin ” or ‘‘ Guillotin’s daughter.”

It was introduced April 25th, 1792, and ;

561

Guineapig

is still used in France. A previous in-
strument invented by Dr. Antoine Louis
was called a Louisette (3 syl.).

.The MarpENn (q.v.), introduced into

Scotland (1566) by the Regent Morton,
when the laird of Pennicuick was to be
beheaded, was a similar instrument
Discontinued in 168),
M. de Guitiotin was tecogtiecd by her tether in
the National Assembly, and it should properly be
called ‘Mademoiselle Guillotin’ "—Dumas : The
Countess de Charny, chap. xvii,

Guinea. Sir Robert Holmes, in 1666,
captured in Schelling Bay 160 Dutch
sail, containing bullion and gold-dust
from Cape Coast Castle in Guinea. This
rich prize was coined into gold pieces,
stamped with an elephant, and called
Guineas to memoria the valuable
capture. (See Dryden: Annus Mira-

bits.)

Guinea. The legend is M. B. F. et H.
Rex. F. D. B. L: D. 8. R. 1. AT. et E.
— Magne Britanniw, Francie, et Hiber-
nis Rex ; Fidei Defensor ; Brunsvicensis, ,
Lunenburgensis Dux ; Sacri Romani Im-
perii Archi Thesaurarius et Elector.

*> Guinea-pjeces = 218. were first coined in 1663.
and discontinued in 1817. The sovereign coino
by Henry VJJ. in 1480 was displaced by the guinea
but recoined in 181& soon after which it displaced
the guinea. Of course, 20s. is a better decimal
coin than 2ls. 5

Guinea-dropper. A- cheat. The
term is about equal to thimble-rig, and
alludes to an ancient cheating dodge of
dropping counterfeit guineas.

Guinea Fowl. So called because it
was brought to us from the coast of
Guinea, where it is very common.

“Notwithstanding their barsh cry... 1 like
the Guinea-fowl, They are excellent layers. and
enormous devourers of insects."—D. G. Mitchell:
My Farm of Edgewoud, chap. iii. p. 9.) i

Guinea-hen. A courtesan who is
won by money.

“Ere .... I would drown myself for the love
of a Guinea-hen, 1 would change my Lumanity
with a baboon.”—Shakespeare : Othello, t. 3.

Guineapig (Stock Exchange term).
A gentleman. of sufficient name to form
a bait who allows himself to. be put on
a directors’ list for the guinea andlunch
provided for the board. (See FLoaTERs.)

Guineapig (4). A midshipman. A
guineapig is neither a pig nor a native
of Guinea ; so a middy is neither a sailor
nor an Officer. -

“He bad a letter from the captain of the
Indiaman, offering you ® ‘berth. on Doard.as
Guinea pig. or midshipman.”"—Captain Marryat :

oor Jack, chap. xxxi. i

* A special juryman who is paid a
guinea a case ;” also @ military Dicer

Guineapig

562

Gulf Stream

assigned to some special duty, for which
he receives a guinea a day, are sometimes
so called.

-Guineapig (4), in the Anglican
Church, is a clergyman without cure,
who takes occasional duty for a guinea
a, sermon, besides his travelling expenses
(second class) and his board, if required.

Guin’ever, or rather CGuanhuma'ra
syl.). Daughter of Leodograunce of

am/’elyard, the most beautiful of women,
and wife of King Arthur. She enter-
tained a guilty passion for Sir Launcelot
of the Lake, one of the knights of the
Round Table, but during the absence of
King Arthur in his expedition against
Leo, King of the Romans, she ‘‘married”’
Modred, her husband’s nephew, whom
he had left in charge of the kingdom.
Soon as Arthur heard thereof, he has-
tened back, Guinever fled from York and
took the veil in the nunnery of Julius
the Martyr, and Modred set his forces in
array at Cam’bula, in Cornwall. Herea
desperate battle was fought, in which
Motired was slain and Arthur mortally
wounded. Guinever is generally called
the ‘‘ grey-eyed;’’ she was buried at
Meigle, in Strathmore, and her name

has become the synonym of a wanton
or ae (Geoffrey: Brit. Hist.,
x. 13. Ti

“That was a woman when Queen Guinever of
Britain was a little wench.”—Shakespeare: Love's
Labour's Lost, iv. 1.

Guinevere (3 syl.). Tennyson’s
Idyll represents her as loving Sir Lance-
lot; but one day, when they were
bidding farewell, Modred tracked them,
‘*and brought his creatures to the base-
ment of the tower for testimony.’’ Sir
Lancelot hurled the fellow to the ground
and got to horse, and the queen fled to
a@ nunnery at Almesbury. (See GuIN-
EVER.)

Guingelot. The boat of Wato or
Wade, the father of Weland, and son of
Vilkinr, in which he crossed over the
nine-ell deep, called Groenasund, with

‘his son upon his shoulders. (Scandi-
navian mythology.)
Guisan’do, The Bulls of Guisando.

Five monster statues of antiquity, to
tnark the scene of Cesar’s victory over
the younger Pompey.

Guise’s Motto: “4 chacun son-tour,”
on the standards of the Duc de Guise,
who put himself at the head of the Ca-
tholic League in the sixteenth century,
meant, “ My turp will come,”

Guitar (Greek, kithara; Latin, ci-
thara; Italian, chitarra; French gui-
tare. The Greek kithar is the Hindu
cha-tar (six-strings).

Guitar. The best players on. this
instrument have been Guilia’ni, Sor,
Zoechi, Stoll, and Horetzsky,

Gules [red]. An heraldicterm. The
most honourable heraldic colour, sig-
nifying valour, justice, and veneration.
Hence it was given to kings and princes.
The royal livery of England is gules or
scarlet. In heraldry expressed by per-
pendicular parallel lines, (Persian, ghul
rose; French, gueules, the mouth an
throat, or the red colour thereof ; Latin,
guia, the throat.)

“With man's blood paint the ground, gules,
gules,”

Shakespeare: Timon of Athens, ty. 3.
“And threw warm gules on Madeline's fair
breast,” Keats: St. Agnes.

Gules of August (Zhe). The Ist of
August (from Latin, gua, the throat),
the entrance into, or first day of. that
month. (Wharton : Law Lexicon, p, 332.)

‘* August 1 is Lammas Day, a quarter-
day in tland, and half-quarter-day
in England,

““Gula Augusti’ initium mensis Angusti. le
Gule d’Angust, in statuo Edw. IIL, a. 31 c. 14, @v-
eragium cestivale fieri debet inter Hokedai et gulam
gaged) ucange: Glossarium Manuale, vol. iii,
Pp. 866,

(“ Hokeday est dies Martis, qui quindenam
heer expletam proxime exolpit.”—Vol. iv. p. 65
col. 1.

Gulf, A man that goes in for honour
at Cambridge-—i.e. a mathematical de-
gree—is sometimes too bad to be classed
with the lowest of the three classes, and

et has shown sufficient merit to pass.
en the list is made out a line is drawn
after the classes, and one or two names
are appended. These names are in the
lf, and those so honoured are gulfed.

’ the good old times these men were
not qualified to stand for the classical
tripos. 4

“Tbe ranks of our curatehood are supplied b;
youths whom,at the very best, merciful exami-
ners have raised from the very L ptred of * pluck"
to the comparative paradise of the ‘Gulf.’"—
Saturday Review,

A great gulf fixed. An impassable
gc aaias = inst en From -the
parable of Dives and , in the
third Gospel. (Luke xvi. 26.)

Gulf Stream. The stream which
issues from the Gulf of Mexico, and
extends over a range of 3,000 miles,
raising the temperature of the water
through which it passes, and of the lands
against which it flows. It washes the

Gulistan 563 Gun Room
shores of the British Isles, and runs up CANNONS AND RIFLES.

the coast of Norway.

one-fifth past of the entire heat possessed by the
North Atlantic."—T7, Croll: Climate and Time,
chap. i, p, 15.

Gulistan [garden of roses]. The
famous recueil of moral séntences by
Saadi, the poet of Shiraz, who died 1291.
(Persian, ghul, a rose, and tan, a region.)

Gull (rhymes with dull). A dupe,

one easily cheated. (See BEJAN.)
“The most notorious geck and gull
That e’er invention played on.”
Shakespeare: Twelfth Night, v.1.
* Gulliver (Lemuel). The hero of
the famous Travels into Several Remote
Nations of the World, by Lemuel Gulliver,
Jirst a Surgeon, and then a Captain of
several Ships, i.e. to Lilliput, Brobding-
nag Lapu'ta, and the Houyhnhnms
( hin-nims » written by Dr. Swift,
of St. Patrick’s, Ireland.

Gulna're (2 syl.), afterwards called
Kaled, queen of the harem, and fairest
of all the slaves of Seyd [Sed]. She
was rescued from the flaming palace by
Lord Conrad, the corsair, and when the
corsair was imprisoned released him
and murdered the Sultan, The two
escaped to the Pirate’s Isle; but when
Conrad found that Medo’ra, his be-
trothed,.was dead, he and Gulnare left
the island secretly, and none of the

irates: ever knew where they went to.

he rest of the tale of Gulnare is under
the new name, Kaled (g.v.). (Byron:
The Corsair.)

Gummed (1 syl.). He frets like
gummed velvet or gummed taffety. Velvet
and taffeta were sometimes stiffened
with gum to make them ‘‘sit better,’’
but, being very stiff, they fretted out
quickly,

Gumption. Wit to turn things to
accoumt, capacity. In Yorkshire we
hear the phrase, ‘“‘I canna gaum it’’
(understand it, make it out), and gaum-
tion is the capacity of understanding,
ete, (Irish, gomsh, sense, cuteness.)

“ Though his eyes were dazzled with the splen-
dour of the place, faith he had gomsh enough not.
to let fa his hold.”—Dublin and London Magazine,
1825 (Loughleagh).

Gumption. A nostrum much in request
by painters in search of the supposed
‘lost medium” of the old masters, and
to which their unapproachable excellence
is ascribed. The medium is made of
gum mastic and linseed-oil. .

_ Gun, (Welsh gn, a gun),

‘made at

Armstrong gun. A wrought-iron can-
non, usually breech-loading, having an
iron-hooped steel inner tube. Designed
pe bons William Armstrong in 1854, and
officially tested in 1861.

Enfield rifles, Invented by Pritchett
at the Enfield factory, adopted in’ the
English army 1852, and converted-into
Snider breech-loaders in 1866.

Gatling gun, A machine gun with
arallel barrels abouta central axis, each
oa its own lock. Capable of being

loaded and of discharging 1,000 shots a
minute by turning a crank.’: Named from
the inventor, Dr. R. J. Gatling.

Krupp gun. Acannon of ingot steel,
rupp’s works, at m, in
Prussia.

Lancaster gun, A cannon kaueg a
slightly elliptical twisted bore, and a
conoid (2 syl.) projectile. Named from
the inventor,

Minié rifle. Invented in 1849, and
adopted in the English army in 1851.
Named after Chaade Minié, a French
officer. (1810-1879.

Snider rifle. Invented by Jacob
Snider. A breech-loader adopted by the
British Government in 1866.

Whitworth gun. An English rifled
firearm of hexagonal. bore, and very
rapid twist. Constructed in 1857. Its
competitive trial with the Armstrong

un in 1864. Named after Sir Joseph

hitworth, the inventor (1803-1887).

Woolwich infant (The). A British
35-ton rifled muzzle-loading cannon,
having a steel tube hooped with wrought-
iron coils, Constructed in 1870. (See
Brown Bzss, MITRAILLEUSE, etc.)-

Gun. <A breech-loading gun. A gun
loaded at the breech, which is then
closed by a screw or wedge-block.

Evening or sunset gun. A gun fired
at sunset, or about 9 o’clock p.m.

Gun Cotton, A highly explosive
compound, prepared by saturating cotton
with nitric naa sulphuric acids.

Gun Money. Money issued in Ire-
ldnd by James II., made of old brass
cannons.

Gun Room. A room in the after-
part of a lower -deck for the accom-
modation of junior officers,

Gun PHRASES.

He’s a-great gun. Aman of note.

Son of a gument jovial fellow. r

Sure as @ i Quite certain, It is
as certain to happen as a gun to go off if
the trigger is pulled,

Guns

564 Gutter Lane

Guns. To blow great guns. To be
very boisterous and windy. Noisy and
boisterous as the reports of great guns.

Lo run aoay from their own guns. To
eat their own words; desert what is
laid down asa principle. The allusion
is obvious.

“The Government could not, of course, run
away from their guns,"—Nineteenth Century, Feb.,
1893, p. 193.

Gunga [pronounce Gunr-jah]. The
goddess of the Ganges. Bishop Heber
calls the river by this name,

Gunner. Kissing the gunuer’s daugh-
ter. Being flogged on board ship. At
one time boys in the Royal Navy who
were to be flogged were first tied to the
breech of a cannon,

Gunpowder Plot. The project of a
few Roman Catholics to destroy James
I, with the Lords and Commons as-
sembled in the Houses of Parliament, on
the 5th of November, 1605. It was to
be done by means of gunpowder when
the king went in person to open Parlia-
ment. Robert Catesby originated the
plot, and Guy Fawkes undertook to fire
the gunpowder. (See DYNAMITE SaTUR-
DAY.)

Gunter’s Chain, for land surveying,
is so named from Edmund Gunter, its
inventor (1581-1626). It is sixty-six
feet long, and divided into one“hundred
links. As ten square chains make an
acre, it follows that an acre contains
100,000 square links.

According to Gunter. According to
measurement by Gunter’s chain,

Giinther, King of Burgundy and
brother of Kriem‘hild. He resolved to
wed Brunhild, the martial queen of Iss-
land, who had made a vow that none
should win her who could not surpass
her in three trials of skill and strength.
The first was hurling a spear, the second
throwing a stone, and the third was
jumping, The spear could scarcely be
lifted by three meu. The queen hurled
it towards Giimther, when Siegfried, in
his invisible cloak, reversed. it, hurled it
back again, and the queen was knocked
down. The stone took twelve brawny
champions to carry, but Brunhild lifted
it on high, flung it twelve fathoms, and
jumped beyond. it. Again the unseen
Siegfried came to his friend’s rescue,
flung the stone still farther, and, as he
leaped, bore Giinther with him, The
queen, overmastered, exclaimed to her
subjects, ‘‘I am no more your mis-
tress; you are Giinther’s liegemen

now”’ (Lied, vii.). After the marriage
the masculine maid behaved so. obstre-
perously that Giinther had again to avail
himself of his friend’s aid. Siegfried
entered the chamber in his cloud-cloak,
and wrestled with the bride till all her
strength was gone; then he drew a ring
from her finger, and took away her
girdle, After which he left her, and she
‘became a submissive wife. Giinther,
with unpardonable ingratitude, was
privy to the murder of his friend and
brother-in-law, and was himself slain
in the dungeon of Etzel’s palace by his
sister Kriemhild. In history this Bur-
gundian king is called Giin’tacher. (The
Nibelungen- Lied.)

Gurgoils, (See GARGOUILLE.)

Gurme (2 syl.). The Celtic Cer’be-
rus. While the world lasts it isfastened
at the mouth of a vast cave; but at the
end of the world it will be let loose,
when it will attack Tyr, the war-god,
and kill him,

Gurney Light. (See Buz.)

Guth‘lac (S¢.), of Crowland, Lincoln-
shire, is represented in Christian art as a
hermit punishing demons with a scourge,
or consoled by angels while demons
torment him. n

Guthrum. Silver of Guthrum, or
silver of Guthrum’s Lane. Fine silver
was at one time so called, because the
chief gold and silver smiths of London
resided there in the thirteenth and
fourteenth centuries. The hall of the
Goldsmiths’ Company is.stillin the same
locality. (Riley : Munimenta Gildhalle.)

Guttapercha. The juice of «the
percha-tree (Jsonandra percha) of the
family called Sapotace. The percha
trees grow to a great height, and abound
in all the Malacca Islands. The juice is
obtamed by cutting the bark, Gutta-
percha was brought over by Dr. William
Montgomerie in 1843, but articles made
of this resin were known in Europe some
time before. (Latin, gutta, a drop.)

Gutter. Out of the gutter.” Of low
birth ; of the street-Arab class one of
the submerged. Atoutatd om aet 04

Gutter Children. Street Arabs, |

Gutter Lane (London). A corrup-
tion of Guthurun Lane, from a Mr.
Guthurun, Goderoune, or Guthrum,
who, as Stow informs us, * possessed
the chief property therein,” (See
GuTHRUM. ’ Pf " e ; , aie ae ”

All goes down Gutter Lane’ Hespends

i

q

\ Guy

565

Gyneth

everything on his stomach. The play is
pbb Gutter Lane, London, and’

guttur (the throat), preserved in our
word guttural (a throat letter).

“Guy. ‘The Guiser or Guisard was the
ancient Scotch mummer, who played
before: Yule;:.hence our words guise,
disguise, guy, etc. -

Guy (Zhomas).* Miser and philan-
thropist.: He amassed an immense for-
tune in 1720 by speculations in the
South Sea Stock, and gave £238,292 to
found and endow Guy’s Hospital.

Guy Fawkes, or Guido Fawkes, went .

under the name of John Johnstone, the
servant of Mr, Percy.

‘Guy, Earl of Warwick. An Anglo-
Danish hero ‘of wonderful puissance.
He was in love with fair Phelis or Felice,
who refused to listen to his suit till he
had distinguished himself by knightly
deeds, First, he rescued the daughter
of the Emperor of Germany ‘‘from
many a valiant knight ;’? then he went
to Greece to fight against the Saracens,
and slew the doughty Coldran, Elmaye
King of Tyre, and the soldan himself.
Then returned he to England and
wedded Phelis; but in forty days he
returned to the Holy Land, where he
redeemed Earl Jonas out of prison, slew
the giant Am’arant, and many others.
He again’ returned to England, and
slew at Winchester, in single combat,
Colbronde or Colbrand, the Danish

‘iant, and thus redeemed England from

anish tribute.
boar of “passing might and ‘strength.’’
On Dunsmore Heath he slew the “‘ Dun-
cow of Dunsmore, a monstrous wyld
and cruell beast.’ In Northumberland
he slew a dragon “black as any cole,’’
with lion’s paws, wings, an
Which no sword could pierce. Having
achieved all this, he became a hermit in
Warwick, and hewed himself a cave a
sails from the town. ‘Daily he went to

is own castle, where he was not known,
and begged bread of his own wife
Phelis. On his death-bed he sent Phelis
‘a ring, by which she recognised her
lord, and went to close his dying eyes,
(890-958.) His combat with Colbrand
is very elaborately told by Drayton
(1563-1631) :in his L’olyolbion. ;

-*1 ain not Sampson, nor Sir Guy, nor Colbrand,
6 mow them
Henry VUT., v.38.

"s-Guy-ropes. Guide, or guiding-ropes, —

to ‘stea
yurar, to guide.) ~ tbe

ry

At Windsor he slew a’

a hide °

wh before me."—Shakespeare: |

steady heavy goods while ‘a-hoistiug. —
(Spanish ‘and Portuguese guia, from

Guyon (Sir), The impersonation of |
Temperance or Self-government. He
destroyed the witch Acra’sia, and her
bower, called the ‘‘Bower of Bliss.”’
His companion was Prudence, (Spenser :
Faérie Queene, book ii.)

The word Guyon is the Spanish guiar
(to guide), and the word temperance is
the Latin tem'pero (to guide),

Gwynn (Nell). An actress, and one
of the courtesans of Charles IT. of Eng-
land (died 1687). Sie Walter Scott
speaks of her twice in FPeveril of the
Peak ; in chap. xi, he speaks of ‘‘ the
smart humour of Mrs, Nelly}”’ and in
chap. x1. Lord Chaffinch says of ‘ Mrs,
Nelly, wit she has; let her keep herself
warm with it in worse company, for the
cant of strollers is not language for a
prince’s chamber.’’

Gygés’ Ring rendered tho wearer
invisible: Gygés, the Lydian, is the
person to whom Candau’lés showed his
wife naked. According to Plato, Gygés
descended into a chasm of the earth,
where he found a brazen horse ;. opening
the sides of the animal, he ’found the
carcase of a man, from whose finger; he
drew off a brazen ring which rendered
him invisible, and by means of this rin;
he entered into the king’s chamber an
murdered him. Lem
* Why, did you think that yon had Gygés ring, ”
Or the herb that gives invisibility fern-secd)?"
Beaumont and Fletcher: Fair Maid of the Inn, i.

The. wealth of Gygés. .Gygis was a
Lydian king, who married Nyssia, the
young widow of Candaulés, and reigned
thirty-eight years, He amassed such
wealth that his name became proverbial.
(Reigned B.c. 716-678.)

Gymnas'tics. Athletic games. The
word is from gymma’siwm, a public place
set apart in Greece for athletic sports,
the actors in which were naked. (Greek,
gunnos, naked,) * ;

Gymnos’ophists. A sect of Indian
puilosophers who went about with naked
eet and almost without clothing. They
lived in woods, subsisted on roots, and
never married, They believed in the
transmigration of souls.. Strabo divides
them into Brabmins and Samans, (Greek,
gumnos, naked ; sophistés, sages.) 1

© Gy’neth. Natural daughter of Guen’-
dolen and King Arthur. Arthur swore
to Guendolen that if she brought forth a
boy, he should be his heir, and if a girl,.
he would give her in mairiage to the
bravest: knight of his kingdom. --One

_ (Sir Walter Scott: Bridal of Triermain,

Gyp

566

Habeas Corpus

Pentecost a beautiful damsel presented
herself to King Arthur, and claimed the
promise made to Guendolen, Accord-
ingly, a tournament was proclaimed, and
the warder given to Gyneth, The king
prayed her to drop the warder before the
combat turned to earnest warfare, but
Gyneth haughtily refused, and twenty;
knights of the Round Table fell in the
tournament, amongst whom was young
Vanoc, son of Merlin. Immediately Vanoc
fell, the form of Merlin rose, put a sto

to the fight, and caused Gyneth to fa.

into-a trance in the Valley of St. John,
from which she was never to awake till
some knight came forward for her hand
as brave as those which were slain in
the tournay. Five hundred yous passed
away before the spell was broken, and
then De Vaux undertook the adven-
ture of breaking it. He overcame four
temptations—fear, avarice, pleasure, and
ambition--when Gyneth awoke, the en-
chantment was dissolved, and Gyneth
became the bride of the bold warrior.

cHap. ii.)

Gyp. A college servant, whose office
is that of a gentleman’s valet, waiting
on two or more collegians in the Univer-
‘sity of Cambridge. He differs from a
bed-maker, inasmuch as he does not
make beds; but he runs on errands,
‘waits at table, wakes men for morning
chapel, brushes their clothes, and so on.
His perquisites are innumerable, and he
is called a gyp (vulture, Greek) because
he preys upon his employer like a vul-
ture. At Oxford they are called scouts.

Gypsy. (Sce Gipsy.)

Gyrfalcon, Gerfalcon, or Jerfalcon.
A native of Iceland and Norway, highest
in the list of hawks for falconry. “ Gyr,”’
or ** Ger,” is, I think, the Dutch yiery a
vulture. It is called the ‘‘ vulture-°
falcon ’’ because, like the vulture, its -
%eak is not toothed. The common ety-
mology from hieros, sacred, ‘‘ because
‘the gyptians held the hawk to be
sacred,’ is utterly worthless, “Besides ©
Ger-falcons, we have Gier-eagles, Lam "

‘mer-geiers, etc, (See Hawk.) q

| Gyromancy. A kind of ‘divination |

i

performed by walking ‘ound in a circle '
or ring. {
Gytrash. A north-of-England spirit, :
which, in the form of horse, mule, or.
large dog, haunts soli ways; and
sometimes comes upon belated travellers,

“I remembered certain of Bessie’s tales, wherein ~
figureda ..... spirit called a- Gytrasb.”—Charlotte
Bronié: Jane Eyre, xii, i

‘ being brought before a

Bs

H. This letter represents a style or
rest It is called in-Hebrew heth or
cheth (a hedge).

H.B. (Mr. Doyle, father of - Mr.
Richard si ipe connected with Punch).
This political caricaturist died 1868.

H.M.S. His or Her Majesty’s service
or ship, as H.M.8, Wellington, ~

H.U. Hard up.

Habeas Corpus. The ‘“ Habeas
Corpus Act’? was passed in the reign of
Charles II., and defined a provision of
similar character in Magna Charta, to
ye also it added certain details. The

c
to prison can insist that the person who
charges him with crime shall bring him
bodily before a judge, and state the why
and wherefore of his detention. As soon
as this is done, the judge is to decide
whether or not the accused is to be ad-
mitted to bail. [No one, therefore, can
be imprisoned on mere suspicion, and
no one can be left in prison any inde-
finite time at the caprice of the powers
that be. Imprisonment, in fact, must be
either for punishment after convictio
or for safe custody till the fime of trial.

(2) It provides that every person ac-
cused of crime shall have the : i
of his guilt decided by a jury of twelve
men, and not by a Government agent or
nomimee,

(3) No prisoner can be fried a second
time on the same charge. ;

(4) Every prisoner may insist on being
examined . within twenty days of his
arrest, and tried by jury the next ses-
sion.

(5) No defendant is to be sent to prison

provides (1) That any man taken .

‘beyond the seas, either within or without |

_ the British dominions.
. The exact meaning of the words Ha-

beas Corpus ia this: ‘‘You are to pro-
duce the body.’? That is, You, th:
accuser, are to bring before the ju
the body of the accused, that he may

‘tried and receive the award of the court,
rand you (the accused) are to abide by 3

the award of the judge.

an ion of Habeas Corpus... When

Crown can imprison peiag he 9 ion
oe 80 oing ;

-without giving any reason for

m so arrested cannot insist on

judge to decide
be admi

whether or not he can tted to

J bail; it is not needful to try the prisoner

-

ahees Corpus Act is suspended, the .

jaa
“aay

Haberdasher

867 Hadj

at the eoporing assize ; and the prisoner
may be confined in any prison the Crown
chooses to select for the purpose.

Haberdasher, from hapertas, a cloth
the width of which was settled by Magna
Charta. A ‘‘hapertas-er”’ is the seller
of hapertas-erie,

- To match this saint there was another,
As lnsy and perverse a brother,
An haberdasher of small wares

In politics and state affairs,”
Butler; Hudibras, lii. 2.

Habit is Second Nature. The wise

saw of Diogénés, the cynic. (B.c, 412-
323.) .

Shakespeare : ‘Use almost can change
the stamp of nature ’’ (Hamlet, iii. 4).

French ; **L'habitude est une seconde
nature.””

Latin ; “‘ Usus est optimus magister ”
(Columella),

Italian: “L'abito @ una seconda
fatura.”

Habsburg is a contraction of

“Habichts = burg (Hawk's -Tower) ; so

called from the castle on the right bank
of the Aar, built in the eleventh century
by Werner, Bishop of Strasburg, whose
nephew erner II.) was the first to

assume the title of ‘‘Count of Habs-
burg.” His t-grandson, Albrecht
II., assumed the title of ‘‘ Lan of

Sundgau.’’ His grandson, Albrecht IV.
te thitooth century, laid the
foundation of the greatness of the House
of Habsburg, of which the imperial

family of Austria are the representatives.

Hackell’s Coit. A vast stone near
Stantin Drew, in Somersetshire; 80
called from a tradition that it was a coit
thrown by Sir John Hautville. In
Wiltshire three huge stones near Kennet
are called the Devil's coite.

Haokney Horses. Not thorough-
bred, but nearly so. They make the
best roadsters, hunters, and carriage
horses ; their action is showy, and their

good. A first-class roadster will
trot a mile in 24 minutes. Some Ameri-
can trotters will even exceed this record.
The best hackneys are produced from
thorough-bred sires mated with half-
bred mares. mch, hagquenée; the
Romance word haque=the Latin equus ;
Spanish, hacanéa.)
. % In ordinary parlance, a hackney,
Thackmey-horse, or hack, means a horse
“hacked out”’ for hire. These horses
are sometimes vicious private horses sold
for ‘*hacks,"’ or worn-out coach-horses,

and cheap animals with broken wind,
broken knees, or some other defect.

“The knights are well horsed, and the common
people and others on litell hukeneys and
geldy ages," —Froissart.

Hackum (Captain). A thick-headed
bully of Alsa’tia, impudent but cowardly.
He was once a sergeant in Flanders, but
ran from his colours, and took refuge in
Alsa’tia, where he was dubbed cantath
(Shadwell : Squire of Alsatia.)

Haco I. His sword was called Quern-
Biter [ foot-breadth). (See Sworn.)

Haddock. According to tradition, it
was a haddock in whose mouth St. Peter
found the stater (or piece of money),
and the two marks on the fish’s neck are
said to be the impressions of the apostle’s
finger and thumb. It isa pity that the

rson who invented this pretty story

orgot that salt-water haddocks cannot
live in the fresh water of the Lake-Gen-
nesaret. (See JoHN Dory and CHRISTIAN
TRADITIONS. )

*O superstitious dainty, Peter's fish,
How com'st thou pers to make so a poelnaey tf
5 is

‘eteltus :

Hadés (2 x) The places of the
departed spirit till the resurrection. It
may be either Paradise or ‘‘ Tartarus.’"

= It is a great pity that it has been
translated ‘‘hell’’ nine or ten times in
the common version of the New Testa-
ment, as ‘‘hell’’ in theology means the
inferno, The Hebrew sheol is about
equal to the Greek haidés, that is, a,
privative, and iden, to see. ‘

Ha'dith (a kgend}. The traditions:
about .the Pees Mahomet’s sayings:
and doings. is compilation forms a
supplement to the Koran, as the Talmud
to the Jewish Scriptures. Like the
Jewish Gema'ra, the Ha’dith was. not
allowed originally to be committed to
writing, but the danger of the traditions
being perverted or forgotten led to their

being placed on record.

Hadj. The pilgrimage to Kaa’ba
(temple of Mecca), which every Ma-
hometan feels bound to make once at
least before death. ‘Those who neglect
to do so “might as well die Jews or
Christians.” These i are made
by caravans well supplied with water,
and escorted by 1,400 armed men for
reqs seni men pha f
the festival of Jewish pilgrimages
Jerusalem.) F

“The curban of the Mussulman ros

green
guishes the devont who has been to M
—Stephens: Egypt, vob |. chap. xvii. p. 260,

)

Hadji

568

Hagring

Hadji. A pilgrim, a Mahometan who
has made the Hadj or pilgrimage to the
Prophet’s tomb at Mecca. Every Hadji
is entitled to wear a green turban,

Hemony. Milton, in his Comus, says
hemony is of ‘sovereign, use ’gainst all
enchantments, mildew, blast, or damp.”
Coleridge says the word is hema-oinos
Sebepels pre) , and refers to the blood of

esus Christ, which destroys all evil,
The leaf, says Milton, ‘‘ had prickles on
it,”? but “it bore a bright golden
flower.’? The prickles are the crown of
thorns, the flower the fruits of salvation:

This interpretation is so in accordance
with the spirit of Milton, that it is far
preferable to the suggestions that the
plant ag’rimony or alyssum was intended,
for why should Milton have changed the
name? (Greek, Aaima, blood.) (See
Comus, 648-668.)

Dioscor’ides-ascribes similar powers to
the herb alyssum, which, as he says,
“‘keepeth man and beast from enchant-
ments and witching.”

Hemos. <A range of mountains
separating Thrace and Me’sia, called by
the classic writers Cold Hamos. (Greck,
cheimon, winter ; Latin, hiems ; Sanskrit,
hima.)

“O’er high Pier‘ia thence her course she bore,

_ Over fair Emath’ia's ever-pleasing shore ;

O'er Hemus’ hills with snows eternal crown'd,
~Nor once her ig foot approached the

ground” ‘ope: Homer's Iliad, xiv.

Hafed.. A Gheber or Fire- worshipper,
in love with, Hinda, the Arabian emir’s
daughter, whom he first saw when he
entered the palace under the hope of
being able to slay her father, the tyrant
usurper of Persia. He was the leader of
a band sworn to free their country or die,
and his nameée-was a terror to the Arab,
who looked upon him as superhuman,
His rendezvous was betrayed by a traitor
comrade, but when the Moslem army
eame to take’ him he threw himself into
the sacred fire, and was burnt to death.
(Thomas Moore.)

, Hafiz. The. great. Persian _ lyrist,
called the, ‘‘ Persian Anacreon”’ (four-
teenth century). His odes are. called

Aazels, and. are both sweet and graceful,

he. word. hafiz, (retainer) is a degree
given: ta those who know. by heart the

Koran.and Hadith (traditions).

‘ Hag.” A witch or sorceress. \ (Anglo-
Saxon, A@ytesse, a witch or hag.)

“How now, you secret, black, and midnight
Kags?” Shakespeare: Macbeth, iv. 1.

a of Trony or Haco of Norway,
son of Aldrian, liegeman of Giimther,

King of Burgundy. Giinther invited
Siegfried to a hunt; of wild beasts, but
while the king! of Netherland’ stooped
to drink from a brook, Hagan stabbed
him between the shoulders, the onl
vulnerable point in his whole body. — He
then deposited the dead body at the
door of Kriemhild’s chamber, that she
might stumble on it when she went to
matins, and suppose that he had been
murdered by assassins. -When Kriem-
hild sent to Worms for the ‘‘ Nibelung
Hoard,” Hagan seized: it; and buried: it
secretly somewhere beneath the Rhine,
intending himself to enjoy it. Kriem-
hild, with a view of vengeance, married
Etzel, King of the Huns,.and after the
lapse of seven years, invited the king of
Burgundy, with Hagan and: many
others, to the court,of her husband, but
the invitation was a mere snare. A
terrible broil was stirred up. in the
banquet hall, which ended in. the:
slaughter of all the Burgundians but
two (Giinther and Hagan); «who were
taken prisoners and given to Kriemhild,.
who cut off both their heads» Hagan
lost an eye when he fell upon Walter‘of
Spain. He was dining on the chine of
a wild boar when Walter pelted him with
the bones, one of which struck him in
theeye. Hagan’s person is thus described
in the great German epie:— ~ as AU
“Well-grown and well-compacted was that re-
doubted guest ; 3 : ,. 1:
Long were his legs and sinewy, and deep and
broad his chest ; ,

His hair, that once was sable, with grey was
dashed of late; f

Most terrible his visage, and lordly” was his
gait.” ‘
The Nibelungen-Lied, stanza 1780;

Hagarenes (3 syl.). The Moors are ~
so called, being the supposed descend-
ants of Hagar, Abraham’s bondwoman:'

“San Diego.... hath often been seen con-

quering .. .., the Hayarene. squadrons,”=Cer-
vantes ; Don Quixote, part ii, hook iv, 6,

Hagega’dah (plur. hagga'doth). The
free rabbinical interpretation’ o aides
ture. (Hebrew, hagged, to relate.) ‘(See
Farrar: Life of Christ, vol. ii, hap.
lviii. p. 333. at

_Hagi. (See ELAS.) « f gained”

Hag-knots. Tangles in the manes
of wild ponies, supposed to be used by.
witches for stirrups. The term is com-_
mon in the New Forest, Seamen use the
word kag's-teeth to express those parts of
a matting, ete., which spoil its general
uniformity. : 1 ¥ opr oao

Hagring.

The Fata. Morgana. zi re
(Seandinavian,) ae hf.

Ha-ha

569

Hair

Ha-ha (4). A ditch serving the
purpose of a hedge without breaking
7 prospect. (Anglo-Saxon, hah, a
hole.

Hahnemann (Samuel): A German
hysician, who set forth in his Organon
of Medicine the system which he called
“ homeopathy ”’ the principles of which
are these; (1) that diseases are cured by
those medicines which would produce
the disease in healthy bodies; (2) that
medicjnes are to be simple and not com-
pounded ; (3) that doses are tobe ex-
ceedingly minute. (1755-1843.)
Haidee (2 sl). A beautiful Greek
girl, who found Don Juan when he was
cast ashore, and restored him to anima-
tion. ‘‘ Her hair was auburn, and her
eyes were black as death.’’? Her mother,
a Moorish woman from Fez, was dead,
and her father, Lambro, a rich Greek
irate, was living on one of the Cyc’
fades, She and Juan fell in love with
each other during the absence of Lam-
bro from the island. On his return Juan
was arrested, placed in a galliot, and
sent from the island. Haidee‘ went
mad and; after a lingering illness, died.
(Byron: Don Juan, cantos ii. iii. iv.)

Hail. Health, an exclamation of
welcome, like the Latin Salve (Anglo-
Saxon, Aél, health; but hail = frozen
rain is the Anglo-Saxon /@gl.)

“All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, thane of

Gla’mis." Shakespeare: Macbeth, i, 3.

‘Hail. To call to.

To hail a ship or an omnibus. To call
to those on board.

Hail-fellow-well-met (4). One on
easy, familiar terms. (Sce JOCKEY.)

“ Hail fellow well met, all dirty and wet;
Find out, if you can, who's master, who’s man.”
Swift: My Lady's Lamentation.

Hair. One single tuft is left on the
shaven crown of a Mussulman, for Ma-
-homet to grasp hold of when drawing
the deceased to Paradise.

“ And each scalp bad a single long tuft of hair.”
Byron; Sicge of Corinth.

The scalp-lock of the North American
Indians, left on the otherwise bald head,
is for a, conquering enemy to seize when
he tears off the scalp.

Hair (Absalom’s) (2 Sam. xiv. 25).

_Absalom used to cut his hair once a year,

and the clippings ‘‘ weighed 200 shekels
after the king’s weight,"’ t.c. 100 oz.
avoirdupois. It would be a fine head

of hair which weighed five ounces, but
‘the mere clippings of Absalom’s hair
wei; 43, grains (more than 100

oz.). Paul says (1 Cor. xi. 14), ‘* Doth
not even nature itself teach you, that if
a man have long hair, it is a shame unto
him?”?

Mrs, Astley, the actress, could stand
upright and cover her feet with her
flaxen hair.

Hair, Hairs. (Anglo-Saxon, her.)

The greatest events are often dravon by
hairs. Events of great pith and moment
are often brought about by causes of
apparently no importance.

Sir John Hawkins’s History of Music,a work of
sixteen years’ Jabour, was plunged into long obli-
vion by a pun.

The magnificent discovery of grezvitation by
Newton is ascribed to the fall of an apple from
a tree under which he was musing.

The dog Diamond, upsetting a lamp, destroyed
the papers of Sir Isaac Newton, which had been
the toil of his life. (See page 350.)

A spark from a candle falling ona cottage floor
Was the cause of the Great Fire of London.

A ballad chanted by a /fille-de-chambre under-
mined the colossal power of Albercni.

A jest of the French king was the death of
Wilham the Conqueror.

The destruction of Athens was Drought about
by a jest on Sulla, Some witty Athenian, struck
mith, his pimply face, called him a “ muiberry
pudding.”

Rome was saved from capture by the Gauls
by the cackling of some sacred geese, be

Benson, in bis Sketches of Corsica, saya that.
Napoleon’s love for war was planted in his boy-
hood iM the present of a small brass cannon,

The life of Napoleon was saved from the “ In-
fernal Machine” because General Rapp detained
Josephine a minute or two to arrange her shawl
after the manner of Egyptian- women.

The famous “ Rye-house Plot” miscarried from
the merest accident. The house in which
Charles II. was staying iter to catch fire,
and the king was obliged to leave for New-
market a little sooner than he had intended.

Lafitte, the great banker, was a pauper and he
always ascribed his rise in life to bis picking up
a pin in the streets of Paris,

A single line of Frederick IT., reflecting, not on
politics, but on the poetry of a French minister,
plunged France into tbe Seven Years’ War.

The invention of glass is ascribed to some
Phenician merchants lighting a fire on the sands

of the seashore.

The three hairs. When Reynard
wanted to get talked about, he told Miss
Magpie, under the promise of secrecy,
that ‘‘the lion king had given him three
hairs from the fifth leg of the a’moron-
thol’ogos’phorus, . . . a beast that lives
on the other side of the river Cylinx; it
has five legs, and on the fifth leg there
are three hairs, and whoever has these
three hairs will be young and beautiful
for ever.’? They had effect only on the
fair sex, and could be given only to the
lady whom the donor married. (Sir £.
B. Lytton: Pilgrims of the Rhine, xii.)

To a hair or To the turn of a hair.
To anicety. A hairbreadthis the forty-
eighth part of an inch.

To comb one’s hair the wrong way. To
cross or vex one by running counter to
one’s prejudices, opinions, or habits,

Hair-brained

a

Without turning a hair, Without in-
dicating any sign of fatigue or distress.
A horse will run a certain distance at a
given rate without turning a hair.

Against the hair. Against the grain,
contrary to its nature.

“Tf you should fight, you go against the hair of
ed professions,”"—Shakespeare: Merry Wives of
Vindsor, il. 3,

Hair-brained, (See ArR-BRAINED.)

Hair-breadth 'Scape, A very nar-
row escape from some evil. In measure-
ment the forty-eighth part of an inch is
called a ‘* hair-breadth.”’

“Wherein I spake of most disastrous chances,
Of moving accidents by flood and field,
Of hair-breadth 'scapes i th’ imminent deadly
breach.” Shakespeare: Othello, i, 3,

Hair Eels, These filiform worms

belong to the species Gordius aquaticus,,

found in stagnant pools, Their resem-
blance to wriggling hairs has given rise
to the not uncommon belief that a hair,
if left in water for nine days, will turn
into an cel,

Hair - Splitting.
very minute differences.
BREADTH.)

“Nothing is more fatal to eloquence than
attention to fine hair-splitting distinctions.”—
Mathews: Oratory and Orators, chap. ii. p. 36,

Hair Stane (Ce/tic) means boun-
dary stone; a monolith sometimes, but
erroneously, termed a Druidical stone,
(Scotland. )

Hair by Hair. Hair by hair you
will pull out the horse’s tail. Plutarch
says that Serto'rius, in order to teach
his soldiers that perseverance and wit
are better than brute force, had two
horses brought before them, and set two
men to pull out their tails. One of the
men was a burly Herculés, who tugged
and tugged, but all to no purpose; the
other was a sharp, weasen-faced tailor,
who plucked one hair at a time, amidst
roars of laughter, and soon left the tail
quite bare.

Hair devoted to Proserpine, Till
a lock of hair is devoted to Proserpine,
she refuses.to release the soul from the
dying body. When Dido mounted the
funeral pile, she lingered in suffering till
Juno sent Iris to cut off a lock of her
hair. Thanatos did the same for Alcestis,
when she gave her life for her husband.
And in all sacrifices a forelock was first
cut off from the head of the victim as an
offering to the black queen.

“*Hune ego Diti f
Sacrum jussa fero, teque isto corpore solvo."
Sic ait, et dextra crinem secat. ..
++ atque in ventos vite recessit.”
irgit: Aincid, iv. 702-5,

Cavilling about
(See Hatr-

570

Halberjects —

Hair of a Dissembling Colour.
Red hair is so-called, from the notion
that Judas had red hair,

“ Rosalind, His very hair is of the dissembling
colour (red),

Celia, Somewhat browner than Judas’s.” —
Shakespeare: As You Like It, hii, 4.

Hair of the Dog that Bit You
a Similia similibus curantur. Tn
cotland it is a popular belief that a few
hairs of the dog that bit you 20 to
the wound will prevent e conse~
quences, Applied to drinks, it means,
if overnight you have indulged too freely,
take a glass of the same wine next
morning to soothe the nerves. ‘‘If this
dog do you bite, soon as out of your bed,
take a hair of the tail in the morning.”
“Take the bair, it’s well written,
Of the dog by which you're bitten;
Work off one wine by his brother,
And one Jabour with another. ...
Cook with cook, and strife with strife;
Business with business, wife with wife.”
Atheneus (ascribed to Aristophanes).
“There was a man, and he was wise,
Who fell into a bramble-bush
And scratched out botb his eyess
And when his eyes were out, he then
Jumped into the bramble-bush
And ‘scratched them in again.”

Hair stand on End. Indicative
of intense mental distress and astonish-
ment. Dr, Andrews, of Beresford
chapel, Walworth, who attended Pro-
bert under sentence of death, says:
“When the executioner put the cords
on his, wrists, his hair, though long and
lanky, of a weak iron-grey, rose gradu-
ally and stood perfectly upright, and so
remained for some time, then. fell
gradually down again.”’

“Fear came upon me and trembling,. . . fand)
the hair of my flesh stood up.”—Job iy. 14, 15.

Hake, We lose in hake, but gain in
herring. Lose one way, but gai in
another. Herrings are persecuted by the
hakes, which are therefore driven away
from a herring fishery.

Hal. A familiar contraction of Harry
(for Henry). Similarly, Dol is a con-
traction of Derothy ; Mol, of Mary, etc.

% The substitution of P for Mf as the
initial letter of proper names is seen in
such examples as Polly for Molly, Patty
for Martha, Tage for Margy (i.e. Mar-
garet), etc. (See ELIZABETH.)~ ~~

Halacha [rule]. _The Jewish oral
law. (See GEMA’RA, MisHNA.)

“The balachah ,.. had even yd autbority
than the-Scriptures of the Old Testament, since
it explained and applied them,’ — Kdershewm
Life of Jesus the Messiah, vol. i. book i. chap. & P

Halberjects or Haubergets. A
coarse thick cloth used for the habits of
monks, Thomson says it is the German

Halcyon Days 571

al-bergen (cover-all) or Hals-bergen(neck-
cover). (Essay on Magna Charta.)

Haloyen Days. A time of happi-
ness and prospenty. Halcyon is the
Greek for a kingfisher, compounded of
hals (the sea) and kuo (to brood on).
The ancient Sicilians believed that the
kingfisher laid its eggs and incubated
for fourteen days, before the winter
solstice, on the surface of the sea, during
which time the waves of the sea were
always unrufiled.

“ Amidst our arms as quiet you shall be
As halcyon brooding on a winter's eats
Tyden,
“ The peaceful kingfishers are met together
About the deck, and prophesie calm weather.”
Wild: Iter Borealé,

Half. Half is more than the whole.
(TlAgov Hutov mavrds), This is what Hesiod
said to his brother Perseus, when he
wished him to settle a dispute without
going to law. He meant ‘‘half of the
estate without the expense of law will
be better than the whole after the
lawyers have had their .pickings.”” The
remark, however, has a very wide signi-
fication. Thus an embarras de richesse is
far ol eer than a sufficiency. A
large te to one who cannot manage
it is impoverishing. A man of small
income will be poorer with a large house
and garden to keep up than if he lived
in a smaller tenement. Increase of
wealth, if expenditure is more in pro-
portion, tendeth to poverty.

“Unhappy they to whom God has not revealed,

Bye. strong ght which must their sense control,

U half a great estate’s more than the whole.”
Cowley: Essays in Verse and Prose, No. iv.

Half. My better half. (See BErteER.)

Half-baked. He is only half-baked.
He is a soft, anoodle, Theallusion is to
bread, piecrust, etc., only half-cooked.

Half-deck. The sanctum of the second
mate, carpenters, coopers, boatswain,
and all secondary officers. Quarter-deck,
the sanctum of the captain and superior
officers. In a gun-decked ship, it is the
deck below the spar-deck, extending
from the mainmast to the cabin bulk-
heads.

Half-done. Half-done, as Elgin was
burnt. In the wars between James II.
of- Scotland and the Douglases in 1452,
the Earl of Huntly burnt one-half of the
town of Elgin, being the side which
‘belonged to the Douglases, but left the
other side standing because it. belonged
to his own family. (Sir Walter Scott :
Tales of a Grandfather, xxi.)

-Half-faced Groat (You). You worth-
less fellow. The debased groats issued

Halifax

in the reign of Henry VIII. had the

king’s head in profile, but those in the

reign of Henry VII. had the king’s head

with the full face. (See King John, i.

1; and 2 Henry IV, iii. 1.)

“Thou half-faced groat! You thick-cheeked
chitty-face!”

Munday: The Downful of Robert, Earle of

Huntingdon (1601),

Half-seas Over, Almost up with
one. Now aypted to a person almost
dead drunk. e phrase seems to bea
corruption of the Dutch op-zee zober,
‘* over-sea beer,’’.a strong, heady bever-
age introduced into Holland from Eng-
land coor). ‘““Up-zee Freese” is
Friezeland beer. he Dutch, hal
seeunst’s over, more than half-sick. (C.
K. Steerman.)

“Tam balf-seas o'er to death.” :
Dryden,
“I do not like the dulness of your eye
Tt hath a heavy cast,’tis upsee Dutch.”
Ben Jonson: Alchemist, iv. 2,

Halfpenny. J am come back again,
like a bad ha’penny. A facetious way of
saying ‘‘ More free than welcome.’’? Asa
bad ha’penny is returned to its owner,
so have I returned to you, and you
cannot get rid of me,

Halgaver. Summoned before the
mayor of Halgaver, The mayor of Hal-
gaver is an imaginary person, and the
threat is given to those who have com-
mitted no offence against the laws, but
are simply untidy and slovenly. Hal-
gaver is a moor in Cornwall, near Bod-
min, famous for an annual carnival held
there in the middle of July. Charles IT.
was so pleased with the diversions when
he passed through the place, on his way
to fcil that he became a member of
the “‘self-constituted’” corporation. The
mayor of Garratt (g.v.) is a similar
‘magnate.’

Halifax. That is, halig fax or holy
hair. Its previous name was Horton.
The story is that a certain clerk of
Horton, being jilted, murdered his quon-
dam sweetheart by cutting off her head,
which he hung in a yew-tree. The head
was looked on with reverence, and came
to be regarded asa holy relic. In time
it rotted away, leaving little filaments or
veins spreading out between the bark
and body of the tree like fine threads.
These filaments were regarded as the
fax or hair of the murdered maiden.
(See Hutt, THREE H’s.)

Halifax (in Nova Scotia). So called
by the Hon: Edward Cornwallis, the
governor, in compliment to his patron;
the Earl of Halifax (1749).

i

Halifax Law

572

Hallel

Halifax Law. By this law, whoever

commits theft in the liberty of Halifax
is to be executed on the Halifax gibbet,
a kind of guillotine,
“ At Hallifax the law so sharpe doth deale,
rhat xntdo more than thirteen pence doth
stealo,
They have a jyn that wondrous quick and well
Senda thieves all headless into heaven or bell.”
Taylor (the Water Poet); Works, ii, (1630).
/Hall Mark. The mark on gold or
silver articles after they have been as-
sayed. Every article in gold is compared

with a given standard of pure gold. This,

standard is supposed to be divided into

twenty-four parts called carats; gold |

equal to the standard is said to be
twenty-four carats fine. Manufactured
articles are never made of pure gold,
but the quantity of alloy used is re-

stricted. Thus sovereigns and wedding- .
rings contain two pants of alloy to every.

d, and are said to be
The best gold
rts of silver or

twenty-two of go
twenty-two carats fine.
watch-cases contain six
copper to eighteen of gold, and are
-therefore eighteen carats fine. Other
gold watch cases and gold articles may
contain nine, twelve, or fifteen parts of
alloy, and only fifteen, twelve, or nine
of gold. The Mint price of standard

old id £3 17s. 103d. per ounce, or

46 14s. 6d. per pound. i

Standard silver consists of thirty-seven
ee of pure silver and three of copper.

"he Mint price is 5s. 6d. an ounce, but
silver to be melted or manufactured into
“plate”? varies in value according to
the silver market. To-day (Oct. 20th,
1894) it is 295d. per ounce.

Suppose the article to be marked is
taken to the assay office for the hall
mark. It will receive a leopard’s head
for London; an anchor for Birmingham;
three wheat sheaves or a dagger for Chés-
fer; a castle with two wings for Exeter;
Jive lions and a cross for York; a crown
for Sheffield ; three castles for Newcastle-
on-Tyne ; a thistle or castle and lion for
Edinburgh ; a tree and_a salmon with a
ring in its mouth for Glasgow; a har:
or Hibernia for Dublin, etc. The specific
mark shows at once where the article
was assayed.

Besides the hall mark, there is also
the standard mark, which for England
is a lion passant ; for Edinburgh a thistle;
for Glasgow a lion rampant; and for
Ireland a crowned harp, If the article
stamped contains less pure metal than
the standard coin of the realm, the
number of carats is marked on it, as

eighteen, fifteen,twelve,ornine carats fine. |

esides the hall mark, the standard

mark, and the figure, there is a letter
called the date mark. Only twenty
letters are used, beginning with A, omit-
ting J, and ending with V; one year
they are in Roman characters, another
year in Italian, another in Gothic, an-
other in Old English; sometimes they
are. all capitals, sometimes all small
letters; so, by seeing the letter and
referring to a table, the exact year of
the mark can be discovered.

Lastly, the head of the reigning
sovereign completes the marks,

Hall’ Sunday. The Sunday pre-
ceding Shrove Tuesday; the-next day
is called Hall’ Monday, and Shrove
Tuesday eve is called Hall’ Night. The
Tuesday is also called Pancake Day, and
the day preceding Callop Monday, from
the special foods popularly prepared for
those days. All three were days of
merrymaking. Hall’ or Halle is a con-
traction of Hallow or Haloghe, meaning
holy or festival,

Hall of Odin. The rocks, such as
Halleberg and Hunneberg, from which
the Hyperboreans, when tired of life,
used to cast themselves into the sea; 80
called because they were the vestibule
of the Scandinavian Elysium.

Hallam’s Greek. Byron, in his
rr la Bards, etc., speaks of “ classic
Hallam, much renowned for Greek,’’
referring to ‘‘ Hallam’s severe critique
on Payne Knight’s Zaste, in which were
some Greek verses most mercilessly
lashed. ‘The verses, however, turned
out to be a quotation from Pindar,”

It appears that Dr. Allen, not Hallam
was the luckless critic. (See Crabb
Robinson : Diary, i. 277.)

Hallel. There were two series of

Ims so called. Jahn tells us in the

‘east of Tabernacles the series consisted
of Psalms cxili. to cxviii. both included
(Archeologica Biblica, p. 416). Psalm
cxxxvi. was called the Great Hallel.
And sometimes the songs of degrees
sung standing on the fifteen steps of the
inner court seem to be so called (i.e.
exx. to cxxxvii. both included),

“Along this [path] Jesus advanced, preceded
and followed by multitudes with loud:-cries of
rejoicing, as at the Feast of Tabernacles, when
the Great Halle] was daily sung in their pro-
en obe ot Life of Christ, vol. tinchap. 55,

p. 397. ;
In the followin 8 eer the Songs
of Degrees are called the Great Hallel.
“Eldad would gladly bave joined in praying the
Great Hallel, as they call the sorled of (Peetine
from the exx, to the cxxxvii., after which ies
customary to send round the [paschal} cupa fifth
time, but midnight was already too near.’—£idag ©

| the Pilgrim, chap, ix, ’

4

Hallelujah

573

Hammer

Hallelujah is the Hebrew halelu-Jah, | and this it cries incessantly till the death

“Praise ye Jehovah,”’

Hallelujah Lass (4). <A young
woman who wanders about with what is
called ‘‘ The Salvation Army.’

Hallelujah Victory. <A_ victory
gained by some newly-baptised Bretons,
led by Germa‘nus, Bishop of Auxerre
(A.D. 429). The conquerors commenced
the battle with loud shouts of ‘‘ Halle-
lujah! ”

Halloo when out of the Wood,
or Never halloo till you are out of the
wood, Never think you are safe from
the attacks of robbers till you are out of
the forest. ‘‘ Call no man happy till he
. Many a slip ’twixt the cup

Hallowe’en (October 31st), according
to Scotch superstition, is the time when
witches, devils, fairies, and other imps
of earth and ‘air hold annual holiday.
(See Hallowe’en, a poem by Robert
Burns.)

Halter. A Bridport dagger (q.0.).
St; Johnstone’s tippet.

Halter, or rather Halster. A rope
for the neck or halse, as a horse’s halter.
(Anglo-Saxon, hals, the neck ; but there
is also the word eifter, a halter.)

“A thievisher knave is not on live, more filching,
no more false;
Many a truer man than he has hanged up by the
halse (neck].”’ Gammer Gurton,

Haltios. In Laplandic mythology,
the guardian spirits of Mount Nie’mi.

* From this height [Nie’mi, in Lapland] we had
opportunity several times to see those vapours
rise from the lake, which the people of the coun-
try call Haltios, and which they deem to be the
Herth gs spirits of the mountain.”—M. de Mau-
pertuis.

Ham and Heyd. Storm demons or
weather-sprites. (Scandinavian mytho-
logy.) 5

“Though valour never should be scorned.
Yet now the storm rules wide ;
By now again to Jive returned
Tl wager Ham and Heya.”

Frithiof Saga, lay xi.
‘Ham‘adryads, Nymphs of trees”
supposed to live in forest-trees, and die
when the tree dies. (Greek, hama,
together with drus, a forest-tree.)
The nymphs of fruit-trees were
called “ Mélidés”” or ‘‘ Hamamélids.”’

Hameh. In Arabian mythology, a
bird formed! from the blood near the
brains of a murdered man. This bird
cries ‘‘ Iskoo'nee !’? (Give me drink!),
meaning drink of the murderer’s blood ;

is avenged, when it flies away,

Hamet. The Cid Hamét Benenge'li,
The hypothetical Moorish chronicler
from whom Cetvantés professes to derive
his adventures of Don Quixote.

“Of the two bad cassocks I am worth... 1
would have given the latter of them. as. freely as
even Cid Hamet offered his... to have stood
by.”—Sterne.

Hamilton. The reck of Mr. Patrick
Hamilton has-mnfected as many as it did
blow upon, i.e. Patrick Hamilton was
burnt to death by Cardinal Beaton, and
the horror of the deed contributed not a
little to the Reformation. As the blood
of the martyrs is the seed of the Church,
so the smoke or reek of Hamilton’s fire
diffused the principles for which he
suffered (1504-1528),

** Latimer, at the stake, said: “We shall this
day light up such a candle in England as shall
never be put out,”

Hamilto’nian System. A method
of teaching foreign languages by inter-
linear translations, suggested by James
Hamilton, a merchant (1769-1831).

Hamlet. A daft person (Icelandic,
amilod’), one who is irresolute, and can
do nothing fully. Shakespeare’s play is
based on the Danish story of Amleth’
recorded in Saxo-Grammat/icus.

Hammel (Scotch). A cattle-shed, a
hovel. (Hame = home, with a diminu-
tive affix. Anglo-Saxon, ham, home.
Compare hamlet.)

Hammer. (Anglo-Saxon, hamer.)

(1) Pierre @’Ailly, Le Marteau des
Herétigues, president of the council that
condemnéd John Huss. (1350-1425.)

(2) Judas Asmonezeus, surnamed Jac-
cabeus, ‘the hammer.’’ (B.c. 166-136.)

(3) St. Augustine is called by Hake-
well ‘‘That renowned pillar of truth
and hammer of heresies.’’ (B.c, 895-430.)

(4) John Faber, surnamed Malleus
Heretico'rum, from the title of one of his
works. (1470-1541.)

(5) St. Hilary, Bishop of Poitiers,
Malleus Ariano'rum, (380-367.)

(6) Charles Martel. (689-741.)

“On prétend qu’on lui donna le ‘surnom de
Martel, parcequ’il avait écrasé comme avec un
marteau les Sarrasins, qui, sous la conduite d’Ab-
dérame, avaient envabi la France,'—Bouillet;
Dictionnaire Universel, etc.

Hammer.

PHRASES AND PROVERBS.

Gone to the hammer. Applied. to goods
sent to a sale by auction ; the auctioneer
giving a rap with a small hammer when

Hammer

a lot is sold, to intimate that there is an
end to the bidding.

They live hammer and tongs. Are
always quarrelling. They beat each
other like hammers, and are as ‘“‘ cross
as the tongs.”

“ Both parties went at it hammer and tongs;
and hit one another anywhere and witb any-
thing.’—James Payn.

To sell under the hammer. To sell. by
auction. (See above.)

Hammer of the Scotch. Edward I.
On bis tomb in Westminster Abbey is
the inscription ‘‘ Edwardus longus Sco-
torum Malleus hic est’? (Here is long
Edward, the hammer of the Scots).

Hammercloth., The cloth that
covers the coach-box, in which hammer,
nails, bolts, etc., used to be carried in
case of accident. Another etymology is
from the Icelandic hamr (a skin), Af
being used for the purpose. A third
suggestion is that the word hammer
is a corruption of ‘hammock,’’ the

~ seat which the cloth covers being formed
of straps or webbing stretched between
two crutches like a sailor’s hammock,

Still ancther conjecture is that the word |

is a corruption of ‘‘hamper cloth,” the
hamper being used for sundry articles
required, and forming the coachman’s
box. The word box seems to favour
this suggestion.

. Hampton Court Conference. A
confereuce held at Hampton Court in
January, 1604, to settle the disputes
between the Church party and the Puri-
tans. It lasted three days, and its result
was a few slight alterations in the Book
of Common Prayer,

Hamshackle. To hamshackle a horse
is to tie his head to one of his fore-legs.

Hamstring. To disable by severing
the tendons of the ham.

Han. Sons of Han. The Chinese
are so called from Han the founder of
the twenty-sixth dynasty, with which
modern history commences. (206-220.)

Hanap. A costly goblet used at one
time on state occasions. Sometimes the
cup used by our Lord at the Last Supper
is so called. (Old High German, Anapp,
a cup.)

“ He had, indeed, four silver hanaps of his own
which bad been left him by his ndmother.”
Sir W. Scott: Quentin Durward, chap. iv. p. 71.

Han’aper. Exchequer. ‘‘ Hanaper
office,’’ an office where all writs relating
to the public were formerly kept in a

574

Hand

hamper (in- hanaper’io), Hamaper is

a cover for a hanap.

Hand. <A measure of length = four
inches. Horses are measured up the fore
leg to the shoulder, and are called 14, 15,
16 (as it may be), hands high,

i. Hand (4). A symbol of fortitude
in Egypt, of fidelity in Rome. Two
hands symbolise concord; and a hand laid
on the head of a person indicates the
right of property. ‘Thus if a person laid
claim to a slave, he laid his hand upon
him in the presence of the pretor. (Aulus
Gellius, xx. 19.) By a closed hand Zeno
represented dialectics, and by an open

hand eloquence.

* Previous to the twelfth century
the Supreme Being was represented
by a hand extended from the clouds;
sometimes the hand is open, with rays
issuing from the fingers, but general «4
it is in the act of benediction, t.e. wi
two fingers raised,

ii, Hand. (The final word.)

Buar A Hanp. Comeandhelp, Bend
to your work immediately.

AP IN Hanp, Suppliantly, humbly ;.
as, ‘‘ To come cap in hand.”’

EAD Man’s Hanp. It is said that
carrying a dead man’s hand will produce
a dead sleep, Another superstition is
that a lighted candle placed in the hand
of a dead man gives no light to anyone
but him who carries the hand. Hence
burglars, even to the present day in some
parts of Ireland, employ this method of
concealment.

Empty Hann, An empty hand is no
lure for a hawk, You must not expect
to receive anything without giving a
return. The Germans say, Wer schmiert
der fihrt. The Latin proverb is Da, st
vis accipere, or Pro nihilo, nihil jit,

Heavy Hann, as “To rule with a
heavy hand,’’ severely, with oppression,.

Oxrp Hanp (Az). One experienced,

Poor Hann (4). An unskilfyl one.
“He is but a poor hand at it,” te. he
is not skilful at the work.

Rep Hanp, or bloody hand, in coat
armour is generally connected with some
traditional tale of blood, and the badge
was never to be expunged till the bearer
had passed, by way of penance, seven
years in a cave, without companion,
without shaving, and without uttering
a single word. fi si

In Aston church, near Birmingham,
is a coat-armorial of the Holts, the
‘*bloody hand’? of which is thus. ac-
counted for :—It is said that Sir Thomas

Hand

575

Hands

Holt, some two hundred years ago,
murdered his cook in a cellar with a
rity and, when pardoned for the offence,
the king enjoined him, by way of pen-
alty, to wear ever after a ‘bloody
hand”? in his family coat,

In the church of Stoke d’Abernon,
Surrey, there is a red hand upon a
monument, the legend of which is, that
a gentleman shooting with a friend was
so mortified at meeting with no game
that he swore he woul
live thing he met. A miller was the
victim of this rash vow, and the ‘‘ bloody
hand” was placed in his family coat to
keep up a perpetual memorial of the
crime.

Similar legends are told of the red
hand in Wateringbury church, Kent;
of the red hand on 4. table in the hall of
Church-Gresly, in Derbyshire; and of
many others.

The.open red hand, Agee: part of the
arms of the province of Ulster, com-
memorates the daring of O’Neile, a bold
adventurer, who vowed to be first to
touch the shore of Ireland. Finding the
boat in which he was rowed outstripped
by others, he cut off his hand and flung
it to the shore, to touch it before those
in advance could land.

The open red hand in the armorial
coat of baronets arose thus: —James I,
in 1611 created two hundred baronets on
the payment of £1,000 each, ostensibly
‘for the amelioration of Ulster,’’ and
from this connection with Ulster they
were allowed to place on their coat
armour the “‘ open red hand,”’ up to that
time borne by the O’Neiles. The O’Neile
whose estates were made forfeit by King
James was surnamed Lamb-derig Kirin
(red-hand of Erin).

Rieut Hann. He is my right hand.
In France, C’est mon bras droit, my best
man,

SECOND-HAND, - (See SECOND.)

Urrer Hann. To get the upper hand,
To obtain the mastery.

Youne Hanp (4). A young and in-
experienced workman.

iii. Hand. (Phrases beginning with
6 'T9,77)
* ComE TO Hann,
been delivered.
0 come to one’s hand. It is easy to do.
Get onr’s Hanp 1n. To become fa~
miliar with the work in hand. _
Have a Hanp in Toe Marter. To
have’ a finger in the pie. In French,
** Mettre la main a quelque chose.”’
Kiss raz Haw (Job xxxi. 27) To

To arrive; to have

shoot the first |

worship false gods. Cicero (In Verrem,
lib. iv. 43) speaks of a statue of
Herculés, the chin and lips of which
were considerably worn by the kisses of
his, worshippers. Hosea (xiii. 2) says,
‘‘Let the men that sacrifice kiss the

calves.’’? (See ADORE.)
“T have left me seven thousand in Israel...
which have not bowed unto Baal,and... which

Wt ge kissed (their hand to) bim.”’—1 Kings
Lenp-a4 Hanp. Tohelp. In'French,
** Prétez mot la main.” !
LivE FRoM Hand To Moutu. To live
without any provision for the morrow.
Take IN Hanpv. To undertake to do
something ; to take the charge of.
iv. Hand (preceded by a preposition).
At Hanp, Convenient, seert Noo
at hand,”’ quite close by. In French,
‘4 la main,”

BEFOREHAND. Sooner, before it hap-
} pened,
i tare phe Not in time, not up to
ate,
| By vHE Hanp or Gop. ‘ Acctdit
divinitus.”’
From Hanp To Hanp. From one

person to another. :

In Hanp. Under control, in posses-
sion; under progress, as ‘‘ Avoir la
main &@ Veuvre.”

“ Keep him well in hand.” ‘

“TI have some in hand,and more in expectation,”
“T have a new book or picture in band.”

A bird in the hand. (See Brrp.)
_OrF Hanp, At once; without stop-

ing.
Off one’s hands, No longer under
one’s responsibilities; able to maintain
oneself.
Out or Hany, At once, over.
“We will proclaim you out of band.”
Shakespeare: 3 Henry VI., iv. 7.
“ And, were these inward wars once out of band,
We would, dear lords, unto the Holy Land.”
Shakespeare: 2 Henry IY., iii. 1.
With A Hicu Hanp. Imperiously,
arrogantly, .In French, ‘ Faire quelque
chose haut la main.”’

v. Hand. (Miscellaneous articles.)

Layina on or Hanns. The laying on
of a bishop’s hands in confirmation or
ordination,

Purtine THE HAND UNDER THE
TuicH. An ancient ceremony used in
swearing.

“And Abraham said unto his eldest servant .. .

| Put, I pray thee, thy band under my thigh: and?

will make thee swear... that thou shalt not
take a wife unto my son of the daughters of the
Canaanites.”—Genesis xxiy. 2, 3.

Hands. Persons employed in a fac-
tory. ‘We say so many head of cattle;

Hands

576

Hand over Hand

horse-dealers count noses. Races are
won by the nose, and factory work by
the hand, but cattle have the place of
honour.

Hands.

Aut. It is believed on all hands. It
is generally (or universally) believed.

CHANGE. To change hands. To pass
from a possessor to someone else.

CLEAN. He has clean hands. In
French, ‘‘Z/ a les mains nettes.” That
is, he is incorruptible, or he has never
taken a bribe.

Fury. My handsare full. T.am full
occupied ; I have as much work to do as
can manage. <A ‘‘handful” has the
plural ‘“‘ handfuls,’’ as ‘* two handfuls,”
same as ‘‘two barrow-loads,’’ ‘‘two
cart-loads,” etc,

Goov. TI have it from very good hands.
I have received my information on good
authority.

Lay. To lay hands on. To appre-

hend ; to lay hold of. (See No. v.)

“Lay hands on the villain.”
Shakespeare: Taming of the Shrew, v. 1.

Lone. Kings have long hands. Tn
French, ‘‘ Les rois ont les mains longues.”
That is, it is hard to escape from the
vengeance of a king, for his hands or
agents extend over the whole of his
kingdom.

SHake. To shake hands. To salute
by giving a hand received into your own
a shake.

Yo strike hands (Prov, xvii. 18). To
make a contract, to become surety for
another, (See also Prov. vii. | and xxii.
26.) The English custom of shaking hands
in confirmation of a bargain has been
common to all vations and allages. In
feudal times the vassal put his hands in
the hands of his overlord on taking the
oath of fidelity and homage.

Suop ‘‘ Hands,”’ etc. Menand women
employed in a shop.

Take orr. To take off one’s hands,
To relieve one of something troublesome,
as ‘‘ WiH no one take this [task] off my
hands? ”’

Wasu. To wash one’s hands of a thing.

In French, ‘‘ Se lever les mains d'une:

chose” or “Je m’en lave les mains.” I
will have nothing to do with it; I will
abandon it entirely. The allusion is
to Pilate’s washing his hands at the
trial of Jesus,

“ When Pilate saw that fe could prevail nothing,
buf that rather a tumult was made, he took water,

and washed his hands before the multitude, say--

ing. J am innoeent of the blood of this just
person sve ye to it."—Matt, xxvii. 24,

Hand - book. Spelman says that

King. Alfred used to carry in his bosom

memorandum leaves, in which he made
observations, and took so much pleasure
therein that he called it his hand-book,
because it was always in his hand. «

Hand-gallop. A slowand easy gallop,
in which the horse is kept well in hand.

Hand Paper. A particular sort of
» paper well known in the Record
SS Office, and so called from its
water-mark, which goes back to the tif-
teeuth century.

Hand-post (A). A direction-post to
direct travellers the way to different
places.

Hand Round (70). To pass from one
person to another in a ceeihte series.

Hand and Glove (They are). In-
separable companions, of like tastes and
like affections. They fit each other like
hand and glove.

Hand and Seal When writing was
limited to a few clerks, documents were
authenticated by the impression of the
hand dipped in ink, and then the seal
was duly appended. As dipping the
hand in ink was dirty, the impression of
the thumb was substituted. We are
informed that ‘‘ scores of old English
and French deeds still exist in which
such ‘signatures’ appear.’’ Subsequently
the name was written, and this writing
was called ‘‘ the hand.”

“ Hubert: Here is your hand and seal for what I

did.
King John: Oh, when the last account “twixt
heaven and earth '
Ts to be inade, then shall this hand and seal -
Witness against us to damnadzion.”
Shakespeure: King John, iv. 2.
Hand-in-Hand. In a familiar or
kindly manner, as when persons go
hand-in-hand.

*“ Now we maun totter down, John,
But band in hand we'll go.”
, John Anderson, my Jo.
Hand of Cards. The whole deal of
cards given to a single player. The
cards which he holds in his hand. r

* caer in heaven would grieve to see such

Cut up by one who will not understand”
Crabbe: Borough.
Hand of Justice. The allusion is
to the sceptre or baton anciently used
by kings, which had an ivory hand at
the top of it. zi

Hand over Hand. To go or tocome
up hand over hand, is to travel with
great rapidity, as climbing a rope or a
ladder, or as one vessel overtakes another.
Sailors in hauling a rope put one hand:

Hand the

577

Hang Out

over the other alternately as fast as they
can, In French, ‘‘ Main sur main.”

“Commandment fait aux matelots qui halent
sur une manwuvre pour qu'ils passent alterna-
tivement une main sur l'autre sans interruption,
et pour que le travail se fasse plus promptement.”
—Royal Dictionnarre.

Hand the Sail, i.¢. furl it.

Hand Down to Posterity (70). To
leave for future generations,

Handfasting. A sort of marriage.
A fair was at one time held in Dum-
friesshire, at which a young man was
allowed to pick out a female companion
to live with him. They lived together
for twelve months, and if they both
liked the arrangement were man 4nd
wife, This was ‘called hand-fasting or
hand-fastening.

This sort of contract was common
among the Romans and Jews, and is not
unusual in the East even now.

“*Knowest thou not that rite, holy man ?' said
Avenel....; ‘then I will tell thee. We border-
men .... take our wives for a year and a day;
that space gone by, éach may choose another
mate, or, at their pleasure, fthey] may call the

riest to marry them for life, and thi8 we call

andfasting.'” — Sir W. Scott: The Monastery,
chap. xxv.

‘Handicap. A game at cards not
unlike loo, but with this difference—the
winner of one trick has to putin a double
stake, the winner of two tricks a triple
stake, and so on. Thus: if six persons
are playing, and the general stake is Is.,
and A gains three tricks, he gains 6s.,
and has to ‘‘hand i’ the cap”’ or pool
3s. for the next deal. Suppose A gains
two tricks and B one, then A gains 4s,
and B 2s., and A has to stake 3s. and B
2s. for the next deal.

“To the ‘Mitre Tavern’ in Wood Strect,a house
of the greatest note in London. Here some of us
fell to handicap, a sport I never knew before,
which was very good.’— Pepys: His Diary, Sept.
18th, 1680,

Handicap, in racing, is the adjudging
of various weights to horses differing in
age, power, or speed, in order to place
them all, as far as possible, 6n an
equality. If two:unequal players chal-
lenge each other at chess, the superior
gives up a piece, and this is his handi-
cap. So called from the ancient game
referred to by Pepys. (See SwEEP-
STAKES, PLATE-RACE, etc.)

The Winner’s Handicap. The wie
horses of previous races being pitte
together in a race royal are first handi-
capped according to their respective
merits: the horse that has won three

races has to Bain 8 greater weight than

the horse that
3

won only two, and

this latter more than its competitor who
is winner of a single race only.

Handkerchief. ‘ The committee was
at a loss to know whom next to throw the
handkerchief to?’ (The Times). The
meaning is that the committee did not
know whom they were to ask next to
make a speech for them: and the allu-
sion is to the game called in Norfolk
“Stir up the dumplings,” and by girls
‘“ Kiss in the ring.”

Handkerchief and Sword. With
handkerchief in one hand and sword
in the other. Pretending to be sorry
at a calamity, but prepared to make
capital out of it.

“Abbé George .... mentions in[a letter] that
‘Maria Theresa Stands with the handkerchief in
one hand, weeping for the woes of Poland, but
With the sword in the other hand, ready to cut
Poland in sections, and take her share.’ “—
Carlyle: The Diamond Necklace, chap. iv.

Handle. He has a handle to his name.
Some title, as ‘‘lord,”’ ‘ sir,’’ ‘‘ doctor.”
The French say. Monsicur sans queue, a
man without a tail (handle to his name).

To give a handicto.,.. To give
grounds for suspicion ; as, ‘‘ He certainly
gave a handle to the rumour.”

“He gave a handle to his enemies, and threw
stumbJing-blocks jin the way..of his friends,”—
Hazlitt: Spirit of the Age (James Macintosh), p. 189.

Handsome = liberal. 7o do the thing
that is handsome ; to act handsomely ; to
do handsome towards one.

Handwriting on the Wall (Tie).
An announcement of some coming
calamity. The allusion is to the hand-
writing on Belshazzar’s pdlace-wall
announcing the loss. of his kingdom.
(Dan. v. 5-31.)

. Handycuffs. Cuffs or blows given
by the hand. ‘‘Fisticuffs’’ is now more
common.

Hang Back (7b).
proceed,

Hang Fire (Yo). To fail in an ex-
pected result, The allusion is to a gun
or pistol which fails to go off, 4

Hang On (70). To cling to; to
persevere ; to be dependent on.

Hang Out. Where do you hang out ?
Where are you living, or lodging? The
allusion is to the custom, now restricted '
to public-houses, but once very general,
of hanging before one’s shop a sign
indicating the nature of the business
carried on within. Druggists often still
place coloured bottles in their windows,
and some tobacconists place near

To hesitate to

Hangdog

578

Hangmen

shop door the statue of a Scotchman.
(See Dickens: Pickwick Papers, chap.
Xxx.)

Hangdog Look (4). A guilty,
shamefaced look.

“ Look a little brisker, man, and not 80 hangdog-

like.'—Dickens.

Hang by a Thread (Zo). To bein
@ véry precarious position. The allusion
is to the sword of Damiclés. (See

Damocies’ Sword.)
Hang in the Bell Ropes (Zo). To

be asked at church, and then defer the |

marriage so that the bells hang fire,

Hanged or Strangled. Examples
from the ancient classic writers :—

(1) Ac’n1us, King of Lydia, endeavoured to
raise a new tribute from his subjects,and was
hanged by the enraged populace, who threw the
dead body into the river Pacto’lus.

(2) Ama’ta, wife of King Lati’nus, promised
her daughter Lavin‘ia to King Turnus ; when,
however, she was given in marriage to Asne’ss,
Ama’ta lianged herself that she might not see the
hated stranger. (Virgil: Aneid, vii.)

(3) ARACH’NE, the most skilful of needle-

- women, hanged herself because she was outdone
ina trial of skill by Minerva, (Ovid: Metamor-
phoses, Vi. fa). 1.)

(a) AuroL XGA, mother of Ulysses, hanged her-
self in despair on receiving false news of her
son's death. ¢ 5

(5) Bono’sus,a Spaniard by birth, was strangled
by the Emperor Probus for assuming the imperial
paorple in Gaul. (A.b. 280.)

(6) JPHIS,a heautiful youth of Salamis, of mean
birth, banged himself because bh 8 addresses were
rejected by Anaxar’elé a girl of Salamis of simi-
lar rank in life. (Ovid: Metamorphoses, xiv. 708,

etc.) 2

(7) LAtI/Nus, wife of. (See AMATA, above.)

(8) Lycam’ses, father of Neobu’la, who be-
trothed her to Archil/ochos, the poet. He broke
his promise, and gave her in marriage to a
wealthier man. Archil‘echos so scourged them
by his satires tbat both father and daughter
banged themselves.

(9) Ngowu/La, (See above.)

(10) PHYLLIS, Queen of Thrace, the accepted of
Demoph’oin, who stopped on ber coasts on bis
return from Troy. Demophotn was called -away
to Athens, and promised to return ; but, failing so
to do, Phyllis hanged herself. ;

Hanged, Drawn, and Quartered.
(See Drawn.)

Hanger (4). Properly the fringed
loop or strap hung to the girdle by which
the dagger was suspended, but ‘applied
by a common figure of speech to the
sword or dagger itself.

“Men's swords in hangers bang fast by their
aide."—J. Taylor (1630).

. Hanging and wiving go
e

Hanging i
by destiny. ‘If a man is doomed to

hanged, he willnever be drowned.”’ And .

“(marriages are e in heaven,’’ we

are told,

“If matrimony and pater go f
By dest'ny, why not whipping too ?
hat meu‘cine else can cure the fits
Of lovers when they lose their wits ?
Love is a boy, by poets styled,
Then spare the rod and spoil the child.”
Butler: Hudthi'as, part ji. canto 1. 839-844,

Hanging Gale (Zhe). The custom
of taking six months’ grace in the
ayment of rent which prevailed in
reland.

“We went to collect the rents due the 25th
March, hut which, owing to the custom which
prevails in Ireland known as ‘the hanging gale,’
are never demanded till the 29th Sepfember.’—
The Times, November, 1885.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
Four acres of garden raised on a base
supported by pillars, and towering in
terraces one above another 300 feet in
height. At a distance they looked like a
vast pyramid covered with trees. This
mound was constructed by Nebuchad-
nezzar to gratify his wife Am’ytis, who
felt weary of the'flat plains of Babylon,
and longed for something to remind her
of her native Me’dian hills. One of the
‘seven wonders of the world.’

‘3 Acre, Gains, and
Gain’s Alley (London), in the liberty
of St. Catherine, Strype says it is a
corruption of ‘‘ Hammes and Guynes,”’
so called because refugees from those
places were allowed to lodge there in
the reign of Queen Mary after the loss
of Calais. (See also Stow: History,
vol, ii; list of streets.)

Hangman’s Wages. 134d. The
fee given to the executioner at Tyburn,
with 14d. for the rope. This was the
value of a Scotch merk, and therefore
points to the reign of James, who decreed
that ‘the coin of silver called the mark.

iece shall be current within the king-
lom at the value of 134d.’? Noblemen
who were to be beheaded were expected
to give the executioner from £7 to £10
for cutting off their head.

“For half of thirteen-pence ha’penny wages
IT would bave cleared all the town rages,
And you should have been rid of all the stages
I and my gallows groan.”
The Hangman's Last Will and Testament.
(Rump Songe.)
< The

present Vas (1894) is about
£40. Calcraft’s charge was £33 14s.,
plus assistant £5 5s., other fees £1 Is.,
to which he added ‘‘ expenses for erect-
ing the scaffold.”

Hangmen and Executioners,

(1) BULL is the earliest hangman whose name
survives (about 1593).

(2) JocK SUTHERLAND,
5 Be DERRICK, who cut off the head ef Essex in
(4) GrEcoRY. Father and son, mentioned by
Sir Walter Scott (1647). i

5) GREGORY BRANDON (about —_
oe eawiat> BRANDON, his son, who executed

arles I, :
wee ae IRE Dux, mentioned by Hudibras (part
i. c, 2). f

(8) Pick KETCH (1678) éxecuted Lord Russell
and the Duke of Monmouth, :

Hankey Pankey

579

Happy Valley

(9) RosE, the butcher (1686); but Jack Ketch
was restored to office the same year.
(10) EDWARD DENNIS (1780), introduced as a
character in Dickens's Barnaby Rudge.
ae THomNAS CHESHIRE, nicknamed * Old
eese.”

(2) JOHN CALCRAFT ; MARwoop; BERRY;

etc.

(13) Of foreign executioners, the most cele-
brated are Little John ; Capeluche, headsman of
Paris during the terrible days of the Armagnacs
fod Burgundians ; and the two brothers Sanson,
who were executioners during the first French
Revolution.

‘ Hudibras, under the name of Dun,
** nersonates ’’ Sir Arthur Hazelrig, “ the
activest ’’ of the five members impeached
db son a ooh I. The other four were

onk, Walton, Morley, ‘and Alured.

Hankey Pankey. Jugglery ; fraud,

Hanoverian Shield. This escut-
cheon used to be added to the arms of
Englard ; it was placed in the centre of
the shield to show that the House of
Hanover came to the crown by election,
and not by conquest. Conquerors strike
out arms of a conquered country, and
place their own in lieu.

Hans von Rippach [vip-pak]. Jack
of Rippach, a Monsieur Nong-tong-pas
—t.e, someone asked for who does not
exist. A gay German spark calls at a
house and asks for Herr Hans von Rip-
pach. Rippach is a village near Leipsic.

Hansards. The printed records of
Bills before Parliament, the reports of
committees, parliamentary debates, and
some of the national accounts. Till the
business was made into a company the
reports commanded @ good respect, but
in 1892 the compahy was wound up.
Luke Hansard, the founder of the busi-
ness came from Norwich, and was born
in 1752,

‘? Other parliamentary business was
printed by other firms.

Hanse Towns. The maritime cities
of Germany, which belonged to the Han-
seatic League (q.v.).

“The Hanse,towns of Liibeck, Bremen, and
Hamburg are commonwealths even now (1877).”
—Freeman: Gencrul Sketch, chap. x. p. 174,

Hanseatic League. The first trade
union ; it was established in the twelfth
century by certain cities of Northern
Germany for their mutual prosperity
and protection. The diet which used to
be held every three years was called
the Hansa, and the members of it Han-
sards. ‘The league in its prosperity
comprised eighty-five towns; it declined
ve y in the Thirty Years’ War; in

1669 only six cities were represented ;
and the fast three members of the league

_ the first time.

(Hamburg, Liibeck, and Bremen) joined
the German Custams Unions’ in 1889.
(German, am-see, on the sea; and the
league was originally called the Am-sec-
staaten, free cities on the sea.)

Hansel. A gift or bribe, the first
money receivedinaday. Hence Hansel
Monday, the first Monday of the year.
To ‘‘hansel our swords’? is to use them
for the first time. In Norfolk we hear of
hanselling a coat—t.e. wearing it for
Lemon tells us that
superstitious people will spit on the first
money taken at market for luck, and
Misson says, ‘‘ Ils le baisent en le reces _
vant, craschent dessus, et le metient dans
une poche apart.” (Travels in England,
p. 192.)

Hansel Monday. The Monday after
New-Year’s Day, when “hansels,” or
free gifts, were given in Scotland to serv-
antsand children. Our boxing-day is the
first weekday after Christmas Day.
PASelO eergt handselen ; hand and sel-

n, to give.)

Hansom (4). A light two-wheeled
cab, in which the driver sits behind the
vehicle, and communicates with the
passenger through a trap-door in the
rooi. vented by Aloysius Hansom of
York (1803-1882). Hansom was by
trade an architect at Birmingham and
at Hinckley in Leicestershire.

Hapmouche (2 syl.). The giant fly-
catcher. He invented the art of drying
and smoking neats’ tongues. (Duchat:
Guvres de Rabelais.)

Happy Arabia, A mistranslation
of the Latin Arabia felix, which means
simply on the right hand—i.e, to the
right hand of A/-Shan (Syria), It was
Ptolemy who was the author of the
threefold division Arabia Petrea, mis-
called ‘‘Stony Arabia,’’? but really so
called from its chief city Petra; Arabia
Feliz (or Yemen), the south-west coast ;
and as for Arabia deserta (meaning the
interior) probably he referred to Nedjaz.

Happy Expression (4). A well-
turned phrase ; a word or phrase pecu-
liarly apt. The French also say ‘ Une
heureuse expression,” and ‘‘ S’exprimer
heureusement.”’

Happy-go-lucky (4). One indif-
ferent to bis interests; one who looks
to good luck to befriend him.

Happy Valley, in Dr. Johnson’s
tale of Rasselas, is placed in the king-
dom of Amhara, and was inaccessible

Happy

580

Hard

except in one spot through a cave in a
rock. It was a Garden of Paradise
where resided the princes of Abyssinia,

Happy as a Clam at High Tide.
The clam is a bivalve mollusc, dug from
its bed of sand only at low tide ; at high
tide it is quite safe from molestation.
(See CLosi As A CLAM.)

Happy as a King. This idea of
happiness is-wealth, position, freedom,
aud luxurious living; but Richard II,
says a king is ‘‘ Woe’s slave” (ili. 2).

% On the happiness of kings, see
Shakespeare: Henry V., iv. 1.

Happy the People whose Annals
are Tiresome. (MMontesguieu.) Of
course, wars, rebellions, troubles, make
up the most exciting parts of history.

Hapsburg. (See HassBurc.)

Har. The first person of the Scandi-
navian Trinity, which consists of Har
(the Mighty), the Like Mighty, and
the Third Person, This Trinity is called

“The Mysterious Three,” and they sit
on three thrones above the, Rainbow.
The next in order are the Aisir (q.v.), of
which: Odin, the chief, lives in Asgard,
on the heavenly hills between Earth and
the Rainbow. ‘The third order is the
Vanir (see Van)-—the gods of the ocean,
air, and clouds—of which Van Niord is
the chief. Har has already passed his
ninth incarnation; in his teuth he will
take the forms first of a peacock, and
then of a horse, when all the followers
of Mahomet will be destroyed.

Bar, in Indian mythology, is the
second person of the Trinity.

Ha‘ram or Ha‘rem, means in Arabic
forbidden, or not to be violated ; a name
given by Mahometans to those apart-
ments which are appropriated exclu-
sively to the female members of a family.

Har’apha. A descendant of Og and
Anak, a giant of Gath, who went to
mock Samson in prison, but durst not
venture within his reach. The word
means the giant, (Milton: Samson

Agonistés.)

Har’binger. One who looks out for
lodgings, etc.; a courier ; hence, a fore-
runner, a messenger. (Anglo-Saxon,
here, an army; dengan, to lodge.)

“T'll be myself the harbinger. and make joyful’
The hearing of my wife with your approach.”
kespeare: Macbeth, i. 4,

Harcourt’s Round Table. A: pri-
vate conference in the house of Sir Wil-
liam Harcourt, January 14, 1887, with

the view of reuniting, if possible, the
Liberal party, broken up by Mr. Glad-
stone’s Irish policy.

The phrase “ Round Table” is American, mean-

ing what the Freuch call a cer'cle, or club meetings
held at each other's houses,

Hard, meaning difficult, is like the
French dur; as, “hard of hearing,’
“oui a Voreille dure ;’’? ‘‘a hard word,”
‘sun terme dur; ‘tis a bard case,”’
“est une chose bien dure;’? ‘hard
times,”’ ‘‘ les temps sont durs;’’ 80 also
‘“chardly earned,” ‘“‘gw’on gagne. bien
durement ;?? ‘‘hard -featured,’”’ ‘dont
les traits sont durs;’’ ‘** hard-hearted,”’
“oui a le ceur dur,’ and many other
phrases,

Hard By. Near. Hard means close,
pressed close together; hence firm or
solid, in close proximity to.

“ Hard by a sheltering wood.”
Dacid Mallet : Edwin and Emme.

Hard Lines. Hard terms; ‘rather
rough treatment ;’’ exacting. Linesmean
lot or allotment (measured out by a line
measure), as, ‘‘ The lines have fallen to
me in pleasant places ; yea, I have a
goodly heritage,” i.e. my allotment is
excellent. Hard lines = an unfavour-
able allotment (or task).

“That was hard lines upon me,after I bad given
up everytbing.”’—G. Eliot.

Hard Up. Short of money. ‘‘V’avoir
pas de quibus.”? ‘Up” often = out, as,
‘used up,”’ ‘f worn out,” ‘done up,’’

etc. ‘Hard up” = nearly out [of
cash]. In these, and all similar ex-
amples, ‘‘ Up’? is the Old English ofer,

over ; Latin, s-aper ; Greek, vrép.

Hard as Nails. Stern, hard-hearted,
unsympathetic; able tostand hard blows
like nails. Religious bigotry, strait-
lacedness, rigid puritanical pharisaism,
make men and women “hard as nails,’’

“T know I'm as hard as nails already ; I don’t
want to get more s0."—Edna Lyall: Donovan,
chap, xxiii. :

Hard as a Stone, “hard as iron,”
‘chard as brawn,’”’ ‘* hard as ice,” “hard
as adamant,’ etc. (See SIMILES.)

Hard as the Nether Millstone.
Unfeeling, obdurate. The lower or
‘‘nether’’ of the two millstones is
firmly fixed and very hard; the upper
stone revolves round it on a shaft, and
the corn, running down a tube inserted
in the upper stone, is ground by the
motion of the upper stone round the
lower one. Of cdurse, the upper wheel
is made to revolve by some power acting
on it, as wind, water, or some other
mechanical force. = fe OL DAA

Hardouin

581 Hare

Hardouin (2 syl.). 2’en Hardown
would not object. Said in apology of an
historical or chronological incident in-
froduced into a treatise against which
some captious persons take exception,
Jean Hardouin, the learned Jesuit, was
librarian to Louis le Grand. He was so
fastidious that he doubted the truth of
all received history, denied the authen-
ticity of the #neid of Virgil, the Odes
of ‘Horace, etc.; placed no faith in
medals and coins, regarded all councils
before that of Trent as_chimerical,
and looked on Descartes, Malebranche,
Pascal, and all Jansenists as infidels,
(1646-1729.)

“Even Pére Hardouin would not enter his pro-
test against such a collection,”—Dr, A. Clarke:
Esswyy.

Hardy (Letitia). Heroine of the
Belle’s Stratagem, by Mrs. Cowley. She
is a young lady of fortune destined to
marry Doricourt. She first assumes
the air of a raw country hoyden and
disgusts the fastidious man of fashion ;
then she “ee at a masquerade and
wins him, The marriage is performed
at midnight, and Doricourt does not
know that the masquerader and hoyden
are the same Miss Hardy till after the
ceremony is over,

Harpy ( aes i.e. brave or daring, hence
the phrase, ‘' hardi comme un lion.’’

(a William Douglas, defender of Ber-
wick (died 1302).

(2) Philippe III. of France, le Hardi
(1245, 1270-1285).

3) Philippe II., Duc de Bourgogne,
le Hardi (1342, 1363-1382). rs

Hare. : t
eross your path, because witches were
said to transform themselves into hares.

“Nor did we meet, with nimble feet, -
One little fearful lepus;
That certain sign, as some diyine,
Of fortune bad to keep us,”
I Ellison: Trip to Benwell, 1x.

* In the Flamborough Village and -

Headland, we are told, “if a fisherman:
on his way to the boats happens to meet
a woman, parson, or hare, he will turn
back, being convinced that he will have
no luck that day.”’

Antipathy to hares, Tycho Brahe
(2 syl.) would faint at the sight of a
hare; the Duc d@’Epernon at the sight
ofa leveret; Marshal de Brézé at sight
of a rabbit ; and Henri III., the Duke of
Schomberg, and the chamberlain of the
emperor Ferdinand, at the sight of a cat.
(See ANTIPATHY.)

First catch your.hare. (Sce Catcu.)
Hold with the hare and run with the
Jiownds. To play a double and deceitful

=

It is unlucky for a hare to |

game, to be a traitor in the camp. To
run with the hounds as if intent to catch
the hare, but all the while being the
secret friend of poor Wat. In the
American war these double-dealers were
called Copperheads (q.v.).

Mad as a March hare, Wares are un-
usually shy and wild in March, which is
their rutting season.

< Erasmus says ‘‘ Mad as a marsh
hare,”’ and adds, ‘‘hares are wilder in
marshes from the absence of hedges and
cover.”? (Aphorisms, p. 266; 1542.)

Melancholy as a hare (Shakespeare :
1 Henry IV.,i. 2). According to me-
dizval quackery, the flesh of Hare was
supposed to generate melancholy ; and
all foods imparted their own speciality.

The quaking hare, in Dryden’s Hind
and Panther, means the Quakers.

“Among the timorous kind, the quaking hare
Professed neutrality, but would not swear.”
Part i, 37, 38.

Hare -brained, or Hair -brained.
Mad:as a March hare, giddy, foolhardy.

“Let's: leave this town; for they [the English)
are hair-brained slayes,
And hunger will enforce them to be more
eager.” Shakespeare: 1 Henry VI.,i. 2.

Harefoot. Swift of foot as a hare.
The surname given to Harold L.,
youngest son of Canute (1035-1040).

Lo kiss the hare’s foot. To be too late
for anything, to be a day after the fair.
The hare has gone by, and left its foot-
print for you to salute. <A similar
phrase is Zo hiss the post.

Hare-lip. A cleft lip; so called from
its resemblance to the upper lip of a hare.
It was said to be the mischievous act of
an elf or malicious fairy.

“This is the foul flend Flibbertigibbet. He
begins at curfew, and walks till the first cock.
He ....squints the eye and makes the hare-lip.”

| —Shakespeare: King Lear, iii, 4.

Hare-stone = Hour-stone. Bound-
ary stone in the parish of Sancred (Corn-
wall), with a heap of stones round it. It
is thought that these stones were set up
for a similar purpose as the column set up
by Laban (Genesis xxxi. 51, 52). ‘' Be-
hold this heap, and behold this pular,”’
said Laban to Jacob, ‘‘ which I have cast
betwixt me and thee. ‘This heap be
witness, and this pillar be witness, that
I will not pass over this heap to thee,
and that thou shalt not pass over this
heap unto me, for harm.’ (Anglo-
Saxon, .hora, or horw stan.) (See

‘HARoLpd’s STONES.)

Hare and the Tortoise (Zhe).

| Everyone knows the fable of the race

between the hare and the tortoise, won
by the latter ; and the moral, “ Slow and

Hares

582

Harness

steady wins the race.”
equivalent is ‘‘ Pas a pas le beuf prend
le lieve.”

Hares shift their Sex. It was
once thought that hares are sexless, or
that they change their sex every year.

“ Lepores omnes utrumque sexum babent.”
Munsterus,
“ Snakes that cast their coats for new,
Cameleons that alter hue.
Hares that yearly sexes change.”
Fletcher : Faithful Shepherd, tii. 1.

Har’icaot Mutton. A ragott made
with hashed mutton and turnips. In old
French harigot, harligot, and haligote are
found meaning a ‘‘ morsel,’’ a “ piece,”’

“Bt li chevalier tuit monté,
Detaillie et dehaligoté.”
Chauvenci: Les Tournois, p. 138.
Warikiri,

[Happy Ceeneeh A

method of enforcing suicide by disem-

bowelling among Japanese officials when

gov ceuaeat considered them worthy of
eath,

Hark Back (Zo). To return to the
subject. ‘‘ Revenons a nos moutons”?
(@.v.). A-call to the dogs in fox-hunt-
Ing, when they have overrun the scent,
** Hark [dogs] come back”? ; so ‘¢ Hark
for’ards!” “‘ Hark away!’ etc.

Harlequin means a species of drama
in-two parts, the introdnction and the
harlequinade, acted in dumb show. The
ee is the Roman atel/éne, but our

hristmas pantomime or harlequinade is
essentially a British entertainment, first
introduced by Mr. Weaver, a dancing-
master of Shrewsbury, in 1702. (See
below.)

“What Momus was of old to Jove,
The same & harlequin is now.
The former was buffoon aboye,

The latter js a Punch below.”
Swift: The Puppet Show.

< The Roman mime did not at all
correspond with our harlequinade. The
Roman mimus is described as havin
a shorn head,'a sooty face, flat unsh
feet, and a patched parti-coloured cloak,

Harlequin, in the British pantomime,

is a sprite supposed to be invisible to all -

eyes but those of his faithful Columbine.
His office is to dance through the world
and frustrate all the knavish tricks of
the Clown, who is supposed to be in love
with Columbine. In Armoric, Harlequin
means ‘‘a juggler,’? and Harlequin
metamorphoses everything he touches
with his magic wand.

= The prince of Harlequins was John
Rich es

Harlequin, So Charles Quint was
called by Frangois I. of France. j

Harlot is said to be derived from
Harlotta, the mother of William the

’

The French

Conqueror, but it is more likely to be a
corruption of harlet (a little hireling),
‘“‘hore ”? being the past participle of
hyvan (to hire). It was once applied to
males as wellas females. Hence Chaucer
speaks of “‘a sturdy harlot... . that
was her hostes man.” The word varlet
is another form of it.

“ He was gentil harlot, and a kinde ;
A bettre felaw shulde man no wher finde.”
= Chaucer : Cunterbury Tales, prol. 649,

“The harlot king is quite beyond mine arm,”
Shakespeare: Winter's Tale, ii. 3.

‘? Proverbial names for a harlot are
Aholibah and Aholah (Ezek, xxiii, 4),
probably symbolic characters; Petrowna
(of Russia), and Messalina (of Rome).

Harlowe (Clarissa). The heroine of
Richart pede of that ar In
order to avoid a marriage urged upon
her by her parents, she casts Saati on
the protection of a lover, who grossly
abuses the confidence thus reposed in
him. He subsequently proposés to
her, but Clarissa rejects the offer, and
retires from the world to cover her C)
and die.

Harm. Harm set, harm get. Those
who lay traps for others get caught
themselves. Haman was hanged on his
own gallows. Our Lord says, ‘‘ They
that take the sword shall perish with the
sword ’’ (Matt. xxvi. 52).

Harmless as a Dove. (Matt. x. 16.)

Harmo‘nia’s Necklace, An unlucky
possession, something that brings evil to
all who possess it. Harmonia was the
daughter of Mars and Venus. On the
day of her marriage with King Cadmos,
she received a necklace which proved
fatal to all who possessed it.

% The collar given by Alphesibéa (or
Arsinoé) to her husband Alemson was a
like fatal gift. So were the collar and
veil of Eriphylé, wife of Amphiarios, and
the Trojan horse. (See Fata Gurts.)

Harmo'nia’s Robe. On the mar-
riage of Harmonia, Vulcan, to aven
the infidelity of her mother, made the
bride a present of a robe dyed in all sorts
of crimes, which infused wickedness and
impiety into all her offspring. Both
Harmonia and Cadmos, after having
suffered many misfortunes, and seen
their children a sorrow to them, were
changed into serpents. (Pausanias, 9,
10.) (See Nessus.)

* Medéa, in a fit of jealousy, sent
Cretisa a wedding robe, which burnt her
to death. (Euripidés: Medea.)

Harness. Zo die in harness. To
continue in one’s work or octupation till

Harness Cask 883

Harpocrates

death. The allusion is to soldiers in
armour or harness.

“ At least we'll die witb harness on our back.”
Shakespeare: Macheth, v. 5.

Harness Cask. A large cask or tub
with a rim cover, containing a supply of
salt. meat for immediate-use. Nautical
term.

Harness Prizo (University of Cam- |

bridge), founded by the Rev. William
Harness for the best essay connected
with Shakespearian literature. Awarded
every third year.

Haro. To cry out haro to anyone.

- Todenounce his misdeeds, to follow him

with hue and cry. ‘‘ Ha rou’’ was the
ancient Norman hue-and-cry, and the
exclamation made by those who wanted
assistance, their person or property
being in danger. It is similar to our c
of ‘*Police!”’ Frobably our halioo 1s
the same word,

* In the Channel Isles, Ha! ho! a
Laide, mon prince! is a protest still in
vogue when one’s’property is endangered,
or at least was so when I lived in Jersey.
It is ae to be an appeal to Rollo,
king of Normandy, to come to the aid
of him suffering wrongfully.

Harold the Dauntless. Son of
Witikind, the Dane. ‘‘He was rocked
on a buckler, and fed from a blade,”*
He became a Christian, like his father,
and married Kivir, a Danish maid, who
had been his page.
Harold the Dauntless.)

Harold’s Stones at Trelech (Mon-
mouthshire). Three stones, one of which
is fourteen feet above the ground, evi-
dently no part of a circle. Probably
boundary stones. (See HARE-STONE.)

Haroot and Maroot. Two angels
who, in consequence of their want of
compassion to man, are susceptible of
human passions, and are sent upon earth
to be tempted. They were at one time
kings of Babel, and are still the teachers
of magic and the black arts.

Haroun al Raschid. Calif of the
East, of the Abbasside race. (765-809.)
His adventures form a part of the
Arabjan Nights’ Entertainments,

._ Harp. The arms of Ireland. Ac-
cording to tradition, one of the early
kings of Ireland was named David, and
this king took for arms the harp of
Israel’s sweet Psalmist. Probably the
harp is altogether a blunder, arising
from the triangle invented in the reign
of John to distinguish his Irish coins
trom the Enghsh, The reason why a

(Sir W, Scott: -

triangle was chosen may have been in

| allusion to St. Patrick’s explanation of

the Trinity, or more likely to signify that
he was king of England, alas , and
France. Henry VIII. was the first to
assume the harp positive as the Irish
device, and James I, to place it in the
third quarter of the royal achievement
of Great Britain.

To harp for ever on the same string.
To be for ever teasing one about the
same subject. There is a Latin proverb,
Eandem cantilénam recintre. I once
heard a man with a clarionet play the
first half of ‘‘In my cottage near a
wood”’ for more than an hour, without
cessation or change. It wasinacrowded
market-place, and the annoyance became
at last so unbearable that he collected a
rich harvest to move on.

“Still harping on my daughter.’—Shakespeare :
Hamlet, ij. 1.

Har’pagon (4). <A miser. Harpa-
gon is the name of the miser in Moliére’s
comedy called L’ Avare.

Harpalice (4 syl.). A Thracian
virago, who liberated her father Har-
pal'icos when he was taken prisoner by
the Gete.

“With such array Harpalicé bestrode*
Her Thracian courser.” Dryden.

Harpe (2 syl.). The cutlass with
which Mercury killedArgus; and with
which Perseus subsequently cut off the
head of Medu’sa,

Harpies (2 syl.). Vultures with the
head and breasts of a woman, very fierce
and loathsome, living in an atmosphere
of filth and stench, and contaminating
evanyelaas which they came near. Homer
mentions but ove harpy. He’siod gives
two, and later writers three. The names
indicate that these monsters were per-
sonifications of whirlwinds and storms.
Their names were Ocyp’eta (rapid),
Cele’no (blackness), and Aéll'o (storm).
wing harpuiai, verb harpazo, to seize;

atin harpyia, See Virgil: Aineid, iii,
219, étc.).

He is a regular harpy. One who wants
to appropriate everything; one who
sponges on another without: mercy.

“TI will... . do you any embassage...
Tather than hold three words conference with
this harpy.” — Shakespeare: Much Ado About

Nothing, li. 1.

Harpoc’rates (4 syl.). The Greek
form of the Egyptian god Har-pi-kruti
(Horus the Child), made by the Greeks
and Romans the god of silence. This.
arose from a pure misapprehension. It
is an Egyptian god, and was represented
with its “finger on its mouth,” to

Harridan

584

Harvest Goose

indicate youth, but the Greeks thought
it was a symbol of silence.

«“] assured my mistress she might make herself
perfectly easy on that score (bis mentioning a
certain matter to anyone}, for I was the Harpo-
crates of trusty valets."—Gil Blas, iv. 2 (1715).

Har‘ridan, A haggard old beldame.
So called from the French haridelle, a
worn-out jade of a horse.

Harrier (3 syl.). A dog for hare-
hunting, whence the name.

Harrington. A farthing. ‘So called
from Lord Harrington, to whom James I.
granted a patent for making them of
brass. Drunken Barnaby says—

“ Thence to Harrington be it spoken,
For name-sake I gave a token
Toa beggar that did crave it.”
Drunken Barnaby’s Journal!

“1 wil) not bate a Harrington of the sum,”
Ben Jonson: The Devil is an Ass, ii. 1.
Harris. Mrs. Harris. An hypo-
thetical lady, to whom Sarah Gamp
referred for the corroboration of all her’
statements, and the bank on which she
might draw to any extent for self-praise.
Dickens: Martin Chuzzlewit.) (See
“Brooks OF SHEFFIELD.)
“Not Mrs. Harris in the immortal narrative was
more quoted and more mythical."—Lord Lytton.
Marry (70) = to harass. Facetiously
said to be derived from Harry VIII. of
England, who no doubt played up old
Harry with church property. Of course,
the real derivation is the Anglo-Saxon
herian, to plunder, from here (2 syl.),
an army.

Harry. Old Harry. Old Scratch.,
To harry (Saxon) is to tear in pieces,
whence our Aarrow. There is an aticient
pamphlet entitled The Harrowing of
Hell. I do, not think it is a corruption
of “Old Hairy,”’ although the Hebrew
Seirim (hairy ones) is translated devils
in Lev. xvii: 7, and no doubt alludes to
the he-goat, an object of worship with
the Egyptians. Moses says the children
of Israel are no longer to sacrifice to
devils (seirim), as they did in Egypt.
H here is a Scandinavian Hari = Baal-or

el.

Harry Soph. A student at Cam-
bridge who has ‘‘ declared ”’ for Law or
Physic, and wears a. full-sleeve gown.
The word is a corruption of the Greek
Heri-sophos (more than a Soph or com-
mon second-year student). (Cambridge
Calendar.) :

The tale goes that at the destruction
of the monasteries, in the reign of Henry
VIII., certain students waited to’ see
how matters would turn out before they
committed themselves by taking.a clerical _

degree, and that these men were thence
called Sophiste Henriciani, or *‘ Henry
Sophisters,””

Bart. In Christian art, the emblem
of solitude and purity of life, Itwas the
attribute of St. Hubert, St. Julian, and
St. Eustace. It was also the type of piety
and religious aspiration. (Psalm xlii. 1.)
(See Hrxp.) :

The White Hart, or hind, witha golden
chain, in public-house signs, is the badge
of Richard II., which was worn by all his
courtiers and adherents. It wasadopted
from his mother, whose cognisance was
a white hind.

Hart Royal. Amalered deer, when
the crown of the antler has made its
appearance, and the creature has been
hunted by a king.

Hart: of Grease (4). A hunter's
phrase for a fat venison; astag full of
the pasture, called by Jaques ‘*a, fat
and greasy citizen.’? (As You Like It,
i. 1.) (See Heart oF GRACE.)

“It isa hart of grease, too, in full season, with
three inches of fat on the brisket.”—Sir W. Scott:

The Monastery, chap. xvii.

Harts. There are four harts in the
tree Yggdrasil’, an eagle and a squirrel ;
and a serpent gnaws its root.

Hartnet. The daughter of Rukenaw

(ee ape’s wife) in the tale of Reynard the

‘or, The word in old German means
hard or strong strife.

Harum Scarum. A hare-brained
person who scares quiet folk, Some
derive it from the French clameur de
Haro (hue and cry), as if the madcap
was one against whom the hue-and-cry
is raised; but probably it is simply a
jingle word having allusion to the
*¢madness of a March fAare,’”? and the
‘scaring’? of honest folks from their
proprieties,

“ Who's there? I spose young barwm-scarunt.”
Cunbridge Facetie : Collegian and I’orter,

Haruspex (pl. harus'picés). Persons
who hatetprated., the will of the gods by
inspecting the entrails of animals offered
in sacrifice (old: Latin, haru'ga, a victim ;
specio, I inspect). Cato said, ‘‘I wonder
how one haruspex can keep from laugh-
ing when he sees another.

Harvard College, in the United
States, endowed by the Rev. John
Harvard in 1689. Founded 1636, '

Harvest Goose; A corruption of
Arvyst Gos (a stubble goose). (See
WaAyZ-GOOSE.) + Ysiy

“A young wifeandanarvyst gos,
Moche gagil yesten a a 2S ape
. Reliquicee Antique, il, wy

farvest Moon

585

Hat

Harvest Moon. The full moon
nearest the autumnal equinox. The
eculiarity of this moon is that it rises
‘or several days nearly at sunset, and
about the same time.

Hash (A). A mess, a muddle; as,
‘*a pretty hash he made of it.”” A hash
is a mess, and a mess is a muddle.

Ill soon setile his hash for him, I
will soon smash him up; ruin his
schemes; ‘‘ give him his gruel’’ ; ‘ cook
his goose’ ; ‘‘ put my finger in his pie ”’ ;
‘make mince - meat of him.” (See
CooxkING.)

Hassan. Caliph of the Ottoman

empire; noted for his hospitality and

splendour. His palace was daily thronged
with guests, and in his seraglio was a
beautiful young slave named Leila (2
syl.), who had formed an unfortunate
attachment to a Christian called the
Giao’ur. Leila is put to death by an
emir, and Hassan is slain by the Giaour
near Mount Parnassus, (Byron: The
Giaour.)

Al Hassan. The -Arabian emir’ of
Persia, father of Hinda, in Moore's Firc-
Worshippers. He was victorious at the
battle of Cadessia, and thus became
master of Persia.

Hassan-Ben-Sabah. The Old Man
of the Mountain, founder of the sect of
the Assassins. In Rymer’s Federa are
two letters by this sheik.

Hassock. A doss or footstool made
of hésg (sedge or rushes).

“Hassocks should be-gotten in the fens, and
laid at the foot of thesaid bank .... where need
required.”—Dugdale: Imbanking, p. 322.

“The knees and hassocks are well-nigh divorced.”
Cowper,

Hat. How Lord Kingsale acquired

the right of wearing his hat in the royal

resence is this: King John and Philippe

I. of France agreed to settle a dispute
respecting the duchy of Normandy by
single combat. John de Courcy, Earl of
Ulster, was the English champion, and
no sooner put in his appearance than the
French champion put spurs to his horse
and fled. The king asked the earl what
reward should, be geen him, and he
replied, ‘‘ Titles and lands I want not, of
these Ihave enough; but in remembrance
of this day I beg the boon, for myself and
successors, to remain covered in. the
presence of your highness and all future
sovereigns of the realm.,”’

-Lord Forester, it is said, possessed the
saine right, which was confirmed by

= The Somerset Herald wholly denies
the right in regard to Lord Kingsale;
and probably that of Lord Forester
is without foundation. (See Notes and
Queries, Dec. 19th, 1885, p. 504.)

On the other hand, the privilege seems
at one time to have been not unusual,
for Motley informs us that ‘‘all the
Spanish grandees had the privilege of
being covered in the presence of the
reigning monarch, Hence, when the
Duke of Alva presented himself before
Margaret, Duchess of Parma, she bade
him to be covered.” (Dutch Republic.)

A cockle hat. A pilgrim’s hat. So
called from the custom of putting cockle-
shells upon their hats, to indicate their
intention or performance of a pilgrimage.

“ How should I your true love know
From anotber one?
By his cockle-bat and staff,
And his sandal shoon.”
Shakespeare: Hamlets; tv. 5.

A Brown Hat, Never wear a brown
hat in Friesland. When at Rome do as
Rome does. If people have a very
strong prejudice, do not run counter
to it. riesland is a province of the
Netherlands, where the inhabitants cut
their hair short, and cover the head
first with a knitted cap, then a high silk
skull-cap, then a metal turban, and
lastly a huge flaunting bonnet. Four
or five dresses always constitute the
ordinary head gear. A traveller once
passed through the province with a
common brown chimney-hat or wide-
awake, but was hustled by the work-
men, jeered at by the women, pelted by
the boys, and sneered at by the magnates
as a regular guys If you would pass
quietly through this ‘‘ enlightened”
province never wear there a brown hat.

A STEEPLE-CROWNED Hat, You are
only fit to wear a steeple-crowned hat,
To be burnt as a heretic. The victims
of the Autos-da-Fé of the “ Holy”? In-
quisition were always decorated with
such a head-gear. !

A white hat. A white hat used to be
emblematical of radical proclivities, be-
cause Orator Hunt, the great dema-
gogue, used to wear one during the
Wellington and Peel administration.

{ The street arabs of Nottingham-
shire used to accost a person wearing a
white hat with the question, ‘‘ Who stole
the donkey? ’’ and a companion used to
answer, ‘‘ Him wi’ the white hat on.”’

Pass round the hat. Gather subscrip-
tions into a hat.

To eat one’s hat. ‘‘ Hattes are made
of eggs, veal, dates, saffron, salt, and so
forth.” (Robina Napier : Boke of Cookry.)

Hat Money

586 | Hatto

% The Scotch have the word hattit-
kit or hatted-kit, a dish made chiefly of
sour cream, new milk, or butter-milk.

To hang up one’s hat in a house. To
make oneself at home; to become
master of a house. Visitors, making a
call, carry their hats in their hands.

Hat Money. A small gratuity given
to the master of aship, by passengers, for
his care and trouble, originally collected
in a hat at the end of a good voyage.

Hats and Caps, Two political fac-
tions of Sweden in the eighteenth cen-
tury, the former favourable to France,
and the latter to Russia, Carlyle says
the latter were called caps, meaning
night-caps, because they were averse to
action and war ; but the fact is that the
French partisans wore a French chapeau
as their badge, and the Russian partisans
wore a Russian cap,

Hatches, Put on the hatches,
Figuratively, shut the door. (Anglo-
Saxon, hec, a gate, Compare haca, a

“bar or bolt.)

Under hatches, Dead and buried.
The hatches of a ship are the coverings
over the hatchways fos openings in the
deck of a vessel) to allow of cargo, etc.,
being easily discharged.

* And though his soul has gone aloft,

His body's under batches,”

Hatchet. [Greek ariné, Latin ascia,
Italian accetta, French hachette, our
hatchet and aze.

To bury the hatchet. (See Bury.

To throw the hatchet. To tell false-
hoods. In allusion fo an ancient game
‘where hatchets were thrown at a mark,
like quoits. It means the same as draw-
ing the long-bow (q.v.).

Hatchway (Lieutenant Jack), A re-
tired naval officer, the companion of
Commodore Trunnion, in Smollett’s
Peregrine Pickle,

Hatef [the deadly]. One of Ma-
homet’s swords, confiscated from the
Jews when they were exiled from
Medi’na, (See Sworps.)

Hat'temists. An ecclesiastical sect
in Holland; so called from Pontin von
Hattem, of Zealand (seventeenth cen-
tury). They denied the expiatory sac-
rifice of Christ, and the corruption of
human nature.

Hatteraick (Dirk). Also called ‘Jans
Janson.’ A Dutch smuggler imprisoned
with lawyer Glossin for kidnapping
Henry Bertrand. During the night

Glossin contrived to enter the smuggler’s
cell, when a quarrel ensued. at-
teraick strangled Glossin, and then
hanged himself. (Sir Walter Scott:
Guy Mannering.)

Hatto. Archbishop of Mainz, ac-
cording to tradition, was devoured by
mice, The story says that in 970 there
was a great famine in Germany, and
Hatto, that’ there might be better store
for the rich, assembled the poor in a
barn, and burnt them to death, saying,
“They are like mice, only good to
devour the corn,”” By and by an army
of mice came against the archbishop, and
the abbot, to escape the plague, removed
to a tower on the Rhine, but hither
came the mouse-army by hundreds and
thousands, and ate the bishop up. The
tower is still called Mouse - tower,
Southey has a ballad on the subject, but
makes the invaders an army of rats,
(See MouszE TowER; P1ED PiPEr.)

“And in at the windows, and in at the door,
And through the walls by thousands they pour,
And down through tbe ceiling, and up through

the floor,
From the rigbt and the left, from bebind and
ore.

Prom within and without, from above and

below,

And all at once to the bishop they go,

a wetted their teeth against the

Apa now they are picking the bishop's bones;

They gnawed the flesh from every limb,

For they were sept to do judgment on bim.”

Southey : Bishop Hatto.

A very similar legend is told of Count
Graaf, a wicked and powerful chief, who
raised a tower in the midst of the Rhine
for the purpose of exacting tolls. If
any boat or barge attempted to evade
the exaction, the warders of the tower
shot the crew with cross-bows. Amongst
other ways of making himself rich was
buying upcorn. One year a sad famine
prevailed, and the count made a harvest
of the distress; but an army of rats,
pressed by hunger, invaded his tower,
and falling on the old baron, worried
him to, death, and then devoured him,
(Legends of the Rhine.)

Widerolf,. bishop of Strasburg (in 997),
was devoured by mice in the seventeenth
year of his episcopate, because he <8
se the convent of Seltzen, on the

ine.

Bishop Adolf of Cologne was devoured
by mice or rats in 1112.

Frei herr von Giittengen collected the
ye in a great barn, and burnt them to

eath ; and being invaded by rats and
mice, ran to his castle of Giittingen.
The vermin, however, pursued him and
ate him clean to the bones, after which

}j

Hatton

587

Haversack

his castle sank to the bottom of the lake,
“* where it may still be seen.”

A similar tale is recorded in the
chronicles of William of Maulsburg,
book ii. p. 313 (Bone’s edition).

° Mice or rats. Giraldus Cambrensis
says: The larger sort of mice are called
vali. (Itinerary, book xi. 2.) On the
other hand, many rats are called mica,
as mustéla Alpina, the mus Indicus, the
mus aguaticus, the mus Pharadnis, etc.

Hatton. The dancing chancellor. Sir
Christopher Hatton was brought up to
the law, but became a courtier, and at-
tracted the attention of Queen Elizabeth
by his v graceful dancing at a
masque. he queen took him into
favour, and soon made him both chan-
cellor and knight of the garter. (He
died in 1591,)

“ His bushy beard, and shoestrings green,
His high-crowned hat and satin doublet,
Moved the stout heart of England's queen,
eo Pope and Spaniard could not trouble
it.

Gray.
Hatton Garden (London). The
residence of Sir Christopher Hatton, the
dancing chancellor. (See above.)

Haul over the Coals. Take to task.
Jamieson thinks it refers to the ordeal
by fire, a suggestion which is favoured
by the French corresponding phrase,
mettre sur la sellette (to put on the
culprit’s stool).

Hauss’‘manniza'tion. The pulling
down and building up anew of streets
and cities, as Baron Haussmann re-
modelled Paris. In 1868 he had saddled
Paris with a debt of about twenty-eight
millions.

Hautboy (pron. Ho'-boy). <A straw-
berry; so called either from the haut
bois (high woods)*of Bohemia whence it
was imported, or from its haut-bois
(ong-stalk). The latter is the more
probable, and furnishes the etymolo
of the musical instrument also, which
has a long mouth-reed.

Haute Claire. The sword of Oliver
the Dane, (See Sworn.)

Hantville Coit, at Stanton Drew, in
the manor of Keynshani. The tradition
is that this coit was thrown there by the
champion giant, Sir John Hautville,
from Mary’s Knolle Hill, about a mile
off, the place of his abode. The stone
on the top of the hill, once thirty tons’

weight, is said to have been the clearing —

of the giant’s spade.
__% The same issaid of the Gog’magog

a

Have a Care! ‘‘ Prenez garde!”
Shakespeare has the expression ‘‘ Have
mind upon your health!” (Julius
Cesar, iv. 3.)

Have a Mind for it (Zo). To desire
to possess it; to wish for it. Mind =
desire, intention, is by po means un-
common: ‘‘I mind to tell him plainly
what I think.’? (2 Henry VI., act iv.
1.) ‘‘I shortly mind to leave you.”
(2 Henry V1., act iv. 1.)

Have at You. To be about to aim
a blow at another; to attack another.
“ Have at thee with a downright blow.”
Shakespeare,
Have it Out (Zo). To settle the
dispute by blows or arguments.

Hawv’elok (3 syl.), the orphan son of
Birkabegn, King of Denmark, was ex-
posed at sea through the treachery of
his guardians, and the raft drifted to the
coast of Lincolnshire. Here a fisherman
named Grim found the young Prince,
and brought him up as his own son. In
time it so happened that an -English
| elaay stood in the way of certain am-

itious nobles, who resolved to degrade
her by uniting her to a peasant, and
selected the young foundling for the
purpose; but Havelok, having learnt
the story of his birth, obtained the aid
of the king his father to recover his
wife’s possessions, and became in due
time King of Denmark and part of
England. (‘‘ Haveloc the Dane,” by the
Trouveurs.)

Haver-Cakes. Oaten cakes
dinavian, hafre ; German, hafer ;
avéna, oats).

Haveril & syl.). Asimpleton, April-
fool. (French, poisson d’ Avril; Icelandic,
gifr, foolish talk; Scotch, haver, to talk
nonsense.)

Havering

Scan~
fin,

ssex). The legend says

that while Edward the Confessor -was

dwelling in this locality, an old pilgrim
asked alms, and the king réplied, ‘I
have no money, but I have a ring,” and,
drawing it from his fore-finger, gave it
to the beggar. Some time after, certain
acagshy sont ty shvre in Jewry met the same
men, who drew the ring from his finger
and said, ‘‘ Give this to irs king, and
say within six months he shall die,’’
The request was complied with, and
the prediction fulfilled. The shrine of
Edward the Confessor in Westminster
Abbey gives colour to this legend.

Haversack. Strictly speaking isa bag
to carry oats in. (See Haver-Cakes.)

Havook

588 Hawkubites

It now means a soldier’s ration-bag
slung from the shoulder; a gunnev’s
leather-case for carrying charges.

Havock. A military cry to general
massacre without quarter. This cry was
forbidden in the ninth year of Richard II.
on pain of death, Probably it was ori-
ginally used in hunting wild beasts, such
as wolves! lions, etc., that. fell on sheep-
folds, and Shakespeare favours this sug-
gestion in his Julius Cesar, where he
says Até shall “‘ cry havock ! and let slip
the dogs of war.’’. (Welsh, hafog, de-
vastation; Irish, avvach ; compare
Anglo-Saxon havoc, a hawk.)

Havre (France), A contraction of
Le havre de notre dame de grace.

Hawk.
(1) Different parts of a hawk :

Arms, The legs from the thigh to the foot,

Beuk, The peer and crooked part of the bill.

Beams. The long feathers of the wings.

Clap. The nether part of the bill.

ae summed, Feathers full grown and com-
plete.

Feathers unsummed, Featbers not yet full grown,

Flags. ae next to the lungest feathers or prin-
cipals,

Glut. The slimy substance in the pannel,

Gorge. The crow or crop,

Haglurs.. The spots on the feathers,

Mails, The breast feathers,

Nerer ee two little holes on the top of the

ea

Pannel. The pipe next to the fundament,
Pendent feathers, Those behind the toes,
Petty singles. The toes.

Pounces, The claws,

Principal feathers. The two longest.

Sails, The pings.

Sear or sere. The yellow part under the eyes,
rain. The tail.

(2) Different sorts of hawk:

Gerfalcon, A Tercell of a Gerfalcon is fora king
Falcon gentle and a Yercel gentle. Fora prince,
Fulcon of the rock. For a duke,
Falcon peregrine. For an earl.
Bastard hawk, Fora baron.
Sacreand a Sacrit. Fora knight,
Lanareand Lanrell, Fora squire,
Merlyn. For a lady.
Boby. For a young man.
Goshawk. Fora yeoman,
Tercel. For a poor man.
Sparehawk, Fora priest.

urkyte. For a holy-water clerk,
Kesterel. For a knave or servant.

: Dame Juliana Barnes,

The “ Sore-hawk" is a bawk of the first year,
es from the French, sor or saure, brownieh-
yeliow,

The “Spar” or “Sparrow” hawk is a gmelt,
ignoble hawk (Saxon, speara ; Goth, sparwa; cur
spare, spar, spur, spear, spire, sparing, sparse, evc.;
Latin, sparsus; all referring to winuteness),

(3) The dress of a hawk:

Bewits. The leathers with bells, buttoned to a
prea legs. The bell itself iscalled a hawk-

Creanse. A packthread or thin twine fastened to
‘the leash in disciplining a bawk.

‘ood, A cover for the head, to keep the. hawk iv
the dark. A rufter hood is # wide oné, open
behind. To hood is to'put on the. hood. Zo
foto draw the strings.ec that the hood may va

rio. I ma;
in readiness to be pulled off xf

Jesses. The little straps by which the leash is
fastened to thé legs, There is the singular

Leash. The leather thong for holding the hawk.
(4) Terms used in falconry :

Casting. Something given to a hawk to cleanse
her gorge.
Cawking, Treading.

Cowering. When young hawks, in obedience to
their elders, quiver and shake their wings.
Crabbing. Fighting with each other when they

stand too near.
Hack, The place where a hawk’s meat is laid.
Porn: Placing a feather in a hawk's wing.
Inke or Ink, The breast and neck of a bird thata
hawk preys on,
Intermewing. The time of changing the coat.
Lure. A figure of a fowl mosde of leather and
feathers,
Make. An old staunch hawk that sets an examplo
to young ones,
Mantling, Stretching first one wing and then
the other over the legs,
Mew, The place whore hawks sit when moulting.
Muting. The dung of bawks,
Pelf or pill. Whata bawk leaves of her prey.
Pelt, The dead body of a fowl killed by a hawk.
Perch. The resting-place of a hawk when off the
falconer’s wrist.
Plumage. Small feathers given to a bawk to
make her cast.
Quarry. The fowl or game that a hawk flies at.
anglé. Gravel given to a hawk to bring down
her stomach.
Sharp set. Hungry.
Tiring. Giving a hawk a leg or wing of a fow) to
pull at,
‘* The peregrine when full grown is
called a dlue-hawk,
The hawk was the av’atar of Ra or
Horus, the sun-god of the Egyptians.

See Brrvs (protected by superstitions, )

Eawk and Handsaw. J know a
hawk from a handsaw, Handsaw is a
corruption of hernshatwo (a heron). I
know a hawk from a heron, the bird of
prey from the game flown at. The
proverb means, I know one thing from
another. (See Hamlet, ii, 2.)

Hawk nor Buzzard (Neither). Of
doubtful social position—too good for
the kitchen, and not good enough. for
the family. Private governesses and
pauiepned gentlefolk often hold this
unhappy position. They are not hawks
to be fondled and petted—the “‘ tasselled
gentlemen’’ of the days of falconry—
nor yet buzzards—a dull kind of falcon
synonymous with dunce or plebeian.
In French, ‘ N*2ive ni chair ni poisson,”
‘Neither fiesh, fowl, nor good red
herring.’’

Hawker’s News or ‘‘ Piper's News.””
News known to all the world. “ Le
secret de poltchinelle.” (German hédker,
a higgler or hawker.)

Hawkubites (3 syl.). Street bullies
in the reign of Queen Anne, It was
their delight to molest and ill-treat the
old watchmen, women, chil and
feeble old men who chanced to be in
the streets after sunset, The succession

Hawse-hole

589

Head

of these London pests after the Restora
tion was in the following order: Tho
Muns, the Tityré Tis, the Hectors, the
Scourers, the Nickers, then the Hawku-
bites (1711-1714), and then the Mohocks
—most dreaded of all. (Hawkubite is
the name of an Indian tribe of savages.)
“From Mohock and from Hawkubite,
Good Lord deliver me,
Who wander through the streets at nigh
Committing cruelty.
They slash our sons with bloody. knives,
And on our daughters fall ;
And, if they murder not our wives,
We have good luck withal.”
Hawse-hole. He has crept through
the hawse-hole, or He has come im at the
hawse-hole. That is, he entered the
service in the lowest grade; he rose
from the ranks, A naval phrase. The
hawse-hole of a ship is that through
which the cable of the anchor runs.

Hawthorn, in florology, means ‘‘ Good
Hope,’’ because it shows the winter is
over and spring is at hand. The Athe-
nian girls used to crown themselves
with hawthorn flowers at weddings, and
the marriage-torch was made of haw-
thorn. The Romans considered it a
charm against sorcery, and placed leaves
of it on the cradles of new-born infants,

* The hawthorn was chosen by
Henry VII. for his device, because the
crown of Richard IIL. was discovered in
a hawthorn bush at Bosworth.

Hay, Hagh, or Haugh. A royal
park in ‘‘ which no man commons”’; rich
asture-land ; as Bilhagh (Billa-haugh),
Baesent, or Bestwood-hay, Lindeby-
hay, Welley-hay or Wel-hay. These
five hays were ‘‘special reserves’’ of game
for royalty alone.

A. bottle of hay. (See Botrzz.)

Between hay and grass. Too late for
one and too soon for the other.

Neither hay nor grass. That hobby-
de-hoy state when a youth is neither boy
nor man.

Make hay while the sun shines.

Strike while the iron is hot,

Take time by the forelock.

One to-day is worth two to-morrows.
(Franklin.)

Hayston (Frank), The laird of
Bucklaw, afterwards laird of Girning-
ton. (Sir Walter Scott: Bride of Lam-
mermoor.)

Hayward. A keeper of the catile
or common herd of a village or parish.
The word hay means ‘‘ hedge,” and this
herdsman was so called because he had
‘Cward”’ of the ‘‘ hedges” also. (Anglo-
Saxon, hég, hay ; hege, a hedge.)

Hazazel. The Scape-goat (q.v.).
HazeL (See Drvinine Rov.)

Hazel-nut. (Anglo-Saxon, hesel-
hnut, from hesel, a hat or cap, the cap-
nut or the nut enclosed in a cap.)

Head. (Latin, caput ; Saxon, hed fod ;
Scotch, hafet ; contracted into head.)

Better be the head of an ass than the tail
of a horse. Better be foremost amongst
commoners than the lowest of the aris-
tocracy ; better be the head of the yeo-
manry than the tail of the gentry. The
Italians say, ‘‘H meglio esser testa di
luccio che coda di sturrone.’?

He has a head on his shoulders, He is
up to snuff (¢.v.); he is a clever fellow,
with brains in his head,

He has quite lost his head, Heisina
quandary or quite confused.

I can make neither head nor tail of it.
I cannot understand it at all. A gambling
phrase. :

Mon with heads beneath the shoulders.
(See CaoRa.)

Men without heads, (See BLEMMYES.)

Off one’s head. Deranged ; delirious ;
extremely excited, Here ‘‘ head’
means intelligence, understanding, etc.
His intelligence or understanding has
gone away, hail

To bundle one out head and heels,
‘* Sans cérémonie,’”? altogether. The
allusion is to a custom at one time far
too frequent in cottages, for a whole
family to sleep together in one bed head
to heels or pednam'ené, as it was termed
in Cornwall; to bundle the whole lot
out of bed was to turn them out head
and heels,

To head off. To intercept.

To hit the nail on the head, You have
guessed aright ; you have done the right
thing. The allusion is obvious. C)
French say, ‘* Vous avez frappé au but’?
(You have hit the mark); the Italians
have the phrase, ‘* Havete dato in
brocea’’ (You have hit the pitcher), al-
luding to a game where a pitcher stood
in the place of Aunt Sally (¢.v.). The
Latin, ‘‘ Rem acu tetigisti’? (You have
touched the thing with a needle), refers
to the custom of probing sores.

To keep one’s ieee above water. (To
avoid bankruptcy. The allusion is to a

erson immersed in water; so long as

is head is above water his life remains,
but bad swimmers find it hard to keep
their heads above water.

To lose one’s head. Tobe confused and
mnddle-minded.

To make head. To get on.

Head

59

ie Heart

Head Shaved (Get your). You are
a dotard. Go and get your head shaved
like other lunatics. (See Baru.)

“Thou thinkst that monarchs never can act ill,

Get thy bead shaved, poor fool, or think s0

still.” Peter Pindar : Ode Upon Ode.

Head and Ears. Over head and ears
{in debt, in love, etc.], completely ; en-
tirely. The allusion is to a person
immersed in water. The French phrase
is “ Avoir des dettes pardessus la téte.”

Head and Shoulders. A phrase of
cund shades of meaning. Thus “ head
and shoulders taller’? means consider-
ably tall; to turn one out head and

shoulders means to drive one out forcibly”

and without ceremony.

Head of Cattle. Cattle are counted
by the head; manufacturing labourers
by hands, as “ How many hands do you
employ ?’’ horses by the nose (See
Nose) ; guests at dinner by the cover,
as ‘‘Covers for ten,”’ etc. (See Num-
BERS, HAND.)

< In contracting for meals the con-
. tractor takes the job at so much “a
head ”’—+.¢. for each person.

Head over Heels (Za turn). To
place the hands upon the ground and
throw the legs upwards so as to de-
scribe half a circle.

Heads or Tails. Guess whether the
coin tossed up will come down with head-
side uppermost or not. The side not
bearing the head has various devices,
sometimes Britannia, sometimes George
and the Dragon, sometimes a harp, some-
times the royal arms, sometimes an. in-
scription, etc. These devices are all in-
cluded in the word tail, meaning opposite
to the head. The ancient Romans used
to play this game, but said, ‘‘ Heads or
ships,’’

“Cum pueri denarios in sublime jactantes,

‘capita aut navia,’ lusu teste vetustatis excla-
mant."”—Macrobius Saturnalia, i. 7.

Neither head nor tail. Nothing con-
sistent. ‘‘ I can make neither head nor
tail of what you say,”’ z.e. I cannot bolt
the matter to the bran.

Heads I Win, Tails you Lose. In
tossing up a coin, with such an arrange-
ment, the person who makes the bargain
must of necessity win, and the person
who accepts it must inevitably lose.

Heady, wilful ; affecting the head, as
‘The wine or beer is heady.’ (German,
heftig, ardent, strong, self-willed.)

‘Healing Gold. Gold given to a king
for ‘‘healing”’ the king’s evil, which
was done by a touch:

Health. Your health. The story is
“that Vortigern was invited to dine at
the house of Hengist, when Rowe’na,
the host’s daughter, brought a cup of
wine which she presented to their royal
guest, saying, ‘“‘ Was he'l, hlaford cyn-
ang’? (Your health, lord king). (See
W ASssAIL.)

William of Malmesbury says the cus-
tom took its rise from the death of young
King Edward the Martyr, who was
traitorously stabbed in the back while
drinking a cup of wine presented to him
by his mother Elfrida. .

Drinking healths. The Romans adopted
a curious fashion of drinking the health
of their lady-loves, and‘that was to drink
a bumper to each letter of her name.
Hudibras satirises this custom, which he
calls ‘spelling names with beer-glasses ””
(part ii. chap. 1).

“ Nevia sex cyathis, septem Justina bibatur,

Quinque Lycas, Lyde quatuor, Ida tribus,”
Martial, i. 72.

Three cups to Amy, four to Kate be given,
To Susan five, six Rachel, Bridget BoKOn. 3

Heap. Struck all of a heap. To be
struck with astonishment. ‘‘ Etre ahurt.”
The idea is that of confusion, having
the wits bundled together in a heap.

Hear. To hear as a hog in harvest. In
at one ear and out at the other; hear
without paying attention. Giles Firmin
says, ‘If you call noes out of the har-
vest stubble, they will just lift up their
heads to listen, and fall to their shack
again.”? (Real Christian, 1670.) ‘

Hearse (lsyl.) means simplya harrow,
- Those harrows used in Roman Catholic
churches (or frames with spikes) for
holding candles are called in France
herses. These frames at a later period
were covered with a canopy, and lastly
were mounted on wheels.

Heart. A variety of the word core.
(Latin, cord’, the heart; Greek, kard’ ;
Sanskrit, herd ; Anglo-Saxon, heorte.)

Heart (in Christian art), the attribute
of St. There’sa.

The flaming heart (in Christian art),
the symbol of charity. An attribute of
St. Augustine, denoting the fervency of
his devotion. The heart of the Saviour
is frequently so represented.

Heart.

PuRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. ay

A bloody heart. Since the time of Good
Lord James the Douglases have carried
upon their shields a bloody heart with a
crown upon it, in memory of the expedi-
tion of Lord James to Spain with the

Heart

591 . Heart of

heart of King Robert Bruce. King
Robert commissioned his friend to carry
his heart to the Holy Land, and Lord
James had it enclosed in a silver casket,
which he wore round his neck. On his
way to the Holy Land, he stopped to
aid Alphonso of Castile against Osmyn
the Moor, and was slain. Sir Simon
Lockhard of Lee was commissioned to
carry the heart back to Scotland. (Zales
of a Grandfather, xi.)

After my own heart. Just what I
like; in accordance with my liking or
wish: the heart being the supposed
seat of the affections.

Be of good heart. Cheerup. In Latin,
“ Fae, bono animo sis ;’’ the heart being
the seat of moral courage.

Out of heart. Despondent ; without
sanguine hope. In Latin, ‘‘ Animum

despondere.”?” In French, ‘ Perdre
courage.” ;
Set your heart at rest. Be quite easy

about the matter. In French, ‘‘ Mettez
votre ceur a Vaise.”” The heart is the
supposed organ of the sensibilities (in-
cluding the affections, etc.).

To break one’s heart. To waste away
or die of disappointment. ‘‘ Broken-
hearted,’”? hopelessly distressed. In
French, ‘‘ Cela me fend le ceur.”? The
heart is the organ of life. ar

To learn by heart. To learn memo-
riter; to commit tomemory. In French,
** Par ceur” or “‘ Apprendre par ceur.”’
(See LEARN.)

To set one’s heart upon. Earnestly to
desire it. ‘* Je l’aime de tout mon ceur ;?’
the heart being the supposed seat of the
affections.

Tuke heart. Be of good courage.
Moral courage at one time was supposed
to reside in the heart, physical courage
in the stomach, wisdom in the head,
affection in the reins or kidneys, melan-
choly in the bile, spirit in the blood, etc.
In French, ‘‘ prendre courage.”

To take to heart. To feel deeply
pained [at something which has oc-
curred]. In Latin, ‘‘ Percussit mihi
animum ;"? “‘iniguo animo ferre.’? In
French, “' Prendre wne affaire a coeur ;”?
the heart being the supposed seat of the
affections, z

To wear one’s heart upon one’s sleeve.
To expose one’s secret intentions to
geno! “notice; the reference being to

e custom of tying ‘your lady’s favour
to your sleeve, and thus exposing the
secret of the heart. Iago says, ‘‘ When
-my outward action shows my secret
heart, I will wear pay heart upon my

sleeve, as one does a lady’s favour, for

daws [? dows, pigeons} to peck at.”
Dows = fools, or simpletons to laugh at
or quiz. (Othello, i. 1.)

With all ny heart. ‘De tout mon
ceur ;’? most willing. The heart, as
the seat of the affections and sensibilities,
is also the seat of the will.

Heart-breaker (4). A flirt. Also
a particular kind of curl. Called in
French <Accroche-ceur. At one time
loose ringlets worn over the shoulders
were called heart-breakers. At another
time a curl worn over the temples was
called an Accroche-caur, créve ceur,

Heart-rending. Very pathetic. “Qui
déchire le ceur ;”? the heart as the seat
of the affections, °

Heart-whole. Not in love; the
affections not given to another.

“Tin love? ... I give you my word I am heart-
whole."—Sir W, Scott: Redgauntlet (letter 13),

Heart and Soul. With my whole
heart and soul, With all the energy and
enthusiasm of which I am capable. In
French, ‘‘ S’y porter de tout son ceur.’?
Mark xii, 33 says, ‘‘Love [God] with
all thy heart [affection], all thy soul [or
glow of spiritual life], all thy strength
[or physical powers], and all thy under-
standing [that is, let thy love be also a
reasonable service, and. not mere enthu-
siasm].”’

Héart in his Boots. His heart fell
into his hose or sank into his boots, In
Latin, ‘‘ Cor illi in genua decidit.’’ In.
French, ‘‘ Avoir la peur au ventre.”’ The
two last phrases are very expressive:
Fear makes the knees shake, and it
gives one a stomach-ache; but the
English phrase, if it means anything,
must mean that it induces the person to
run away.

Heart in his Mouth. His heart
was in his mouth. That choky-feeling
in the throat which arises from fear,
conscious guilt, shyness, etc.

“The young lover tried to look at his ease,...
but his heart wasin bis mouth,.”—MissThackeray:
Mrs. Dymond, p. 156,

Heart of Grace (To take). To pluck
up courage; not to be disheartened or
down-hearted, This expression is based
on the promise, ‘‘ My grace is sufficient
for thee” (2 Cor, xii. 9); by this grace

| St. Paul says, ‘‘ When I am weak then

am I strong.”” ‘Take grace into your
heart, rely on God’s grace for strength,
with grace in your heart your feeble
knees will be strengthened. (See Hart

OF GREASE.)

- Heart of

592

Heaven

Heart of Hearts (Jn one’s). In
one’s inmost conviction. The heart is
often referred to as a second self,
Shakespeare speaks of the ‘‘ neck of the
heart’ (Merchant of Venice, ii, 2); ‘the
middle of the heart’? (Cymbeline, i. 7).
The heart of the heart is to the same
effect,

Heart of Midlothian. The old
jail, the Tolbooth of Edinburgh, taken
down in 1817. Sir Walter Scott has a
novel so called,

Heart’s Ease. The viola tricdlor,
It has a host ef fancy names; as, the
‘ Butterfly flower,” ‘‘ Kiss me quick,”
a ‘Kiss behind the garden gate,”
‘¢ Love in idleness,’ ‘‘ Pansy,” ‘¢ Three
faces under one hood,” the ‘‘ Variegated
violet,” ‘‘ Herba Trinitatis,’’ The quo-
tation annexed will explain the popular
tradition of the flower :—

“Yet marked T where the bolt of Cupid fell:
It fell uponadittle western flower,
Before milk-white, now purple with loves
wound, 2 oe:
And maidens call it love-in-idleness...,
The juice of it on sleeping eyelids laid
~ ‘Will make a man or woman madly doat
Upon the next live creature that it sees.”
Shakespeare: Midsummer Night's Dream, ii. 1.

Hearth Money. (See Cuiumney
Money.)

Heat. One course ina race; activity,
action.
“Feigned Zeal, you saw, set out with speedier

pace,
But the last heat Plain Dealing won the race.”

Dryden,
Heathen. A dweller on a heath or
common, Christian doctrines would not
reach these remote people till long after
they had been accepted in towns, and
even villages. (Anglo-Saxon, Aethen,
heth. (See Pacayn.)

. Heaven. (Anglo-Saxon, heafon, from
heofen, elevated, vaulted,)

THE THREE HEAVENS. (According to
the Jewish system.) The word heaven
in the Bible denotes (1) the air, thus
we read of *‘ the fowls of heaven,’’ ‘‘ the
dew of heaven,” and ‘the clouds of

—heaven”’; (2) the starry firmament, as,
“Let there be lights in the firmament
of heaven”’ (Gen. i. 14); (3) the palace
of Jehovah; thus we read that ‘‘ heaven
is My throne ’’ (Isa. Ixvi. 1, and Matt.
v. 34). (

2 Pale the word is used in Scrip-

_ture sometimes simply to express a great

height. ‘‘The cities are walled up to

‘heaven ’’ (Deut. i. 28). So the builders

.on Shinar designed to raise a tower
whose-top should “reach unto heaven ’’
(Gen. xi. 4),

THE Five Heavens. (According to
the Ptolemaic system.) (1) The planet-
ary heaven; (2) the sphere of the fixed
stars ; (3) the crystalline, which vibrates;
(4) the primum mo’bilé, which communi-
cates motion to the lower spheres; (5)
the empyre’an or seat of deity and
angels. (See above.) ;
o See she deemed that Mars had from

abdov

Left his fifth heaven, the powers of men to

rove,
3 Hoole: Orlando Furioao, book xiii.

Tue SrevEN Heavens. (According to
the Mahometan system.)

' The first. heaven, says Mahomet. is of

pure silver, and here the stars are hung

out like lamps on golden chains, Each

star has an angel for warder. In this

pearen “the prophet’ found Adam and
ive,

The second heaven, says Mahomet, is
of polished steel and dazzling splendour,
Here ‘‘ the prophet’’ found Noah.

The third heaven, says Mahomet, is
studded with precious stones too bril-
liant for the eye of man. Here Az’rael,
the angel of death, is stationed, and is
for ever. writing in a large book or
blotting words out. The former are the
names of persons born, the latter those
of the newly dead. (See below, Heaven
of heavens.)

The fourth heaven, he says, is of the
finest silver, Here dwells the Angel of
Tears, whose height is ‘‘ 500 days’ jour-
ney,’’? and he sheds ceaseless tears for
the sins of man.

The fifth heaven is of purest gold, and
here dwells the Avenging Angel, who
presides over elemental fire. Here ‘‘ the
prophet’? met Aaron. (See below.)

The sixth heaven is composed of Has’-
ala, a sort of carbuncle. Here dwells
the Guardian Angel of heaven and
earth, half-snow and half-fire. It was
here that Mahomet saw Moses, who
wept with envy.

he seventh heaven, says the same
veritable authority, is formed of divine
light beyond the power of tongue to
describe. Each inhabitant is bigger
than the whole earth, and has 70,000
heads, each head 70,000 mouths, each
mouth 70,000 tongues, and each tongue
speaks 70,000 languages, all for ever
employed in chanting the praises of the

Most High, Here he met Abraham,
(See below).
To be in the seventh heaven. Su-

premely happy. : The Cabbalists main-
tained that there are seven heavens, each
rising in happiness ahove the other, the

Heavies

593

Hecatomb

seventh being the abode of God and the
highest class of angels. (See above.)
THR Nine Heavens. The term
heaven was used anciently to denote the
orb or sphere in which a celestial body
was supposed to move, hence the number
of heavens varied. According to one
system, the first heaven was that of the
Moon, the second that of Venus, the
third that of Mercury, the fourth that
of the Sun, the fifth that of Mars, the
sixth that of Jupiter, the seventh that
of Saturn, the eighth that of the “‘fixt”
or firmament, and the ninth.that of the

Crystalline. (See N1nE SPHERES.)
HEAVEN (in modern phraseology
means : t,

1) a great but indefinite heig
3 the sky or the vault of the clouds,
3) the special abode of God, (4) the
place of supreme felicity, (5) supposed
residence of the celestial gods, etc.

The heaven of heavens, A Hebrewism
to express the highest of the heavens,
the special residence of Jehovah. Simi-
lar superlatives are ‘‘ the Lord of lords,’’
‘the God of gods,’”’ ‘‘the Song of
songs,’”’ (Compare our Very very much,
etc.

“ Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens
is the Lord's,"—Deut. x. 14.
(See

Animals admitted into heaven,
under PARADISE.)

Heavies (7c), means the heavy cav-
alry, which consists of men of greater
build and height than Lancers and
Hussars. (See Lignt Troops.)

Heavy Man (The), in theatrical par-
lance, means an actor who plays foil to
the hero, such as the king in Hamlet, the
mere foil to the prince; Iago is another
“‘heavy man’s’”’ part as foil to Othello ;
the ‘‘tiger’’ in the Ticket of Leave Man
is another part for the ‘heavy ;man.”’
Such parts preserve a degree of im-
portance, but never rise into passion.

Heavy-armed Artillery (The). The
garrison artillery. The ‘‘light-armed
artillery ’? are Royal Horse Artillery.

He’be (2 syl.). Goddess of youth,
and cup-bearer to the celestial gods.
She had the power of restoring the aged

to youth and beauty. (Greek mythology.)

‘“ Wreathéd smiles
Such as apne on Hebe's cheek,
And love to live in dimple sleek.”
; Milton: L' Allegro.

Hebe vases. Small vases like a coty-
Tiscos. So termed because Hebé is re-
presented
nectar for the gods,

' Hebertists (3 syl.). The partisans
of the vile demagogue, Jacques Réné

~ 38°

:
q 7

as bearing one containing |

;

_-

Hébert, chief of the Cordeliers, a revo-
lutionary club which boasted of such
names as Anacharsis Clootz, Ronsin,
Vincent, and Momoro, in the great
French Revolution.

Heb’ron, in the satire of Absalom
and Achitophel, in the first part stands
for Holland, but in the second part for
Scotland. Heb’ronite (3 syl.), a native
of Holland or Scotland.

Hee’ate (3 syl. in Greek, 2 in Eng.).
A triple deity, called Pheebé or the Moon
in heaven, Diana on the earth, and He-
cate or Proserpine in hell. She is de-
scribed as having three heads—one of a
horse, one of a dog, and one of a lion.
Her offerings consisted of dogs, honey,
and black lambs. She was sometimes
called ‘‘ Tri'via,’’ because offerings were
presented to her at cross-roads. Shake-
pas refers to the triple character of
this goddess :

‘And we fairies that do run
By the triple Hecate's team.”
Midsummer Night's Dream, v. 2,

Hecate, daughter of Persés the Titan,
is a very different person to the ‘‘ Triple
Hecate,’’ who, according to Hesiod, was
daughter of Zeus and a benevolent
goddess. Hecate, daughter of Persés,
was a magician, poisoned her father,
raised a temple to Diana in which she
immolated strangers, and was mother
of Mede'’a and Circé. She presided over
magic, and enchantments, taught sorcery
ae witchcraft. She is represented
with a lighted torch and a sword, and
is attended by two black dogs.

*: Shakespeare, in his Macbeth, alludes
to both these Hecates. Thus in act ii.
1 he speaks of ‘‘ pale Hecate,’’ 1.¢. the
mother of Medéa and Circé, goddess of
magicians, whom they invoked, and to
whom they made offerings.

“Now ... [at night] witchcraft celebrates
Pale Hecate’s offerings.”

But in act iii. 2 he speaks of ‘' black
Hecate,” meaning night, and says be-
fore the night is over and day dawns,

there
“ Shall be done :
A deed of dreadful note;” ic. the murder of }
Duncan.

N.B. Without doubt, sometimes these
two Hecates are confounded.

Hecatomb. It is said that Pytha-
goras offered up 100 oxen to the gods
when he discovered that the square of
the hypothenuse of a right-angled-
triangle equals both the squares of the
other two sides. This is the 47th of
book i. of ‘* Euclid,’’ called the dul-
carnein (g.v.). But Pythagoras never

Hector

594

Hegemony

a

sacrificed animals, and would not suffer
his disciples to do so.

“ He‘sacrificed'to the gods millet and honey-

comb, but’not animals. [Again] He forbade his
disciples to sacrifice oxen.”"—Iamblichus: Life of
Pythagoras, xviii. pp. 108-9.

Hector. Eldest son of Priam, the
noblest and most magnanimous of all
the chieftains in Homer’s J/iad (a Greek
epic). After holding out for ten years,
he was slain by Achilles, who lashed
bim to his chariot, and dragged the
dead body in triumph thrice round the
walls of Troy. The Iliad concludes
with the funeral obsequies of Hector
and Patroc’los.

The Hector of Germany, Joachim IL.,
Elector of Brandenburg (1514-1571).

You wear Hector’s cloak. You are

aid off for trying to deceive another.

ou are paid in your own coin. When
Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland,
in 1569, was routed, he hid himself in
the House of Hector Armstrong, of Har-
law. This villain betrayed him for the
reward offered, but never after did any-
thing go well with him; he went down,
down, down, till at last he died a beggar
in rags on the roadside.

Hector (4). A leader; so called
from the son of Priam and generalis-
simo of the Trojans.

Hector (7). Toswagger, or play the
bully. It is hard to conceive how the
brave, modest, noble-minded patriot
came to be made the synonym of a
braggart and blusterer like Ajax.

Hectors. Street bullies and brawlers
who delighted in being as rude as pos-
sible, especially to women. Robbery
was not their object, but simply to get
talked about. (See HaAwxKUBITES.)

Hec’uba. Second wife of Priam, and
mother of nineteen children. When Troy
was taken by the Greeks she fell to the
lot of Ulysses. She was afterwards
metamorphosed into a dog, and threw
herself into the sea. The place where
she perished was afterwards called the
Dog’s- grave (cynos-se'ma). (Homer:
Iliad, — ig”

On to Hecuba. To the point or main
incident. The story of Hecuba has
furnished a host of Greek tragedies,

Hedge (1 syl.). To seg in betting,
is to defend oneself from loss by cross-
bets. Asa, hedge is a defence, so cross-
betting is hedging. (#. Hunt: The
Town, ix.)
Godt

e ‘o}
Rad betiod too deep... and tbat it was time to
pedee, 7 Macenlay : England, vol iv. chap. xvii.
a ; ’

pbin) began to think... that he |

Hedge Lane (London) includes that
whole line of streets (Dorset, Whitcomb,
Prince’s, and Wardour) stretching from
Pall Mall East to Oxford Street.

Hedge Priest. A poor or vagabond
parson. The useof hedge for vagabond,
or very inferior, is common ; as hedge-
mustard, hedge-writer (a Grubb Street
author), hedge-marriage (a clandestine
one), etc. Shakespeare uses the phrase,
‘*hedge-born swain”’ as the very oppo-
5 “gentle blood,’ (1 Henry VI.,
iv. 1.

_ Hedge School (4). A school kept
in the open air, near a hedge. At one
time common in Ireland.

“ These irregular or ‘hedge schools’ are tole-
rated only in villages where no regular school
exists within a convenient distance."—Barnard:
Journal of Education, December, 1862, p. 574.

Hedonism, The doctrine of hristip
pus, that pleasure or happiness is the
chief good and chief end of man (Greek,
hedoné, pleasure).

Heel, Heels. (Anglo-Saxon hél.)

Achilles’ heel. (See under ACHILLES.)

I showed him a far pair of heels, 1
ran away and outran them.

“Two of them saw me when IT went out of
doors, and chased me, but I showed them a fair
pair of heels.’"—Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak,
chap, XXxiv.

Out at heels. Ina sad plight, in-de-
cayed circumstances, like a beggar whose
stockings are worn out at the heels.

“A good man’s fortune may grow out at heels.”

Shakespeare: King Lear, ii. 2.

To show a light pair of heels. To
abscond. :

To take to one’s heels.
‘¢* Tn pedes nos conjicére,”

Heel-tap. Bumpers all round, and
no heel-taps—i.e. the bumpers are to be
drained to the bottom of the glass. Also,
one of the thicknesses of the heel of a
shoe.

Heenan. In Heenan style. ‘* By
apostolic blows and knocks.” Heenan,
the Benicia boy of North America, dis-

uted for the champion’s belt against

ayers, the British champion. His build
and muscle were the admiration of the
ring. RR:

Heep (Uriah). An abject toady,
malignant as he is base ; alwa: epoasting
of his 'zmb/e birth, *tmbdle position, ’amnble

To run off.

abode, and ’znble calling. (Dickens :
David Copperfield.) 08 i
Hegem'ony (7 hard). The hegemony

of nations. The leadership. (Gree! ~-
RE from ago, to lead.) ree ioe ;

Hegira 595

Helicon

Heg’ira. The epoch of the flight of
Mahomet from Mecca, when he was
po see by the magistrates, July 16th,
622. Mahometans date from this event,
(Arabic, hejira, departure.)

Heimdall (2 syl.). In Scandinavian
mythology, son of the nine virgins; all
sisters. He is called the god with the
golden tooth or with golden teeth. Heim-
dall was not an Asa (g.v.), but a Van
(q.v.), who lived in the celestial fort Him-
insbiorg under the farther extremity
of the bridge Bifrost (q¢.v.), and kept
the keys of heaven. He is the watch-
man or sentinel of Asgard (q.v.), sleeps
less than a bird, sees even in sleep, can
hear the grass grow, and even the wool
on alamb’s back. Heimdall, at the end
of the world, will wake the gods with

- his trumpet, when the sons of Muspell
will go against them, with Loki, the wolf

Fenrir,and the great serpent Jormungand.

Heimdall’s Horn. The sound of
this horn went through all the world.

Heimdaller. The learned humbugs
in the court of oon Dinu’be of Hisis-
burg. (Grimm’s Goblins.)

Heims-kringla (The). A prose
legend found in the Snorra Edda,

Heir-apparent. The person who
will succeed as heir if he survives. At
the death of his predecessor the heir-
apparent becomes /eir-at-law.

Heir-presumptive.
be heir if no one is born having a prior
claim. Thus the Princess Royal was
heir-presumptive till the Prince of
Wales was born; and if the Prince of
Wales had been king before any family
had been born to him, his brother,
Prince Alfred, would have been heir-
presumptive.

Hel or Hela (in Scandinavian myth-
ology), queen of the dead, is goddess of
the ninth earth or nether world. She
dwelt beneath the roots of the sacred
ash (yggdrasil), and was the daughter of
Loki. The All-father sent her into

‘Helheim, where she was giyen dominion

over nine worlds, and to one or other of
these nine worlds she sends all who die
of sickness or old age. Her dwelling is
Elvid’nir (dark clouds), her dish Hun
(hunger), her knife Sullt (starvation),
her servants Gangla'ti (¢ardy-feet), her
bed Kor (sickness), and her bed-curtains
Blikian’dabél (splendid misery). Half
her body was blue.

* Down the yawning steep he rode
That led to Hela's drear abode.”
i Gray: Descent of Odin,

One who will '

Hel Kepiein. A mantle of invisi-
bility ber ig cc hed thedwarf-king Laurin.
pA Preis ehlen, to conceal.) (The

eldenbuch.)

Heldenbuch (Book of Heroes), A
German compilation of. all the romances
pertaining to ‘Diderick and his cham-
pions, by Wolfram von Eschenbach.

Helen, The type of female beauty.
more especially in those who have reached
womanhood. Daughterof Zeus and Leda,
and wife of Menela’os, King of Sparta.
“She moves a goddess and she looks a queen.”
Pope; Homer's Iliad, iii,
The Helen of Spain. Cava or Florinda,
daughter of Count Julian. (See Cava.)
St, Helen’s fire (feu d’Héléne) ; also
called Feu St. Helme (St. Helme’s or St.
Elmo’s fire); and by the Italians ‘‘the
fires of St. Peter and St. Nicholas.’
Meteoric fires seen occasionally on the
masts of ships, etc. If the flame is
single, foul weather is said to be at hand ;
but if two or more flames appear, the
weather will improve. (See Castor.)
Helen of One’s Troy (Zic). The
ambition of one’s life; the subject for
which we would live and die. The
allusion, of course, is to that Helen who
eloped with Paris, and, thus brought
about the siege and destruction of Troy.
“ For which men all the Jife they here enjoy
Still fight, as for the Helens of their Troy.”
Lord Brooke: Treatie of Humune Learning.
Helena. The type of a lovely
woman, patient and hopeful, strong in
feeling, and sustained through trials by
her enduring and heroic faith. (Shake-
speare: All’s Well that Ends Weill.)
Hel’ena (S¢.). Mother of Constantine

the Great. She is represented in royal
robes, wearing an imperial crown, because

| she was empress, Sometimesshe carries in

her hand a model of the Holy Sepulchre,
an edifice raised by her in the East;
sometimes. she bears a large cross,
typical of her alleged discovery of that
upon which the Saviour was crucified ;
sometimes she also bears the three nails
by which He was affixed to the cross.

Hel’enos. The prophet, the only
son of Priam that survived the fall of
Troy. He-fell to the share of Pyrrhos
when the captives were awarded; and
because he saved the life of the young
Grecian was allowed to marry Androm’-
aché, his brother Hector's widow. (Vir-
gil: inetd.) >

Helicon, The Muses’ Mount. It is

“part of the Parnassos, a mountain range

in Greece,

—

Helicon’s harmonious stream is the
stream which flowed from Helicon to the
fountains of the Muses, called Aganippe
and Hip’pocrene (3 syl.).

Heligh-monat (Holy-mouth). The
name. given Ki the Anglo-Saxons to
December, in allusion to Christmas Day.

Heliop’olis, the City of the Sup, a
Greek form of (1) Baalbek, in Syria ;
and (2) of On, in ancientKgypt, noted for
its temple of Actis, called Beth Shemesh
or Temple of the Sun, in Jer. xliii. 13.

Helios. The Greek Sun-god, who
rode to his palace in Colchis every night
in a golden boat furnished with wings.

Heliostat. An instrument by which
the rays of the sun can be flashed to great
distances. Used in signalling:

Heliotrope (4 syl.). Apollo loved
Clyt'ie, but forsook her for her sister
Leucoth’oe. On discovering this, Clytie
pined away; and Apollo changed her at

~death to a flower, which, always turning
towards the sun, is called heliotrope.
~ (Greek, “ turn-to-sun.’’) cos

< According to the poets, heliotrope
renders the bearer invisible. Boccaccio
calls it a stone, but Solinus says it is the
herb. “ Ut herba ejusdem nominis mixta
et precantationibus legitimis consecrata,
eum, @
visibus obviorum.”? (Georyic, xi.)

~ “No hope had they of crevice where to hide,
Or hellotrope to charm them out of view."
Dante: Inferno, xxiv.
“ The other stone is heliotrope, which renders

those who have it invisible.” — Boccuccio: Uhe
Decameron, Novel iii., Egbth day.

Hell. According to Mohammedan
faith, there are seven hells—

(1) Jahbannam, for wicked Mohaimmedans, all
2 whom will be sooner or later taken to para-

ise ; a

(2) The Flamer (Latha), for Christians ; ~~

(3): The Smasher (Hutamah), for Jews ;

(4) The Blazer (Sair), for Sabians ;

(5) The Scorcher 'Sakar), for Magians ;

(6) The Burner (Juhim), for idolaters ; and

(7) The Abyss (Hawiyah), for hypocrites.

Hell or drka of the Jewish Cabal-
ists, divided into séven lodges, one under
ee (Joseph ben Abraham Gika-
tilla)—

Q) Gehennom

(2) The Gates of Death
(3) The Shadow of Death
(4) The Pit of Corruption
(5) The Mire of Clay

(6) Abaddon

(7) Sheol

® All thesc presidents are under Duma,the Angel of Sileace, who keops the three keys of the
” eas three gates of hell,

_— ‘Heligh-monat ~~ 596 : ‘w-- Hell Broth

uocunque gestabitur, subtrahat

The heat 60 times tbat of fire
it “snows fire”)
60 times hotter than No, 1
60 times botter than No.2 Korah
60 times hotter than No.3 Jeroboam
60 times botter than No.4 Ahab
60 times hotter than No.5 Micah Pasiel
~ 60 times hotter than No. 6, Elisba, son of Abuya, Dalkiel
or 420 times hotter than tire

Ree

In the Buddhist system there are
136 places of punishment after death,
where the dead are sent according to their
degree of demerit. (Sce EUPHEMISMS.) _

Hell. This word occurs eighteen
times in the New Testament. In nine
instances the Greek word is Hadés ; in
eight instances it is Gehenna; and in
one it is Tartarus. :

Hades ; Matt. xi, 23, xvi. 18; Luke
xvi. 23; Acts ii. 31; 1 Cor. xv. 65; Rev.
i. 18, vi. 8, xx. 13, 14. (See HapeEs.)

Gehenna: Matt. v. 22, 29, x. 28, xiii.
15, xviii. 9, xxiii. 15, 33; James iii. 6.
(See GEHENNA.) }

Tartarus :-2 Peter ii. 4. (See Tar-
TAROS.)

Descended into hell (Creed) means the
place of the dead. (Anglo-Saxon, helan,
to cover or conceal, like the Greek
‘«Ha'dés,”’ the abode of the dead, from
the verb a-cido, not to see. In
both cases it means ‘‘the unseen
world’ or ‘‘the world concealed from
sight.””, The god of this nether world
was called ‘‘ Hadés”’ by the Greeks, and
“Hel”? or ‘Hela’? by the Scandin-
avians. In some counties of England
to cover in with a roof is ‘* to hell the
building,”? and thatchers or tilers are
termed “ helliers,””

Lead apes in hell, (See APE.)

Hell (Rivers of ). Classic authors tell
us that the Inferno is encompassed by
five rivers: Achéron, Coc¥tus, Styx,
Phleg&thon, and Lethé. Acherou from
the Greek achos-reo, grief-flowing ; Co-
cytus, from the Greek kdkuo, to weep,
supposed to be a flood of tears; Styx,
from the Greek stegéo, to loathe; Phlege-
thon, from the Greek phlégo, to burn ;
and Lethé, from the Greek &tlé, ob-
livion. .

Five hateful rivers round Inferno run

Grief comes the tirst,and then the Flood of tears,

Next loathsome Styx, then liquid ee
Lethé comes last, or blank oblivion, E.C.B.

Hell Broth. A magical mixture pre-
pared for evil purposes. The witches in
AMMacheth made it. (See act iv. 1.)

_ Presiding Angel.®
e. (Here Absalom and Israelites Kushiel

who break the Law oer

Maceathiel
Chutes

Sabbath - breakers,
idolators, and un-
circumcised

aa Se ae ae $

Hell Gate 597 Helmets
Hell Gate, A dangerous passage Helle’nic. The common dialect of
between Great Barn Island and Long | the Greek writers after the age of Alex-
Island, North America. The Dutch | ander. It was based on the Attic,
settlers of New York called it Hoell- Hellenis'tic. The dialect of the

gat (whirling-gut) corrupted into Hell-
gate. Flood Rock, its most dangerous
reef, has been blown up by U.S. en-
gineers,

Hell Gates, according to Milton, are
nine-fold—three of brass, three of iron,
and three of adamant; the keepers are
Sin and Death. This allegory is one of
the most celebrated passages of Paradise
Lost. (See book ii, 643-676.)

Hell Kettles. Cavities three miles
long, at Oxen-le-Field, Durham. A,B,
C communicate with each other, dia-
meter, about 38 yards. The diameter
of D, a ahead cave, is about 28 yards.

A is 19 feet 6 inches in depth.

B is 14 feet in depth.

C is 17 feet in depth.

D is 5 feet 6 inches in depth.

(See Notes and Queries, August 21, 1875.)

Hell Shoon. In Icelandic mythology,
indispensable for the journey to Valhalla
as the obolus for crossing the Styx,

Hell or Connaught (70). This
phrase, usually attributed to Cromwell,
and common to the whole of Ireland,
rose thus: When the settlers designed
for Ireland asked the officers of James
I, where they were to go, they were
answered ‘*to Hell or Connaught,’’ go
where you like or where you may, but
don’t bother me about the matter,

Hellanod'ioge. Umpires of the public
games in Greece. They might chastise
with a stick anyone who created a dis-
turbance. Lichas, a Spartan nobleman,
was so punished by them.

Helle’nes (3 syl.). ‘This word had
in Palestine three several meanings:
Sometimes it designated the pagans;
sometimes the Jews, speaking Greek, and
dwelling among the pagans; and some-
times proselytes of the gate, that is, men
of pagan origin converted to Judaism, but
not circumcised ’’ (John vii. 35, xii. 20;
Acts xiy. 1, xvii, 4, xviii, 4, xxi. 28).
(Renan: Life of Jesus, xiv.)

N.B. The present Greeks call them-
selves ‘‘Helle’nés,’’? and. the king is
termed “‘ King of the Helle’nés.”” The
ancient Greeks called their country
“Hellas ;’’ it was the Romans who
misnamed it ‘* Greecia.””

* “The first.and truest Hellas, the mother-land of
all Hellenes, was the land which we call Greece,
with the islands round about it. There alone the

whole land was Greek.and none but Hellenes lived
in it."—Freeman; General Sketch, chap. ii. p. 21,

'

Greek language used by the Jows. It was
full of Oriental idioms and metaphors.

Hell’eniste, Those Jews who used
the Greek or Helle’nic language. (All
these four words are derived from Hellas,
in Thessaly, the cradle of the race.)

Hellespont (3 syl.), now called the
Dardanelles, means the ‘‘sea of Hellé,”’
and was so oalled because Hellé, the
sister of Phryxos, was drowned there.
She was fleeing with her brother through
the air to Colchis on the golden ram to
escape from Ino, her mother-in-law, who
most cruelly oppressed her, but turning
giddy, she fell into the sea,

Helmet, in heraldry, resting on the
chief of the shield, and bearing the crest,
indicates rank.

Gold, with six bars, or with the visor raised (in full
face) for royalty ! 4 :

Steel, with gold bars,varying innumber (in profiley
for a nobleman ; € i

Steel, without bars, and with visor open (in profile)
for a knight or baronet ;

Steel, with visor closed (in profile), for a squire or
gentleman.

* “The poimped helmet in the bas-reliefs from
the earliest palace of Nimroud_ appears to haye
been the most ancient..... Several were dis-
covered in the ruins, They were iron, and the
rings which ornamented the Tower part ... were
inlaid with copper."— Layard: Nineveh and ita
Remains, vol. ii, part ii, chap. iv. p..262.

Helmets, Those of Saragossa were
most in repute in the days of chivalry,

Close helmet, The complete head-piece,
having in front two’ movable parts,
which could be lifted up or let down at
pleasure.

Visor. One of the movable parts; it
was to look through.

Bever, or drinking-piece. One of the
movable parts, which was lifted up when
the wearer ate or drank, It comes from
the Italian verb deveré (to drink),

Mo'rion. A low iron cap, worn only
by infantry.

Mahomet’s helmet. Mahomet wore a
double helmet; the exterior one was
called al mawashah (the wreathed gar-
land). :

The helmet of Perseus (2 syl.) rendered
the wearer invisible. This was the
‘“*helmet of Ha'dés,’? which, with the
winged sandals and magic wallet. he
took from certain nymphs who held
them in possession; but after he had
slain Medusa he restored them again,
and presented the Gorgon’s head to
Athe’na [Minerva], who placed it in the
middle of' her gis, r

Helon

598

Henricans

—_—_—_—_—

He’lon, in the satire of Absalom and
Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is
meant for the Earl of Feversham,

Helot. A slave in ancient Sparta,
Hence, a slave or serf,

Help. (American.) A hired servant.

Helter-skelter. Higgledy-piggledy ;
in hurry and confusion. The Latin
hilariter-celeriter comes tolerably near
the meaning of post-haste. as Shake-
speare uses the expression (2 Henry
LV., v. 3) :—

“Sir Jobn, 1am thy Pistol and thy friend,”

And helter-skelter haye 1 rode to thee,
And tidings do I bring.”

Helve. To throw the helve after the
hatchet, To be reckless, to throw away
what remains because. your losses have
been so great. The allusion is to the
fable of the wood-cutter who lost the
head of his axe in a river and threw the
handle in after it.

Helve'tia.. Switzerland. So called
from the Helve'tii, a powerful Celtic
people who dwelt thereabouts,

“ See from the ashes of Helvetia's pile _
The whitened skull of old Serve’tus smile.”
Holmes,

Hemp. To have some hemp in your
pocket. To have luck on your side in
the most adverse circumstances. The
phrase is French (Avoir de la corde-de-
pendu duns sa poche), referring to the

opular notion that hemp brings good
uck.

Hempe (1 syl.). When hempe is spun
England is done. Lord Bacon says he
heard the prophecy when he was a child,
and he interpreted it thus: Hempe is
composed of the initial letters of Henry,
Edward, Mary, Philip, and Flizabeth.
At the close of the last reign ‘‘ England
was done,” for the sovereign no longer
styled himself ‘ King of England,” but
“King of Great Britain and Ireland.”
(See NoTanrica. )

Hempen Caudle.
rope,

“Ye shall have a hempen caudle then, and, the
help ofa hatchet.""—Shakespeare : 2 Hen. VI. 1v.7.

Hempen Collar (4). The hang-
man’srope. In French: ‘La cravate de
chanvre.”

Hempen Fever. Death on the
gallows, the rope being made of hemp.

Hempen Widow. The widow of a
man who has been hanged. (See above.)
’ “ Of a hempen widow the kid forlorn,”
Ainsworth: Jack Sheppard.
He'mus or Hemus, A chain of
mountains in Thrace, According to

A hangman’s

mythology, Heamos, son of Boreas, was
changed into a mountain for aspiring to
divine honours. j

Hen-pecked. A man who submits
to be snubbed by his wife.

Hen and Chickens (in Christian
art), emblematical of God’s providence.
(See St. Matthew xxiii. 37.)

A whistling maid and crowing hen is
neither fit for God nor men, A whistling
maid means a witch, who whistles like
the Lapland witches to call up the winds;
they were supposed to be in league with
the devil. The crowing of a hen was
supposed to forbode a death. The usual
interpretation is that masculine qualities
in females are undesirable.

Hen with one Chick, 4s fussy as
a hen with one chick. Over-anxious
about small matters; .over-particular
and fussy. A hen with one chick is for
ever clucking it, and never leaves it in
independence a single moment,

Henchman. Henchboy. The Anglo-
Saxon Aine is a servant or page; or
perhaps henges-man, a horse-man ; henges
or hengst, a horse.

“J do but beg a little changeling boy
To be my benchman,”*

Shakespeare: Midsummer Night's Dream, ii. 1.

Hengist and Horsa, German, hengst
(a stallion), and Horsa is connected with
our Anglo-Saxon word hors (horse). If
the names of two brothers, probably
they were given them from the devices
borne on their arms.

According to tradition, they landed in
Pegwell Bay, Kent.

Henna. The Persian ladies tinge the
tips of their fingers with henna to make
them a reddish-yellow,

* The leaf of the henna-plant. resembles that of
the myrtle. The blossom has a powerful frag-
rance ; it grows like a feather about 18 inches
long, forming a cluster of small yolox. flowers.”
— Baker: Nile Tribes, Abyssinia, chap. i. p, 3.

Henneberg (Countess). One day a beg-
gar woman asked alms of the Countess,
who twitted the beggar for carrying
twins, The woman, furious with pas-
sion, cursed the Countess with the assur-
ance that she should become the mother
of 365 children. The tradition is that
the Countess had this number all at one
parturition. All the boys were named
John and all the girls Plizabeth, The
story says they all died on the day of
their birth, and were buried at Hague.

Hen'ricans or Henricians. 4 reli-
gious sect ; so called from Henri’cus, its
founder, an Italian monk, who, in the -
twelfth century, undertook to reform

ffenrietta

5

9 Herba Sacra

the vices of the ciergy. He rejected
infant baptism, festivals, and ceremonies.
Henricus was imprisoned by Pope Eu-
ge’nius III. in 1148.

Henriette (3 syl.), in the French lan-
guage, means ‘“‘a perfect woman.’’ The
character is from Moliére’s Lemmes Sa-
vantes.

Henry (Poor), a touching tale in
poetry by Hartmann von der Aur [Our],
one of the minnesingers (12th century).
Henry, prince of Hoheneck, in Bavaria,
being struck with leprosy, was told that
he never would be healed till a spotless
maiden volunteered to die on his behalf.
Prince Henry, never expecting to meet
with such a victim, sold most of his
possessions, and went to live in the cot-
tage of a small tenant farmer. Here
Elsie, the farmer’s daughter, waited on
him; and, hearing the condition of his
cure, offered herself, and went to Salerno
to complete the sacrifice. Prince Henry
accompanied her, was cured, and married
Elsie, who thus became Lady Alicia,
wife of Prince Henry of Hoheneck.

Henry Grace de Dieu. The largest
ship built by Henry VIII. It carried 72
guns, 700 men, and was 1,000 tons bure

en. (See Great Harry.)

Hephzgs'tos. The Greek Vulcan.

Heptarchy (Greek for seven governe
ments). The Saxon Heptarchy is the
division of England into seven parts,
each of which had a separate ruler:
as Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex, East
Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria.

He'ra. The Greek Juno, the wife of
Zeus. (The word means ‘‘ chosen one,’’
hasreo.)

Heracleid (4 syl.). The descend-
ants of Her‘aclés (Latin, Herciulés).

Heralds. (Anglo-Saxon here (2
syl.), an army, and euldor, a governor or
ofticial.

The coat of arms represents the knight
himself from whom the bearer is de-
scended.

The shield represents his body, and the
helmet his head.

The flourish is his mantle.

_ The motto is the ground or moral pre
tension on which he stands.

“The supporters are the pages, desige
nated by the emblems of beurs, lions,
and so on. .

Herald’s College consists of three
kings-of-arms, six heralds, and four

ursuivanis,

ts called the Ear] Marshal of England.

The head of the college.

eels

The three kings-of-arms are Garter

(blue), Clarencieux aud Norroy (purple)
~ The six heralds are otyled Somerset

Richmond, Lanéaster, Windsor, Chester,
and York.

The four pursuivants are Rouge Dragon,
Blue Mantle, Portcullis, and Rouge Croix,

GaRTER KING-OF-ARMS is so called
from his special duty to attend at the
soiemnities of election, investiture, and
installation of Knights of the Garter.

CLARENCIEUX KinG-or-arMs. So
called from the Duke of Clarence,
brother of Edward IV. His duty is to
marshal and dispose the funerals of
knights on the south side of the Trent.

Norroy KinG-or-arms has similar
jurisdiction to Clarencieux, ouly on the
north side of the Trent.

“There isa supplementary herald, called ‘ Bath
King of Arms,’ who has no seat in the college,
His duty is to attend at the election of a knight
of the Batb.”

{J In Scotland the heraldic college con.
sists of Lyon KinG-OF-ARMs, six heralds,
and five pursuivants.

G In Jreland it consists of ULsTeR
Kina-or-arms, two heralds, and two
pursuivants. ‘

Heraldic Colours. (See JEWELS.)

Herb. Many herbs are.used for cura-
tive purposes simply because of their
form or marks: thus, wood-sorrel, being
shaped like a heart, is used as a cordial >
liver-wort for the fiver; the celandine,
which has yellow juice, for the jaundice ;
herb-dragon, which is speckled like a
dragon, to counteract the poison of
serpents, etc. :

Herb of Grace. Rue is 80 called
because of its use in exorcism, and
hence the Roman Catholics sprinkle
hcly water with a bunch of rue. It
was for centuries supposed to prevent
contagion. Rue iS the German ravte ;
Greek, ruté; Latin, ruta, meaning tho
‘‘preserver,”’ being a preservative of
health (Greek, ruo, to Pied Ophelia
calls it the ‘‘ Herb of Grace o’ Sundays,”’

Herb Trinity. The botanical name
is Vidla tricdlor. The word tricolor
explains why it is called the Herb
Trinity. It also explains the pet name
of ‘‘ Three-faces-under-a-hood ;’? but
the very markings ef the pansy resemble
the name. (See HEart’s E and
Pansy.)

Herba Sacra. The “divine weed,’”
vervain, said by the old Romans to cure
the bites. of all rabid animals, to arrest

<4
ch ecqusie Mat mats, “om 9 -<
'

Hercules 600

Hercules Secundus

the progress of venom, to cure the plague,
to avert sorcery and witchcraft, to re-
concile enemies, etc. So highly esteemed
was it that feasts called Verbendlia were
annually held in its honour. Heralds
wore a wreath of vervain when they
declared war; and the Druids held ver-
vain in similar veneration,
“ Lift your boughs of vervain- blue,
Dipt in cold September dew ;
And dash the moisture, chaste and clear,
O’er the ground, and through the air,
Now the place is purged and pure,”
Maxon,
Hercules (3 syl.), in astronomy, a
large northern constellation.
“Those stars in the neighbourhood of Hercules
are mostly found to be approaching the earth,
and those which lie in the opposite direction to

be receding from it.”—Newcomb; Popular Astro-
nomy, part iv, chap, {. p. 458,

Her’cules (3 syl.). A Grecian hero,
possessed of the utmost amount of
hysical strength and vigour that the
Fuiaan frame is capable of. He is re-
presented as brawny, muscular, short-
necked, and of huge proportions. The
Pythian. told him if he would serve
Eurys'theus for twelve years he should
become immortal ; accordingly he bound
himself to the Argive king, who imposed
upon him twelve tasks of great difficulty
and danger : seca
1) To slay the Nem’ean lion.
2) To kill the Ler’nean hydra.
3) To catch and retain the Arca’dian
stag.
4) To destroy the Eryman’thian boar,
5) To cleanse the stables of King
Au’geas. 7
6) To destroy the cannibal birds of
the Lake Stympha’lis, ee
(7) To take captive the Cretan bull.
(8) To catch the horses of the Thra-
cian Diome’dés.
(9) To get possession of the girdle of
Hippol’yté, Queen of the Am’azons,
(10) To take captive the oxen of the
monster Ger’ydn.
(11) To get possession of the apples of
the Hesper’idés,
(12) To bring up from the infernal
regions the three-headed dog Cer beros.
The Nem‘ean tion frst be killed, then Lernés
hydra Blew ;
Th’ Arca’dian stag and monster boar before
Eurys’theus drew ;
Cleansed Au’geas’ stalls. and made: the birds
from Lake Stymphu’lis flee ;
The Cretan bull, and Thracian mares, first seized
and then set free ; ‘
Took prize the Amazo’nian belt, drought Ger’-
yon's kine from Gadés ;
Fetched apples re the Hesperidés and Cer’-
beros from Hadés, EC. Be
' The Attic Herculés. Theseus (2 syl.),
who went about like Herculés, his great

contemporary, destroying robbers. and
achieving wondrous exploits.

The Lgyptian Hercilés. Sesostris.
(Flourished B.c, 1500.)
The Farne'sé Herculés. A celebrated

work of art, copied by Glykon from an
original by Lysippog. It exhibits the
hero, exhausted by toil, leaning upon his
club ; his left hand rests upon his back,
and grasps one of the apples of the Hes-
peri’dés. A copy of this famous statue
stands in the gardens of the Tuileries,
Paris; but Glykon’s statue is in the
Farnese Palace at Rome, A beautiful
description of this statue is- given by
Thomson (Liberty, iv.).

The Jewish Herculés, Samson. (Died
B.C. 1113.)

Hercules’ Choice. Immortality the
reward of toil in preference to pleasure.
Xenophon tells us when Hercules was a
youth he was accosted by two women—
—Virtue and Pleasure—and asked to
choose between them. Pleasure pro-
mised him all carnal delights, but Virtue
promised immortality. Hercules gave
his hand to the latter, and, after a life
of toil, was received amongst the gods.

Hercules’ Club. A stick of unusual
size and formidable appearance.

Hercules’ Horse. Ari’on, given him
by Adras’tos. It had the power of speech,
and its feet on the right side were those.
ofaman. (See Horsz.)

Hercules’ Labour or The labour of
an Hercules. Very greattoil. Hercules
was appointed by Eurystheus (3 syl.)

to perform twelve labours requiring

enormous strength or dexterity.

“Tt was more than the labouf of an Hercules.
could effect to make any tolerable way through
your town."—Cumberland; The West Indian,

Hercules’ Pillars, Calpé and Ab’yla,
one at Gibraltar and one at Ceuta, torn
asunder by Hercules that the waters of
the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea
might communicate with each other.
Macro’bius ascribes these pillars to Ses-
ostris (the Egyptian Hercules), and
Lucan follows the same tradition.

I will follow you even to thé pillars o
Tercules. To the end of the world.
The ancients supposed that these rocks
marked the utmost limits of the habit-
able globe. (See above, HEncunEs’
PILLARS.)

Hercules Secundus. Com’modus,
the Roman Emperor, gave himself this
title. He was'a gi
it is said that he killed 100 lions in the
amphitheatre, and gave none of them

ntic idiot, of whom >

pays

x
7
‘
3
«

Hercules

601

Hermaphrodite

more than one blow. He also overthrew
1,000 gladiators. (161, 180-192.)

Hercules of Music (The), Chris-
topher Gliick (1714-1787), -

Herculean Knot. A snaky com-
plication on the rod or cadu'ceus of Mer-
cury, adopted by the Grecian brides as
the fastening of their woollen girdles,
which only the béidegroom was allowed
to untie when the, bride retired for the
night. As he did-so he invoked Juno
to render his marriage as fecund as that
of Herculés, whose numerous wives all
had families, amongst’ them being the
fifty daughters of Thestius, each of whom
conceived in one night. (See Knor.)

Hereford (3 syl.). (Anglo-Saxon
heré-ford, army ford.) ee
Herefordshire Kindness, A good
turn rendered for a good turn received.
Latin proverbs, ‘Fricantem refri'ca ;”?
** Manus manum lavat.”? Fuller-says the
ople of Herefordshire ‘‘ drink back to

‘him who drinks to them.”? ., .

Heretic means ‘‘one who chooses,”

-and heresy means simply ‘a choice.”? A

hereticis one who chooses his own creed,
and does not adopt the creed authorised

‘by thenational church. (Greek, Aairésis,

choice.) ,

HERETICS OF THE First CenTURY were
the Simo’nians (so called from Simon
Magus), Cerin’thians (Cerinthus), Ed’ion-
ites (Eb‘ion), and Wicola'itans (Nicholas,
deacon of Antioch),

Srconp Century: The Basilidians
(Basil’ides), Carpocra’tians (Carpoc’ra-
tes), Valentin’ians (Valenti’nus), Gnostics
(Knowing Ones), Nazare'nes, Millena’-
rians, Cain'ites (Cain), Seth'ians (Seth),
Quartodecimans (who kept Easter on the
fourteenth day of the first month), Cer-
do'nians(Cerdon), Man’ cionites(Mar'cion),
Monta’nists (Monta’nus), Ta'tianists(Ta'-
tian), A logians (whodenied the ‘‘Word’’),
Artoty'rites (q.v.), and Angel'ics (who
worshipped angels).

* Tatianists belong to the third or
fourth century. The Tatian of the
second century was_a Platonic philo-
sopher who wrote Discourses in

goed
‘Greek; Tatian the heretic lived in

the third or fourth century, and wrote
very bad Greek. The two men were
widely different in every respect, and
the authority of the heretic for ‘four
gospels ’’ is of no worth.

Century: The Pat'ri-passians,
Arab'aci, Aqua'rians, Nova'tians, O1'igen-
ists (followers of Origen), Melchisedech'-

dans (who believed Melchis'edec was the

Messiah), Sabellians (from Sabel’lius),
and Maniche'ans (followers of Mani).

Fourtu Century : The 4'rians (from
Arius), Colluth’ians (Collu‘thus), Mace-
do'nians, Aqne'tg, Apollina'rians (Apol-
lina’ris), Timo'theans (Timothy, the
apostle), Collyridians (who offered cakes
to the Virgin Mary), Selew'cians (Seleu’-
cius), Priscillians (Priscillian), Anthropo-
morphites (who ascribed to God a human
form), Jovin'ianists (Jovin'ian), Messa’-
lians, and Bono'sians (Bono’sus),

Firra Century : The Pelagians (Pe-
la’gius), Nesto'rians (Nesto’rius), Eutych’-
tans (Hu'tychus), Theo-paschites (who
said all the three persons of the Trinity
suffered on the cross).

SrxtH Century: The Predestina'rians,
Incorrup'tibilists (who. maintained: that
the body of Christ was incorruptible),
the new Agnoe'te (who maintained that
Christ did not know when the day of
judgment would take place), and the
Monoth'elites (who. maintained that
Christ had but one will).

Her’iot. A right of the lord of a
manor to the best jewel, beast, or chattel
of a deceased copyhold tenant. The word
is compounded of the Saxon here (army),
geatu (grant), because originally it was
military furniture, such as armour, arms,
and horses paid to the lord of the fee.
(Canute, c. 69.) :

Hermez. Busts of, the god Hermés
affixed to a quadrangular stone pillar,
diminishing towards the base, and be-
tween five and six feet in height. They
were set up to mark the boundaries of
lands, at the junction of roads, at the
corners of streets, and soon. The Romans
used them also for garden decorations.
In later times the block was more or
less chiselled into legs and arms,

Hermaph'rodite (4 syl.). A human
body having both sexes: a vehicle com-
bining the structure of a wagon and
cart ; a flower containing both the male
and female organs of reproduction. The
word is derived from the fable of Her-
maph’rodi'tus, -son of Hermés and Aph’-
rodité. The nymph Sal'macis became
enamoured of him, and prayed that:she
might be so closely united that ‘the
twain might become one flesh,” Her
prayer being heard, the nymph and boy

ecame one body. (Ovid: Melamor-
phoses, iv. 347.)

* The Romans believed that there
were human beings combining in one
body both sexes. The Jewish Talmud
contains several references to them. An
old French Jaw allowed them great

Hermegyld

i
latitude, The English law recognises
them. The ancient Athenians com-
manded that they should be put to
death, The Hindfs and Chinese enact
that every hermaphrodite should choose
‘one sex.and keep to it. According to
fable, all persons who bathed in the
fountain Salmicis, in Caria, became
hermaphrodites.

Bome think by comparing Gen. f. 27 with Gen. ii.
Patses Bet Adam at first combined in himself both
}. Hermegyld or Hermyngyld. The
, wife of the constable of Northumberland,
who-was converted to Christianity by
,Cunstance, by whose bidding she restored
sight to a‘blind Briton, (Chaucer; Man
Of Lawes Tale.)

‘Her’mensul or. Zrmensul. A Saxon
deity, jhe a ape in Westphalia. Char-
femagne broke the idol, and converted
its temple into a Christian church. The
statue stood on-a column, holding a
standard in one hand, and a balance in
the other. On its breast was the figure
of a bear, and on its shielda lion. Prob-

: ably it was a war-god.

' Hermes (2 syl.). The Greek Mer-
cury; either the god or the metal.

t “80 when we see the liquid metal fall
| Which chemists by the name of.Hermes call.”
‘ Hoole: Ariosto, book viii.

‘ Milton (Paradise Lost, iii 603) calls
Quicksilver ‘‘ Volatil Hermes.”

| Hermetic Art. The art or science
of alchemy ; so called from the Chaldean
‘paiecopher, Hermés Trismegis’tus, its
Aypothetical founder,

| Hermet'ic Books. Egyptian books
written under the dictation of Thoth
(the Egyptian Hermés), the scribe of the
gods. lLamblichus gives their number
as 20,000, but Man’etho raises it to
36,525. ‘These books state that the
world was made out of fluid; that the
soul is the union of light and life ; that
nothing is destructible; that the soul
Bapsmignates and that suffering is the
result of motion.

Hermet'ic Philosophy. -A system
which acknowledges only three chemical
principles—viz, salt, sulphur, and mer-
cury—from which it explains every
phenomenon of nature. (See HERMES.)

Hermetic Powder. The sympa-
thetic powder, supposed to possess a
healing influence from a distance, The
medizval philosophers were very fond of
calling books, drugs, etc., connected
with alchemy and astrology by the term
permetic, ont of compliment to Hermés

602

Hero

Trismegis'tus, (Sir Kenelm Digby: Dis-
course Concerning the Cure of Wounds by
Sympathy.) i
“ For by his side a pouch he wore .

Replete with strange hermetic powder,

That wounds nine miles point-blank would

solder,” Butler ! Hudibras, i. 2.

Hermetically Sealed. Closed
securely. Thus we say, ‘‘ My lips are
hermetically sealed,’’ meaning so as not
6 utter a word of what has been im-
parted. The French say close-fitting
doors and windows “‘shut hermetically.”’
When chemists want to preserve any-
thing from the. air, they heat the neck
of the vessel till it is soft, and then
twist it till the aperture is closed up.
This is called sealing the vessel her-
metically, or like a chemist, (From
Hermés, called Trismegistus, or thrice-
great, the supposed inventor of che-
tuistry.) :

Her’mia. Daughter of Egéus, who
betrothed her to Deme'trius; but she
refused to m him, as she was in love
with Lysander. (Shakespeare: Mid-
summer Night's Dream.) ‘

Hermi’one (4 syl.). Wife of Leontés,
King of Silicia. Being suspected of
infidelity, she was thrown into jail,
swooned, and was reported to be dead.
She was kept concealed till her infant
Per’dita was of- marriageable age, when
Leontés discovered his mistake, and was
reconciled to his wife. (Shakespeare :
Winter's Tale.)

Hermit (The English). Roger Crab.
He subsisted at the expense of three
farthings a week, or 3s. 3d. per annum.
His food consisted of bran, herbs, roots,
dock-leaves, mallows, and grass, Crab
died in 1680,

Hermit, Peter the Hermit. Preachez
of the first crusade. (1050-1115.)

Hermite (2 syl.). Tristrem 0? Hermite
or Sir Tristan U0 Ermite. Provost-
marshal of Louis XI. He was the main
instrument in carrying into effect the
nefarious schemes of his wily master,
who used to call him his gossip. (1405-
1493.) Sir Walter Scott introduces him
in Anne of Gierstein, and again in
Quentin Durward.

Hermoth or Hermod (2 syl.). The
deity, who, with Bragi, receives and
welcomes to Valhalla all heroes who fall
in battle. (Scandinavian mythology.)

He’ro. Daughter of Leona'to, gov-
eynor of Messi’na, Her attachment to

Hero

608 Herring-pond

Beatrice is very beautiful, and she serves

as a foil to show off the more brilliant

bow es of her cousin, (Shakespeare °
uch Ado about Nothing.)

He'ro and Lean’der. The tale is
that Hero, a priestess of Venus, fell in
love with Leander, who swam across the
prey re every night to visit her, One
night he was drowned, and heart-broken
Hero drowned herself in the same sea.

Hero Children. Children of whom
legend relates, that being deserted by
their parents, they were suckled by wild
beasts, brought up by herdsmen, and
became national heroes.

Heroes scratched off Church-
doors. Militia officers were so called
by Sheridan. The Militia Act enjoined
that a list of all persons between eighteen
aud forty-five years of age must be
affixed to the church door of the parish
in which they reside three days before
the day of ot pees Sunday being one.
Commission officers who had served four
years in the militia being exempt, their
names ‘‘ were scratched off.’’

Hero’ic Age. That age of a nation
which comesbetween the purely mythical
period and thehistoric. This is the age
when the sons of the gods take unto
themselves the daughters of men, and
the offspring partake of the twofold
character.

Heroic Medicines. Those which
either kill or cure,

Heroic Size in sculpture denotes a
stature superior to ordinary life, but not
colossal.

Heroic Verse. That verse in which
epic poetry is generally written. In
Greek and Latin it is hexameter verse, in
English it is ten-syllable iambic verse,
either in rhymes or not; in Italian it is
the ottava rima. So called because it is
employed to celebrate heroic exploits.

Her’od. A child-killer ; from Herod
the Great, who ordered the massacre of
the babes in Bethlehem. (Matt. ii, 16.)

To out-herod Herod. To out-do in
wickedness, violence, or rant, the worst
of tyrants. Herod, who destroyed the
babes of Bethlehem, was made (in the
ancient mr pteric®) a ranting, roaring
tyrant; the extravagance of his rant
being the measure of his bloody-minded-
ness. (See PILATE.)

“Oh, it offends me to the soul to hear a ro-
bustious, periwig-pated fellow tear a passion to

tatters, to very rags, to’ split the ears of the
groundlings .... it Out-herods Herod."—Shake-
speare: Hamlet, iii, 2 ;

Herod’s Death (Acts xii. 23). The
following died of a similar disease
(phthiriasis] : L. Sylla ; Pherecydés the
Syrian (the preceptor of Pythagoras) ;
the Greek poet Alemeon, aud Philip II.
of Spain.

Phthiri‘asis is an affection of the skin
in which parasites are engendered so
numerously as to cover the whole surface
of the body. The vermin lay their eggs
in the skin and multiply most rapidly.

Herodotus of Old London (Tie),
John Stow, author of the Survey of
London (1525-1605),

Her‘on-crests, The Uzbeg Tartars
wear a plume of white heron feathers in
their turbans,

Heros'tratos or Jrostratos. An
Ephesian who set fire to the temple of
Ephesus in order that his name might
be perpetuated. The Ephesians made
it penal to mention the name, but this
law defeated its object (B.c. 356).

Herring. Dead as a shotten herring.
The shotten herring is one that has shot
off or ejected its spawn. This fish dies
the very moment it quits the water,
from want of air. ndeed, all the
herring tribe die very soon after they
are taken from their-native element.
(See BATTLE.)

“By gar de herring is no dead so as I vill kill
him.’ —Shakespeare : Merry Wives of Windsor, ii. 2.

Neither barrel the better herring. Much
of a muchness; not a pin to choose
between you; six of one and half a
dozen of the other. The herrings of
both barrels are so much alike that there
is no choice whatever, Iu Spanish:
“* Qual mas qual menos, toda la lana es
pelos.’”

“Two feloes being like flagicious, and_neither
barell better herring, accused either other, the
kyng Philippus... sitting in judgement vpon
them... . condemned both the one and the
other with banishmente.” — Erasmus: Apophe
thegmes.

Herring-bone (in building). Courses
of stone laid angularly, thus: .
Also applied to strutting placed between
thin joists to increase their strength.

Also a peculiar stitch in needlework,
chiefly used in working flannel. 3

Herring-pond (Zhe). The British
Channel; the Atlantic, which separates
America from the British Isles; the sea
between Australasia and the United
Kingdom, are all so called.

“Te'll plague you now_he’s come over the
berring-pond” — si W, Scott: Guy Mannering,
chap, xxxiv,

Hertford

Hertford. (Anglo-Saxon, heort-ford,
the hart’s ford). ‘The arms of the city
are ‘‘a hart couchant in water.’’

Hertford, invoked by Thomson in his
Spring, was Frances Thynne, who mar-
ried Algernon Seymour, Earl of Hert-
ford, afterwards Duke of Somerset.

Hertha. Mother earth. Worshipped
by all the Scandinavian tribes with
orgies and mysterious rites, celebrated
in the dark. Her veiled statue was
transported from district to district by
cows which no hand but the priest’s was
allowed to touch. Tacitus calls this
goddess Cyb’elé.

Hesione (4 syl.). Daughter of
Laom’edon, King of Troy, exposed to a
sea-monster, but rescued by Herculés.
(See ANDRQMEDA.)

Hesper'ia, Italy was so called by
the/Greeks, because it was to them the
‘“ Western Land;” and afterwards the
Romans, fora similar reason, transferred
the name to Spain.

Hesper'ides (4 syl.). Three sisters |

who guarded the golden apples which
He’ra ae received aS a marriage
ift. They were assisted by the dragon
a’'don. Many English poets call the
place where these golden apples grew
the ‘‘garden of the» Hesperidés.”
Shakespeare (Love’s Lubour’s Lost, iv.
8) speaks of climbing trees in the
Hesperidés.’’ (See Comus, lines 402-406.)
“Show thee the tree, leafed with refinéd gold,
Wherecon the fearful dragon held his seat.
That watched the garden called Hesperidés.~
Robert Grene: Friar Bacon and
Friar Bungay. (1508.)
Hes’perus. The evening star.
“ Ere twice in murk and occidental damp,
Polat Hesperus hath quenched his sleepy
aD
Shakespeare: All's Well that Ends Well, ii. 1.

He'sychasts (pron. He'-se-Kasts).
The ‘‘ Quietists’? of the East in the
fourteenth century. They placed per-
fection in contemplation. (Greek,
hesu' chia, quiet.) (See Gibbon, Roman
Empire, \xiii.) Milton well expresses
their belief in his Comus :-—

“Till oft converse with heavenly habitants
Begin to cast a beam on the outward shape,
And turns it by degrees to the soul’s essence,
‘Till all be made immortal.” (470-474.)

Heterism (3 syl.). Prostitution:

The Greek hetaiva (a concubine). Ac-
cording to Plato, ‘‘ Meretrix, specioso

nomine rem odiosam denotante.’’ (Plut.
et Athen.)
Hetman. The chief of the Cossacks

of the Don used to be socalled. He was
elected by the people, and the mode of

604

Hexameter

choice was thus: The voters threw their
fur caps at the candidate they voted for,
and he who had the largest number of
caps at his feet was the successful can-
didate. The last Hetman was Count
Platoff (1812-1814).

A general or commander-in-chief,
(German, hauptmann, chief man.)

“After the peace, all Europe hailed their het-
man, Platoff, as the hero of the war."—J. S.
Mosby: War Reminiscences, chap. xi. p. 146.

Heu-monat’ or Heg-monath. Hay-
month, the Anglo-Saxon name for July.

Hewson. Old Hewson the cobbler.
Colonel John Hewson, who (as Hume
says) ‘‘rose from the profession of a
cobbler to a high rank in Cromwell’s
army.’’

Hexameron (The). The six days of
creation; any six’ days taken as one
continuous period.

“*kivery winged fowl* was produced on the
fourth day of the Hexameron.”—W. E£. Gladstone:
Nineteenth Century, January, 1866,

Hexameter and Pentameter. An
alternate metre; often called elegiac
verse. Hexameter as described below.
Pentameter verse is divided into two

arts, each of which ends with an extra

ong syllable. The former half consists
of two metres, dactyls or spondces; the
latter half must be two dactyls. The
following is a rhyming specimen in

; English :

Would you be happy an hour, dine well; for a
day, tend a wedding ; ‘
-If for a week, buy a house ; if for a month,
wed a spouse ; ;
Would you be happy six months, buy a horse ;
if for twelve, start a carriage ;
Happiness long as you live, only contentment
can give. 5 £.C. B.

This metre might be introduced, and
would suit epigrams and short poems.

-Hexameter Verse. A line of poetry
consisting of six measures, the fifth
being a dactyl and the sixth either a

| spondee or a trochee. The other four

may be either dactyls or spondees.
Homer’s two epic poems and Virgil’s
éneid are written in hexameters. The
latter begins thus:

Arms andthe | man I | sing, who | driven from |
Troy by ill-| fortune -
First into | Italy | came, as | far as the | shores
of La- | vina. oie
Much was he harassed by land, much tossed on
the pitiless ocean, P
All by the force of the gods, and relentlesg
anger of Juno, £.C.B.
Or rhyming with the Latin, ee
“ Arma virumque cano Trojs qui primus ab oris.’
Arms and the man I sing who first from the
Phrygian shore is. ized
“Ttaliam Fato profugus, Lavinaque venit ...".
Tossed to the land of Lavina, although Jove's
queen-didn't inean it. £08, -

es

Hexapla

605

High-born

= Longfellow’s Evangeline is in Eng- -

lish hexameters,

Hex’apla. A book containing the
text of the Bible in Hebrew and Greek,
with four translations, viz. the Sep’tua-
gint, with those of Aquila, Theodo’tion
and Symmachus, The whole is printed
in six columns on the page. This was
the work of Origen, who also added
marginal notes.

Hext. When bale is hext, boot is next.
When things come to the worst they
must soon mend. ale means misery,
hurt, misfortune; hext is highest, as
next is nighest; boot means help, profit.

Heyday of Youth. The pmme of
youth. Bye exon, heh-deg, high-
day or mid-day of youth.)

Hiawath’a, Son of Mudjekee’wis
(the west wind) and Wenonah. His
mother died in his infancy, and Hia-
watha was brought up by his grand-
mother, Noko’mis, daughter of the Moon,
He represents the progress of civilisation
among the American Indians. He first
wrestled with Monda/min (Indian maize),

whom he subdued, and gave to man’

bread-corn. He then taught man navi-
ation; then he subdued the Mishe-
Nahma or sturgeon, and told the people
to “bring all their pots and kettles and
make oil for winter.’”? His next ad-
venture was against Megissog’won, the
magician, ‘‘who sent the fiery fever
on man; sent the white fog from the
fen-lands; sent disease and death amon,
ais;’’ he slew the terrible monster, and
taught man the science of medicine, He
next married ‘‘Laughing Water,”’ setting
the people an example to follow. Lastly,
he taught the people picture- writing.
When the white man landed and taught
the Indians the faith of Jesus, Hia-

watha exhorted them to receive the |

words of wisdom, to reverence the mis-
sionaries who had come so far to see
them, and departed ‘‘to the kingdom of
Pone’mah, the land of the Hereafter.’’

Longfellow’s song of Hiawath'a may
‘be termed the ‘‘ Edda” of the North
American Indians.

Hiawatha’s mittens, ‘Magic mittens
made of deer-skin ; when upon his hands
he wore them, he could smite the rocks
asunder,” (Longfellow : Hiawatha, iY.)

Hiawatha’s moccasins. Enchante
shoes made of deer-skin. ‘‘ When he
bound them round his ankles, at each
stride a mile he measured.” (Long-
Sellow : Hiawatha, iv.) i

Hiber’nia. A variety of Ierné (Ire
land). Pliny says the Irish mothers
feed their babes with swords instead of
spoons,

“ While in Hibernia’s flelds the labouring swain,
vat pass the plough o'er skulls of warriors
And turn up bones and broken spears.
Amazed, be'll show his fellows of the plain
The relics of victorious years,

And teil how swift thy arms that kingdom did

regain.” Hughes: House of Nassau.

Hic Ja‘cets. Tombstones, so called
from the first two words of their inscrip-
tions; ‘‘ Here lies .. .”

“By the cold Hic Jacets of the dead,”
Tennyson: Idylls of the King (Vivien).

Hick’athrift (Jom or Jack), A poor
labourer in the time of the Conquest, of
such enormous strength that, armed with
an axletree and cartwheel only, he killed
a giant who dwelt in a marsh at Tilney,
Norfolk. He was knighted and made
governor of Thanet. He is sometimes
called Hickafric.

Hick’ory. Old Hickory. General
Andrew Jackson. Parton says he was
first called ‘‘ Tough,’’ from his pedestrian

owers; then ‘‘ Tough as hickory ;”’ and
astly, ‘‘ Old Hickory.”

Hidal'go. The title in Spain of tha
lower nobility. (According to Bibep St.
Vincent, the word is compounded of
hijo del Goto, son of a~Goth ; but more
probably it is hijo and dalgo. Hija=
child or son, and dalgo = respect, as in
the phrase, ‘‘ Facer mucho dalgo,’’ to re-
ceive with great respect. In Portuguese
it is Fidalgo.

Hide of Land (A). No fixed number
of ‘‘acres,’’ but such a quantity as was
valued ata stated geld or tax, <A hide
of -good arable land was smaller than a
hide of inferior quality.

Hieroclean Legacy. The legacy
of jokes. Hiéroclés, in the fifth Christian
century, was the first person who hunted
up and compiled jokes. After a life-long
labour he mustered together as many as
twenty-eight, which he has left to the
world as his legacy.

Higgledy-piggledy. In great con-
fusion; at sixes and sevens. A higgler
is a pedlar whose stores are all huddled
together. Higgledy means after the
fashion of a higgler’s basket ; and ig-
gledy is a ricochet word ta eaela y

itter ; as, a pig’s litter.

High-born. Of aristocratic birth;
" hg haute naissance ;"’ ‘* Summo loos
natus.

High Church

High Church. Those who believe
the Church [of England] the only true
Church ; that its baptism is regeneration :=
and that its priests have the delegated
power of absolution Ne confession and
promise of repentance).

High -Days = festivals. On high
days and holidays. Here “thigh” =
grand or great; as, “un grand jour.”

igh Falu'tin or Hifalu'ten. Tall
ta! (Dutch, verlooten, high - flown,
stilted.) 5

High Hand, With a high hand..
Arrogantly. To carry things with a high
hand in French would be: ‘‘ Faire une
chose haut la main,’’

High Heels and Low Heels. The
High and Low Church party. The
names of two factions in Swift’s tale of
Lilliput. (Gulliver's Travels.)

High Horse. To bé on the high horse
or Zo ride the high horse. To be over-
bearing and arrogant, (For explanation
see Horse, “Zo get upon your high
horse.’’)

High Jinks. He is at high jinks.
The ae use of the phrase expresses
the idea of uproarious fun and jollity.

. The frolicsome company had begun tq prac-
tise the ancient and now forgotten pastime of
High Jinks. The game was played in. several
different ways. Most frequently the dice were
thrown by the company, and those upon whom
the lot fell were obliged to assume and main-
tain for a time a certain fictitious character, or
to repeat a certain number of fescennine verses
in a particuiar order. If théy departed from the
characters assigned... they incurred forfeits,
which were compounded for by swallowing an
additional bumper.’—Sir W. Scott: Guy Manner-
ing, XXXVi.

. High Life, People of high life. The
upper ten, the “‘ hawt monde.”

High Places, in Scripture language,
means elevated spots where sacrifices
were offered. Idolatrous worship was
much carried on in high places, Some
were ey artificial mounds, for the
faithful are frequently ordered to re-
move or destroy them. Hezekiah re-
moved the high places (2 Kings xviii. 4),’
so did Asa (2 Chronicles xiv. 3), Je-
hoshapbat (2 Chronicles xvii, 6), Josiah,
and others. On the other hand, Jeho-
ram and Ahaz made high places for
idolatrous worship.

606

Highland Mary

High Ropes. To be on the high
ropes. To be very grand and mighty
demeanour.

High Seas. All the sea which is not
the property of a particular country,
The sea three miles out belongs to the
adjacent coast, and is called mare clau-
sum. High-seas, like high-ways, means
for the public use. In both cases the
word high means *‘ chief,’’ ‘‘ principal.’’
(Latin, altym, “the main sea;” altus,
“*high,’?)

High Tea (4). The meal called
tea served with cold meats, vegetables,
and pastry, in substitution of dinner.

“A well-understood ‘high tea’ should have
cold roast beef at the top of the table, a cold
Yorkshire pie at the bottom, a mighty ham in the
middle. The gide dishes will comprise soused
mackerel, pickled salmon (in due season), saus-
agesand potatoes, etc.,etc. Rivers o€ tea, coffee,
and ale, with dry and buttered toast, sally-lunns,
scones, muffins, and crumpets, jams and marma-
lade.’"—The Daily Teleyraph, May 8th, 1893.

High Words. Angry words.

Highgate has its name from a gate
set up there about 400 years ago, to
receive tolls for the bishop of London,
when the old miry road from Gray’s Inn
Lane to Barnet was turned through the
bishop’s park. The village being in a
high or elevated situation explains the
first part of the name.

Sworn at dtghgate A custom an-
ciently prevailed at the public-houses in
Highgate to administer a ludicrous oath
to all travellers who stopped there. The
party was sworn on a pair of horns
fastened to a stick—

(1) Never to kiss the maid when he
can kiss the mistress.

(2) Never to eat brown bread when he
can get white,

(8) Never to drink small beer when he
can get strong—unless he prefers it.

Highland Bail, Fists and cufis; to
escape the constable by knocking him
down with the aid of a companion.

“The mute eloquence of the miller and smith,
which was vested in their clenched fists, was
prepared to give highland bail for their arbiter
(die Ochiltree]."—Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary,
chap. xxix.

Highland Mary. A name immor-’
talised by Burns, generally thought to
be Mary Campbell, but more probably
Mary Morison. In 1792 we have three
songs to Mary: ‘‘ Will ye go to the
Indies, my Mary ?”’ “ Highland Mary ad
(“‘ Ye banks and braes of bonnie Doon’’),’
and ‘‘To Mary in Heaven’? (‘ Thou
lingering star,’’ etc.), These were all
written some time after the consumma-

| tion of his marriage with Jean Armour

>

Highlands

607

Himiltrude

(1788), from the recollection of ‘‘ one of
the most interesting passages of his
Hey days.”” Four months after he
ad sent to Mr. Thomson the song called
“Highland ’” he sent that entitled
“‘Mary Morison,” which he calls ‘‘ one
of his juvenile works,” Thus all the
four songs refer to some youthful pas-
sion, and three of them at least were
sent in letters addressed to Mr. Thom-
son, so that little doubt can exist that
the Mary of all the four is one and the
same person, called by the author Mary
Morison.
“ How blythely wad I bide the stoure,
A weary slave frae sun to sun,
Could I the rich reward secure-
The lovely Mary Morison.”

Highlands of Scotland (Zhe) in-
clude all the country on the northern
side of a line drawn from the Moray
Frith to the river Clyde, or (which is
about the same thing) from Nairn to
Glasgow.

High’landers of At’tica. The
operative class, who had their dwellings
on the hills (Diacrii).

High’ness. The Khedive of Egypt is
styled ‘‘ Your Highness,” or “His High-
ness ; ”

The children of kings and queens,
** Your Royal Highness,” or ‘“‘ His Royal
Highness ; ’’

The children of emperors, ‘‘ Your
Imperial Highness,” or ‘‘ His Imperial
Highness.’’

Till the reign of Henry VIII. the kings
of England were styled ‘‘ Your High-
ness,’’ ‘‘ Your Grace,’’ ‘‘ Your Excellent
race, aete..0Y His. «7 ete.

Highwaymen. The four most cele-
brated are .—

Claude Duval, who died 1670.

James Whitney, who died 1694, at the

of 34.

Jonathan Wild, of Wolverhampton
(1682-1725)

Jack Sheppard, of Spitalfields (1701-
1724).

Hilary Term, in the Law Courts,
begins on Plough Monday (9¢.v.) and
ends the Wednesday before Kaster. It
is so called in honour of St. Hilary,
whose day is January 14.

Hildebrand (Meister). The Nestor
of German romance, Like Maugis among
the heroes of Charlemagne, he was a
magician as well as champion.

- Hildebrand. Pope Gregory VII. (1013,
1073-1085).

A Hildebrand. One resembling Pope

Gregory VII., noted for subjugating the

ee

power of the German emperors; and
specially detested by the early re-
formers for his ultra-pontifical views.

Hil‘debrod (Duke). President of the
Alsa‘tian club. (Sir W. Scott: Fortunes
of Nigel.)

Hildesheim. A monk of Hildes-
heim doubting how with God a thou-
saud years could be as one day, listened
to the singing of a bird in a wood, as he
thought for three minutes, but found
the time had been three hundred years.
Longfellow has borrowed this tala and
introduced it in his Golden Legend. (See
FELIX.)

Hill (Sir John), M.D., botanist (1716-
1775). He wrote some farces, which
called forth from Garrick the following
couplet :

“ For physic and farces his equal there scarce is.
His farces are physic, his physic a farce is,”
Hill-folk. The Cameronian Scotch

Covenanters, who met clandestinely
among the hills. Sometimes the Cove-
nanters generally are so called. Sir W
Scott used the words as a synonym of
Cameronians.

Hill-people or Hill-folk. A class
of beings in Scandinavian tradition
between the elves and the human race.
They are supposed to dwell in caves and
small hills, and are bent on receiving
the benefits of man’s redemption.

Hill Tribes. The barbarous tribes
dwelling in remote parts of the Deccan
or plateau of Central India.

Hills. Prayers were offered on the
tops of high hills, and temples built on
‘high places,”’ from the notion that the
gods could better hear prayers on such
places, as they were nearer heaven.
As Lucian says, 67+ tHv evxwrewv ayxdbev
éraiovow ot Geoit. And Tacitus says,
“Maxime coelo appropinquare, precesque
mortalium a Deco nusquam propius
audire.”? It will be remembered that
Balak (Numbers xxiii. xxiv.) took Balaam
to the top of Peor and other high places
when Balaam wished to consult God.
We often read of ‘‘idols on every high
hill.” (Ezek. vi. 13.) :

~ The Greek gods dwelt on Moun
Olympus.

Himiltrude (3 syl.). Wife of Charle-
magne, who surpassed all other women
in nobleness of mien. ,

“Her neck was tinged with a delicate rose, Ike
that of a Roman matron in former ages. Her
locks were bound about her temples with gold
and purple bands. Her dress was looped up with
ruby clasps. Her coronet and her purple robea
gave her an air of surpassing majesty."—Crogus-
mitaine, iii, _

Hine

608 Hippocampus

—_—_—_—_— eee

Hine ille Lacryme. This was the
real offence ; this was the true secret of
the annoyance ; this, entre nous, was the
veal source of the vexation.

“ Perchance tis Mara’s song that gives offence—
Ilinc ile lacryme—l fear
The song that once could charm theroyal sense,
Delights, alas ! no more the royal ear.”
Peter Pindar } Ode xpon Ode.

Hind. Emblematic of St. Giles,
because ‘‘a heaven-dirécted hind went
daily to give him milk in the desert,
near the mouth of the Rhone.” (See
Hakt.)

The hind HA Sertorius.
invited by the Lusita’nians to defend
them against the Romans. He had a
tame white hind, which he taught to
follow him, and from which he pre-
tended to receive the instructions of
Dian’a. By this artifice, says Plutarch,
he imposed on the superstition of “the
people.

“ He feigned a demon (in a hind concealed)
To him the counsels of the gods reyealed.”
Camoens: Lusiad, i

The milk-white hind, in Dryden’s
- poem, The Hind and the Panther, means
the Roman Catholic Church, milk-white
because ‘‘infallible.”” The. panther,
full of the spots of error, is the Church
of England.

“ Without unspotted, mnocent within,

She feared no danger, for she knew no sin.”

Part i. lines 3, 4.

Hin’da. Daughter of Al Hassan, the
Arabian ameer of Persia. Her lover,
Hafed, was a Gheber or Fire- worshipper,
the sworn enemy of Al Hassan and all
his race. Al Hassan sent her away for
safety, but she was taken captive by
Hafed’s party, and when her lover
. (betrayed to Al Hassan) burnt himself
to death in the sacred fire, Hinda cast
herself headlong into the sea. (Z. Moore :
The Fire- Worshippers.)

Hin’der is to hold one behind;
whereas pre-vent is to go before (Anglo-
Saxon hinder, behind, verb Rndpiiey

Hindustan. The steer of the
Hindds. (Hind [Persic] and Sind [San-
skrit] means ‘‘ black,” and tan = terri-
tory is very common, as Afghanistan,
Beloochistan, Farsistan, Frangistan,
Koordistan [the country of the Koords],
Kohistan [the high-country], Kafiristan
(the infidel country], etc.)

Hindustan Regiment. The 76th;
80 called because it first distinguished
itself in Hindustan. It is also called the
‘Seven and Sixpennies, from its number.
Now the 2nd battalion of the West
Riding, the Ist being the old No. 33,

Serto’rius was

Hinzelmanr. The most famous
house-spirit or kobold of German legend.
He lived four years in the old castle of
Hudemiihlen, where he had a room set
apart for him. At the end of the fourth
year (1588) he went away of his own
accord, and never again returned. ©

Hip (Zo). A hip means a hyp-ochon-
driac. To hip means to make melan-
choly ; to fret; to make one dismal or _
gloomy with forebodings, Hipped means
melancholy, in low spirits.

“ For one short moment let us cease
To mourn the loss of many ships—
Forget how tax and rates increase,
And all that now the nation j,ips.”
Sims: The Dagonet Ballads (A Set-off).

Hip and Thigh. To smite hip and

thigh. To slay with great carnage. A
Eee phrase. (German, drm und
ein. :

~ Perhaps there may be some refer-
ence to the superstition about the os
sacrum (q.v.).

“And be smote them hip and thigh with great
slaughter.”—Judges xv. 8

Hip! Hip! Hurrah! Hip is said to
be a notarica, compa of the initial
letters of Hierosolyma Est Per dita.
Henri van Laun says, in Noles and
Queries, that whenever the German
knights headed a Jew-hunt in the
Middle Ages, they ran shouting ‘‘ Hip!
na ade as much as to say ‘ Jerusalem
is destroyed.’? (Sce NoTaRIca.)

Timbs derives Hurrah from the Scla-
vonic hu-raj (to Paradise), so that Hip !
hip! hurrah! would mean “‘ Jerusalem
is lost to the infidel, and we are on the
road to Paradise.’’? These etymons may
be taken for what they are worth. The
word hurrah! is a German exclama-
tion also.

“ Now, infidel, I have thee on the hip.”

ppeticongoe of Venice); and again, ‘ J’U?

ve our Michael Cassio on the hip”
(Othello), to have the whip hand of one.
The term is derived from wrestlers, who
ae the adversary by the hip and throw

im.
“In fine he doth apply one speciall drift,
Which was to get the pagan on the hip,
ATS imine stele bt, amd in such Wise aod betriD
That down he threw bim.”, Sir J. Harington. *

Hipper-switches, Coarse~ willow
withes. A hipper is a coarse osier used
in basket-making, and an osier field is
a hipper-holm.

Hippo. Bishop of Hippo. A title by
which St. Augustine is sometimes desig-
ated. (354-430.)

Hip'pocampus (4 syl.). A seahorse,
having the head and fore-quarters of a

Hippocras 609

Hit

HH eeeSeSSSseeeseSeeF="

horse, with the tail and hind-quarters
of a fish or dolphin. (Greek, hippos, a
horse ; Aampos, a sea monster.)

Hip'pocras.. A cordial made of Lis-
bon and Canary wines, bruised spices,
and sugar; so called’ from the strainer
through which it is passed, called by
apothecaries Hippoc'ratés’ sleeve. Hippo-
cratés in the Middle Ages was called
** Yypocras’’ or ‘‘ Hippocras.’? Thus:

“Well knew he the old Esculapius,

And Deiscorides, and eek Rufus,

Old Yypocras, Haly, and Galfen.”
Chaucer: Canterbury Tales (Prologue, 431).

Hippocrat’ean School. A school
of medicine, so called from Hippoc’ratés.
(See Doematic.)

Hippoo’rates’ Sleeve. A woollen
bag of a square piece of flannel, having
the opposite corners joined, so as to
make it triangular. Used by chemists
for straining syrups, decoctions, etc,

Hip’pocrene (3 syl.). The fountain
of the Muses, oe by a stroke of
the hoof of Peg’asos (Greek, hippos,
horse ; Aréné, fountain).

Hip'pogriff. The winged horse, whose
father was a griffin and mother a. filly
(Greek, hippos, a horse, and gryphos, a
griffin). A symbol of love... (Ariosto :
Orlando Furioso, iv. 18, 19.)

Of hippoeni. Hosapuinghthesirsaniiuer.

Over the wilderness and o'er the plain.”
Milton: Paradise Regained, iv. 541-3.

(See SIMURGH.)

Hippol’yta. Queen of the Am/azons,
and daughter of Mars. Shakespeare has
‘imtroduced the character in his MJid-
‘summer Night’s Dream, where he be-
‘troths her to Theseus, Duke of Athens.
In classic fable it is her sister An’tiopé
who married Theseus, although some
writers’ justify Shakespeare’s account.
Hippolyta was famous for a girdle given
her by her father, and it was one of the
twelve labours of Herculés to possess
himself of this prize.

Hippol’ytos. Son of Theseus (2 syl.),
King of Athens. He was dragged to
death by wild horses, and restored to
life by Escula’pios.

Hippol’ytus, the cardinal to whom
Ariosto dedicated his Orlando Furioso,

-Hippom/enes (4 syl.), A Grecian
prince, who ran a race with Atalanta
or her hand in marriage. He had three
golden apples, which he dropped one b
“one, and which the lady stopped to pic
up. By this delay she lost the race, —

39

‘hits equal

Hippothadee, The theologian con-
sulted by Panurge (2 syl.) on the all-
important question, ‘‘S’i/ doit semarier 2’?
(Rabelais: Pantagruel, book iii. )

Hired Grief. Mutes and other under-
takers’ employees at funerals, The Under-
sheriff Layton, in his will, desired that
he might be ‘buried without, hired
grief” (1885),

Hiren. A strumpet. From Peele’s
play, The Turkish Mahomet and Hyren
the Fair Greek. (See 2 Henry IV., ii. 4.)

Hispa’nia. Spain. So called from
the Punic word Span (a rabbit), on
account of the vast number of rabbits
which the Carthaginians found in the
eninsula. Others derive it from the
asque Expana (a border).

Historicus. The nom de plume in
the Zimes of Sir. W. Vernon Harcourt,
now (1895) Chancellor of the Exchequer.

History. Our oldest historian is the
Venerable Bede, who wrote in Latin an
Ecclesiastical History of very great merit
(672-735), Of secular historians, Wil-
liam of Poitiers, who wrote in Latin Zhe
Gests or Deeds of William, Duke of Nor-
mandy and King of the English (1020-
1088). His contemporary was Ingulphus,
who wrote a history of Croyland Abbey
(1030-1109). The oldest prose work. in
Early English is Sir John Mandeville’s
account of his Eastern travels in 13056.

The Father of History.’ Herod’otos

‘the Greek historian (B.¢. 484-408). So

called by Cicero,
The Father of Ecclesiastical History,
Eusebius of Cesaréa (264-340).
Father of French History. André
Duchesne (1584-1640). tfithi
Father of Historie Painting. Polygno’-
tos of Thaos (flourished B.c. 463-435),
History of Croyland Abbey, by
Ingulphus, and its continuation to 1118
by Peter of Blois, were proved to be
literary:impositions by Sir F. Palgrave in
the Quarterly Review, vol. xxxiv., No. 67.

Histrion'ic is from the Etruscan
word hister (a dancer), histrio’nes (ballet-
dancers). Hence, Aistrio in Latin means
a stage-player, and our word histrionic,
pertaining to the drama. History is

uite another word, being the Greek
istoria, histor, a judge, allied to Ais-
tamai, to know. : A

Hit. A great hit. A piece of good
luck. From the game hit and miss, or
the game of backgammon, where ‘‘twe
a gammon.”) 5) |)

or UU Use

Hit

610

Hobgoblin

Hit it Off (70). To describe a thing
tersely and epigrammatically ; to make
a sketch truthfully and quickly. The
French say, ‘' Ce peintre vous saisit la
resemblance en un clin dil.”

To hit it off together. To agree to-
gether, or suit each other.

Hit the Nail on the Head (7).
(See HEAp.)

Hitch. There is some hitch. Some
impediment. A horse is said to have
a hitch in his git when he is lame.
(Welsh, Aecian, to halt or limp.)

To hitch. To get on smoothly; to fit
in consistently: as, “ You. and I hitch
on well together;’? ‘These two ac-
counts do not hitch in with each other.”’
A lame horse goes about jumping, and
to jump together is to be in accord, So
the two meanings apparently contra-
dictory hitch together. Compare pre-
vent, meaning to aid and to resist,

Hivites (2 sl). The students of St.
. Bee’s College, Cumberland. (Bee-hives.)

Hoang. The ancient title of the
Chinese kings, meaning ‘ sovereign
lord.”” (See Kina.)

Hoare (37, Fleet Street, London),
The golden bottle over the fanlight is
said to contain the half-crown with
which James Hoare started in business,

Hoarstone. A landmark. A stone
marking out the boundary of an estate.

Hoax, (Sce CANARD.)

Hob of a grate. From the Anglo-
Saxon verb Aablan (to hold). ‘The
chimney-corner, where at one time a
settle stood on each side, was also called
“the hob.”

Hob and Nob together. To drink as
cronies, to clink beat to drink ¢éte-d-
téle, In the old English houses there
was a hob at each corner of the hearth
for heating the beer, or holding what
one wished to keep hot. This was from
the verb Aabban (to hold). The little
round table set at the elbow was called
a nob; hence to hob-nob was to drink
snugly and cosily in the chimney-corner,
with the beer hobbed, and a little nob-
table set in the snuggery. (Sce Hos
Nos.)

Hob’bema.
The English Hobbema. John Crome,
the elder (of Norwich), whose last words

were, ‘‘O Hobbema, Hobbema, how I
do love thee!’ :

The Scotch Hobbema, PP. Nasmyth, a
Scotch landscape painter (born 1831).

Hob’'bididance (4 syl.).. The prince
of dumbness, and one of the five fiends
that possessed ‘‘poor Tom.” (Shake-
speare: King Lear, iv. 1.)

Hob’binol. The shepherd (Gabriel
Harvey, the poet, 1345-1630) who re-
lates a song in praise of Eliza, queen of
shepherds (Queen Elizabeth). (Spenser :
Shepherd’s Calendar.)

Hob'bism. The principles of Thomas
Hobbes, author of Leviathan (1588-
1670). He taught that religion is a
mere engine of state, and that man acts
wholly on a consideration of self; even
his benevolent acts spring from the

leasure he experiences in doing acts of
Fares A follower of Hobbes is
called a Hodbist,

Hobbler or Clopinel. Jean de Meung,
the poet, who wrote the sequel to the
Romance of the Rose (1260-1320).

Tyrteus, the Greek elegiac poet, was
called Hobbler because he introduced the
alternate pentameter verse, which is one
foot short of the old heroic metre.

Hobby. A favourite pursuit. The
hobby is a falcon trained to fly at pigeons
and pariridges, As hawks were uni-
versal pets in the days of falconry, and
hawking the favourite pursuit, it is
quite evident how the word hobby got
its present meaning. Hobby-horse isa
corruption of Hobby awk-toss-
ing), or throwing off the hawk from the
wrist. Hobby is applied to a little pet
riding-horse by the same natural trans-
position as a mews for hawks is now a

lace for horses. (French, hobereau, a
nawk, a hobby.)

Hobby-horse. <A child’s plaything,
so called from the hobby-horse of the
ancient morris-dance ; a light frame of
wicker-work, appropriately ink A in
which someone was placed, who per-
formed ridiculous gambols.

“ The hobby-borse doth hither prance,

Maid Marrian and the Morris ee 5

Hob’edy-hoig, sometimes written
HTob' bledehoy and hobidy-hoy, between a
man and a boy; neither hay nor grass.
Tusser says the third age of seven years
(16 to 31) is to be kept ‘under Sir.

obbard de Hoy.”’

Hobgoblin: Puck or Robin Good-
fellow. Rvightley thinks it a corrup-
tion of Rob-Goblin—i.e, the goblii
Robin, just as Hodge is the nickname of

es: + “~

Hobinol

611

Hocking

Roger, which seems to agree with the

subjoined quotation :

“ Those that Hobgoblin call you,and sweet Puck
as their work, and they sball have good
Shakespeare: Midsummer Night's Dream, ii. 1.

% Hob is certainly sometimes used
for a sprite or fairy, as a job-lantern—

i.e. an ignis fatuus or fairy-lantern, but

this may mean a “ Puck-lantern”’ or

“ Robin Goodfellow-lantern,”’

Hob'inol, (See Hosstnot.)

Hob'lers or Hovellers. Men who
keep a light nag that they may give in-
stant information of threatened invasion,
or ugly customers at sea. (Old French,
hober, to move up and down ; our hobby,

.v.) In medigval times hoblers were
ike the German whlands, Their duties
were to reconnoitie, to carry intelligence,
to harass stragglers, to act as spies, to
intercept convoys, and to pursue fugi-

tives. Spelman derives the word from |

hobby.

“ Hobblers were another description of cavalry
more lightly armed, and taken from the class of
men rated @ 15 pounds and upwards.""—Lingard;
History of Englund, vol. iv, chap. ii. p. 116.

“Sentinels who kept watch at beacons in the
Isle of Wight, and ran to the governor when

they had any sch“ eed to communicate, were
called boblers.”—MS, Lansd, (1033).

Hobnail, . When the London sheriff
is sworn in, the tenants of a manor in
Shropshire are directed to come forth
and do service, whereupon the senior
alderman below the chair steps forward
and chops a stick, in token that the
tenants of this county supplied their
feudal lord with fuel.

The owners of a forge in St. Clements
are’then called forth to do suit and
‘service, when an officer of the court

roduces six horse-shoes and sixty-one

obnails, which he used to count before
the cursitor baron till that office was
abolished in 1857.

Hob Nob. A corruption of hab nab,
‘meaning ‘have or not have,” hence hit or
miss, at random ; and, secondarily, give

or take, whence also an open defiance..

A similar construction to willy nilly.
(Anglo-Saxon, habban, to have ; nabban,
not to have.)

“ The citizens in their rage shot habbe or nabbe
a or miss] at random.”—Holinshed: History of

an 'e

feller tee ass as
Twelfth Night, i. 4. ats

Spee sea ce, ie ection er,
4 y A fi} Ss al or na
_ {Gefiance).” Sir J. Harington: “iV.

iv,

Hob’s Pound. To bein Hob’s pound
is to be under difficulties, in great em-
barrassment. Hob is a clownish rustic,
and hoberd is a fool or ne’er-do-well.
To be in Hob’s pound is to be in the
pound of a hob or hoberd—i.e. paying
for one’s folly.

Hobson’s Choice. This or none.
Tobi’as Hobson was a carrier and inn-
keeper at Cambridge, who erected the
handsome conduit there, and settled
‘seven lays ’’ of pasture ground towards
its maintenance. ‘‘He kept a stable of
forty good cattle, always ready and fit
for travelling; but when a man came
for a horse he was led into the stable,
where there was great choice, but was
obliged to take the horse which stood
nearest to the stable-door; so that
every customer was alike well served,
according to his chance, and every horse
ridden with the same justice.’? (Spec-
tator, No. 509.)

Milton wrote two quibbling epitaphs
upon this eccentric character,

“ Why is the greatest of free communities re-
duced to Hobson’s choice ?"—The Times,

Hock, So called from Hockheim, on
the Maine, where the best is supposed
to be made. It used to be called boeka-
more (3.syl.).

Be unfit to bottle as old hockamore.”—WMor-
emer, €

Hock Cart. The high cart, the last
cart-load of harvest,

“ The harvest swains and wenches bound

For joy, to see the hock-cart crowned.”

é Herrick: Hesperides, p. 114.

Hock-day or Hock Tuesday. The
day when the English surprised and
slew the Danes, who had annoyed them
for 255 years, This Tuesday was long
held as a festival in England, and land-
lords received an annual tribute called
Hock-money, for allowing their tenants
and serfs te commemorate Hock-day,
which was the second Tuesday after
Easter-day. (See Kenilworth, chap,
xxxix.)

*” Hock-tide was the time of paying church

Hoke Monday was for the men, and Hock
Tuesday for the women. On both days the men
and women alternately, with great merrymen
obstructed the public road with ropes, and pull
passengers to them, from whom they exacted
money to be laid out in pious uses.”—Brand:
antiquities (Hoke day), vol, 1. p. 187.

Hock’ey. <A. gaine in which each
player has a hooked stick or bandy with
which to strike the ball. Hockey is
simply the diminutive of hook. Called
Shinty in Scotland.

Hocking. Stopping the highwa
with ropes, and demanding a rates

t

Hockley

612 Hogmanay

from passengers before they were al-

lowed to pass. (See quotation from
Brand under Hock-Day.)
Hockley-i’-the-Hole, Public gar-

dens near Clerkenwell Green, famous
for bear- and: bull-baiting, dog- and
coek-fights, etc. The earliest record of
this garden is a little subsequent to the
Restoration.

Ho'cus Po’cus. The words uttered
by a conjuror when he performs a trick,

to cheat or take surreptitiously. The -

Welsh, hocea pwea (a goblin’s trick, our

hoax) 1s a probable etymology. But

generally supposed to be Hoc est corpus.
* Ochus Bochus was the name of a

famous magician of the North invoked

el jugglers.. He is mentioned in the
rench Royal Dictionary.

‘Ho'cussed. Hoaxed, cheated, tam-
pered with ; as, ‘*This wine is hocussed.”’
“ Was ever man so hocussed ?”

Art of Wheedling, p. 322,
Hod’eken (3 syl.) means Little-hat,
‘a German goblin or domestic fairy; so
called because he always wore a little
felt hat over his face,

Hodge, A generic name for a farm-
labourer or peasant,. (Said to be an
abbreviated form of Roger, as Hob is of
Rob or Robin. )

“Promises held out in order to gain the votes
of the agricultural labourers; promises given
simply to obtain the vote of ‘Hodge,’ who will
soon find out that his vote was all that was
wanted."—Newspaper paragraph, Dec., 1885.

Hodge-podge (2 syl.). A medley.
A corruption of hotch-pot, i.e. various
fragments mixed together in the ‘‘ pot-
au-feu,”? (See HorcH-por.)

Ho’dur. Balder’s twin brother; the
God .of Darkness; the blind god who
killed Bulder, at the instigation of Loki,
with an arrow madeof mistletoe, Hédur
typifies night, as Balder typifies day.
(Scandinavian mythology.)

“ And Balder’s pile of the glowing sun
.. A.symbol true blazed forth ;
But soon its splendour sinketh down
When Héder rules the earth.”
frithiof-Saga: Balder's Bale-Fire.

Hog, meaning a piece of money, is
any silver coin—sixpence, shilling, or
five-shilling. It is probably derived
from the largess given on New Year’s
Eye called hog-manay, pronounced jog-
money. ;

_%-In the Bermudas the early coins
bore the image of a hog. ‘

ur hudkin.

Hog seems to refer to age more than.

to any specific animal. Thus, boars of
pts See ‘

nd year, sheep between the time’

of their being weaned and shorn, colts
and bullocks a year old, are all called
hogs or hoggets.. A boar three years old
is a ‘‘ hog-steer.”’

y Some say a hogget is a sheep after
its first shearing, but a “‘ hogget-fleece ’”
is the first shearing.

To go the whole hog, An American
expression meaning unmixed democrati-
cal principles. It is used in England to
signify a “thorough goer” of any kind,
In Virginia the dealer asks the retail
butcher if “he means to go the whole
hog, or to take only certain joints, and
he regulates his price accordingly.”
(Men and Manners of America.

* Mahomet forbade his followers to
eat one part of the pig, but did not par-

ticularise what part he intended, Hence, .

strict Mahometans abstain from pork
altogether, but those less scrupulous eat
any part they fancy. Cowper refers to
this in the lines:

“ With sophistry their sauce they sweeten,

Till quite from tail to snout 'tis eaten.”
. » Love of the World Reproved,

Another explanation is this: A hog in
Treland is slang for “a shilling,” and to
go the whole hog means to spend the
whole shilling. (See Hoa.) : ;

You have brought your hogs to a fine
market, You have made a pretty kettle
of fish,

“Ydu have brought your hogs toa fine market.”
—Howell (1659), ;

Hogs-Norten. A village in Oxford-
shire, now called Hook Norton. I think
you were born at Hogs-Norton. A. re-'
proof to an ill-mannered person.

“T think thou wast born at Hoggs-Norton,
where piggs play upon the organs,”—Howell :
English Proverbs, p. 16.

Hog in Armour. A person of
awkward manners dressed so. fine that
he cannot move easily. A corruption of
‘¢ Hodge in armour,’

Hogg. (See under the word BREWER.)

Ho'garth (Willian), called the “Ju-
venal of Painters”’ (1695-1764). The

Scottish Hogarth, David Allan (1744+

1796).
Ho’gen Mo’gen. Holland or the
Netherlands; so called from Hoogé en
Mogendé (high bear the Dutch,
style of addressing the States-General. —

“ But I have sent him for a token’

To your Low-country Hogen-Mogen.” "”
x ny - Butler: ud:

she bras.

Hogmanay’, Hogmena’, or Hage

men’a. Holy yooh area
Vi

|

-New Year’s Eve is ealled hogn % * ot
night’ or jogg-night, and it ‘et att the :

a

Hogshead

613

Hold In

custom in parts of Scotland for persons
to go from*door to door on that night
asking in’ rude rhymes for cakes or
money. (See Hoa.)

In Galloway the chief features are

** taking the cream off the water,’”’ won-
derful luck being attached to a draught
thereof; and ‘‘the first foot,”’ or giving
something to drink to the first person
who enters the house. A grand bonfire
and a procession, in which all persons
are masked and in bizarre costume.
\ King Haco, of Norway, fixed the feast
of Yole on Christmas Day, the eve of
which used to be called hogg-night,
which in the old style is New Year’s
Eve.

Hogshead, a large cask = }-pipe
or butt, is a curious instance of .the
misuse of #. The word is from the
Danish Oze-hud (ox-hide), the larger
skins in contradistinction to the smaller

oat skins. An oxe-hud contained 240

anish quarts.

Hoi Polloi (Zhe). The poll-men in
our Universities, that is, those who take
their degrees without ‘‘honours.’’. The
proletariat... (Greek, meaning ‘ the
fmany,’’ ‘‘the general,’’)

Hoist. Hoist with his own petard.
Beaten with his own weapons, caught
in his own trap. Tho petard was
a thick iron engine, filled with gun-
powder, and fastened to gates, barri-
cades, and so on, to blow them up.
The danger was lest the engineer who
fired the petard should be blown up in
the explosion,

: “Let it work ;

For,’tis the sport to bave the enginecr
Hoist with his own petard ; and jt shall go hard
_ But I will delve one yard below their mines,
And blow them at the moon.” F
— Shakespeare: Hamlet, iii. 4.

Hoity-toity.

(1) Hoity-toity spirits means high
spirits, extremely elated and flighty.

Selden, in his Zable Tulk, says: ‘‘In
/ Queen Elizabeth’s time gravity and state
were kept up . . . but in King Charles’s
time there was nothing but Frenchmore
[ede manners} . . . tolly-polly, and
' hoit-comme-toit,’? where hoit comme toit
-means flightiness.

(2) As an exclamation of reproof it
means, Your imagination or spirits. are
running out of all bounds; hoit-a-toit !
hity-tity! ‘‘Hoity-toity! What have

_I to do with dreams?’’ (Congreve.)

We have the verb ‘‘ to hoit’’ = to
assume; to be elated in spirits, and
_ perhaps hoity-toity is only one of those
~ words with which our language abounds;

ss A 7

as, harum-scarum, titty-totty, namby-
‘pamby, hugger-mugger, fiddle-faddle,
and scores of others,

Heky or Hockey Cake. Harvest
cake. The cake given out to the har-
vesters when the hock cart reached
home. (See Hock Cant.)

Holborn is not a corruption of Old
Bourne, as Stowe asserts, but of Hole-
burne, the durne or stream in the hole or
hollow. It is spelt Holeburne in Domes-
day Book, i. 127a; and in documents
connected with the nunnery of St.
Mary, Clerkenwell (during the reign of
Richard II.), it is ee times spelt in
the same way. (The Times; J. G.
Waller.)

He rode backwards up Holborn Hill.
He went to be hanged. The way to
anor from Newgate was up Holborn

ill, and criminals in ancient times sat
with their backs to the horse, when
drawn to the place of execution.

Hold of a ship is between the lowest
deck and the keel. In merchant vessels
it holds the main part of the cargo. In
men of war it holds the provisions, water
for drinking, etc., stores, and berths.
The after hold is aft the main-mast ; the
main hold is before the same; and the
fore hold is about the fore hatches.

Hold. (Anglo-Saxon, heald-an, to
hold.)

He is not fit to hold the candle to. him.
He is very inferior. The allusion is to
link-boys who held candles in theatres
and other places of night amusement.

“ Others say that Mr. Handel
*To Bonocini can't hold a candle.” Swift.

To cry hold: Stop. ~The allusion is
to the old military tournaments; when
the umpires wished to stop the contest
they cried out ‘* Hold!”

“Lay on Macduff,
And damn'd be him that first erips, “Hold,

enough !'” Shakespeare : Mucbeth, v. 8.

Hold Forth vane To speak in public;
to harangue; to declaim. An author
holds forth certain opinions or ideas in
his book, t.¢. exhibits them or holds them
out to view. A speaker does the same in
an oratorical display.

when a sudden change of vis inerti@ is

’ about to occur. :

Hold Off

614

Holy City

Hold Off! Keep at a distance. In

French, ‘‘ Zenez-vous @ distance!”

Hold On. Cling fast; to persist, The
idea is clinging firmly to somethtig to
prevent falling or being overset.

Hold Out. Not to succumb to. ‘‘ Zenir
ferme ;’’ ‘* Cette place ne saurait tenir.”

Hold Water (Zo). To bear close
inspection ; to endure a trial. A vessel
that will hold water is safe and sound.

Hold One Guilty (Zo). To adjudge
or regard as guilty. The French tenir.

Hold One in Hand (70). To amuse
in order to get some advantage, The
allusion is to horses held in hand or
under command of the driver. —

Hold One’s Own (Zc). To main-
tain one’s own opinion, position, way,
etc. Maintain means to hold with the
hand. (Latin, manus teneo.)

Hold the Fort. Immortalised as
a phrase from its use by General Sher-
man, who signalled it to General Corse

- from the top of Kenesaw in 1864,

Holdfast. Brag is a good dog, but
Holdfast is a better, Promises are all
very good, but acts are far better.

“ Holdfast is the only dog, my duck.”
Shakespeare: Henry V., ii. 3.

Holdfast. A means by which some-

thing is clamped to another ; a support.

Hole. Pick a hole in his coat. To
find out some cause of blame. The allu-
sion is to the Roman custom of dressing
criminals in rags (Livy, ii. 61): Hence,
a holey coat is a synonym for guilt,

“ Hear, Land o° cakes and brither Scots
Frae Maidenkirk to Jounny Groat's
If there's a hole ina your coats
I rede you tent it ; x
A chield’s amang you taking notes,
And, faith, he'll prent it.”
Burns : On the late Capt. Grose, stanza 1.
- Hole and Corner (business). Under-
hand and secret.

Holiday Speeches or Words. Fine
or well-turned speeches or phrases; com-
plimentary speeches. We have also
‘‘holiday manners,” ‘holiday clothes,’
meaning the best we have.

“ Aye, aye, sir. J know your worship loves no

holiday. speeches.”—Sir W. Scott: Redyauntlet,
chap. iii,

“ With many holiday and lady terms
He questioned me.”
Shakespeare: 1 Henry 1V.,i.3 (Hotspur's defénce).
Holipher nes (4 syl.), called English
Henry (in Jerusalem Delivered). ‘One
of the Christian knights in the first, ,
crusade, slain by Dragu’'tés (book ix.X%

Holland. The country of paradoxes.
The ‘‘houses are built on the sand; ”
the sea is higher than the shoré; the
keels of the ships are above the chim-
ney-tops of the houses; and the cow’s
tail does not ‘‘ grow downward,’ but is
tied up to a ring in the roof of the stable,
Butler calls it:

“A land that rides at anchor and is moored,

In which they do not live, but go aboard.”
Description of Holland.
(See also Don Juan, canto x. 63.) :

Holland. A particular kind of cloth;
80 called because it used to be sent to
Holland to be bleached. Lawn is cloth
bleached on a lawn; and grass-lawn is
lawn bleached on a gras gate :

Bleaching is now performed by arti-
ficial processes,

Hollow. J beat him hollow,
ruption of ‘‘I beat him wholly.”

Holly used to be employed by the
early Christians at Rome to decorate
churches and dwellings at Christmas; it
had been provionsly, used in the great
festival of the Saturnalia, which occurred
at the same season of the year. The
pagan Romans used to send to their
friends aly series during the Satur-
nalia, with wishes for their health and
well-being.

Hollyhock is the Anglo-Saxon, holi-
hoc, the marsh-mallow. It is a mistake
to derive it from Holy-oak.

Holman (Lieutenant James). +The
blind traveller (1787-1857).

Holopher'nes (4 syl.). Master Tubal
Holophernes. The great sophister-doctor,
who, in the course of five years and three
months, taught Gargantua to say his
ABC backward. (Radelais : Gargantua,
book i. 14.)

Holofernes, in Love's Labour's Lost.
Shakespeare satirises in this character
the literary affectations of the Lyly
school. An anagram of Joh‘nes Florio.

Holy Alliance. A league formed
by Russia, Austria, and Prussia to regu-
late the affairs of Europe “ by the prin-
ciples of Christian charity,’’—meaning
that each of the contracting parties was
to keep all that the league assigned
them (1816),

Holy City. That city which the
religious consider most especially con-
nected with their religious faith, thus:

Allahabad’ is the Holy City of the
Indian Mahometans. 5

Bena’res (3 syl.) of the Hindus,

Cuzco of the ancient Incas,

A cor-

»
ie

_ _
a

Holy Coat

615

Holy Writ

Fez of the Western Arabs.

Jerusalem of the Jews and Christians,

Kairwan, near Tunis, It contains the
Okbar Mosque, in which is the tomb of
the prophet’s barber.

Kief, the Jerusalem of “Russia, the
cradle of Christiavity in that country.

Mecca and Medina of the Mahometans,

Moscow and Kief of the Russians.

Solovetsk, in the Frozen Sea, is a holy
Island much visited by pilgrims.

Holy Coat of Treves, said to be the
seamless coat of our Saviour. Deposited
at Treves by the Empress Hele'na, who
discovered it in the fourth century.

Holy Communion (7Zic). The fel-

; lowship of Christians manifested by

their mutual partaking of the eucharist.
The eucharist itself is, by a figure of
speech, so called.

Holy Family. The infant Saviour
and his attendants, as Joseph, Mary,
Elizabeth, Anna, and John the Baptist.
All the five figures are not always
introduced in pictures of the ‘“ Holy
Family.”

Holy Isle, Lindisfarne, in the Ger-
man Ocean, about eight miles from Ber-
wick-upon-Tweed. ‘It was once the see
of the famous St. Cuthbert, but now the
bishopric is that of Durham. The ruins
of the old cathedral are still visible.

Ireland used to be called the Holy
Island on account of its numerous
ae saints, ”

Guernsey was so called in the tenth
century in consequence of the great
number of monks residing there.

Rugen was so called by the Slavonic

arini.

Scattery, to which St. Senanus re-
tired, and swore that no female should
set foot there, is the one referred to by
Thomas Moore in his Irish Melodies,
No. ii. 2.

“Oh! haste and leave this sacred isle

., For on thy deck, though dark it be,
A female form | see,”

Holy band (The).

(1) Christians call Palestine the Holy
Land, because it was the site of Christ’s
birth, ministry, and death.

(2) Mahometans call Mecca the Holy
Land, because Mahomet was born there.

.(3) The Chinese Buddhists call India
the Holy Land, because it was the
native land of Sakya-muni, the Buddha

(q.v.
(4) The Greek considered Elis as Holy
Land, from the temple of Olympian Zeus

and the sacred festival held there every
four years.

(5) In America each of the strange
politico-religious sects calls its own settle-
ment pretty much the same thing. (See
Hoty City.)

Holy League (Zhe). A combination
formed by Pope Julius II. with Louis
XII. of France, Maximilian of Germany,
Ferdinand III. of Spain, and various
Italian princes, against the republic of
Venice in 1508.

There was another league so called in
the reign of Henri III. of France, in
1576, under the auspices of Henri de
Guise, ‘‘for the defence of the Holy
Catholic Church against the encroach-
ments of the reformers.”” The Pope gave
it his sanction, but its true strength lay
in Felipe II. of Spain.

Holy Orders, in the English Church,
are those of priest and deacon. In the
Roman Church the term includes the
sub-diaconate. (See Minor ORDERS.)

Holy Places, Places in which the
chief events of our Saviour’s life oc-
curred, such as the Sepulchre, Geth-
semane, the Supper-room, the Church of
the Ascension, the tomb of the Virgin,
and so on. ‘

Holy Thursday. The day of our
Lord’s ascension,

Holy Saturday. The Saturday before
Easter Sunday.

Holy Wars are to extirpate “heresy,”
or to extend what the state supposes to
be the one true religion. The Crusades,
the Thirty- Years’ War, the wars against
the Albigenses, etc., were 80 called.

Holy Water. Water blessed by a
priest or bishop for holy uses. ;

As the devil loves holy water ; i.e. not
at all, This proverb arose from the em-
ployment of holy water in exorcisms in
the Holy Church.

“T love him as the devil loves holy water.”

Holy Week, The last seven days of
Passion Week or the Great Week. . It
beging on Palm Sunday, and ends with
Holy pevurday (47): e fourth day is
called ‘‘Spy ednesday ;”’ the fifth is
‘Maundy Thursday;’’ the sixth is
‘Good Friday ;’’ and the last ‘‘ Holy
Saturday ”’ or the ‘‘ Great Sabbath.”’

Holy Week bas heen called Hebdomada Muto
Silent Week) ; Hebdomada Passionis ; Hebdomada
nofficiosa (Vacant Week) ; Hebdomada Peniten-
tialis ; Hebdomada Indulgentie ; Hebdomada bue-
a Hebdomada Nigra; and Hebdomada UL
ima.

Holy Writ, The Bible,

Holy Maid 616

Homer’s Critics

Holy Maid of Kent (The). Eliza-
beth Barton, who incited the Roman
Catholics to resist the progress of the
Reformation, and pretendéd to act under
direct inspiration. She was hanged at
Tyburn in 1534.

Holy of Holies (Zhe). The inner-
most apartment of the Jewish temple,
in. which the ark of the covenant was
kept, and into which only the High
Priest was allowed to enter, and that
but once a year—the day of atonement,

Holy Water Sprinkler, A military
club set with spikes. So called facetiously
because it makes the blood to flow as
water sprinkled by an aspergillum.

Holywell Street (London), Fitz-
stephens, in his description of London
in the reign of Henry II., speaks of
“the excellent springs at a small dis-
tance from the city,”’ whose waters are
most sweet, salubrious, and clear, and
whose runnels murmur over the shinin
stones, ‘‘ Among these are Holywell,
Clerkenwell, and St. Clement’s well.’?

Holystone. <A soft sandstone used’

for scrubbing the decks of vessels.

Home (1 syl.). (Anglo-Saxon, ham,)

Our long ‘home, the grave.

Who gocs home? When the House
of Commons breaks up at night the
door-keeper asks this question of the
members. In bygone days all members
going in the direction of the Speaker’s
residence went in a body to see him safe
home. The question is still asked, but
is a mere reli¢ of antiquity.

Home, Sweet Home. Words by
John Howard Payne (an American), in-
troduced in the melodrama called The
Maid of Milan.

Homer,

Called Melesigenés (g.v.) ;, the Man of
Chios (sce Cu1os); the Blind Old Man;
Meon‘idés (9.v.), or Msonius, either
from his father Mon, or because he
was a native of Meonia (Lydia). He is
spoken of as Meonius senex, and his
poems as Mceonie charte or Meonia
carminag.

“The Casket Homer. An edition cor-
récted by Aristotle, which Alexander
the Great always carried about with
him, and laid under his pillow at night
with his sword. After the battle of
Arbe'la, a golden casket richly studded
with gems was found in the tent of
Darius; and Alexander being asked to
what purpose it should be assigned, re+
plied, ‘There is but one thing in the
world worthy of so costly a:depository,”’

saying which he placed: therein his
edition of Homer,

The British Homer. Milton (1608-74).

The Celtic Homer. Ossian, son of
Fingal, King of Morven.

The Homer of dramatic poets, Shake-
speare is so called by Dryden. (1564-

1616.)

“ Shakespeare was the Homer of our dramatic
poets ; Jonson was the Virgil. Tadmire rare Ben,
but I love Shakespeare.”— den,

Homer of Ferrara, Ariosto is so
called by Tasso (1474-1533),

Homer of the Franks: Charlemagne
called Angilbert his Homer (died 814),

The Oriental Homer. irdusi, the
Persian poet, who wrote the Chéh
Ndmeh (or history of the Persian kings).
It contains 120,000 verses, and was the
work of thirty years (940-1020).

The Homer of philosophers, Plato
(B.c. 429-347).

The prose Homer of human nature.
Henry Fielding; so called by Byron,
(1707-1768.)

The Scottish Homer, William Wilkie,
author of The Epigoniad (1721-1772).

Homer a Cure for the Ague, It
was an old superstition that if the fourth
book of the /liad was laid under the
head of a patient suffering from quartan
ague it would cure him at once,
Serénus Sammontcus, preceptor.of Gor-
dian and a noted physician, vouches for
this remedy.

“Meoniw Itiados quartum suppone timenti.”
—Precepta de Medicina, 50. ;

* The subject of this book is as
follows: While Agamemnon adjudges
that Menelaos is the winner, and that
the Trojans were bound 4c yield, ac-
cording to their compact, Pand4ros
draws his bow, wounds Menelaos, and
the battle becomes general. The reason
why this book was selected is because
it contains the cure of Menelaos by
Machaon, ‘‘a son of Atsculapius,”? ~

Homer in a Nutshell. Cicero says
that he himself saw’ Homer’s Jtiad
enclosed in a nutshell. f

Homer Scmetimes Nods.

“ Quando’que bonus dormi’tat Home’rus.”
Horace: Ars Poetica (359)
Homer’s Critics, far
‘Dorotheus spent his whole life trying _

to morta one oe word of Homer.»

Zoilos (3 syl.), the grammarian, was
called ‘¢ Hines Scourge’? (Homéro-
mastiz), because he assailed the Jviad
and Odyssey with merciless severity.

As some deny that Shakespeare is the -
author of the plays which are generally’

in ee bn

Homeric

617 Hon eymoon

ascribed’.to' him, so Wolf, a German
critic (1759-1824), in his Prolegomena ad
Homérum, denies ‘that Homer was the
author’ of the [liad and Odyssey.

Homer'ic Verse, Hexameter verse;
so called because Homer adopted it in
his two great epics. (Sce.HEXAMETER
VERSE. )

Homeeop’athy (5syl.). The plan of
curing a disease by very minute doses
of a medicine which would in healthy

rsons produce the very same disease.

The principle of vaccination is a sort of

homeopathy, only it is producing in

a heatthy person a mitigated form of

the disease guarded against. You im-

part a mild form of small-pox to prevent

the patient. from taking the virulent
disease. (Greek, homoios pathos, like
disease.) (See HAHNEMANN.)

“Tut, man! one fire burns out another's burn-
One Dein is Jessened by another's anguish .,.
Take thou some new infection to the eye,

And the rank poison of the old will die.”

Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet, i. 2.

-Hon’‘est (/ silent). Honest Jack Ban-
nister, An actor in London for thirty-
six years. (1760-1836.)

“ after his retirement he was once accosted by
Sir George Rose; when Honest Jack, being on the
other side of the street, cried out, “stopa moment,
Gir George, and 1 will come over to you.’ * No, no,’
replied his friend, ‘I never yet made you cross,
and will not begin now."—Grinstet: Relics of

Genius,
Honest George. General Mouk

(1608-1670).

Honest Lawyer (47). The oldest
allusion to this strange expression is the
epigram on St. Ives (1251-1303), of
whom Dom Lobineau says: ‘‘ J/ distri-
buait avec une sainte profusion aux
pauvres les revents de son bénéfice et ceux
de son pairimonie, qui etuient de £60 de
rente, alors une somme trés notable, par-
ticuliérement en Basse Bretagne.’ (Lives
of the Saints of Great Britain.)

“ Sanctus Yvo erat Brito,
Advocatus, et non latro,
Res miranda popalo,”

St. Ives was of the land of beef,
An adyocate, and not a thief ;
A stretch on popular belief. E.C.B.
The phrase was facetiously applied by
some wag to Sir John Strange, Master
of the Rolls, who died, at the age of
fifty-eight, in 1754.
“ Here lies an bonést lawyer, that is Strange.”
2? Of course this line forms no part of
the inscription in Leyton churchyard,
_ Essex, where Sir John was buried.
- ‘Honey Madness. There is a rho-
edodendron about Trebizond, the flowers
sof which the bees are fond of, but if

a

anyone eats the honey he becomes mad,
( Lowrneford. )

Honey Soap contains no portion of
honey. Some is made from the finest
yellow soap; and some is a mixture of
palm-oil soap, olive-soap, and curd-
soap. It is:scented with oil of verbena,
rose-geranium, ginger-grass, bergamot,
etc.

Honey better than Vinegar. ‘ On
prend plus de mouches avec du miel,
quwavee du vinaigre.”’ ‘Plus fait douceur
vidlence.” %* Il faut avoir mauvaise
éte par douceur.”’

It is better to be preserved in vinegar
than to rot in honey. It is better to
suffer affliction if thereby the heart is
brought to God, than to lose body and
soul by worldly indulgences.

-Honeycomb. The hexagonal shape
of the bees’ cells is generally ascribed to
the instinctive skill of the bee, but is
simply the ordinary result of mechanical

laws. Solitary bees always make circular

cells; and without doubt those of hive
bees are made cylindrical, but acquire
their hexagonal form by mechanical
ressure. Dr. Wollaston says all cylin-
ers made of soft pliable materials
become, hexagonal under such circum-
stances. The cells of trees are circular
towards the extremity, but hexagonal in
the centre of the substance; and the
cellular membranes of all vegetables are
hexagonal also. oo ANT.)
Will Honeycomb. A fine gentleman,
One of the members of the imaginary
club from which the Spectator issued,

Honeydew. A sweet substance
found on lime-trees and some other
penta Bees and ants are fond of it.
t ig a curiaus misnomer, as it is the
excretion of the aphis or vine-fretter.
The way it is excreted is this: the ant
beats with its antenne the abdomen of
the aphis, which lifts up the part beaten,
and excretes a limpid drop of sweet
juice called honeydew.

Honeymoon, The month after
marriage, or so much of it as is spent
away from home; so called from, the

ractice of the ancient Teutons of drink-
ing honey-wine (hydromel) for thirty
pike ‘after marriage, Attila, the Hun,
indulged so freely in hydromel at his
wedding-feast that he died.

“ Je was the custom of the higher order of the
Teutons ... to drink mead or metheglin (a
beverage made from honey) for thirty days after
every wedding. Froin this comes the expression

‘to spend the honeymoon,.’"—W, Pulleyn: Ety-
mological Compendium, § 9, p. 142.

Honeywood

618

Honours

Honeywood. A yea-nay type, illus-
trative of what Dr. Young says:
‘¢ What is mere good nature but a fool?’’
(Goldsmith : The Good-natured Man.)

Hong Merchants. Those merchants
who were alone permitted by the govérn-
ment of China to trade with China, till
the restriction was abolished in 1842.
The Chinese applied the word hong to
the foreign factories situated at Canton.

Hon'i. Honi sort qua mal y pense (Evil
be [to him] who thinks evil of this).
The tradition is that Edward III. gave
a grand court ball, and one of the ladies

resent was the beautiful Countess of

alisbury, whose garter of blue ribbon
accidentally fell off. The king saw a
significant smile among the guests, and
gallantly came to the rescue. ‘‘ Honi
soit qui mal y pense”? (Shame to him
who thinks shame of this accident), cried
the monarch. Then, binding the ribbon
round his own knee, he added, ‘‘I will
bring it about that the proudest noble
in the realm shall think it an honour ‘to
wear this band.’’ The incident deter-
mined him to abandon his plan of
forming an order of the Round Table,
and he formed instead the order of the
“Garter.” (Tighe and Davis: Annals
of Windsor.)

Honour (/ silent). A superior
seigniory, on which other lordships or
manors depend by the perfermante of
customary services. ~

An affair of honour. A dispute to be
settled by aduel. Duels were generally
provoked by offences against the arbi-
trary rules of etiquette, courtesy, or
feeling, called the ‘‘laws of honour; ”’
and, as these offences were not recog-
nisable in the law courts, they were
settled hy private combat.

Debts of honour. Debts contracted by
betting, gambling, or verbal promise.
As these debts cannot be enforced by
law, but depend solely on good faith,
they are called debts of honour.

aws of honour. Certain arbitrary
rules which the fashionable world tacitly
admits; they wholly regard deport-
ment, and have nothing to do with
moral offences. Breaches of this code
are punished by duels, expulsion from
society, or suspension called “sending
to Coventry ” Co.0.).

Point of honour. An obligation which
is binding because its violation would
offend some conscientious scruple or
notion of self-respect.

Word of honour. A gage which
gannot be violated without placing the

‘capitulation,

breaker of it heyond the pale of respect-
ability and stiod: society.

Honour and Glory Griffiths. Capt.
Griffiths (in the reign of William IV.)
was 80 called, because all his despatches
were addressed ‘‘ To their Honours and
Glories at the Admiralty.”

Honour paid to Learning. Diony-
sius, King of Syracuse, wishing to a
Plato, sent the finest galley in his king-
dom royally equipped, ait stored with
every conceivable luxury to fetch him ;
and, on landing, the philosopher found
the royal state carriage waiting ‘to
convey him to the palace

Ben Jonson, in 1619, made a journey
from London to Scotland expressly to
see William Drummond, the Scotch poet.

Honours (/ silent). Crushed by his
honows. The allusion is to the Roman
damsel who agreed to open the gates of
Rome to King Ta’‘tius, provided his sol-
diers would give her the ornaments
which they wore ontheirarms. As they
entered they threw their shields on her
and crushed her, saying as they did so,
**These are the ornaments worn by
Sabines on their arms.”” Roman story
says the maid was named Tarpe'ia, and
that she was the daughter of Tarpeius,
the governor of the citadel.

Draco, the Athenian legislator, was
crushed to death in the theatre of
fégi'na, by the number of caps and
cloaks showered on him by the audience,
as a maxk of their high appreciation of
his merits.

Elagab’alus, the Roman Emperor, in-
vited the leading men of Rome to a
banquet, and, under the pretence of
showing them honour, rained réses upon
them. But the shower continued till
they were all buried and smothered by
the flowers.

Two ar four'by honours. A term in
whist, If two “‘ partners’? hold three
court cards, they score two points; if
they hold four court jcards, they score
four points. These are honour Fang
or points not won by the merit of play,
but by courtesy and laws of ‘honour.
The phrases mean, “I score or claim two
points by right of honours,” and “I
score or claim four points by right of

“four court or honour cards,’

Honours of War. The privilege
allowed to an honoured enemy, on
of being permitted to
retain their offensive arms. This is the
highest honour a victor can pay a
vanquished foe. :Sometimes the soldi

Hood

619

Hooped Pots

so honoured are required to pak arms ;
in other cases they are allowed to march
with all their arms, drums beating, and
colours flying.

Hood. ’Tis not the hood that makes
the monk (Cucul'lus non facit mon'achum).
We must not be deceived by appearances,
or take for granted that things and per-
sons aré what they seem to be.

“They should be good men; their affairs are
righteous ;
But all hoods make not monks.” yf
Shakespeare : Henry VIII, iii. 1.

Hood (Robin). Introduced by Sir
Walter Scott in Ivanhoe. (See Rosin.)

Hoods (Anglo-Saxon héd).

Brack silk without lining :—M.A, Cam-
bridge, non Regius (abolished 1858) ;
B.D. Cambridge, Oxford, Dublin.

Black stuff, with broad white fur
trimming :—B.A. or LL.B. Cam-
bridge.

Black corded silk, with narrow white
fur tri i ag Oxford.

Black silk hood, with lining :—With
white silk lining, M.A. Cambridge ;
with dark red silk lining, M.A.
Oxford; with dark blue silk lining,
Dublin; with russet-brown lining,
M.A. London.

Buive silk hood, with white fur trim-
miug, B.C.L. Oxford.

Brown (silk or stuff) hood, edged with
russet-brown, B.A, London...

ScaRzet cloth hood :—Lined with crim-
son silk, D.C.L. Oxford ; lined with
pink silk, D.C.L. Dublin; lined
with pink silk, D.D. Cambridge ;
lined with black silk, D.D. Oxford ;
lined with light cherry-coloured
silk, LL.D. Cambridge.

Scarlet cashmere hood :—Lined with silk,
D.D. Dublin:—Lined with white
silk, D.C.L. Durham.

Vio.et hoods are St. Andrew’s.

The longer the hood the higher the
degree; thus, a bachelor’s hood only
reaches to the wpiche, but a doctor’s
hood reaches to the heels,

Hoodlum (American slang) A.
Californian rough.

Hoodman Blind. Now called
“‘ Blindman’s Buff.’’
“ What devil was't

That thus bath cozened you at boodman blind?”
Shukespeare : Hamlet, iii. 4.

Hook, Hooks. He is off the hooks.
Done for, laid on the shelf, superseded,
dead. The bent pieces of iron on which
of a gate rest and turn are

the hin;
called hooks ; if a gate is off the hooks it

is in a bad deaf and cannot readily be —
_ Opened and shu:

On one’s own hook, On one’s own
responsibility or account. An angler’s
phrase.

To fish with a golden hook. To give
bribes. ‘' Pécher avec un hamegon a’or.’’
Risk a sprat to catch a mackerel. Tio buy
fish, and pretend to have caught it,

With a hook at the end. My assent
is given with a hook at the end means
not intended to be kept. In some parts
of Germany, even to the present day,
when a witness swears falsely, he crooks
one finger into a sort of hook, and this
is supposed sufficient to avert the sin of
perjury. It is a crooked oath, or an
oath ‘“‘with a hook at the end.” (See
OvER THE LEFT.)

‘N.B. Ringing the bells backwards,
and repeating the Lord’s Prayer back-
wards belong to the same class of super-
stitions.

Hook it! Take your hook s Sling your
hook. Be off! Be off about your
business! This expression amongst
woodmen, reapers, etc., is equivalent
to the military one, ‘'Pack up your
tatters and follow the drum.,”’

Hook or Crook (By). Either right-
fully or wrongfully; in one way or
another. Formerly the poor of a manor
were allowed to go into the forests with
a hook and crook to get wood. What
they could not reach they might pull
down with their crook, The French
equivalent is ‘A droit ou a tort,” or ‘‘De
bri¢ et de broc.’? Wither with the thief’s
hook or the bishop’s crook. Mrs. S. C.
Hall, in her Jreland (vol. ii. p. 149 n.),
states, as the origin of this phrase, that
when the ships of Strongbow were en-
tering Waterford harbour he noticed a
tower on one side and a church on the
other. Inquiring their names, he was
told it was the ‘Tower of Hook” and
the .‘‘ Church of Crook.’”’ Then said he,
‘‘ We must take the town by Hook and
by Crook.’”? There is no such person as
St. Crook mentioned by the Bollandists,

“Dynimure Wood was ever open and common to
the... inhabitants of Bodmin .. . to bearaway
upon their backs a burden of lop, crop, hook,
crook, and bag wood.”—Bodmin Register (1525).,

“The li his sire had scrapt by hooke or

crooke.” y
Spenser: Faérie Queene, book v. il. line 29,

Hookey Walker. (See WALKER.)

Hooped Pots. Drinking pots at one
time were made with hoops, that when

| two or more drank from the same

tankard no one of them should tako
more than his share. Jack Cade pro-
mises his followers that ‘‘ seven half-
penny loaves shall be sold for a penny ;

Hoopoe

620

Horace

the three-hooped pot shall have ten
hoops; and I will make it felony to
drink small beer.’’ (Shakespeare: 2 Henry
VI, iv. 2.)

Hoopoe (Upupa Epops). A small
crested bird a $e the ancient
Egyptians, and placed on the sceptre
of Horus, to symbolise joy and filial
affection. (Latin «pupa, the hoopoe.)

Hop. The plant, called by Tusser
“Robin Hop.”” (Danish hop.) ‘To hop
on one leg is the Anglo-Saxon hopetan
or hoppian.

“ Get into thy hopyard, for now it is time
To teach Robin Hop on bis pole how to climb,”
Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, xli. 17.

Thick as hops, Very numerous; very
compact,

“ And thousand other things as thicke as hops,”

Taylor the Water Poet (1630),

Hop-o’-my-Thumb,. A nix, the same
as the German daumling, the French fe
petit pouce, and the Scotch Zom~a-lin
(or Tamlane). Tom Thumb in the well-
known nursery tale is quite another
character. He was the son of peasants,
knighted by King Arthur, and killed by
a spider.

~ Several dwarfs have assumed the
(See Dwarrs.)
Stump-o'-the-Gutter, you Hop-o’-my-

name of Tom Thumb.
“You
Thumb,
Your husband must from Lilliput come.”
Kane O'Hara: Midas,
“Plaine friend, Hop-o'- eT know you
who we are?”"—Taming of the Shrew (1594).

To hop the twig. To run away from
one’s creditors, as a bird eludes a fowler,
“‘hopping from spray to spray.”’

* Also to die. The same idea as that
above, There are numerous phrases.to
express the cessation of life; for ex-
ample, ‘‘To kick the bucket” (q,2.) ;
‘To lay down one’s knife and fork;”’
“Pegging out” (from the game of
cribbage) ; ‘‘To be snuffed out” (like a
candle); “He has given in;” ‘To
throw up the sponge” (g.v.); ‘To fall
asleep ;”’ ‘‘To enter Charon’s boat”
(See Canon) ; ‘To join the majority ;”
“To cave in;’? a common Setiptare
phrase is ‘To give up the ghost.”

. Hope. Before Alexander set out for
Asia he divided his kingdom among his
friends. ‘‘My lord,’”’ said Perdiccas,
““what have you left for. yourself?”
‘“‘ Hope,” replied Alexander. Whereupon
Perdiccas rejoined, ‘‘If hope is: enough
for Alexander, it is enough for Perdic-
cas,’ and declined to accept any bounty
from the king. d
The Bard of Hope. Thomas Camp-
bell. (1777-1844), the author of Zhe

Pleasures of Hope. The entire profits on
this poem were £900. °
The Capeof Good Hope, (See Storms.)

Hopeful. The companion of Chris-
tian after the death of Faithful. _(Bun-
yan: Pilgrim’s Progress.)

Hope-on-High Bomby. A puri-
tanical character drawn by Beaumont
and Fletcher.

“*Well, said Wildrake, ‘I think I can make a
“ Hope-on-High Bomby ” as well as thou canst,’”
—Sir Walter Scott : Woodstock, c. vii. :

Hopkins (Matthew), of Manningtree
Essex, the witch-finder of the associated
counties of Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, and
Huntingdonshire. In one year hehanged
sixty reputed witches in Essex alone.
Dr. Z. Grey says that between’ three
and four thousand persons suffered death
for witchcraft between 1648 and 1661.

Nicholas Hi Yee A Carthusian friar,
confessor of the Duke of Buckingham,
who prophesied ‘‘ that neither the kin
(Henry VIII.) nor his ‘heirs sould
proper, but that the Duke of Bucking-

cham should govern England.

"1 Gent, : That deyil-monk
Hopkins that made this mischief. —
2 Gent. That was he
That fed him with his propbecies,”
Shakespeare: Henry VIIT,, ii...
Hopkinsians. Those who- adopt
the theological opinions of Dr. Samuel
Hopkins, of Connecticut... These sec-
tarians hold most of the Calvinistic doc-
trines, but entirely reject the doctrines
of imputed sin and imputed righteous-
ness, The speciality of the system is
that true ‘holiness consists in disinter-
ested benevolence, and that all sin is
selfishness.

Hopping Giles. A lame eee + BO
called from St. Giles, the tutelar saint of
cripples, who was himself lame,

Hopton. Whenin doubt, kill Hopton.
Sir Ralph Hopton was a Royalist general,
During the Civil Wars we read that
Hopton was killed over and over again ;
thus, in Diurnal Occurrences, Dec. 5th,
1642, we read, ‘‘ It was likewise this day
reported that Sir Ralph Hopton is either
dead or dangerously sicke.’? Five
months later we read in Special mee
May 6th, 1643, of Hopton’s death after
a fight on Roborough Down, in Devon-
shire. And again, May 15th, 1643, we
read of his death in 4 True Relation of
the Proceedings of the Cornish Forces. —

Hor’ace. The Roman lyric poet. |

Horaces of England. Georg Duke
of Buckingham, preposterously declared
Cowley to be the Pindar, Horace, and

“says of a Tyrian la

Horatian ‘62

Horn-book

Virgil of England (1618-1667). Ben
Jonson is invariably called Horace by
Dekker,

Hovaces of France. Jean Macrinus or
Salmon (1490-1557); Pierre Jean de
fone the French Burns (1780-

Horaces of Spain. The brothers Ar-
eee whose Christian names were

upercio and Bartolme.

Horatian Metre (47). Book i.
Ode iv. In alternate lines, one of
seventeen syllables and the other of
eleven, thus ;

ve vw —~

ee ees eee
— —wl—

Below is a translation of the first four
lines in this Horatian metre (rhyming) :
Now that the winter is past, blithe spring to
the balmy flelds inviteth ;
And lo! from the dry sands men their keels
arehauling;
Cattle no longer their stalls affect, nor the hind
his hearth delighteth,
Nor deadly Frost spreads over meads her
palling. E.C.B.

* See ALcaic, ASCLEPIADIC, CHORI-
AMBIC, Sappuic, etc, (See also HExa-

METERS, and ETERS AND PENTA-
METERS. )
Hora'tio. Hamlet’s intimate friend.

(Shakespeare: Hamlet.)

Horn. Logistilla gave Astolpho at
parting a horn that had the virtue to
appal and put to flight the boldest
knight or most savage beast. (Ariosto:
Orlando Furioso, bao ioe

Astolpho’s horn. (See a ag

Cape Horn. So named by Schouten,
a Dutch mariner, who first doubled it.
He was a native of Hoorn, in north
Holland, and named the cape after his
native place.

Drinking horn. Drinking. cups used
to be made of the rhinoceros’s horn, from
an Oriental belief that ‘‘it sweats at the
approach of poison.”? (Calmet: Biblical

ictionary.)

King Horn. The hero of a French
metrical romance, and the original of
our Horne Childe, generally called
‘The Geste of Kyng Horn, The nominal
author of the Fecneh romance is Mestre
‘Thomas. . Dr. Percy ascribes the
‘English romance of Mig Horne to the
twelfth. century, but this is probably a
‘century too early (See LRitson’s
“Ancient Romances.)

Horn, Horns,

_ My horn hath Heexalted (1 Sam. ii. 10 ;
Ps, Ixxxix. 24, ste}, Mr. Buckingham
y, ‘* She wore on her

head a hollow silver horn, rearing itself
upwards obliquely fromthe forehead,
It was some four inches in diameter at
the root, and pointed at its extremity.
This peculiarity reminded me forcib
of the expression of the Psalmist, ‘ Lift
not up your horn on high: speak not
with a stiff neck. All the horns of tho
wicked also will I cut off ; but the horns
of the righteous shall be exalted’ (Ps.
Ixxv. 5, 10).’’ Bruce found in Abys-
sinia the silver horns of warriors and
distinguished men. In the reign of
Henry V. the ‘‘horned head-gear’’ was
introduced into England, and from the
effigy of Beatrice, Countess of Arundel,
at Arundel church, who is represented
with two horns outspread to a great
extent, we may infer that the length of
the head-horn, like the length of the
shoe-point in the reign of Henry VI.,
etc., marked the degree of rank, ‘‘To
cut off?’ such horns would be to de-
ee: and to exalt or extend such
orns would be to add honour and dig-
nity to the wearer.

To draw in one’s horns. To retract,
or mitigate, a pronounced opinion ; to
restrain pride, In French, ‘‘ entrer les
cormes.’’ The allusion is to the snail.

To put to the horn. To denounce as
a rebel, or pronounce a person an out-
law, for not answering’ to a summons.
In Scotland the messenger-at-arms goes
to the Cross of Edinburgh and gives
three blasts with a horn before he
heralds the judgment of outlawry.

“A king’s messenger must give three blasts
with his horn, by which the person is understood
to be proclaimed rebel to the king for contempt
of his authority.”—Erskine: Institutes, book ii. 5,

To wear the horns. To be a cuckold.
In the rutting season, the stags associate
with the fawns: one stag selects several
females, who constitute his harem, till
another stag comes who contests the
prize with him. If beaten in the
combat, he yields up his harem to the
victor, and is without associates till he
finds a stag feebler than himself, who is
made to submit to similar terms, As
stags are horned, and made cuckolds of
by their fellows, the application is
palpable. (See Drennan

Horn-book. The alphabet - book,
which was a thin board of oak about nine

~ inches long and five or six wide, on which

was printed the alphabet, the nine
digits, and sometimes the Lord’s Prayer.
It had a handle, and was covered in
front with a sheet of thin horn to
rout its being soiled; the back-

ard was ornamented with a rude

Horn-gate

sketch of St. George and the Dragon:
The board and its horn cover were held
together by a narrow frame or border of
brass. (See Crisscross Row.)
“ Thee will I sing, in comely wainscoat bound,
And golden verge inclosing thee around ;
The faithful horn before, from age to age
Preserving thy invulnerable page ;
Behind, thy patron saint in armour shines,
mars sword and lance to guard the sacred
ines...
Th’ instructive handle’s at the bottom fixed,
Lest wrangling critics should pervert the text.”
Tickell: The Horn Book.

“Their books of stature small they took in hand
Which with pellucid born securéd are,
To save from finger wet the letters fair.”
Shenstone ; Schoolmistress,

Horn-gate. One of the two gates
of ‘‘Dreams;’’ the other is of ivory.
Visions which issue from the former
come true. This whim depends upon
two Greek puns; the Greek for horn is
keras, and the verb krano or karanoo
means ‘‘to bring to an issue,’’ ‘to
fulfil; so again elephas is ivory, and the
verb elephairo means ‘‘to cheat,’ ‘to
deceive.’?’ The verb kraino, however,
is derived from kra, ‘the head,’’ and
“means ‘‘to bring to a head ;”’ and the
verb elephairo is akin to eldchus,
small.’

Anchi'ses dismisses Atne’as through
the ivory gate, on quitting the infernal
regions, to indicate the unreality of his
vision.
ane geming somni porte, quarum altera

Carne aun veris facilis datur exYtus umbris ;

Altera candenti perfecta nitens elephanto ;

Sed falsa ad celum mittunt insomnia Manés.”
Virgil: dneid, vi. 894, etc,

Horn of Fidelity. Morgan la Faye
sent a horn to King Arthur, which had
the following ‘‘ virtue ’’ :—No lady could
drink out of it who was not ‘‘ to her hus-
band true ;”’ all others who attempted to
drink were sure to spill what it contained.
This horn was carried to King Marke,
and ‘‘his queene with a hundred ladies
more’’ tried, the experiment, but only
four managed to ‘“‘drinke cleane.” Ari-
osto’s enchanted cup possessed a similar
spell. (See CHASTITY.)

Horn of Plenty ([Cornu-co'pia).
Emblem of plenty.

Ce'rés is drawn with a ram’s horn in
her left arm, filled with fruits and flowers.
Sometimes they are being poured on the
earth from ‘‘ the full horn,” and somé-
times they are held in it as in a basket.
Diodo’rus (iii, 68) says the horn is one
from the head of the goat by which
Jupiter was suckled. He explains the
fable thus: ‘‘ In Libya,’’ he says, ‘‘ there

is a strip of land shaped like a horn, |

622

Horns

bestowed by King Ammon on his bride
Amalthea, who nursed Jupiter with
goat’s milk.
“When Amalthe'a’s horn

O’er hill and dale the rose-crowned Flora pours,
And scatters corn and wine, and fruits. and

flowers.” Camoens : Lusiad, book ii.

Horn of Power. When Tam’ugin
assumed the title of Ghengis Khan, he
commanded that a white horn should
be thenceforward the standard of his
troops. So the great Mogul “lifted up
his horn on high,’’ and was exalted to
great power,

Horn of the Son of Oil (The) (Isa.
v. 1), The son of oil means Syria,
famous for its olives and its olive oil,
and the horn of Syria means the strip of
land called Syria, which has the sea
bounding it on the west and the desert
on the east,

Horn with Horn or Horn under
Horn. The promiscuous feeding of
bulls and cows, or, in fact, all horned
beasts that are allowed to run together
on the same common.

Horns cf a Dilemma. A difficulty
of such a nature that whatever way
you attack it you encounter an equal
amount of disagreeables. Macbeth,
after the murder of Duncan, was in a
strait between two evils. If he allowed
Banquo to live, he had. reason to believe
that Banquo would supplant him; if,
on the other hand, he resolved to keep
the crown for which ‘‘ he had ’filed his
hands,’? he must “step further in
blood,”’ and cut Banquo off.

Lemma is something that has been
proved, and being so is assumed as an
axiom. It is from the Greek word
lam'bano (I assume or take for granted).
Di-lemma is a double lemma, or two-
edged sword which strikes either way.
The horns of a dilemma is a figure of
speech taken from a bull, which tosses
with either of his horns.

‘Teach me to plead,”’ said a young
rhetorician to a sophist, ‘‘and I will pay
you when I gain a cause.’? The master
sued for payment at once, and the scholar
pleaded, ‘‘ If I ee my cause you must
pay me, and if I lose it I am not bound
to pay you by the terms of our contract.’’
The master pleaded, ‘‘If you gain you
must pay me by the terms of the agree-
ment, and if you lose the court will com-
pel you to pay me.” of

Horns of Moses’ Face. This is a
mere blunder.’ The Hebrew karan
means ‘‘to shoot out beams of light,’
but has by mistake been translated in

Horns

«

623"

Horse

some versions ‘to wear horns,” “Thus
Moses is conventionally represented with
horns. ‘ Moses wist not that the skin
of his face shone’? (Exod. xxxiv. 29);
compare 2 Cor. iii. 7-13: ‘‘ The children
of Israel: could not stedfastly behold
the face of Moses for the glory of his
countenance.”’

Horns of the Altar (70 the). Usque
ad aras amicus. Your friend even to the
horns of the altar—i.e. through thick
and thin. In swearing, the ancient
Romans held the horns of the altar, and
one who did so in testimony of friend-
ship could not break his oath without
calling on himself the vengeance of the
angry gods.

Horne. Jil chance it, as old Horne
did his neck. The reference is to Home,
a clergyman of Notts, who committed
murder, but contrived to escape to the
Continent. After several years of ab-
sence, he returned to England, and When
told of the risk he ran, he replied, ‘Vl
chance it.’? Hedid chance it; but being
el eae he was tried, condemned,
and executed. (Zhe Newgate Calendar.)

Horner. One who blows the hunting-
horn; @ huntsman or master of the
hounds. Little Jack Horner was master
of the Abbot of Glastonbury’s hounds.

Hornets (Josh. xxiv. 12). ‘ And I
sent the hornet before you, which drave
them out from before you, even the two
kings of the Amorites,’? The Egyptian
standard was a hornet, and in this
passage, ‘‘ I sent the hornet before you,’’
the word hornet must be taken to mean
the Egyptian army.

Hornet’s Nest. To poke your head
into a hornet’s nest. To bring a hornet’s
nest about your ears, To get into trouble
by meddling and making. The bear is
very fond of honey, and often gets stung
by poking its snopt by mistake into a
hornet’s nest in search of its favourite
dainty. ©

Hor‘nie @ syl.). Auld Hornie. The
devil, so called in Scotland. The allu-
sion is to the horns with which Sataw is
generally representél. (See Farry.)

Horn’‘pipe (2 syl.). The dance is so
called because it used to be danced iri the
west of England to the pib-corn or-horn-
pipe, an instrument consisting of a pipe
each end of which was made of horn.

Horology. The art of measuring
time; or. constructing instruments to
indicate time, i ¢, clocks and watches.

Hor’oscope (3 syl.). The scheme of
the twelve houses las astrologers
tell your fortune, e word means the
‘*hour-scrutinised,” because it is the
hour of birth only which is examined in
these star-maps. (Hora-skopeo, Greek.)

Horrors (Zhe). Delirium tremens,

Hors de Combat (French). Out of
battle, Incapable of taking any further
part in the fight.

{| Horse. Notabilia,

The fifteen points of a good horse:

“A good horse sholde have three propyrtees
of a man, three of a woman, three of a foxe, three
of a haare,and three of an asse.

“Ofaman. Bolde, prowde, and hardye.

“Of a woman. Fayre-breasted, faire of heere,
and easy to move,

“Of a foxe, A fair taylle, short eers, with a
good trotte.

“Of a haare, A grate eye, a dry Lead, and well
rennynge.

“ Of an asse, A bygge chynn,a flat legge, and 2
good hoof.”—Wynkyn de Worde (1496).

Horse. Creator of the horse. Accord-
ing to classical mythology, Poseidon
[Neptune] created the horse. When the
Sera of Wisdom disputed with the

ea-god which of them should give
name to Athens, the gods decided that
it should be called by the name of that
deity which bestowed on man the most
useful boon. Athéné (the goddess of
Wisdom) created the olive tree, but
Poseidon or Neptune created the horse.
The vote was given-in favour of the
olive-tree, and the city called Athens.

< It was a remarkable judgment, but
it must be remembered that an olive
branch was the symbol of peace, and was
also the highest prize of the victor in
the Olympic games. The horse, on the
other hand, was the symbol of war, and
peace is certainly to be preferred to war.

Horses (four-in-hand). The first

rson that drove a four-in-hand was

richthon’ius, according to Virgil :
“ Primus Erichthonius currus et quatuor ausus

.Jungere equos.” Georg, iii. 113.

Tichthon was the first who dared command
chariot yoked with horses four in hand.)

A horse wins a kingdom. On the
death of Smerdis, the several competi-
tors for the throne of Persia agreed that
he should be king whose horse neighed
first when they met on the day follow-
ing. The groom of Darius showed his
horse a mare on the place appointed,
and immediately it arrived at the spot
on the following day the horse began to
neigh, and won the crown for its master,

Horse (in the Catacombs). Emblem

of the swiftness of life. Sometimes a

im-wreath is placed above its head to

enote that ‘‘the race is not to the
swift,”

Horse

” 624

Horse

——

Horse (in Christian art), Emblem of
courage and generosity. The attribute
of St. Martin, St. Maurice, St. George,
and St. Victor, all of whom are repre-
sented on horseback. St. Léon is repre-
sented on horseback, in pontifical robes,
blessing the people.

Brazen horse. (See CAMBUSCAN ; sce also
BARBED STEED, Dopsrn.)

§ Flesh-eating horses. The horses of
Diomed, Tyrant of Thrace (not Diomede,
son of Tydeus) ; he fed his horses on the
strangers who visited his kingdom. Her-
culés vanquished the tyrant, and gave
the carcase to the horses to eat.

Like to the Thracian tyrant who, they say,
Unto his horses gave his guests for meat,
Till he himself was made their greedy prey,
And torn to pieces by Alcidés great.”
Spenser: Faérie Queene, book yY., canto 8,

Wooden horse. (See WOovEN.)

{| Horse, in the British Army:

Elliott’s Light Horse. The léth Hus-
sars of the British Army ; so called from
Colonel Elliott. They are now~ called
the ‘‘ King’s Hussars.”

Paget’s Irregular Horse. The 4th
Hussars ; so called from their loose drill,
after their return from India in 1839.
Now called ‘+The Queen’s Hussars,’?

Lhe Black Horse. The 7th Dragoon
Guards, or Princess Royal’s Dragoon
Guards; called ‘black’? from its facings,

The Blue Horse, The 4th Dragoon
Guards; called. ‘blue’ from~ their
facings.

The Green Horse or “The Green Dra-
goon Guards.’’ The 5th Dragoon Guards;
called *‘ green”? from their facings. ‘The
Princess Charlotte of Wales’s Dragoon
Guards.”’

The Royal Horse Guards (called, in
1690, Oxford Blues from their blue
facings) are the three heavy cavalry
regiments of the Household Brigade,
first raised in 1661.

The White Horse. The old 8th Foot;
now called ‘‘The King’s’? (Liverpool
Regiment) ; called the ‘‘ White Horse”
from one of the badges—a white horse
within the garter.

orse. The public-house sign;

(1) The White Horse. The standard
of the Saxons, and therefore impressed
on hop pockets and bags as the ensign
of Kent. On Uffington Hill, Berks,
there is formed in the chalk dn enor-
mous white horse, supposed to.iave been
cut there after the battle inwhich Ethel-
red and Alfred defeated the Danes (871).
This rude ensign is about 374 feet long,
and 1,000 feet above tha sea-level. i
may be seen twelve miles off, :

(2) The galloping white horse-is the
device of the house of Hanover. a

(3) The rampant white horse. ~The
device of the house of Savoy, descended
from the Saxons.

HorsFs Famous in History ‘anp
Fase:

Abakur (Celtic). One of the horses
of Sunna. The word means the ‘hot
one.”? (Scandinavian mythology.)

Abas'ter (Greek), One of the horses
of Pluto. The word means ‘away from
Ane stars” or ‘‘deprived of the light of

a Pid’

Sie atos (Greek). One of the horses of
Pluto.. The word means “ inaccessible,”
and refers to the infernal realm. —_.

Abraxas (Greek). One of the horses
of Auro’ra, The letters of this word in
Greek make up 365, the number of days
in the year.

Acta'on (Greek, ‘ effulgence’’), One
of the horses of the Sun.

Aithon (Greek, “fiery red’). One
of the horses of the Sun. Z

A’eton. One of the horses of Pluto.
Greek, ‘“swift as an eagle,”

Agnes. (See below, Black Agnes.)

Alborak, (See Borak.)

Alfa'na. Gradasso’s horse. The word
means “‘a mare.” (Orlando Furioso.)

Alige’ro Clavile'no. The wooden-pin
wing-horse’’ which Don Quixote and
his squire mounted to achieve the de-
liverance of Dolori’da and her ‘com-
panions,

Alsvi'dur. One of the horses of Sunna.
The word means “ all scorching.” (Sean-
dinavian mythology.)

Amethe’a (Greek).
of the Sun.
loiterer.”” : y

Ag'uiline (3 syl.). Raymond’s steed,
bred on the banks of the Tagus.. The
word means ‘‘like an eagle.” (Zasso;
Jerusalem Delivered.)

Ari'on (Greek). Hercules’ horse, given
to Adras’tos. The horse of Neptune,
brought out of the earth by striking it
with his trident; its right feet were
those of a human creature, it spoke with
a human voice, and ran with incredible
artial,’

One of the horses
The word means ‘no

swiftness. The word means “' m
t.e. ‘* war-horse.”’

Arundel, The horse of Bevi
Southampton. The word means ‘‘ swift
as a swallow.” (French, hirondelle, “a
swallow,’’) ; Sita er lees

Arvdkur. One of the horses of Sunna,
The word means “' splendid,” (Scandi-
navian mythology.) Ca0lo1ee

Aslo. One ot the horses of Sunna,
(Scandinavian inythology.)

18. of

Horse

625

Horse

“ Babieea (Spanish, ‘a simpleton ”’).
The ,Cid’s horse. He survived his master
two years and a half, during which time
no one was allowed to mount him; and
when he died he was. buried before the
gate of the monastery at Valencia, and
two elms were planted to mark the site.

The horse was.so called because, when .

Rodrigo in his youth was given. the
choice of a horse, he passed by the most
esteemed ones and selected a rough colt ;
whereupon his godfather called the lad

babiéca (a dolt), and Rodrigo transferred .

the appellation to his horse.

Bajar'do. Rinaldo’s horse, of a bright
bay colour, once the property of Am’adis
of Gaul. It wasfound by Malagi’gi, the
wizard, in a cave guarded by a dragon,
which the wizard slew. According to
tradition, it is still alive, but flees at the
approach of man, so that no one can ever
hope to catch him. The word means of
a “ bay colour.”” (Orlando Furioso.)

——. Bal’t0s (Greek, ‘‘ swift’’). One of the

u

horses: given. by Neptune to Peleus. It
afterwards belonged to Achilles. Like
Xanthos, its sire was the West-wind,
and its dam Swift-foot the harpy.

Bayard. The horse of the four sons
of Aymon, which grew larger or smaller
as one or more of the four sons mounted
it. According to tradition, one of the
foot-prints may still be seen in the forest
of Soignes, and another, on a rock near
Dinant. ‘The word means “ bright bay
‘colour.”’

Also the horse of FitzJames.

“Stand, Bayard, stand! The steed obeyed

With arching neck, and bended head,
And glaring eye, and ee oe ear,
As if he loved his lord to hear.”

Sir W. Scott: Lady of the Lake, xviii.
Barbary. (See Roan Barbary.)
Bevis. The horse of Lord Mar’mion.

The word is Norse, and means ‘‘swift.’’
(Sir W. Scott.)

Black Agnes, ‘The peliern of Mary
Queen of Scots, given her by her brother
Moray, and named after Agnes of Dun-
bar, 2. countess in her own right.

Black Bess:.The famous mare ridden
by the highwayman Dick Turpin, which,
tradition says, carried him from London
to York. = ;

Black Saladin. Warwick’s famous
horse; which was coal-black. Its sire
was Malech, and, according to tradition,
when ‘the race of Malech failed, the
race'of Warwick would fail also. And
it was so,

\ Borak (Al), The ‘‘ horse’? which con-

veyed Mahomet from earthtotheseventh |

heaven,’ It was milk-white, had the
wings of an eagle, and a human face,

40

feu.

| trated”’ or ‘‘ cropped,”

with horse’s cheeks. Every pace she
took was equal to the farthest range of
human sight. The word is Arabic for
“¢ the lightning.’’

Brig'adore (3 -syl.) or Brigladore
eet we A ir Guyon’s’ horse,
which had a distinguishing black spot
in its mouth, like a horse-shoe in shape.
(Spenser : Faérie Queene, v. 2.

Brigliado'ro [Bulyacdotch, Orlan-
do’s famous charger, second’ only to
Bayardo in swiftness and wonderful
powers. ‘The word means ‘‘golden-
bridle.” (Orlando Furioso, etc.)

Bronte (2 syl.). One of the horses of
the Sun. The word means “ thunder.”

Bronzomarte (3'syl.). The horse of Sir
Launcelot Greaves. The word means
“a mettlesome sorrel.”

Brown Hal. A model pacing stallion.

Buceph'alos (Greek). The celebrated
charger of Alexander the Great. Alex-
ander was the only person who could
mount him, and he always knelt down
to take up his master. e ‘was thirty
years old at death, and Alexander built
a city for his mausoleum, which he
called Buceph’ala. ‘The word means
“ ox-head.”’

Capilet (Grey). The horse of Sir
Andrew Aguecheek. (Shakespeare:
Twelfth Night, iii. 4.) A capilet or
eapulet is a small wen on the horse’s

hock.
Carman. ©The Chevalier’ Bayard’s

’ horse, given him by the Duke of Lor-

rain. It was a Persian horse from
Kerman or Carmen (Laristan).

Ce'ler, The -horse of the. Roman
Emperor Ve’rus. It was fed on almonds
and raisins, covered with royal purple,
and stalled in the imperial palace,
(Latin for ‘‘swift.””) .

Cerus. The horse of Adrastos, swifter
than the wind (Pausanias). The word
means *¢ fit,”

Cesar. A model Percheron stallion.

Claviléno. (See Aligero.)

Comrade (2 syl.). Fortunio’s fairy
horse.

Copenha'gen. Wellington’s ‘charger
at Waterloo, It died in 1835 at the age
of twenty-seven. Napoleon’s horse was
Marengo. i
Curtal (Bay). ‘The horse of Lord La=
(Shakespeare; Alls Well that
Ends. Well, ii, 3.) ‘The word: means
‘*cropped.”’ Door A, sri
» Cut, The carrier’s horse. (Shake-
speare: 1 Henry IV., act iio1:) A
familiar name of a horse. The word
may be taken to mean either ‘‘ case

i

Horse

—o

Cyl'laros (Greek). Named from Cylla,
in Troas, a celebrated horse of Castor
or of Pollux.

Dapple. Sancho Panza’s ass (in the
History of Don Quixote de la Mancha,
by Cervantes). So called from its colour.

Di'nos_ (Greek). Diomed’s horse.
The word means ‘‘ the marvel.’”’

Dhuldul. Thé famous horse of Ali,
son-in-law of Mahomet.

Doomstead. The horse of the Norns
or Fates. (Scandinavian mythology.)

Eos (Greek, “dawn’’). One of the
horses of Aurora.

Eryth'reos (Greek, ‘‘ red-producer”’).
One of the horses of the Sun.

Ethon (Greek, “‘fiery’’) One of the
horses of Hector.

Fadda, Mahomet’s white mule.

Ferrant @’ Espagne. The horse of
Oliver. The word means ‘‘ the Spanish
traveller.””

Fiddle-back, Oliver Goldsmith’s un-
fortunate pony.

Frontaletto. Sacripant’s charger. The

word means ‘‘little head.”? (Ariosto:
_ Orlando Furioso.)
Fronti‘no or Frontin. Once called

‘‘Balisarda.”’? Roge’ro’s or Rugie'ro’s
horse, The word means “ little head.”’
(Ariosto: Orlando Furioso, etc.)
Gal'athé (3 syl.). One of Hector’s
horses. The word means “ cream-
coloured.”’
Giblas. Amodel German coach stallion.

Grané (2 syl.). Siegfried’s horse, of »

marvellous swiftness.
“* grey-coloured.’?

Grey Capilet. (See Capilet.)

Grizzle. Dr. Syntax’s horse, all skin
and bone. The” word means ‘‘ grey-
coloured.”’

ITaiz'um. The horse of the archangel
Gabriel. (Koran.)

Har'pagos (Greek, “ one that carries
off rapidly.””) One of the horses of
ar oaere Pollux. : é Mie

ip'pocam'pés (4 syl.). One of Nep-
pat horses. ft be only two ies:
the hinder quarter being that of a
creootts tail or fish.
Fly Tom. A model shire stallion,

Hrimfazi. The horse of Night, from
whose bit fall the ‘‘rime-drops ’? which
every night bedew the earth [i.e. frost-
mane]. (Scandinavian mythology.)

Ilderim. A model Arabian stallion.

Incita'tus. The horse of the Roman
Emperor Calig’ula, made priest and con-
sul, It had an wets manger, and drank
wine out of a golden pail, The word
Means ‘spurred on,

The word means

626 Horse

Jenny Geddes (1 syl,). Robert Burns’s
mare,

Kan'taka. The white horse of Prince
Gauti&ma of India (Budda).

Kelpy or Kelpie. . The water-horse of
fairy mythology. The word means “‘ of
the colour of kelp or sea-weed.”’

Kervela. A model French coach stal-
lion, 1342.

Lampon (Greek, ‘‘the bright one’’).
One of the horses of Diomed.

Lampos (Greek, ‘shining like a
lamp’’). One of the steeds of the Sun
at noon, ad

Lamri. King Arthur’s mare, The
word means ‘‘ the curveter.”’

Leiston. A model Suffolk stallion,
1415. A
Leonatus. A model thorough-bred
stallion.

Maren'go. The white stallion which
Napoleor rode at Waterloo. Its remains
are now in the:Museum of the United
Services, London. It is represented in
Vernet’s picture of Napoleon Crossing
the Alps. — Wellington’s horse was
called Copenhagen.

Matchless of Londesborough. A model
hackney stallion. i:

Malech. (See Black Saladin.)

Marocco. Banks’s famous horse. Its
shoes were of silver, and one of its
exploits was to mount the steeple of St.
Paul’s.

Molly. Sir Charles Napier’s mare.
It died at the age of 35.

Nobbs. The steed of Dr. Dove of
Doncaster. (Southey.) ‘

Nonios. One of the horses of Pluto.

Ore'lia, The charger of Roderick, last
of the Goths, noted for its speed and
inate (Southey.) erengein

Pale Horse (The) on which Death rides.
(Rev. vi. 8.) - ‘

Palo Alto. A model trotting stallion.

Passe Brewell, Sir Tristram’s charger.
(Hist. of Prince Arthur, ii. 68.)

Peg'asos. The winged horse of Apollo
and the Muses. (Greek, ‘born near
the pége or source of the ocean.”’) Per-
seus rode him when he rescued An-
dromeda. A e7T8

Pha'eton (Greek, ‘‘ the shining one ’’).
One of the steeds of Aurora, =

Phallas.. The horse of Herac’lios.
The word means ‘stallion.”?

Phleg'on (Greek, “the burning or
blazing one’). One of the horses of
the Noon-day Sun. ei
3 Phre'nicos, The ho vp of

yracuse, that won the Olympic prize
for single horses in the seventy-third

‘| Olympiad. It means “‘ intelligent.” »

Horse

627

Horse

Podar’ge (3 syl.). One of the horses
of Hector. The word means ‘“swift-
foot.’’

Prince Royal. A model Belgian stallton.

Pwroeis [pu'-rd-ice}. One of the
horses of the Noon-day Sun. (Greek,
‘* fiery hot.’’)

Rabica'no or Rab'ican. Argali’a’s horse
in Orlando Innamorato, and Astolpho’s
horse in Orlando Furioso, Its dam was
Fire, its sire Wind ; it fed on unearthly
food. The word means a horse with a
“dark tail but with some white hairs.’’

_“Rabicano (adij.), que se applica al caballo que
tiene algunas cerdas blancas in la cola.”—Salva :
Spanish Dictionury.

Reksh. Rustem’s horse.

Rimfaxi. (See Hrimfaxi.)

Roan Barbary. The favourite horse
of King Richard IT.

“ When Bolingbroke rode on Roan Barbary.
That horse that thou so often hast bestrid.”
hakespeare: Richard II., v.5.

Ronald, Lord Cardigan’s thorough-
bred chestnut, with white stockings on
the near hind and fore feet. It carried
him through the Balaclava Charge.

Ros'abelle (3 syl.). The favourite
palfrey of Mary Queen of Scots.

Rosinan'te (4 syl.). Don Quixote’s

horse, all skin and bene. The word.
means ‘‘ formerly a hack.’
Ros'signol. e palfrey of Madame

Chiatelet of Cirey, the lady with whom
Voltaire resided for ten years.
Royalty. A model Cleveland bay

‘stallion.

. Saladin. (See Black Saladin.)

Savoy. The favourite black horse of :

Charles VIII. of France; so called from
the Duke of Savoy who gave it him. It
had but one eye, and ‘‘was mean in
stature.”’

Shibdiz. The Persian Buceph’alos,
fleeter than the wind. It was the
charger’ of Chosroes II. of Persia.

Skinfaxi. The steed which draws the
car of day. The word means ‘‘shin-
ing mane.” (Scandinavian mythology.)

Sleipnir a heal Odin’s grey horse,
which had eight legs and could traverse
either land or sea. The horse typifies
the wind which blows over land and
water from eight principal points.

Sorrel. The horse of William III.,
which stumbled by catching his foot in
a mole-heap, This accident ultimately
caused the king’s death. Sorrel, like

Savoy, was blind of one eye, and.

“*mean of stature.”’
Spumador. King Arthur’s horse. The
word means “ the foaming one.”’
Strymon. The horse immolated by

Xerxes before he invaded Greece,

Named from the river Strymon, in
Thrace, from which vicinity it came.

Suleiman. The favourite charger of
the Earl of Essex. ‘

Tathebrune (q.v.). The horse of Ogier
the Dane.

Trebizond. The grey horse of Ad-
miral Guari‘nos, one of the French
knights taken at Roncesvallés.

Veglianti‘no [Vail-yan-te'-no}]. The
famous steed of Orlando, called in French
romance Veillantif, Orlando being called
Roland. The word means ‘the little
vigilant one.”’

White Strrey. The favourite horse of
King Richard III.

“Saddle White Surrey for the.field to-morrow.”
Shakespeare: Richard IL, Vv. 3

Wzmakh, A model Orloff stallion.

Wooden Horse. (See WOODEN.)

Xanthos.. One of the horses of Achilles,
who announced to the hero his approach-
ing death when unjustly chidden by him.
Its sire was Zephyros, and dam Podargé
(q.v.). _The word means ‘‘ chestnut-
coloured.’’

(See HUNTERS AND RUNNERS.)

* O’ Donohue’s white horse. Those

waves which come on a windy day,

crested with foam. The spirit of the
hero reappears evan May-day, and isseen
gliding, to sweet but unearthly musie,
over the lakes of Killarney, on his
favourite white horse. It is preceded
by groups of young men and maidens,
who fling spring-flowers in his path.
(Derrich’s Letters.)

T. Moore has a poem on the subject
in his Jrish Melodies, No. vi.; it is
entitled O’Donohue’s Mistress, and
refers to a tradition that a young and
beautiful girl became enamoured of the
visionary chieftain, and threw herself
into the lake that he might carry her off.
for his bride.

{ Horse.

In PHRASE AND PROVERB.

A dark horse. A horse whose merits’
asa racer are not known to the general
public.

Flogging the dead horse.
GING.

Riding the wooden horse. A military
punishment now discontinued. It was
a flogging-stool.

I will win the horse or lose the saddle.
Neck or nothing ; double or quits. Milton

(See Fioa-

makes Satan say, ‘‘ Better to reign in

hell than serve in heaven.”’
Latin: “Aut ter s aut tres tes-
sere.” (See TER SEx.)
** Au Cesar, aut nullus.”’

Horse 628

Horse shoes

French ; ‘‘ Tout ou rien.”

** Je veux risquer le tout pour
le tout.”’

They cannot draw (or set) horses to-
ether. They cannot agree together.
he French say, ‘‘ Nos chiens ne chassent

pas ensemble.”

{1 ’Zis a Trojan horse (Latin proverb).
A deception, a concealed danger. Thus
Cicero says, ‘‘ Intus, intus, inquam, est
eguus Troja'nus” (Pro Muréna, 78). It
was ar ni who made the Trojan horse.

I’ Tis a good horse that never stumbles.
Everyone has his faults. Every black
has its white, and every sweet its sour.

Latin: “Quandoque bonus dormitat Homérus.”
Horace: Ars Poetica, 350.
“ Humanum est errare.””
French: “Ii n’y a bon cheval qui ne bronche,” or
“I n’est si bon cheval qui ne bronche.”
To get upon one’s high horse. To give
oneself airs. (See Hicgu Horst.)

To set the cart before the horse. (See

ART.)

When the horse (or steed) is stolen,
lock the stable door. The French say:
‘“* Apres la mort, Je medicine.” Some-

. what similar is: ‘‘ After beef, mustard.”’

Working on the dead horse. (See
‘WORKING. )

.. Horse, Coarse, acrid or pungent, in-
ferior of its kind, rough, ‘‘ Hoarse”’ is
the Anglo-Saxon has.

Horse-bean. The bean usually given
to horses for food.

Horse-chestnut. If a slip is cut off
obliquely close to a joint, it will present
a perfect miniature of a horse’s hock
and foot, shoe and nails. I have cut off
numerous specimens. Probably this has
‘given the name hov'se to the tree. (See
-HORSE-VETCH.)

Horse-faced. Having a long, coarse -|

face.
Horse Latitudes, A region of calms
between 30° and 35° North; so called
because ships laden with horses bound
to America or the West Indies were
Often obliged to lighten their freight by
“casting the horses overboard when calm-
bound in these latitudes. ;

“Nothing could haye been more delightful
than our run into the horse latitudes. Gales

and dead calms, terrible thunderstorms and .

breezes, fair one hour and foul the next, are the
“characteristics of these parallels. Numbers of
horses were*exported from the mother country,
and it was reckoned that more of the animals
died in these. . . latitudes than in all the rest of
. the passage.”—Clark Russell: Lady Maud, vol. i.
chap. vil. p. 186.

' Horse-laugh. A coarse, vulgar laugh.’

«aest He, plays woned pranks ,..and has-a big
horse-langh in him when there is a fop to he

roasted."—Carlyle: Frederick the Great, vol. i.

book iy, chap, il, p, 305.

/

‘seven so late as 1855.59 |) 5 3

Horse Marines (The). There is no
such force. The Royal Marines are
either artillery or infantry ; there are'no
cavalry marines. To belong to the
‘‘Horse Marines” is a joke, meaning
an awkward lubberly recruit.

Horse-milliner. Properly, one who
makes up and supplies decorations for
horses.

A horse-soldier more fit for the toilet
than the battle-field, The expression
was first used by Rowley in his Ballads of
Charitie, but Sir Walter Scott revived it.

“ One comes in foreign trashery
Of tinkling chain and spur,
A walking haberdashery
Of feathers, lace, and fur ;
In Rowley’s antiquated phrase,
Horse miilliner. of modern days.”
Bridal of Triermain, ii. 3,

Horse-mint. The pungent mint.

Horse-play. Rough play.

Similarly hoarse, having a rough voice
from inflammation of the throat; gorse,
a rough, prickly plant; goose-berry, a
rough berry ; goose-giass, the grass whose
leaves are rough with hair, etc. ;

Horse-power. A measure of force.
Watt estimated the ‘force’ of a London

- dray-horse, yeofane eight hours a day,
8

at 33,000 foot-pounds (g.v.) per minute,
In calculating the horse-power of a
steam-engine the following ‘is the for-
mula :— ia
PXAXUXN acti ;
Sceas ae. c0d a deduct. 3, for friction, -
P, pressure (in 1)s.) per sq. inch on the piston.
A, area (in inches) of the piston,
L, length (in feet) of the stroke, ;
N, number of strokes per minute. f
Horse Protestant. As good a Pro
testant as Oliver Cromwell’s horse: This
expression arises in a comparison made
by Cromwell respecting some” person
who had less discernment than his horse
in the moot points of the Protestant
controversy. STAYS
Horse-radish. The pungent root. -
Horse-shoes were at one time nailed
up over doors as a protection against
witches, Aubrey says, ‘‘ Most) houses
at the west-end of London have a horsé-
shoe on the threshold.’? . In Monmouth
Street there were seventeeniin 1813,,and

* Straws laid across my. path retards (/-olonr &

The horse-shoes naved, each threshold’s. .

guard.” Gay ; Fable xxiii, part 1. ~

It is lucky to pick up a horse-shoe.

This is from the notion that a horse-shoe
was a protection against witches. ._

fathers loved to nail a horse-shoe on

the same reason our supe titious fore~

=,
ra

fi

q

Horse-vetch

62Q

Host

their house-door.. Lord Nelson had one
nailed.to the mast of the ship Victory.

_ % There is a legend that the deyil
one day asked St. Dunstan, who was
noted for his skill in shoeing horses, to
shoe his ‘‘ single hoof.’?. Dunstan,
knowing who his customer was, tied him
tightly to the wall and proceeded with
his job, but purposely put the devil to
60 much pain that he roared for mercy.
Dunstan at last consented to release
his captive on condition that he would
never, enter a place where he saw a
horse-shoe displayed.

Horseé-vetch. The vetch which has
pods shaped like a horse-shoe; some-
times called the “‘ horse-shoe vetch.”’
(See Horse CHESTNUT.)

Horse and his Rider. One of
ZEsop’s fables, to show that nations
crave the assistance of others when they
are aggrieved, but become the tools or
slaves of those who rendered them assist-
ance. Thus the Celtic Britons asked aid
of the Saxons, and the Danish Duchies
of. the Germans, but in both cases the
rider made the horse a mere tool.

Horse-shoes and Nails (for rent). In
1251 Walter le Brun, farrier, intheStrand,
London, was to have a piece of land in
the parish of St.Clements, to place there
a forge, for which he was to pay the
parish six horse-shoes, which rent was

aid to the Exchequer every year, and
is still rendered to the Exchequer by the
Lord Mayor and citizens of London, to
whom subsequently the piece of ground
was granted.

“Inthe reign of King Edward I. Walter Mares-
cwllus paid at the crucem lapideam six horse-shoes
with nails, for a certain building which he held
of the king in capite opposite the stone cross,""—
Blount: Ancient Tenures.

Horsemen,

Light ‘horsemen, Those who live by
plundering ships,

Heavy horsemen. Those who go aboard
to clear ships.

Horsey Man (4). One who affects
the manners and style of a jockey or
horse-dealer.

Hortus Siccus. (Latin, ‘‘a dry.
garden.””) A. collection of plants dried
and arranged in a book.

Horus. The Egyptian day - god,
represented in Pat hics tee a
sparrow-hawk, which bir
him, He was son of Osi’ris and Isis,

but his birth val¢ premature he was
3 redken the lower Jimbs. Asa child he
is seen carried in his mother’s armsy,.

was sacred to’

wearing the pschent or atf, and seated
on a lotus-flower with his finger on his
lips. As an adult he is represented
hawk-headed,. (Egyptian, har or hor,
‘‘the day”? or ‘‘sun’s path.””) Strictly
speaking, Horus is the rising sun, Ra
the noonday sun, and Osiris the setting
sun, (Whence Greek and Latin hora,
and our how.)

Hose. Stockings, or stockings and
breeches both in one. French, chazsses,
There were the haut de chausses and the
bas de chausses, -

“Their points being. broken, down fell their
hose.”—Shakespeare: 1 Henry IV., ii. 4.

Hos'pital. From the Latin hoses (a
guest), being originally an inn or house
of entertainment for pilgrims ; hence our
words host (one who entertains), hospi-
tality Ge entertainment given), and
hospitatler (the keeper of the house). In
process of time these receptacles were
resorted to by the sick and infirm-only,
and the house of entertainment became
an asylum for the sick and wounded.
In 1399 Katherine de la Court held a
‘hospital ” at the bottom of the court
called Robert de Paris ;. after the lapse
of four years her landlord died, and the
tavern or hospital fell to his heirs Jehan
de Chevreuse and William Cholet.

Hospital (Zhe), in Post-office phrase-
ology, is the department where loose
packages are set to rights.

Hos’pitallers, First applied to those
whose duty it was to provide hospitium
{lodging and entertainment) for pilgrims.

he most noted institution of the kind
was at Jerusalem, which gave its name
to an order called the Knights Hospital-
lers. This order was first called that of
the Knights of St. John at Jerusalem,
which still exists ; afterwards they were
styled the Knights of Rhodes, and then
Knights of Malta, because Rhodes and
Malta were conferred on them by differ-

J ent monarchs. :

“The first crusade... led to the establishment
of the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem, in 1099.
The chief strength of the kingdom lay in the two
orders of military monks—the Templars and the
Hospitallers or Knights of St. John."—Freeman:
General Sketch, chap. xi, '

Host. A victim. ‘The consecrated’ '
bread of the Eucharist is so called in the
Latin Church because it is believed to be
a real victim consisting of flesh, blood,
and spirit, offered up in sacrifice. (Latin,
hostia.) At the service known as the
Benediction it is ‘set up for adoration,
and with it the blessing is given in a

| transparent vessel ¢alleda “monstrance,””
| (Latin, monstra@re, to show,, ©

Hostage

630 Hound

Host., Anarmy. At the breaking up
of the Roman Empire the first duty of
every subject was to follow his lord into
the field, and thes proclamation was
banni'se in hostem (to order out against
the foe), which soon came to signify “‘ to
order out for military service,” and
hostem facere came to mean ‘‘ to perform
milttary service.’”? Hostis (military
Serio next came to mean the army
that went against the foe, whence our
word host, :

“ Like the leaves of the forest, when summer is
green,
That bost with their banners at sunset was
seen ; A ae j
Like tbe leaves of the forest, when@utumn has

blown,
That host on the morrow lay withered and
oa strown.”
Byron: Destruction of Sennacherib, stanza 2.
To reckon without your host. To reckon
from your own standpoint only. Guests
who calculate what their expenses at an
hotel will come to always leave out cer-
tain items which the landlord adds in.
“ Found in few minutes, to bis cost,
He did but count without bis host.”
Butler : Hudibras, pt. i. canto iii. lines 22-3
Hos'tage (2 syl.) is connected with
the Latin odses, through the Mid. Latin
hostagiwm, French étage or ostage, Italian
ostaggio.

Hos'tler is properly the keeper of
an hostelry or inn.

Hot. I'll make the place too hot to
hold him, (See Tats.)

Dll give it him hot and strong. VU
rate him most soundly and severely.
Liquor very hot and strong takes one’s
breath away, and is apt to choke one.

Hot Cockles. A Christmas game.
One blindfolded knelt down, and being
struck had to guess who gave the blow.

Like children at hot-cockles play.” (1083,)

Hot Cross Buns. Fosbroke says
these buns were made of the dough
kneaded for the host, and were marked
with the cross accordingly. As the
Good Friday buns are said to keep for
twelve months without turning mouldy,
some persons still hang up one or more
in their house as a ‘‘ charm against evil.’’
(See Cross.)

‘* The round bun represents the full
moon, and the cross represents the four
quarters of the moon. They were made
in honour of Diana by the ancient
Roman priests, somewhere about the
vernal equinox. Pheenicians, Carthag-
inians, Egyptians, as well as the aks
and Romans, worshipped the moon,

Hot-foot. With speed ; fast,
“ And the Blackfoot who courted each foeman’s

Faith, tis hotfoot he'd fy from the stout Father
‘a1 18 DOtLOO y 5
Roach,” . Lover,

N.B. The Blackfoot was an Irish
faction, similar to the Terry Alts in the
early part of the nineteenth century.

Hot Water (Jn). In a state of
trouble, or of anxiety. The reference is
to the ordeal by hot water (q.¥.).

Hotch-pot. Blackstone says hotch-
pot is a pudding made of several things
mixed together. Lands given in frank-
marriage or descending in fee-simple
are to be mixed, like the ingredients
of a pudding, and then cut up in equal
slices among all the daughters, (Book
ii, 12.

As e personality : Hotch-pot may be
explained thus: Suppose a father has
advanced money to one child, at the de-
cease of the father this child receives
a sum in addition enough to make his
share equal to the rest of the family.
If not content, he must bring into
hotch-pot the money that was advanced,
and the whole is then divided amongst
all the children according to the terms
of the will,

French, hochepot, from hocher, to shake
or jumble together ; or from the German
hoch-pot, the huge pot or family caldron.
Wharton says it is haché en poche.

Hotch-potch. A confused mixture
or jumble; a thick broth containing
meat and vegetables.

* A sort of soup, or broth, or brew,
Or bhotchpotch of all sorts of fishes.”
Thackeray : Ballad of Bouillabaisse, stanza 2.

Hot'spur. A fiery person who has
no control over his temper. Harry Percy
was so called. Lord Derby was some-
times called the ‘‘ Hotspur of debate,”
Lytton, in New Timon, calls him, *‘ frank
haughty, bold, the Rupert of debate.”
(See Shakespeave : 1 Henry IV.)

Hottentot. Rude, uncultured, a boor.
As ‘You are a perfect. Hottentot.””

Hou’goumont is said to be a cor-
ruption of Chateau Goumont ; but Victor
Hugo says it is Hugo-mons, and that the
house was built by Hugo, Sire de Som-
meril, the same pee that endowed the
sixth chapelry of the abbey of Villers.

Hound. To hound a person is to
persecute him, or rather to set on per-
sons to annoy him, as hounds are let
from the slips at a hare or stag.

“ As he who only lets loose'a greyhound out of
the slip is said t hound him at the me
Bramhall, : maw %

—

Houqua

Hou’qua. Asuperior quality of tea,
so called from Hoque, the celebrated
Hong-Kong tea merchant; died 1846.

Hour, (Greek and Latin, hora.)

At the eleventh hour. Just in time
not to be too late; only just in time to
obtain some benefit. The allusion is to
the parable of labourers hired for the
_ Vineyard (Matt. xx.).

My hour is not yet come. The time of
my death is not yet fully come. The

usion is to the belief that the hour of
our birth and death is appointed and
fixed.

“ When Jesus knew that His hour was come...”
—John xiii. 1.

In an evil hour, Acting under an
unfortunate impulse. In astrology we
have our lucky and unlucky hours.

In the small hours of the morning.
One, two, and three, after midnight.

To keep good hours. To return home
early every night; to go to bed betimes.,
‘* Se retirer la nuit de bonne heure.’? In
Latin, “‘ Tempestive se domum recipére.”

Houw'ri (pl. Houris). The large black-
eyed damsels of Paradise, possessed of
perpétual youth and beauty, whose vir-
ginity is renewable at pleasure. Every

liever will have seventy-two of these
houris in Paradise, and his intercourse
with them will be fruitful or otherwise,
according to his wish. If an offspring is
desired, it will grow to full estate in an
hour, (Persian, huri; Arabic, hiriya,
nymphs of paradise. Compare ahivar,
ni -eyed.) (Zhe Koran.)

House (1 syl.). In astrology the
whole heaven is divided into twelve

rtions, called ‘‘houses,’”? through
which the heavenly bodies pass every
twenty-four hours. In casting a man’s
fortune by the stars, the whole host is
divided into two parts (beginning from
the east), six above and six below the
horizon. The eastern ones are called
the ascendant, because they are about to
rise ; the other six are the descendant,
because they have already passed the
zenith.
awarded:—

() House of life ; (2) House of fortune
and riches; (3) House of brethren ; (4)
House of relatives: (5) House of chil-
dren ; (6) House of health.

yout of marriage ; (8) House of
death (the upper Lael 9) House of
religion ; 109 7 House of dignities; (11
‘House of friends and benefactors ; (12
House of enemies.

The twelve houses are thus |

634 House

4 House. A dwelling.

Like a house afire Very rapidly,
‘‘He is getting on like a house afire”
means he is getting on excellently.

To bring down the house (in a theatre,
etc.) is to receive unusual and rapturous
applause,

To keep house. To maintain a separate
establishment. “To go into house-
keeping ’’ is to start a private establish-
ment.

To keep a good house.
bountiful table.

To keep open house. To give free
entertainment to all who choose to
come. ‘‘ Omnes benigne mensé occiptre.””
In French, ‘‘ Tenir table ouverte.”

To throw the house out of the windows.
To throw all things into confusion from
exuberance of spirit (@ des excés de joie).
“< Celum terra, terram celo miscére ;’? or
“Omnia confundére.”’? In French, ‘Jeter
le maison par le fenétres.””

To supply a

| House. Race or lineage; as, ‘‘ the
House of Hanover,’”? “the House of
Austria.”

House-bote. A sufficient allowance
of wood to-repair the dwelling and to
supply fuel. :

House-flag (4). The distinguishing
flag of a company of shipowners or of a
single ship-owner,: as, for instance, that
of the Cunard Company. =

House-leek [isves beard]. Grown
on house-roofs, from the notion that it
warded off lightning. es ey 1
made an edict that every one of his
subjects should have house-leek on his
house-roof. The words are, ‘‘ Et habet

uisque supra domum suum Jovis bar-

am.’ It was thought to ward off all
evil spirits. Fevers as well as lightning
were at one time supposed to be due to
evil spirits.

“If the herb house-leck or syngreen do grow
on the house-top, the same house is never stricken

with lightning or thunder.“—Thomas Will:
Natural and Artf. Conclusion,

House Spirits.

Of DENMARK, Nis or Nisse (2 syl.).

Of ENGLAND, Puck or Robin Goodfellow.

Of Farog ISLANDS, Niagruisar,

Of FINLAND, Para.

Of FRANCE, Esprit Follet.

Of GERMANY, Kobold, :

Of MUNSTER, Fear Dearg or Red Man,

Of Napuks, Monaciello or Little Mong.

Of Norway, same as Denmark,

Of ScoTrLaND, Brownie. J

Of SPAIN, Duende (3 sy1.).

Of SWITZERLAND, Jack of the Bow’, 3
Of VAUDOIS, Servant. ”

*, Others of particular houses,

Meo §

House-top

632

Howard

House-top. To ery from the house-
top. To proclaim [it] from the house-top.
To announce something in the most
public manner possible, Jewish houses
had flat roofs, which were paved. Here
the ancient Jews used to assemble for
gossip; here, too, not unfrequently,
they slept; and here some of their fes-
tivals were held. From the house-tops
the rising of the sun was proclaimed,
and other public announcements were
made,

“That which ye have spoken [whispered] in the
par... , shall be proclaimed upon the housetops.”
~Luke xii. 3,

House and Home. He hath caten
me out of house and home (Shakespeare :
2 Henry IV., ii. +n It is the complaint
of hostess Quickly to the Lord Chief
Justice when he asks for ‘‘ what sum ”’
she-had arrested Sir John Falstaff. She
explains the phrase by ‘“‘ he hath put all
my substance into that fat belly of his ; ”
‘Tam undone by his going.””

‘House of Correction. A _ gaol
_.governed by a, keeper. Originally it
‘was a place where vagrants were made
to work, and small offenders were kept
in ward for the correction of their
offences.

» House of God (The). Not solely a
church, or a temple made with hands,
but any place sanctified by God's pre-
sence. Thus, Jacob‘in the wilderness,
where he saw the ladder. set up leading
from earth to heaven, said, ‘‘ This isnone
other but the house of God, and this is
the gate of heaven (Gen. xxviii. 17).

House that Jack Built (Ze). There
are numerous similar glomerations. For
example the Hebrew parable of The Two
Zuzim, The summation runs thus:—
~ 10. This is Yavah who vanquished

_ 9 Death which killed

. The butcher which slew

The ox which drank

The water which quenched

. The fire which burnt

. The stick which beat

The dog which worried

2, The cat which killed

1, The kid which my father bought for two
zuzim,

(A zuzim was about = a farthing.)

' Household Gods. Domestic pets,
and all those things which help to endear
home. The Romans had household gods
called pe-na’-tes, who were supposed to
preside over their private dwellings. Of
these pe=-na’-tes. some were called la’res,
the special gerii or angels of the family.
One was Vest'a, whose office was to pre-
serve domestic unity. Jupiter and Juno
were also among the pe-na'’-tes, The

pares

modern use of the term is a playful
adaptation.

“Bearing a nation with all its household gods
into exile.” Longfellow : Evangeline.

Household Troops. Those: troops
whose special duty it is to attend the
sovereign and guard the metropolis.
They consist of the lst and 2nd Life-
guards, the Royal Horseguards, and
the three regiments of Footguards
called the Grenadier, Coldstream; and
Scots Fusilier Guards. ¢

Housel. To give or receive the Eu-
charist, (Anglo-Saxon, huslian, to give
the hw’sel or host.)

“Children were christened, and men houseled
and assoyled through all the land, except such
as were in the bill of excommunication by name
expressed.”—Holinshed ; Chronicle,

Houssain (Prince). Brother of Prince —
Ahmed. He possessed a piece of carpet
or tapestry of such wonderful power
that anyone had only to sit upon it, and
it would transport him in a moment to
any place to which he desired to go.

“If Prince Houssain’s flying tapestry orAstol-
pho’s hippogriif had been shown, he-would have
judged them by the ordinary rules, and preferred
a well-hung chariot.”—Sir Walter Scott. i

Houyhnhnoms (whin'hims).. , A race
of horses endowed with reason, who bear
rule over a race of men. Gulliver, in
his Travels, tells us what he ‘‘saw’’
among them. (Swift.)

“ Nay, would-kind Jove my organ,so dispose
To hymn harmonious Houyhnbnms through the

nose,
T’d call thee Houhnhnm, that. high-sounding
name;
Thy children’s noses all should twang the same,”

How Do YouDo? (Sce Do.) at

How’ard. A philanthropist... .John
Howard is immortalised by his efforts to
improve the condition of prisoners. ‘‘ He
visited all Europe,”’ says Burke, ‘‘not to
survey the sumptuousness of palaces or
the stateliness of temples; not to make
accurate measurements of the remains of
ancient grandeur, nor to form a scale of
the curiosity of modern art; not to col-
lect manuscripts—but to dive into the
depths of dungeons; to plunge into the
infection of hospitals; to suryey the
mansions of sorrow and pain; to take
the dimensions of misery, depression,
and contempt; to remember the for-
gotten; to attend to the neglected; to
visit the forsaken, and to compare the
distress of all men in all countries. His
plan is original, and it is as full of genius
as it is of humanity. It was a voyage
of discovery; a circumnavigation of
charity.”” (John Howard, 1726-1790.)

“The radiant path that Howard trod to Heayen.”
; Bloomfield: Farmer's 4

Howdah

The female Howard, Mrs. Hlizabeth
ae, 1780-1844).

the blood of all the Howards. Aj

the nobility of our best aristocracy, The
ducal house of Norfolk stands:at the
head of the English peerage, and is
interwoven in all our history.

“What could ennoble sots, or slaves, or cowards?
Alas! not all the blood of all the Howards.”
j Pope: Essay on Man, Ep. iv, line 216,

~ What will “all the blood of all the
Howards’’ say to Mr. Walter Rye who,
in his History of Norfolk (1885), tells us
that ‘‘ Howard is from hog-ward,”’ and
that the original Howards were so called
from their avocation, which was to tend

the pigs.

iouord. Mr. Bug, late of Epsom
(Surrey), then of Wakefield (Yorkshire),
landlord of the Swan Tavern, changed
his name (June, 1862) to Norfolk Howard.

Howdah. A canopy, or seat fixed on
the back of an elephant.

“Leading the array, three stately elephants
marched, bearing the Woons in gilded howdahs
under gold umbrellas."—J. .W. Palmer: Up and
Down the Irrawaddi, chap, xx. p. 169,

How’die (2 syl.). A midwife.

Howitzers are guns used to fire build-
ings, to reach troops behind hills or
arapets, to bound their shells along
nes and against cavalry, to‘breach mud
walls by exploding their shells in them,
etc. They project common shells, com-
mou and spherical case-shot, carcasses,
and, if necessary, round shot. In a mor-
tar the trunnions are at the end ; in how-
‘itzers theyare in the middle,

“The howitzer was taken to pieces, and carried
by the men to its destination.”—G@rant; Personal
Memoirs, chap. xi. p. 158.

Howlegiass (2 syl.). A clever rascal,
the hero of an old German romance
by Thomas Murner, popular in the
eighteenth century.

Hrimfax'i. (Sce Horst.)

Hub. The nave of a wheel; a boss;
also a skid. (Welsh, hod, a swelling, a
rotuberance; compare also a hwb.)
e Americans call Boston, Massa-
chusetts, ‘*The hub [Joss] of the solar
system.” | - L
» “Boston State-house is the hub of! the solar

system.” — Holmes: Autocrat of the Breakfast
Table, chap. Vi. p. 143. 4d ft

“Galcutta swageers as if it were the bub of
the universe.”—Daily News, 1836,

Hu’bal. An Arab idol brought from
Bulka, in Syria, by Amir Ibn-Lohei,
who asserted that it would procure rain
when wanted. It was the statue of a
man in red agate; one hand being lost,

a golden one was supplied. He held, in

633

Hudson

his hand seven arrows.without wings or
feathers, such as the Arabians use in
divination. This idol was destroyed in
the eighth year of ‘‘ the flight.”

‘Hub’bard (Old Mother). The famous
dame of nursery mythology, who went
to the cupboard to fetch her poor dog a
bone ; but when she got there-the cup-
board was bare, so the poor dog had
none.

Hubert (/ silent), in Shakespeare’s
King John, is Hubert de Burgh, Justice
of England, created Earl of Kent. He
died 1243.

St. Hubert, Patron saint of hunts-
men. He was son of Bertrand, Duc
d’Acquitaine, and cousin of King Pepin.
Hubert was so fond of the chase that he
neglected his religious duties for his
favourite amusement, till one day a stag
bearing a crucifix menaced him with
eternal perdition unless ‘he reformed.
Upon this the merry huntsman entered
a cloister, became in time Bishop of
Liége, and the aposéle of Ardennes and
Brabant, Those who were descended of
his race were supposed to possess the
power of curing the bite of mad dogs.

St. Hubert in Christian art is repre-
sented sometimes as a bishop with a
miniature stag resting on the book in his
hand, and sometimes as a noble huntsman
kneeling to the miraculous crucifix borne
by the stag.

Hu’dibras. Said to be a caricature
of Sir Samuel Luke, a patron of Samuel
Butler. The Grub'Street Journal (1731)
maintains it was Colonel Rolle, of
Devonshire, with whom the poet lodged
for some time, and adds that the name
is derived from Hugh de Bras, the
patron saint of the county. He repre-
sents the Presbyterian party, and his
squire the Independents,

“"Tis sung there is a valiant Mameluke,
In foreign land ycleped (Sir Samuel Luke].”

Butler ; Hudibras, i, 1
Sir Hudibras, The cavalier of Elissa
of Parsimony. (Spenser; Faérie Queene,
book. ii.) ‘

Hudibras'tic Verse. <A doggerel
eight-syllable rhyming verse, after the
style of Butler’s Hudibras.

Hud’son (Sir Jeffrey). The famous
dwarf, at one time page to Queen Henri-
etta Maria. Sir Walter Scott has intro-
duced him in his Peveril of the Peak,
chap. xxxiv. Vandyke has immortalised
him by his brush; and his clothes are
said to be preserved in Sir Hans Sloane’s
museum. (1619-1678.) :

Hue and Cry

‘t The person slain in a duel by this
dwarf was the Hon. Mr, Crofts,

“We fought on horseback—breaking ground
and advancing by signal; and,as_[ never miss
aim, f had the misfortune to kill [my adversary]
at the first shot.’—Sir W. Scott: Pevertl of the
Peak, chap. xxxiv.

Hue and Cry. A phrase used in
English law to describe a body of
persons joining in pursuit of a felon
or suspected thief. (French, huée, verb
huer, to hoot or shout after; Anglo-
Saxon, hai, ho !)

Hug the Shore (Zo). In the case of
a ship, to keep as close to the shore as
is compatible with the vessel’s safety,
when at sea. ‘‘ Serrer la terre.”

Hug the Wind (Zo), To keep a
ship close hauled. ‘‘ Serrer le vent.”

Hugger -mugger. The primary
meaning is clandestinely. The secondary
meaning is disorderly, in a slovenly
manner. To hugger is to lie in.ambush,
from the Danish hug, huger, huggring,
to squat on the ground; mugger ig the
Danish smug, clandestinely, whenct our
word smuggle.

The king in Hamlet says of Polo’-
nius: ‘‘ We have done but greenly in
hugger-mugger to inter him’’—i.e, to
smuggle him into the grave clandestinely
and without ceremony.

Sir T. North, in his Plutarch, says:
“ Antonius thought that his body should
be honourably buried, and not in hugger-
mugger ’’ (clandestinely).

Ralph says :-—

“ While I, in hugger-mugger hid,
Have noted all they said and did.”
Butler : Hudibras, iii. 3.

Under the secondary idea we havo the
following expressions:—He lives in a
hugger-mugger sort of way; the rooms
were all hugger-mugger (disorderly).

Huggins and Muggins. Mr. and
Mrs. Vulgarity, of Pretension Hall.

Hugh Lloyd’s Pulpit (Merioneth-
shire). A natural production of stone.
One pile resembles the Kilmarth Rocks.
There is a platform stone with a back in
stone. (Hugh pron. You.)

Hugh Perry. An English perver-
sion of ‘‘ Euper’ion,” a predecessor of
lucifer matches invented by Heurtner,
who opened a shop in the Strand, and
advertised his invention thus—

* To save your knuckles time and trouble,
Use Heurter’s Euper’ion.”

(See PROMETHEANS, VESUVIANS.) °

Hugh of Lincoln. It is said that
the Jews in 1255 stole a boy named

634

Hull =

Hugh, whom they tortured for ten days
and then crucified. Eighteen of the
richest Jews of Lincoln were hanged for
taking part in this affair, and the boy
was buried in state. This is the subject
of Zhe Prioress’s Tale of Chaucer,
which Wordsworth has modernised. In
Rymer’s Federa are several documents
relating to this event.

Hugin and Munin [mind and
memory). The two ravens that sit on the
shoulders of Odin or Alfader.

“Perhaps the nursery saying, ‘ A little bird tojd
me that,’ isa corruption of Hugo and Munin, and
so we have the old Northern superstition linger-
ing among us without our being aware of it,’'—
jd pete Joyce Dormers Story, ii. 11. (See

IRD.

Hu’go, in Jerusalem Delivered, Count
of Vermandois, brother of Philippe I. of
France, leader of the Franks, e died
before Godfrey was appointed leader of
the united armies (book i.), but his
spirit was seen by Godfrey amongst the
angels who came to aid in taking Jeru-
salem (book xviii.).

Hugo, natural son of Azo, Marquis
of Esté, who fell in love with Parisi’na,
his father’s young wife. Azo discovered
the intrigue, and condemned Hugo to be
behwaded! (Byron : Parisina.)

Hu’gon (King). The great hobgoblin
of France.

Huguenot (U-gtie-no). First applied
to the Reformed Church party in the
Amboise Plot (1560). From the German
eidgenossen (confederates),

Huguenot Pope (La pape des Hugue-
nots). Philippe*de Mornay, the great
supporter -of the French Protestants,
(1549-1623.)

Hulda [the Benignant]. Goddess of
marriage and fecundity, who sent bride-
grooms to maidens and children to the
married. (German.) (See BERCHTA.)

Hulda is making her bed. Tt snows.
(See above.)

Hulk. An old ship unfit for service.
(AvglocSaxta, hule, from Mid, Latin
hulea, connected with Greek érxés = &
ship which is towed, a merchant ship.)

Hulking. A great hulking fellow.
A great overgrown one. A hulk is a
big, lubberly fellow, applied to Falstaff
by Shakespeare. It means the body of
an old ship, (See above.) 28

The monster sausage brought in on Christ

day was called a haulkin or haukin, ;

Hull. ives
“ From Hull, Hell, and Halifax

‘

Good Lord, deliyer us. ~
This occurs in Taylor, the water poet.
Hull is not the town so called, but 4

Hull Cheese

635

Hume

furious river in Kingston, very dan-
gerous. In regard to Halifax, the
allusion is to the law that the theft of
goods to the value of 13d. shall subject
the thief to execution ‘‘ by a jyn,”’

Hull Cheese. Strong ale, or rather
intoxicating cake, like ‘tipsy cake,’’
thus described by Taylor, the water-

t: ‘It is much like a loafe out of a
rewer’s basket; it is composed of two
simples—mault and water, . . . and
is cousin-germane to the mightiest ale
in England. (See vol. ii. of Zuylor’s
Works.)

Hullabaloo. Uproar. Irish pulla-
tue, @ coronach or crying together at
funerals, (See HURLY-BURLY.)

* All this the poor ould creathure set up sucha
pullalue, that she brought the seven parishes
about her.”—Dublin and London Magazine (Lough-
leagh), 1825,

Hul’sean Lectures. Instituted by

the Rev. John Hulse, of Cheshire, in

1777.. Every year some four or six ser-
mons are preached at Great St. Mary’s,
Cambridge, by what is now called the
Hulsean Lecturer, who, till 1860, was
entitled the Christian Advocate. Ori-
ginally twenty sermons a year were
preached and afterwards printed under
this benefaction.

Hum and Haw (70). To hesitate to

ive a positive plain answer ; to hesitate
in making a speech. To introduce hum
and haw between words which ought to
follow each other freely.

Huma (The). A fabulous Oriental
bird which never alights, but is always
on the wing. It is said that every head
which it overshadows will wear a crown
(Richardson). .The splendid little bird
rhe, apg over the throne of Tippoo
Saib at Seringapatam represented this
poetical fancy.

Tn the first chapter of the Ai:tocrat of the Break-
Jast Table a certain popeiar lecturer is made to
describe himself, in allusion to bis many wander-
ings, to this bird: “ Yes, Iam like the Huma, the
bird that never lights ; being always in the cars,
as the Huma is always on the wing,”

Hu’man Race (h soft). Father of
the human race. Adam.

Human Sacrifice. A custom sffil
subsisting seems to prove that the Egyp-
tians formerly sacrificed a young virgin
to the god of the Nile, for they now make
a statue of clay in shape of a girl, which
they call the ‘betrothed bride,” and
throw it into the river. (Savary.)

‘Humanita‘rians. Those who be-
lieve that Jesus Christ was only man.

The disciples of St, Simon are so called

also, because they maintain the perfec-
tibility of human nature without the
aid of grace.

Humanities or Humanity Studies,
Grammar, rhetoric, and poetry, with
Greek and Latin (liter@ humaniores) ; in
contradistinction to divinity (/itere

divine).

“The humanities . . . isused to designate those
studies which are considered the most specially
adapted for training , .. true humanity in every
man.”"—Trench : On the Study vf Words, Lecture
iii. p. 69.

Humber. Chief of the Huns, de-

feated by Locrin, King of England, and
drowned in the river Abus, ever since
called the Humber. (Geoffrey of Mon-
mouth » Chronicles.) eo
“ Their chieftain Humber naméd was afight
Unto the mighty streame him to betake,
Where hean end of battalland of life did make,”
Spenser ; Faérie Queene, ii, 10.
Humble Bee. A corruption of the
German hummel bee, the buzzing bee,
Sometimes called the Dumble-dor. Also
Bumble-bee, from its booming drone,

Humble Cow (4).
horns,

“*That,” said John with a broad grin, was
Grizzel chasing the humble cow out of the close.”
—Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering, chap. ix.

Humble Pie. To eat hwnble pie. To
come down from a posifion you have
assumed, to be obliged to take ‘‘ a lower,
room,’’ ‘‘Umbles’’ are the heart, liver,
and entrails of the deer, the huntsman’s

rquisites. When the lord and his
Pecsenand dined the venison pasty was
served On the dais, but the umbles were
made into a pie for the huntsman and
his fellows.

N.B, Pie and patty are both diminu-
tives of pasty. Pasty and patty are
limited to venison, veal, and some few
other meats ; pie is of far wider signifi-
cation, including fruit, mince, etc.

Humbug. A correspondent in Notes
and Queries (March 5th, 1892) suggests®
as the fons et origo of this word the
Italian Uomo bugiardo, a lying man.

* To hum used to signify “to ap-
plaud,”’ “ to pretend admiration,”’ hence
“to flatter,’’ ‘‘to cajole for an end,”
‘*to deceive.”

“He threatened, but behold ! "twas alla hum.”
Peter Pindar, i. 436,
“Gentlemen, this humming [expression of
applause] is not at all becoming the gravity of
this court.”—State Trials (1660).

Hume (David), the historian, takes
the lead among modern philosophical
sceptics. His great argument is this:
It is more likely that testimony should

A cow without

Humming Ale

636

Hundred-handed

be false than that miracles should be
true, (1711-1776.)

Humming Ale. Strong liquor that
froths well, and causes a humming in
the head of the drinker.

Hummums (in Covent Garden). So
called from the Persian hwmoun (a
sweating or Turkish bath).

Hu'mour. As good humour, ill or bad
humour, etc. According to an ancient
theory, there are four principal humours
in the body: phlegm, blood, choler, and
black bile. As any one of these pre-
dominates it determines the temper of
themind and body ; hence the expressions
sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, and mel-
ancholic humours. A just balancemadea
good compound called ‘‘ good humour; ”’
& preponderance of any one of the four
made a bad compound called an ill or
evil humour. (See Ben Jonson: Every
Man Out of His Humour (Prologue).

Humpback (The).

Gero’‘nimo Amelunghi, [7 Gobo di Pisa
(sixteenth century).

Andre’a Sola’ri, the Italian painter,
Del Gobbo (1470-2527).

Humphrey (Master). The imaginary
collector of the tales in Master Hum-
phrey’s Clock, by Charles Dickens.

The good Duke Humphrey. (See Goop
DUKE aay
To dine with Duke Humphrey. To
have no dinner to go to. Humphrey,
Duke of Gloucester,son of Henry IV.,
was renowned for his hospitality. At
death it was reported that a monument
would be erected to him in St. Paul’s,
but his body was interred at St. Albans.
When the promenaders left for dinner,
the poor stay-behinds who had no dinner
used to say to the gay sparks who asked
if they were going, that they would
stay a little longer and look for the
monument of the ‘‘ good duke.”’

To dine with Duke Humphrey in Powl's Walk.

7 A similar locution is To sup with
Sir Thomas Gresham. The Exchange built
by Sir Thomas being a common lounge.

“ Though little coin thy purseless pocket line,
Yet with great company thou art taken up;
For often with Duke Humphrey thou dost dine,
And often with Sir Thomas Gresham sup.”
Hayman: Quodlibet (Epigram on a Loafer), 1628,

Humpty Dumpty. An egg, a little
deformed dwarf. Dumpty is a corrup-
tion of dumpy (short and thick). A
dump is a piece of lead used in chiuck-
farthing. Humpty is having a hump or

hunch. The two mean short, thick, and |

round-shouldered,

Hunchback. Styled My Lord.
Grose says this was done in the reign of
Richard ITI., when many deformed men
were made peers ; but probably the word
is the Greek /ordos (crooked). —

Hundred. Hero of the hundred fights
or battles. TROL

Lord Nelson (1758-1805)

Conn, a celebrated Irish hero, is so
called by O’Gnive, the bard of O’Niel:
‘Conn, of the hundred fights, sleeps in
thy grass-grown tomb.”’ :

Hundred. A county division men-
tioned in Domesday Book, and supposed
to embrace ten tithings for military and
constabulary purposes. If a ‘crime was
committed (such as robbery, maiming
cattle, stack-burning, etc.), these sure-
ties were bound to make it good, or bring
the offender to justice.

Northumberland, Cumberland, West-
moreland, and Durham are divided into
‘wards’? (q.v,).

Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, and Notts,
into ‘‘wapentakes’’ (q.v.). _ Yorkshire
has also a special division, called
“ridings”? (q.v.). s

Kent is divided into five lathes, with
subordinate hundreds. (See LATHES.)
Sussex is divided into six ape (1 syl.),
with subordinate hundreds. (See RapEs.)

Hundred Days. The days between
March 20, 1815, when Napoleon reached
the Tuileries, after his escape from Elba,
and June 28, the date of the second re-
storation of Louis XVIII. These hun-
dred days were noted for five things :

The additional Act to the constitutions of the
empire, April 22;

The Coalition;

Tbe Champ de Mai, June 1;

The battle of Waterloo, June 18;

The second abdication of Napoleon in fayour of
his son, June 22.

He left Elba February 26; landed at
Cannes March 1, and at the Tuileries
March 20. He signed his abdication
June 22, and abdicated June 28.

The address of the Count de Chambord, the
peeiees. begins thus: “A hundred days, sire,

ave elapsed since the fatal moment when your

Majesty was forced to quit your capital in the
midst of tears.” This is the origin of the phrase.

Hundred-eyed (The). Argus, in
Greek and Latin fable. Juno appointed
him guardian of Io [the cow], but
Jupiter caused him to be put to death;
whereupon Juno transplanted his éyes
into the tail of her peacock, » oa

Hundred-handed (Zhe). Three of
the sons of Urinus were so led, viz.
rae re or Briareus[Bri’-a-ruce},Kottos,
and Gygés or Gyés, Called in Greek

Hundred Miles

637

Hunter

Hekatogcheiros [hek'- ka - ton~ ki’ros].
After the war between Zeus and the
Titans, when the latter were overcome
and hurled into Tartarus, the Hundred-
handed ones were set to keep watch and
ward over them. (See GIANTS.)

*? Sometimes the three-headed Cer-
berus is so called, because the necks were
covered with snakes instead of hair.

Hundred Miles (4). Nota hundred
miles of. An indirect way of saying in
this very neighbourhood, or very spot.
The phrase is employed when it would
be indiscreet or dangerous to refer more
directly to the person or place hinted at ;
as, ‘Not a hundred miles off, there
isa

”

Hundred Years’ War (Tie). The
struggle between France and England,
beginning in the reign of Edward III.,
bia and ending in that of Henry V1,

“Sous Jes régnés de Philippe VI. (de Valois), de
Jean [L., de Charles V., VI.,et VII., en France.’—
Bouillet: Dictionnaire d' Histoire, p. 367, col. 2.

Hungarian. One half-starved; in-
tended as a pun on the word hunger (a
dinnerless fop).

Hun’gary Water. Made of rose-
mary, sage, and spices ; so called because
the receipt was given by a hermit to the
Queen of Hungary.

Hunger seasons Food.
English :-— j
“‘ Hunger is the best sauce.”
“¢ Hunger is good kitchen meat.””
French :— .
“Tl n’y a sauce que d’appétit.’’
“L’appétit assaisonne tout.”
Latin :—
‘‘Optimum condimentum fames,”’
(Socrates.)
“Optimum tibi condimentum est
fames, potionis sitis.’’ (Ciccro.)
‘Manet hodieque vulgo tritum pro-
verbium: Famem efficere ut crud
etiam faba saccharium sapiant.”’
(Zrasmus.)
Stalian :—
“*La fame e il miglior intingolo.”
‘* Appetito non vuol salsa. ”” ;
The contrary :~—
“The full soul loatheth a honey-
comb.’’ (Prov. xxvii. 7.)
“Tt must be a delicate dish to tempt
the o’ergorged appetite.’
neat _... (Southey.)
_ “He who is not hungry is a fastidious
_ _ eater.’”? (Spanish.) :
» “Plenty makes dainty.””

Hunger (hunger). The dish out of
which the goddess Hel (¢.v.) was wont
to feed z

Hungry.

Hungry as a dog. In Latin, “ Rabidus

Same, ceu canis.”

Hungry as a hawk.

Hungry as a hunter.

Hungry asa kite. InLatin, Milvinam
appententiam habére.”’ (Plautus.)

Hungry asa wolf. In French, “ Avoir
une faim de loup.’’ Another French
phrase is ‘‘Avoir un faim de diable.”’

Hungry Dogs. Hungry dogs will
eat dirty puddings.
“To the hungry soul every bitter
thing is sweet.’’ (Prov. xxvii. 7.
‘* When bread is wanting oaten cakes
are excellent.”
Latin :—
“‘Jejunus raro stomachus vulgaria
temnit.”’ (Horace.)
French :—
“A la faim il n’y a point de mauvais
in.
*¢ A ventre affamé tout est bon.”’
“Ventre affamé n’a point d’oreilles,”
Italian =
“‘L’asino chi a fame mangia d’ogni
strame.”
German :— atl
‘“ Wem kase und brod nicht schmeekt,
der ist nicht hungrig.”

Hunia’des, Hunniades, or Huny-
ady (4 syl.). One of the greatest captains
of the fourteenth century. The Turks
so much feared him that they used hig
name for scaring children, (1400-1456.)
(See Boars. )

“The Turks employed this name to frighten
their perverse children. He was corruptly de-
nominated‘ Jancus Lain.’"”—Gibbon: Decline and
Fall of the Roman Empire, xii. 166,

Hunks, An old hunks.
hard, selfish, mean fellow.
hunskur,. sordid.)

Hunt. Like Hunt’s dog, he would
neither go to church nor stay at home.
One Hunt, a labouring man in Shrop-
shire, kept a mastiff, which, on being

A screw, a
(Icelandic,

‘shut up while his master went to church,

howled and barked so terribly as to
disturb the whole congregation; where-
upon Hunt thought he would take his
Lycisca with him the next Sunday,-but
on reaching the churchyard the dog.
positively refused to enter. The proverb —
1s applied to a tricky, self-willed person,
who will neither be led or driven.

Hunter. Mr. and Mrs. Leo Hunter.

Two lion hunters, ax persons who. husé

Hunter’s Moon

638

Hurlo-Thrumbo

eer

up all the celebrities of London to grace
their parties. (Dickens : Pickwick
Papers.)

The mighty hunter. Nimrod isso called
(Gen, x. 9). The meaning seems to be
a conqueror. Jeremiah says, ‘‘I [the
Lord] will send for many hunters [war-
riors], and they shall hunt [chase] them
[the Jews] from every mountain... and
out of the holes of the rocks”’ (xvi, 16).

“ Proud Nimrod first the bloody chase began—
A mighty hunter, and his prey was man.”
Pepe: Windsor.
Hunter’s Moon (Zhe). The month
or moon following the ‘‘ harvest moon”’
(g.v.). Hunting does not begin until
after harvest.

Hunters and Runners of classic
renown :

ACASTOS, who took partin the famous Calydonian
hunt (a wild boar).

AcT#ON, the famous huntsman who was trans-
formed by Diana intoa stag, because he chanced
to see her bathing. . .

Avonts, beloved by Venus, slain by a wild boar
while hunting,

ADRASTOS, Who was saved at the siege of Thebes
by the speed of his horse Arion, given him by
Hercules,

ATALAN'TA, who promised to marry the man who
could outstrip her in running.

CAMILLA, the swiitest-footed of all the compa-
nions of Diana.

LADAS, the swiftest-footed of all the runners of
Alexander the Great, _

MELEA’GER, who took part in the great Calydo-
nian boay-hunt.

Oxon, the great and famous hunter, changed
into the Constellation, 80 conspicuous in No-
yember. yall »

PHEIDIPPIDES, who ran 135 miles in two days.

Hunting of the Hare. A comic
romance, published in Weber’s collection.
A yeoman informs the inhabitants of a
village that he has seen a hare, and invites
them to join him in hunting it. They
attend with their curs and mastiffs, pugs
and house-dogs, and the fun turns on the
truly unsportsmanlike manner of giving
puss the chase.

Hunting the Gowk.
Foot.)

Hunting the Snark. A child’s tale
by ‘Lewis Carroll,” a pseudonym
adopted by C. Lutwidge Dodgson,
author of Alice’s Adventures in Wonder-
dand, with its continuation, Through the
Looking-glass, etc. (See SNARK.)

Hunting two Hares. He who hunts
‘two hares leaves one and loses the other.
No one can do well or properly two
things at once. ‘‘No man can serve
two masters.” :
French :-—

“‘Poursuis deux liévres, et les man-

ques ” (La Fontaine). .

“On ne peut tirer 4 deux cibles.””

(See APRIL

Latin :—
“‘ Duos qui sequitur lepores, neutrum
capit.”’
* Simul sorbere ac flare non possum.”’
“ Like a man to double business bound, |
I stand in pause where I shall first begin,
And both neglect.” i
Shakespeare: Hamlet, iii. 3.
Hunt’ingdon (called by the Saxons
Huntantun, and in Doomsday Hunter's
dune) appears to have derived its name
from its situation in a tract of country
which was anciently an extensive forest
abounding with deer, and well suited for
the purposes of the chase.

Huntingdon Sturgeon (4). An
ass’s foal. Pepys, in his Diary, tells us
that during a high flood between the
meadows of Huntingdon and Godman-
chester something was seen floating on
the water, which the Huntingdonians
insisted was a sturgeon, but, being res-
cued, it proved to be a young donkey.

Huon de Bordeaux encounters in
Syria an old follower of the family named
Gerasmes (2 syl.), whom he asks the way
to Babylon. | Gerasmes told him the
shortest and best way was through a
wood sixteen leagues long, and full of
fairies; that few could go that way
because King O’beron was sure to en-
counter them, and whoever spoke to this
fay was lost for ever. If a traveller, on
the other hand, refused to answer him,
he raised a most horrible storm of wind
and rain, and made the forest seem one
great river. ‘‘ But,” says the vassal, “the
river is a mere delusion, through which
anyone can wade without wetting the
soles of his shoes.” Huon for a time
followed the advice of Gerasmes, but
afterwards addressed Oberon, who told
him the history of his birth. They became
great friends, and when Oberon went to
Paradise he left Huon his successor as
lord and king of Mommur. He married
Esclairmond, and was crowned “King
of all Faerie.” (Huon de Bordeaux, a
romance).

Hurdle Race (A). <A race in which
the runners have to leap over three 01
more hurdles, fixed in the ground at
unequal distances, :

Hurdy-gurdy. A stringed .instru-
ment of music, like a rude violin; the
notes of which are produced by the fric-
tion of a wheel. Dott

Hurlo-Thrumbo. A ridiculous bur-
lesque, which in 1730 had an extra-—
ordinary run at the Haymarket theatre.
So great was its popularity that a club

Hurly-burly

639

Hussites

called ‘‘The Hurlo-Thrumbo Society ’’
was formed. The author was Samuel
Johnson, a hali-mad dancing master,
who put this motto on the title-page
when the burlesque was printed :—
“ Ye sons of fire, read wy Hurlo-Thrumbo,
Turn it betwixt your finger and your thumbo,
And being quite undone, be quite struck
dumbo.”

Hurly-burly.

ec of battle. A reduplication-of
urly. Hurlu-berlu is the French equi-
valent, evidently connected with hurler,
to howl or yell. (See HuLtaBa1oo.)

< In the Garden of Eloquence (1577)
the word is given as a specimen of
onom’atopee’ia.

© When the hurly-burly’s done,
When the battle’s lost and won.”
The Witches, in Macbeth i.1.

Hurrah’, the Hebrew wn. Our
*‘Old Hundredth Psalm’’ begins with
“ Shout joyfully [hurrah] to Jehovah! ”’
The word is also of not uncommon
occurrence in other psalms. See Notes
and Queries, October 16th, 1880. (Nor-
wegian and Danish, hurra !) (See
Huzza.)

* The Norman battle-cry was ‘‘ Ha
Roo!” or ‘Ha Rou !” (French, huzzer,
to shout aloud; Russian, hoera and
hoezee.)

“The Saxon cry of ‘Out! Out, Holy Crosse!’

rose bigh above the Norman sound of ‘Ha Rou! ~

Ha Kou, Notre Dame!'"—Lord Lytton: Harold,
book xii. chap. 8,

_% Wace (Chronicle) tells us that Tur
ae (Thor aid) was the battle cry of the
Northmen.

Hurricane (3 syl.). A large private
party or rout ; so cdlled from its hurry,
ustle and noise. (See Drum.)

Hurry. The Mahouts cheer on their
elephants by repeating wr-ré, the Arabs
their camels by shouting ar-ré, the French
their hounds by shouts of hare, the Ger-
mans their horses by the word hus, the
herdsmen of Ireland their cattle by shout-
ing hurrish. (Welsh, gyru, to drive;
Armenian, haura, to hasten; Latin,
curro, to run; etc.) i

Don’t hurry, Hopkins, A satirical re-
proof to those who are not prompt in
their payments. It is said that one
Hopkins, of Kentucky, gave his creditor
a promissory note on which was this
memorandum, ‘‘ The said Hopkins is not
to be hurried in paying the above,”

Hurry-skurry. Another ricochet
word with which our language abounds.
It means a confused haste, or rather,

haste without waiting for the due
or of things; pell-mell.

be cok

Uproar, tumult, es-~

Hus’band is the house farmer. Bonde
is Norwegian for a ‘‘farmer,” hence
bondé-by (a village where farmers dwell) ;
and Aus means “ house.”’ Hus-band-man
is the man-of-the-house farmer. The
husband, therefore, is the master farmer,
and the husband-man the servant or
labourer, ‘‘ Husbandry’’ is the occu-
pation of a farmer or husband; anda
bondman or .bondslave has no connection
with bond = fetters, or the verb to bind.
At means simply a cultivator of the soil.
(See Vi~tLEIN.) Old Tusser was in error
when he derived the word from ‘‘house-
band,’’ as in the following distich :—

“ The name of the husband, what is it to say ?
Of wife and of house-hold the band and the

stay.”
Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry.

Husband’s Boat (Zie). The boat
which leaves London on Saturday, and
takes to Margate those fathers of fami-
lies who live in that neighbourhood
during the summer months.

“T shall never forget the evening when we

went down to the jetty to see the Husbands’ boat
come in.”—The Mistletoe Bough.

Husband’s Tea. Very weak tea.

Hush-money: Money given to a
person who knows a secret to keep him
from mentioning it. A bribe for silence
or ‘‘hushing’’ a matter up.

Hush’ai (2 syl.), in Dryden’s satire
of Absalom and Achitophel, is Hyde,
Earl of Rochester. Hushai was David’s
friend, who counteracted the counsels of
Achitophel, and caused the plot of Absa-
lom to miscarry ; so Rochester defeated
the schemes of Shaftesbury, and brought
to nought the rebellion of the Duke of
Monmouth.

N.B. This was not John Wilmot,
Earl of Rochester, the wit.

Hussars. Matthias Corvinus com-
pele every twenty families to provide
im with one horse-soldier free of all
charge. This was in 1458, and in con-
firmation of this story we are told that
huss is an Hungarian word meaning
“twenty,’’ and that ar means ‘‘ pay.”
‘?. When Matthias Corvinus succeeded
to the crown of Hungary (1458), Mo-
hammed III. and Frederick III. con-
spired to dethrone ‘‘the boy king’’;
but Matthias enrolled an army of Hus-
sars, and was able to defy his enemies.

“Item si contigerit ut aliqui predones aut
huzarii Hungari aliquam rapinam ... . intule-
rint ...."—A clause in a truce between the Turks

and George Brunkovich, May 21st, 1449,
Hus’sites (2 syl.). Followers of John

“Huss, the Bohemian reformer, in the

Hussy

640

Hyksos °

en nnn nnnnmnn nee SIT ISIS NNIININISINSE Raa

fourteenth century. (See BETHLEM-

ENITES. )

Hussy. 4 little hussy. A word of
slight contempt, though in some counties
it seems to mean simply gir/, as ‘‘Come
hither, hussy.’’? Of course, the word is
a corruption of housewife or hussif. In
Swedish hustru means woman in general.
It is rather remarkable that mother in
Norfolk has given rise to a similar-sort
of word, morther, as ‘‘Come hither,
roorther ’’—i.c. girl, Neither hussy nor
morther is applied to married women.
In Norfolk they also say mor for a
female, and dor for the other sex. Moer
is Dutch for woman in general, and doer
for peasant, whence our door.

Hus’terloe. A wood in Flanders,
where Reynard declared his vast trea-
sures were concealed. (Reynard the

Fox.) mE)
Hus'tings. House - things or city
courts. London has still its court of

Hustings in Guildhall, in which are
elected the lord mayor, the aldermen,
and city members. The hustings of
elections are so called because, like the
court of Hustings, they are the places
of elective assemblies. (Anglo-Saxon,
husting, a place of council.)

Hutchinso’nians. Followers of
Anne Hutchinson, who retired to Rhode
Island. Anne and fifteen of her chil-
dren were subsequently murdered by
the Indians (died 1643).

Hu'tin. Louis le Hutin, Louis X.
Mazerai says he received the name
because he was tongue-doughty. The
hutinet was a mallet used by coopers
which made great noise, but did not
give severe blows; as we should say,
the barker or barking dog. It is my
belief that he was so named because
he was sent by his father against the
“Hutins,’”’ a seditious people of Navazre
and Lyons. (1289, 1314-1316.)

Hutkin. <A cover for a sore finger
made by cutting off the finger of an ol
Pod The word hwt in this instance is

om the German Auten (to guard or pro-
tect). It is employed in the German
noun finger-hut (a thimble to protect the
finger), and in the word huth or hut,
(See HoDEKEN.)

Huzza! (Old French, huzzer, ‘‘to
shout aloud;’’ German, hussah/ (See
HurRaAH.)

Huzzy. (See Hussy.)

Hvergelmer. A boilding cauldron
in. Niflheim. whence issues twelve

poisonous springs, which generate ice,
snow, wind, and rain. (Scandinavian
mythology.)

Hy’acinth, according to Grecian
fable, was the son of Amyelas, a Spartan
king. Thelad was beloved by Apollo
and Zephyr, and as he preferred the
sun-god, Zephyr drove Apollo’s quoit at
his head, and killed him. The blood
became a flower, and the petals are
inscribed with the boy’s name. (Virgil -
Liclogues, iii. 106.)

“The hyacinth bewrays the doleful‘ A I,
And culls the tribute of Apollo's sigh.

Still on its bloom the mournful flower retains
The lovely blue that dyed the stripling’s veins.’
Camoens: Lusiad, ix.

Hy'ades (3 syl.). Seven nympha
placed among the stars, in the constella-
tion Taurus, which threaten rain when
they rise with the sun. Thefable is
that they wept the death of their brother
Hyas so bitterly, that Zeus (1 syl.), out
of compassion, took them to heaven,
and placed them in the constellation
Taurus. (Greek, huein, to rain.)

Hybla. A mountain in Sicily, famous
for its honey, (Sve HyMETTUs.)

Hy’dra. A monster of the Ler’nean
marshes, in Ar’golis, It had nine heads,
and Hercules was sent to killit. Assoon
as he struck off one of its heads, two shot
up in its place.

Hydra-headed. Having as many heads
as the hydra (g.v.); a difficulty which

oes on increasing as it is combated.
ee multitude, ‘The rabble,
which not only is many-headed numeri-
cally, but seems to grow more numerous

the more it is attacked and resisted.

Hye'nas were worshipped by the an-
cient Egyptians, Pliny says thata certain
stone, called the ‘‘ hysenia,’’ found in the
eye of the creature, being placed under
the tongue, imparts the gift of prophecy
(xxxvii. 60).

Hygei'a (3 sy). Goddess of health
and the daughter of Aisculapios, Her
symbol was a serpent drinking from a
eup in her hand.

Hyksos. A tribe of Cuties (2 syl.),
driven out of Assyria by Ara‘lius and the
Shemites. Spey founded in Egypt a
dynasty called Hyksos (shepherd kings),
a title assumed by all the Cuthite chiefs.
This dynasty, which gave Egypt six or
sight kings, lasted 259 years, when the
whole horde was driven from Egypt,
and retired to Palestine. It is from
these refugees that the lords of the
Philistines arose. The word is com-
pounded of hyk (king) and sds (shepherd).

Hylas

641 Hypocrites’ Isle

Hylas. A boy beloved by Hercules,
carried off by the nymphs while drawing
water from a fountain in Mys‘ia,

Hylech (in Astrology). That planet,
or point of the sky, which dominates at
mre birth, and influences his whole

ife,

Hy'men. God of marriage, a sort of
overgrown Cupid. His symbols are a
bridal-torch and veil in his hand.

Hymer. The giant in Celtic mytho-
logy who took Thor in his boat when
that god went to kill the serpent; for
which service he was flung by the ears
into the sea. (See GIanTs.)

Hymettus. A mountain in Attica,
famous for its honey. (See HyBua.)

Hymn Tunes.

“The Heavens are Telling.”” (From
Haydn's Creation.)

“Marching to Glory.” The tune of
Marching to Georgia.

“Onward, Christian Soldiers,’’ One
of Haydn’s Symphonies.

“Lo! He comes with clouds descend-
ing.’”’ The tune of a hernpipe danced
at Saddler’s Wells in’ the eighteenth
century. (Helmsley.)

‘©There isa Happy Land.” An Indian
air.

‘¢The Land of the Leal.”
hae wi? Wallace bled.

“Brightest and best of the Sons'of the
Morning.” Mendelssohn's Lieder No. 9.

“Sweet the Moments.’? The /irst
sixteen bars of Beethoven’s Piano Sonata,

Hymnus Eucharis’ticus. Sung as
the clock strikes 5 a.m. by Magdalen
choir on the summit of Wolsey’s Tower
(Oxford) on May morning to greet the
rising sun. Some say the custom dates
from the reign of Henry VIII. ; if this
overshoots the mark, no one knows for
certainty a more exact period,

“Te Deum Patreim colYmus,
Te laudibus prosequimur ;
ai corpus ciborificis,
celesti mentém gratia,” ‘
2 Hymnus Eucharisticus.

Hyperbo'reans (5 sy). The most
northern people, who dwell dcyond Bo’reas
(the seat of the north wind), placed by
Virgil under the North Pole. They are
said to be the oldest of the human race,

Scots wha

the most virtuous, and the most happy ;,

to dwell for some thousand years under
a cloudless sky, in fields yielding double
harvests, and in the enjoyment of per-
petual spring. When sated of life they
crown their heads with flowers, and

4h

plunge headlong from. the mountain
Hunneberg or Halleberg into the sea,
and enter at once the paradise of Odin.
(Scandinavian mythology.)

The Hyperbo'reans, 1t is said, have not
an atmosphere like our own, but dne
consisting wholly of feathers, Both
Herod’otos and Pliny mention this fic-
tion, which they say was specested by
the quantity of snow observed to fall in
those regions... (Herodotos, iv. 31.)

Hyperion. Properly, the father of
the Sun and Moon, but by poets made a
surname of the Sun. Shakespeare makes
it a synonym of Apollo. The proper
pronunciation is yperion. Thus
Ovid—

“Placat equo Persis radiis Hyperidne cinctum,”
ee astt, 1. 385,
“So excellent a king, that was to this
Hyper'ion to a satyr.”
Shakespeare: Hamlet, i. 9.

Hypermnestra’, Wife of Lynceus

2 syl.), and the only one of the fifty
aughters of Danios who did not murder
her husband on their bridal night.

Hypnotism. The art of producing
trance-sleep, or hypno’sis; or the state
of being hypnotised. (Greek, hupnos,
sleep.)

“The method, discovered by Mr. Braid, of pro-
ducing this state .,, appropriately designated
... hypnotism, consists in the maintenance of a
fixed gaze for several minutes ... on a-bright
object placed somewhat above [the line of sight),
at sd short a distance [as to produce pain).”—
Carpenter: Principles of Mental Physiology, book
ii, chap. i. p. 6a.

Hypochon’dria (Greek, hypo chon-
dros, under the cartilage)—1.e. the spaces
on each side of the epigastric region,
suppoesd to be the seat of melancholy as
@ alsease.

Hypocrisy. L’hypocrisie est un
hommage que le vice rend ad la vertu.
(Rochefoucauld.)

Hyp’‘ocrite (3 syl.). Prince of hypo-
crites. Tibe’rius Cesar was so called,
because he affected a great regard for
decency, but indulged in the most detest-
able lust and cruelty (Bic. 42, 14 to a.p.

B7)Fee

Abdallah Ibn Obba and his partisans
were called The Hypocrites by Mahomet,
because they feigned to be friends, but
were in reality disguised foes,

Hyp’ocrites’ Isle, called by Rabe-
lais. Chaneph, which is the Hebrew for
‘‘hypocrisy.’’? Rabelais says it is wholly
inhabited by sham saints, spiritual come-
dians, bead-tumblers, mumblers of ave-
mari‘as, and such like sorry rogues, who
lived on the alms of passengers, like the

Hypostatic 642

Tapetos

hermit of Lorment. (Pantagruel, iv.

63.)

Hyposta’tic Union. The union of
two or more persons into one undivided
unity, as, for example, the three persons
of the eternal Godhead. The Greek
hypos'tasis corresponds to the Latin per-
so'na. The three persons of the God and
three hypos' tases of the Godhead mean one
and the same thing.

“We do not find, indeed, that the hypostatic
pre-existence of Christ was an article of their
creed fie. of the Nazarenes).’—Fisher: Super-
natural Origin of Christianity, essay V. p. 319.

Hypped [hipt]. Melancholy, low-
spirited. Hyp. is a contraction of hypo-
chondria.

Hy’son. One of the varieties of green
tea. ‘¢ Ainsi nommé d’un mot chinois
qui veut dire printemps, parce que cest
au commencement de cette saison qwon le
cueille,”’ (M. N. Bouillet.)

Hyssop. David says (Ps. li. 7):
‘‘Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be
clean.”? The reference is to the custom
of someone who was ceremoniously
‘clean’ sprinkling the unclean (when
they came to present themselves in the
Temple) with a bunch of hyssop dipped
in water, in which had been axel the
ashes of a red heifer. This was done
as they left the Court of the Gentiles

to enter the Court of the women

(Numbers xix. 17).

Hys’teron Prot’eron (Greek). The
cart before the horse.

I

I. This letter represents a finger, and
is called in Hebrew yod or jod (a hand).

I per se [I by itself], 2.e. without com-
peer, pre-eminently so.

““ Tf then your I [yes] agreement want,
I to your I (yes) must answer, ‘ No.’

Therefore leave off your spelling plea,

And Jet your I [ves] be I per se.’
i.e. let your yes be yes decidedly.

Wits Interpreter, p. 116,

*t Mazty other letters are similarly
used; as, 4 per se. (See A-PER-SE.)
Thus in Restituta Eliza is called ‘‘ The
_ E per se of all that ere hath been.”? So
again, ‘‘ O,’’ signifies a crier, from ‘‘O
yes! Oyes!’? We have “ Villanies des-
covered by . . . the help of a new crier,
called O per se [i.e. superior to his pre-
decessors].’”’ 1666.

Shakespeare, in Z'roilus and Cressida,
i. 2, even uses the phrase “a, very man
perse’’=Al,

I.H.S.—i.c. the Greek IHZ, meaning
IH3ovs (Jesus), the long e as bein
mistaken for a capital H, an e das
perros into a cross. The letters

ing thus obtained, St. Bernardine of
Siena, in 1347, hit upon the Latin ana-
gram, Jesus Hom'inum Salvator. In
Greek, Ingove ‘Huerepos Swmp. In Ger-
man, Jesus Heiland Seligmacher. In
English, Jesus Heavenly Saviour.

_H.S. A notarica of Japheth, Ham,
Seth, the three sons of Noah, by whom
the world was peopled after the Flood.

+
L.H.S. ‘‘In hac salus”’—i.e. *' Hac
eruce.””

1.0.U. The memorandum of a debt
given by the borrower to the lender. It
must not contain a promise to pay. The
letters mean, ‘‘ I owe You.”

An I.0.U. requires no stamp, unless it
specifies a day of payment, when it
becomes a Ji//, and must have a stamp.

1.R.B. Irish Republican Brotherhood,
meaning the Fenian conspiracy.

Iach’imo [Yak-e-mo}]. An Italian
libertine in Shakespeare’s Cymbeline.

Iago [Ya'go or E-a'-go]. Othello’s
ensign or ancient. He hated the Moor
both because Cassio, a Florentine, was

referred to the lieutenancy instead of
fimself, and also from a suspicion that
the Moor had tampered with his wife ;
but he concealed his hatred so well that
Othello wholly trusted him. Iago per-
suaded Othellothat Desdemo’naintrigued
with Cassio, and urged him on till he
murdered his bride. His chief argument
was that Desdemona had given Cassio a

ket-handkerchief, the fact being that
ago had set on his wife to purloin it.
After the death of Desdemona, Emilia
(lago’s nee revealed the fact, and Iago
was arrested.

Shakespeare generally makes three
syllables of the name, as—

Fat ne ga eee” Pa

* Tis one I-a-go, ancient to the general.”

Iam’bic. Father of JIambie verse,
Archil’ochos of Paros (B.¢. 714-676).

Ian’the (3 syl.), to whom Lord Byron
dedicated his Childe Harolde, was ly
Charlotte Harley, born 1809, and only
eleven years old at the time.

Iap’etos, ‘The father of Atias and
ancestor of the human race, called genus
Tap'eti, the progeny of Iapetus (Greek
and Latin mythology). _By many con-
sidered the same as pheth, one of the
sons of Noah. . *

af

Iberia

Ibe’ria. Spain; the country of the
Ibe’rus or Ebro. (See Rowe: On the
Late Glorious Successes.)

Ibe’ria’s Pilot. Christopher Colum-
bus. Spain is called ‘‘ Ibéria,’’ and the
Spaniards the ‘‘Ibéri.’’ The river Ebro
is a corrupt form of the Latin Jbérus.

“ Launched with Iberia’s pilot from the steep,
To worlds unknown, and isles beyond the deep.”
Campbell: The Pleasures of Hope, ii,

Ibid. A contraction of ididem (Lat.),
in the same place.

I'bis or JNile-bird. The Egyptians
call the sacred Ibis Father John. It is
the avatar’ of the god Thoth, who in the
guise of an Ibis escaped the pursuit of

hon. The Egyptians say its white
plumage symbolises the light of the sun,
and its black neck the shadow of the
moon, its body a heart, and its legs a
triangle. It was said to drink only the
.purest of water, and its feathers to scare
or even kill the crocodile. It is also said
that the bird is so fond of Egypt that
it would pine to death if transported else-
where. It appears ‘at the rise of the
Nile, but disappears at its inundation.
If, indeed, it devours crocodiles’ eggs,
scares away the crocodiles themselves,
devours serpents and all sorts of noxious
reptiles and insects, no wonder it should
be held in veneration, and that it is
made a crime to killit. (See Brrps.)
fbis, The Nile-bird, says Solinus,
‘‘rummages in the mud of the Nile for
serpents’ eggs, her most favourite food.”’

Thlis or Zd/is. The Lucifer of Mozlem
theology. Once called Azazel (prince of
the apostate angels). (See Esiis.) He
has five sons :—

(1) Tir, author of fatal accidents ; (2
Awar, the demon of lubricity ; 8
Ddasim, author of discord; (4) Sit,
father of lies; and (5) Zalambir, author
of mercantile dishonesty.

Tb‘raham. The Abraham of the
Koran.

Icar’ian. Soaring, adventurous. (See
Icaros.) Also a follower of Cabet, the
Communist, a native of Icaria (last half
of the nineteenth century).

Ic‘aros. Son of Dz'dalos, who flew
with his father from Crete; but the sun

melted the wax with which his wings
were fastened on, and he fell into the
sea, hence called the Ica‘rian. (See

Shakespeare: 3 Henry VI., v. 6.)

Ice (1 syl.). To break the ice. To
broach a disagreeable subject; to open
the way. In allusion to breaking ice for
bathers, (Latin, scin’dere glaciem ;

64.

Ich Dien
Italian, romper il giaccio.) (Anglo-
Saxon, is.) o.
“[We) An’ 1f you break the ice, and do this

will not So eraccless he, to he ingrate.”
Shakespeare: Taming of the Shrer, i. 2.

Ioe-blink (The), An indication of
pack-ice or of a frozen surface by its re-
flection on the clouds, If the sky is dark
or brown, the navigator may be sure
that there is water ; if it is white, rosy,
or orange-coloured, he may be certain
there is ice, for these tints are reflected
from the sun’s rays, or of light, The
former is called a ‘‘ water sky,%, the
latter an ‘‘ ice sky.’?,

Iee-brook. 4 sword of ice-brook
temper. Ot the very best quality.. The
Spaniards used to plunge their swords
and other weapons, while hot from the
forge, into the brook Salo [Xalon], near
Bilbilis, in Celtiberia, to harden them.
The water of this brook is very cold.

“It is a sword of Spain, the ice-hrook temper.”
Shakespeare: Othello, v. 2,
“ Sxevo Bilbilin op’tiniam metallo
Et ferro Plat’eam suo sonantem
uan fluctu tenui sed inquie’to |
rino‘rum Salo tempera’tor abit.”
Murtial,

Ice Saints or Frost Saints. Those
saints whose days fall in what is called
‘the black-thorn winter ’’—that is, the
second week in May (between 11 and
14). Some give only three days, but
whether 11, 12, 18 or 12, 18, 14 is not
agreed. May Ilth is the day of St.

amertus, May 12th of St. Pancratius,

» May 18th of St. Servatius, and May 14th

of St. Boniface,

“Ces saincts passent pour saincts gresleurs,
geleurs, et gateurs du bourgeon.”’—Rabelais.

Iceberg. A hill of ice, either floating
in the ocean, or aground, The magni-
tude of some icebergs is very great. One
seen off the Cape of Good Hope was two
miles in circumference, and a hundred
and fifty feet high. For every cubic
foot above water there must be at least
eight feet below.

‘Iceland Dogs. Shaggy white dogs,
once great favourites with ladies, Shake-
speare mentions them (Henry V., ii, 1).

“Use and custome hath intatained ... Iceland
dogges curled and rough all over, which, by
reason of the length of their heire inake showe
neither of face nor of body.” — Fleming: Of
English Dogges (1576).
© Ich Dien. According to a Welsh tra-
dition, Edward I. promised to provide
Wales with a prince ‘‘who could speak
no word of English,’ and when his son
Edward of Carnarvon was born he pre-
sented him to the assembly, saying in
Welsh Eich dyn (behold the man).

Ichneumon

644

Idle Wheel

The more general belief is that. it -was
the motto under the plume of John, King
of Bohemia, slain by the Black Prince at
Cressy in 1346, and that the Black Prince
who slew the Bohemian assumed it out
of modesty, to indicate that ‘‘he served
under the king his father.”

Ichneu'mon. An animal resembling
a weasel, and well worthy of being de-
fended by priest and prince in Egypt, as
it feeds on serpents, mice, and other
vermin, and is especially fond of croco-
diles’ eggs, which it scratches out of the
sand. According to legend, it steals
into the mouths of crocodiles when they
gape, and eats out their bowels, The
ichneumon is called ‘‘ Pharaoh’s rat.”

Ichor (J'-kor).
of the heathen deities.
juice.)

Ichthus for Jé’sous, CHristos, THeou
Vios, Soter. This notarica is found on
- many seals, rings, urns, and tombstones,
belonging to the early times of Chris-
tianity, and was supposed to be a
‘‘charm ’’ of mystical efficacy.

Icon Basil’ike (4 syl.). Portraiture
oi King Charles I,

“The €lxav, or Portraiture of hys Majesty in
bys solitudes and sufferings ... was wholly and
only my invention."—Gauden : Letter to Clarendon,

Icon’oclasts (Greek, ‘‘ image break-
ers’’), Reformers who rose in the
eighth century, especially averse to the
employment of pictures, statues, em-
blems, and all visible representations of
sacred objects. The crusade against
these things began in 726 with the
Emperor Leo III., and continued for
one hundred and twenty years. (Greek,
ikon, an image; Alao, I break.)

* The eighth century, the age of the Iconoclasts,
had not heen favourable to literature.”—Isaac
faylor : The Alphabet, vol. ii. chap. viii. p, 159.

Idee'an Mother. Cyb’ele, who had
& temple on Mount Ida, in Asia Minor.

Idealism. The doctrines taught by

Idealists.
"Subjective idealism, taught by Fechte
(2syl.), supposes the object (say a Pe
and the image of it on the mind is al
one, Or rather, that there is no object
outside the mental idea.

Objective idealism, taught by Schelling,
supposes that the tree and the image
thereof on the mind are distinct from
each other.

Absolute idealism, taught by Hegel,
supposes there is no such thing as phe-
nomena ,;'that mind, through the senses,

The colourless’ blood
(Greek, ichor,

creates its own world. In fact, that
there is no real, but all is mere ideal,
These are three German philosophers :
Hegel (1770-1831).
Schelling (1770-1854).
Fechte (1762-1814). :
Ide’alists. Those who believe in
idealism. They may be divided into
two distinct sections—
(1) Those who follow Plato, who
taught that before creation there existed
certain types or ideal models, of which

‘ ideas created objects are the visible

images. Malebranche, Kant, Schélling,
Hegel, etc., were of this school.

(2) Those who maintain that/all phe-
nomena are only subjective—that is,
mental cognisances only within our-
selves, and what we see and what we
hear are only brain impressions. Of this
school were Berkeley, Hume, Fichte.
and many others,

Ides (1 syl.). In the Roman calendar
the 15th of March, May, July, and
October, and the 13th of ‘all the other
months. (Latin and Etruscan, idudre,
to divide. The middle of the month.
Always eight days after the Nones.)
“Remember March ; the ides of March remem-

ber.” Shakespeare: Julius Cesar, iy. 3.

Id'iom. A mode of ornreeean eculiar
to a language, as a tin idiom, a
French idiom. (Greek, id’ios, peculiar
to oneself.)

Id'iosyncrasy. A crotchet or pe-
culiar one-sided view of a subject, a
monomania, Properly a peculiar effect
produced by medicines or foods; as
when coffee acts as an aperient; the
electrical current as an emetic, as it does
upon me. (Greek, idios sun krasis, some-
thing peculiar to a person’s tempera-
ment.)

Idiot meant originally a private per-
soni, one not engaged in any public office.
Hence Jeremy Taylor says, “Humility
is a duty in great ones, as well as in
idiots’? (private persons). The Greeks
have the expressions, ‘‘a priest or an
idiot” (layman), “‘a t or an idiot’’
(prose-writer). As idiots were_not em-
ployed in public offices, the term became
synonymous with incompetency to fulfil
the duties thereof. (Greek, idio’tés.) (See
Baron.)

Idle Lake. The: lake on which
Phedria or Wantonness ised in her
gondola. It led to Wandering Island.
(Spenser : Faérie Queene, book ii.) oes :

Idle Wheel. The middle of three

awheels, which simply conveys the motion

Idie Worms

645

Ignis Fatuus

of one outside wheel to the other out-
side wheel,

Suppose A, B, C to be three wheels, B being the
idle or gear wheel. B simply conveys the motion
of A to. 0, or of C to A.

Idle Worms. It was once supposed
that little worms were bred in the fingers
of idle servants. To this Shakespeare
alludes—

“A round little worm
Pricked from the lazy finger of a maid.”
Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, i. 4.

Ydleness. The Lake of Idleness.
Spenser says whoever drank of this lake

ew ‘instantly faint and weary.”” The

ed Cross Knight drank of it, and was
made captive by Orgoglio. (Spenser :
Faérie Queene, book i.)

Idol Shepherd (Zhe), Zech. ii. 17.
‘‘ Woe to the idol shepherd that leaveth
his flock.”” Idol shepherd means self»
seeking, counterfeit, pseudo; the shep-
herd that sets up himself to be worshipped
by his people instead of God.

Idom’eneus (4 syl.). King of Crete,
and ally of the Greeks in the siege of
Troy. After the city was burnt he made
a vow to sacrifice whatever he first en-
countered, if the gods granted him a
safe return to his kingdom. It was
his own son that he first met, and when
he offered him up to fulfil his vow he
was banished from Crete as a murderer.
(Homer : Iliad.)
~ Compare the story of Jephthah in
Judges xi,

Idun’‘a or Idun’. Daughter of the
dwarf Svald, and wife of Bragi. She
kept in a box the golden apples which
the gods tasted as often as they wished
to renew their youth. Loki on one
oceasion stole the box and hid it in a
wood; but the gods compelled him to
restore it. (Scandinavian mythology.)

~ Idina seems to personify the year
between March and September, when
the sun is north of the equator. Her
apples indicate fruits generally. Loki
carries her off to Giant-Land, when the
Sun descends below the equator, and he
steals her apples. In time, Iduna makes
her escape, in the form of a sparrow,
when the Sun again, in March, rises
above the equator; and both gods and
men rejoice in her return.

Ifa’kins. A corruption of I good
faith. Y’ fa’ kin, where kin is equivalent
to dear or good.

Ifreet or Afreet or Afrit, A powerful

evil jin or spirit of Arabian mythology.;
(See Arater.) t+ 2 F ds ’ i ied d *

If'urin. The Hadés of the ancient

Gauls. A dark region infested by ser-
pents and savage beasts. Here the
wicked are chained in loathsome

caverns, plunged into the lairs of dra-
gons, or subjected to a ceaseless distilla-
tion of poison. (Celtic mythology.)

Iger’na, Igerne, or Igrayne. Wife
of Gorlois, Duke of Tintag’el, in Corn-
wall, and mother of King Arthur. His
father was Uther, pendragon of the
Britons, who married Igerna thirteen
days after her husband was slain.

Igna'ro. Foster-father of Orgoglio.
Whatever question Arthur asked, the
old dotard answered, “‘He could not
tell.’” Spenser says this old man walks
one way and looks another, because
ignorance is always ‘‘ wrong-heaed.”’
(Spenser > Faérie Oncol book i.)

*~ (See Non Mi RECORDO.)

Igna‘tius (S¢.) is represented in
Christian art accompanied by lions, or
chained and exposed to them, 1n allusion
to his martyrdom. The legend is that
he was brought before the Emperor
Trajan, who condemned him to be made
the food of lions and other wild beasts
for the delectation of the people. Ac-
cording to tradition, St. Ignatius was the
little child whom our Saviour set in the
midst of His disciples for their example.
(About 29-115.)

Brother Ignatius. The Kev. James
Leycester Lyne, for some time head of
the English Benedictines at the Norwich
Protestant monastery. Now at Lian-
thony.

Father Ignatius. The Hon. and Rev.
Geo. Spencer, formerly a clergyman
of the Church of England, who joined
the Roman communion, and became
Superior of the order of Passionists
(1799-1864.)

Ignatius Loy’ola, founder of the
order of Jesuits, is depicted in art some-
times with the sacred monogram I.H.S.
on his breast, and sometimes as contem
plating it, surrounded by glory in the
skies, in allusion to his boast that he
had a miraculous knowledge of tho
mystery of the Trinity vouchsafed to
him. He is so represented in Rubens’
famous picture in Warwick Castle.

Ig'neous Rocks. Those which have
been produced by the agency of fire, as’
the granitic, the trappean, and the vol-
canic. (Latin, ignis, fire.)

| Ignis -Fat'uus, means sirictly a
| fatuous fire it is also called, “ Jack 0’,

Ignoramus

Lantern,” “ Spunkie,” “ Walking Fire,”
“Fill 0 the Wisp,” and * Fair Maid
of Ireland.’’ Milton callsit Friar’s Len-
thern, and Sir Walter Scott Friar Rush
witha lantern. Morally peers a
Uto'pian scheme, no more reducibie to
practice than the meteor so called can be
turned to’ any useful end. (Plural,
Ignes faiti.) (See Fr1an’s LANTHORN.)
“When thou rannest up Gadshil] in the night to
eatch my borse, if I did avt think thou hadst been
an ignis fatues or * ball of wildfire, theré's no
purchase in meney.”—Shakespeare; 1 Henry IV.,
. According to a Russian superstition,
these wandering fires are the spirits of
still-born children which flit between

heaven and the Inferno.

Ignora’mus, One who ignores the
knowledge of something ; one really un-
acquainted with it. It is an ancient law
term. The grand jury used to write
lynoramus on the back of indictments
‘not found’? or not to be sent into court.
. Hence ignore. The present custom is to

write “ No true bill.”

Ignoramus Jury (An). The Grand
Jury. (See above.)

Ignoran'tines (4 syl.). A religious
association founded by the Abbé de la
Salle in 1724, for educating gratuitously
the children of the poor.

Igrayne. (See IGERNA.)

Yhram. The white cotton dress
worn by Mohammedan pilgrims to
Mecca, For men, two scarfs, without
seams or ornament of any kind, of any
material except silk ; one scarf is folded
round the loins, and the other is thrown
over the neck andl shoulders, leaving the
right arm free ; the head is uncovered.
For women, an ample cloak, enveloping
the whole person.

Il Pastor Fi'do [the Faithful Swain),
This standard of elegant pastoral compo-
sition is by Giovanni Battista Guari’ni,
of Ferrara (1537-1612).

TV'iad (3 syl.). The tale of the siege
of Troy, an epic poem by Homer, in
twenty-four books. Men’ela‘os, King
of Sparta, received as his guest Paris,
a son of Priam (King of Troy), who
ran away with Helen, his hostess.
Men’ela’os induced the Greeks to lay
siege to Troy to avenge the perfidy,
and the siege lasted ten years., The
poem begins in the tenth year with a
quarrel between Agamemnon, com-
mander-in-chief of the allied Greeks,,
and Achilles, the hero who retired from’
the army in ill-tempers The Trojaps.

646

Tiad

now prevail, and Achilles sends his
friend Patroc’los to oppose them, but
Patroclos is slain. Achilles, in a des-
perate rage, rushes into the battle, and
slays Hector, the commander of the
Trojan army. The poem ends with the
funeral rites of Hector. (Greek, J/tas,
pape Itiad{os}, the land of Ilium,

t is an adjective, and the word means,
‘Ca poem about the land of Dlium.’’)

% Probably ‘‘ Aineid”’’ is the genitive
of Ainéas, Ainéados, and means a poem
about Ainéas. (See AENEID for another
derivation.)

Wolf, Herne, and our own Grote, believed the
Tliad to be the work of several poets. R. W.
Browne says :—

“No doubt was ever entertained by the ancients
respecting the personality of Homer. Pindar,
Plato, Aristotle, and others,all assumed this fact;
nor did they even doubt that the Jtiad and Odyssey
were the work of one mind.'—Historical Classicat
Literature book i. chap. iv, p. 59.

The‘ Iliad” ina nutshell. Pliny (vii.
21) tells us that the Ziad was copied in
so sinall a hand that the whole work
could lie in a walnut-shell, Pliny’s
authority is Cicero (Apud Gellium, ix.
421). uet, Bishop of Avranches,
demonstrated the possibility of this
achievement by writing eighty verses of
the Ifiad on a single line of a page
similar to this ‘‘ Dictionary.’? — This
would be 19,000 verses to the page, or
2,000 more than the J/iad contains.

< Inthe Harleian MSS, (530) we have
an account of Peter Bales, an English-
man, clerk of the Court of Chancery in
the reign of Queen Elizabeth, under
date of 1590, who wrote out the whole
Bible so small that he inclosed it in a
walnut: shell of English growth. (See
NUTSHELL.)

“ Whilst they (as Homer’s Iliad ina nut)
A world of wonders in one closet shut.”
On the Monumental stone of the T'radescants
in Lambeth Churchyard.

The French Iliad. The Romance of
the Rose, be by Guillaume di Lorris
in the latter half of the thirteenth cen-
tury, and continued by Jean de Meung
in the early part of the fourteenth. The
poem is supposed to be adream. The
in in his dream is accosted by Dame

dleness, who conducts him to the Palace
of Pleasure, where he meets Love, accom-
resid by Sweet-looks, Riches, Jollity,
0

whic Liberality, and Youth, who
spend t eir time yt eee” singi g,
and other amusements, By this retinue

the poet is conducted to a bed of roses,
where he singles out one and attempts

to pluck it, when an arrow from Cupid’s

bow stretches him fainting on the ground,
pnd he is carried far away from the flower
of his choice, As soon’ as he recovers,

Diad

647

Dlinois

he finds himself alone, and resolves to
return to his rose. Welcome goes with
him; but Danger, Shame-face, Fear,
and Slander obstruct him at every turn.
Reason advises him to abandon the pur-
suit, but this he will not do; whereupon
Pity and Liberality aid him in reaching
the rose of his choice, and Venus permits
him to touch it with his lips. Meanwhile,
Slander rouses up Jealousy, who seizes
Welcome, whom he casts into a strong
castle, and gives the key of the castle
door to an old hag. Here the poet is
left to mourn over his fate, and the ori-
ginal poem ends. Meung added 18,000
Ines as a sequel.

The German Iliad. The Nibelungen-
lied, put into its present form in 1210
by a wandering minstrel of Austria. ~ It

consists of twenty parts. (See NIBE-
LUNG.) 4
The Portuguese Iliad., The Lusiad

(q-v.), by Camoens. ;

The Scotch Iliad. The Epigo'niad,
by William Wilkie, called The Scottish
Homer (1721-1772). The Epigo'niad is
the tale of the Epig’oni, or seven Grecian
heroes who laid siege to Thebes. - When
Cz’dipos abdicated, his two sons agreed
to reign alternate years ; but at the ex-
piration’of the first year, the elder son,
named Eté’oclés, refused to give up
the throne, whereupon Polynikés, the
younger brother, induced six chiefs to
espouse his cause. The allied army laid
siege to Thebes, but without success.
Subsequently, seven sons of the chiefs
resolved to avenge their fathers’ deaths,
marched against the city, took it, and
placed Terpander, one of their number,
on the throne. The Greek tragic poets
ri hg and Eurip‘idés have drama-
tised this subject.

Iiad of Ills (4x). Ilias malo'rum
(Cicero: Ad Atticum, viii. 11). A pumber
of evils falling simultaneously ; there is
scarce a calamity in the whole catalogue
of human ills that finds not mention in
the Iliad, hence the Homeric poem was
the fountain of classic tragedy. .

‘lik. The surname of the person
spoken of is the same as the name of
his estate. It is quite a mistake to use

the phrase ‘‘ All that ilk’? to signify all,

of that name or sort. Bethune of that ilk
means ‘‘ Bethune of Bethune.” (Gaelic,
. ilk, clan; Anglo-Saxon, ile, the same.)

Mil-got, Ill-spent. Treasures of
_ wickedness profit nothing. (Prov. x. 2.)

_ Ml May-day. The Ist of May, 1517,
_when the London apprentices rose up

/ unfortunate.

against the resident foreigners, and did
great mischief. More commonly known
as Evil May-day (¢.v.).

Ili Omens averted.

Leotych‘idés II., of Sparta, was told
by his augurs that his projected expedi-
tion would fail, because a viper had got
entangled in the handle of the city key.
““Not so,”? he replied, -‘‘The key °
caught the viper.”

When Julius Cesar landed at Adrume’-
tum, in Africa, he happened to trip and
fall on his face. This would have been
considered a fatal omen by his army ;
but, with admirable presence of mind,
he exclaimed, ‘‘ Thus I take possession
on thee, O Africa!’? Told of Scipio
also.

When William the Conqueror leaped
upon the shore at Bulverhythe he fell
on his face, and a great cry went forth
that it was an ill-omen; but the duke
exclaimed, ‘‘I have taken seisin of this
land with both my hands.’’

When the Duke was arming for the
battle, his squire by accident handed
him the dack piece before the breast -
ara an evil omen, signifying flight.

ut the Duke, with ready wit, said,
‘Yes, the last shall be first ’’—7.e. the
duke shall be king. - ~

Napoleon III. did a graceful thing to
avert an ill omen. Captain Jean Ceur-
preux, in a bail given at the Tuileries,
tripped and fell; but Napoleon held
out his hand to help him up, saying
as he did so, ‘‘Monsieur le Command-

_ant, this is the second time I have seen

ou fall. The first time was by my side
in the field of Magenta.’? Then, turn-
ing to the lady, he added, ‘‘ Henceforth’
Captain Cceurpreux is commandant of

| my Guides,”

Ill-starred. Unlucky; fated to be
Othello says of Desde-
mona, ‘QO ill-starred wench!’ Of
course, the allusion is to the astrological
dogma that the stars influence the for-
tunes of mankind.

“ Where’er that ill-starred home may lie.”

Moore: Fire Worshippers.

Ill Wind: ’Zis anill wind that blows
nobody any good. Someone profits by
every loss; someone is benefited by
every misfortune.

“Except wind stands as never it stood,
it is an ill-wind turns none to good.”
Tusser: Five Hundied Points of Good
Husbandry, xili.
Illinois, U.S. America. The Dela-
ware Indian word tJ/ini (real men) with
the French termination -ois,

«<< Tuminated =

© 648 ees

Immolate >

Ilumina'ted Doctor. Raymond
Lully (1235-1315).

John Tauler, the German mystic
(1294-1361). é

Illumina’ti, The baptised were at
one time so called, because a lighted
candle was given them to hold as a
yagi that they were illuminated by
the Holy Ghost,

Four religious societies have been so
called, viz. :

(1) The Hesychasts in the fourteenth
Sees

(2) The Alombra’dos of Spain in the
sixteenth century. f

(3) The Guermets of France in the
seventeenth century.

O) The Mystics of Belgium in the
eighteenth century.

Add to these the Rosicrucians (¢.?.).

The Order of the Illuminati. A re-
publican society, founded at Ingold-
stadt in Bavaria, 1776; having for its
object the establishment of a religion
consistent with ‘‘ sound reason.”’

Illuminations. Characteristics of
Anglo-Saxon illuminations from the
eighth to the eleventh century. Ex-
treme intricacy of pattern.

Interlacings of knots in a diagonal or
square form, sometimes interwoven: with
animals and terminating with heads of
serpents or birds. (Sir L’. Madden.)

The Durham Book, the work of
Eadfrid, Bishop of Lindisfarne, who
died 721, is a most splendid specimen
of illumination.

The Benedictional of St. LEthelwold,
an illuminated MS. by Godemann, in
the Duke of Devonshire’s library, is
worthy of Raphael or Michael Angelo.
It was executed between 963 and 984,
and is full of miniatures and designs in
the highest style of art. Beautiful en-
gravings of it may be seen in the
Archaologia,

{ Wluminator. Gregory, the apostle
of Christianity among the Armenians
(257-331).

Ilustrious (Zc).

f Albert V., Duke and second Emperor
of Austria (1398-1439).

Nicome'des II. Lpiph'anés (149-191).

Ptolemy V. Jpiph'anés (210, 205-
181 B.c.). ,

Jam-sheid (Jam the Illustrious),
“nephew of Tah Omurs, fifth king of
the Paisdadian dynasty of Persia be
840-800).

Kien-léng, fourth of the Manchoo
dynasty of China (1736-1796). 2

Image of God. Wear not the tmage
of God in a ring. This is the twenty-
fourth symbolic saying in the Protreptics
of Iamblichus, and is tantamount to the
commandment ‘Thou shalt not take
the name of God in vain.” Pythagoras
meant to teach his disciples by this
restriction that God was far too holy a
being to be used as a mere ornamental
device, and engraved on a ring worn on
a man’s finger, which might be used for
any ordinary purpose,

“In annulo Dei figuram ne gestato.”

Images which fell from Heaven.
Diana of Ephesus (Acts xix. 35). The
same is said of the image of Cybéle
(3 syl.), set up in the temple of Victory,
at Rome.

Im‘aum (2 syl.) or Imam. One of
the Ule'ma or priestly body of the Ma-
hometans. He recites the prayers and
leads the devotions of the congregation.
Im‘aums wear a high turban. The
sultan as ‘‘ head of the Moslems”’ is an
Imaum. The word means teacher or
guide.

Ima’us (8 syl.). The Him’alay’a,
The word means snow hills (ima, snow).

“The huge incumbrance of horrific woods

From Asian Taurus, from Jmaus stretched

Athwart tbe roving Tartar’s sullen bounds.”

¢ Thomson: Autwuir.

Im'becile (3 syl.). One mentally
weak. Literally, one who leans ‘fon a
stick.’”? (Latin, imbecillis, from tn-
bacillum.)

Imbroca’do (Spanish). Cloth of gold
or silver.

Imbroca'ta, in fencing, is a thrust
over the arm. (Italian.)

“If your enemie bee cunning and skilful,
never stand about giving any foine or imbro-
enta, but this thrust or stoccata alone, neither it
also. (never attempt] unlesse you be sure to hit
bim."—Saviolo : Practise of the Duello (595).

Imbro’glio (Italian), A complicated
plot; a misunderstanding between na-
tions and persons of a complicated
nature. fi

Immac’ulate Conception.» ‘The
dogma that the Virgin Mary was con-
ceived without Original sin. — This
dogma was first broached by St. Bern-
maka and was stoutly maintained by
Duns Scotus and his disciples, but was
not received by the Roman Catholic
Church as an article of faith till 1854.

Im’molate (3 syl.). To sacrifice;
literally, ‘put meal on one.’’ . The re-
ference is to the ancient custom of
sprinkling meal and salt on the head of

Immortal

649

Imponderables

a victim to be
(Latin, in-molo.)

“In the picture of the immolation of Isaac, or
Abraham sacrificing his son, Jsaac is described

as @ little boy.”—Brown,

Immor'tal (The). Yéng-Tching,
third of. the Manchoo dynasty of China,
assumed the title. (1723-1736.)

Immortal Four of Italy (Zi).
Dante (1265-1321).
Petrarch (1301-1374).
Ariosto (1474-1533), and
Tasso (1544-1595),
“ The poets read he o'er and o'er,
And most of all the immortal four
Of Italy.” Longfellow: The Wayside Inn.
Immortal Three (The). Homer,
Dante, and Milton.

“ Three poets, in three distant ages born,
Greece, Italy, and England did adorn ;
The first in loftiness of thought surpassed,
The next in majesty ; in both the last :
The force of nature could no farther go,
To make a third, she joined the other two.”
den: A Tablet to the Memory of John Milton
(St. Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside).

_. ‘ It_was originally in the church of All Hal-
lows, Bread Street.

Immortal Tinker (Zhe). John

Bunyan, a tinker by trade, (1628-1688.)

Immortals, <A regiment of 10,000
choice foot-soldiers,, which constituted
the body-guard of the Persian kings.
‘Yhere was also an army so named at
Constantinople, according to Ducange,
first embodied by Major Ducas,

% The 76th Foot were called ‘‘The
Immortals,’? because so many were
wounded, but not killed, in Hinddstan
(1788-1806). This regiment, with the
old 38rd, now form the two battalions
of the West Riding,

Immortality. Poseidon (Neptune)
bestowed immortality on Taphian, and
confined the gift in a golden lock of
hair. His daughter cut off the lock,
and the gift was lost. This seems very
like the Bible tale of Samson and
Delilah. (See ELECAMPANE.)

Immu'ring (Latin). Burying in a
wall. The Vestal virgins among the
Romans, and the nuns among the
Roman Catholics, who broke their
vows of chastity, were buried in a
niche sufficiently large to contain their
body with a small pittance of bread and
water. The sentence of immuring was
Vade in pace, or more correctly, Vade in
pacém (Go into peace—i.e. eternal rest).
Some years ago a skeleton, believed to
be the remains of an immured nun,
was discovered in the walls of Colding-
ham Abbey.

offered in sacrifice,

The immuring of Constance, a nun
who had broken her vows, forms a
leading incident in Scott’s poem of
Marmion.

Im’ogen. Daughter of Cymbeline,
the ‘‘ most tender and artless of all
Shakespeare’s characters.’’ (Cymbeline.)

Imogine. The lady who broke her
vow and was carried off by the ghost
of her former lover, in the ballad of
Alonzo the Brave, by Matthew Gregory
Lewis, generally called Monk Lewis.

“ Alonzo the brave was the name of the knight,

And the maiden’s the fair Imogine.”

Imp (Anglo-Saxon). A graft ; whence
also a child; as, ‘‘ You little imp.”” In
hawking, “‘to imp a feather”? is to
engraft or add a new feather for a
broken one. The needles employed for
the purpose were called ‘‘imping
needles.’’ Lord Cromwell, writing to
Henry VIII., speaks of “that noble
imp your son.’’

“Let us pray for... the king’s most excellent
majesty and for... his beloved son Edward,
our prince, that most angelic imp.”—Puthway to

Drayer.
Imp of Darkness (47). Milton
calls the serpent ‘fittest imp of fraud.’’

(Paradise Lost, ix. 89.)

Impana'tion. The dogma of Luther
that the body and soul of Christ are
infused into the eucharistic elements
after consecration; and that the bread
and wine are united with the body and
soul of Christ in much the same way as
the body and soul of man are united.
The word means putting into the bread.

Impanna'ta. The Madonna. del
Impannata, by Raphael, takes its dis-
tinctive name from the oiled paper
window in the background. (Italian,
impannata, oiled paper.)

Impar Congressus Achilli, No
match for Achillés; the combatants
were not equally matched. Said of
Troilus, (Virgil: Ainéid, i. 475.)

Imperial (4n). A tuft of hair on
the chin, all the rest of the beard and
all the whiskers being shaved off. So
called from the Emperor Napoleon III.,
who set the fashion.

Imperium in Imperio. A govern-
ment independent of the general author-
ised government.

Imper'tinence (4 syl.). A legal term
meaning matter introduced into an affi-
davit, etc., not pertinent to the case.

Impon‘derables (Latin, things with-
out weight), Heat, light, electricity,

Imposition

650 In for It

and magnetism were, it was at one
time supposed, the phenomena of im-
ponderable substances; that of heat
was called caloric. This theory is now
exploded, but the hypothetical ether is
without appreciable weight.

Imposition. A task given as a
punishment. Of course the word is
taken from the verb impose, as the task
is imposed. The term is common in
schools, colleges, and universities. In
the sense of a deception it means to

““put a trick on a person,”’ hence, the
expressions ‘‘ to put on-one,” “to lay it
ou thick,’’ etc.

Imposition of Hands. The bishop,
laying his hand on persons confirmed or
ordained. (Acts vi., viii., xix.)

Impossibilities. Latin phrases:
F-thidpem de-albare.

Arénas arare,

Latérem larare.
Pumice aridius.

In asino lanam.

_ English phrases:

Gathering grapes from thistles.
Fetching water in a sieve.
Washing a blackamoor white.
Catching wind in cabbage nets,
Flaying eels by the tail.

Making cheese of chalk.

Squaring the circle.

Turning base metal into gold.
The elixir of life.

Making a silk purse of a sow’s ear.

(And hundreds more.)

Impropria'tion. Profits of eccle-
siastical property in the hands of a lay-
man. Appropriation is when the profits
of a benefice are in the hands of a college.

Impro’priator. A layman who has
church lands or ecclesiastical preferment.
(Latin, in-proprius, belonging to.)

Improve the Occasion (7). Todraw
a moral lesson from some event which
has occurred. In French, “ Projitons de
Poccasion,”?

Improvis’ators. Persons who utter
verses impromptu. The art was in-
troduced by Petrarch, and is still a
favourite amusement ‘of the Italians.
The most celebrated are :

ACCOLTI( Bernardo), of Arezzo, called the “ Unico
Areti’/bo” (1465-1535).

ANTONIANO (Silvio). Eighteenth century.

AQUILANO (Serafi'no), of Aquila (1506-1500).

BANDETTINI. (See IMPROVISATRIX.)

Breronicius (P.J.), who could convert extem-
pore, into Greek or Latin verse, a Dutch
newspaper or anything FS {died 1676).

CHRISTOFORO, surnamed Altissimo, an Italian
314).

CORILLA. (Sce IMPROVISATRIX.)

Giant (Francis). Au Itahan,made imperial poet
by Napoleon, whose victories he celebrated in
verse (1759-1824).

JEHAN (Nar): (See IMPROVISATRIX.)

KARSCHIN (Anna ). ee eat tae

MARONE (Andreas). Ap Italian (147:

METASTASIO (P. A. D. B.), of Assisi, who de-
veloped, at the age of ten, 2 great talent for
extemporising in verse (1698-1782).

PERFETTI (Bernardino), of Sienua, who received
a laurel crown in the capital,an honour con-
ferred only on Petrarch and Tasso (1681-1747).

UERNO (Camillo). An Italian Gai] 528).
OSssI. Beheaded at Naps? in 1799,

SERAFINO. (See above, AQUILANO.)

SESTIal (Bartolomeo). An ieatian (died 1822).

sbi? ee a of, ye pr eget, His

eath of Charles I., of Queen of
Beats, and Fall of necotong i, are very cele-

TADDEI (Rosa). (See IMPROVISATRIX.
Zucco (Marco Antonio, of Verona (died 1764).

* To these add Ciccion}, Bindocci; Shoymeers
Clere of Holland, Wolf of Altona, aeree.
schwarz of Germany, Eugéne de el of
France, and our own Thomas Hood (1798-1845).

Improvis'atrix or Improvisatrice.
The most famous improvisatrices or
female improvisators are:

MARIA MAGDALE’/NA MORELLI FERNANDEZ, sur-
named the Olympic Corilla, crowned at Rome
for improvisation (1740-1800),

TERE’SA BANDETTI'NI (1763-*).

Rosa TADDEI (1801-*).

SIGNORA MAZZI, the most talented of all.

Nuk JEHAN, of Bengal (d. 1645). She was the
inventor of the Otto of Roses.

ANNA LOUISA KARCHIN, 4 German (172-1791. )

In Czna’ Dom ‘ini. A papal bull,
containing a collection of extracts from
different constitutions ef the popes, with
anathemas against those who violate
them; so called from the words with
which it commences,

In Commen’dam (Latin). The hold-
ing of church preferment for a time, on
the recommendation of the Crown, till
a suitable person can be provided. Thus
a clergyman who has been elevated to
the bench retains for a time his “living”
in commendam,

In Esse (Latin). In actual exist-
ence. Thusa child living is ‘‘in esse,”
but before birth is only ‘in posse.”

In Exten’so (Latin). At full length,
word for word, without abridgment.

In Extremis. At the very point of
death. ‘‘ In artictlo mortis,”

In Fieri. In the course of accom-
plishment ; on the way.

In Flagrante Delicto. Red-handed;
in the very fact. “Ila oo en
flagrant déhit,” i.e. “ Sur le fait.

In for a Penny in for a Pound.
I may as well “‘ be hung for a sheep as a
lamb.’’ If the punishment is the same,
then it is worth the risk to commit the
offence which brings the greatest profit.

In for It, About “to catch it;” on
the point of being in trouble.

“You are in for it, I can tell des I would not
stand in your shoes for something.

sd

In Forma

651

Inch

In Forma Pau’peris. A person
who will swear he is not worth £5 has

writs, etc., gratis, and is supplied gra-
tuitously with attorney and counsel
(Henry 4 €212).

In Gremio Legis. Under the pro-
tection of the law.

In Lim‘ine (Latin) At the outset,
at the threshold.

In Loco Parentis. One who stands
ina Nici place.

en 7” Largan gag epee middle of
e subject. novels and epic poetry,
the fon 8 generally begins a me
page ce which is explained as the
tale unfolds. In history, on the other
hand, the author begins ad ovo.

In Memoriam. In memory of.

In Nubibus. In the clouds; not in
actual existence ; in contemplation.

In Par'tibus [Jnfidelium]. In a
cokiaeee country. A “bishop in
rtibus”? means a bishop in any
oy ; Christian or otherwise, whose
title is from some old see which has
fallen away from the Catholic faith.
Thus, in England, the Bishop of Cisa-
ree the Bishop of Emmaus, the Bishop
of Amycla, are bishops tz ne me:
Wiseman was Bishop of vie
before he was Archbisho Wat.
minster. A bishop ix partibus doe. not
mean a bishop in a land of infidels; he
may be so, but this would not make him
a bishop in partibus.

In Perpet‘uam (Latin). In per-
petuity, for ever.
In Petto (Italian). Held in reserve,

reg back, something done privately,

not announced to the general public.
Meat {Latin], in the breast.

dinals in petio. Cardinals about

but not yet publicly an-

eir names are iv pecidre

In Posse (Latin). What may be
considered probable, but has not yet any
real existence,

In Pro’pria Perso’na (Latin). Per-
eonally, and not by deputy or agents.

In Prospect'u tin). What is
intended or in eatniation to be done
at some future time.

Re ‘(Latin In the matter of ; on
bject of; See v. Robin-

In Si’‘tu (Latin). In its original

place,

In Stat’u Quo or Jn stat’u quo ante
(Latin). In the condition things were
before the change took place. Thus,
‘two nations arming for war ma:
to lay down arms on condition that all
things be restored to the same state as
they were before they took up arms.

_ In Terro’rem (Latin). As a warn-
ing, to deter others by terrifying them.

In Tote (Latin). Entirely, alto-
gether.

In Wace’ uo (Latin). In a vacuum—
i.e. in a space from which, nominally
altogether, and really almost, all the
air has been taken away.

In-and-In. A game with four dice,
once extremely common, and frequently
alluded to. ‘“In” isathrow of doubles,
‘*in-and-in *’ a throw of double doubles,
which sweeps the board.

“1 hayeseen three persons sit down at twelxe-

penny in-and-in, and each draw 4s a-piece.”—
Nicker Nicked.

Ins and Outs of the Matter (The).
All the details, both direet and indirect.

“If you want to know the ins and outs of the
Yankees . I know a their points, shape.
make, and breed."—Haliburton.

Sometimes the “Ins *’ means those
in office, and the ‘‘ Outs” those out of
office, or in Opposition.

Inau'gurate - 7 to be led
in by augurs. e Roman augurs met
at their college doors the high officials
about to be invested, and led them up to
the altar; hence to install.

Inca. A king or royal prince of the
ancient Peruvians. The empire of the
Incas was founded by Manco Capac.

“The Inca was a_war-chief, elected by —~e
Council to carry out its decision.”—

American (South American Tribes), ae L
chap. ii. p. 211.

Incanta'tion. A singing against,
that is, singing a set form of words in
order to bring Divine wrath upon persons
or nations.

Incarnadine (Ze). To make red.
(Latin, incarn@ius color, carnation).

“No, this my hand will rather
The multitudinous Sea incarnadi

Inch of Candle (Sold by). A sale an
auction. Instead of the hammer of th
auctioneer conch the Dids, the
purchaser was the last bidder before the

| candle went out. Another plan is to

Inchcape

652

Indian

stick a pin in a candle, and when the
pin drops down, the sale of the article
is concluded.

“Down were tumbled miracle and martyr,

Put up in lots, and sold by inch of candle.”

Peter Pindar : Lyric Odes, xiii.
Inchcape Rock. ‘Twelve miles
from land, in the German Sea. It is
dangerous for navigators, and therefore
the abbot of Aberbrothok fixed a bell on
a float, which gave notice to sailors of
its whereabouts. Ralph the Rover, a sea
pirate, cut the bell from the float, and
was wrecked on his return home on the
very rock. Southey has a ballad on the
subject.

Precisely the sanie tale is told of St.
Goven’s bell, in Pembrokeshire. In the
chapel was a silver bell, which was stolen
one summer evening by pirates, but no
sooner had the boat put to sea than all
the crew was wrecked. The silver bell
was carried by sea-nymphs to the brink
of a well, and whenever the stone of
that well is struck the bell is heard to
moan.

N.B. Inch or Innis means ésland,

Incog.—i.c. Incognito (Italian).
Under an assumed name or title. When
a royal person travels, and does not wish
to be treated with royal ceremony, he
assumes some inferior title for the nonce,
and travels incog.

Incorruptible (Zhe).
(1754-1794). Robert Walpole says that
William Shippen was the only man he
knew who was proof against a bribe.

‘“«Byen the ‘Incorruptible’ himself fell from his
original ideal.”—Nineteenth Century, August, 1893,
p. 272

In’cubus. A nightmare, anything
that weighs heavily on the mind, At
one time supposed to consort with women
in their sleep. (Latin, i cubo, to lie on.)

“ Merlin was the son of no mortal father, but of

an Incubus ; one of a class of beings not absolutely
wicked, but far from good, who inhabit the
regions of the air."—Buljinch: Age of Chivalry,
part i chap. iil. p. 50,
- Indenture. A written contract; so
called because the skin on which it was
written in duplicate was divided with
an indented edge, to fit into each other.

Indepen’dence. The Declaration of
Independence. .A declaration made July
4th, 1776, by the American States, de-
claring the colonies free and indepen-
dent, absolved from all allegiance to
Great Britain.
~ Independence Day (July 4th). So
called’ in ‘the United States of America.
(See above.) .

Robespierre

Indepen'dents. Certain Dissenters
are so called, whose fundamental prin-
ciple is that every congregation is an
independent church, a a right to
choose its own minister and make its
own laws. .

Index (Zhe), The ‘‘ Roman Index”’
contains both the Jndex Librérum Pro-
hibitorum and the Index Expurgatorius.
The former contains a list of such books
as are absolutely forbidden to be read
by faithful Catholics. The latter con-
tains such books as are forbidden till
certain parts are omitted or amended.
The lists are made out by a board of
cardinals called the ‘“‘Congregation of
the Index.’”? Of course, it is wholly
impossible to keep pace with the present
issue of books; but, besides the Pro-
testant Bibles, and the works of such
heretics as Arius and Calvin, we find in
the lists the following well-known
names :— :

Of English authors : Addison, Bacon,
Gibbon, Goldsmith, Hallam, Locke, J.
S. Mill, Milton, Robertson, Archbishop
piel ake and even some children’s
tales. F

Of French authors: Arnauld, Calvin,
Descartes, Fénelon, l’ Abbé Fleury, Male-
branche, Voltaire, etc.

Of Italian authors : Dante, Guicciar-
dini, Sismondi, etc.

Of German authors ; Kant, Luther,
etc.

“Under the auspices of Cardinal Caraffa (part
iv.), the Inquisition, was intreduced into Italy
(1542), and exerted the utmost vigilance and se-
verity in crushing out the-new faith, and the
index of_probibited books was established.”—
FING i Universal History, part iii. period ii, chap.

. Dp. 414,

India Ink or Chinese ink. So called
hecause it was first brought from China,
It is now made at home of lampblack
and glue.

India Paper. A printing - paper
made in China and Japan from veget-
able fibre, and used for taking off the
finest proofs of engraved plates. Pro-
nounce Indi’ paper. ‘

India Proof. The oe of an.en
graving on India paper, before lettering.

Indian Arrowroot. The root which
the Indians apply to arrow-wounds to
neutralise the venom of the arrow.
They mash the meal, and apply it as a
poultice. (Miller.)

Indian Drug (The). Tobacco. .

“ His breath compounded of strong English beere,
And th’ Indian drug, would suffer none come

ee ne
pig Taylor, the Water Poet (1690),

Indian

653

Infant

_ Indian File (Jz). One by one. The
American Indians, when they go on an
expedition, march one by one. The one
behind carefully steps in the footprints
of the one before, and the last man of
the file obliterates the footprints. Thus,
neither the track nor the number of in-
vaders can be traced.

“Each man followed his leader in Indian file.”
—Captain Burnwoy: On Horseback through Asia
Minor.

Indian Red. Red hematite (per-
oxide of iron), found abundantly in the
Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire. It is
of a deep, lakey hue, used for flesh
tints.

The Persian Red, which is of a darker
hue with a sparkling lustre, is imported
ae the island of Ormuz in the Persian

The Romans obtained this pigment
from the island of Elba. ‘‘ Jnsulam
exhaustis chalybum generosa metallis.”
(Ovid.)

Indian Summer (7Zze). The au-
tumnal summer; generally the finest
and mildest of the whole year,
especially in North America.

“The gilding of the Indian summer mellowed
the pastures far and wide. The russet woods
St ripe to be stript, but were yet full of leaf.
The purple of heath-bloom, faded but not
withered, tinged the bills. . . Fieldhead gardens
bore the seal of gentle decay ;... its time of
flowers and even of fruit was over."—(. Bronté;
Shirley, chap. xxvii.

Indians. American Indians. When
Columbus landed at Cat Island, he
thought that he had.landed on one of
the Indian islands, and in this belief
gave the natives the name of Indians.

India proper is so named from Indus
Ge river,, in Sanskrit Sindhu, in Persic

ind, whence the Greek Hindus, Hin-
dustan is the tan or ‘‘country’’ of the
river Hindus,

Indiarubber. A substance made
from the sap of various tropical plants
and used for erasing pencil marks, an
many other purposes. Pronounce Jndi’-
rubber.

* He was aman with an indiarubber coat on,
indiarubber shoes, ap indiarubber cap, and in
Ia eee pty ost Ba eaony (hate
Goodyear » VOL. ii. p. 684. Pass

Individualists. Individualists hold
that as little as possible should be done
for its subjects by the State, as much as
possible being left to free individual
Initiative.

Socialism tends to treat the individual
as merely a part of the State, holding
his possessions (if any) simply by its
permission, while Individualism regards

the state as a collection of separate

' units, with rights of life and property

independently, which the State does not
confer but merely guarantees.

Extreme individualists hold that all
government is an evil, though it may be
a necessary evil, and the ‘‘ anarchists ’’
profess the extremest form of the
creed. /

“Individualism rests on the principle that a
inan shall be his own master.’—Draper : Conflict
between Religion and Science, chap. xi. p. 295.

Indoors. In the house. Virgil makes
Dido sit ‘‘in forbus dive.” (Ainéid, i.
505.)

Induc’tion (Latin, the act of leading
in). When a clergyman is inducted to
a living he is led to the church door, '
and the ring which forms the handle is
placed in his hand, The door being
opened, he is next led into the church,
and the fact is announced to the parish
by tolling the bell.

Indul’gence (3 syl.), in the Roman
Catholic Church, is the entire or partial
remission of punishment due to sin
either in this world or in purgatory:
It is supposed that the Church is the
bank of the infinite merits of Christ, and
can give such indulgences like cheques
ona bank. (Latin, indulgentia.)

Iner‘tia. That want of power in
matter to change its state either from
rest to motion, or from motion to rest.
Kepler calls it Vis inerti@. (Ars in
Latin is the Greek ar’eté, power or in-
herent force; Jn-ars is the absence of
this power.)

* Inexorable Logic of Facts (The).
This was Mazzini’s happy expression :
“ Nella genesi dei faiti la’ logica é in-
esarabile,”’

Infallibility (of the Church of Rome)
is the doctrine that the Church of Rome
cannot at any time cease to be orthodox
in her doctrine, and that what she de-
clares ex cathedré is substantially true.
The doctrine is based on the Divine pro-
mise to the disciples, ‘‘ Howbeit when
the Spirit of Truth is come, he will guide
you into all truth ’’ (John xvi. 13).

+ The dogma of the ‘‘Infallibility of
the Pope’ was decreed by the Vatican
Council in 1870.

In‘famous means not allowed to
speak or oa witness in a court of
justice, (Latin, in, negative fari, to
speak ; Greek, phémz or phami.)

Infant. Used as a synonym of

| *‘childe,’’ meaning a knight or squire,

Infant

654

Ink-pot

as, ‘‘Childe Harold.” King Arthur is
so called. (See also Spenser: Faérie
Queene, book ii. canto viii. 56.)

Infant of Lubeck. Christian Henry
Heinecken (1721-1725). At one year
old he knew the chief events of the
Pentateuch ; at thirteen months he knew
the history of the Old Testament; at
fourteen months he knew the history of
the New Testament; at two and a half
years he could answer any ordinary ques-
tion of history or geography; at three
years he knew well both French and
Latin. At least, so says Schéneich, his
preceptor.

“ Another of these Pitiable prodigies was John
Philipp Baratier, of Schwaback, near Niirnberg,
born the same year as the Lubeck prodigy (1721-
1740). At the age of five be knew Greek, Latin,
and French, besides his native German. At nine
he knew Hebrew and Chaldee, and could convert
German into Latin, At thirteen he could trans-
late Hebrew into French or French into Hebrew.

His life was written by Formey, and his name
appears in most bidgraphical dictionaries.”

Infanta. Any princess of the blood
royal, except an heiress of the crown, is
so called in Spain and Portugal.

Infan'te (3 yl ). All the sons of the
sovereigns of Spain and Portugal bear
this title, except the crown prince, who
is called in Spain the Prince of Astu’rias,
In the Middle Ages the word “ childe”
was used as a title of honour in England,
France, and Germany; hence Childe
Harold, Childe-ric, Childe-bert, etc.

Infantry. Foot soldiers.- Said to be
first applied to a body of men collected
by the Tajenle or heir-apparent of Spain
for the purpose of rescuing his father
from the Moors. ‘The success of the
attempt rendered the corps popular.
(Spanish, infanteria ; Italian, aitena Fe
fante means a servant.)

Infernal Column. So the corps
of Latour d’Auvergne was called, from
its terrible charges with the bayonet.
(1743-1800.)

Infer’no. We have Dante’s notion
of the infernal regions in his Inferno ;
Homer's in the Odyssey, book xi. ; Vir-

il’s in the Aneid, book vi. ; Spenser’s
in the Faérie Queene, book ii. canto 7;
Ariosto’s in the Orlando Furio’so, book
xvii. ; Tasso’s in Jerusalem Delivered,
book iv.; Milton's in Paradise Lost ;
Fénelon’s in Télémaque, book xviti. ; and
Beckford’s in his romance of Vathek.

, Infra Dig., i.e. Dignita’tem. Not,

in accordance with one’s position and
character, - (Latin.)

’

Infraiapsarians, Those who be-
lieve that election and predestination
are subsequent to the Fall. The ‘‘Supra-
lapsarian’’ believes that election and
predestination were in the eternal
counsels of God even before the creation
of Adam. (infra, after; lapsus, the
fall; supra, before; lapsus, the fall.)

Ingle (The). The recess with benches
in old-fashioned fireplaces, the fire.

“Sit thee by the ingle when

The sear faggot blazes bright.”
Keats:

‘ancy, stanza |.

Ingoldsby. ‘The Rev. Richard Harris
Barham, author of Ingoldsby Leyends.
(1788-1845.)

Ingrain Colours, Colours dyed in
the wool or raw material before manu-
facture. In French, tendre en laine.
Such colours are the most durable. We
speak of ‘‘a rogue ingrain,’? meaning
one hopelessly bad. (In the grain, that
is, in the texture.)

“Tis ingrain, sir; ‘twill endure wind and
weather.”—Shakespeare: Twelfth Night, i. 5.

Inguiph’s “Croyland Chronicle.”

‘Proved to be a forgery by H. J. Riley in

the Archeological Journal, 1862. He
dates the forgery between 1393 and
1415, and attributes it to Prior Richard
of Croyland and Sergeant William
Ludyngton.

Injunction. A writ forbidding a
person to encroach on another’s privi-
leges ; as, to sell a book which is only
a colourable copy of another author’s
book; or to violate a patent; or to
perform a play based on a novel with-
out permission of the novelist; or to
publish a book the rights of which are
reserved. Injunctions are of two sorts—
temporary and perpetual. The first is
limited ‘‘till the coming on of the de-
fendant’s answer’’; tk. latter is based
on the merits of the case, and is of per-
petual force.

Ink. Pancirollus says the emperors
used a fluid for writing called encaus-
tum, (Italian, inchiostro ; French, encre ;
Dutch, inkt.) za :

Inkhorn Terms. This phrase, once
common, might be revived to signify
peaanie expressions which smell of the
am

Dp.
I Shakespeare uses the phrase, an
é<fnichorm mats?” (L Bonhy Piles ae b.

Ink-pot. Sons and daughters of the
ink-pot. -Those-who maintain them-
selves by writing for the press. (Zhé
Silver Domino.) ide sreheebariey

—_—

Inkle 655

Instinct

Inkie and Yar'ice. The hero and
heroine of a drama so called by George
Colman. The story is from the Spec-
tator, No. 11. Inkle is a young English-
man who is lost in the Spanish main;
he falls in love with Yarico, an Indian
maiden, whom he lives with as his wife ;
but no sooner does he find a vessel to
take him to Barbadoes than he sells her
for a slave.

Inland Navigation. Francis Eger-
ton, Duke of Bridgewater, is called
the Father of British Iniana Navigation,
(1729-1803.) <A title certainly due to
James Brindley (1716-1772).

Inn Ses iecemag Chamber ; ori-

inally applied to a mansion, like the

ench hotel. Hence Clifford’s Inn, once
the mansion of De Clifford; Lincoln’s
Inn, the mansion of the Earls of Lin-
coln; Gray’s Inn, that of the Lords
Gray, etc.
“ Now, whenas Phebus, with his fiery waine,
Unto his inne began to draw apace.”
Spenser: Faérie Queéne, vi. 3.

Inns of Court. The four voluntary
societies which have the exclusive right
of calling to the bar. They are the
Inner Temple, the Middle Temple,
Lincoln’s Inn, and Gray’s Inn. Each
is governed by a board of benchers.

8, in cricket, is the turn of the
team to be bowled to by their oppo-
nents. The persons who ‘‘ bat’ are
having their “innings given them’’;
and the innings of an individual is the
time he holds the bat.

A good innings. One in which the
batsman has made several runs, Figura-
rele a run of luck or business.

é has had a long innings. A good
long run of luck. A term in cricket
for the time that the eleven are 2, or
not out as scouts.

Innis Fodhla [Island of Destiny], an

old name of Ireland.
“Long before the westerr districts of Innis
- Fodhla any settled name... a powerful king

reigned over this part of the sacred island. [The
king referred to was Connedda, who sve his
name to thé province of Connacht),”—W. B. Yeats:
Fairy Tales and Folk-Lore, pp. 306, 318.

Innocent (47). An idiot or born
fool. (See BENET.)

“ An idiot, or one otherwise deficient in intellect,
is called an innocent."—Trench: On the Study of
Words, lecture iii. p. 97.

Innocents. Feast of the Holy Inno-
cents. ‘The 28th December, to commemo-
rate Herod’s butchery of the children of
Bethlehem under two years old, with
the design of cutting off the infant Jesus
(Matt. ii.16.) |

Innuen’do. An implied or covert
hint of blame. It is a law term, meaning
the person nodded to or indirectly ne»
ferred to (Latin, in-nwo). ;

“TImplying or suggesting, instead of stating
pialaly, often increases the effect of what is in-
tended to give Pari or pleasure. This is ‘innu-
ae —Bain ; Composition, etc. (Innuendo), part i.

Inoc’ulate (4 syl.) is to put in an
eye (Latin, in oculus), The allusion is
to a plan adopted by gardéners who!
insert the ‘‘ eye’ or small bud of a supe-
rior plant into the stock of an inferior
one, in order to produce flowers or fruits
of better quality.

In’ogene or Ig’noge (3-syl.). ‘Wife
of Brute, the mythological king of
Britain.

“ Thus Brute this realme unto his rule subdewd,

And raignéd long in great felicity.”

Loved of his friends, and of his foes eschewd,

He left three sons, his famous progeny,
Born of fayre Inogene of Italy,”
Spenser: Faérie Queene, ii. 10.

Inquisition. A court instituted to
inquire into offences against the Roman
Catholic religion. Fully established by
Pope Gregory IX. in 1235. It was most
active in Italy, Spain, and Portugal.
Those found guilty were handed over to
the secular arm to be dealt with accord-
ing to the secular laws of the land.
raed apie in France in 1772, and not
finally in Spain till 1834. (Latin, in-
quisitio, a searching into.)

Insane Root (The). Hemlock. It
is said that those who eat hemlock can
see subjective things as objects. Thus,
when Banquo had encountered the
witches, who vanished as ‘mysteriously
as they appeared, he said to Macbeth,
‘“* Were such things [really] here,....
or have we eaten the insane root, that
takes the reason prisoner,” so that our
eyes see things that are not. (Macbeth,

i, 3.)

Other, plants ‘“‘take the reason
prisoner,’ as the Pruna insana, the
“Indian nut,”’ ‘‘ Hoary nightshade.”’

Inscription of a Coin. (See
LEGEND.)

Insolence. (Latin, 2”-soleo.) Un-
usual conduct, that is, not according to
the common courtesies of social life,

. Inspired Idiot (Zhe). Oliver Gold-
smith was so called by Walpole.

Instinct. Something pricked or
punctured into one. Distinguish is of
the same root, and means to prick or
puncture separately. Latinguish means
to prick or puncture out. Ty all cases

Institutes

656

Interdict

the allusion is to marking by a puncture.
At etre the ‘‘ markers” at the chapel
doors still hold a pin in one hand, and
prick with it the name of each ‘‘ man ”’
who enters. The word is used to ex-
press a natural impulse to do something ;
an inherent habit.

“Although reason may... be blended with
instinct, the distinction between the two is suffi-
ciently precise. Reason only acts upon a definite
and often laboriously acquired knowledge of the
relation between means and ends.”—Romanes:
Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. xiii. p, 157 (ninth
edition).

In’stitutes (3 syl.). Elementary law
treatises, as the Institutes of Gaius
and those of Florentius, Callistritus,
Paulus, Ulpian, and Marcian, The
Institutes of Justinian were com-
piled by Antoninus Pius, and for the
most part are mere rechauffees of the
preceding ones, giving the words and
opinions of the respective authors.

Instructions to the Committee.
A Parliamentary dodge for empowering
a Committee of the House to do what a
' Committee would not otherwise be em-
powered to do.

An “Instruction”? must be supple-
mentary and auxiliary to the Bill under
consideration.

It must fall within the general scope
and framework of the Bill in question.

It must not form the substance of a
distinct measure.

Insu'bri. The district of Lombardy
which contained Milan, Como, Pa/via,
Lodi, Nova‘ra, and Vercelli.

Insult. To leap on the prostrate
body of a foe. To treat with contumely.

Insulter. One who leaps upon you
or against you. Thus Terence says,
“Insulta're Dies cal'cibus” (Euntichus, ii.
2, 54). It will be remembered that the

riests of Baal, to show their indigna-
ion against their gods, ‘‘leaped upon
the altar which they had made” (1
Kings xviii. 26). Zephaniah (i. 9) says
that God will punish all those that leap
on the threshold.” (See DESULTORY.)

Intag’lio (Italian). A design cut in
a gem, like a crest or initials in a stamp.
The design does not stand out in relief,
as in cam’eos, but is hollowed in.

Intellect. The power of reading
mentally; hence the power of under-
standing and quickly grasping what re-
quires intélligence and thought, (Latin,
tnlus lego, I read within me.) :
-Intendance Militaire. Corps
chargé de tout ce qui concerne Padminis-
tration et la compatibilité de la guerre.

The Intendants Militaire control the
accounts, payments, food, dress, en-
campments, transport, hospitals, mars
ches, etc., of the army.

Intentions. Hell is paved with good
intentions. In Spanish: ‘‘ El infierno es
bleno de buenas intenciones,’’ Good in-
tentions without corresponding deeds
are self-accusers.

Inter Alia (Latin).
things or matters.

Inter Czsa et Porrecta. Out of
hand, Many things may occur between
the cup and lip. (See Cicero: Ad Atticum,
v. 18.) Literally, between the slaughter
(ces) of the sacrificial victim and its
being laid (worrecta) on the altar. It was
not permitted to speak while the priest
struck the animal, nor yet while the
sacrifice was being consumed by fire;
but between these intervals persons were
allowed to talk.

Inter Canem et Lupum. Befweeh
two difficulties or dangers equally for-
midable. Between Scylla and Cha-
ryb’dis, Literally, ‘“‘ between dog and

Among other

| wolf.”

Inter Nos, or in French Entre nous.
Confidentially, between ourselves,’

Inter Poc’ula. During a drinking
bout.

Inter Rex (Latin). A person ap-
pointed to hold the office of king during
a temporary vacancy.

Intercal/ary (Latin). Inserted be-
tween or amongst others. Thus, an
intercalary day is a day foisted in; be-
tween two others, as the 29th Fe
in leap-year. .(See CALENDS.)

“It was the custom with Greeks to add, or,

it was termed, intercalate, a month every other
year.”—Priestley : On History, xiv.

Interdict and Exrcommunicate. The
Pope or some ecclesiastic interdicts
a kingdom, province, county, or town,
but excommunicates an individual. This
sentence excludes the place or individual
from partaking in certain sacraments,
public worship, and the-burial service.
The most remarkable instances are :—

586. The Bishop of Bayeux laid an
interdict on all the churches of Rouen,
in consequence of the murder of the
Bishop Prétextat,

1081. Poland was laid under an inter-
dict by Pope, Gregory VII., because
Boleslas II. had murdered Stanislaus at:
the altar.

1180. Scotland was put under a similar
ban by Pope Alexander UI,

«
seal

>

of suppose

Interest

657 Inventors

1200. France was interdicted by In-
nocent III., because Philippe Auguste
refused to marry Ingelburge, who had
been betrothed to him.

1209, England was laid under similar
sentence by Innocent III., in the reign
of King John, and the interdict lasted
for six years,

In France, Robert the Pious, Philippe
I., Louis VI1., Philippe Auguste, Philippe
IV., and Napoleon I., have all been
subjected to the Papal thunder. In
England, Henry II. and Jobn. Victor
Emmanuel of Italy was excommunicated
by Pius IX. for despoiling the Papacy of
a large portion of its temporal dominions,

In'terest (Latin). Something that
is between the parties conéerned. The
interest of money is the sum which the
borrower agrees to pay the lender for its
use. To take an interest in anything is
to feel there is something between it and
you which may affect your pleasure,

Interest for money.
dynasty it was 10 per cent. (837 Henry

IIL. chap. 9). In the reign of James
it was reduced to 8 per cent.; in Queen
Anne’s reign to 5 per cent. ; in the last
quarter of the nineteenth century it was
reduced to 24 per cent. .

Interim of Augsburg (Zhe). A
Concordat drawn up by Charles Quint in
1548 to allay the religious turmoil of
Germany. It was a provisional arrange-
ment to be in force till some definite
decision could be pronounced by the
General Council to be held at Trent.
The authors of this instrument were
J. Pflug (Bishop of Naumburg), Michael
Helding (titular Bishop of Sidon), and
John Agricola (a priest of Brandenburg).

Interlard (French). To put lard
or fat between layers of meat. Meta-
phorically, to mix what is the solid part
of a discourse with fulsome and irrelevant
matter. Thus we say, ‘‘To interlard
with oaths,”’ to ‘‘interlard with com-
pliments,”’ etc.

“ They interlard their native drinks with choice
Of strongest brandy.” Philips : Cider, ii.

Interlo’per. One who runs between
traders. _One who sets up business, and
by so doing interferes with the actual

loopen, to run, to leap.)

Inter’polate (4 syl.). For two or
more persons to polish up something
between them. Metaphorically, to in-
sert spurious matter in a book or docu-

‘ment; to gag. (Latin, inter polio, to
polish.) ‘ ;

42

In the Tudor

rights of others. (Dutch, ‘|

Inter’preter (I/7.). The Holy Spirit
personified, in Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Pro-
gress. He is lord of a house a little way
‘beyond the Wicket Gate. Here Christian
was kindly entertained and shown many
wonderful sights of an allegorical cha-
racter. Christiana and her party stopped
here, and were similarly entertained.

Into’ne (2 syl.). To thunder out;
intonation, the thundering of the voice,
(Latin, tono, to thunder.) The Romans
said that Cicero and Demosthenes
‘‘thundered out their orations.’? To
recite in a musical monotone.

Intoxication. Pliny (xvi. 20) tells us
this word is derived from taxa, a species
of bay-tree used for poisoning arrows.
Hence the Greek tovon (a bow and
arrows), and toxicon (rank poison).

Intrigue (2 syl.), comes from the
Greek thriz, hair, whence the Latin
trice, trifles or hairs, and the verb intrico,
to entangle ; the Germans have the verb
trugen, to deceive.

Inure (2 syl.) to habituate or harden
by use. Ure is an archaic word meaning
use, (Latin opus, work. French ewvre ;
old French, ewre.)

Invalide (French). A four-sou piece,
so called because it was debased to the
value of three sous and a-half.

“Tien, prens cet inyalide, 4 ma santé va boire.”
Deux Arlequins (1691).

Invei’gle (3 syl.). To lead blind-
fold; to entice by misrepresentation.
(Norman French, enveogler; French,
aveugler ; Italian, inmvogliare.)

Invention of the Cross [discovery
of the cross]. A festival held on May 3rd,
in commemoration of the ‘ discovery of
the cross”? by the agents of St. Hel’ena,
mother of Constantine the Emperor
(316). (Latin, inven’io, to discover.)

Inventors Punished by their own
inventions.

Bastitiy. Hugues Aubriot, Provost
of Paris, who-built the Bastile, was the
first person confined therein, The charge
against him was heresy.

BrazEn Buxu. Perillos, who invented
the Brazen Bull for Phal&ris, Tyrant of
Agrigentum, was the first person baked
to death in the horrible monster.

_Caprarn. Cowper Coles, inventor of
the turret-ship, perished in the Captain
off Finisterre September 7th, 1870.

CATHERINE Par ca The inventor of
St. Catherine’s Wheel, a diabolical ma-
chine consisting of four wheels turnin:
different ways, and each wheel arm

Inventors

658

Invisibility

with saws, knives, and teeth, was killed
by his own machine; for when St.
Catherine was bound on the wheel, she
fell off, and the machine flew to pieces.
One of the pieces struck the inventor,

and other pieces struck several of the.

men employed to work it, all of whom
were killed. (Metaphrastes.)

Guittotme. J. B. V. Guillotin,
M.D., of Lyons, was guillotined, but it
is an error to credit him with the inven-
tion of the instrument, - The inventor
was Dr. Joseph Agnace Guillotin.

Haman, son of Hammeda’‘tha, the
Amalekite, of the race of Agag, devised
a gallows fifty cubits high on which to
hang Mordecai, by way of commencing
the extirpation of the Jews; but the fa-
vourite of Ahasue’rus was himself hanged
on his gigantic gallows. , In modern his-
tory we have a repetition of this incident
in the case of Enguerrand de.Marigni,
Minister of Finance to Philippe the Fair,
who was hung on the gibbet which he
had caused to be erected at Montfaucon
for the execution of certain felons; and
four of his suecessors in office underwent
the same fate.

Hoprrins (Matthew), the witch-finder,
was himself tried by his own tests, and
put to death as a wizard.

Iron Cace. The Bishop of Verdun
who invented the Iron Cages, too small
to allow the person confined in them to
stand upright or lie at full length, was
the first to be shut up in one; and Car-
dinal La Balue, who recommended them
to Louis XI., was himself confined in
one for ten years,

Ion SHRovup. Ludovi'co Sforza, who
invented the Iron Shroud, was the first
to suffer death by this horrible torture.

Maiwen. The Regent Morton of Scot-
land, who invented the Maiden, a sort
of guillotine, was the first to be beheaded
thereby. This was in the reign of
Queen Elizabeth.

Ostracism. Clisthénés introduced the
custom of Ostracism, and was the first
to be banished thereby.

The PERRIERE was an instrumént for
throwing stones of 3,000 Ibs. in weight ;
and the inventor fell a victim to his own
invention by the accidental discharge of
a perriére against a wall.

Porta A Farnza. Filippo Strozzi
counselled the Duke Alessandro de’
Medici to construct the Porta a Faenza
to intimidate the Florentines, and here
he was himself murdered,

Sauispury (the Earl of) was the first
to use cannon, and was the first English-
man killed by a cannon bal),

Urror’rus induced the Emperor Ar-
cadius to abolish the benefit of sanc-
tuary; but afew daysafterwards he com-
mitted some offence and fled for safety
to the nearest church, St. Chrysostom
told him he had fallen into his own net,
and he was put to death. (Life of St.
Chrysostom.)

Winstantey (Mr.) erected the first
Eddystone lighthouse. It was a wooden
polygon, 100 feet high, on a stone base:
but it was washed away by a storm in
1703, and the architect himself perished
in his own edifice.

Inventors Punished. A curious
instance of the sim of invention is men-
tioned in the Bridge of Allan Reporter,
February, 1803 :—

“It is told of Mr. Ferguson’s grandfather, that
he invented a pair of fanners for cleaning grain,
and for thin peoot of superior ingenuity he was
summoned before the Kirk Session, and reproved
for trying to place the bandiwork of man above
the time-honoured practice of cleaning the grain

on windy days, when the current was blowing
briskly through the open doors of the barn.”

Inves'titure. (Latin, clothing in or
putting on canonicals.) The admission
to office is generally made by investi-
ture ; thus, a pair of gloves is given toa
Freemason in France ; a cap is given to
a graduate ;. a crown, etc., to a sove-
reign, etc. A crosier and ring used to
be: given to a church dignitary; but
are now simply placed in his hands
on his induction into office. In the
eleventh and twelfth centuries the kings
of Europe and the pope were perpetually
at variance about the right of investi-
ture; the question was, should the
sovereigns or should the pope invest
clergymen or appoint them to their
livings and dignities? (Latin, vestis,
a garment ; investio, (See INDUCTION.)

Invin'cible Doctor. William of
Occam or Ockham (a village in Surrey),
also called Doctor Singula’ris, (1270-
1347.)

Invisibility, according to fable, may
be obtained in a multitude of ways.
For example :—

Albric’s cloak, called Tarnkappe (3
syl.), which Siegfried got possession of,
pene erat him invisible. (Nibelungen

ied.)

A chamelon carried in the breast will
render a person invisible.

A capon stone, called ‘*Alectoria,”’
will render any person invisible who
carries it about his person. (See Mirror
or SToNEs. re}

A dead hand. It is believed that a
candle placed in a dead man’s hand

Invisibles

—.

gives no light to any but those who
use it, (See Hann.)

Fern-seed, mentioned by Shakespeare,

and by Beaumont and Fletcher, pos- -

sesses the same charm.

Gyges’ ring, taken from the flanks of
a brazen horse, made the wearer in-
visible, provided he turned the ring
inwards.

Hel'iotrope, mentioned by Boccaccio
in his Decaméron (Day viii. 3), is a green
stone, which renders a person invisible.
So does the herb elle. heliotrope, ac-
cording to Solinus, who says, “ Herba
etiam ejusdem nominis ... eum, a quo-
cumque gestabitur, subtrahit visibus ob-
vidrum.” (Georgie, xl.)

The helmet of Perseus (2 syl.) and
the helmet of Pluto (called Orc: Galéa),
both rendered the wearer invisible,
(Classic story.)

The helmet which Pluto gave to the
Cyclops made them invisible whenever it
was Worn.

Jack the Giant-killer had a cloak of
invisibility as well as a cap of know-
edge.

Keplein’s mantle. The mantle of
Hel Keplein, which belonged to the
dwarf-king Lauri , rendered the wearer
invisible. (Zhe Heldenbuch ; thirteenth
century.)

The Moros Musphoron was a girdle of

invisibility. wey. Centlivre: A Bold |
e.

Stroke for a

Oinit’s ring. The ring of Otnit, King
ef Lombardy, according to the Helden-
buch, possessed a similar charm.

Reynard’ s enone Pu ring had three
colours, one of which (the green) caused
the wearer to become invisible. (Rey-
nard the Fox, 1498.)

Invis‘ibles. (1) The Rosicrucians
were so called, because they never dared
‘to appear in public.

(2) The disciples of Osiander, Flaccius, ”

Tiliricus, etc., who denied the perpetual
visibility of the Church. (Sixteenth
century.)

Invulnerability.

Stones taken from the cassan plant,
which grows in Panter, renders the
possessor invulnerable. (Odoricus in

akluyt.)
A dip in the river Styx rendered
Achillés invulnerable. (Greek fable.)
_Medéa rendered Jason, with whom
she had fallen in love, proof against
wounds and fire by spanting him with
the Promethe’an unguent. (Greek fable.).

659

Iphicles’ Oxen.

Siegfried (2 syl.) was rendered in-
vulnerable by anointing his body with
dragon’s blood. (Nibelungen Lied.)

Tol (pron. Yol), The Danish word for
Christmas ; the same as Yule,
“The savage Dane
At Io] more deep the mead did drain.”
Sir W. Scott : Marmion.

Io‘nian Mode. A species of church
music in the key of C major, in imitation
of the ancient Greek mode s0 called.

Ionic Accomplishments. Gesture
and dress.

«<
Ionic Architecture. Socalled from
To‘nia, where it took its rise. The
capitals are decorated with volutes, and
the cornice with dentils. The shaft is
fluted ; the entablature either plain or
embellished. =i

“The people of. Ionia formed their order of
architecture on the model of a young woman
dressed in her hair, and of an easy, elegant shape ;,
whereas the Doric had been formed on the mode
of a robust, strong man.”— Vitruvius. é

Ion‘ic School or Ionic Philoso-
phers. Thalés, Anaximander, Anaxi-

~me’nés, Heracli’'tos, and Anaxag’oras

‘were all natives of Ionia, and were the
earliest of the Greek philosophers. They
tried to prove that all created things
spring from one principle; Thalés said
it was water, Anaximenés thought it
was air or gas, Anaxagoras that it was'
atoms, Heraclitos maintained that it
was fire or caloric, while Anaximander
insisted that the elements of all things
are eternal, for ex nihilo nihil fit.

Iormungan‘dur. The serpent that
encompasses the whole earth, according
to Scandinavian mythology.

Io'ta or Jot: A very little, the least
quantity possible. The idta [i] is the
smallest letter of the Greek alphabet,
called the Lacedemonian letter. (He-
brew, Yod (J, the smallest Hebrew
letter.) Sax
“This bond doth give thee here no jot of blood.”

Shakespeare: Merchant of Venice, iv. 1.

Iphicles’ Oxen, Quid hoc ad Iphich
boves ?, What has that to do with the
subject in hand? So in L’ Avocat the
judge had to pull up the shepherd every
minute with the question, ‘‘ Mais, mon;
ami, revenon @ nos moutons.”? Iphiclos
or Iphiclés was the possessor of large
herds of oxen, and Neleus (2 syl.) pro=
mised to give his daughter in marriage
to Bias if he would bring him the oxen
of Iphiclés, which were guarded by a
very fierce dog. Melampos contrived to,

obtain the oxen for his brother, but

being ‘caught in’ the act, he was cast

Iphicratensians

into prison. Melampos afterwards told
Astyocha, wife of Iphiclés, how to- be-
come the mother of children, whereupon
Iphiclés gave him the coveted herd,
and his brother married the daughter of
Neleus. The secret tol@ by Melampos
to Astyocha was ‘‘to steep the rust of
iron in wine for ten days, and drink it.”
This she did, and became the mother
of eight sons. (Odyssey, xi.; Iliad,
xill. 23; Apollodoros, i. 9; Pausanias,
iv. 36.)

~ When Tressilian wanted Dominie
Holiday to tell him of a smith who
could shoe his horse, the pedagogue
kept starting from the point, and Tres-
silian says to him :—

‘“ Permit me to ask, in your own learned phrase,
Quid noc ad Iphycli boves, what has that to do
with my poor nag?”—Sir W. Scott: Kenilworth,
chap. ix.

% Another similar phrase is “Quid ad
Mercurium 2?” Ti mpds tov ‘Eppny :

Another is ‘‘ Jo Hecuba 2??? What has
. that to do with Hecuba?

Iphicraten’sians. The best trained -

and bravest of the Greek soldiers were
so called from Iphicrites, an Athenian
general, (See Fapran Soubrurs.)

Iphigeni‘a. Daughter of Agamem-
non and Clytemnestra. Her father hay-
ing offended Ar’témis (Deana) by killing
her favourite stag, vowed to sacrifice to
the angry ‘goddess the most beautiful
thing that came into his possession in the
next twelve months ; this was an infant
daughter. The father deferred the
sacrifice till the fleet of the combined
Greeks reached Aulis and Iphigenia
had grown to womanhood. Then
Calchas told him that the fleet would
be wind-bound till he had fulfilled his
vow ; accordingly the king prepared to
sacrifice his daughter, but Artémis at
the last moment snatched her from the
altar and carried her to heaven, substi-
tuting a hind in her place.

The similarity of this legend to the
Scripture stories of Jephthah’s vow, and
Abraham’s offering of his son Isaac, is
noticeable. (See IDoMENEUS.)

Ipse Dixit (Latin). A mere assertion,
wholly unsupported. We say it is
“your wpse dixit,” ‘this epse dixit,’?
sf their upse dixit,’’ and so on.

Ipso Facto. Irrespective of all, ex-
ternal considerations of right or ates
absolutely ; by the very deed itself. Tt
sometimes means the act itself carries

the consequences (as excommunication

660

Eri-innis, or Iar-inns (west sores

Trena

without sentence of excommunication
being directly pronounced),

“Whatever the captain does is right ipso facto
(i.e. because it is done by the captain], and any
Cppesitiow to it is wrong, On board ship,”—R, H,

ana, ”

By burning the Pope’s bull, Luther ipso fact®
[by the very deed itself] denied the Pope's suprem-
acy. Heresy carries excommunication ipso facto,

Ipswich. A corruption of Gypes-wick,
the town on the river ‘‘Gyppen,”? now

called the Orwell,

Iram’. The pilgrim’s garb is so called
by the Arabs.

Yvan. The empire of Persia.

" “Avenge the shame
His race hath brought on Iran’s name,” -
Thomas Moore: Fire Worshippers.

Ireland or “rin is Celtic; from Ere
or Tar (western). Lloyd (State Worthies,
article ‘‘ Grandison’’), with a gravity
which cannot but excite laughter, says
the island is called the land of Ire
because of the broils there, which have
extended over four hundred years.
Wormius derives the word from the.
Runic Yr,a bow. (See below.)

Lreland.

Called by the natives ‘ Erin,” i.e.

By the Welsh ‘ Yver-den”?
valley).

By Apule'ius, ‘‘ Hiber'nia,” which is
Lerma, a corruption of Ia-inni-a,

By Juvenal (ii. 260) “Juverna” or
‘* Juberna,” the same as Jerna or Ternia.

By Claudian ‘‘ Ouernia,’’ the same.

By moderns ‘‘ Ireland,’’ which is Jar-
en-lund (land of the west).

I The three great saints of Ireland
are St. Patrick, St. Columba, and St.
Bridget.

The fair maid of Ireland. Ignis fatuus
(q.2.). "

“He had read in former times of a Going Fire,
called ‘Ignis Fatuus,’ the fire of destiny; by some,
“Will with the Wisp,’ or ‘Jack with the Lan-
tern ;* and likewise, by some simple country
people, ‘The Fair Maid of Ireland,’ which used

to lead wandering travellers out of their way.”—
The Seven Champions of Christendom, i. 7.

The three trague stories of the Trish,
(1) The déath of the children of Touran;
(2) the death of the children of Lir;
(3) the death of the children of Usnach.

(” Flanagan : Transactions of the Gaelic
ocrety of Dublin, vol. i}

Dean Ireland’s scholarships. Four
scholarships of £30 a yeat in the Uni-
versity of Oxford, founded by Dr. John
Ireland, Dean of Westminster, in 1825,
for Latin and Greek, They are tenable
for four years. ; "

* The same person founded an “Exegetical
Professorship” of £800 a year, ine an

Irena, The impersonation of Ireland

west

- from its almost ceaseless wars.

Tris

whose inheritance was withheld by the
tyrant Grantorto. Sir Artegal (Justice)
is sent by the Faérie Queene to succour
the distressed lady. Grantorto, or the
rebellion of 1580, being slain, she is
restored to her throne and reigns in
peace. (Spenser « Faérie Queene, v.)

Tris, Goddess of the rainbow, or the
rainbow itself. In classic mythology
she is called the messenger of the gods
when they intended discord, and the
rainbow is the bridge or road let down
from heayen for her accommodation.
When the gods meant peace they sent
Mercury. (Greek and Latin, iris.)

“Til have an Tris that shall find thee out.”

Shakespeare: 2 Henry VI,, iii. 2

Irish Agita’tor. Daniel O’Connell

(1775-1847).
Irish Apricots. Potatoes.
- Irish Stew. A dish of food made

by stewing together meat, onions, and
potatoes. Called ‘‘Irish’’ from the
predominance of potatoes.

Irish Wedding. When a person has
& black eye we sometimes say to him,
‘You have been to an Irish wedding, I
see,’’ because the Irish are more famous
for giving their guests on these occasions
black eyes than white favours.

Iron, The hieroglyphic for iron is
6, which denotes ‘‘ gold at the bottom ”’
(OQ), only its upper part is too sharp,
volatile, and half corrosive (7); this
being taken away, iron would become
gold. Iron is called Mars.

Strike while the iron is hot.
le fer pendant quil est chaud,”
hay while the sun shines,

Lo have many irons in the fire. To
have many affairs in hand.

If you have too many irons in the fire,
some will burn. Ji you have more affairs
in hand than you can properly attend to,
some of them will be neglected and turn
out badly. Both these locutions refer
_to the “‘heaters’’ or irons employed in
laundries, If the ‘‘-heater’’ is too hot,
it will scorch the linen.

To rule with a rod of iron. To rule
tyrannically. ‘‘ Gouverner avec une verge
defen?”

Iron. (See Pic Inon.)

Iron Age. The era between the
death of Charlemagne and the close of
the. Carlovingian dynasty is so called
It is
sometimes called the /eaden age for its
worthlessness, and the dark age for its
barrenness of learned men,

“ Battre

Make ©

661 Iron Mask

Iron Age. The age of cruelty and
hard-heartedness. When Hubert tells
Prince Arthur he must burn his eyes
out, the young prince replies, ‘‘ Ah,
none but in this iron age would do it.”’
(Shakespeare : King John, iv. 1.)

Iron-arm. Francis de Lanoue, the
Huguenot soldier, Bras de Fer (1531-
1591. (See FIERABRAS.)

Iron Duke (Zhe). The Duke of Wel-
lington was so called from his iron will.
(1769-1882.)

Iron-hand or the Iron-hander.
Goetz von Berlichingen (Godfrey of
Berlichingen), who lost his right hand
at the siege of Landshut, and had one

made of iron to supply its place. (1480-
1562.) (See SILVER-HAND.)
Iron Horse (Zhe). The railway

locomotive.

“We can now drive the iron horse from India
down the valley of the Irrawaddy, and (vid Moul-
mein) to the very gates of China, without any
political impediment.”—Mr, Hallet, Dec,, 1885.

Iron Mask. The man in the iron
mask (called Lestang) was Count Er’-
colo Anto’nio Matthio’li, a senator of
Mantua, and private agent of Ferdinand
Charles, Duke of Mantua. He suffered
imprisonment of twenty-four years for
having deceived Louis XIV. in a secret
treaty for the purchase of the fortress of
Casale, the key of Italy. The agents of
Spain and Austria bribed him by out-
bidding the Grande Monarque. The
secrecy observed by all parties was in-
violate, because the infamy of the
transaction would not bear daylight.
(H. G. A. Ellis: True History of the
Iron Mask.)

“’ M. Loiseleur utterly denies that
Matthioli (sometimes called Giacomo)
was the real homme du masque de fer
(See Temple Bur, May, 1872, pp. 182-
184); but Marius Topin, in The Manin
the Iron Mask, maintains it as an in-
dubitable fact. There is an English
translation of Topin’s book by Vizetelli,
published by Smith and Elder.

There are several others ‘‘ identified ”’
as the veritable Iron Mask, e.g.—

(1) Louis, Duc de Vermandois, natural
son of Louis XIV. by De la Valliére, _

| who was imprisoned for life because he

gave the Dauphin a box on the ears.
Mémoires Secrets pour servir a Histoire
le Perse.) This cannot be, as the duke
died in camp, 1683.

(2) A young foreign nobleman, cham-
berlain of Queen Anne, and real father
of Louis XIV. (4 Dutch story.)

(3) Duc de Beaufort, King of the

Iron Tooth

662

Troquois

Markets. (Legrange-Chancel: L’ Année
Littéraire, 1759.) This supposition is
worthless, as the duke was slain by the
Turks at the siege of Candia (1669).

(4) An elder brother of Louis XIV.,
some say by the Duke of Buckingham,
others by Cardinal Mazarin. (See Vol-
taire: Dictionnaire Philosophigue [Anna],
and Linguet : Bastile Dévoilée.)

(5) Abbé Soulavie asserts it was a
twin brother of Louis XIV., Maréchal
Richelieu. This tale forms the basis of
Zschokke’s German tragedy, and Four-
nier’s drama.

(6) Some maintain that it was Fouquet,
the disgraced Minister of Finance to
Louis XIV.

(7) Some that it was the Arminian
Patriarch, Avedik.

(8) Some that it was the Duke of
Monmouth; but he was executed on
Tower Hill in 1685,

(9) In the Western Morning News
_ (Plymouth, October 21st, 1893) we are

told that Le Commandant Bazeries has
deciphered a letter in cipher written by
Louvois, Minister of War, to Catinat
(Lieutenant-General in command of the
army at Piedmont), desiring him to
arrest M, de Bulonde for raising the
siege of Conti; and to send him to the
citadel of Pignerol.

“ He was to be allowed to walk on the ramparts
wearing a mask,”

Whatever the real name of this myste-
rious prisoner, he was interred in 1703
under the name of Marchiali, aged about
forty-five. And the nameis so registered
in St. Paul’s register, Paris; witnessed
by M. de Rosarge (mayor of the Bastile)
and M. Reilh (surgeon).

“The mask was made of black velvet on steel
springs.”

Iron-tooth {Deni de Fer}. Frederick
, Elector of Brandenburg. (1657, 1688-
1713.) ;

Iron Crown of Lombardy is so
called from a narrow band of iron within
it, said to be beaten out of one of the
nails used at the Crucifixion. This band
is about three-eighths of an inch broad,
and one-tenth of an inch in thickness,
According to tradition, the nail was first
given to Constantine by his mother, who

iscovered the cross, The outer circlet
of the crown is of beaten gold, and set
with precious stones. The crown is pre-
served with great care at Monza, near
Milan ; and Napoleon, like his predeces-
sor Charlemagne, was crowned with it.

After. the war between Austria and
Italy, the Iron Crown was delivered by

the former power to Victor Immanuel, |

Iron entered into his Soul (Tie).
The anguish or annoyance is felt most
keenly. The allusion is to the ancient
custom of torturing the flesh with in-
struments of iron.

“] saw the iron enter into his soul, and. felt
what sort of pain it was that ariseth from hope
deferred."—Sierne : Sentimental Journey.

Iron Maiden of Nuremberg (Tie).
An instrument of torture for “ heretics,’’
traitors, parricides, etc. It was a box
big enough to admit a man, with folding-
doors, the whole studded with sharp

iron spikes. When the doors were
pressed-to these spikes were forced into
the body of the victim, who was left

there to die in horrible torture, (German,
Eiserne Jungfrau.)

One of these diabolical machines
was exhibited in 1892 in the Free Trade
Hall, Manchester, and in London.

Irons (Jn). In fetters. ‘ Mettre les
Jers aux pieds a [quelqwun].”’

Ironclad (An). A ship having the
hull sheathed wholly or im with
plates of iron, to resist projectiles.

Ironclad Oath (Zhe), 1866. An
Act passed in North America excluding
voters in the States lately in rebellion
from the franchise; practically disfran-
chising all Southerners over twenty-five
years of age,

Ironside. Edmund I1., King of the
Anglo-Saxons, was so called, from his
iron armour. (989, 1016-1017.)

Nestor Ironside. Sir Richard Steele,
who assumed the name in The Guardian.
(1671-1729.)

Ironsides. The soldiers that served
under Cromwell were so called, especially
after the battle of Marston Moor, where
they displayed an iron resolution.

Irony. A dissembling, (Greek, etron,
a dissembler, eironeia.)

“So grave a body upon so solemn an occasion
should not deal in irenrs or explain their meaning

by contraries."—Swift

Irony of Fate (Zhe). A strange
fatality which has brought about some-
thing quite the reverse of what might
have been expected.

“ By the irony of fate the Ten Hours’ Bill was
carried in the very session when Lord Ashley,
having changed his views on the Corn Laws, felt
it his duty to resign his seat in Tiament."—
The Leisure Hour, 1887. RL 14

Iroquois (Am). Anyone of the five
now six) confederate tribes, viz. the

ohawks, Oneidas, Onon , Cayu-
gas, Senecas, and sixth ion haaaedes
added in 1712, now forming “The Six
Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy.” r.

=

*

Isaae, A hedge-sparrow.

a
a

Trrefragable

663

Isabelle

Irrefragable Doctor. Alexander
Hales, an English friar, founder of the
scholastic theology (thirteenth century).

Irrel’evant is not to relieve, not to
lighten. Irrelevant matter is that which
does not help to bear the burden or
make it lighter; something not perti-
nent or not material to the point in
question, (Latin levis, light.)

Irresis‘tible. Alexander the Great
went to consult the Delphic oracle before
he started on his expedition against
Persia. He chanced, however, to arrive
on a day when no responses were made,
Nothing daunted, he went in search of
the Pythia, and when she refused to
attend, took her to the temple by force.
“Son,’’ said the priestess, ‘‘ thou_art
irresistible.”? ‘‘ Enough,’’ cried Alex-
ander; ‘I accept your words as my
response.”’

Irritable Genus (Z/e) or the “‘Genus
irritdbile”’ (Horace: Epistles, ii, 2, 102).
Poets, and authors generally,
cvryBt ippeushers | is a wrathful trade, and the
irritable genus comprehends tbe bookselling as
well as the book-writing species."—Sir W. Scott:
The Monastery (Int.).

Irspilles Felles. Skins having
bristly hair like that of goats. (Hirci-
pilus—i.e, ‘* goat’s hair.”” (Festus.) A
fellis Anglo-Saxon for ‘“‘skin,’’ like the
Latin pell-is, English peel. Thus we
say still a ‘‘wool-fell.’”’” Shakespeare

of ‘‘a fell of hair’’ (Macbeth, v.
5). Felimonger, a dealer in skins.

Irtish Ferry. 70 cross the Irtish
ferry is to be laid on the shelf. The
ferry oi the Irtish is crossed by those
who are exiled to Siberia. Itis regarded
in Russia as the ferry of political death.

Irus. The beggar of gigantic stature,
who kept watch over the suitors of
Penel’ope. His real name was Ar’neos,
but the suitors nicknamed him Iros
because he carried their messages for
them. Ulysses, on his return, felled
him to the ground with a single blow,
and flung him out of doors.

\ Poorer than Irus, A Greek proverb
adopted by the Romans (see Ovid), an

-existing in the French language (‘Plus
pauvre qu Irus’’), alluding to the beggar
referred to above.

Ir’vingites (3 syl.). The self-styled
Catholic Apostolic Church, founded by
‘the Rev. Edward Irving in 1829; they
believed in the gift of tongues.

@ cor-

heisuagge.

ruption of Chaucer’s word,

(Anglo-Saxon, heag, hedge ; sugga, the
sugga bird.)

Isaac of York, The Jew in Ivanhoe,
and father of Rebecca. (Sir Walter
Scott.)

Isabel, called She-wolf of France.
The adulterous queen of Edward II.,
daughter of Philippe IV. (/e Bel) of
France. According to tradition, she
murdered her royal husband by thrust-
ing a hot iron into his bowels.

*“* Mark the year and mark the night
When Seyern shall re-echo with affright
The shrieks of death through Berkley’s roofs that
ring, :
Shbrieks of an agonising king.
She-wolf of France, with unrelenting fangs,
That tear’st the bowels of thy mangled mate!”
Gray; The Bard,
Ls'abel. The Spanish form of Eliza-

beth. The French form is Isabelle.

Isabella, Princess of Sicily, in love
with Robert le Diable, but promised in
marriage to the prince of Grana’da, who
challenged Robert to mortal combat.
Robert was allured from the combat by
his fiend-father, but when Alice told
him that Isabella ‘‘ the princess is wait-
ing for him at the altar,’’ a struggle
took place between Bertram and Alice,
the one trying to drag the duke to the
infernal regions, and the other trying to
win him to the ways of Virtue. Alice
prevailed, but the audience is not in-
formed whether Robert married Isabella
or not. (Meyerbeer’s opera, Robert il
Diavolo.)

Isabella, daughter of Hercules, Duke of
Ferra’ré, sister of Alfonso and Ippol’ito,
and wife of Francisco Gonza’go, lord of
Mantua.

Isabella, (See Pot oF BASIL.)

Isabelle or Isabella (in Orlando
Furioso). Daughter of the king of Gali-
cia, in love with Zerbi’no; but, being a
pagan, Zerbino could not marry her.

erbino induces her to quit her native
land, and gives Odori’co charge of her.
She is wrecked, and Odorico escapes with
her to Rochelle. Here Odorico assails
her virtue, but is alarmed by a vessel
which he sees approaching, and flees,
She is kept captive by the crew for nine
months, but Orlando slays or hangs all
the crew, and Isabella being free, ac-
companies her rescuer. Her lament at
the death of Zerbino is one of the best
parts of the poem (book xii). She
retires to a chapel to bury Zerbino, and
is there slain by Rod’omont,

Isabelle. The colour so called is the
yellowof soiled calico, Ayellow-dun horse

Isaf

664

Isinglass

is called in France wn cheval isabelle. The
tale is attached to Isabel of Austria
and Isabel of Castile. It is said that
Isabel of Austria, daughter of Philip IL,
at the siege of Ostend vowed not to
change her linen till the place was taken.
As the siege lasted three years, we may
well suppose that it was somewhat
soiled by three years’ wear.

“His colour was isabel, a name given in allu-
sion to the whimsical vow of Tsabella Clara
Eugenia, Governess of the Netherlands, at the
memorable siege of Ostend, which lasted from
1601 till 1604,"—Dillon: Travels in Spain (1781).

Isabel of Castile, we are told, made a
vow to the Virgin not to change her
linen till Grana’da fell into her hands;
but this siege lasted longer than ladies
are wont to wear their body-linen.

* Bright-Sun was mounted on a black horse,
that of Felix was a grey, Chery’s was white as
milk, and the princess’s an isabelle.”— Countess
d@ Alnois: Fair-star and Prince Chery.

Isaf. An Arabian idol in the form of

man, brought from Syria, and placed
in Es-Safa, near the temple of Mecca.

ome say Isaf was a man converted into
stone for impiety, and that Mahomet
suffered this one ‘‘idol’’ to remain as a
warning to his disciples.

Isenbras or Sir Isumbras. A hero
of medieval romance, first proud and
presumptuous, when he was visited by all
sorts of punishments; afterwards peni-
tent and humble, when his afflictions
were turned into blessings. It was in
this latter stage that he one day carried
on his horse two children of a poor
woodman across a ford. (See Ysam-
BRAS. )

“T warne you first at the begynninge
That I will make no vain carpinge [talk]
Of deeds of armys ne of amours,
As dus mynstrellés and jestours,
That makys carpinge in many a place
Of Octoriane and Isembrase.” ;
William of Nassington.

I'sengrin or Sir Isgrim, the wolf,
afterwards created Earl of Pitwood, in
the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox,
Isengrin typifies the barons, and Reynard
the church ; and the gist of the tale is to
show how Reynard bamboozles his uncle
Wolf. (German, Jsegrimm, a wolf, a
surly fellow.)

Iseult. (See YSONDE.)

Ishban, in the satire of Absalom and
Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is Sir
Robert Clayton, who'd ‘‘e’en turn loyal
to be made a peer”? (partii.).

Ish’bosheth, in Dryden’s satire of
Absalom and <Achitophel, is meant for
Richard Cromwell. His father, Oliver,
is called Saul. At the death of Saul,

Ishbosheth was acknowledged king by a
party, and reigned two years, when he
was assassinated. (Part i. 57, 58.)

“ They who, when Saul was dead, without a blow,
Made foolish Ishbosheth the crown forego.”

Ish’‘monie’. The petrified city in
Upper Egypt, full of men and women
turned to stone. (Ferry: View of the
Levant.) =

Marryat has borrowed the idea in his
Pacha of Many Tales,

I'siac Tablet. A spurious Egyptian
monument sold by a soldier to Cardinal
Bembo in 1527, and preserved at Turin.
It is of copper, and on it are represented
most of the Egyptian deities in the
mysteries of: Isis. It was said to have
been found at the siege of Rome in 1525.
The word Isiac is an adjective formed
from Isis.

Isido'rian Decre'tals, Also called
Pseudo or False Decretals. A spurious
compilation of fifty-nine decretals by
Mentz, who lived in the ninth century,
and fraudulently ascribed them to Isidore
of Seville, who died in the sixth century.
Prior to the ninth century the only
authentic collection of decretals or letters
of the popes in reply to questions pro-
posed to them by bishops, ecclesiastical
judges, and others, was that of Dionysius
the Little [Exig’uus], a Roman monk,
who lived in the middle of the sixth
century. He commences with Pope
Siricius (fourth century). The Isidorian
decretals contain ‘fifty-nine letters as-
cribed to persons living between Cle-
ment and Siricius, and forty others not
contained in the Dionysian collection.
The object of these forged letters is
either to exalt the Papacy or enforce
some law assuming the existence of such
exaltation. Amongst these spurious
letters are the decretal of St. Anacle’tus,
the decretal of St. Alexander, the letter
of Julius to the Easterns, the synodical
letter of St. Athana’sius, the decretal of
St. Fabian instituting the rite of the
chrism, and so on.

“Ta réforme pseudo-Isidorienne, adoptée par
8. Nicholas, en 865, par le huitiéme concile wcu-
menique en 870, confirmé par le concile de Trent
en 1564, elle est depuis neuf siécles le Groit com-
mun dans léglise catholique ....ce qu'il est
impossible de justifier et méme d'excuser, c'est

le moyen employé Par le pseudo-Isidore ur
rhe ses fins,"—Etudes seligieuses, No. 47, p.

I’singlass. A corruption of the
Dutch huyzendblas (an air-bladder), being
prepafed from the bladders and sounds
of sturgeon. (German, huyen, a stur-
geon.) iy Cae

Isis

665

Ismaelians

ey

Y’sis, Sister-wife of Osi’ris. The
cow was sacred to her; and she is re-
presented with two long horns from one
stem at the top of her head. She is
said to have invented spinning and
weaving. (Egyptian mythology.)
“Invyentress of the woof, fair Lina [flax] flings

The flying shuttle thro’ the dancing strings. .

Taught by her labours, from the fertile soil

Immortal Isis clothed the banks of Nile.”

Darwin: Loves of the Plants, c. ii.

Milton, in Paradise Lost, names Osiris,
Isis, and Orus amongst the fallen angels
(book i, 478).

Isis, Herodotos thinks, is Deme’ter
(Ce'rés).

Diodo'ros confounds her with the
Moon, Demeter, and Juno,

Qiinecey sola ed her with Athe’na
inerva), Perseph oné (Proserpine), the
Moon, and e'thys. aes

Apule’ius calls her the mother of the

gods Minerva, Venus, Diana, Proser-
ine, Cerés, Juno, Bello’na, Hecate, and
hamnu'sia [Nemesis].

Lockyer says, “Isis represents the
idea of rising or becoming visible, Osiris
of disappearing.” Thus the rising moon,
arising planet, the coming dawn, etc.,
is Isis ; but the setting sun, the waning
moon, a setting planet, evening, etc., is
Osiris.

“Now the bright moonbeams kissed the water,
+.«,+ and now the mountain and valley, river
and _ plain, were flooded with white light, for
mother Isis was arisen.’—Rider Haggard: Cleo-
patra; clap. iii.

Isis was the mother of Horus (the
rising sun), and is represented as nursing
him.

Isis, Some maintain that Isis was at
one time the protectress of Paris, and

that the word Paris is a contraction of

the Greek Para Isidos (near the temple
of Isis), the temple referred to being the
Panthéon or church of St. Genevieve.
We are told, moreover, that a statue of
Isis was for a long time preserved in the
church of St. Germain des Prés, but was
broken to pieces by Cardinal Brigonnet
because he saw certain women offering
candles to it as to the Virgin.

The Young Isis. Cleopatra (69-30 B.c.).

Islam or Islamism. The true faith,
according to the Mahometan notion.
The Moslems say every child is born in
Islam, and would continue in the true
faith if not led astray into Magism,
Judaism, or Christianity. The word
“means resignation or submission to the
will of God.

Islam consists of five duties :—
(2) Bearing witness that there is hut one-God.
' + (2) Reciting daily prayers.
Giving the appointed and legal alms.
4) Observing the Ramazan (a month's fast).

_ (5) Making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once
in a lifetime,

Rag thle and Musulman are from the sane
root.

Is‘lamite (3 syl.). A follower of
Mahomet or believer in Islam.

Island of Saints. So Ireland was
called in the Middle Ages.

Island of St. Brandan. The flying
island, the supposed retreat of King
Rodri’go. So called from St. Brandan,
who went in search of the Islands of
Paradise in the sixth century.

Island of the Seven Cities, A
kind of Dixie land, where seven bishops,
who quitted Spain during the dominion
of the Moors, founded seven cities. The
legend says that many have visited the
island, but no one has ever quitted it.

Islands of the Blessed, called by
the Greeks ‘‘ Happy Islands,’’ and by
the Romans ‘‘Fortunate Islands.’
Imaginary islands somewhere in the
west, where the favourites of the gods
are conveyed at death, and dwell in
everlasting joy.

“ Their place of birth alone is mute
To sounds that echo farther west
Than your sire’s Islands of the Blest.”
5 Byron.

Isle of Dogs. So called from being
the receptacle of the greyhounds of
Edward III. Some say it is a corrup-
tion of the Jsle ef Ducks, and that it is
so called in ancient records from the
number of wild fowl inhabiting the
marshes.

Isle of Lanterns (Zhe), or Lan-
tern-land, An imaginary country in-
habited. by pretenders to knowledge.
In French, Lenternois. (Rabelais: Pan-
tagruel, v. 32, 33.)

* Lucian has a similar conceit, called
the City of Lanterns ; and Dean Swift,
in his Gulliver’s Travels, makes his hero
visit Laputa, the empire of quacks, false
projectors, and pretenders to science.

Isle of Mist (Zhe). The Isle of Skye,
whose high hills are almost always

- shrouded in mist.

“Nor sleep thy hand by thy side, chief of the Isle
of Mist.” Ossian: Fingal, i.
Islington (Zhe Marquis %). One of
the skilful companions of Barlow, the
famous archer, was so. christened by
Henry VIII. (See Suorepircn, The
Duke of.)

Ismae/ians (4 syl.). A Mahometan
sect, which maintained that Isma’el, and
not Moussa, ought to be Imaum’, In
the tenth century they formed a secret
society, from which sprang the Assassins,

Ismene

666

Italic

Isme’né (3 syl.) Daughter of C’di-
pus and Jocasta. Anti ons was buried
alive by the order of King Creon, for
burying her brother Polyni'cés, slain in
combat by his brother Ete’oclés, Is-
me’né declared that she had aided her
sister, and requested to be allowed to
share the same punishment,

Isme'né. The lady-love of Isme’nias,
in the erotic romance of Eustathius or
Eumathius entitled Ismene and Ismenias
(twelfth century). Translated by God-
frey of Viterbo, Especially noteworthy
from its being reproduced in the Con-
fessio Amantis of Gower, and forming
the plot of Shakespeare’s Pericles.

Isme’nias. A Theban musician of
whom Ath’eas, King of the Scyth’ians,
declared, ‘‘I liked the music of Ismenias
better than the braying of an ass.”
( Plutarch.)

Isme’no (in Jerusalem Delivered). A
magician who could ‘‘call spirits from
the vasty deep.’’? He was once a Chris-
tian, but became Mahometan. Ismeno
was killed by a stone hurled at him by
an engine (book xviii.).

Isobars. Lines on a map connecting
places which have the same mean baro-
metric pressure. The closer the isobars
are the stronger the wind, the farther
the lighter. (Greek, baros, weight.)

Isoc’rates. The French TIsocrates.
Fléchier, Bishop of Nismes (1632-1710).

Isolde a syl.). Wife of King Mark,
of Cornwall, who had an illicit affection
for Sir Tristram, Mark’s nephew. Isolde
the White, Sir Tristram’s wife.

I’sother’mal Lines, Lines laid down
in maps to show the places which have
the same mean temperature. (Greek,
isos thermos, equal heat.)

Is‘rael, in Dryden’s satire of Absalom
and Achitophel, stands for England.

Is'rafil’. The angel of music, who
possessed the most melodious voice of all
God’s creatures. This is the angel who
is to sound the Resurrection Trump, and
will ravish the ears of the saints in para-
dise. Israfil, Gabriel, and Michael were
the three angels that warned Abraham
of Sodom’s destruction. (Sale: Koran.)

“A winged band, commanded by Israfil, the
aigel of the resurrection, came to mect Roland.”
--Croguemitaine, fi, &

‘Issa, Jesus. |

Is‘sachar, in Deyoen ® satire of Ab
salom and Achitophel, means Thomas
Thynne, of Longleate Hail, a friend of

the Duke of Monmouth. Thynne was |

assassinated in his carriage, in Pall Mall,
by ruffians hired by Count Koningsmark.
The cause of the murder was jealousy.
Both Mr, Thynne and the count were
in love with Lady Elizabeth Percy, the
widow of the Earl of Ogle. Her friends
contracted her to the rich commoner,
but before the match was consummated
Mr. Thyune was murdered, Within
three months the lady married the Duke
of Somerset. (See MOHUN.)

Issachar’s ears. Ass’sears. The allu-
sion is to Gen, xlix. 14: ‘ Issachar is a
strong ass crouching down between two
burdens.”

“ Js't possible that you, whose ears
Are of the tribe of Issacbar's .. .
Should yet be deaf against a noise
So roaring as the public voice ?”
S. Butler: Hudibras to Sidrophel.

Issland. The kingdom of Brunhild
is identified by Von der Hagen with Ice-
land, but Wackernagel-says it means
Amazonian land, and derives it from
the Old German itis (a woman). (The
Nibelungen Lied.)

Issue. The point of law in debate or

in question. ‘‘ At issue,’”’ under dispute.

0 join issue. To take opposite views

of a question, or opposite sides in a suit.

To join issues. ‘Yo leave a suit to the

decision of the court because the parties
interested cannot agree,

Isthmian Games. Epsom races
were styled ‘‘Our Isthmian Games ’”’
by Lord Palmerston, in allusion to the
famous games consisting of chariot
races, cis f wrestling, boxing, ete.,
held by the Greeks in the Isthmus of
Corinth every alternate spring, the first
and third of each Olympiad.

Isthmus of Suez. The covered
bridge of St. John’s College, Cambridge,
is so called, because it connects the col-
lege with the grounds on the other side
of the river. Suez here isa pun on the
word sus (a hog), the Johnians being
nicknamed hogs in University slang.

Italian Architecture, The Roman
architecture revived in the fifteenth cen-
tury, and in vogue during that and the,
two succeeding ones. It is divided into
three schools—the Florentine, Roman,
and Venetian.

Italian of Asia (The). Persian is so
called. Noted for its harmony, and its
adaptation to verse and the lighter class
of music.

Italic School of Philosophy. The
Pythagore’an, so called because Pythag-
oras taught in Italy. ;

Italic

667

Ivan

Italic Version. A version of the
Bible from the astern which pre-
ceded the Vulgate, or the version by St.
Jerome,

Italics. The type first used by Aldo
Manu’zio in ots the Aldine classics,
It was called by him ‘‘ Cursive ’’ letters
(a sunning hand; from Latin, curro,
to run). Virgil was the first author
printed in this type (1501). Francesco
of Bologna cast it. :

The words italicised in the Bible have
no corresponding words in the original.
The translators supplied these words to
render the sense of the passage more
full and clear.

Italy. The champion of Italy was
St. Anthony. (Seven Champions of
Christendom, part i. 6.)

Itch. My fingers iteh to be at him.
This is a French locution, ‘‘ Les poings
me deman i de le Cpanel

An itch for gold. A longing desire.
fame eee andoi cos, to iteh.) ;

Itching Ears (To have). To havea

longing desire to hear news, or some

novelty.

“The time will come when they willnot endure
the sound doctrine ; but. having itching ears, will
heap to themselves teachers after their own lusts
{or Jongings)."—2 Timotby iv. 3 (R.V.).

Itching Palm (47). A love of
money. If the palm of your right hand
itches, it betokens that you are going to
receive money. So Melton tells us in
his -Astrologaster, p. 23,

“ Let me tell you, Cassius, you yourself
Are much condemned to have an itching pa)m.”
Shakespeare : Julius Cesar, iv. 4.

Itching of the Eye. If the right
eye itches it betokens laughter at hand ;
if the left eye, it betokens grief; but
Shakespeare does not observe this dis-,
tinction.

“ My right eye itches now, 80 I shal) see
‘My love.” i critus, i. 37.
¢ “ Mine eyes do itch;
Doth that forebode weeping ?” -
Shakespeare : Othetto, iv. 3.

Itching of the Lips indicates you
are about to receive a kiss, or else kiss
somebody.

“If your lips itcb, yon shall kisse somebody.”
—Melton 1 Astrologaster,. p, 32.

Itching of the Nose indicates that
you are going to see a stranger.

“ We shall ha’ guests to-day
. . » My nose itcheth 80."
Dekker : Honest Whore.

Itching of the Thumb, according to
Shakespeare, betokens the approach of
ew :

© By the pricking of my thumbs,
Something evil this way comes.”

Macbeth, iv, i.

Ithacen’sian Suitors — The
suitors of Penelope (4 syl.), wife of
Ulysses, King of Ithaca. While Ulysses
was absent, many suiters presented
themselves to Penelépé, affirming that
Ulysses was certainly dead. Peneldpé
put them off, saying she would give a
definite answer when she had finished
the robe she was weaving for Laertés ,
but at night she unravelled all she had
woven during the day. At last Ulysses
returned and slew the suitors.
“ All the ladies, each and each,

Like the Ithacensian suitors in old time,
Stared with great eyes, and laughed with alien

lips.” Tennyson: I'he Princess, iv.

Ithu’riel. One of: the angels com-
missioned by Gabriel to search for Satan,
who had effected his entrance into Para-
dise. The other angel who accompanied
him was Zephon. (Ithuriel means ‘‘ the
discovery of God.’’)

“Tthuriel and Zephon, with winged speed
Search through this garden; leave unsearched
no. nook ;
But chiefly where tbose two fair creatures

rhaps asleep, secure of harm.”
Milton: Paradise Lost, book iv. 788-791.

Ithu‘riel’s Spear. The spear of the
the angel Ithuriel, the slightest touch of
which exposed deceit. Hence, when
Satan squatted like a toad ‘close to the
ear of Eve,’ Ithuriel only.,touched the
creature with his spear,-and it resuméd
the form of Satan. a
“Him [ie. Satan], thus intent Ithuriel with his

spear
Touched lightly ; for no falsehood can endure
Touch of celestial] temper, but. returns

Of force to its own likeness.”
Milton; Paradise Lost, iv 810-813.

Itin’erary (47). The notification
of the route followed by a traveller.
The Itinerary of Antoninus marks out
all the main roads of the Roman Empire,
and the stations of the Roman army.
The Itinerary of Peutinger (Tabula
Peutingeriadna) is also an invaluable
document of ancient geography, exe-
cuted a.b. 393, in the reign of Theodosius
the Great, and hence called sometimes

the Theodosian Tablé.
Its did not come into use till the
seventeenth century. Dean Trench

points out that Chatterton betrayéd his
forgeries by the line ‘‘ Life and its goods
I scorn,”’ but the word its was not in
use till several centuries after the death
of the monk to whom the words are
ascribed. In 1548 it was used for its.
_ “The Jone and deuotion towardes God also hath
it infancie, and hath it commyng forward in.
growth of age.” (1548.) r
I'van. The Russian form of John,
called Juan in Spain, Giovanni ip.
Italian. : 4

Ivanhoe

Ivan the Terrible. Ivan IV. of Russia,
infamous for his cruelties, but a man of
great energy. He first adopted the title
of czar. (1029, 1533-1584.)

I’vanhoe (3 syl.). Sir Wilfred, knight
of Ivanhoe, is the disinherited son of
Cedric of Rotherwood. He is first intro-
duced as a pilgrim, in which guise he
enters his father’s hall, where he meets
Rowe‘na.
dichado, the | ‘‘ Disinherited Knight,”’
in the grand tournament where he van-
quishes all opponents. At the inter-
cession of King Richard he is reconciled
to his father, and ultimately marries
Rowena, his father’s ward. Rebecca,
the Jew’s daughter, to whom he had
shown many acts of kindness, was in
love with him.

Sir Walter Scott took the name from
the village of Ivanhoe, or Ivinghoe, in
Bucks, a line in a old rhymed: proverb
—‘ Tring, King, and Ivanhoe’’—having

attracted his attention.

Ivanovitch. A lazy, good-natured
person, the national impersonation of
the Russians as a people, as John Bull is
of the English, Brother Jonathan of the
Americans, Jean Crapaud of the French,
and Cousin Michael of the Germans.

Ivories. Teeth; dice.

To show one’s ivories. To display one’s
teeth. Fi

To wash one’s ivorics. To rinse the
mouth ; to drink.

Ivory Gate of Dreams (Tze).
Dreams which delude pass through this
gate, those which come true pass through
the Gate of Horn. This fancy depends
ses two puns: ivory in Greek is ¢/g-
phas, and the verb elephairo means “to
cheat with empty hopes;’’ the Greek
for horn is.;eras, and the verb karanod
méans ‘‘ to accomplish.”

“ Sunt geming somni porte : quarum altera fertur

Jornea, qua veris facilis datur exitus umbris ;

ltera candenti perfecta nitens elephanto ;

Sed falsa ad celum mittunt insomnia manes.”

* Virgil: Ainetd, vi, 84-897,

Ivory Palaces are not unfrequently
mentioned in the Old Testament. Thus
(Psalm xlv. 8), ‘All thy garments
smell of myrrh, aloes, and cassia, out of
the ivory palaces ;’’ in 1 Kings xxii. 39
we read that Ahab built ‘“‘an ivo
house; ’’ and in Amos iii. 15 we read,
“<I will smite the winter-house with the
summer-house, and the houses of ivory.”’
Lady Mary Wortley Montague, in her
Letters, speaks of the ivory fittings of
the harem of the Kahya’s palace at
Adrianople. She says, “Its winter

668

He next appears as Des- +

J. d.

—

apartments are wainscotted with inlaid
work of mother-of-pearl and ivory of
different colours’? (vol. ii. p. 161-162). -

“The ceilings of the Eastern houses are of
mosaic work, and for the most part of iyory,
Jike those superb Talaar of Persia."—St. John

Chardin.

Ivory Shoulder. Deméter ate the
shoulder of Pelops, served up by Tan-
tilos; so when the gods restored the’
body to life, Deméter supplied the
lacking shoulder with one of ivory.

“Not Pelops’ shoulder whiter than her bands."

: W. Browne: Britannia’s Pastorals; ii. 3.

Ivy (Old English, ifig). Dedicated to
Bacchus from the notion that it is a
preventive of drunkenness. But whether
the Dionysian ivy is the same plant as
that which we call ivy is doubtful, as it
was famous for its golden berries, and
was termed chryso-carpos.

Ivy (in Christian art). Symbol of
everlasting life, from its remaining con-
tinually green. An ivy wreath was the
prize of the Isth’mian games, till it was
superseded by a pine garland. The
plant was sacred to Bacchus and Osi'ris.

Ivy Bush. Like an owl in an ivy-
bush. Having a sapient, vacant look, as
some persons have when in their cups ;
having a stupid vacant stare. Owls are
proverbial for their judge-like solemnity,
and ivy is the favourite plant.of Bacchus.
Gray, in his Hlegy, refers to the Owl
and the Ivy.

“From yonder ivy-mantled tower
The moping owl doth to the moon complain
Of such as, wandering near her secret bower,
Molest her ancient solitary reign.”
Stanza 3.

Ivy. Lane (London). So called from
the houses of the prebendaries of St.
Paul, overgrown with ivy, which once
stood there.

Ixi‘on. A king of the Lapithe,
bound to a revolving wheel of fre in
the Infernal regions, for his impious
presumption in Lying to imitate the
thunder of heaven. (Greek mythology.)

~ The treadmill is sometimes
‘* Txion’s Wheel.”

J

J. Cn Punch). The- ture of
Douglas Jerrold, who first contributed
to No. 9 of the series. satel

J. J. (In Hogarth’s Gin Lane, writ-_
ten on a. gibbet), is. intended for Sir
Joseph Jekyll, obnoxious for his bill for

‘increasing the duty on gin.

Jaafer

669

Jack

Jaafer. At the battle of Muta, Jaafer
éarried the sacred banner of ‘‘ the Pro-
phet.’”. One hand being lopped off, he

eld it with the other; the other being
struck off, he embraced it with his two
stumps; his head being cleft in twain,
he flung himself on the banner staff, and
the banner was detained thus till Ab-
dallah seized it and handed it to Khaled.
‘A similar tale is told of Cynegiros (q.v.).

Ja‘chin, The parish clerk in Crabbe’s
Borough., He apgrpp Tair’ the sacra-
mental money, and died disgraced.

Jachin. (See Boaz.)

Jack.

I. APPLIED TO MEN, but always de-
preciatingly. (Sce Tom.)

(1) Jack Adams, A fool.

3} Jack-a-dandy (q..).
3) Juck-a-dreams, A man of inaction,
a@ mere dreamer.

(4) Jack-a-drognes. A good-natured,
lazy fool. (Dutch, druilen, to be listless ;
our drawl.) .

(5) Jack-a-Lent, Ahalf-starved, sheep-
ish booby, Shakespeare says: ‘‘ You
little Jack-a-lent, have you been true to
us?”? (Merry Wives of) Windsor, iii. 3.)

A kind of Aunt Sally which was
thrown at in Lent. (See Cleveland’s
Poems [1660], p. 64.)

(6) Jack-a-napes (q.v.).

(7) Jack-at-a-pinch. One who lends
a hand in an emergency; an itinerant
clergyman who has no cure, but offici-
ates for a fee in any church where his
assistance is required.

(8) Jack Brag. (See BRraa.)

(9) Jack Fool. More generally, Tom
Fool (q..).

(10) Jack Ketch (q.0.).
(11) Jack-pudding (q.v.).
(12) Jack-sauce, An insolent sauce-
box, ‘the worst Jack of the pack.’’
Fluellen says one who challenges another
and refuses to fight is a “Jack-sauce.”’
(Henry V., iv. 7.)
' (18) Jack-snip. A botching tailor.
(14) Jack-slave. ‘‘¥every Jack-slave
hath his belly full of fighting.” (Shake-
speare : Cymbeline, ii. 1.)

(15) Jack-sprat (q.v.).

ca) Jack-straw. A peasant rebel.

ie Jack-tar (q.v.).

18) Jack-in-office, A conceited official,
or upstart, who presumes on his official
appointment to give himself airs.

(19). Jack-in-the-green. A chimney-
sweep boy in the midst of boughs, on

Bay 7
(20) Jack-in-the-water. An attendant

at the waterman’s stairs, etc., willing to |

wet his feet, if needs be, for a “few
coppers.’” r

(21) Jack-of-all-trades. One who can
turn his hand to anything, byt excels -in
nothing.

(22) Jack-of-both-sides, One who tries
to favour two antagonistic parties, either
from fear or for profit.

(23) Jack-out-of-ofice. ‘But long I
will not be Jack-out-of-office.”” (Shake-
speare: 1 Henry VI.,i. 1.)+

(24) Cheap Jack. (See CHEAP.)

(25). Jack will never be aw gentleman,
A mere parvenu will never be like a
well-bred gentleman.

(76) Every man-Jack of them. A
without exception, even the most in-
significant.

(27) Remember poor Jack. Throw a
copper to the boys paddling about the
jetty or pier, or performing tricks under
the hope of getting a small bounty.

II. APPLIED TO BOYS WHO ACT THE
PART OF MEN,

(1) Jack Frost. Frost personified as
a mischievous boy.

(2) Jack Sprat. Who bears the same
relation to a man as a sprat does to a
mackerel or herring.

(3) Jack and Jill (uurséry rhyme).
Jill or Gill is a contraction of Julienne
or Gillian, a-:common Norman name.
(See Jack, VII.)

(4) Jack and the Bean-stalk (q.v.).

(5) Jack and the Fiddler (q.v.).

(6) Jack of cards. The Knave or boy
of the king and queen of the same suit.

(7) Jack the Giant-killer (q.v.).

(8) Glym Jack. A link boy who carries
aglym. (German, glimmen.) (Sce GLIM.)

(9) Little Jack Horner. (See Jack
Horner. )

(10) The house that Jack built (nursery
tale).

III. APPLIED TO THE MALES OR IN-
FERIOR ANIMALS: as—

Jack-ass, Jack-baker (a kind of owl),
Jack or dog tox, Jack-hare, Jack-hern,
Jack-rat, Jack-shark, Jack-snipe; a
young pike is called a Jack, so also were
the male birds used in falconry.

IV. APPLIED TO INSTRUMENTS which
supply the place of or represent inferior
men or boys :— -

(1) A jack. Used instead of a turn-
spit boy, generally called Jack.

(2) A jack. Used for lifting heavy
weights, : “i

(8) Jack. The figure outside old
public clocks made tg strike the bell.

_ “Strike like Jack o’ the clock-house, never bat
in season.’—Strode; Floating Island.

Jack

670

Jack

(4) Jack-roll, The cylinder round
which the rope of a well coils.

(5) Jack-in-the-basket. The cap or
basket on the top of a pole to indicate
the place of a sandbank at sea, etc.

(6) Jack-in-the-box. A toy consisting
of a box out of which, when the lid is
raised, a figure springs.

(7) Boot-jack. An instrument for
drawing off boots, which used to be
done by inferior servants.

(8) Bottle-jack. A machine for turn-
ing the roast instead of a turnspit.

(9) Lifting-jack. A machine for lift-
ing the axle-tree of a carriage whem the
wheels are cleaned.

(10) Roasting-jack. (See Bottle-jack, 8.)

(11) Smokejack. An apparatus in a
chimney-flue for turning a spit. It js
made to revolve by the upward current
of smoke and air.

(12) Jack-chain, A small chain for
turning the spit of a smoke-jack.

V. APPLIED TO INFERIOR ARTICLES
which bear the same relation to the
thing imitated as Jack does.to a gentle-
man.

(1) Jack. A rough stool or wooden
horse for sawing timber on.

(2) Jack, A small drinking vessel
made of waxed leather.

“Body of me, I am dry still; give me the jack,
boy.”—Beaumont and Fletcher: Bloody Brother, ii.2.

(8) Jack, Inferior kind of armour,
(See Jack, No. VIII.)

(4) A Jack and @ half-jack. Counters
resembling a sovereign and a_half-
sovereign. Used at gaming-tables to
make up a show of wealth.

(5) Jack-block. A block attached to
the topgallant-tie of a ship.

(6) Jack-boots.. Cumbrous boots of
tough, thick leather worn by fishermen.
Jacks or armour for the legs.

(7) Jack-pan. A vessel used by bar-
bers for heating water for their cus-
tomers.

(8) Jack-plane. A menial plane to do
the rough work for finer instruments.

(9) Jack-rafter. A yafter in a hipped
roof, shorter than a full-sized one.

(10) Jack-rid. An inferior. rib in an’

arch, being shorter than the rest.

(11) Jack-screw. A large screw rotat-
ing in a threaded socket, used for lifting
heavy weights.

(12) Jack-timbers, Timbers ina build-
ing shorter than the rest.

(18) Jack-towel, A coarse, long towel
hnng on a roller, for the servants’ use.

eS Jack of Dover (q.0.).

{28) Jacket (q.v.).

(16) Black jack. A huge. drinking
vessel. A Frenchman speaking of it
says, ‘‘The English drink out of their
boots.’? (Heyzwood.)

VI. A TERM OF CONTEMPT.

(1) Jack-a-lantern or Jack-o’-lantern,
the fool fire (ignis fatuus).

@ Jack-ass. An unmitigated fool.

3) Jack-at-bowls. The butt of all
the players.

(4) Jack-daw. A prating nuisance.

$3 Jack Drum’s entertainment (q.v.).

: mis “ mhonkey. —

7 rip-jack. A toy, an upstart,

(8) The black jack. ‘The turnip-fly.

(9) Lhe yellowjack. The yellow fever.

VII. USED IN PROVERBIAL PHRASES.

{ A good Jack makes a good Jill, A
good husband makes a good wife, a good
master makes a good servant. Jack, a

generic name for man, husband, or
master; and Gill or Jill, his wife or

* female servant.

Every Jack shall have his Jill. Every
man may find a wife if he likes; or
rather, every country rustic shall find a
lass to be his mate.

“ Jack shall have his Jill,
Nought shall goill; |
The ashy shall have his mare again, and all shall

Shakespeare: Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2.

To play the Jack. To play the rogue
or knave ; to deceive or lead astray like.
Jack-o’-lantern, or ignis fatuus.

“ your fairy, which you say is a harmless
fairy, has done little better than played the Jack
witb us.”—Shakespeare: Tempest, iv. 1.

To be upon their jacks. To have the
advantage over one, ‘The reference is
to the coat of mail quilted with stout
leather, more recently called a jerkin.

VIII. Jack. Armour consisting of a
leather surcoat worn over the hauberk,
from the fourteenth to the seventeenth
century, both inclusive. It was formed
by overlapping pieces of steel fastened
by one edge upon canvas, coated over
with cloth or velvet. In short, it was
a surcoat padded with metal to make it
sword-proof. These jazerines_ were.
worn by the peasantry of the English
borders when they journeyed from
place to place, and in their skirmishes
with moss-troopers. :

“ Jackes quilted and covered over with leather,

fustian, ot canvas, over.thicke plates of iron that
are sowed to the same."—Lily: Duphues.

{1 Colonel Jack, The hero of Defoe’s
novel so called. He is a thief who-goes
to Virginia; and becomes the owner of
vast plantations and a family of slaves. ©

Jack-a-Dandy

671

Jack o’ the Bowl

Jack-2Dandy. A term of endear-
ment for a smart, bright little fellow; a
Jemmy Jessamy.

“ Smart she is, and handy, O1
Swectas sugur-candy,O!...
And I’m ber Jack-a-dandy, 0!”

Jack - a- dandy. Slang for brandy.
Dandy rhymes with brandy. (See CuIvy.)

‘* In Ireland’ ‘‘ dandy” means
whisky : but whisky = eau de vie; and
eau de vie is brandy.

“Dimidium cyathi vero apud Methropolitanos
Herbernicos dicitur Dundy."—Glackwuod's Maga-
zine, May, 1838 (Father Tom and the Pope).

Jack-a-Lantern (4). A Will-o’-
the-wisp, an ignis futuus.

Jack-a-napes or Jackanapes =
Jack of apes. An impertinent, vulgar
prig. (See JEANNOT.)

More ‘likely, it is Jack and ape,
formed on the model of Jack-ass, a
stupid fool.

“1 will teach a scurvy jackanape priest to
meddle or make.” — Shakespeare: Merry Wives. of

Jack-Amend-All, One of the nick-
names given to Jack Cade the rebel,
who promised to remedy all abuses.

Jack Brag... (See Braa.)

Jack Drum’s Entertainment. A
beating. (Sze Joun Drum’s, etc.)

Jack Horner. For solution see
Notes and Queries, xvi. 156; xvii. 83,
In Latin alcaics, thus:

“ Sedens Johannes parvus in angulo
Hornérus edit crustula Christinica;
Et dixit, wt pruna extrahebut
Pollice, ‘Quam sum ego suavis infans !'"
The Lincoln Herald, Jan. 13, 1832.

Jack Ketch. Although this looks
very much like a sobriquet, there seeins
no sufficient evidence to believe it to be
otherwise than areal proper name. We
are told that the name Jack was applied
to hangmen from Richard Jaquett, to
whom the manor of Tyburn once be-
longed, (See HaneMEN.)

Jack Pudding. A buffoon who per-
forms pudding tricks, such as swallow-
ing a certain number of yards of black-
pudding. §. Bishop observes that each
country names its stage buffoon from its
favourite viands: The Dutchman calls
him Pickel-herringé ; the Germans, Hans
Wurst (John Sausage) ; the Frenchman,
Jean Totage ; the Italian, Macaro'ni ;
and the English, Jack Pudding.

Jack Robinson. Before you can suy
Jack Robinson. > Immediately. Grose
says that the saying had its birth from
@ very volatile geutleman of that name,

‘Windsor, i. 4.

who used to pay flying visits to his
qneighbours, and was no.sooner an-
nounced than he was off again ; but the
following couplet does not confirm this
derivation :—
“ A warke if ys as easie to be done
As tys to saye Jacke! robys on.”
An old Play, cited by Halliwell: Arch. Dict.
Jack Sprat. - A dwarf; as if sprats
were dwarf mackerels. Children, by a
similar metaphor, are called small fry.

Jack Tar. A common sailor, whose
hands and clothes are tarred by the ship
tackling.

Jack and the Bean Stalk. A
nursery tale of German invention. The
giant is All-Father, whose three
treasures are (1) a harp—+.e. the wind;
(2) bags full of treasures—i.e. the rain ;
and (8) the red hen which laid golden
eggs—that is, the genial sun. Man
avails himself of these treasures and
becomes rich.

Jack of all Trades is Master of
None. In French, ‘‘ Zout suvoir est ne
rien savoir.”’

Jack o’ both Sides. A supernu-
merary who plays on both sides to make
up a party; one who for profit or policy -
is quite colourless, ;

Jack o’ the Clock. The figure
which comes out to strike the hours on
the bell of a.clock,. A contraction of
Jaquemart (q.v.).

“ King Richard, Well, but what's o'clock ?
aed ingham. Upon the stroke of ten,

Sate C Well, let it strike.
B. Why let it strike ? =
KR. marie et) that, likea jack, thou keep'st the
Betwixt ony begging and my meditation.”
Shakespeare: Richard IIT, iv, 2.
Jack of Dover. A. stockfish, ‘‘ hake
sulted and dried.’”” The Latin for a
hake is merlucius, and lucius is a jack or
pike. Mer, of course, means the sea,
and Dover, the chief Cinque Port, is
used as a synonym. Also refuse wine .
collected into a bottle and sold for fresh
wine. “ To do-over again.” (See DovER.)
“Many a Jack of Dover hastow sold

That bath been twyés hot and twyés cold.” -
Chuwer : Canterbury Tules.

Jack of Newbury. John Winch-
comb, the greatest clothier of the world,
in the reign of Henry VIII. He kept _
100 looms in his own house at Newbury, ~
and equipped at his own expense 100 of ©
his men to aid the king against the’
Scotch in Flodden Field. ve

Jack o’ the Bowl. The most fa- .
mous brownie or house-spirit of Switzer.
land ; so called from the custom of placing

Jack Out of Office

for him every night on the roof of the
cow-house a bowl of fresh sweet cream.
The contents of this bowl are sure to
disappear before morning.

Jack Out of Office.
in office.
“Lam left yut ; for ne potbing remains.
But long | will not be Jack-out-of-office “
Shakespeare: 1 Henry VJ., 1.1.
Jack the Giant-killer owed much
of his success to his four marvellous
possessions—an invisible coat, a cap of
wisdom, shoes of swiftness, and a resist-
less sword. When he put on his coat no
eye could see him; when he had his
shoes on no one could overtake him; his
sword would cut through everything ;
and when itis cap was sais knew every-
thing he required to know. Yonge says
the story is based on the Scandinavian
tale of Thor and Loki, while. Masson
maintains it to be.a nursery version of
the feats of Corin’eus in Geoffrey of
_ Monmouth's marvellous history. I ap-
rehend that neither of these sugges-
ions will find many supporters.
<= Military success depends (1) on an
invisible coat, or secrecy, not letting the
foe know your plans; (2) a cap of
wisdom, or wise counsel; 25) shoes of
swiftness, or attacking the foe before he
is prepared; and (4) a resistless sword,
or dauntless courage.

Jack the Ripper. An unlmown
person who so called himself, and com-
mitted a series of murders in the East
End of London on common prostitutes.

The first was Apel 2nd, 1888: the pext waa
August 7th; the third was August. 8lst; the
fourth was September stb ; the ifth was Septen-
ber 30th, when two women were inurdered ; the
sixth was November 9th ; the seventh was De-
‘wember 20th, in a builder's yard ; the eighth was
July i7th, 1889, as Whitechapel ; the th was
September 17tb.

Jack and James. Jewish, Jacob;
French, Jacques, our ‘‘ Jack,’’ ‘and
Jacquemes, our ‘‘James.’’ Jacques used
to the commonest name of France,
hence the insurrection of the common

One no longer

re was termed the insurrection of
C)

Jacques, or the Jacquerie; and a
rustic used to be called a Jacques bon
homme. The Scotch call Jack Jock.

Jackal. A toady. One who does
the dirty work of another. It was once
thought that the jackals hunted in
troops to .provide the lion with prey,
hence they were called the ‘‘lion’s pro-
viders.’’ No doubt the lion will at times
avail himself of the jackal’s assistance
by appropriatin Bay started by these
“hunters,” but it

7 os

672

would be folly to —

Jacobins

suppose that the jackal acted on the
principle of vos non vobis. (See HoNnEY-
COMB.

Jacket. The French jaguctte, ‘‘ little
jack,’’ a translation of the German
Hanseline, a slop cut short.

Jacket. ‘The skin of a potato. Pota-
toes brought to table unpeeled are said
to be ‘‘ with their jackets on.”

To dust one’s jacket. (See Dust.)

Jackson. (See STONEWALL.)

‘Jackso‘nian Professor. The pro-
fessor of natural and experimental phi-
losophy in the University of Cambridge
This professorship was founded in 1783
by the Rev. Richard Jackson. :

Jacob the Scourge of Grammar.
Giles Jacob, master of Romsey, in
Hampshire, brought up for an attorney.
A poetaster in the time of Pope. (See
Dunciad, iii.) .

Jacob's Ladder. A ladder seen by
the patriarch Jacob in a vision. It was
set on the earth, and reached to heaven,
and a seemed to be ascending and
descending on it (Gen. xxviii. 12).
Jacob is, on this account, a cant name

-for a ladder. There is a pretty bluo
- flower so called.

Jacob's Staff. An instrument for
taking heights and distances.

“ Reach then asoaring quill, that I may write

As witb a Jacoh's staff to take ber height.”

Cleveland: The Hecatomb to his Afistress.
_The Apostle James is usually repre~ :
sented with a staff. a
“ As he bad travelled many a summer's da
Througu boiling sands of Arabie and Yod ;
o to stay
His weary lim)s upon.” . ;

Spenser : Fatrie Quécne, book i. canto vi. 32-35.

Jacob's Stone. The stone inclosed
in the coronation chair of Great Britain
brought from Scone by Edward I, and
said to be the stone on which the patri-
arch Jacob laid his head when he dreamt
about the ladder referred to above.

This stone was originally used: in
Ireland as a coronation stone. It was
called ‘‘ Innisfail,’’ or Stone of Destiny.
(See CononaTIon CHAIR.) my

Jacobins. The Dominicans were so
called in France from the ‘Rue St.
Jacques,"’ Paris, where they first esta-
blished themselves in 1219. ;

Jacobins. A political club, originally
called the Club Breton, formed at Ver-
sailles in 1789. On their removal to.
Paris, they met in the hall of an ex-
convent o
Rue St: Honoré.

And in his band a Jacoh’s staff

Jacobins (see above), in the. ;

Jacobites

673

Jamambuxes

Jacobites (3 syl.). The partisans of
James IT. (when William III. superseded
him), his son, and grandson.

Jacobites, nicknamed Warming-pans.
It is said that Mary d’Este, the wife of
James IT., never had a living child, but
that on one occasion a child, introduced
to her bedroom in a warming-pan, was
substituted for her dead infant. This
“‘warming-pan child’? was the Pre-
tender. Such is the tale, the truth is
quite another matter.

Jacobites. An Oriental sect of
Monoph’ysites, so called from Jaco’bus
Baradeus (Jacoub Al-Baradei), Bishop
of Edessa, in Syria, in the sixth century.

Jaco’bus, A gold coin of the value
of 25s., struck in the reign of James I.

Jacquard Loom. So called from
Jos, Marie Jacquard, of Lyons, who in-
vented this ingenious device for weaving
figures upon silks and muslins, (1752-
1834.) 4

Jacqueline (of Paris). A. bell
weighing 15,000 Ibs., cast in 1400.

Jacquerie (Za). An. insurrection
of the peasantry of France in 1358, ex-
cited by the oppressions of the privileged
classes and Charles the Bad of Navarre,
while King Jean was'a prisoner in Eng-
land. When the peasants complained,
and asked who was to redress their

ievances, they were told’ in scorn

acques Bonhomme (Johnny Goodman),
i.e. noone. At lengtha leader appeared,
called himself Jacques Bonhomme, and
declared war to the death against every
gentleman in France. In six weeks
some 12,000 of these insurgents were
eut down, and amongst their iumber
was the leader himself. (See Jack,
JACQUES.)

Jacques, A generic name for the
poor artisan class in France. Jaques is
a sort of cotton waistcoat without sleeves,

“ Jacques, il me faut troubler ton somme ;

Dans le village, un gros huissier
. Réde et court, Suivi du messier : :
C’est pour l'impét, las! mon pauyre homme,
Léye-toi, Jacques, léve-toi,
Voici venir I’huissier du roi.”
Béranger (1831).

Pauvre Jacques, Said to a maiden
when she is_ lackadaisical GPeang).
Marie Antoinette had at the Little
Trianon. an artificial Swiss village, which
she called her ‘‘ Petite Swisse,”’ and
actually sent. to Switzerland. for a‘
peasant girl. to.assist in milking the
cows. -The Swiss maiden was one day
overheard sighing for ‘‘ Pauvre Jacques,”’
and the queen sent for the distant
swain, and had the lovers married. To

43

finish this absurd romance, the Mar-
chioness de Travanet wrote an ode on
the event, which was for a time wonder-
fully popular.
“ Pauvre Jacques, qnand jtetais prés de toi,
Je ne sentais pas ma misére:
Mais 4 présent que tu vis loin de moi,
Je manque de tout sur Ja terre.”
Marquise de fravanet.
Jacques. Bonhomme. .A sort of
fairy good-luck, who is to redres8 all
wrongs, and make all the poor wealthy,
The French peasants are so called some-
times, and then the phrase is like our
term of sneering pity, “my good fellow,”
or ‘‘my fine fellow.” (See JACQUES.)

Jactitation of Marriage. A false
assertion by a person of being married
to another. This is actionable,

Jade or The Divine Stone. Worn by
the Indians as an amulet to preserve
them from the bite of venomous animals,
abd to cure the gravel, epilepsy, etc.
(ili.)

“The conversation was interspersed by con-
tinual cups of tea drunk out of the most Deauti-
ful Chinese-ware, while the Ambar’s cup was of
a green jade,”—Bonpalot: Across Thibet, chap. x.
Pp, 252,

Jade. A worthless horse, An old
woman (used in contempt). A young
woman (not necessarily contemptuous).

Jaf'fler (3 syl.), in Venice Preserved,
a tragedy by Otway. He joins the con-
spiracy of Pierre against the Venetian
state, but communicates. the secret. to
his wife Belvide'ra. Belvide'ra, being
the daughter of a senator, is naturally
anxious to save the life of Priu’li, her
father, and accordingly induces her hus-
band to disclose the plot, under promise
of pardon to all the conspirators. The
plot. being revealed, the senate .con-
demned the conspirators to death;
whereupon Jaffier stabbed Pierre to
prevent his being broken on the wheel,
and then stabbed hiniself,

Jagger. A gentleman ; asportsman,
(German, jager, a sportsman.)

Jail-bird (4). One who has been in
jail as.a prisoner. ‘

“At this late period of Christianity we are
brought up to abhor jail-birds as we do toads.”—
Beet natane Plymouth Pulpit, August 30th, 1874,

Jamambuxes [Soldiers of the rownd
eatleyel, Certain fanatics of Japan, who
roam about and pretend to hold converse
with the Devil. | They scourge them-
selves: severely, and sometimes. refrain
from sleeping for several days, in order
to obtain the odour of sanctity. They
are employed by the people for the dis-
covery of articles stolen or lost, ito

TJambon

674

Jane

Jambon. A gun, s0 called from its
fanciful resemblance to a ‘‘ betterave”’
or jambon. The botanical name of the
root is melochia.

“What would eH do tome, brigand?... Give
me fifty blows oi a-matraque, as: your officer gave
you last week for stealing his jambon?"—Ouida:
Under T'wo.Flays, cbap. xvi.

Jambuscha [Jam-bus-cah]. Adam’s
preceptor, according to the pre-Adam-
ites, Sometimes called Boan, and some-
time Zagtith.

James. A sovereign; a jacobus. A
gold coin circulated in the reign of
James I, Worth about 26s.

James (St.). Patron saint of Spain.
At Padron, near Compostella, they used
to show a huge stone as the veritable
boat in which the apostle sailed from
Palestine. His body was discovered in
840 by divine revelation to Bishop Theo-
domi’rus, and King Alfonso built a
church at Compostelia for its shrine.
According to another legend, it was the
relics of St. James that were miraculously
conveyed to Spain in a ship of marble
from Jerusalem, whete he was bishop.
A knight saw the ship sailing into port,
his horse took fright, and plunged with
its rider into the sea. The knight
saved himself by ‘‘boarding the marble
vessel,’’ but his clothes were found to be
entirely covered with scallop shells.

~ In the Acta Sanctorum (xi. 37, etc.)
we are told, that in Clavigium scarcely
a stone is found which does not bear the
form of a shell; and if these stones are
broken up, the broken bits have also the
forms of shells.

In Christian art this saint has some-
times the sword by which he was be-
headed, and sometimes he is attired as
a pilgrim, with his cloak covered with
shells. (See above.)

St. James (the Less). His attribute is
a fuller’s club, in allusion to the instru-
ment by which he was put to death,
after having been precipitates from the
summit of the temple.

St. James's College. So called from
James I., who granted a charter to a
ecilege founded at Chelsea by Dr. Sut-
cliffe, Dean of Exeter, to maintain

mests to answer all adversaries of re-
igion. Laud nicknamed it ‘ Contro-
versy College.” The college was a
failure, and Charles II. gave the site to
the Royal Society, who sold it for the

urpose of erecting the Royal Hospital
or Old Soldiers, which now exists.

St. James’s Day. July 25th, the day
of his martyrdom.

-

The Court of St. James or St. James's.
The British court. Queen Victoria holds
her drawing-rooms and levées in St.
James’s Palace, Pall Mall; but Queen
Anne, the four Georges, and William IV.
resided in this palace.

Jamie or Jemmie Duffs. Weepers,
So called from a noted Scotchman of
the 18th century, who lived at Edin-
burgh. His great passion, like that
of “Old Q.,’’ was to follow funerals
in mourning costume, with orthodox
weepers, I myself know a gentleman
of a similar morbid passion. (Kay:
Original Portraits, i. 7, andii. 9, 17, 95.)

Jamshid’. King of the Genii, famous
for a golden cup full of the elixir of life.
This cup, hidden by the genii, was dis-
covered while digging the foundations
of Persep’olis.

“1 know too where the genii hid
The jewelled cup of their king Jamshid,

With life's elixir sparkling high.
Thomas Moore: Paradise and the Pert.

Jane. A Genoese halfpenny, a cor-
ruption of Januensis or Genoensis.

“ Because J could not give her many a jane.”

Spenser: Faérie Queene, book iii. canta vii. 58.

Jane. A most ill-starred name for
rulers, To give a few examples: Lady
Jane Qwey, beheaded by Mary for
treason ; sp Seymour; Jane or Joan
Beaufort, wife of James I. of Scotland,
who was infamously and savagely mur-
dered ; Jane of Burgundy, wife of
Philippe le Long, who imprisoned her
for adultery in 1314; Jane of Flanders,
who was in ceaseless war with Jane of _
Penthiévre after the captivity of their
husbands. This contest is known in
history as ‘the wars of the two
Janes ”’ Mourteena century). Jane of
France (de Valois), wife of Louis XII.,
who repudiated her for being ugly ; Jane
@’ Albret, mother of Henri IV, of France.
Being invited to Paris to attend the
espousals of her son with Margaret de
Valo’is, she was poisoned by Catharine
de’ ‘Medicis (1572); Jane, Countess of
Hainault, daughter of Baldwin, and
wife of Fernand of Portugal, who was
made prisoner at the battle of Bouvines
in 1214. She refused to ransom him,
and is thought to have -poisoned her
father; Jane Henriquez, wite of John IT.
of Navarre, stirred up war between her
husband and his son Carlos by a former
marriage, and ultimately made away
with the young prince, a proceeding
which caused a revolt of the Cata-
lonians (1462); Jane the Imbecile of
Castile, who lost her reason from grief

| at the neglect of her husband, Philip the

Jane Eyre 675

Jarnac

Handsome, Archduke of Austria ; Jane I.
of Naples married Andrew of Hungary,
whom she caused to be murdered, and
then married the assassin. Her reign
was most disastrous. La Harpe has a
tragedy entitled Jeanne de Naples ;
Jane IT, of Naples, a woman of most
scandalous character, guilty of every
sort of wantonness. She married James,
Count of March, who put to death her
lovers and imprisoned Jane for two years.
At her release James fled to France,
when Jane had a liaison with Caraccioli,
whom she murdered. Joan, the pope,
if indeed such a person ever existed.
Jeanne la Pucelle [Joan of Arc] cannot
be called a ruler, but her lot was not
more happy; etc. etc. (See JouN Two.)

Jane Eyre. The heroine in a novel
of the same name, by Ourrer Bell (¢.v.).

Jan‘issaries or Jan‘izaries, a cele-
brated militia of the Ottoman Empire,
raised by Orchan in 1326, and called the
Yengi-tscheri (new corps), It was blessed
by Hadji Bektash, a saint, who cat off
a sleeve of his fur mantle and gave it to
the captain. The captain put the sleeve
on his head, and from this circumstance
arose the fur cap worn by these foot-
guards, In 1826, having become too for-
midable to the state, they were abolished,

“There were two classes of Janizaries, one re-
gularly organised ...and the otber composing
an irregular militia.’ —Chambers: Encyclopedia,
Vol. vi. Dp. 279.

Jan’nes and Jam’bres. The two
magicians of Pharaoh, who imitated
some of the miracles of Moses. The

Jannes and Jambres who ‘‘ withstood”

Moses,’’ mentioned by St. Paul (2 Tim.
iii. 8, 9), are supposed to be the same,
The paraphrast 3 onathan says they were
the sons of Balaam.

Jan’senists. A sect of Christians,
who held the doctrines of Cornelius
Jansen, Bishop of Ypres, in France.
Jansen professed to have formulated the
teaching of Augustine, A.D. 1640, which
resembled Calvinism in many respects.
He taught the doctrines of ‘irresistible

ace,’’ ‘‘original sin,”? and the “‘ utter

elplessness of the natural man to turn
to God.” Louis XIV. took part against
them, and they were put down by Pope
Clement XI., in 1705, im the famous bull
ealled Unigen’itus (g.v.).

Janua’rius (St.), A martyr in 305.
Two vials of liis blood are preserved in
the cathedral at Naples, and every year
on September 19 (the day of his martyr-
dom) the blood liquefies.

Order of St. Januarius (patron saint

of Naples), instituted in 1738 by Infante
don Carlos.

Jan'uary. The month dedicated by
the Romans to Janus (q.v.). Janus had
two faces, and January could look back
to the year past, and forwards to the
current year.

Janus. The temple of peace, in
Rome. The doors were thrown open in
times of war and closed im times of
peace. Some think the two faces of this
mythical deity allegorise Noah and his
sons, who look back on the world before
the Flood, and forwards on the world
after the deluge had abated. This idea
will do very well in poetry.

“Slavery was the hinge on which the gates of
the temple of Janus turned” (in the American
war),—The Times.

Japanese (3 syl.). The language of
Japan, a native of Japan, anything per-
taining thereto.

Japheth’s Stone. According to tra-
dition, Noah gave Japheth a stone
which the Turks call giudetasck and
senkjedé. Whoever possesses this stone
has the power of bringing rain from
heaven at will. It was for a long time
preserved by the Moguls.

Japhet'idie. The supposed posterity
of Japheth, son of Noah. The Aryan
family is said to belong to this race,

“The Indo-European family of languages as
known, by various designations. Some style it
Japhetic, asif it appertained to the descendants
of the patriarch Japheth ; as the Semitic tongues
{appertain] to the descendants of Shem.”"— Whit
ney: Languages, etc., lecture v. p. 192,

Jaquemart. The automaton of a
clock, consisting of a man and woman
who strike the hours ona bell. Socalled
from Jean Jaquemart of Dijon, a clock-
maker, who devised this piece of me
chanism.

Jaques (1 syl:). A morose cynicai
moraliser in Shakespeare’s As You Lake
It. It is much disputed whether the
word is a monesyllable or not. Charles
Lamb makes it a dissyllable—‘t Where
Jaqués fed in solitary vein;”’ but Sir
Walter Scott uses it as a monosyllable—
‘‘Whom humorous Jaques with envy
viewed,”’

Jarkman. An Abram-man (g.».),
Jark means a seal, whence also a safe-
conduct. Abram-men were licensed
beggars, who had the “seal ”’ or licence
of the Bethlehem Hospital to beg.

Jarnac. Coup de Jarnac. A peculiar
stroke of the sword Pia the opre-
nent is ham-strung. ¢ allusion is to

Jarndyce

the duel between Jarnac and La ChA-
teigneraie, on July 10th, 1547, m_ the
presence of Henri II., when Jarnac dealt

is adversary such ‘a blow, from which
he died.

Jarndyce v. Jarndyce. An in-
terminable Chancery suit in Dickens’s
Bleak House. ‘The character of Jarn-
dyce is that. of a kind-hearted, easy
fellow, who is half ashamed that his left
hand should know what his right hand
gives.

Jarvey. A hackney-coach driver.
Said to be a contraction of Geoffrey ;
and the reason why this name was
selected was because coachmen say to
their horses gee-0, and Ge-o’ is a con-
traction of Geoffrey. Ballantine says,
that one Jarvis, a noted hackney-coach-
man who was hanged, was the original
Jarvey.

A Jarvey’s benjamin. A coachman’s |

great-coat. (See BENJAMIN.)

Jarvie (Baillie Nicol). A Glasgow
magistrate in Scott’s Rob Roy. e is
petulant, conceited, purse-proud, with-
out tact, and intensely prejudiced, but
sincere and kind-hearted,

Jaundice (2 sy].) A jaundiced eye.
A prejudiced eye which sees “faults that
are not.’? It wasa popular belief among
the Romans that to the eye of a person
who had the jaundice everything looked
of a yellow tinge. (French, jaune, yel-
low.) f

“ All seems infected that th’ infected spy,

‘As all seems yellow to the jaundiced eye.
Pope: Essay on Criticism.

Javan [clay]. Son of Japheth. In
most HWastern languages it is the collec-
tive namé of the Greeks, and is to be so
understood in Isa. lxvi. 19, and Ezek.

xxvii. 13.

In the World Before the Flood, by
James Montgomery, Javan is the hero,
On the day of his birth his father died,
and Javan remained in the ‘‘ patriarch’s
glen’? under his mother’s care, till she
also died. ‘Then he resolved to see the
world, and sojourned for ten years
with the race of Cain, where he became
the disciple of Jubal, noted for his
musical talents, At the expiration of
that time he returned, penitent, to the
patriarch’s glen, where Zillah, daughter
of, Enoch, “won the heart to. Heaven
denied.” The giants invaded the glen,
and. carried off the little band captives.
Enoch reproved the giants, who would
have slain him in their fury, but the
could not find him, “for he walked wit

oe

676 Jeames

God.” As he ascended through the air
his mantle fell on Javan, who, “smiting
with it as he moved along,”’ brought the
captives safely back to the glen again.
A tempest broke forth of so fearful a
nature that the giant army fled in a
panic, and their king was slain by some
treacherous blow given by some un-
known hand.

Javanese (3 syl.), A native of Java,
anything pertaining to Java.

_ Javert. An officer of ste the
impersonation of inexorable law in Les
Misérables, by Victor Hugo,

Jaw. Words of complaint ; wrang-
ling, abuse, jabber. ‘‘To jaw,” to
annoy with words, to jabber, wrangle,
or abuse. The French guewle and gueuler
are used in the same manner,

Hold your jaw. Hold your tongue or
jabber.

What are you jawing about? What
are you jabbering or wrangling about ?

A Weil dae word, A very long word,
or one hard to pronounce.

Ja-wab. The refusal of an offer of
marriage. Thus when one lady says
to another that ‘‘ Mr. A. B, has got his
jawab,” she means that he made her
an offer of marriage, but was refused.
(Caleutta slang.)

Jawbone (2 syl.). Credit, ‘Peomiers,
(Jaw, words or talk; bon, good.)

Jay (A). A-wanton.

“This jay of Italy .... bath betrayed hin.”—
Shakespeare: Othello, Vv. 2.

Jay. A plunger; one who spends his
money recklessly ; a simpleton. ‘This is
simply the letter J, the initial letter of
Juggins, who, in 1887, made a fool of
himself by losses on the turf.

Ja'zey. A wig; a corruption of Jer-
sey, and so called because they are made
of Jersey flax and fine wool.

Je Maintiendrai (J will maintain).
The motto of the House of Nassau. When
William III. came to England he re-
tained the motto, but added to it, “I
will maintain the liberties of England and.
the Protestant religion.”

Je ne Sais Quoi, An indescribable
something; as ‘There was a je ne sais
quoi about him which made us dislike
him at first sight.’ Pr\erraiss®

Jeames (1 syl.). Any flunkey. Some-
times the dorain Post is'bo called. usNse

Thackeray wrote Jeames’s Diary (poy
lished in Punch), of which Jeames' de la
Pluche was the hero- ~ S ye men

Jean Crapaud

677

Jemmie Duffs

Jean Crapaud. A Frenchman. A
Frenchman is called both a toad anda
frog. (See CRAPAUD.)

_ Jean Farine [Jack Flour]. A sort
of Scaramouch, generally very tall, and
representing a loutish boy dressed all in
white, the hair, face, and hands being
covered with flour.

“Jean Farine s’en fervient (du manteat d'un
gentilhomme Gascon) un bonnet; et a le voir
blanchastre, il semble qu'il soit desja enfariné.”
—Les Jeux de Uv Inconnu (1645).

Jean de Letire (Mr. Jenkins).
“Qui pour Vordinaire, dit Tallemant,
est 1m animal mal idoine a toute autre
chose.” (Mnic. Deshouliéres : Histori-
ettes, ix. 209, x. 82.)

Jean de la Suie (French). A
Savoyard.

Jean de la Vigne (French). A
crucifix, (See next article.)

Jean des Vignes (French). So
the jonglers call the poupée to which
they address. themselves. The French
.Protestants in the sixteenth century
called ane poet ” Jean, and the gor
is pretty well synonymous with buffoon.
Jean des Vignes was a drunken mari-
onette performer of considerable ability ;
“* Jean’ was his name, ‘‘des Vignes”’
his sobriquet... Hence when a person
does a bad action, the French say, ‘‘ 7
Sait comme Jean des Vignes ;’’ an illicit
marriage is called ‘‘le mariage de Jean
des Vignes,” and a bad fellow is ‘zu.
Jean des Vignes,’ Hence Assoucy says,
* Moi, pauvre sot, plus sot que Jean des
Vignes !”?
™ Jean ! que dire sur Jean ? c'est un terrible nom,
Qui jamais n’accompagne une épithéte honnéte
Jean. des: Vignes, Jean. ligne. OU. yais-je?
Trouves bon
Qu’en si beau chemin je m’arréte.”
{ Virgile Travesti, vii. (Jwro to Alneas).
Jeannot (French), -One who is mi-
nutely great; one who exercises “his
talents and ingenuity on trifles; one
who after great preparation at table to
produce some mighty effect, brings forth
only a ridiculous mouse.
' _Jeb‘usites (3 yl), in Dryden’s satire
of Absalom and Achitophel, stands for
the Roman Catholics; so called because
‘England was. Roman Catholic before
the Reformation; and Jerusalem was
called Jebus before the time of David.
-_ % In this poem, the Jebusites are the
‘Catholics, and the Levites the dissenting
‘clergy: A ; Fay
“ Succeeding times did equal folly call,
' Believing nothing, or believing all. .
_ The Egyptian rites the Jebusites embraced,
'- When gods were recommended by their taste.”
py Transubstantiation.) - t

Draden: Avealom and dehtiopheh,

arth W712

Jedwood Justice. Putting an ob-
noxious person to death first, and trying
him afterwards. Thissort of justice was
dealt to moss-troopers. Same as Jed-
burgh justice, Jeddart justice. We have
also ‘‘Cupar justice’’ and ‘‘ Abingdon
law.” Of the last we are told that
Major-General Brown, in the Common-
wealth, hanged a-man first and trie¢
him afterwards,

“Jedwood justice—hang in haste and try at
leisure.”—Scott: Fair Maid of Perth, chap. xx xii.

Jehen’nam. The Gehenna or Inferno
ofthe Arabs, It consists of seven stages,
one below the other. The first is allotted
to atheists; the second to Manicheans
(q.v.); the third to the Brahmins of
India ; the fourth to the Jews; the fifth
to Christians ; the sixth to the Magians
or Ghebers of Persia: and the seventh
to hypocrites. (Zhe Koran.)

Jehovis'tic, (See ELouIsrIc.)

Jehu. A coachman, especially one
who drives at a rattling pace.

“The watchman told, saying, .... The driving
is like the driving of Jehu the son of Nimshi ;
for he driveth furlously.”—2 Kings ix. 20,

Jejune (2 syl.). A jejune narrative.
A dry, tedious one.» (Latin, yeju'nus,
dry, spiritless. ) 2

“Till farce itself, most mournfully jejune,

Calis for the kind assistance of a tune.”
Sowper: Retirement, 711.

Jekyll, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,
The two phases .of one man, ‘“‘ the law
of his members warring against the law
of his mind,” Jekyil is the ‘‘ would do
good,’’ Hyde is ‘‘the evil thatispresent.’’
(Stevenson: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.)

Jelly Pardons. When Thomas
Cromwell was a clerk in the English
factory at Antwerp, two of his fellow-
countrymen from Boston (Lincolnshire)
consulted with him as to the best means
of getting the’ pardons renewed for the
repair of Boston-harbour. Cromwell,
knowing that Pope Julius was very fond
of dainties, provided for him some ex-
quisite jelly, and told his Holiness that
only royalty ever ate itin England. The
Pope was so pleased with the delicacy
that he signed the pardons, on condition
of having the recipe of the jelly.

Jellyby (Mrs.). _philanthropist
who would nett ‘ites spent to help
the poor fan-makers and flower-girls of
Borrioboolah Gha, but would bundle into
the street a poor beggar dying of star-
vation on her own doorstep. (Dickens ‘
Bleak House.) . :

_Jemmie Duffs.

(See J aici Durrs.)

Jemmy 678

Jericho

—_—— rr EEEESESSSeFasse

Jemmy, 2 name found in engravings
of the eighteenth century, was James
Worsdale, the painter and dramatic
writer (died 1767).

A housebreaker’s crowbar. A variant
of Jimmy, Jenny, Jinnie, and a diminu-
tive of en-gine. Similarly a “ spinning-
jinnie’ is a small engine for spinning.
These crowbars generally take to pieces
that they may be slipped into the pocket.

Jemmy. The head of a slaughtered
sheep. There are ‘‘ boiled jemmies,’’
‘‘baked jemmies,’’ and ‘sanguinary
jemmies’’ (raw sheep’s heads). The
wfadition is that James IV. of Scotland
breakfasted on a sheep’s head just before
the battle of Flodden Field (Sep. 9, 1513).

“Mr. Sikes made many pleasant wittidisms on
jemmies, a cant name for sheep's heads, and also
for an ingenious implement much used in his pro-
fession.”— Dickens : Oliver Twist.

Jemmy. A great-coat. ‘So calléd
from the Scotch cloth called jemmy.

Jemmy. Spruce, fine. A diminutive
of gim, spruce or smart (Anglo-Saxon
gemet), Gimcrack means an ornamental
toy, a pretty ornament of no solidity.
(See below, JEMMY JESSAMY.)

Jemmy Dawson was one of the
Manchester rebels, who was hanged,
drawn, and quartered on Kennington

Common, Surrey, July 30th, 1746. A>

lady of gentle blood was in love with the
allant young rebel, and died of a broken
eart on the day of his execution.

(Lercy’s Reliques, series 2, book iii. 26.)
Shenstone has a ballad on it, beginning,

“Come, listen to my mournful tale.’’

Jemmy Jessamy (A).' A Jack-a-
dandy ; a lady's fondling, ‘‘sweet as
sugar-candy.”’

Jenkinson (Lphraim). A swindling
rascal, who makes a tool of Dr. Prim-

rose, (Goldsmith : Vicar of Wakefield.)

J ennet._ A small ‘Spanish horse:
Jenny. The spinning” jenny "means
the little spinning engine. » The word is

a corrupt diminutive, *ginie.. It is an_

error to derive the word from the in-
ventor's wife or daughter, seeing his
wife’s name was Elizabeth, ond he had
no daughter.’

Jenny V’Ouvriére. A generic name
for a hard-working, poor, but contented
needlewoman. e name was devised
by Emile Barateau, and rendered popu-
lar by his song s0 called.

“ Entendez-vous un oiseau familier ?
C'est le chanteur de Jenny l'Ouvriere.
Au.cwur content, content de peu

Elle pourrait étre riche, et préfére
Ce qui vient de Dieu.” - (1847,

i plesure of Heury VIII.

Jenny Wren, the sweetheart of Robin
Redbreast.

“Robin promised Jenny, if she would be his
wife, sbe should ‘feed on cherry-pie and drink
currant-wine*; and he says :—

‘I'll dress you like a goldfinch,
Or any peacock gay ;
So, dearest Jen, if yow'll be mine,
et us appoint the day.’ >
Jenny replies :—
‘Cherry-pie is very nice,
And s0 is currant wine ;
But I must wear my plain brown gown,
And never go too fine.’”

' Jeofail, i.e. J’ai failli (Lapsus stn ;
I have failed), an omission or oversight
in a law procendiag: There are several

statutes of Jeofail for the remedy of slips
or mistakes.
Jeop’ardy (3 syl.). Hazard, danger.

Tyrwhitt says it is the French jeu parti,
and Froissart uses the phrase, ‘‘ Si nous
les voyons a jeu parti’’ (vol. i. ¢. 234).
Jeu parti is a game Where the chances
are exactly balanced, hence a critical
state.

Jereed, A javelin with which the
Easterns exercise. (Turkish and Arabic.)

Jeremi'ad (4 syl.). A pitiful tale,
a tale of woe to produce compassion ; s0
called from the ‘‘ Lamentations” of the
prophet Jeremiah.

Jeremiah, derived from ‘*Cucum-
ber.’’ The joke is this: King Jeremiah
= Jere’-king, contracted in Jer’-kin’, or
gher-kin, and gherkin is_ a young
cucumber,

The British Jeremiah. Gibbon so
calls Gildas, author of Lamentations
over the Destruction of Britain _(516-
570).

Jeremy Diddler. An adept at rais-
ing money on false pretences.: From

_Kenny’s farce called Raising the Wind.

‘Jeremy Twitcher. A cunning,
treacherous highwayman, in Gay's
Beggar's Opera, Word Sandwich, a
member of the New Kit Kat Club, was
so called in 1765.

Jericho. ‘Gone to Jericho. No one
knows where. The manor of Black-
more,’ near , Chelmsford, was called—
Jericho, and was one of the houses of
When this
ascivious prince had a mind to be lost
in the embraces of his courtesans, the
cant phrase among his courtiers was
“He is gone to Jericho,’? Hence, a
place of concealment.

Go to Jericho with you. I wish he
had been at Jericho, Aeuphemistic turn
of phrase for ‘*Go and hang yourself,’”’

_or something more offensive still, This

Jerked

679

Jerusalem Pony

saying is derived from 2 Sam. x. 5 and
1 non. xix. 5.

“ And the king said, Tarry at Jericho until your
beards be grown.”

F wish you were at Jericho. Anywhere
out of my way. (See above.)

Jerked [beef], a corruption of the
Peruvian word charqui, meat cut into
strips and dried in the sun to preserve it.
(Sec Mayne Reid’s novels.)

Jerkin, A short coat or jacket; a
close waistcoat.

“ Mistress ling, is not this my jerkin? Now isthe
jerkin under the line.”—Shakespeare: The Tempest,
Iv. 1.

Jeroboam of Rum or Claret (4).
Fight bottles ; but of whisky three pints.
Probably a perversion of ‘ joram.’”*
{See TApPIT-HEN and REHOBOAM.)

“Some *jeroboams’ of very old rum went at
S38. each ; several ‘tappit-hens, of rum fetched
B4s.; and some ‘magnums,’ 178. eacb.”—Truth,
&lst March, 1887. ;

A magnum—=2 quart bottles; a tap-
pithen = 2 magnums; a jeroboam = 2
tappit-hens; and a rehoboam = 2 jero-
boams or 16 quart bottles.

Jerome (St.). Generally represented
a3 an aged man in a cardinal’s dress,
writing or studyiag, with a lion seated
beside him. The best painting of this
saint is The Communion of St. Jerome,
by Domenichi‘no, in the Vatican. It
is placed opposite Raphael's Trans-
Siguration,

Jeron’imo, The chief character in
the Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kya.
On finding his application to the
king ill-timed, he says to himself, ‘*Go
by, Jeronimo,” which tickled the fancy
of the audience so that it became for a
time the current street jest.

Jerry-built, unsubstantial. A“ jerry-
builder”? is a speculative builder who
runs up cheap, unsubstantial houses,
using materials of the commonest kind.
(See Jury Mast.)

Jerry-shop, or 2 Tom and Jerry
Shop. A low-class beer-house. Probably
the Zom and Jerry was a public-house
sign when Pierce Hgan’s Life in London
was popular.

Jerry Sneak. A henpecked hus-
band, from a celebrated character in
Foote’s farce of the Mayor of Garratt,

Jerrymander. (Sce GERRYMANDER.)

Jersey is Cwsar’s-ey—i.e. Casar’s
island, so called in honour of Julius
Cesar. fi

Jeru’salem, in Drydén’s satire of
Absalom and Achitophel, means Loudon.
(Part i. verse 86, etc.)

Jerusalem Artichoke. A corrup-
tion of Girasolé articiocco. Girasole is
the sunflower, which this vegetable re-
semnbles both in leaf and stem,

Jerusalem Chamber. The Chap-
ter-house of Westminster Abbey. Henry
IV. died there, March 20, 1413.

“Jt bath been prophesied to me many years,

I should not die but in Jerusalem.”
Shakespeare: 2 Henry [V., iv. 5.

Pope Silvester II. was told the
same thing, and he died as he was saying
mass in a church so called. (Bacon:
Tusculum.)

Lhe Lower House of Convocation
now meets In the Jerusalem Chamber.
The Upper House insets at Mr. Hodg-
son’s, in Dean’s Yard, Westmiuster.

Jerusalem Delivered. An epic in

toes books, by Torquato Tasso (1544-
595).

The crusaders, encamped on the plains
of Torto’sa, chose Godfrey for their
chief, and Alandine, King of Jerusalem,
made preparations of defence. The
overtures of Argantes to Godfrey being
declined, he declared war in the name of
the king of Egypt. The Christian army
having reached Jerusalem, the king of
Damascus scut Armi’da to beguile the
Christians; she told an artful tale by
which she drew off several of the most
puissant. It was found that Jerusalem
could never be taken without the aid of
Rinaldo; but Rinaldo had withdrawn
from the army, because Godfrey had
cited him to answer for the death of
Girnando, slain jn a duel. Godfrey,
being informed that the hero was dally-
ing with Armi’da in the enchanted is-
land, sent to invite him back to the
army; he returned, and Jerusalem was
taken in a night attack. As for Ar-
mi'da, after setting fire to her palace,
she fled into Egypt, and offered to
marry any knight who slew Rinald ;
but when she found ‘the Christian arm
was successful she fled from the fiéld.
The love of Rinaldo returned: he pur-
sued her and she relented. The poem
concludes with the triumphant.ontry.of
the Christian army into the Holy City,
and their devotions at the tomb of, the
Redeemer. The two chief episodes are
the loves of Olindo (q.v.) and Sephro’nia,
and of Tancred (7.v:) aud Corinda.

Jerusalem Pony. A needy clergy-
man or minister, who renters temporary
aid to his brother. ministers for hire;
so called in humersome discourtesy.
The Jerusalem pony is a large species of
donkey. 3

Jess

680

Jew.

Jess (pl. Jesses). A short strap of
leather tied about the legs of a hawk to
hold it on the fist, Hence a bond of
affection, etc. 5

Though that her ieee sree ay Ree beket:

strings, f

I'd whistle her off.”

Shakespeare: Othello, iii. 8.

Jessamy Bride is Mary Horneck,
with whom Oliver Goldsmith feil in love
in 1769.

Jesse Tree, In Christian art, a vine
wipe the genealogy of Christ, called
a ‘‘rod out of the stem of Jesse’? (Isa.
xi. 1). Jesse is generally represented in
a@ recumbent position, and the vine is
made to rise out of his loins.

Jesse Window (4). A stained-glass
window representing Jesse recumbent,
and a, tree shooting from him containing
the pedigree of Jesus.

Jes’sica. The Jew’s daughter in the
Merchant of Venice, by Shakespeare.

Jesters. (See Foous.)

Jesuit (3 syl.). When Ignatius de
Loyola was asked what name he would
give his order, he replied, ‘‘ We are a
little battalion of Jesus;’’ so it was
called the ‘‘Society of Jesus,’’ vulgar-
ised into Jesuits. The society was
noted for its learning, political influence,
and “pious frauds.’’ The order was
driven. from France in 1594, from
England in 1604, from Venice in 1606,
from Spain in 1767, from Naples in
1768; and in 1773 was suppressed by
Pope Clement XIV.; but it revived
again, and still exists. The word is
used by controversialists to express one
who ‘‘lies like truth,” or palters with
us in a double sense, that ‘‘keeps the
ward of promise to ourear, and breaks
it to our hope.”

Jesus Paper. Paper of very large
size, chiefly used for engravings. Ori-
ginally it was stamped with the initials

HLS. (¢.0.). :

Jet. Socalledfrom the River Gages,
in Asia Minor, on the banks of which it
was collected by the ancients. It’ was
originally called gagates, corrupted into
gagat, jet.
~ Jet d@’Eau (French). A spout or jet
of water thrown up into the air, gener-
ally from an artificial fountain. The
great jet at Versailles rises to a height
of 100 feet; that at Chatsworth, ‘the
highest in existence, to 267 feet. (French,
from the Latin jactus, thrown ;‘jacio, to
throw.) . :

Jetsam or Jetson. Goods cast into
the sea to lighten a ship. (French, jeter,
to cast out.) (See Fiorsam and Liean.)

Jettator. One with an evil eye, who
always brings ill-luck. The opposite
of the Mascotte (¢.v.), who with a *‘ good
eye”’ always brings good fortune.

The opera called La Mascotte, (1893,
by Duree and Chivot.)

Jettatura. - The evil-eye.

“Their glance, if you meet it, is the jettatura,
or ey il-eye.”—2Mrs. Gaskell: An Accursed Race.

Jeu @Esprit (French), A witti-
cism.

Jeu de Mot. A pun; a play’ on
some word or phrase. (French) :

Jeunesse Dorée. The “ gilded
youth”’ of a nation; that is, the rich
and fashionable young unmarried men.

“There were three of the jeunesse dorée, and, a8
such, were pretty well known to the ladies who
promenade the grand circle."—T, Terre: Lady

Delmar, ix.
Jew. The Wandering Jew,

‘| (1) Said to be Kwartapu’t10s, Pilate’s
orter. When the officers were dragging
esus out of the hall, Kartaph’ilos stru

Him with his fist in the back, saying,
“Go quicker, Man; go quicker!”
Whereupon Jesus replied, “‘ I indeed go
quickly ; but thou shalt till I
come again.” ' This man afterwards
became a Christian, and was baptised
under the name of Joseph. Every 100
years he falls into an ecstasy, out: of
wees he rises again at the age of
thirty.
mhe enclicns account of the * Wandering Jew”
is in the Book of the Chronicles of the Abbey sad
Albana, This tradition was continued by Matthew
Paris in 1228. . In 1242 Philip Mouskes, afterwards
Bishop of Tournay, wrote the Rhymed Chronicle.
(2) AHASUE’RUS, acobbler, who dragged
Jesus before Pilate. As the’ Man of
Sorrows was going to Calvary, weighed
down with His cross, He stayed to rest
on a stone near the man’s door, when
Ahasuerus pushed Him away, saying,
“ Away with you; here ‘you shall not
rest.” The gentle Jesus replied, ‘TI
truly go away, and go to rest; but thow
shalt walk, and never rest till I eome.’’
This is the legend given by Paul vom Eitzen,
Bisbop of Schleswig (1547), (See Greve; Memoirs
of Paul von Eitzen (1744). ~a8e 4 i +P
(3) In German legend, the “* Wander-
ing Jew” is associated with Joun
Burrapazus, seen at Antwerp in the
thirteenth century; again, in the fif-
teenth; and again, in the sixteenth
century. His last appearance was in,
1774, at Brussels, , a he
Leonard Doldius, of Niirnberg, in bis Praxis
Alchymie ears says that Ahasuérus is some-
times called Buttadwus. wills Stall)

Jew’'s-Hyé

» (4) The French call ‘‘ The Wandering
Jew’’ Isaac Laxr'pion or LAQUEDEM.
(Mitternacht ; Dissertatio in Johannem,
xxi. ta) “+ De
(5) Dr. Croly, in his novel, calls
the *‘ Wandering Jew’”’ SALATHIEL BEN
Sap1, who (he says) appeared towards
the close of the sixteenth century at
Venice.

*? The legend of the Wild Hunts-
man, called by Shakespeare ‘‘ Herne,
the Hunter,’”’ and by Father Mathieu
“<St. Hubert,” is said to be a Jew who
would not suffer Jesus to drink from a
horse-trough, but pointed out to Him
some water in a hoof-print, and bade
Him go there and drink. (Kuhn von
Schwarz: Mordd, Sagen, 499.)

Jew's-eye. Worth a Jew’s-eye. Ac-
cording to fable, this expression arose
from the custom of torturing Jews to
extort money from them. The ex-

ient of King John is well known:

e demanded 10,000 marks of a rich
Jew of Bristol; the Hebrew resisted
the atrocious exaction, but the tyrant
ordered him to be brought before him,
and that one of his teeth should be
tugged out every day till the money
was forthcoming. s went on for
seyen days, when the sufferer gave in,
and John jestingly observed, ‘‘ A Jew’s
eye may be a quick ransom, but Jew’s
teeth give the richer harvest.”’

_, Launcelot, in the Merchant of Venice,
ii. 5, puns upon this phrase when he says
to Jessica :-—
_ © There will come a Christian b
‘Will be worth a Jewess’ eye.’

Jew's-harp, called by Bacon jeu-

trompe, by Beaumont and: Fletcher,
jew-trump, by Hakiuyt, jew’s-harp,
-. The bent players on this instrument
have been Koch, a Prussian soldier under
Frederick the Great; Kunert, Amstein,
and some others,

Jew’s Myrtle. So called from the
popular notion that it formed the crown
of thorns placed by the Jews on the
Saviour’s head.

Jews, in Dryden’s satire of Absalom
and Achitophel, those English who were
loyal to Charles II., called David.

“The Jews, a headstrong, moody, murmuring

God's pampered people, whom, debauched with
* No king could govern, nor no god could please.”
. Ss Part i. verses 45-48,

Jews born with tails, (See RaBorn.)

. Jews’ Sabbath. In the Monasticon
de Melsa, ii. pp. 134, 137, we read that a
Jew at Tewkesbury fell into a cesspool,

681

Jib

and Richard, Earl of Gloucester, passing
by, offered to pull him out, but the Jew
refused, saying—
“ Sabbato nostra colo ;
De stercore surgére nolo.”

Next day, as the Karl was passing again,
the Jew cried to him for help, when
Gloucester replied —

“ Sabbata nostra quidem,
Solomon, celebrabis ibidem.”

4 The Rolls Series.
Jewels in heraldry.

The topaz represents ‘‘ or’’ (gold), or
the planet Sol. : oe

The pearl or crystal represents ‘‘ar-
gent’”’ ce or the planet Luna.
- The ruby represents “‘ gules” (red), or
the planet Mars.

The sapphire represents ‘ azure ”’
(blue), or the planet Jupiter.

The diamond represents ‘‘ sable ”
(black), or the planet Saturn.

The emerald represents
(green), or the planet Venus.

The amethyst represents ‘‘ purpure ”
(purple), or the planet Mercury.

Jewels for the montHs. Each month
is supposed to be under the influence
of some precious stone—

January: Garnet. Constancy.

February: Amethyst. Sincerity.

March: Bloodstone. Courage.

April: Diamond. Innocence.

ay: Emerald. Success in love,

June: Agate. Health and long life.

July: Cornelian. Content.

August: Sardonyx. Conjugal fidelity.

September: Chrysolite. Antidote to
madness.

October: Opal. Hope.

November: Topaz. Fidelity.

December: Turquoise. Prosperity.

Jewels for siens of the zopIac—
Aries: Ruby.
Taurus: Topaz,
Gemini: Carbuncle.
Cancer: Emerald.
Leo: Sapphire.
Virgo: Diamond.
Libra: Jacinth.
Scorpio: Agate.
Sagittarius: Amethyst.
Capricornus: Beryl.
Aquarius: Onyx,
Pisces: Jasper.
Jezebel. 4 fried Jezebel. A
flaunting woman of bold spirit, but loose

morals; so called from Queen Jezebel,
the wife of Ahab,

Jib. A triangular sail borne in front
of the foremast. It has the bowsprit for
a, base in small vessels, and the jib-boom

“ vert ”’

Jib

682

Joachim

in larger ones, and exerts an important
effect, when the wind is abeam, in throw-
ing the ship’s head to leeward.

Jib. The under-lip. A sailor’s ex-
pression; the under-lip indicating the
temper, as the jib indicates the character
of a ship.

The cut of his jib. A sailor’s phrase,
‘meaning the expression of a person’s
face, Sailors recognise vessels at sea by
the cut of the jibs.

To hang the jib. The jib means the
lower lip. To hang the lower lip is to
look ill-tempered, or annoyed.

Jib (70). To start aside; a ‘ jibbing
horse ’’ is one that is easily startled. It
isa sea term, to jib being to shift the
boomsail from one side of the mast to
the other.

Jib-boom, An extension of the
bowsprit by the addition of a spar pro-
jecting beyond it. Sometimes the boom
is further extended by another spar
called the flying jib-boom.

Jib-door. A door flush with the
outside wall, and intended to be con-
cealed ; forming thus part of the jib or
face of the house. (See above, line 8.)

Jib-stay (4). The stay on which a
jib is set.

Jib Topsail (A). A light sail flying
from the’ extreme forward end of the
flying-jib boom, and set about half-way
between the mast and the boom.

Jiffy. Inajify. Ina minute; ina
brace of shakes; before you can say
“Jack Robinson.’ (French, vif, vife.)

Jig, from gigue. <A short piece of
music much in vogue’ in olden times, of
a very lively character, either six-eight
or twelve-eight time, and used for dance-
tunes. It consists of two parts, each of
eight bars. Also a comic song.

“You jig, you _amble, and you lisp.” — Shake-
Preare: Hamlet, iii. 1. -

Jilt eae (See under Baskzt.) To
give the basket
Jim Crow. Brought out at the

Adelphi in 1836. |The character of Jim
Crow played by T. D. Rice, as the ori-
ginal of the ‘nigger minstrels” since
80 peat A renegade or turncoat is
called a Jim Crow, trom the burden of
the song, Wheel about and turn about.
Jingo. By Jingo or By the Living
Jingo. Basque ‘‘ Jainko,” the Supreme
Being. In corroboration of this deriva-
tion it may be stated that Edward I.
had Basque mountaineers conveyed to

England to take part in the conquest of
Wales, and the Plantagenets held the
Basque provinces in possession. The
word was certainly used as a juron long
before the Criméan War.

“ Hey, Jingo ! What the de'il’s the matter ?

Do mermaids swim in Dartford water?”

Swift: Acton (or The Original Horn Fair)

* Dr. Morris, in his Historic Outlines (p. 210 note),
says it is St. Gingulpb, and Professor Skeat (Notes
and Queries, August 25th, 1894, p. 149) is of the
same opinion. According to The Times, June 25th,
1877, p. 6, col. 1), it is the Persian jang = war, and
the juron “ By St. Jingo” is about equal to “ By
Mars.” Butthe word had originally no connec-
tion with our jingoism, Jt was common enough
in the early part of the nineteenth century. Query.
A corruption of Jesus, Son of God, thus, Je-"n-go’.

Jingoes (Zhe). The war party in
1877. They were Russophobists, who
felt convinced that the Czar intended to
take possession of Constantinople, which
would give him command of the Black
Sea, and might endanger our Indian
possessions. This has ee to do
with the word ‘jingo” used by Dean
Swift; but was wholly connected with
the music-hall song mentioned in the
next article.

Jingoism. The British war brag-
apm called Chauvinism in French ;

ywread-cagleism in the United States of
North America. During the Russo-
Turkish War in 1877-1878 England was
on the point of interfering, and at the
music-halls a song became popular con-
taining the following refrain :—
“ We don't want to fight ; but, by Jingo, if we dow

We've got the ships, we've got the men and got

the money too.”

Jinn. A sort of fairies in Arabian
mythology, the offspring of fire. They
pee their speciés like human

ings, and are governed by a race of
kings named Suleyman, one of whom
‘built the pyramids,’’ Their chief
abode is the mountain K4af, and they
appear to men under the forms of ser-
pea dogs, cats, monsters, or even

uman beings, and become invisible at
pleasure. The evil jinn are hideously
ugly, but the good are —— beau-
tiful. _ According to fable, they were
created from fire two thousand years
before Adam was made of earth. The
singular of jinn is jinnee.

Jin’nistan. The countr
Jinn, or Fai
of which is The Country of Delight, and
the capital The City of Jewels,

Jo‘achim (St.). The father of the’
Virgin Mary. Generally represented as
an old man carrying in a basket two
turtle-doves, in allusion to the offering
made for the purification of his daughter.
His wife was St. Anne, or St. Anna.

of the

(See Farry.) ©

Land, the chief province {

7

Joan.

Joan (Pope). A supposed female
aad ” between Leo IY. and Benedict
. She is said to have been born in
England and educated at Cologne, pass-
ing under the name of Joannes An’glicus
‘(John of England). Blondel, a Calvinist,
wrote a book in 1640 to prove that no
such person ever occupied the papal
chair; but at least a hundred and fifty
authors between the thirteenth and
seventeenth centuries repeat the tale as
an historic fact. The last person who
critically examined the question was
Déllinger, in 1868. (See Historie Note
Book, 701-2, for authorities pro and con.)

Joan Cromwell. Joan Cromwell's
kitchen-stuff tub. A tub of kitchen per-
uisites. The filchings of servants sold
or ‘market pennies.’? The Royalists
used to call the Protector‘s wife, whose
name was Elizabeth, Joan Cromwell, and
declared that she exchanged the kitchen-
stuff of the palace for tallow candles.

Joan of Arc or Jeanne la Pucelle.
M. Octave Delepierre has published a
Sonera called Doute Historique, to

eny the tradition that Joan of Arc was
burnt at Rouen for sorcery. He citesa
document discovered by Pather Vignier
in the seventeenth century, in the
archives of Metz, to prove that she
became the wife of Sieur des Armoise,
with whom she resided at Metz, and
became the mother of afamily. Vignier
subsequently found in the family muni-
ment-chest the contract of marriage be-
tween ‘‘ Robert des Armoise, knight, and
Jeanne D’Arcy, surnamed the
Orleans.”? In 1740 there were found in
the archives of the Maison de Ville
(Orléans) records of several payments
to.certain messengers from Joan to her
brufher John, bearing the dates 1435,
1436. There is also the entry of a pre-
sentation from the council of the city to
the Maid, for her services at the siege
(even 1439). M. Prlgpiores has brought
orward a host of other documents to
corroborate the same fact, and show that
the tale of her martyrdom was invented
to throw odium on the English, A
sermon is preached annually in France
towards the beatification of the Maid,
who will eventually become the patron
saint of that nation, and Shakespeare will
prove a true prophet in the words—

* No longer on St. Denis will we cry,

But Joan la Pucelle shall be France's saint.”
_ Joannes Hagustaldensis is John,
Prior of Hexham, author of an old Eng-
lish Chronicle, and Lives of the Bishops
of Hexham, in two books.

683

aid of:

ribs’? is to strike one in

Job -

Job (0 long). The personification of
poverty and patience. ‘‘ Patient as Job,”
in allusion to the patriarch whose his-
tory is given in the Bible,

oor as Job. Referring to the patriarch
when he was by Satan deprived of all
his worldly possessions,
pata Si natt2b a, WP BEE Bot ao

Job’s Comforter. One who pre-
tends to sympathise in your grief, but
says that you brought it on yourself ;
thus in reality adding weight to your
sorrow. (See above.)

Job’s wife. Some call her Rahmat,
daughter of Ephraim, son of Joseph;
and others call her Makhir, daughter of
Manasses. (Sale: Kordn xxi., note,)

She is also called by some Sitis ; and
a tradition exists that Job, at the com-
mand of God, struck the earth with his
foot from the dunghill where he lay,
and instantly there welled up a sprin,
of water with which his wife washe
his sores, and they were miraculously
healed. (Kordn, xxxvi. 41.)

Job’s Pound. Bridewell ; prison.

Job (0 short) A job is a piece of
chance work; a public work or office
not for the public benefit, but for the

rofit of the person employed; a sudden

low or ‘‘dig’’ into ome.

A bad job. An unsuccessful work ;
one that brings loss instead of profit; a
bad speculation.

To do the job for one. To kill him.

Job (0 short). A ministerial job.
Sheridan says:—‘‘ Whenever any emolu-
-ment, profit, salary, or honour is con-
ferred on any person not ene it—
that is a job; if from private fniendship
personal attachment, or any view except
the interest of the er anyone is
appointed to any public office . . . that
is a job.”
“No cheek is known to blush, or heart to throb,
Save when they lose a question or a job.”
Pope: Essay on Criticzsin, |, 104.
Job Lot A: A lot of miscellaneous
goods to be sold a bargain.

Jobs. A printer’s phrase to designate
all kinds of ae not included in the terri
‘* book-work.”’ The French call such
work owvrage de ville.

Allied to the Latin, op[ws] ; Spanish,
ob[ra]; French, owo[rage]; the 7 occurs
in the genitive case; oper[is].

Job (Zo). Tostrike. To give one a
‘*job in the eye’’ is to give one a blow
in the eye; and to “Job one in the

he ribs, to stab

Jobation

684

_ John

one in the ribs. Job and probe seem to
be very nearly allied. alliwell gives
the word ‘‘stop,’’ to poke or thrust,
which is allied to stab.

Joba’tion. A scolding; so called
from the patriarch Job.
“ Jobation ,... means a long, dreary homily.

and has reference to the tedious rebukes inflicted
on the patriarch Job by his too obliging friends.”
—G. A. Sala: (Echoes), Sept. 6, 1884,

Jobber. One who does small jobs;
one who buys from merchants to sell to
retailers; a middle-man. A ‘“stock-
jobber’? is one who buys and sells
public funds, but is not a sworn stock-
broker.

Jobbing Carpenter. One who is
ready to do odd jobs (piece-work) in his
own line. (See Jos.)

Jocelin de Brakelonda, de Rebus
gestis Samsonis, etc., published ‘by the
Camden Society. This record of the
acts of Abbot Samson of Edmondsbury
-contains much contemporary history,
and gives a good account of English life
and society between 1173 and 1202.

Jockey is.a little Jack (boy). So in
Scotch, ‘‘Ilka Jeanie has her Jockie.’’
(See JACEK.)

All fellows, Jockey and the laird (man
and master). (Scotch proverb.)

Jockey (Zo). To deceive in trade;
to cheat ; to indulge in sharp practice,

Jockey of Norfoik. Sir John How-
ard, a firm adherent of Richard ITI. On
the night before the battle of Bosworth
he found in his tent the warning
couplet:

“ Jockey of Norfolk, be not too bold,

For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold,”

Joe or a Joe Miller. A stale joke;
so called from the compilation of jokes
under that om de plume. (See MILLER. )

Joey. A groat; socalled from Joseph
Hume, M.P., who strongly recom-
mended the coinage for the sake of
Paying short cab-fares, ete... (Hawkins :

astory of the Silver Coinage of England.)

Jog. Jog away; jog of; jog on. Get
away; be off; keep moving. Shakespeare
uses the word shog in the same sense—
as, ‘Will you shog off?” (Henry V.,
ii. 1); and again in the same play,
“Shall we shog?”’ (ii. 3). Beaumont
and Fletcher use the same expression in

_ The Coxcomb—‘* Come, prithee, let us
shog off ?’’ and again, in Pasquill and
Katharine— Thus it shogges”’ [goes].
In the Morte d’ Arthur we have another
‘variety—‘‘He shokkes in sharpely”’

{rushes in]. The words seem to be con-
nected with the Dutch schokken, to jolt,
and the Anglo-Saxon scacan, tg depart,
to flee.

“ Jog on a little faster, pri'thee

I'll take a nap and then be wi’ thee.” =
R. Lloyd: The Hare and the Tortoise.

To jog his memowry, or Give his memory
ajog. To remind one of something ap-
parently forgotten. Jog is to shake or
stir up. (Welsh, gogi, to shake ; French,
choquer ; our shock, shake, etc.)

Jog-trot. A slow but regular pace.

Joggis or Jogges. The pillory. Jamie-
son says, ‘‘They punish delinquents,
making them stand in ‘ jogges,’ as
they call their pillories.’? (The word
is Yoke: Latin, jugum; French, joug ;
Anglo-Saxon, geoc ; our jug, a jail.)

“Staune ane wholl Sabothe daye in ye joggis.”
—Glen;: History of Dumbarton,

John, A contraction of Johannes
(Joh’n). The French contract it differ-
ently, Jean—i.e. Jehan or Jehann; in
Italian, Giovanni.

Popes.

JOHN I, died wretchedly in jail. |

JOHN IJ, and III, were nonentities.

JOHN IV. was accused of heresy.

JOHN V.,VI., VII., were nonentities.

JOHN VIII, was imprisoned by Lambert, Duke
of Spole’to ; at a subsequent period he was dressed.
in female attire out of mockery, and was at last
poisoned.

JOHN IX, had SerGtus III. fora rival Pope.

JOHN X. was overthrown by Gui, Dike of Tus-
cany, and died in prison. y

JOHN XI. was imprisoned with his mother by
Alberic, and died there.

* JOHN XII. was deposed for sacrilege, and was
at last assassinated.

JOHN XIII. was imprisoned by his nobles and
deposed, F ;

JOHN XIV.was deposed, and died imprisoned in
the Castle of St. Angelo.

JOHN XV. was a nonentity.

JOHN XVI. was driven from Rome by Cres-
centius, .

JOHN XVII. (antipope) was expelled by Otto
III., and barbarously treated by Gregory,

JOHN XVIII. abdicated.

JOHN XIX. was deposed and expelled by
Konrad,

JOHN XX. was a nonentity, 4

JOHN XXI. was crushed to death by the falling
in of his palace at Viterbo, _

JOHN XXII. was charged with heresy,

JOHN XXIII. fled in disguise, was arrested, and
cast into prison for three years.

Certainly a disastrous list of Popes.

John. A proverbially unhappy-name
with royalty, insomuch that when John
Stuart ascended the throne of Scotland
he changed his name to Robert; but
misfortune never deserted him, and
after an evil reign he died overwhelmed
with calamities and infirmity. John
Baliol was the mere tool of Edward I. ;
John of a -a most: disastrous
reign. John I.of France reigned only a
few days; John II., having lost the
battle of Poitiers, died in captivity in

John 685

John-a-Nokes

London; to France his reign was a
tissue of evils. John of Bohemia was
slain at Cressy. John 1. of Aragon was
at ceaseless war with his subjects, by
whom he was execrated; John II. was
at ceaseless war with his son, Don Carlos.
John I. of Constantinople was poisoned
by Basil, his eunuch; John IV. had his
eyes put out; John V. was emperor in
name only, and was most unhappy;
John VI., harassed with troubles, ab-
dicated, and died in a monastery.

2 John I. of Sweden was unhappy
in his expeditions, and died child-
less; John II. had his wife driven out
of the kingdom by his angry subjects.
Jean sans Peur of Burgundy engaged
in the most horrible massacres a was
murdered, John of Suabia, called the
Parricide, because he murdered his
father Albert, after which he was a
fugitive and a vagabond on the face of
the earth, etc., etc.

N.B. John of Portugal was a signal
exception.

Ivan IV. of Russia, surnamed the
*¢ Terrible ” (1529-1584). He murdered
with his own hand his eldest son;
Ivan V. (1666-1696) was dumb and
nearly blind; Ivan VI. (1737-1762) was
dethroned, imprisoned, and put to death.
(See JANE.)

King John and the Abbot of Canter-
bury. John, being jealous of the state
kept by the abbot, declared he should
be put to death unless he answered three
questions, ‘The first. question was, how
much the king was worth; the second,
how long it would take to ride round
the world ; and the third, what the king
was thinking of. The king gave the
abbot three weeks’ grace for his answers.
A shepherd undertook to answer the
three questions, so with crozier, mitre,
rochet, and cope, he presented himself
before the king. ‘‘ What am I worth ?’’
asked John. ‘‘ Well,’’ was the reply,
“the Saviour was sold for thirty pence,
and your majesty is a penny worse than
He.” The king Taualiea: and demanded
‘what he had to say to the next question,
and the man replied, ‘“If you rise with
the sun and ride with the sun, you will

et round the world ina day.” Again
he king was satisfied, and demanded
that the respondent should tell him his
‘thoughts, “ You think I am'the abbot
of Canterbury, ‘but I am only a poor
‘shepherd who am come to ask your
majesty’s pardon for him and me.”

‘The king wa’ 80 pleased with the jest, |

‘that he would have made the shepherd
‘abbot of Canterbury; but the man

pleaded that he could neither write nor
read, whereupon the king dismissed him,
and gave him a pension of four nobles
scene (Perey: Reliques, series 2, bk.
iii, 6,

fess-John or Mass-John, A priest.

Prester John. The supposed Christian
king and priest of a medimval kingdom
in the interior of Asia. This Prester
John was the Khan Ung who was de-
feated and slain by Genghis Khan in
1202, said to have been converted by
the Nestorian Christians. He figures in
Ariosto, and has furnished materials for
a host of medieval legends,

“Twill fetch you a tooth-picker now from thé
farthest inch of Asia; bring you the length ot
Prester John’s foot: fetch you a hair off the
great Cham’s beard ...."”

Shakespeare: Much Ado about Nothing, fi, 1.

The three Johns—an alehouse picture
in Little Park Street, Westminster, and
in White Lion Street, Pentonville—is
John Wilkes between the Rev. John
Horne Tooke and Sir John Glynn (ser-
jeant-at-law). (Hotten: History of
Signboards),

St. John the Evangelist is represented
writing his gospel; or bearing a chalice,
from which a serpent issues, in allusion
to his driving the poison from a cup

‘presented to him to drink. He is some-

times represented in a cauldron of boil-
ing oil, in allusion to the tradition of
his being plunged into such a cauldron
before fis banishment to the isle of
Patmos.

St. John. The usual war-cry of the
English of the North in their encounters
with the Scotch. The person referred
to is St. John of Beverley, in Yorkshire,
who died 721.

John-a-Dreams. A stupid, dreamy
fellow, always in a brown study and half
asleep.

“Yet I,
A dulland muddy-mettled rascal, peak,
Like John-a-dreams, unpregnant of my cause,
And can say nothing.”
Shakespeare: Hamlet, ii. 2.

John-a-Droynes. A foolish cha-
racter in Whetstone’s Promos and
Cassandra (1578). Being seized by in-
formers, he stands dazed, and suffers
himself tobe quietly cheated out of his
money.

John-a-Nokes (or Noakes (1 syl.)).
A simpleton.

“ John-a-Nokes was driving a cart toward Croy-
don, and by the way fell asleepe therein. Meane
time a good fellow came by and stole away his two
horses. (John) abate and missing them,
said, ‘ Kither Iam John-a-Nokes or 1 am not Jobn-
a-Nokes. If Iam John-a-Nokes, then I have lost
two horses; and if I am not John-a-Nokes, then

I have found a cart.’”—Copley: Wits, Fits, and

Fancies (1614),

John Anderson

686

John ‘o'Groat +

John Anderson, my Jo. Thissong,
like “‘ Green Sleeves and Pudding Pies,”’
‘‘Maggy Lauder” and some others,
were invectives against the Catholic
clergy about the time of the Reforma-
tion. The first verse refers to their
luxurious habits :—

* John Anderson, my Jo;aim in as ze gae bye,

And ze sall get a sbeip’s heid weel baken ina

pye ;
Weel baken in a pye, and the haggis in a pat.
io Antonie my Jo, cum in, and ze’s get
at.”

Another verse refers to the seven sacra-
ments or ‘‘Seven bairns of Mother
Church.”’

John Audley. Js John Audley
there? Get done as soon as possible,
for there are persons sufficient for
another audience. John Audley was a
noted showman and actor; when his
platform was full, he taught the ticket
collector to poke his head behind the
green curtain, and cry out: ‘‘Is John
_ Audley there?’’? This was a signal to
the actors to draw their piece to a close,
and clear the house as quickly as pos-
sible, Audley taught this trick to
Riehardson,

Jehn Bull. The national nickname
for an Englishman, represented as a
bluff, kindhearted, bull-headed farmer.
The character is from a satire by Dr.
Arbuthnot. In this satire the French-
man is termed Lewis Baboon, the Dutch-
man Nicholas Frog, etc. ,

John Bull. A comedy by George Col-
man. Job Thornberry is the chief
character.

John Chinaman, Either a Chinese
or the Chinese as a people.

John Company. Colonel Harold
Walet, in Notes and Queries, August 6th,
1892, p. 116, says that “John”’ is a
perversion of ‘‘ Hon.,’”’ and John Com-

any is the Hon, Company. No doubt
ioce like Hans my e equal to John,
but probably John ompany is allied to
the familiar John Bull. The Company
was abolished in 1857, in consequence of
the Indian Mutiny.

“Tn old times ‘John Company’ employed four
thousand men in its warehouses.”—Old and New
London, ii. 185,

John Doe. At one time used in law
pleadings for an hypothetical plaintiff ;
the supposititious defendant being ‘‘Rich-
ard Roe,’’ These fictions are not now
used.

John Dory is technically called Zeus

faber, common in the Mediterranean Sea
and round. the south-western coasts of

England. A corruption of jaune adorée=
the adorable or sacred yellow fish.

The-only interest of this creature in a
work like the Dictionary of Phrase
and Fable is the tradition that it was
the tish from which St. Peter took the
stater. Hence it is called in French le
poisson de St. Pierre, and in Gascon, the
golden or sacred cock, meaning St. Peter’s
cock, Like the haddock, it has aremark-
able oval black spot on each side, said to
be the finger-marks of St. Peter, when he
held the fish to extract the coin. As
neither the haddock nor dory can live
in fresh water, of course this tradition is
only an idle tale.

John Dory. A piratical French cap-
tain, conquered by_Nicholl, a Cornish-
man.

“John Dory bought him an ambling nag,
To Paris for to ride-a.”
Corbett: A Journey to France, p. 129.

John Long. To wait for John Long,
the carrier. To wait a long time; to
wait for John, who keeps us a long time.

John Roberts (4). An enormous
tankard holding enough drink for any
ordinary drinker to lastthrough Saturday
and Sunday. This measure was intro-
duced into Wales in 1886 to compensate
topers for the Sunday closing, and de-
rived its name from John Roberts, M.P.,
author of the Sunday Closing Act.
(Standard, March 11th, 1886.)

John Thomas. A generic name for
a flunkey ; or footman with large calves
and bushy whiskers.

John Drum’s Entertainment.
Hauling a man by his ears and thrusting
him out by the shoulders. The allusion
is to ‘‘drumming”’ a man out of the
army. There is. a comedy so caHed,
niehed 1601.

“When your lordship sees the bottom of his
success in't... if yougivehim not John Drum's
entertainment, your inclining cannot be_re-
a a ah Caecum Alls Well that Ends Well,

John in the Wad. A Will-o’-Wisp.
A wad is a wisp, and John or Jack isa
name for any inferior person unknown,
(See JACK.)

John of Bruges (1 syl.). John van
Eyck, the Flemish painter (1370-1441).

John o’ Groat, with his two brothers
Malcolm and Gavin, came from Hol-
land in the reign of James IV. of Scot-
land, and purchased the lands of Warse
and Dungisbay. In process of time
their families mcreased, and there came
to be eight families of the same name.

John of Hexham

687 Joint

They lived together sneay te and met
once a year in the original house; but
on one occasion a question of precedency
arose, who was to, go out first, and who
was to take the head of the table.. John
o’ Groat promised them the next time
they came he would contrive to satisfy
them all. Accordingly he built an eight-
sided room, with a door and window in
each side, and placed a round oak table
in the room. This building went ever
after with the name of John o’ Groat’s
House. The site of this house is the
Berubium of Ptolemy, in the vicinity of
Duncansby Head.

“ Hear, land o'cakes and brither Scots,

Frae Maidenkirk to Johnny Groat’s ...
A chield’s amang you takin’ notes,
And, faith, he’ll prent it.”
Burns: Captain Grove

John of Hexham. An English his-

torical writer, twelfth century.

John of Leyden (the prophet), be-
ing about to marry Bertha, met with
three Anabaptists who observed a strong
likeness in him to a picture of David in
Munster cathedral. They entered into
conversation with him, and finding him
apt for their purpose, induced him to
join their rebellion. The rebels took
the city of Munster, and John was
crowned ‘‘ruler of Westphalia.’’ His
mother met him in the street, and John
disclaimed all knowledge of her; but
subsequently visited her in prison, and
obtained her forgiveness. When the
emperor arrived with his army, John’s
Anabaptist friends deserted him, and
‘the prophet,’”’ setting fire to the ban-
quet-room of his palace, perished with
his mother in the flames. (Meyerbeer :
Le Prophéte (an opera). °

‘ His real name was John Bockhold.

John the Almoner. Chrysostom
was so called, because he bestowed so
large a portion of his revenues on hos-
pitals and other charities, (347-407.),

John the Baptist. Patron saint of

missionaries. He was sent ‘‘ to prepare ‘

the way of the Lord.”’

In Christian art he is represented in a
coat of sheepskins, in allusion to his life
in the desert; either holding a rude
wooden cross, with a pennon bearin
the words, Eece Agnus Dei, or wit
a book on which a lamb is seated; or
holding in his right hand a lamb sur-

rounded by a halo, and bearing a cross |

on the right foot.

John Tamson’s Man, a henpecked
husband : one ordered here, arid ordered

there, and ordered everywhere. Tame-
son—.e. spiritless, the slave even of a
Tame-son.

k «rhe deil's:in the wife!’ said Cuddie. ‘*D'ye
think I am to be John Tamson’s man, and mais-
tered by a woman a’ the days o° my life ?7"—Sir
W. Scott: Old Mortality, chap. xxxix,

John with the Leaden Sword.
The Duke of Bedford, who acted as re-
gent for Henry VI. in France, was so
called by Earl Douglas.

Johnnies, British bourgeois, Byron,
February 23rd, 1824, writes to Murray
his publisher respecting an earthquake:

“If you had but seen the English Johnnies, who
bad never been out of a cockney workshop before
... (running sway... ).”

Johnny Crapaud. A Frenchman,
so called by the English sailors in the
long Napoleon contest. The ancient
Flemings used to call the French ‘‘ Cra-
pave Franchos.’’ In allusion to the toads

rne originally in the arms of France.

Johnny Raw. A Verdant Green; a
newly-enlisted soldier ; an adult appren-
tice in the ship-trade.

“The impulse given to ship-building by the
continental war, induced employers to take per-
sons as apprentices who had already passed their
majority.- This class of men-apprentices, generally
from remote towns, were called ‘Jobnny Raws'‘
by the fraternity.’—C. Thomson: Autobiography,
D. 732. ~

Johnson (Dr. Samuel) lived in Fleet
Street—first in Fetter Lane, then in
Boswell Court, then in Gough Square,
then in the Inner Temple Lane for seven

‘years, then in Johnson’s Court (No, 7)

for ten years; and lastly in Bolt Court
(No. 8), where he died eight years after.
The coffee-house he most frequented was
the Mitre tavern in Fleet Street, and
not that which has assumed the name
of ‘‘ Dr. Johnson’s Coffee-house.’’ The
church he frequented was St. Clement
Danes in the Strand. ‘

Johnstone. The crest of this family
is a winged spur, or spur between two
wings, leathered, with the motto. ‘‘Nu-

uam non para tus.”’ When King Edward

. was meditating treachery in favour of
Balliol, Johnstone sent to Bruce (then
in England) a spur with a feather tied
to it. Bruce took the hint and fied,
and when he became king conferred the
crest on the Jehnstone family.

Johnstone's Tippet (St.).. A halter.
Join the Majority. (See Masonriry.)

Joint. The times are out of joint.
The times are ‘disquiet and unruly. If
the body is out of joint it cannot move
easily, and so is it with the body cor-

porate

Jolly

‘Jolly. A sailor’s nickname for a
marine, who, in his opinion, bears the
same relation to a ‘‘ regular ’’ as a jolly-
“boat or yawl does to a ship. (Danish,
jollé, a yawl.)

Jolly Dog (A). A bon vivant, Here
‘jolly? means jovial.
Jolly God (The). Bacchus, The

Bible speaks of wine which ‘‘ maketh
glad the heart of man.”? Here “jolly ”
means jovial,

Jolly Good Fellow (A). A very social
and popular person, (French, jodi.)

* Ali was jolly quiet at Ephesus before St. Paul
came thither.’—John Trapp ; Commentary (1656),

“ For he’s a jolly good fellow [three times),
And 80 say all of us,
With a hip, hip, hip, hoora!"
Jolly Green. Very simple; easily
imposed upon, from being without
worldly wisdom.

Jolly Roger (The). (See RoGzEr.)

Jollyboat. A small boat usually
hoisted at the stern of a ship. (Danish,
jollé ; Dutch, jol ; Swedish, jullé, a yawl.

Jonah and the Whale. Mr.
Colbert, Professor of Astronomy in
Chicago, in a chapter on ‘‘ Star Group-
ing,” tells us that the whale referred to
is the star-group ‘‘ Cetus,”? and that
Jonah is the ‘‘ Moon passing through it
in three days and nights.”

Jo/nas, in Dryden’s satire of Absalom
and Achitophel, is meant for Sir William
Jones, Attorney-General, who conducted
the prosecution of the Popish Plot (June
25th, 1674); not the great Oriental
scholar, who lived 1746-1794. The
attorney-general was called in the satire
Jonas by a palpable pun.

“ Not bull-faced Jonas, who could statutes draw
To mean rebellion and make treason law.”
Dryden: Absalom and Achitophel, part i. 520,521.

Jonathan. Brother Jonathan. Inthe
revolutionary war, Washington, being
in great want of supplies for the army,
and having unbounded confidence in
his friend, Jonathan Trumbull, governor
of Connecticut, said, ‘‘ We must consult
brother Jonathan.”? Brother Jonathan
was consulted on all occasions by the
American liberator, and the phrase be-
coming popular was accepted as the na-
tional name of the Americans as a people.

| Jonathan and David. In 1 Sam.
Xvill. 4 we read that Jonathan, (the
king’s son) “ stripped himself of his robe
and gave it to David, with his sword,
bow, and girdle.’’ This was a mark of
honour, as princes and sovereigns now-
adays strip themselves of a chain or

688

Jormungandar

a ring, which they give to one they
delight to honour. In 1519 the Sultan
Selim, desirous of showing honour to
an imaum of Constantinople, threw his
royal robe over him.

Jonathan’s. A noted coffee-house in
Change Alley, described in the Zutler as
the general mart of stock-jobbers,

‘. What is now called the Stock Ex-
change was called Jonathan’s,

“ Yesterday the brokers and others .. . came to
a resolution that [the new building) instead of
being called ‘New Jonathan's, should be called
‘The Stock Exchange.’.... The brokers then

collected sixpence each, and christened the house
with punch.”"—-Newspaper paragraph (July 15,

1773).

Jonathan’s Arrows. They were
shot to give warning, and not to hurt.
(1 Sam. xx. 36.) j

“If the hushand would reprove) his wife, it
should be in such a mood as if he did chide him-
self; and his words, like Jonathan’s arrows,
should he shot, not to hurt, but only to give
warning.”—Le Fanu: The House in the Church-
yard, chap, xcix.

Jone (French). A wedding-ring; so
called because those who were married
by compulsion at Ste. Marine wore rings
of jone or straw.

“C'est dans l'église de Ste, Marine que lon
marie ceux que l’on condamne 4s’épouser. An-
ciennement on les mariait avec un anneau de
paille ; etait-ce pour marquer au mari que la
vertu de celle qu'il épousait était bien fragile ?”
—Dulaure,

Joncs. Etre sur le joncs (to be on
the straw)—.e. in prison.
“ Plantez aux hurmes vos picons
Da paour les bisans si tres-durs
Et aussi d‘estre sur les joncz,
Emmanchez en coffre et gros murg.”
Villon: Jargon et Jobelin, ballade 1,
Jordan Passed. Death over.
Jordan is the Styx of Christian myth-
ology, because it was the river which
separated the wilderness [of this world}
from the promised land.

© If IT still bold closely to Him,
What bath He at last 2
Sorrow vanquished, labour ended,
Jordan passed.”
John Mason Neale, D.D: (Stephen the Sabaite).

Jordeloo (3 syl.). Notice given: to
passengers when dirty water was thrown
from chamber windows into the street.
Either ‘‘Gare de Peau,” or else “ Jorda’
lo!”? the mutula being usually called
the ‘‘ Jordan.”’ ee :

“At ten o'clock at night the whole cargo is
flung out of a back window that looks into some
street or lane, and the maid calls *Gardy loo’ to
the passengers,’—Smollett: Humphrey Clinker. .

“The lass had made the Gardy ie out of the
ree window.”—Sir W. Scott: Heart of Mid-

Mian. : La

Sea = Midgardsormen
i.e. earth’s monster). The great serpen:

brother of Hela and “Fenrir eee
and son of Loki, the spirit of evil. It

we Josaphat
¥

used to lie at the root of the celestial
ash till All-Fader cast it into the ocean ;
it then grew so large that in time it en-
compassed the whole world, and was for
éver biting its own tail.

Jos’aphat. An Indian prince con-
verted by the hermit Bar’laam, in the
Greek religious pastoral entitled Josa-
phat and Barlaai, generally ascribed to
St. John of Damascus (eighth century).

Joseph (A). One not to be seduced
from his, contineucy by the severest
temptation. The reference is to Joseph
in Potiphar’s house, (Gen. xxxix.), (See
BELLEROPHON.)

A joseph.. A great coat,.so called
after Joseph, who wore a garment or
coat of many colours.

“ At length, Mrs. Buby herself made her appear-
ance; her venerable person, endued with what
was then called a joseph, an ample garment,
which had once been green, but now, betwixt
Stains and patches, had become like tlie vesture
of the patriarch whose name it bore—a garinent
of divers cotours.”—Sir W. Scott: The Pirate,
chap. xi - ‘

Joseph (Sé¢.). Patron saint of car-
i coh because he was of the same craft.
is.is Joseph, husband of Mary, and

_ the reputed father of Jesus.

In Christian art Joseph is represented

as an aged man with a budding staff in
his hand '
- Joseph Andrews. The hero of a
novel written by Fielding to ridicule
Richardson’s Pam'ela, whose brother
Joseph is supposéd to be.

Joseph of A’rimathe’a brought
to Listenise the sanctgraal and also the
spear with which Longi’nus wounded
the crucified Saviour. _When Sir Balin
entered this chamber, which was in the
palace of King Pellam, he found it
‘marvellously well dight and richly ;
the bed was arrayed with. cloth of gold,
the richest: that might be thought, and
thereby stood a table of clean gold, with
four pillars of silver, and upon the table
stood the spear strangely wrought.”
(Lhe History.of Prince Arthur, part i.
chap. 40.)

» Joseph's Coat. (See under Coat.)

* Joss, The house-god of the Chinese’;
every family has its joss. A temple is
called a joss-house. SESE
Josse. Vous étes orfevre, Monsicur
Josse (You are a jeweller, Mr. Josse).
‘Nothing like leather ; great is Diana of
‘the Ephesians; your advice is not dis-
interested. In Molitre’s comedy of
LD Amo Meédecin, a silversmith, by the

44

689

‘name of Josse; being asked the best way |

Jouvence

of curing a lady pining from: love,
recommends a handsome present. of
jewellery. The father replies, ‘You
advise me like a jeweller, Mr, Tosse,??

Jot. Notajot. ‘Jot’ isa contrac-
tion of iota, called the Lacedemonian
letter, and the smallest in the alphabet ;
or the Hebrew yod. i

Jo'tham, in Dryden’s satire of 4)-
salom and Achitophel, means’ Saville,
Marquis of Halifax. Jotham was the
person who uttered the parable of Zhe
Trees Choosing a King when the men
of Shechem made Abimelech king.
(Judges ix.)

Jotunheim (pron, Utin-hime), Giant

land. The home or region of the Scan-
dinavian giants or joten.

Jour Maigre (French), A day of
abstinence, when meat is forbidden to
be eaten. (See BANIAN Days.)

Jourdain (Monsieur), in Moliére’s
comedy of Le Bourgeois Gentilhomie,
He represents a bourgeois placed by
wealth in the ranks of gentlemen, and
making himself extremely ridiculous by
his endeavours to acquire their accom-
plishments.

Journal. (Latin, diurnum, a daily
thing ; Welsh, di2rnod ; Italian, giorno ;
French, journal, journal, jow, a day.)

Applied to newspapers, the word
strictly means a daily paper; but the
extension of the term.to weekly papers
is sanctioned by custom,

Journey, A Sabbath-day’s journey,
The distance between the ‘farthest tents
in the wilderness and, the tabermacle of
Moses, a radius of about a mile; this
would make the entire encampment to
cover a circumference of six miles,

Journey-weight. The weight of
certain parcels of gold’ in the mint. A
journey of gold is fifteen pounds Troy,
which is coined into 701 sovereigns, or
double that number of half-sovereigns,
A journey of silver is sixty pounds Troy,
which is coimed into 3,960 shillings, or
double that number of sixpences,’ half
that number of florins, etc. So.called
because this weight of coin was at.one
time esteemed a day’s.mintage. (French,
journée.) ; i Ce.

Jouvence (2 syl.). You have beew to
the fountain of Jouvence—i.e, You have
grown young again. This is a French

hrase. Jouvence is a town of France
‘in the ‘department of Saéne-et-Loire,
and has a fountain called da fontaine de

r/

Jove

690

Judas Kiss

Jouvence ; but Jouvence means also
youth, and la fontaine de jouvence may be
rendered ‘the fountain of youth.’”’ The
play on the word gave rise to the tradition
that whoever drank of this fountain
would become young again.

Jove (1 syl.). (See Juprren.) The
Titans made war against Jove, and tried
to dethrone him.
éNot stronger were of old the giant crew,

Who ote to pull high Jove from regal state.”
Thomson: Custle of Indolence, canto 1.

Milton, in Paradise Lost, makes Jove

one of the fallen angels (i. 512).

Jo'vial, Merry and ‘ociable,- like
those born under the planet Jupiter,
which astrologers considered the happiest
of the natal stars.

“Our jovial star reigned at his birth.”
Shakespeare: Cymbeline, v. 4

Joy. The seven joys of the Virgin:
The annunciation; (2) the visitation ;
(8) the nativity ; (4) the adoration of the
three kings; 3 the presentation in the
temple ; (6) the discovery of her youthful
Son in the temple in the midst of the
doctors ; (7) her assumption and corona-
tion. (See Sorrow.)

Joyeuse (2 syl.). Charlemugne’s
sword, which bore the inscription Tenens
oreccepto'rum custos Car'olus ; the sword
of Guillaume au Court-Nez; anyone’s
sword. It was buried with Charle-
magne. (See SWORDS.)

Joyeuse Garde or Garde-Joyeuse.
The estate given by King Arthur to
Sir Launcelot of the Lake for defending ,
the Queen’s honour against Sir Mador.

Juan Fernandez. A rocky island
in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of
Chili. Here Alexander Selkirk, a buc-
caneer, resided in solitude for four years,
and his history is commonly supposed
to be the -basis of Defoe’s Robinson
Crusoe.

Sailors commonly believe that this
island is the sceneof Crusoe’s adventures ;
but Defoe distinctly indicates an island
on the east coast of South America, some-
where near Dutch Guiana.

Jubal [a trumpet]. The son of
Lamech and Adah. He is called the
inventor of the lyre and flute (Gen. iv.
19-21). ;

. ase when he [Javan] heard the voice of Jubal’s
Tnbtivetive genius caught the ethereal fire.”
Montgomery: The World Before the Flood, c. 1.
Ju’bilee (Jewish). The eit of jubilee.

Every fiftieth year, when land that had

passed out of the possession of those to

whom it originally belonged was restored
to them; all who had been reduced to
poverty, and were obliged to let them-
selves out for hire, were released from
bondage; and all debts were cancelled.
The word is from jobil (a ram’s horn), so _
called because it was proclaimed with
trumpets of rams’ horns. (Sce Leviticus
xxv. 11-34, 39-54; and xxvii. 16-24.)

Jubilee (in the Catholic Church). Every

twenty-fifth year, for the purpose of
ranting indulgences. Boniface VIII.
instituted it in 1300, and ordered it to be
observed every hundred years. Clement
VI. reduced the interval to fifty years,
Urban IV. to thirty, and Sixtus IV. to
twenty-five. :

Protestant Jubilee, celebrated in Ger-
many in 1617, the centenary of the
Reformation.

Shakespeare Jubilee, held at Stratford-
on-Avon, September 6th, 1769.

Jubileeto commemorate the commence-
ment of the fiftieth year of the reign of
George III., October 25th, 1809.

Jubilee to celebrate the close of the
Revolutionary War, August Ist, 1814.

1887. The Jubilee to commemorate
the fiftieth year of the reign of Queen .
Victoria.

Ju'daise (3 syl.), To convert or
conform to the doctrines, rites, or man-
ners of the Jews. A Judaising spirit is
a desire to convert others to the Jewish
religion.

Ju’daism (3 syl.). The religion of
the Jews, or anything else which is spe-
cial to that people.

Judas, in the satire of Absalom and
Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, was
meant for Mr. Furgueson, a Noncon-
formist. He was ejected in 1662 from
his living of Godmersham, in Kent, and
afterwards distinguished himself by
his political intrigues. He joined the
Duke of Monmouth, whom he after-
wards betrayed.

Le point de Judas (French). _The
number thirteen. The Messiah and His
twelve disciples made thirteen.” And as
Judas was the first to die, he was the
thirteenth. At the death of the Saviour,
the number being reduced to eleven, a
twelfth (Matthias) was elected by lot
to fill the place of the traitor.

Judas Kiss (4). A deceitful act of
courtesy. Judas betrayed his Master
with a kiss. what

“So Judas kissed his Master,
And cried, ‘All bail!’ whenas he meant alt
harm.” Shakespeare: 8 Henry Vi., Vv, 7.

Judas Slits

691

- Juggernaut

Judas Slits or Judas Holes. The
peep-holes in a prison-door, through
which the guard looks into the cell to
see if all is right ; when not in use, the
holes are covered up.

, , It was the faint click made by the cover of the

Judas’ as it falls back into the place over the
slit where the 72 have heen.—The Century:
Ruasian Political Prisons, February, 1888, p. 524,

Judas Tree. A translation of the
Latin arbor Jude. The name has given
rise to a Greek tradition that it was upon
one of these trees that Judas Iscariot
hanged himself.

Judas-coloured Hair. Fiery-red.
Cain is represented with red hair.

“His very hair is of the dissembling colour,
something browner than Judas’s."—Shakespeare :
As You Like It, iii. 4. -

Jude (S¢.), in Christian art, is repre-
sented with a club or staff, and a car-
penter’s square, in allusion to his trade.

Judée. La petite Judée (French).
The prefecture of police; so called
because the bureau isin the Rue de Jéru-
salem, and those taken there for offences
look on the police as their betrayers.

Judge’s Black Cap. The judge puts
on his black cap (now a three-cornered
piece of black silk) when he condemns
to death, in sign of mourning. This
sign is very ancient. ‘‘Haman hasted
to his house mourning, having his head
covered ”’ ag vi. 12). David wept
‘and had his head covered ’’ (2 Samuel
xv. 30). Demosthenés went home with
his head covered*when insulted by the
porulaae, Darius covered his head on
earping the death of his queen. Malcolm
poh to Macduff in his deep sorrow,
‘“What, man! ne’er pull your hat upon
your brows’’ (Macbeth, iv.3). And the
ancient English, says Fosbroke, ‘‘ drew

their hoods forward over their heads at

funerals.”

Judges’ Robes. In the criminal
courts, where the judges represent the
sovereign, they appear in full court
dress, and wear a scarlet robe; but in
Nisi Prius Courts the judge sits merely
to balance the law between civilians,
and therefore appears in his judicial
undress, or violet gown.

Ju‘dica (Latin). The fifth Sunday
after Lent ; so called from the first word
of the service for the day, Judica me,
Dom'ine (Judge me, O Lord). (Psalm
xiii.) .

Judicium Crucis was stretching out
the arms before a cross, till one of the
per could hold out no longer, and lost
his cause. @ The bishop of Paris and

abbot of St. Denis appealed to this
judgment in a dispute they had about
the patronage of a monastery; each of
the Haeatats selected a man to repre-
sent his cause, and the man selected b
the bishop gave in, so that the awar
was given in favour of the abbot.
Judicium Dei (Latin). The trial
of guilt by direct appeal to God, under
the notion that He would defend the
right even by miracle. There were nu-
merous methods of appeal, as by single
combat, ordeal by water or fire, eating
a crust of bread, standing with arms ex-
tended, consulting the Bible, etc., etc,

Ju’dith, The Jewish heroine of
Bethu’'lia, who perilled her life in the
tent of Holofernés, the general of Nebu-
chadnezzar, in order to. save her native
town. The bold adventurer cut off the
head of the Assyrian, and her townsmen,
rushing on the invaders, defeated them
with great slaughter. (Zhe Book of
Judith.)

Jug (4) or a Stone jug. <A prison,
(See Jocais.)

Juge de Paix (French). <A cudgel.

“ Albert. Mangin, condamné & mort le 7 florea) -
an, ji. ayant dit que les jacobins étaient tou des
scélérats et des coquins, et_méntrant un gros
baton qu'il tenait 4 Ja main: Voila un ‘Juge de
paix’ qui me servira 4 leur casser la barre du
cou."—L. P. Prudhomme: Dict. des Individus Con-

damnés, etc.

Jugged Hare. The hare being cut
up is put into a jug or pipkin, and the

ipkin is set in a pan of water. This

ain marie prevents the contents of the
pipkin from being burnt.

Juggernaut or Jaggernaut, A
Hindu god. The word is a corruption
of the Sanscrit jaganndtha (lord of the
world). The temple of this god isina
town of the same name in Orissa. King
Ayeen Akbery sent a learned Brahman
to look out a site for a temple. The
Brahman wandered about for many
days, and then saw a crow dive into the
water, and having washed, made obeis-
ance to the element. This was selected
as the site of the temple, While the
temple was a-building the rajah had a
prophetic dream, telling him that the
true form of Vishnu should be revealed
to him in the morning. When the rajah
went to see the temple he beheld a log
of wood in the water, aud this log he
accepted'as the realisation of his dream,

enshrined it in the temple, and called it

Jagannath.
“The idol Jaggernat is in shape likea serpent,
with seven heads; and on each cheek it hath

the form of a wing, and the Wings open, and shut,
and flap as it is carried in a stately chariot,”’=+

_ Bruton: Churchill’ Collection,

Sugeler

692 Jumper

The car of Juggernaut, An enormous
wooden machine adorned with all sorts
of figures, and mounted on sixteen
wheels. Fifty men drag it annually to
the temple, and it is said to contam a
bride for the god. Formerly many were
crushed to death by the car ; some being
pushed down by the enormous crowd ;
some throwing themselves under the
wheels, as persons in England under a
railway train; some perhaps as devotees,
By British police arrangements, such
immolation is practically abolished.

Juggler means a player. (Latin,
joculator.) These jugglers accompanied
the. minstrels and troubadours, to assist
them, and added to their musical talents
sleight-of-hand, antics, and feats of

rowess, to amuse the company assem-
bled. In time the music was dropped as
the least attractive, and tricks became
the staple of these wandering performers.
(Latin, joculator, jocus, a joke or trick.)

Juggs or Jougs. The name given in
Scotland to a sort of pillory, consisting
of an iron ring or collar fastened by a
short chain to a wall, as the ‘‘ juggs ”’ of
Duddingston, Edinburgh. (See Joaets.)

Julian, the Roman emperor, boasted
that he would rebuild Jerusalem, but
was mortally wounded by an arrow
before the foundation was laid. Much
has been made of this by early Christian
writers, who dwell on the prohibition
and curse pronounced against those who
should attempt to rebuild the city, and
the fate of Julian is pointed out as an
example of Divine wrath against the
impious disregarder of the threat,

“ Well pleased they look for Sion’s coming state,
Nor think of Julian's boast and Julian’s fate.”

Crabbe: Borough.
St. Julian.
and of hospitality. Represented as ac-
companied by a stag in allusion to his
early career as a hunter ; wnd either re-
ceiving the poor and afflicted, or ferrying
travellers across a river,

* An bousehaldere, and that a gret, was be!
Seynt Julian he was in his.countré,
‘ His breed, his ale, was alway after oon [one
pattern] ; {
A bettre envyned man was nowhere noon.”
Chaucer: The Frankeleyn, Introduction to
Canterbury Tales.

St. Julian was he deemed. A great
epicure. St. Julian was the epicurean
of saints. (See above.)

Julian Epoch or Era. That of the
reformed calendar by Julius Cesar,
which began forty-six years before
Christ.

Julian Period is produced by mul-
tiplying’ together the lunar cycle, the

Patron saint of travellers’

solar cycle, and the Romam indiction.
The first year of the Christian era cor-
responded to the year 4713 of the Julian,
and therefore to reduce our B.C! dates to
the Julian, we must subtract them from
4713, but our A.D. dates we must add to
that number. So named from Julius
Scaliger, the deviser of it.

ulian. ~ert i -
we give 4 ae Ty ee eee tant y ni
lunar periods agree.

Julian Year. The year regulated
by Julius Cesar, which continued to be
observed till it was corrected by Pope
Gregory XIII. in 1582.

Julienne Soup. Clear meat soup,
containing chopped vegetables, especial]
carrots; so called after Julien, a Frenc
cook, of Boston.

Juliet. Daughter of Lady Capulet,
and ‘‘sweet sweeting”’ of Reine! in
Shakespeare’s. tragedy of Romeo and
Julict. She has become a household
word for a, lady-love.

Juwlium Si'dus. The comet which
appeared at the death of Julius ‘Cesar,
and which in court flattery was :called
the apotheo’sis of the murdered man.

July’. The seventh month, named
by Mark ay in honour of Julius
Cesar, who was born in it. j ?

Ju'mala, The supreme idol of the
ancient Finns and Lapps. The word is
sometimes used by the Scandinavian
poets for the Almighty.

y Ona lonely cliff .
An ancient shrine he found, of Jumala the seat,
For many a year gone by closed up and desolate.”
Frithiof-Saga: The Reconciliation,
dump. To jump or to fit.or unite with
like a graft; as, both owr inventions mect
and jump im one. Hence the adverb
exactly, precisely.

“Good advice is easily followed when it jumps

with our own... . inclinations.”—Lockhart: Sw

Walter Scott, chap. x. p. 241
* The Scotch use jimp, as, ‘‘ When
she had been married jimp four months ”
(The Antiquary.) ak an
Jump at an Offer (Zo). To accept
eagerly. ey ?
Jump Over the Broomstick (7%).
To marry in an_ informal -way. +
““brom’’ is the bit of a bridle; to
‘jump the brom’ is to skip over, the
marriage restraint, and.‘ broomstick”
is a mere corruption. ; if
erat ny Sioombtick "0. 8a ogee
Jumper. The longest jumper on
record was Phayllos, who is -accredited

7 than

June 698 Jurassic Rocks
with {emping 55 feet. Half that length Junner. A giant in Scandinavian
would be an enormous jump. mythology, said in the Edda to represent

A counter jumper, A draper’s appren-
tice or employé, whois accustomed to
jump over the shop counter to save the
trouble and time of going round,

June (1 syl.). Thesixth month, Ovid
says, ‘Junius a juvenum nomine dictus,’’
(Fasti, v. 78.)

June Marriages Lucky. ‘Good
to the man and happy to the maid.”
This is an old Roman superstition, The
festival of Juno monéta was held on the
calends of June, and Juno was the great
guardian of the female sex from birth
to death.

Jwnior Op'time.
University term, meanin
‘‘ honour”? man—i.e. in t
cal ‘‘ honour’’ examination.

Junior Soph. A man of the second
year’s standing is so called in the Uni-
versity of Cambridge, (See Sorx.)

Junius. Letters of Junius. In 1871
was published a book entitled The Hand-
writing of Junius Professionally Investi-~

ated by Mr, Charles Chabot, expert.
he object of this book is to prove that
Sir Philip Francis was the author of
these detiers. On the 22nd May, 1871,
appeared an article in the Times to show
that the case is ‘“‘not proven”? by Mr.
Chabot. Mr. Pitt told Lord Aberdeen
that he knew who wrote the Junius
Letters, and that it was not Francis.
Lady Grenville sent a letter to the
editor of Diaries of a Lady of Quality to
the same efiect.

Junk, Latin, juncus, from jungo, to
join; used for binding, making baskets,
mats, The juncus maritimus is useful in
binding together the loose sands of the
sea-shore, and obstructing the incur-
sions of the sea. The juncus conglomer-
atus is used. in Holland for giving
stability to river-banks and canals. (iSce
RusH.)

‘Junk. Salt meat supplied to vessels
for long voyages; so called because it is
hard and tough as old rope-ends so called.
Ropes are called junks because they were
once made of bulrushes. Junk is often
called salt horse. (See Harness Cask.)

. Jun’‘ket. Curded cream with spice,
etc.; any dainty. The word is the
Italian giwncata (curd. or cream cheese),
so called because carried on junk or bul-
rushes (gitinco). t

“You know there wants no junkets at the feast.”
~~~ Shakespewre: Taming of the Shrew, ili. 2.

A Cambridge
a third-class
mathemati-

the “eternal principle.’ Its skull forms
the heavens ; its eyes the sun and moon,
its shoulders the mountains; its bones
the rocks, etc,; hence the poets call
heaven ‘‘ Junner’s skull;"’ the sun,
‘‘Junner’s right eye ;”’ the moon, ‘‘Jun-
ner’s left eye;’’ the rivers, ‘‘ the 1chor
of old Junner.”? (See GIANTS.)

Juno. The ‘venerable ox-eyed’’
wife of Jupiter, and queen of heaven.
(Roman mythology.)

‘ The famous marble statue of the
Campana Juno is in the Vatican,

Juno’nian Bird. The peacock, dedi-
cated to the goddess-queen,

Junto. A faction consisting of Russell,
Lord-Keeper Somers, Charles Montague,
and several other men of mark, who
ruled the Whigs in the reign of Wil-
liam III. for nearly twenty years, and
exercised a very great influence over the
nation. The word is a corruption of
the Spanish junta (an administrative
assembly), but is in English a term of
censure,

Ju'piter is the Latin form of Zevs
narnp. Verospi’s statue of Jupiter is in
the Vatican; but one of the seven won-
ders of the world was the statue of
Olympian Jove, by Phidias, destroyed
by fire in Constantinople A.D. 475.

This gigantic statue was nearly sixty feet’
high, though seated ona throne. The statue was
made of ivory ; the throne of cedar-wood, adorned
with ivory, ebony, gold, and precious stones, The
god holds in his right band a golden statue of
Victory, and his Jeft hand reated on along sceptre
surmounted with an eagle. The robe of the god
was of gold,and so was the footstool supported
by golden lions. This wonderful work of art was
removed to Constantinople by Theodosius I.

Jupiter. With the ancient alchemists
designated tin.

Jupiter Scapin. A nickname of
Napoleon Bonaparte, given- him by the
Abbé de Pradt. Scapin is a valet famous
for his knavish tricks,in Moliére’s comed:
of Les Fourberies de Scapin., ;

Jupiter’s Beard. House-leek. Sup-
posed to be a charm against evil spirits
and lightning. Hence grown at one
time very generally. on the thatch. of
houses. i

“Et habet quisque supra domum suum Jovis
barbam.”—Charlemagne’s Edict. :

Jurassic Rocks. Limestone rocks;
so called from the Jura; the Jurassie
period is the geological. period. when
these rocks were formed. Our oolitic
series pretty nearly corresponds with
the Jurassic, ‘7 i e~3

Jurisprudence

694

Kabibonokka

Jurisprudence. The Father of Juris-
prudence. Glanville, who wrote Trac-
ta'tus de Legibus et Consuetudinibus
Anglia in 1181 (died 1190).

Jury Leg (4). A wooden leg, or
leg for the nonce. (See Juzy Mast.)

“T took the leg off with ote saw... seared the
e

stump... and madea jury leg that he shambles

about with as well as ever he did.”—Sir W. Scott:
The Pirate, chap, XXxiv.

Jury Mast. A corruption of joury
mast—i.e. a mast for the day, a tem-
porary mast, being a spar used for the
nonce when the mast has been carried
away. (French, jour, a day.)

Jus Civile. Civil law.

Jus Divi/num. Divine law.

: Jus Gen’tium (Latin). International
aw.

Jus Mari’ti (Latin). The right of
the husband to the wife’s property.

Jus de Réglisse (liquorice). French
slang for a negro,

Jus et Norma Loquendi. The right
method of speaking and pronouncing
established by the custom of each par-
ticular nation. The whole phrase is
“ Consuetido, jus et norma loguendi,”
{ Horace.)

Just (The).

Aristi/dés, the Athenian (died 3.0.
468).

Ba/haram, styled Shah Ended (the Just
King), fifth of the Sassan’idm (9.v.)
(276-296).

Casimir II., King of Poland (1117,
1177-1194).

Ferdinand I., King of Aragon (1373,
1412-1416).

Haroun al Raschid (The Just), The
most renowned of the Abbasside califs,
and the hero of several of the Arabian
Nights stories (765, 786-808).

James II., King of Aragon (1261-1327).

Khosru or Chosroes, called by the
Arabs Molk al Adel (the Just King).

Moran the Just, councillor of Fere-
dach, King of Ireland.

- Pedro I. of Portugal (1320, 1357, 1367).

Juste Milieu (French). The golden
mean.

Justices in Eyre (pron. ive). A

contraction and corruption of Ltin’ere—
i.e. on circuit,

Justing of Watson and Barbour.
A description of a ludicrous tilt between
Watson and Barbour, in Scotch verse, by
Sir David Lindsay

Justin/‘ian. The English Justinian,
Edward I. (1289, 1272-1307).

Ju'venal (Latin, from juvenis). A
youth ; common in Shakespeare, thus—
“The juvenal, the yee your master, whose
chin is not yet fledged.”—2 Henry IV.,t. 3.
Juvenal.
The English Juvenal. John Oldham
(1653-1683).
The Juvenal of Painters. William
Hogarth (1697-1764).

Juveniles (3 syl.), in theatrical par-
lance, means those actors who play
young men’s parts, whether in tragedy,
melodrama, or light comedy. Thus a
manager scoring a play would write
against Hamlet, not the name of the
actor, but ‘‘ the leading Juvenile.”

EK

K. To be branded witha K (kalumnia).
So, according to the Lex Memmia, false
accusers were branded in the forehead.

K. The three bad K’s. The Greeks
so called the Ka’rians, Kre’tans, and
Kilik'ians. The Romans retained the
same expression, though they spelt the
three nations with C instead of k.

K.C.B. Knight Commander of the
Bath.

K.G. Knight of the Garter.

K.K. is the German Kaiserliche
Kénigliche. The Emperor of Austria
is styled K.K. Majestat (His Imperial
Royal Majesty).

K.O.B. (i.e. the Son de Own Bor-
ger): The 25th Foot, so called in
1805.

Ka Me, Ka Thee. One good turn
deserves another ; do me a service, and
I will give you a helping hand when you
require one. (Latin, Fricantem frica, or
Muli mutuo seabunt,)

“Ka me, ka thee, is_a proverb all over the
world.”—Sir W. Scott : Kenilworth, chap. Vv.

Ka‘aba (Arabic, ka'bah, a square
house). A shrine of Mecca, said to have
been built by Abraham on the spot where
Adam first worshipped after his expul-
sion from Paradise. In the north-east
corner is a stone seven inches long, said
to be a ruby sent down from heaven. It
is now black, fr6m being kissed so often
by sinful man. (See ADaM’s PEAK.)

_ Kab‘ibonok’ka_ (North - American
Indian). Son of Mudjekee’wis, and the

‘

Kadris

695

Kami

Indian Boreas, who dwelt in Wabasso
(the North). He paints the autumn leaves
scarlet and yellow, sends the snow, binds
the rivers in ice, and drives away the
sea-gull, cormorant, and heron. ~ (See
SHING’EBIS, )

Kadris. Mohammedan dervishes who
lacerate themselves with scourges.

Kaffir (Arabic, ao an infidel).
A name given to the Hottentots, who
reject the Moslem faith. Kafiristan, in
Central Asia, means ‘‘ the country of the
infidels.”

“Tue affinity of the Kafir tribes ... oe
the Kafirs proper and the people of Congo, is base:
upon the various idioms spoken by them, the di-
rect representatives of a common, but now ex-
tinct, mother tongue. Thisaggregate of languages
is nOw conveniently known as....the Bantu
linguistic system.”—K. Johnston: Africa, p. 447,

Kai-Omurs (the more Cains). sur-
named Ghil-shah (earth’s king). Son of
Dulavéd, founder of the city Balk, and
first of the Kai-Omurs or Paishdad’ian
dynasty of Persia (B.c. 940-920). (See
PAISDADIAN.)

Kai-aniians. The sixth Tae
dynasty. The semi-historic period (B.c.
660-331). So called because they took
for their affix the term kai (mighty),
called by the Greeks Ku (Kuros), and
by the Romans Cy (Cyrus).

Kail’yal (2 syl.). The heroine of
Southey’s Curse of Kehama.

Kain Hens. Hens that a tenant
pays to his landlord, as a sort of rent in
ind (ill-fed hens). (Guy Mannering, v.)

Kaiser. The German Emperor.
He receives the title from Dalmatia,
Croatia, and the line of the Dannbe,
which, by the arrangement of Diocletian,
was governed by a prince entitled Cesar
of the Holy Roman Empire, as successor
of the emperor of the old Roman empire.
It was Albert II., Duke of Austria, who
added the Holy Roman Empire to the
imperial throne in 1438 ; and William I.,
king of Prussia, on being crowned Ger-
man emperor in 1871, took the title.

Kajak. An Esquimaux boat, used by
the men only. ighteen, feet long,
eighteen inches broad in the middle, the
ends tapering, and one foot deep,

Ka‘led is Gulnare (2 syl.) in the dis-
guise of a page in the service of Lara,

After Lara was.shot, she haunted thespot..

of his death as a crazy woman, and died

of a broken heart. (Byron: Lara.) .
Kaleda (Sclavonic mythology). The

god of peace, somewhat ainiies to the

Latin Janus. His feast was celebrated
on the 24th of December.

Kali. A Hindu goddess after whom
Calcutta receives its name, Kali-Kutta
(Kali’s village),

Kaliyu’ga. The last of the four
Hindu periods contained in the great
Yuga, equal to the Iron Age of classic
mythology. It consisted of 432,000
solar-sidereal years, and began 3,102
years before the Christian era. The
bull, representing truth and right, has
but one foot in this period, because all
the world delights in wickedness, (Seg
Krita.)

Kalmar’. The Union of Kalmar. A
treaty made on July 12th, 1397, to settle
the succession of Norway, Sweden, and
Denmark on Queen Margaret and her
heirs for ever. This treaty lasted only
till the death of Margaret.

Kalmucks —i.e. Khalmuiku (apos-
tates) from Buddhism. A race of west-
ern Monguls, extending from western
China to the valley of the Volga river.

Kalpa. A day and night of Brahma,
a period of 4,320,000,000 solar-sidereal
years. Some say there are an infinity
of Kalpas, others limit the number to
thirty. A Great Kalpa is a life of
Brahma; thée*whole duration of time
from the creation to the destruction of
the world.

Kalpa-Tarou. A tree in Indian
mythology from which might be gathered
whatever a person desired. This tree is
‘* the tree of the imagination.”

Kalyb. The “Lady of the Woods,’*
who stole St, George from his nurse,
brought him up as her own child, and
endowed him with gifts, St. George
enclosed her in-a rock, where she was
torn to pieces by spirits. (Seven Cham-
pions a Christendom, part i.)

Kam. Crooked. (Erse kaam, squint-
eyed.) Clean Kam, perverted into Kim

am, means wholly awry, clean from the
purpose,

“This is clean kam—merely awry.”
Shakespeare : Coriolanus, iii. 1.

Kama. The Hindu god of love, His
wife is Rati (voluptwonsness), and he is
represented as riding on “& sparrow’
holding in his hand a bow of Howers and
five arrows (i.¢. the five sensés),

Ka'mi. The celestial gods of the
first. mythical dynasty of Japan, the
demi-gods of the second dynasty, the
spiritual. princes, anyone sainted or

Kamsin 696

Kay

mee

deified; and now about equal to our
lord, a title of respect paid to princes,
nobles, ministers, and governors.

Kamsin. A simoom or samiel, a hot,
dry, southerly wind, which prevails in
Egypt and the deserts of Africa.

Kansas, U.S. America. So named
from the Konsos, an Indian tribe of the
locality.

Kansas. Bleeding Kansas. Socalled
because it was the place where that
sanguinary strife commenced which
was the prelude. of the Civil War of
America. According to the Missouri
Compromise made in 1820, slavery was
never to be introduced into any western
region lying beyond 36° 30’ north lati-
tude. In 1851, the slave-holders of
Missouri, by a local act, pushed their
west frontier {o the river-bank, and
slave lords, with their slaves, took
possession of the Kansas hunting
grounds, declaring that they would
“lynch, hang, tar and feather any white-
livered abolitionist who presumed to

ollute the soil.’’? In 1854, thirty New

ngland free-soilers crossed the river
in open boats; they were soon joined
by others, and dared the slavers to carry
out their threats. Many a fierce battle
was fought, but in 1861 Bleeding
Kansas was admitted into the Union
asa free state, (IW. Hepworth Dixon:
New America, vol. i. chap. 2.)

Karaites [Scripturists]. A Jewish
sect that adhered to the letter of the
Scriptures, rejecting all oral traditions.
They abhorred the Talmud, and observed
the Sabbath with more rigour than even
the rabbinists.

Karma. The Buddhist’s judgment,
which determines at death the future
state of the deceased. It is also their
fiat on actions, pronouncing them to be
meritorious or otherwise.

* In Theosophy, it means the un-
broken sequence of cause and effect ;
each effect being, in its turn, the cause
of a subsequent effect. It is a Sanscrit
word, meaning ‘action” or ‘‘se-
quence.” :

“The laws which determine the physical attri-

bution, condition of life, intellectual capacities,
and so forth, of the new body, to which the Ego
is drawn. by aflnities .,, are... iM Buddhism
dealleal Karma,"—Nineteenth Century, June, 1893,
p. 1025, xy

’'Karma’thians. A Mohammedan sect
which rose in Irak in the ninth
Christian. century. Its founder was
Ahmad, a poor labourer who assumed
the name of Karmat, and. professed to
be a prophet, ; Sieg

Karoon or Korah. The riches of
Karoon (Arabic proverb), Korah, ac-
cording to the commentators of the
Koran, was the most wealthy and. most
beautiful of all the Israelites, It is said
that he built a large palace, which he
overlaid with gold, and that the doors
of his palace were solid gold (Sale -
Koran), He was the Croesus of the
Mahometans, and guarded his wealth i
a labyrinth,

Karrows. A set of gamblers in
Treland, who played away even the
clothes on their backs,

“The karrows plaie awaie mantle and all to the
bare skin, and then trusse themselves in straw
or leaves. They wait for passengers in the high-
waie, invite them to game upon the greene and
aske no more but, companions to make them
sport. For default of other stuffe they pawne
their glibs, the nailes of their fingers and toes,
their dimissaries which they leefe or redeeme at
the courtesy of the winner.”—Stanihur'st. ~

Kaswa (Al). Mahomet’s favourite
camel, which fell on its knees in adora-
tion when ‘‘ the prophet” delivered the
last clause of the Koran to the as-
sembled multitude at Mecca. This is
one of the dumb creatures admitted into

the Moslem paradise.. (See PARADISE.)

Katerfelto. A generic name for a
quack or charlatan. Katerfelto was a
celebrated quack or influenza doctor.
He was a tall man, who dressed in a
long black gown and square cap: ‘ In
1782 he exhibited in London his solar
microscope, and created immense. ex-
citement by showing the infusoria of
[muddy] water. The doctor used to aver
that he was the greatest philosopher
since the time of Sir Isaac Newton. ~
“ And Katerfelto with his hair on end, >

At his own wonders wondering for his bread.”

Cowper: The Tusk; The Winter Evening (1782).

Katharine or Kathari‘na. Daughter
of Baptista, a.rich gentleman of Padua.
She was very beautiful, but a shrew.
Petruchio of Vero’na married her, and
so subdued her imperious temper by his
indomitable will, that she became the
model of a ‘‘submissive wife,’’ and
gave Bianca, her sister, most excellent
advice respecting the duty of submission,
(Shakespeare ; Taming of the Shrew.)

The Katherine dé Medici of China.
Voochee, widow of King Tae-tsong.

Kathay’. China.

Katmir. (See Kermir.) © 9”

Kay or Sir Key. Son of Sir Ector,
and foster-brother of King Arthur. In
Arthurian romance, this seneschal of
England is represented as a rude and
boastful knight, the first'to attempt an
achievement, but werquearel gage GecctOh

Kayward

697

Keep Company

Kayward. The hare, in the tale of
Reynard the Fox. (The word means
“ Country-guardian.’’)

Keber’. <A Persian sect (generally
rich merchants), distinguished by their
beards and dress. When one of them
dies, a cock ts driven out. of the poultry
yard ; if a fox seizes it, it is a proof that
the soul of the deceased is saved. If
this experiment does not answer, they
prop the dead body against a wall, and
if the birds peck out the right eye first,
the Keber is gone to heaven ; if the left
eye, the carcase is flung into the ditch,
for the Keber was a reprobate.

Kebla. The point, of adoration ; 7.¢.
the gee or point of the compass to-
wards which persons turn when they
worship. The Persian fire-worshippers
turn. to the east, the place of the rising
sun ; the Jews to Jerusalem, the city of
the King of kings; the Mahometans to
Mecca; the early Christians turned to
the ‘‘ east,’’ and the ‘‘ communion table”’
even of the ‘‘Reformed Church’? is
placed at the east end of the building,
whenever this arrangement is practic-
able. ‘Any object of passionate desire.

Kebla-Noma. The pocket compass
carried by Mussulmans to direct them
which way to turn when they pray. (See
above.)

Kedar’s Tents. This world. Kedar
was Arabia Deserta, and the phrase
Keda?’s tents means houses in the wilder-
ness.of this world, .

“Alme! ahme! that]
In Kedar’s tents here stay ;
‘No place like that on high ;
Lord, thither guide my way.”
Crossman.

Ke’derli. The St. George of Ma-
hhometan mythology. He.slew a mon-
strous dragon to save a damsel exposed
to its Aye and, having drunk of the
water of lif
aid those warriors who invoked ‘him.
This tradition is exactly parallel to that
of St. George, and explains the reason
why the one is the AIRE ER with the
‘Turks, and. the latter with the ancient
English.

. Ked’jeree’. <A stew of rice, vege-
tables, eggs, butter, etc. A corruption
of the Indian word Khichri (a medley or
hess i gue The word has been con-
founded with a place so called, forty
miles south-west of Calcutta, on. th

Hooghly river. | alas
_ Keel-hauling or -haling. A long,

troublesome, and vexatious examination
or repetitien of aunoyances from a

e, rode about the world to-

landlord or government official. In the
Dutch and many other navies, delin-
quents were, at one time, tied to a
yard-arm with weights on their feet,
and dragged by a rope under the keel
of a ship, in at one side and out at
the other. ‘The result was often fatal.

Keelman (4). A bargeman. (See
Old Mortality [Introduction], the bill
of Margaret Chrystale: “To three
chappins of yell with Sandy the keel-
man, 9d.’’)

Keelson or Kelson. A beam running
lengthwise above the keel of a ship, and
bolted to the middle of the floor-frames,
in order to stiffen the vessel. The word
son-is the Swedish svix, and Norwegian
svill, a sill.)

Keening. A weird lamentation for
the dead, common in Galway. The
coffin is carried to the burying place,
and while itis carried three times round,
the mourners go to the graves of their
nearest kinsfolk and begin keening,
after which they smoke.

Keep Down (70). To prevent an-
other from rising to an independent
position ; to keep in subjection,

Keep House (7o).- ‘To maintain a
separate establishment ; to act as house-
keeper,

0 keep open house. To admit all
comers to hospitable entertainment,

Keep Touch. To keep faith; the
exact performance of an agreement, as,
“To keep touch with my promise’’
(More). The idea seems to be embodied
in the proverb, ‘ Seeing is believing, but
feeling is naked truth.’

“ And trust me on my truth,
If thou keep touch with me,
My dearest friend, as my own heart,
Thou shalt right welcome be.”
Songs of the London ' Prentices, p. 37.

Keep Up (Z te To continue, as,
‘*to keep up a discussion;”? to main-
tain, as, “‘to keep up one’s courage ;’’
to continue part passu, us ‘* Keep up
with the rest,’’

Keep at Arm’s Length (70). To
prevent another from being too familiar.

Keep Body and Soul Together
(70). To struggle to maintain life ; to
continue life. Thus we say, ‘‘It is as
much as I can do to keep body and soul
together ;”’ and ‘‘To keep body -and
soul together ’’ we did so and so.

Keep Company with (70). To as-
sociate with someone of another sex
with a view of marriage. The phrase

Keep Good Hours

,

698

Kennel

is almost confined to household servants
and persons of a similar status.

Keep Good Hours (Zo). To retire
to bed somewhat early. To keep bad
hours is to sit up late at night.

Keep it Dark. Keep it as a secret;
hide it from publio sight or know-
ledge ; do not talk about 1t.

Keep One's Countenance (70). To
refrain from laughing ; to preserve one’s
gravity. .

Keep One’s Own Counsel (Zo). To
be reticent of one’s own affairs or plans.

Keep your Breath to Cool your
Porridge. Look after your own affairs,
und do not put your spoke in another
person’s wheel. Husband your strength
to keep your own state safe and well,
and do not waste it on matters in which
you have really no concern. Don’t scold
or rail at me, but look at home, »

Keep your Powder Dry. Keep
prepared for action; keep your courage
up.

“Go forth and conquer, Strephon mine,

This kiss upon your lips retaining ;
A precept that is also thine
Forbids the JESSE AD ee and straining.
We're Mars and Venus, you and I,
And both must ‘ keep our powder dry.'”
Sims: Dagonet Bullads (In Love and War),

Keepers. A staff of men employed
by Irish landlords in 1843, ete., to watch
the crops and prevent their being smug-
gled off during the night. . They were
resisted by the Molly Maguires.

Keha’ma. A Hindu rajah who ob-
tains and sports with supernatural
powers. (Southey: Curse of

Kelpie or Kelpy. A spirit of the
waters in the form of a horse, in Scot-
tish mythology. Not unlike the Irish
Phooka, (See Farry.)

“Every lake has its Kelpie or Water-horse,
often seen by the shepherd sitting upon the brow
of a rock, dashing along the surface of the dee},

or browsing upon the pasture on its verge.”"—
Graham: Sketches of Perthshire.

Kelso Convoy (4). A step anda
half over the door-stone or threshold.

“Jt's no expected your honour suld Icave the
Jand ; it's just. a Kelso convoy,a step and a half

ehama.)

ower the door stane."—Six W. Scott: The Anti-.

quary, chap. XXX.

Ke’ma. The books containing the
secrets of the genii, who, infatuated
with love, revealed the marvels of
nature to men, and were banished out
of heaven. According to some etymolo-
gists, the word chemistry is derived from
this word. (Zozime Panopolite.)

Kemp’fer-Hau’sen. The nom de
plume of Robert Pearce Gillies, one of
the speakers in the Noctés Ambrosia’ne.
(Blackwood’s Magazine.)

Kempis. The authorship of the work
entitled De Dmitatio’ne Christi, has af-
forded as much controversy as the author
of Letters of Junius, In 1604, a Spanish
Jesuit discovered a manuscript copy by
the Abbot John Gersen or Gesen; and
since then three competitors have had
angry and wordy defenders, viz. Thomas
a Kempis, J. Charlier de Gerson, Chan-
cellor of the University of Paris, and
the Abbot Gersen. M, Malou gives his
verdict in favour of the first.

Ken or Kiun. An Egyptian goddess
similar to the Roman Venus. She is
represented as standing on a lion, and
holding two serpents in one hand and a
flower in the other. (Se¢ Amos v. 26.)

Kendal Green. Green cloth for
foresters ; so called from Ken West-
moreland, famous at one time for this
manufacture. Kendal green was the
livery of Robin Hood and his followers.
In Rymer’s Federa (ii. 83) is a letter of

rotection, dated 1331, and granted by

dward IIT. to John Kempe of Flanders,
who established cloth-weaving in the
borough. Lincoln was also famous at
one time for dyeing green.

“How couldst thou know these men in Kendal
green, when it was so dark thou couldst not see
thy hand ?"—Shakespeare: 1 Henry TV. ti. 4.

Kenelm (St.) was murdered at

Clente-in-Cowbage, near Winchelcumb, -

in Gloucestershire. The murder, says
Roger of Wendover, was miraculously
notified at Rome by a white dove,
which alighted on the altar of St.
Peter’s, bearing in its beak a scroll
with these words:

“In Clent cow pasture, under a thorn,

Of bead bereft, lies Kenelm king-born.”*
Kenna. (Sce KENSINGTON.)

Kenna Quhair (J know not where}.
Scotch for terra incog'nita.

Kenne. <A stone said to be formed
in the eye of a stag, and used as an
antidote to poison. Sti

Kennedy. A poker, or to kill with
a poker; so called from a man of that
name who was killed by a poker. (Dic-
tionary of Modern Slang.) Tale

Kennel. A dog’s house, from the
Latin canis (a dog), Italian canile ; but

kennel (a gutter), trom_the Latin canna

(a cane, whence candlis),

our ¢anal,
channel, ete, hecgune..3

‘

Kenno

699

Kepler’s Fairy

Ken’‘no. This wasa large rich cheese,
made by the women of the family
with a greaf affectation of socrecy, and
was intended for the refreshment of
the gossips who were in the house at
the ‘‘canny minute”’ of the birth of a
child, Called Ken-no bécause no one
was supposed to know of its existence—
certainly no male being, not excepting
the master of the house. After all had
eaten their fill on the auspicious occa-
sion, the rest was divided among the
gossips and taken home. The Kenno is
supposed to be a relic of the secret rites
of the Bona Dea,

Ken’sington. O’beron, king of the
fairies, held his royal seat in these
gardens, which were fenced round with
spells “‘interdicted to human touch;”
but not unfrequently his thievish elves
would rob the human mother of her babe,
and leave in its stead a sickly changeling
of the elfin race, Once on a time it so
fell out that one of the infants fostered
in these gardens was Albion, the son of
‘“‘Albion’s royal blood;’’ it was stolen
by a fairy named Milkah. When the
boy was nineteen, he fell in love with
Kenna, daughter of King Oberon, and
Kenna vowed that none but Albion
should ever be her chosen husband.
Oberon heard her when she made this’
vow, and instantly drove the prince out
of the garden, and married the fairy
maid to Azu’'riel, a fairy of great beauty
and large possessions, to whom Holland

- Park belonged. In the meantime, Albion
prayed to Neptune for revenge, and the
sea-god commanded the fairy O’riel,
whose dominion lay along the banks of
the Thames, to espouse the cause of his
lineal offspring. Albion was slain in the
battle by Azuriel, and Neptune in re-
venge crushed the whole empire of
Oberon. Being immortal, the fairies
could not be destroyed, but they fied
from the angry sea-god,,some to the
hills and some fo the dales, some to the
caves and others to river-banks, Kenna
alone remained, and tried to revive her
lover by means of the herb moly. No
sooner did.the juice of this wondrous
herb touch theibody than, it turned into
a snow-drop. When Wise laid out the
grounds for the Prince of Orange, Kenna
planned it ‘‘in a morning dream,” and
ve her name to the town .and garden.

A Tickell : Kensington Gardens.)

Kent (Latin, Can’tium), the territory
of the ntii or Cantii; Old British,
Kant, a corner or headland). In the

reign of Queen Elizabeth Kent was so |.

notorious for highway robbery, that the
word signified a ‘‘ nést of thieves.’’
“Some bookes are arrogant and impudent ;
80 are most thieves in Christendome and Kent,”
Taylor, the Water Poet (1690).
A man of Kent. One born east of the
Medway. These men went out with
green boughs to meet the Conqueror,
and obtained in consequence a con-
firmation of their ancient privileges
from the new king. They call them-
selves the. invicti. The hops of Kast

Kent are liked best.
A resident of West

A. Kentish man.
Kent.

Holy Maid of Kent. Elizabeth Barton,
who pretended to the gift of prophecy
and power of miracles, Having de-
nounced the doom and speedy death of
Henry VIII. for his marriage with
Anne Boleyn, she was executed. Sir
Walter Scott (4dbot, xiii.) calls her
‘The Nun of Kent,” (See Farr [Maid-
of Kent]).

Kent’s Hole. A large cave in the
limestone rock near Torquay, Devon.

Kent Street Ejectment. Taking
away the street-door; a method devised
by the landlords of Kent Street, Sonth-
wark, when their tenants were more
than a fortnight in arrears.

Kentish Fire. Rapturous applause,
or three times three and one more. The
expression originated. with Lord Win-
chelsea, who proposed. the health of the
Earl of Roden, on August 15th, 1834,
and added, ‘‘ Lét it be given with the
‘Kentish Fire.’ ’’ In proposing another
toast he asked permission to bring his
“Kentish Artillery’’ again into action.
Chambers, in his Eneyclopedia, says it
arose from the protracted cheers given
in Kent to the No-Popery orators in
1828-1829.

Kentish Moll. Mary Carlton, nick-
named The German Princess. She was
transported to Jamaica in 1671; but,
returning without leave, she was hanged
at Tyburn, January 22nd, 1673.

Kentishmen’s Tails. (Sce Taizs.)

Kentucky (U.S. America), so called
in 1782, from its princal river. It was
admitted into the union in 1792, -The
nickname of the inhabitants is Corn-
crackers, Indian Shawnoese Kentuckeeé
= ‘‘head or long river.”

Kepler's Fairy. The fairy which
guides the planets. Kepler, said that
each planet was guided in jts elliptical
orbit by a resident angel,

Kepler's Laws

700

Kex

Kepler’s Laws (Johann Kepler, 1571-
16380) :

(1) That the planets describe ellipses,
and that the centre of the sun is im one
of the foci.

(2) That every planet so moves that
the line drawn from it to the sun de-
scribes equal areas in equal times.

(3) That the squares of the times of
the planetary revolutions are as the
cubes of their mean distances from the
sun.

Kerchief of Plesaunce. An em-
broidered cloth presented by a lady to
her knight to wear for her sake. The
knight was bound to place it in his helmet.

Kerna. A kind of trumpet used by
Tamerlane, the blast of which might be
heard for miles.

Kernel (Anglo-Saxon, cy'nel, a dimi-
nutive of corn ; seed in general), whence
_ acorn (the ae or oak corn).

Kersey. A coarse cloth, usually
ribbed, and woven from long wool ; said
to be so named from Kersey, in Suffolk,
where it was originally made.

Kerseymere. A corruption of Casi-
mir, a man’s name. A twilled woollen
cloth madein Abbeville, Amiens, Elbeuf,
Louviers, Rheims, Sedan, and the West
of England. (French casimir, Spanish
casimiro or casimiras.)

Ker'zereh or Kerazrah. -A flower
which grows in Persia. It is said, if
anyone in June or July inhales the hot
south wind which has blown over this
flower he will die.

Keso’ra. The female idol adored in
the temple of Juggernaut. Its head
and body are of sandal-wood ; its eyes
two diamonds, and a third diamond is
suspended round its neck; its hands are
made entirely of small pearls, called
perles @ l’once ; its bracelets are of pearls
and rubies, and its robe is cloth of gold.

Kestrel. A hawk of a base breed,
hence a worthless fellow. Also used as
an adjective.

“No thought of honour ever did assay
His baser brest ; but in his kestrell kynd |

A pleasant veine of glory he did find . ...
Spenser: Faérie Queene, book ii. canto iil. 3, ,

Ketch. (See Jack Keron.)

Ketch. A kind of two-masted vessel,
Bomb-ketches were much used in the
last century wars. | :

Ket¢ehup. .A corruption of the Ja-
panese Kitjap, a condiment sometimes
sold as soy, but not equal to it,

_ the pavement, Nothin

Ketmir or Katmir. The dog of the —
Seven Sleepers. Sometimes called Al
Rakim. (Sale’s Horanzxviii. 2.)

Kettle (4), a watch, A ¢in kittle is
a silver watch. A red kittle is a gold
watch, ‘Kettle,’ or rather /ittle, in
slang language is a corrupt rendering of
the words to-tick read backwards, (Com-
pare Anglo-Saxon cetel, a kettle, with
citel-ian, to tickle.)

Thor's great kettle. The god Thor
wanted to brew some beer, but not
having a vessel suited for the puxpose in
Valhalla, stole the kettle of the giant
Hymer. (Scandinavian mythology.)

Kettle of Fish. A /féte-champétre
in which salmon is the chief dish pro-
vided. In these pic-nics, a Jarge cald-
ron being provided, the party select a
place near a salmon river. Having
thickened some water with salt to the
consistency of brine, the salmon is put
therein. and boiled; and when fit for
eating, the company partake thereof in
gipsy fashion. Some think the dis-
comfort of this sort of pic-nic gave rise
to the phrase “A pretty kettle of fish,”’
(See Kittie or Fisu.)

“The whole company go to the waterside to-
day to eat a kettle of fish."—Sir Walter Scott : St.
Ronan's Well, xii.

Kettledrum, A large sotial party,
originally applied to a military party in
India, where drum-heads served for
tables. On Tweedside it signifies a
“social party,” met together to take tea
from the same tea-kettle. (See DRuM,
HURRICANE.)

Kettledrum, a drum in the shape of a
kiddle or fish-basket.

Kettledrummle (Gabriel.) A Cove-
nanter preacher in Sir Walter Scott’s
Old Mortality.

Kev'in (S?.), like St. Sena’nus (q.v.),
retired to an island where he vowed no
woman should ever land. Kathleen
loved the saint, and tracked him to his
retirement, but the saint hurled her
from a rock. Kathleen died, but her
ghost rose smiling from the tide, and
never left.the place while the saint lived.
A bed in the rock at Glendalough
(Wicklow) is shown as the bed of St.
Kevin. Thomas Moore has a poem‘on
this tradition. . (Irish Melodies, iv.)

Kex, hemlock. Tennyson saysin The |
Princess, ‘‘ Though the rough kex break
the starred mosaic,” ae: weeds break

i & reaks a pave-
ment like the growth of grass or lichen’

Key 701

through it. (Welsh, cecys, hemlock;
French, cigué ; Latin, cicuta.)

Key. (Sce Kay.)

Key-cold. Deadly cold, lifeless. A
key, on account of its coldness, is still
sometimes employed to stop bleeding at
the nose,

“Poor key-cold figure of a holy king!
Pale ashes of the house of Lancaster!
Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood!”
Shakespeure: Richard NTI,,i. 2.

Key-stone. The Key-stone State.
Pennsylva’nia; so called from its posi-
tion and importance.

Key and the Bible (4). Employed
to discover whether plaintiff or defend-
ant is guilty. The Bible is opened either
at Ruth, chap.i., or at the 51st Psalm;
and a door-key is so placed inside the
Bible, that the handle projects beyond
the book. The Bible, being tied with a
piece of string, is then held by the fourth

ngers of the accuser and defendant,
who must repeat the words touched by
the wards of the key. It is said, as the
words are repeated, that the key will
turn towards the guilty person, and the
Bible fall to the ground.

Key of a Cipher or of a romance.
‘That which explains the secret or lays it
open (‘La clef d’un chiffre” or La
clef d’un romance’).

Key of the Mediterranean. The
fortress of Gibraltar; so called because
it commands the entrance thereof.

Key of Russia. Smolensk, on the
Dnieper.

Key of Spain. Ciudad Rodrigo,
taken by the Duke of Wellington, who
defeated the French there in 1812.

Keys. (See St. Srrua.)

Keys of stables and cowhouses have
not unfrequently, even at the present
day, a stone with a hole through it and
a piece of horn attached to the handle.
This is a relic of an ancient superstition.
The hag, halig, or holy stone was looked

upon as a talisman which kept off the.

fiendish Mara or night-mare; and the
horn was supposed to ensure the pro-
tection of the god of cattle, called by the
Romans Pan.

Key as an emblem, (Anglo-Saxon, cag.)

St. Peter is always represented in
Christian art with two keys in his hand;
they are consequently the insignia of the
Papacy, and are borne saltire-wise, one
of gold and the other of silver. —

‘They are the emblems also of St. Ser- .
va'tius, St. Hippol’ytus, St. Geneviéve,!

Keys

—

St. Petronilla, St. Osyth, St. Martha,
and St. Germa‘nus of Paris.

The Bishop of Winchester bears two
keys and sword in saltire.

The bishops of St. Asaph, Gloucester,
Exeter, and Peterborough bear two keys
in saltire.

The Cross Keys. A public-house sign ;
the arms of the Archbishop of York.

The key shall be upon his shoulder. He
shall have the dominion. The ancient
keys were instruments about a yard
long, made of wood or metal. On public
occasions the steward slung his key over
his shoulder, as our mace-bearers carry
their mace. Hence, to have the key
upon one’s shoulder means to be in
authority, to have the keeping of some-
thing. ti is said of Eliakim, that God
would lay upon his shoulder the key
of the house of David (Isa. xxii. 22) ;
and of our Lord that “ the government
should be upon His shoulder ”’ (Isa. ix. 6).
The chamberlain of the court used to
bear a key as his insignia. ©

The power of the keys—t.e, the supreme
authority vested in the pope as successor

of St. Peter. The phrase is derived
from St. Matt. xvi. 19. (Latin, Potestas
claviwm.) :

To throw the keys into the pit. To
disclaim a debt; to refuse to pay the
debts of a deceased husband. This
refers to an ancient French custom. If
a deceased husband did not leave his
widow enough for her aliment and the
payment of his debts, the widow was to
throw the bunch of house-keys which
she carried at her girdle into the grave,
and this answered. the purpose of a
public renunciation of all further ties.
No one after this could come on her
for any of her late husband’s debts.

Keys (The House of). One of the
three estates of the Isle of Man. The
Crown in council. the governor and his
council, and the House of Keys, consti-
tute what is termed ‘‘ the court of Tyn-
wald.’’ The House of Keys consists of
twenty-four representatives selected by
their own body, vacancies are filled up
by the House presenting to the governor
“two of the eldest and worthiest men of
the isle,’? one of which the governor
nominates. To them an appeal may be
made against the verdicts of juries, and
from their decision there is no appeal,
except to the Crown in council. (Manx,
kiare-as-feed, four-and-twenty.)

*." The governor and his council consists of the

Overnor, the bishop, the attorney-general, two

eemsters (or judges), the clerk of the rolls, the
water bailiff, the archdeacon, and the vicars
general

Keyné

The. House of Keys. The board of
landed proprietors referred to above,
or the house in which they hold their
sessions.

Keyne (St.). The well of St. Keyne,
Cornwall, has a strange superstition
attached to it, which is this: ‘‘If the
bridegroom drinks therefrom before the
bride, he will be master of his house ;
but if the bride gets the first draught,
the grey mare will be the better horse.”
Southey has a ballad on this tradition,
and says the man left his wife at the
church porch, and ran to the well to get
the first draught ; but when he returned
his wife told him his labour had been
in vain, for she had taken with her a
“ bottle of the water to church.”’

Khedive d’Egypte. An old régal
title revived by the sultan in 1867, who
granted it to Ismael I., who succeeded
as Pasha of Egypt in 1863. The title is
higher than viceroy, but not so high as
sultan. (Turkish, khidiv ; Persian, khi-
diw, king; and khidéwi, viceroy.) Pro-
nounce fe-dive, in 2 syl.

Khorassan [Region of the Sun). A
province of Persia, anciently called
Aria’ na.

The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan, Mo-
kanna, a prophet chief, who, being ter-
ribly deformed, wore a veil under pre-
tence of shading the dazzling light of his
countenance.

“Terror seized her lest the love-light which
encircled him should fade away, and leave him
like the veiled prophet of Khorassan, a sin-
stained thing of clay."—Dady Hardy: A Casual
Acquaintance.

Ki. A Chinese word, signifying age
or period, generally applied to the ten
periods preceding the first Imperial
dynasty, founded B.c. 2205. It extended
over some 300,000 years. The first was
founded by Puon-ku
and the last by Fo-hi, surnamed Tien-
Tse (son of heaven).

Kiak-Kiak (god of gods).
worshipped in Pegu. This

An idol
od is to

sleep 6,000 years, and when he wakes,

the end of the world will come.

Kick (4). Sixpence. ‘‘Two-and-a-
kick” = two shillings and sixpence.
(Anglo-Saxon, cicel, a bit. In Jamaica
a ‘bit’? = sixpence, and generally it
means the smallest silver coin in circu-
lation; thus, in America, a ‘bit’? is
ae ence. We speak of a ‘‘ threepenny

ba) ; ;

Tt is hard for thee to kick against the
pricks’ (Acts ix. 5; and xxvi. 14.) The
proverb occurs in Pindar (2 Pythian

702

(highest eternity),

Kick Up a Row

Victories, v. 173), in Aischylos (Agam-
emnon, 1,624), in Hurip'idés (Bacche,
791), in Terence (Phormio, i. ii. 27),
in Ovid (Zristia, book ii 16), etc.;
but whether the reference is to an ox
kicking when goaded, or a horse when
pricked with the rowels of a spur, is not
certain. The plural kentra seems to refer
to more than one, and pros kentra can-
not refer to a repetition of goad thrusts.
Altogether, the rowels of a spur suit the
phrase better than the single point of
an ox-goad. ;

N.B. The Greek pros with an accus-
ative is not = the Latin adversus, such a
meaning would require a genitive case ;
it means in answer to, 7.¢. to kick when
spurred or goaded.

More kicks than ha’pence. More abuse
than profit. Called ‘*monkey’s allow-
ance ’’ in allusion to monkeys led about
to collect ha’pence by exhibiting “their
parts.”? The poor brutes get the kicks if
they do their parts in an unsatisfactory
manner, but the master gets the ha’pence
collected.

Quite the kick. Quite a dandy. The
Italians call a dandy a chic. The French
chic means knack, as avoir le chic, to
have the knack of doing a thing smartly.

“1 cocked my hat and twirled my stick,

And the gifls they called me quite the kick.”
George Colman the Younger.

Kick Over the Traces (Zo). Not to
follow the dicta of a party leader, but to
act independently; as a horse refusing
to run in harness kicks over the traces.

“Jf the new member shows any inclination to
kick over the traces, he will not be their member
long.” —Newspaper paragraph, Feb., 1803.

Kick the Beam (Zo). To be of
light weight; to be of inferior conse-
quence. When one pan of a pair of
scales is lighter than the other, it flies
upwards and is said to ‘‘ kick the beam”’
[of the scales].

“The evil has eclipsed the good, and the scale,
which before rested solidly on the ground, now
kicks the beam.—Gladstone. :

Kick the Bucket (Zo). A bucket
is a pulley, and in Norfolk a beam.
When pigs are killed, they are hung by
their hind-legs on a bucket or beam, with
their heads downwards, and oxen are
hauled up by a pulley. To kick the
bucket is to be hung on the balk or bucket
by the heels. f 9

Kick Up a Row (70). To create a
disturbance, . ‘A pretty kick up”’ is a
great disturbance. The phrase “To
kick up the dust’? explains the other
phrases., PP haa Bsa

tf ay 7
% gtil é

Kickshaws 703 Killed by Inches
Kickshaws. Made dishes, odds and Kilkenny Cats. (See Cat.)
Gaal Wghrart Mihalis Fee Kill (4). The slaying of some ani-

(French, quelque chose.)

Kicksy-wicksy. A. horse that kicks
and winces in impatience ; figuratively,
a wife rey mare). Taylor, the water
poet, calls it kicksve-winsie, but Shake-
speare spells it kicky-wicky.

“ He wears his honour in a box unseen
That hugs his kicky-wicky here at home,
Spending his manly marrow in berarms, __
bich sid sustain the bound and high
curve

Of Mars's fiery steed.” 7
All's Well that Ends Well, ii. 3 (Globe ed.),

Kid (4). A faggot or bundle of fire-
wood, To kid is to bind up faggots. In
the parish register of Kneelsal church
there is the following item: ‘‘ Leading
kids to church, 2s, 6d.,’’ that is, cart-
ing faggots to church. (Welsh, cidys,
faggots.

Kid (4). A young child. A face-
tious formation from the Anglo-Saxon
ci{7]d, a child. The 7 is often silent, as
in. calm, half, golf, etc. At one time
fault was prononnced faw’t.

“are these your own kids?’'! inquired pre-
sently. ‘Yes, two of them: I_have six, you
know.’ "—H. A, Beers: Century Magazine, June,
1883, D. 282.

Kidderminster Poetry. Coarse dog-
gerel verse, like the coarse woollen manu-
facture of Kidderminster. The term was
first used by Shenstone, who applied it
toa Mr. C., of Kidderminster.

“ Thy verses, friend, are Kidderminster stuff ;
And I must own you've measured out enough.”
Kidnapper (4). One who xabs or
steals ‘‘ kids’ or young children.

“Swarms of kidnappers were busy in every
northern town.”—J. B. McMaster: People of the
United Statea, vol. ii. chap. x. p. 857.

Kidney. Men of another kidney or of
the same kidney. The reins or. kidneys
were even by the Jews supposed to be
the seat of the affections.

Kilda (St.). The farthest of the
western isles of Scotland.

Kilda‘re (2 syl.) is the Irish Aill
Gara, church of the oaks.

Kildare’s Holy Fane. Famous for
the “Fire of St. Bridget,’’ which was
inextinguishable, because the nuns never
allowed it to go out. Every twentieth
night St. Bridget returned to tend the
fire. Part of the chapel of St. Bridget
still remains, and is called ‘The Fire-
house.””

* Apud Kildariam occurrit ignis Sancte Brigidw

quem inextinguebilem vocant.’—Giraldus Cam-

sis; Hibernia, ii. 84,

Kilken‘ny is the Gaelic Kill Kenny,
church of St. Keany or Can‘icd

mal, generally a bullock, tied up by
hunters in a jungle, to allure to the spot
and attract the attention of some wild
beast (such as a lion, tiger, or panther)
preparatory to a hunting party being
arranged. As a tiger-kill, a panther-
kill.

“ A shikaric brought us the welcome tidings of
a tiger-kill only a mile and a half from the camp,
The next day there was no hunt, as the ground
round the panther-kiJl was too unfavourable to
permit of any hunting.”—Nineteenth Century,
August, 1886,

Kill Two Birds with One Stone
(Jo),. To effect some subsidiary work
at the same time as the main object is
being effected.

Killed by Inches. In allusion to
divers ways of prolonging capital punish-
ments in olden times; e.g.: (1) The
‘iron coffin of Lissa.’’? The prisoner
was laid in the coffin, and saw the iron
lid creep slowly down with almost im-
pereert le movement—slowly, silently,

ut surely ; on, on it came with relent-
less march, till, after lingering days and
nights in suspense, the prisoner was at
last as slowly crushed by the iron lid

ressing on him. (2) The ‘‘ baiser de la

ierge’’? of Baden-Baden. The pri-
soner, blindfolded and fastened to a
chain, was lowered by a windlass down
a deep shaft from the top of the castle
into the very heart of the rock on which
it stands. ere he remained till he was
conducted to the torture-chamber, and
commanded “‘ to kiss’’ the brazen statue
of the ‘‘ Virgin’? which stood at the end
ofa ge; but immediately he raised
his lips to give the kiss, down he fell
through a trap-door on a wheel with
spikes, which was set in motion by the
fall, (3) The‘ iron cages of Louis XI.”
were 80 contrived that the victims might
linger out for years; but whether they
sat, stood, or lay down, the position was
equally uncomfortable, (4) The ‘‘cham-
bre 4 crucer’’ was a heavy chest, short,
shallow, and lined with sharp stones, in
which the sufferer was packed and buried
alive. (°) The ‘‘bernicles’’ consisted
of a mattress on which the victim was
fastened by the neck, while his legs
were crushed between two logs of wood,
on the uppermost of which the torturer
took his seat. This process continued
for several days, till the sufferer died
with the lingering torment, Many other
modes of stretching out the torment of
death might easily be added, (See Inon”
MarwEn.5

we ee AS

Killed by Kindness

Killed by Kindness. It is said that
Draco, the Athenian legislator, met with
his death from his popularity, being
smothered in the theatre of A%gi’na by
the number of caps and cloaks showered
on him by the spectators (B.c. 590).

\ Killing. Irresistible, overpowering,
tuscinating, or bewitching, so as to
ecoinpel admiration and notice.

* Those eyes were made so killing.”
Pope: Rupe of the Lock, v 64,

A killing pace. Too hot or strong to
last ; exceptionally great ; exhausting.

Killing-stone, in Louth. A stone
probably used for human sacrifice.

Killing no Murder. A tract writ-
fen by Sexby, who was living in Hol-
Jand at the time of its publication.
Probably Sexby was paid for fathering it,
and the real author was William Allan.

. Kilmansegg (Miss). An heiress of
great expectations with an artificial leg
of solid gold. (Thomas Hood A Golden

Legend.)

Kilmarnock Cowls. Nightcaps. The
Kilmarnock nightcaps were once cele-
brated all over Scotland.

Kilmarth Rocks (Scotland). A pile
of stones towering 28 feet in height,
and overhanging more than 12 feet, like
the tower of Pisa (Italy). (See CHEESE-
WRING.)

Kilwinning, in the county of Ayr,
Scotland, the scene of the renowned
tournament held in 1839 by the Earl of
Eglinton. It was also the cradle of
Freemasonry in Scotland.

Kin, Kind.

“ King. But now, my cousin Hamlet, and my son—
Hum. A littlemore than kin, and less than kind.”
Shakespeare: Hamlet, i 2.

Kin or kinsman is a relative by mar-
riage or blood more distant than father
and son.

Kind means of the same sort of genus,
as man-kind or man-genus.

Hamlet says he is more than kin to
Claudius (as he was step-son), but still
he is not of the same kind, the same
class. He is not a bird of the same
feather as the king,

Kindhart. A jocular name for a
tooth-drawer; so called from a dentist
of the name in the reign of Queen Eliza-
beth. Kindhart, the dentist, is men-
tioned by Rowland in his Letting of
Humours - Blood in the Head-vaine.
(1600) ; and in Rowley’s Mew Wonder.

“Mistake me not, Kindbart .

He calls you tooth-drawer.” Acti.l

704

King Estmere

King. The Anglo-Saxon cyng, cyn-
eng, from cyn a nation or people, and
the termination—ing, meaning ‘‘ of,” as
“son of,”? ‘‘ chief of,” etc. In Anglo-
Saxon times the king was. elected on
the Wi'tena-gemdt, and was therefore
the choice of the nation.

The factory king. Richard Oastler,
of Bradford, the successful advocate of
the ‘‘ Ten Hours’ Bill ” (1789-1861).

Ré Galantuomo (the gallant king), Vic-
tor Emmanuel of Italy (1820-1878)

King.

A king should die standing, So said
Louis XVIII. of France, in imitation of
Vespasian, Emperor of Rome. (See
Dyine Sayines: Lows XVIIZ.)

Like a king. When Porus, the Indian.
prince, was taken prisoner, Alexander
asked him how he expected to be treated.
‘Like a king,’’ he replied; and Alex-
ander made him his friend.

Pray aid of the king. When some-
one, under the belief that he has a right
to the land, claims rent of the king’s
tenants, they appeal to the sovereign, or
“pray aid of the king.”

King Ban. Father of Sir Launcelot
du Lac. He died of grief when his
castle was taken and burnt through the
treachery of his seneschal (Launcelot
du Lac, 1494.)

King Cash, what the Americans call
the ‘‘ Almighty Dollar.”
“Now birth and rank and POSER
Hardly saved from utter smash,
Have been ousted, rather roughly,
By the onslaught of King Cash."
Truth (Christmas Number, 1892, p. 19.)

King Cole. (Sce Couz.)

King Cotton. Cotton, the staple of
the Southern States of America, and the
chief article of manufacture in England.
The expression was first used by James
H. Hammond in the Senate of the
United States, in 1858. The great cot-
ton manufacturers are called ‘ cotton
lords.”’

King Estmere (2-syl.) of England

‘was induced by his brother Adler to go

to King Adland, and request permission
to pay suit to his daughter. King Ad-
land replied that Bremor, King of Spain, -
had already proposed to her and been
rejected ; but when the lady was intro-
duced to the English king she accepted
him. King Estmere and his brother re-
turned home to prepare for the wedding, .
but had not proceeded a mile when the
king of Spain returned to press his suit
and threatened vengeance if it were pot.

-

King Franconi

705

King of Misrule

accepted. A page was instantly de-
spatched to inform King Estmere, and
request him to return, The two brothers
in the guise of harpers rode into the hall
of King Adland, when Bremor rebuked
them, and bade them leave their steeds
in the stable: A quarrel ensued, in
which Adler slew ‘‘ the sowdan,’”’ and
the two brothers put the retainers to
flight. (Percy’s Reliques, etc., series i,
bk. i. 6.

King Franco’ni, Joachim Murat;
so called because he was once a mounte-
bank like Franconi. (1767-1815.)

King Horn or Childe. Horn. The
hero of a metrical romance by Mestre
Thomas. F

King Log. A roi fainéant, a king
that rules in peace and quietness, but
never makes his power felt. The allu-
sion is to the fable of Zhe Frogs desiring
a King. (See Loa.)

King-maker. Richard Neville, Earl
of Warwick ; so called because, when he
sided with Henry VI., Henry. was
- king; but when he sided with Edward
IV., Henry was deposed and Edward
was king.” He was killed at the battle
of Barnet. (1420-1471.)

‘King Mob. The ‘‘ignobile vulgus.”

King Pétaud. The court of King
Pétaud.» A kind of ‘Alsatia, where all

are ‘talkers with no hearers, all are’

kings with no subjects, all are masters
and none servants. There was once a
society of -beggars in France, the chief
of whom called himself King Pétaud.
(Latin, eto, to beg.)
King Ryence, of North Wales, sent
a dwarf to King Arthur to say ‘‘he had
overcome eleven kings, all of which paid
him homage in this sort—viz. they gave
him their beards to purfell his mantle.
He now ai King Arthur to do
likewise.” King Arthur returned an-
swer, ‘* My beard is full young yet for
a purfell, but before it is long enough
for such a purpose, King Ryencé shall
do me homage on both his knees.’’ (See
Percy's Reliques, etc., series iii. book 1.)
Spenser says that Lady Bria’na loved
a knight named Crudor, who refused to
; marry her till she sent him a mantle
lined with the beards of knights and
locks of ladies. ‘To accomplish this, she
appointed Maleffort, her seneschal, to
divest every lady that drew near the
castle-of her locks, and every knight of
his beard. (Faérie Queene, book vi.
cantol.) — . weg o

erwis are nee

King Stork. A tyrant that devours
his subjects, and makes them submissive
with fear and trembling. The allusion
is to the fable of The Frogs desiring
a King. (See Loa.)

King-of-Arms, An officer whose
duty it is to direct the heralds, preside
at chapters, and have the jurisdiction of
armoury. ‘There are three kings-of-
arms in England—viz, Garter, Claren-
cieux, and Norroy; one in Scotland—
viz, Lyon; and one in Ireland, called
Ulster.

Bath King-of- Arms is no member of
the college, but takes precedence next
after Garter. The office was created in
1725 for the service of the Order of the
Bath, (Sce HERALDS.)

King of Bark. Christopher III. of
Scandinavia, who, in a time of great
scarcity, had the bark of birchwood

mixed with meal for food. (Fifteenth
century.) :
King of Bath. Richard Nash, gene-

‘rally called Beau Nash, who was leader

of fashion and master of the ceremonies
at that city for some fifty-six years. He
was ultimately ruined by gambling.
(1674-1761.)

King of Beasts. The lion.

King of Dalkey. A burlesque
officer, like the Mayor of Garratt, the
Mayor of the Pig Market, and the
Mayor of the Bull-ring hes

’ Dalkey is a small island in St.
George’s Channel, near the coast of
Ireland, a little to the south of Dublin
Bay.

King of Khorassan. So Anva’ri,
the Persian poet of the twelfth century,
is called.

King of Metals. Gold, which is not
only the most valuable of metals, but
also is without its peer in freedom from
alloy. It is got without smelting;
wherever it exists it is visible to the eye ;
and it consorts with little else than pure
silver. Even with this precious alloy,
the pure metal ranges from sixty i
ninety-nine per cent.

King of Misrule. Sometimes called
Lorp,,and sometimes AxBpor, etc. At
Oxford and Cambridge one of the
Masters of Arts superintended both the
Christmas. and Candlemas sports, for
which he was allowed a fee of 40s,
These diversions continued till the
Reformation. Polydore Vergil says of .
the feast of Misrule that it was “‘ derived

from the Roman Saturnalia,” ‘held in ,

King of Painters

706

King’s Cave

December for five days (17th to 22nd).
The Feast of Misrule lasted twelve days.
“If we compare our Bacchanalian Christmases
and New Year-tides with these Saturnalia and
Feasts of Janus, we shall Ande such near affinitye
between them hoth in regard of time ... and to
their manner of solemnising .., that wee must
eeds conclude the one to he the very ape or
gsue of the other."—Prynne: Histrio-Magtix.
King of Painters. A title assumed
by Parrhas'ios, the painter, a contem-
porary of Zeuxis. Plutarch says he
wore a purple robe and a golden crown.
(Flourished 400 8.c.)

King of Preachers. Louis Bour-
daloue, a French clergyman (1632-1704).

King of Rome. A ditle conferred by
Napoleon I. on his son on the day of his
birth. More generally called the Duke
of Reichstadt (1811-1832).

King of Shreds and Patches. In
the old mysteries Vice used to be dressed
as a mimio king in a parti-coloured suit.
(Shakespeare: Hamlet, iii. 4.) The
phrase is metaphorically applied to cer-
tain literary operatives who compile
books for publishers, but supply no
originality of thought or matter.

King of Spain’s Trampeter (The).
A donkey, A pun on the word don, a
Spanish magnate.

King of Terrors. Death.

King of Waters. The river Am’-
azon, in South America.

King of Yvetot (pron. Ev-to). A
man of mighty pretensions but small
merits. Yvetot is near Rouen, and was
once a seigneurie, the possessors of which
were entitled kings—a title given them
in 534 by Clotaire I., and continued far
into the fourteenth century.

“ J) était un rol d’¥yetot, |
Peu connu dans l'histoire ;
8e levant tard, se.coucbant tos,
Dormant fort bien sans gloire ;
Et couronne par Jéanneton
D'un aimple bonnet de cotton,
Diton:
Oh! ob! ob! oh! Ah! ahtah! abt
Quel bon petite roi c'était ; la! la! lar”
A king there was, ‘roi d'°¥vetot’ clept,
But little known in Bory,
Went soon to bed, till daylight slept,
And soundly without glory ;
His royal Brow in cotton cap |
Would Janet, when he took bis nap,
Euwrap.
Oh! ob! oh! oh; Ah! ab! xh+ ah!
A famous king he! Lu! lat'Iat £.C. B.

King of the Bean (roi de la five).
The Twelfth-night king: so called he-
cause he was chosen by distributing
slices of Twelfth-cake to the children
present, and the child who had the slice
with the ‘bean in it was king of the
ycompany for the night. This sport was

indulged in till the Reformation, even
at the two universities.

King of the Beggars or GCipsies.
Bamfylde Moore Carew, a noted En-
glish vagabond (1693-1770).

of the Forest. The oak,
which not only braves the storm, but
fosters the growth of tender parasites
under its arms.

King of the Herrings (The). Tho
Chimera, or sea-ape, a cartilaginous fish
which accompanies a shoal of herrings
in their migrations,

King of the Jungle (The). A tiger.

King of the Peak (The). Sir George
Vernon.

King of the Sea (Zhe). The herring.

“The head of an average-sized whale is from
fifteen to sixteen feet [about one-third the
Jength], and the lips open sume six or eight feet ;
yét to such a mouth there is scarcely any throat,
not sufficiently jane to allow.a aeeee te 88
dovn it. This little scaly fellow (the herring),
sof fourteen inches in length, would choke a
morster whale, and is hence called ‘the king of
the sea.’”"—C. Thomson: Autobiogr

aphy, p. 132.
King of the Teign. Baldrick of
South Devon, son of Eri, who long de-
fended his territory against Algar, a

lawless chief.

King of the World (Shah-Jehan)..
The title assumed by Khorrum Shah,
third son of Selim Jehan-Ghir, and fifth
of the Mogul emperors of Delhi.

King of the World. So the Cale-
donians, in Ossian’s time, called the
Roman emperor.

King Chosen by the Neighing of
a Horse (4). Darius. (See Horse:
A horse wins a kingdom.)

King Over the Water (Zhe). The
Young Pretender, or Chevalier Charles
Edward.

“My father so far compromised his loyalty as
to announce merely ‘The king,’ as bis first toast
after dinner, instead of the-emphatic } King
George.’ ... Our guest made a motion with his
glass, 80 as to pass it over the water-decanter
which stood beside bim, and added, ‘Over the
water.’ "—Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet, letter v.

King’s for Queen’s] Bench. This
was originally the Awla Regia, which
followed the king in all his travels, and
in which hé oécupied the lit de justice.
In the absence of the sovereign the
judges were supreme. Of course there
is no lit de justice or bench for the
sovereign in any of our law courts now,

King’s Cave, Opposite to Camp-
belton; so called because it was here
that King Robert Bruce and his retinue

King's Chair

102...”

Kings

es when they landed on the main-
land from the Isle of Arran. (Statistical
Account of Scotland, v. p. 167, article
‘* Arran.’’)

King’s Chair. A seat made by two
bearers with their hands. On Candle-
mas Day the children of Scotland used
to bring their schoolmaster a present
in money, and the boy who brought the
largest sum was king for the nonce.
When school was dismissed, the ‘‘ king’”’
was carried on a seat of hands in pro-
cession, and the seat was called the
** king’s chair.”’

King’s -Crag, Fife, in Scotland.
Called ‘‘king’’ because Alexander III.
of Scotland was killed there,

“As he was riding in the dusk of the evenin
along the sea-coast of Fife, betwixt, Burnt-islan
and King-horn, he ap; roached too near the brink
of the precipicé, and his horse, starting or stum-
bling, he was’thrown over the rock and killed
on the spot... The people of the country still
point out the very spot where it happened, and
which is called‘The King’s Crag.’ "—Sir Walter
Scott: Tales of a Gratifiather. vi.

King’s Cross. Up to the accession
of George IV. this locality in London
was called ‘“ Battle Bridge,” and had an
infamons notoriety. In 1821 some specu-
lators built there a number of houses,
and, at the suggestion of Mr. Bray,
changed the name.

King’s Evil. Scrofula; so called
from-a notion which prevailed from the
ign of Edward the Confessor to that
of Queen Anne that it could be cured by
the royal touch. The Jacobites con-
sidered that the power did not descend
to William III. and Anne because the
“*divine’’ hereditary right was not fully
possessed by them, but the office re-
mained in our Prayer-Book till 1719.
Prince Charles Edward, when he claimed
to be Prince of Wales, touched a female
child for the disease in 1745; but the
last person touched in England was Dr.
Johnson, in 1712, whenonly thirty months
old, by Queen Anne. The French kings
laid claim to the same divine power even
from the time of Anne of Clovis, a.p. 481,
and on Haster Sunday, 1686, Louis XIV.
touched 1,600 persons, using these words:
“‘ Te roy te touche, Dieu te guerisse,”’ The
practice was introduced by Henry VII.
of presenting the person ‘touched?’ with
a small gold or silver coin, called a touch-
iece. The one presented to Dr. Johnson

has St. George and the Dragon on one
side and a ship on the other; the legend
of the former is Sok deo gloria, and of
the latter Anna D:G.M.BR.F:ET.H.
REG. (Anne, by the Grace of God, of

Great Britain, France, and Ireland
Queen.

We are told that Charles IJ, touched 92,107 per-
sons. The smallest number in one year was 2,933.
in 1669; and the largest number was in 1644, when
Many were trampled to death. (See Mackulay’s
History of England, chap. xiv.) Jobn Brown, a
royal_ surgeon, had to superintend the ceremony.
(See Macbeth, iv. 3.)

King’s Keys, The crow-bars, hatchets,
and hammers used by sheriffs’ officers to
force doors and locks. (Law phrase.)

“The door, framed to withstand attacks from
exciseman, constables, and other personages, con-
sidered to use the king’s keys . . . set his efforts
at deflance.”—Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet, chap. xix.

King’s Men, The 78th Foot; 80
called from their motto, ‘ Cuidich’r
Rhi’’ (Help the king).

It was raised by Kenneth Mackenzie, Earl of
Seaforth, in 1777, and called the Seaforth. High-
landers. In 1783 it became the 72nd Foot. From
1830 to 1881 it was called the “ Duke of Albany's
Highlanders”; and in 1881 it was made the znd
Battalion of the “Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-
shire Buffs), the Duke of Albany's.”

King’s Mess (Zhe). An extra mess of
rice boiled with milk—or of almonds,
peas, or other pulse—given to the monks
of Melrose Abbey by Robert [Bruce],
the feast to be held on January 10th,
and £100 being set aside for the purpose ;
but the monks were bound to feed on
the same day fifteen poor, men, and give
to each four ells of broad cloth or six
ells of narrow cloth, with a pair of shoes
or sandals.

King’s Oak (Zhe). The oak under
which Henry VIII. sat, in Epping Forest,
while Anne (Boleyn) was being exe-
cuted.

King’s Picture. Money; so called
because coin is stamped with ‘‘the
image ”’ of the reigning sovereign.

King’s Quhair. King’s book (James
I.). “Cahier” is a copybook.

King’s Cheese goes halfin Paring.
A king’s income is half consumed by the
numerous calls on his purse.

King’s Hanoverian White Horse
(The). The 8th Foot; called the ‘‘ King’s
Hanoverian’’ for their service against
the Pretender in 1715, and called the
‘White Horse ’’ from their badge; now
called the. ‘‘ Liverpool Regiment.”

King’s Own Scottish Borderers
(The). Raised by. Leven when Claver-
house rode out of Edinburgh.

Kings. Of the 2,550 sovereigns who
have hitherto reigned,

300 have been overthrown.

134 have been assassinated.

123 have been taken captive in war.

108 have been executed.

Kings

708

Kings

100 have been slain in battle,

64 have been forced to abdicate.
28 have committed suicide.

25 have been tortured to death.
23 have become mad or imbecile.

Kings, etc., of England. Much
foolish superstition has of late been cir-
culated respecting certain days supposed
to be ‘‘fatal’’ to the crowned heads of
Great Britain, The following list may
help to discriminate truth from fiction:

(From means the regnal year commenced from:
To is the day of death.)

Wit11am L., from Monday, December
25th, 1066, to Thursday, September 9th,
1087 ; Wiu1tam II., from Sunday, Sep-
tember 26th, 1087, to Thursday, August
2nd, 1100; Henry IL, from Sunday,
August dth, 1100, to Sunday, December
Ist, 1185; SrepHen, from Thursday,
December 26th, 1135, to. Monday, Octo-
ber 25th, 1154.

Henry II., from Sunday, December
19th, 1154, to Thursday, July 6th, 1189;
RicuarpD I., from. Sunday, September
8rd, 1189, to Tuesday, April 6th, 1199;
Joun, from Thursday, May 27th, 1199, to
Wednesday, October 19th, 1216; Henry
IIl., from Saturday, October 28th, 1216,
to Wednesday, November 16th, 1272;
Epwarp I., from Sunday, November
20th, 1272, to Friday, July 7th, 1307;
Epwarp II., from Saturday, July 8th,
1307, to Tuesday, January 20th, 1327;
Epwarp III., from Sunday, January
25th, 1327 (w.s.), to Sunday, June 21st,
1377; Ricwarp II., from Monday, June
22nd, 1377, to Monday, September 29th,
1399; Henry IV., from Tuesday, Sep-
tember 30th, 1399, to Monday, March
20th, 1413; Henry V., from Tuesday,
March 2lst, 1413, to Monday, August
81st, 1422; Henry VI., from. Tuesday,
September Ist, 1422, to Wednesday,
March 4th, 1461; Epwarp IV., from
Wednesday, March 4th, 1461, to Wednes-
aay, April 9th, 1483;. Epwarp V., from

ednesday, April 9th, 1483, to Sunday,
June 22nd, 1483; RicHarp III., from
Thursday, Tune 26, 1483, to Monday,
August 22nd, 1485.

Henry VII., from Monday, August
22nd, 1485, to Saturday, April 21st, 1509;
Henry VIII., from Sunday, April 22nd,
1509, to Friday, January 28th, 1547;
Epwarp VI., from Friday, January 28th,
1547, to Thursday, July 6th, 1553;
Mary, from Thursday, July 6th, 1553, to

Thursday, November ‘17th, 1558 ; Ex1za- |

BETH, trom Thersday, November 17th,
1558, to Thursday, March 24th, 1603.

James I., from Thursday, March 24th, |

1603, to Swnday, March 27, 1625;
CuHartzs I., from Sunday, March 27th,
1625, to Tuesday, January 30th, 1649;
[Commonwealth—CromMWELL, died J’ri-
day, September 3-13, 1658 ;] Cuarzes IL.,
restored Tuesday, May 29th, 1660, died
Friday, February 6th, 1685; James I1.,
from Yuesday, February 6th, 1685, to
Saturday, December. 11th, 1688; W11-
uiAM IIl., from Wednesday, February
13th, 1689, to Monday, March 8th, 1702;
ANNE, from Jfonday, March 8th, 1702,
to Sunday, August Ist, 1714. (Both O.S.)

GrorcGE I., from Sunday, August,
Ist, 1714, to Saturday, June 11th,
1727 O.S., 1721 N.S.; Gzorer IL. from
Saturday, June 11th, 1727, to Saturday,
October 25th, 1760, N.S..; Grorces III.,
from Saturday, October 25th, 1760, to
Saturday, January 29th, 1820; GrorcE
IV., from Saturday, January 29th, 1820,
to Saturday, June 26th, 1830; Wi11aM
IV., from Saturday, June 26th, 1830, to
Tuesday, June 20th, 1837; Victoria,
from TZwesday, June 20th, 1837 * *
(See Two.) : ;

Hence five have terminated theur reign
on a Sunday, six on a Monday, four on a
Tuesday, four on a Wednesday, six on a
Thursday, four on a Friday, and siz on a
Saturday. Nine have begun and. ended
their reign on the same day, Henry I.
and Edward III. on a Sunday; Richard
IT. on a Monday ; Edward IV., Anne,
and George I. on a Wednesday: Mary on
a Thursday; Geerge III. and George
IV. on a Saturday. ;

Kings, ete., of England.

William I. styled himself King of the
English, Normans, and Cinomantvans ;
Henry 1., Hing of the English and Duke
of the Normans ; Stephen, King of the
English ; Henry Il., King of England
Duke of Normandy and Aqutania, an
Count of Anjou; John, King of England,
Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy
and Aquitania, and Count of Anjou ;
Henry III., in 1259, dropped the titles
of ‘Duke of Normandy ”’ and “ Count
of Anjou; Edward I., King of England,
Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitania ;
Edward II. made his son “Duke of
Aquitania’’ in the nineteenth year of
his reign, and styled himself King of
England and Lord of Ireland; Edward
IIl., from 1337, adopted the style of
King of France and England, and Lord
of Lreland, and Duke of Aquitania ;
Richard IL., King’ o England and
France; and Lord v4 reiahils Neavreva
VI., Of England, France, and Ireland,
King, Defender of the Faith—this last
title was given to Henry VIII. in the

=

Kings

709

Kingly Titles

thirty-fifth year of his reign; Mary, Of
England, France, and Ireland, apes
Defender of the Faith, and Supreme Head
of the Anglican and Hibernian Church ;

harles I., Of Great Britain, France,
and TIrelund, King, Defender of the
Faith, etc. ; Commonwealth, The Keepers
of the Liberties of Englund, by the
authority of Parliament, and Cromwell
was styled His Highness ; Charles II,
and James II. as Charles I.; William
and Mary, Of England, Scotland, France,
and Ireland, King and Queen, Defenders
of the Faith, etc.: Anne, Of Great

ritain, France, and Ireland, Queen, De-
fender of the Faith, etc. ; George III., in
1801, abandoned the words “‘ King of
France,”’ which had been retained for 432
years, and hisstyle was “‘ George IITI., by
the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, King, De-
Sender of the Faith.”

Kings have Long Hands. Do not
quarrel with a king, as his power and
authority reach to the end of his do-
minions. “The Latin proverb is, ‘‘ An
nescis longas regibus esse manus; and
the German, ‘‘ Mit grossen herren es. ist
nicht gut kirschen zu essen” (‘It is not
good to eat cherries with great. men, as
they throw the stones in your eyes’’),

“ There's such divinity doth hedge alking,
That treason can but peep to what it would.”
Shakespeare: King in Hamlet, iv. 5.

The books of the four kings. A pack

of cards.

“ After supper were broughtin the books of the
four kings.”—Rabelais: Gargantua and Panta-
gruel, i. 22.

The three kings of Cologne. The -repre-
sentatives of the three magi who came
from the East to offer gifts to the infant
Jesus. Tradition makes them three
Eastern kings, and at Cologne the names
ascribed to them are Kaspar, Melchior,
and Balthazar.

Kings may override Grammar.
(See GRAMMAR.)

Kingly Titles.
Abgarus (The Grand).
of Edessa were styled.
Abim’elech. (my father the king). The
chief ruler of the ancient Philistines.
Agag (lord). The chief ruler of the
Amal'ekites (4 syl.). ;

So the kings

Akbar Khan (very-great chieftain). -

Hindustan. =
Anax. The chief ruler of the ancient

Greek kingdoms. Anaxandrén was the d
The chief of the nine

over-king,

‘Archon (The).
magistrates of Athens, Thenextin rank
was called Basileus (3 syl.); and the

third Polémarch (3 syl.), or Field-
Marshal,

Asser or Assyr (blessed one). The
chief ruler of ancient Assyria.

Attabeg (father prince), Persia, 1118.

Augustus, The title of the reigning
Emperor of Rome, when the heir pre-
sumptive was styled ‘‘ Ceasar.” (See
AUGUSTUS, )

Autocrat (selt-potentate), One whose
power is absolute; Russia.

Beglerbeg. (See Bey.)

Ben- Hadad (son of the sun or Hadad).
The chief ruler of ancient Damascus.

Bey of Tunis, In Turkey, a bey is
the governor of a banner, and the chief
over the seven banners is the beglar-bey.

Brenn or Brenhin (war-chief) of the
ancient Gauls. A dictator appointed by
the Druids in times of danger.

Bretwalda (wieldet of Britain). Chief
king of the heptarchy.

Caesar . Proper name adopted by the
Roman emperors. (See KAisER.)

Calif (successor). Successors\of Maho-
met ; now the Grand Signior of Turkey,
and Sophi of Persia.

Canda'ce. Proper name adopted by
the queens of Ethiopia.

Cazique (Ca-zeek’), American In-
dians; native princes of the ancient
Peruvians, Cubans, Mexi¢ans, etc.

Chagan. The chief of the Avars.

Cham. (See Ithan.)

Cral. The despot of ancient Servia.

Cyrus (mighty). Ancient Persia, (See
CYRUS.)

Czar (Cesar). Russia.. Assumed by
Ivan IIJ., who married a princess of the
Byzantine. line, in 1472. He also intro-

‘duced the double-headed black eagle of

Byzantium as the national symbol.

Darius, Latin form of “Darawesh
(king). Ancient Persia.

Dey. In Algiers, before it was an-
nexed to France in 1830. (Turkish, dai,
unde;

Dictator. A military autocrat, ap-
pointed by the Romans in times of
danger. ;

Domnu (lord). Roumania,.

Limperor: (See IMPERATOR. )

Eimpress.. A female emperor, or the
wife of an emperor. ;

Lsin'‘ge (q.v.). Kings of Kent.

‘Hos'podar. Moldavia and Wallachia ;
now borne by:the Emperor of Russia.

Impera' tor (ruler or commander). The
Latin form of emperor.

‘Inca, Ancient Peru. ‘

Judge, Ancient Jews (Shophet). 4

Kaiser (same as Cesar, g.v.). The
German Emperor. ;

Kingdom Come

n10-

Kirke-grim

Khan (chieftain) or Ghengis- Khan,
Tartary. In Persia, the governor of a
province is called a Khan.

Khedive (qxv.). Modern Egypt.

King or Queen. Great Britain, etc.
(Anglo-Sax6n cyn, the people or nation,
und -ing (a paired sino the man of,
the choice of, etc.) f

Lama or Dalai Lama (great mother-
Lerioa§ Thibet.

Melech (king). Ancient Jews.

Mogul’ or Great Mogul’. Mongolia,

Nejus or Nejushee (lord protector).

Abyssinia.

Nizam’ eer Hyderabad,

Padishah (fatherly king). The Sul-
tan’s title, :

Pendrag'on (chief of the dragons, or
““swmmus rex’’). A dictator, created
by the ancient Celts in times of danger.

Pharaoh (light of the world), An-
cient Egypt.

President,

Republics of America,
France, ete,

Ptolemy (proper name adopted). |

Egypt after the death of Alexander,

Queen, (Anglo-Saxon, cwén; Greek,
guné, & woman.)

Rajah or Maha-rajah (great king).
Hindustan..

tex (ruler), A Latin word equivalent
to our king,

Scherif (lord). Mecca and Medina.

Shah (protector). Persia,

Sheik (patriarch). Arabia.

Shop'hetim. Sothe Jewish ‘‘ judges”
were styled. «te

So'pht (holy). A title of the Shah of
Persia. ~

Stadtholder (cit seer Formerly
chief magistrate of Holland. = - ;

rts Kat (dictators). Ancient Cart

Sultan or Soldan (ruler). Turkey,

Vayvode or Waywode (2 syl.) of
Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia.

Viadika (ruler). Montenegro. ’

Also, Aga, ameer or emir, archduke,
count, doge, duke, effendi, elector, exarch,
herzog (= duke), tnaum, infanta, land-
amman, landgrave, mandarin, margrave,
or margravine, nabob, pacha or bashavw,
prince, sachem, satrap, seigneur or grand-
seigneur, sirdar, subahdar, suzerain, tet-
rarch, viceroy, etc., insome cases are chief
independent rulers, in some cases depen-
dent rulers or governors subject to an
over-lord, and in others simply titles of
honour without separate dominion.

Kingdom Come. Death, the grave,
execution, ;

“And hed pounds be theirs, a pretty sum,
For sending such a rogue to kingdom come.”
Teler Pindar : Subiects for Painters,

Kingsale. _ Wearing a hat in the pre-
sence of Royalty. '

Kingsley’s Stand, the 20th Foot.
Called ‘‘ Kingsley’s ’’ from their colonel
1756-1769); and called ‘‘ Stand” from
their ‘‘stand’’ at Minden jn 1759. Now
called the ‘‘ Lancashire Fusiliers. ’?

Kingston Bridge. A card bent, so
that when the pack is cut, it is cut at
this card. ‘‘ Faire le Pont”? is thus de-
scribed in Fleming and Tibbins’s Grand
Dictionnaire: ‘‘ Action de courber quel-
gues-unes des cartes, et de les arranger de
telle sorte que celui qui doit covper ne
puisse guere couper qwa Vendroit qu’on
vent,”

Kingston-on-Thames. Named
King’ s-stone from a large, square block of
stone near the town hall, on which the
early Anglo-Saxon monarchs knelt when
they were anointed to the kingly office:
Edward the Elder, Athelstan, Edmund
Ethelred, Edred, Edwy, and Edward
the Martyr received on this stone the
royal unction. The stone is now enclosed
with railings.

Kingstown (Ireland), formerly called
Dunleary. The name was changed in
1821 out of compliment to George IV.,
who visited Ireland that year, and left
Dunleary harbour for his retyrn home
on September 5th.

Kingswood Lions. Donkeys; Kings-
wood being at one time famous for the
number of asses kept by the colliers who
lived thereabout.

Kinless Loons, The judges whom
Cromwell sent into Scotland were s0
termed, because they condemned and
acquitted those brought before them
wholly irrespective of party, and solel
on the merits of the charge with whic
they were accused.

Kiosk’. A Turkish summer-house
or alcove supported by pillars, (Turkish,
kushk; Persian, kushk, a palace ; French,
kiosque.) The name is also given tonews-
paper stands in France and Belgium.

Kirk of Skulls. Gamrie church in
Banfishire ; so called because the skulls
and other bones of the Norsemen who
fell in the neighbouring field, called the
Bloody Pots, were built into its walls,

Kirke-grim. The nix who looks to
order in churches, punishes those who
misbehave themselves there, and the per-
sons employed to keep it tidy if they
failin their duty. (Scandinavian myth-
ology.) {uy

Kirke’s Lambs 711

Kiss

Kirke’s Lambs. The Queen’s Royal
West Surrey. Called ‘‘ Kirke”’ from
Piercy Kirke, their colonel, 1682-1691 ;
and “‘Lambs’’ from their badge, the
Paschal Lamb the crest of the house of
Braganza, in complimentto Queen Catha-
rine, to whom they were a guard of
honour in her progress to London.

Kirkrap’ine (3 syl.). While Una
was in the hut of Corcoca, Kirkrapine-
forced his way in; but the lion, spring-
ing on him, tore him to pieces. The
meaning is that Romanism was increased
by rapine, but the English lion at the
Reformation put an end to the rapacit
of monks. (Spenser : Facrie Queen,bk. ra

Kismet. The fulfilment of destiny.
(Turkish, gismet, a lot.)

“The word kismet, which he scarcely compre-
bended before, seems now to be fraught with...
alien ie This is kismet; this is the fulfil-
ment of destiny ; this is to love.”—Winetcenth
Century, February, 1892, p. 209.

Kiss, as a mode of salutation, comes
from its use to express reverence or
worship. Thus to adore idols and to
kiss idols mean the same thing. Indeed,

- the word adore signifies simply to carry
- the hand fo the mouth, that is, to kiss it
to the idol. We still kiss the hand in
salutation. Various parts of the body
are kissed to distinguish the character of
the adoration paid. Thus, to kiss the
lips is to adore the living breath of the
rson saluted ; to kiss the feet or ground

is to humble oneself in adoration; to
kiss the garments is to express venera-
tion to whatever belongs to or touches
the person who wears them. ‘‘ Kiss the
Son, lest He be angry”? (Ps, ii. 12), means
Worship the Son of God. Pharaoh tells
Joseph, ‘Thou shalt be over my house,
and upon thy mouth shall all my people
kiss,”’ meaning they shall reverence the
commands of Joseph. by kissing the roll
on which his commands would be written.
*¢ Samuel poured oil on Saul, and kissed
him,” to acknowledge subjection to
God’s anointed (1 Sam. x. 1). In the
Hebrew state, this mode of expressing
reverence arose from the form of govern-
‘ment established, whether under the

patriarchal or matrimonial figure.

A Judas kiss. An act of treachery.
The allusion is to the apostle Judas, who

£ betrayed his Master with a kiss,

: Kiss Hands (Zo). To kiss the hand
= of the sovereign either on accepting or
2 A retiring froma high government office.

(See. Kiss.)

_ “Kissing the hand to the statue of a god was a
Roman form of adoration.”—Spencer: Principles
of Sociology, vol. ii. part iv, chap. 6, p. 123,

Kiss the Book. After taking a legal
oath, we are commanded to kiss the
book, which in our English courts is the;
New Testament, except when Jews ‘‘ are
sworn in.’’ This is the kiss of con-
firmation or promise to act in accord-
ance with the words of the oath (Mora-
vians and Quakers are not required to
take legal oaths), The kiss, in this case,
is a public acknowledgment that you
adore the deity whose book you kiss, as
a worshipper.

It is now permitted to affirm, if persons like to
do so. Mr. Bradlaugh refused to take an oath,

and after some years of contention the law was
altered.

Kiss the Dust. To die, or to be
slain. In Psalm Ixxii, 9 it is said, ‘‘ his
enemies shall lick the dust.’”’

Kiss the Hare’s Foot (70). Tobe
late or too late for dinner. The hare
has run away, and you are only in time
to ‘‘kiss”’ the print of his foot. A com-
mon proverb.

“You must kiss the hare’s foot; post festum
venisti.” —Cole: Dictionary.

Kiss the Mistress (Zo). To make
a good hit, to shoot right into the eye of
the target. In bowls, what we now call
the Jack used to be called the ‘‘ mis-
tress,’ and when one bill just touches
another it is said ‘‘to kissit.”’ To kiss
the Mistress or Jack is to graze another
bowl with your own.

“Rub on, and kiss the mistress,"—Shakespeare.
Troilus and Cressida, iii. 2.

Kiss the Rod (70), To submit to
punishment or misfortune meekly and
without murmuring.

Kiss behind the Garden Gate (4).
A pansy. A practical way of saying
“* Pensez de moi,’ the flower-language of
the pansy. 7

Kiss given to a Poet. Margaret,
daughter of James I. of Scotland and
wife of Louis XI. (when only dauphin),
kissed the mouth of Alain Chartier “‘ for
uttering so many fine things.’? Chartier,
however, was a decidedly ugly man,
and, of course, was asleep at the time.

The tale is sometimes erroneously told of
Ronsard the poet.

Kiss the Gunner’s Daughter (70)
To be flogged on board ship, being tied
to the breech of a cannon.

“T was made to kiss'the wench that never
speaks but when she scolds, and that’s the gun-
ner’s daughter,... Yes, the minister's son...
has the cat's scratch on his back.”—Sir W Scott:
Redgauntlet, chap. xiv >

Kiss the Place to make it Well.
A relic of a very common custom al]

Kissing

712

Kit-cat Club

over the world of sucking poison from
wounds. St. Martin of Tours, when
he was at Paris, observed at the city
gates a leper full of sores; and, going
up to him, he kissed the sores, where-
upon the leper was instantly made whole
(Sulpicius Sevérus : Dialogues). Again,
when St. Mayeul had committed some
grave offence, he was sent, by way of
penance, to kiss a leper who was begging
alms at the monastery. St. Mayeul
went up to the man, kissed his wounds,
and the leprosy left him. Half a score
similar examples may be found in the
Bollandistes, without much searching.

“ Who ran to help me when I fell,
And kissed the place to make it well?”

Kissing-comfit. The candied root of
the Sea-eryngium maritimum prepared
as a lozenge, to perfume the breath.

Kissing-crust. The crust where
the lower lump of bread kisses the
upper. In French, baiswre de pain.

Kissing the Hand. Either kissing
the sovereign’s hand at a public intro-
duction, or kissiug one’s own hand to
bid farewell to a friend, and kissing the
tips of our fingers and then moving the
hand in a sort of salutation to impl
great satisfaction at some beautiful ob-
ject, thought, or other charm, are rem-
‘nants of pagan worship. If the idol
was conveniently low enough, the de-
votee kissed its hand ; if not, the devotees
kissed their own hands and waved them
to the image. God said He had in Israel
seven thousand persons who had not
bowed unto Baal, ‘every mouth which
hath not kissed him.”’” (Sce Kiss.)

“Many .s. whom the fame of this excellent
vision had gathered thither, confounded by that
matchless heauty, could but kiss the finger-tips
of their.right hands at sight of her,as in adora-
tion to the goddess Venus herself.” — Pater:
Marius the Epicurean, chap. v,

Kissing the Pope’s Toe. Matthew
of Westminster says, it was customary
formerly to kiss the hand of his Holifiess;
but that a certain woman, in the eighth
eentury, not only kissed the Pope’s
hand, but ‘‘squeezed it.” The Church
magnate, seeing the danger to which
he was exposed, cut off his hand, and
was compelled in future to offer his
foot, a custom which has continued to
the present hour.

Kissing under the Mistletoe.
Balder, the Apollo of Scandinavian my-
‘thology, was killed by a mistletoe arrow
given to the blind Hoder, by Loki, the
god of mischief and potentate of our

earth. Balder was restored to life, but .

the mistletoe was placed in future under
the care of Friga, and was never again
to be an instrument of evil till it touched
the earth, the empire of Loki. It is
always suspended from ceilings, and
when persons of opposite sexes pass
under ‘it, they give each other the kiss
of peace and love in the full assurance
that the epiphyte is no longer an in-
strument of mischief

A correspondent in Notes and Queries
suggests that the Romans dedicated the
holly to Saturn, whose festival was in
December, and that the early Christians
decked their houses with the Saturnian
emblems to deceive the Romans and
escape persecution, ;

Kist-vaen (Zhe). A rude stone
sepulchre or mausoleum, like a, chest
with a flat stone for a cover

“Atlength they reached a grassy mound, on the
top of which was placed one of those receptacles
for the dead of the ancient British chiefs of dis-
tinction, called Kist-vaen, whichare composed of
upright fragments of granite, so placed as to
form a stone coffin. '—Sir Walter Scott: The
Betrothed, chap. Xxix

Kist of Whistles (4), A church-
organ (Scotch). Cist, a box or chest.

Kist‘nerap’pan. The Indian water- ~
god. Persons at the point of death are
sometimes carried into the Ganges, and
sometimes to its banks, that Kistnerap-

an may purify them from all defilement
Rafave they die. Others have a little
water poured into the palms of their
hands with the same object.

Kit. (Anglo-Saxon, kette, a cist or
box [of tools].) Hence that which con-
tains*the necessaries, tools, etc., of a
workman.

A soldier's kit. is outfit. -

The whole kit of them. The whole lot.
(See above.) Used contemptuously..

Kit. A three-stringed fiddle. (Anglo-
Saxon, cytere ; Latin, erthdra.)

Kit-cat Club, <A club formed in
1688 by the leading Whigs of the day,
and held in Shire Lane (now Lower
Serle’s Place) in the house of Christo-
pher Cat, a pastry-cook, who supplied
the mutton pies, and after whom the club
wasnamed Sir Godfrey Kneller painted
forty:two portraits of the club members
for Jacob Tonson, the. secretary, whose
villa was at Barn Elms, and where
latterly the club was held. In order
to accommodate the paintings to the
height of the club-room, he was obliged
to make them three-quarter lengths,
hence a three-quarter portrait is still
called a kit-cat. redial fermion = oc

ans

Kit Cats

713

Kneph

Strictly speaking, a kit-cat canvas is
twenty-eight inches by thirty-six.
“Steele, Addison, Congreve, Garth, Vanbrugh,
Manwaring, Stepney, Walpole, and Pulteney
were of it; so was Lord Dorset and the present
Duke. Manwaring ... wasthe ruling man in all
conversation... . Lord Stanhope and the Barl of
Essex were also members. .. Hach member gave
his (picture).”—Pope to Spente.
Cowley the poet lived at Barn Elms

Villas,

Kit Cats. Mutton pies; so called
from Christopher Cat, the pastrycook,
who excelled in these pasties. (See
above.)

Kit’s Coty House, on the road be-
tween Rochester and Maidstone, a well-
known cromlech, is Katigern’s or Kiti-
hag coty house—that is, the house or

omb of Kitigern, made of coits or huge
flat stones. (See Hacxety’s Corr and
Devix’s Corr,

Katigern was the brother of Vortimer,
and leader of the Britons, who was slain
in the battle of Aylesford or Epsford,
fighting against Hengist and Horsa.
Lambarde calls it Citscotehowse (1570).
The structure consists of two upright
side-stones, one standing in the middle
as a support or tenon, and a fourth im-
posed as a roof. Numberless stones lie
scattered in the vicinity. Often spelt
“ Kitt’s Cotty House.”

Kitchen, Any relish eaten with dry
bread, as cheese, bacon, dried fish, etc.

“ A hungry heart wad scarce seek better kitchen
to @ barley scone,”—Sir W. Scott: The Pirate,
chap. xi.

Kitchenmaid (Jfs.). So Queen
Panne called Lord Mountjoy, her
ord-deputy in Ireland. In one of her
letters to Lord Mountjoy she writes :—

“with your frying-pan and other kitchen-stuff
on have brought to their last home more rebels
han those that promised more and did less.

Kite (4), in legal phraseology, is a
junior counsel who is allotted at an
assize court to advocate the cause of a
risoner who is: without other defence.

‘or this service he receives a guinea
as his honorarium, A kite on Stock
Exchange means a worthless bill. An
honorarium given to a barrister is in
reality a mere kite. (See below, Krrs-
FLYING.)

Kite-flying. To fly the kite is to
* “yaise the wind,” or obtain money on
ra whether good or bad. It is a
Stock Exchange peepee and mears as
a kite flutters in the air by reason of its
lightness, and is a mere toy, so these
bills fly about, but are light and worth-
less, (See Stock ExouancE Suan.)

oy
%

Kitely (2 syl.), A jealous city mer-
chant in Ben Jonson's Lvery Mun in
his Humour.

Kittle of Fish, 4 pretty kittle of
Jish. A pretty muddle, a bad job, Cor-
ruption of ‘‘ kiddle of fish,’’ A kiddle
is a basket set in the opening of a weir
for catching fish, Perhaps the Welsh
hidl or hidyl, a strainer, (See Kerrie.)

Klaus (Peter). The prototype of Rip
Van Winkle, whose sleep lasted twenty
years. Pronounce lows, (See SANTA

LAUS.)

Klephts (The) etymologically means
robbers, but came to be a title of dis-
tinction in modern Greece. Those
Greeks who rejected all overtures of
their Turkish conquerors, betook them-
selves to the mountains, where they kept
up for several years a desultory warfare,
supporting themselves by raids on
Turkish settlers. Aristotelés Valaoritis
(born 1824) is the great ‘‘ poet of the
Klephts.”” (See Ninetcenth Century,
July, 1891, p. 130,)

Knack, Skillinhandiwork. The de-
rivation of this word is a great puzzle,
Minshew suggests that it is a mere vari-
ant of knock. Cotgrave thinks it a
variant of svap. Others give the German
knacken (to sound),

Knave. A lad, a garcon, a servant.
(Anglo-Saxon, qndfa ; German, knabe.)
The knave of clubs, etc., is the son or
servant of the king and queen thereof.
In an old version of the Bible we read:
‘Paul, a knave of Jesus Christ, called
to be an apostle,’’ etc. (Rom. i. 1).

This-version, we are told, is in the Harlelan
Library, but is generally supposed to be a forgery.
But, without doubt, Wycliff (Rev. xii. 5, 13) used

the compound “ Knave-child,” and Chaucer uses
the same in the Man of Lawe’s Tule, line 5180.

Knave of Hearts (4). A flirt.

Knave of Sologne (4). More knave
than fool. The French say ‘* Un niais de
Sologne.’’ Sologne is a part of the de-
partments of Loiret et Loire-et-Cher.

Knee, Greek, gonw; Latin, genw;
French, genou, Sanskrit, janu ; Saxon,

ceneow, German, knve, English, knee.

Knee Tribute, Adoration or reve-
rence, by prostration or bending the knee,

“Coming to receive from us
Knee-tribute yet unpaid, prostration vile”
Milton * Paradise Lost, v 183...

Kneph. The ram-headed god of
ancient Egypt, called also Amen-ra, and
by the Greeks, Ammon,

Knickerbocker 714
eh

Knickerbocker (Die'drich). The
imaginary author of a facetious History

of New York, by Washington Irving.

Knickerbockers, Loose knee-
Freeshes, worn by boys, cyclists, sports-
men, tourists, etc. So named from
George Cruikshank’s illustrations of
Washington Irving’s book referred to
above. In these illustrations the Dutch
worthies are drawn with very loose
knee-breeches,

Kuife is the emblem borne by St.
Ag'atha, St. Albert, and St. Christi‘na.

The flaying knife is the emblem of
St. Bartholomew, beoause he was flayed.

A ee! knifeis borne in Christian
art by St. Zadkiel, the angel.

The knife of academic knots, Chrysip’-
pos, so called because he was the keenest
disputant of his age Wee 280-207).

Var to the knife. Deadly strife,

Knife = sword or dagger.

“Till my keen knife see not the wound it makes.”
Shakespeare: Macbeth, i. 5.

Knife and Fork. He is a capital
knife-and-fork, a good trencherman.

“He did due honour to the mepest heate and
drank, and proved a capital knife-and-fork even
at the risk of dying the same night of an in-
digestion,”—Gaboriaw: Promise of Marriage, vi.

Knifeboard. One of the seats for
passengers running along the roof of an
omnibus. Now almost obsolete.

Knight means simply a boy. (Saxon,
eniht.) As boys (like the Latin puer
and French gargon) were used as ser-
vants, so eniht came to mean a servant,
Those who served the feudal kings bore
arms, and persons admitted to this privi-
lege were the king’s Imights; as this
distinction was limited to men of family,
the word became a title of honour next
to the nobility. In modern Latin, a
knight is termed awra'tus (golden), from
the gilt spurs which he used to wear,

Last of the knights. Maximilian I, of
Germany (1459, 1493-1519).

Knight Rider Street (London). So
named from the processions of knights
from the Tower to Smithfield, where
tournaments were held. Leigh Hunt
says the name originated in a sign or
some reference to the Heralds’ College
in the vicinity.

Knight of La Mancha. Don Quixote
de la Mancha, the hero of Cervantes’
hovel, called Don Quixote.

Knight of the Bleeding Heart.
The Bleeding Heart was one of the
many semi-religious orders instituted

Knights Baronets

in the Middle Ages in honour of the
Virgin Mary, whose “ heart was pierced
with many sorrows.”

“When be was at Holyrood who would have
said that the young, sprightly George Douglas
would have been content to play the locksman
here in Lochleven, with no gayer amusement
than that of turning the key on two or three help-
less women? A strange office for a Knight of the
Bleeding Heart.”—Sir W. Scott: he Abbot, xxiii.

Knight of the Cloak (The). Sir
Walter Raleigh. So called. from his
throwing his cloak into a puddle for
Queen Elizabeth to step on as she was
about to enter her barge, (See Kenil-
worth, chap, xy.)

“Your lordship meaneth that Raleigh, the
Devonshire youth,’ said Varney, ‘the Knight of
the Cloak, as they call him at Court.’— Ditto,
chap. xvi,

Elizabeth, in the same novel, addresses
him as Sir Squire of the Soiled Cassock,

Knight of the Couching Leopard
(The). Sir Kenneth, or rather the Earl
of Huntingdon, Prince Royal of Scot-
land, who followed, incognito, Richard I.
to the Crusade, and is the chief char-
acter of the Talisman, a novel by Sir

. Walter Scott.

Knight of the Order of John:
William (4). In French: “ Chevalier
de Vordre de Jean Guillaume,” @ man
hanged. (Sce Jonn-Wi1t1aM.,)

Knight of the Post. A man in the
pillory, or that has been tied to a whip-
ping-post, is jestingly so called.

Knight of the Rueful Counte-
nance. Don Quixote.

Knight’s Fee, A portion of land
held by custom, sufficient to maintain a
knight to do service as such for the
king. William the Conqueror created
60,000 such fees when he came to Eng-
land. All who had £20 a year in lands
or income were compelled to be knights.

Knight’s Ward (Zhe). A superior
compartment in Newgate for those who
paid three pieces by way of “ garnish.”
No longer in existence.

Knights, (See Cross-LeecEp. . .)

Knights Bachelors. Persons who
are simply knights, but belong to no
order. (French, bas-chevaliers.)

Knights Bannerets. Knights cre-
ated on the field of battle.
general cut off the point of their flag,
and made it square, so as to resemble a
banner.
called Knights of the Square Flag.

Knights Baronets. Inferior barons,

an order of hereditary rank, created by

The king or ~

Hence knights bannerets are

>

: Knights Errant

715

Knights of

James I. in 1611. The title was sold for
money, and the funds went nominally
towards the plantation of Ulster. These
rite bear the arms of Ulster, viz. a
field argent, a sinister hand couped at
the wrist gules. (See Hann.)

Knights Errant. In France, from
768 to 987, the land was encumbered
with fortified castles; in England this
was not the case till the reign of Stephen.
The lords of these castles used to carry
off females and commit rapine, so that a
class of men sprang up, at least in the
P es of romance, who roamed about in
ull armour to protect the defenceless
and aid the oppressed.

“*Prox’ima queque metit glad’io’is the perfect
account of a knight errant.”—Dryden : Dedication
of the Bne’is.

Knights of Carpetry or Carpet
Knights,” are not military but civil
knights, such as mayors, lawyers, and
so on; so called because they receive
their knighthood kneeling on a carpet,
and not on the battle-field.

Knights of Industry. Sharpers.

Knights of Labour. Members of a
trades union organised in 1834, in the
United States of America, to regulate
the amount of wages to be demanded
by workmen, the degree of skill to be
exacted from them, and the length of a
day’s work. This league enjoins when
a strike is to be made, and when work-
men of the union may resume work.

Knights of Malta or Hospitallers of
St. John of Jerusalem. Some time after
the first crusade (1042), some Neapolitan
merchants built at Jerusalem a hospital
for sick pilgrims and a church which
they dedicated to St. John; these they
committed to the charge of certain
knights, called Hospitallers of St. John.
In 1310 these Hospitallers took Rhode
Island, and changed their title into
Knights of Rhodes. In 1523 they were
pelled from Rhodes by the Turks,

ex
and took up their residence in the Isle

of Malta, j

Knights of St. Crispin. Shde-
makers. Crispin Crispian was a shoe
maker. (See Henry V., iv. 3.)

Knights of St. Patrick. Instituted
in 1783, in honour of the patron saint of
Treland.

Knights of the Bag. Bagmen who
travel for mercantile orders,
_ Knights of the Bath. (See Baru.)

Knights of the Blade. Bullies who

were for ever appealing to their swords
to browbeat the timid.

Knights of the Chamber or Cham-
ber Knights, are knights bachelors made

in times of peace in the presence chamber,

and not in the camp. Being military
men, they differ from ‘‘ carpet knights,”
who are always civilians,

Knights of the Cleaver.

Knights of the Garter.
GARTER.)

Knights of the Green Cloth.
Same as CarPeT Knicuts (¢.v.).

Knights of the Handcuffs. Con-
stables, policemen, etc., who carry
handcuffs for refractory or suspicious
prisoners taken up by them.

Knights of the Hare. An order of
twelve knights created by Edward III.
in France, upon the following occasion: —
A. great shouting was raised by the
French army, and Edward thought the
shout was the onset of battle ; but found
afterwards it was occasioned by a hare
running between the two armies,

Knights of the- Holy Sepulchre.
An Order of military knights founded by
Godfrey of Bouillon, in 1099, to guard
the ‘‘ Holy Sepulchre.”? ~

Knights of the Order of the Golden
Fleece. Lawyers.

Knights of the Pencil. The betters
in races ; so called because they always

Butchers.
(See

| keep a pencil in hand to mark down

their bets.

Knights of the Pestle or Knights
of the Pestle and Mortar. Apothe-
caries or druggists, whose chief instru-
ment is the pestle and mortar, used in
compounding medicines.

Knights o’ the Post. Persons who
haunted the purlieus of the courts, ready
to be hired for a bribe to swear anything ;
so called from their being always foun
waiting at the posts which the sheriffs
set up outside their doors for posting
proclamations om.

“There are knights of the aed and hooby
cheats enough to swear the truth of the broadest
contradictions.”—South.

“A knight of the post,’ quoth he, ‘for so Tam

termed ; a fellow that will sweare you anything
for twelve pence.’ "—Nash : Pierce Penilesse (1592.)

Knights of the Rainbow. Flun-
keys; so called from their gorgeous
liveries. ;

“The servants who attended them contradicted
the inferences to be drawn from the garb of their
masters; and,according to the custom of the
een of aha vin bow s gave moras hints ih

ey were not people to serve any bu
first-rate consequence,”—Sir W. Scoit: Redgaunt-
let, chap, 20

Knights of

Enights of the Road. Footpads,
(See KniGHTs OF THE Post.)

Knights of the Round Table,
King Arthur’s knights, so called from
the 7 e circular table round which they
sat. The table was circular to prevent
any heaxt-sore about precedency. The
number of these knights is variously
given. The popular notion is that they
were twelve; several authorities say
there were forty; but the History of
Prince Arthur states that the table
was made to accommodate 150. King
Leodegraunce, who gave Arthur the
table on his wedding-day, sent him also
100 knights, Merlin furnished twenty-
eight, Arthur himself added two, and
twenty “‘sieges’’ were left to reward
merit (chaps, xlv., xlvi.). These knights
went forth into all countries in quest of
adventures. The most noted are—

Six Acolon, Ballamore, Beau'maris,
Beleobus, Belvowre, Bersunt, Bors, Ector,
Erie, Ewain, Floll, Ga'heris, Galahad,
Gal'ohalt, Gareth, Gawriel, Gawain or
Ywain, Grislet, Kay, Lamerock, Launce-
lot dw Lac, Lionell, Marhaus, Palamide,
Paquinet, Pel'leas, Per'edur ov Per'ceval,
Sagris, Superab'ilis, Tor, Tristam or
Tristan de Le onnais, Turquine, Wig' alors,
Wig'amur, etc., etc.

* A list of the knights and a description of
their armour is given in the Theatre of Honour by
Andrew Fairne (1622). According to this list, the
number was 151; but in Lancelot of the Lake (vol.
ii. p. 81), they are said to have amounted to 250,

Knights of the Shears, Tailors. |

The word shear is a play on the word
shire or county.

Knights of the Shell. The Argo-
nauts of St. Nicholas, a military order,
instituted in the 14th century by
Carlo III, King of Naples. “Their
insignia was a ‘‘collar of shells.”

Knights of the Shire. Now called
County Members: that is, members of
Parliament elected by counties, in con-
tradistinction to Borough members.

Knights of the Spigot. Landlords
of hotels, etc. ; mine host is a ‘knight
of the spigot.’

“ When an old song comes aeross us merry old
knights of the spigot it runs away with our
discretion.”—Sir W. Scott : Kenilworth, chap. vili.

Knights of the Swan. An order
of the House of Cleve.

_ Knights of the Stick. Compositors.
The stick is the printer’s ‘‘ composing
stick,’’ which he holds in his left hand
while with his right hand he fills it with
letters from his *‘case.’’ It holds just

enough type not to fatigue the hand of |

716

Knot

the compositor, and when full, the type
is transferred to the ‘ galley.”

Knights of the Thistle. Said to
have been established in 809 by Achaicus,
King of the Scots, and revived in 1540
by James V. of Scotland. Queen Anne

laced the order on a permanent footing.

hese knights are sometimes called
Knights of St. Andrew,

Knights of the Whip.

Knighten Guild, now called Port-
soken Ward. King Edgar gave it to
thirteen knights fon the following con-
ditions:—(1) Each knight was to be
victorious in three combats—one above-
ground, one underground, and one in
the water ; and (2) each knight was, ona
given day, to run with spears against all
comers in East Smithfield. William the
Conqueror confirmed the same unto the
heirs of these knights. Henry I. gave
it to the canons of Holy Trinity, and
acquitted it ‘‘ of all service.”’

Knipperdollings. A set of German
heretics about the time of the Reforma-
tion, disciples of a man named Bernard
Knipperdolling, (Blount: G@lossogra-
phia, 1681.)

Knock Under (Zo). Johnson says
this expression arose from a custom once
common of knocking under the table
when any guest wished to acknowledge
himself beaten in argument. Another
derivation is knuckle under—i.e. to
knuckle or bend the knuckle or knee in
proof of submission. Bellenden Kerr
says it is Te né’ck ander, which he in-
terprets ‘‘ I am forced to yield.”

Knocked into a Cocked Hat.
Thoroughly beaten; altered beyond re-
cognition; hors de combat. A cocked-
hat, folded into a chapeau bras, is
crushed out of all shape.

Knockers. Goblins who dwell in
mines, and point out rich veins of lead
and silver. In Cardiganshire the
miners attribute the strange noises so
frequently heard in mines_to these
spirits, which are sometimes called
coblyns (German, kobolds).

Knot. (Latin modus, French neud,
Danish ‘nude, Dutch knot, Anglo-Saxon
enotta, allied to knit.) +e ’

He has tied a knot with his tongue he
cannot untie with his teeth. THe has got
married. He has tied the marriage knot
by saying, “I take thee for my wedded
wife,’’ etc., but the knot is not to be
untied so easily. htt

Coachmen.

sie’

Knot and Bridle

The Gordian knot. (See GoRDIAN.)

The marriage knot. (See Marrrace.)

The shep went six or seven knots an
hour, Miles. The log-line is divided
into lengths by knots, each length is the
same proportion of a nautical mile as
half a minute is of an hour. The log-
line being east over, note is taken of the
number of. knots run out in half a
minute, and this number shows the rate
per hour.

=" The length of a knot is 47:33 feet when used
with a 28-second glass, but 50°75 feet when the
glass runs 30 seconds.

True lovers’ knot. Sir Thomas Browne
thinks the knot owes its origin to the
nodus Hercula'nus, a snaky complication
in the cadu’ceus or rod of Mercury, in
which form the woollen girdle of the
Greek brides was fastened.

To seek for a knot in a rush, Seeking
for something that does not exist. Not
@ very wise phrase, seeing there are
jointed rushes, probably not known when
the proverb was first current. The
Juncus inst aad the Juncus lampo-
carpus, the Juncus obtusiflorus, and the
Juncus polycephalis, are all jointed
rushes, .

Knot and Bridle (4). Amob-cap.
“ Upon ker head a small mob-cap she placed.
lawn so stiff, with large flowered ribbon

graced, BON

Yelept a knot and bridle, in a bow,

Of scarlet flaming, her long chin below.”

} Peter Pindar: Portfolio (Dinah).

Knots of May. Thechildren’s game.
*‘ Here we go gathering nuts of May”’
is'a perversion of ‘‘ Here we go gather-
ing knots of May,” referring to the old
custom of gathering knots of flowers on
May-day, or, to use the ordinary phrase,
“to go a-Maying.’? Of course, there
are no nuts to be gathered in May.

. Knotgrass. Supposed, if taken in
an infusion, to stop growth.
“Get you gone, you dwarf;
You minimus, of hindering knotgrass made.”
Shakespeare: Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2.
Knout (1 syl.) is a knotted bunch of
thongs made of hide. It is a Tartar
invention, but was introduced into
Russia. (Knowt, Tartar for knot.)

Know Thyself. The wise saw of
Solon, the Athenian lawgiver (B.c. 638-

.

717

Kochlani

Know the Fitting Moment, The
favourite maxim of Pittacos, one of the
“* seven wise men.’’

Know Your Own Mind. By
Murphy; borrowed from Destouches,
the French dramatist,

Know-Nothings. A secret political
party of the United States, which arose
in 1853, who replied to every question
asked about their society, ‘‘I1 know
nothing about it.’? Their object was to
accomplish the repeal of the naturalisa-
tion laws, and of the law which excluded
all but natives from holding office. The
party split on the slavery question and
died out.

The chief principle of the party was that no
oné who had not been 21 years in the United States
should be permitted to have any part in the
government.

Knows which Side his Bread is
Buttered (He). He is alive to his own
interest. In Latin, ‘*Scit uti foro,”

Knowledge-box (Your). Your head,
the brain being the seat of all human
knowledge.

Knox’s Croft, in Gifford Gate; Had-
dington; so called because it: was the
birthplace of John Knox.

Knuckle-duster. A metal instru-
ment which is fitted toa man’s fist, and
may be readily used in self-defence by
striking a blow. Sometimes these in-
struments are armed with spikes. It
was an American invention, and was
used in England in defence against the
infamous attacks of Spring-heel Jack,
We have the phrase ‘‘To dust your
jaeket for you,’? meaning to “ beat
you,’’ as men dust carpets by beating
them.

Knuckle Under (Zo). To kneel for
pardon. Knuckle here means the knee,
and we still say a “‘ knuckle of veal or
mutton,’? meaning the thin end of the
leg near the joint. Dr, Ogilvie tells us
there was an old custom of striking the
under side of a table with the knuckles
when defeated in an argument ;) and
Dr. Johnson, following Bailey, says ths
same thing. ’

Kobold. <A house-spirit in German
superstition ; the same as our Robin
Goodfellow, and the Scotch brownie
(g.¥.). (See Fatry HInzeLMann.)

Kochla‘ni. Arabian horses of royal
stock, of which genealogies have been
reserved for more than 2,000 years, It
is said that they are the offspring of
Solomon’s stud. (Niebuhr) “

Koh-i-Nfr

718

Kremlin

Koh-i-Nur [Aouniain of light}. A
large diamond in the possession of the
Queen of England. It was found on the
banks of the Godavery (Deccan), 1550,
and belonged to Shah Jehan and Aurung-
zebe the Great (Mogul kings). In 1739 it
passed into the hands of Nadir Shah, who
called it the Koh-i-nir. It next went to
the monarchs of Afghanistan, and when
Shah Sujah was depossessed he gave it
to Runjeet Singh, of the Punjaub, as
the price of his assistance towards the
recovery of the throne of Cabul’. It
next went to Dhuleep Singh, but when
the Punjaub was annexed to the British
crown in 1849, this noble diamond was
surrendered to Great Britain. It is
valued at £120,664, some say £140,000.

Its present weight is 106y5 carats.

Kohol or Kohl. Russell says, ‘‘ The
Persian women blacken the inside of
their eyelids with a powder made of
black Kohol.”

“ And others mix the Kohol’s jetty dye :
To give that long, dark languish to the eyé*
Thomas Moore: Lalla Rookh, part i.

Koli or the Kolis. The 51st Foot, so
called in 1821 from the initial letters of
the regimental title, King’s Own Light
Infantry. Subsequently called the
“Second Yorkshire ( West Riding),”
and now called the “1st Battalion of
the South Yorkshire Regiment.”’

Konx Ompax. The words of dis-
missal in the Eleusinian Mysteries, A
correspondent in Wotes and Queries says
“‘konx”? or “‘kogx”? is the Sanscrit
Canscha (the object of your desire) ;
“‘ompax”’ is om (amen), paesha (all is
over). Ifthisis correct, the words would
mean, (od .bless you, Amen, The cere-
monies are concluded. When a judge
gave sentence by dropping his pebble
into the urn of merey or death, he said
“ Pacsha”’ (I have done it). The noise
made by the stone in falling was called
pacsha (fate), and so was the dripping
noise of the clepsydra, which limited the
pleader’s quota of time.

Koppa, A Greek numeral = 90. (See
EPIsEMON. )

Koran, or, with the article, Al-Kordn
[the Reading]. The religious, social,
civil, commercial,~ military, and legal
code of Islam. It is rather Somieneges
that we call our Bible the writing (Scrip-
ture), but the Arabs call their Bible the
reading (Koran). We are told to believe
that portious of this book were com-
municated to the prophet at Mecca and
Medi’na by the angel Gabriel, with the
sound of bells,

Kor’rigans or Corrigan. Nine fays
of Brittany, of wonderful powers. They
can predict future events, assume any
shape they like, move qi as thought
from place to place, and cure diseases or
wounds. They are not more than two
feet high, have long flowing hair, which
they are fond of combing, dress’ only
with a white veil, are excellent singers,
aud their favourite haunt is beside some
fountain. They flee at the sound of a
bell or benediction. Their breath is
most deadly. (Breton mythology.)

‘Koumiss or Kumiss. Fermented
mare’s milk used as a beverage by the
Tartar tribes of Central Asia, A slightly
alcoholic drink of a similar kind is made
with great ceremony in Siberia. It
consists of slightly sour cow’s milk,
sugar, and yeast. (Russian, kwnuisu.)

“Kumiss is still prepared from mare's milk hy
the Calmucks and Nogais, who, during the pro-
cess of making it, keep the milk in constant
eae One ae neO Re Herodotus, vol. iii. book
iv. p. 2

~ The ceremony of making it is de-
scribed at full length by Noel, in the
Dictionnaire de la Fable, vol. i. 833-834.

Kraal. <A South African village,
being a collection of huts in‘a circular
form. (From corral.)

Kraken. A supposed sea-monster of
vast size, said to have been seen off the
coast of Norway and on the North
American coasts, It was first.described
(1780) by Pontoppidan, Pliny speaks of
a sea-monster in the Straits of Gibraltar,
which blocked the entrance of ships,

Kratim. The dog of the Seven
Sleepers. More correctly called Katmir

| or Ketmir (¢..).

Kremlin (Zhe). <A giganti¢ pile of
buildings in Moscow of every style of
architecture: Arabesque palaces, Gothic
forts, Greek temples, Italian steeples,
Chinese pavilions, and Cyclopean walls.
It contains palaces and cathedrals, mu-
seums and barracks, arcades and shops,
the Russian treasury, government offices,
the ancient palace of the patriarch, a
throne-room, churches, convents, etc.
Built by two Italians, Marco and Pietro
Antonio, for Ivan III. in 1485, There
had been previously a wooden fortress
on the spot. (Russian krem, a fortress.)

“ Towers of every form, round, square, and with
pointed roofs, belfries, donjons, ‘turrets, spires,
sentry-boxes tlxed on minarets, steeples of every
height, style, and colour: palaces, domes, watch-
towers, walls embattlemented and pierced with
loop-holes, ramparts, fortifications of every’de-
scription, chiosks by the side of cathedrals ;

monuments of pride and caprice, voluptuousn:
glory, and piety."—De Custine: Russia, chap 2xit,

J

Krems White

< aan city in Russia has its krem-
In (citadel) ; but that of Moscow is the
most important.

Krems White takes its name trum
Krems in Austria, the city where it is
manufactured.

Kreuzer (pron. Aroit-zer). A small
copper coin in Southern Germany, once
marked with across, (German, kreuz, a
cross; Latin, cruz.)

Kriem‘hild (2 syl.). A beautiful
Burgundian lady, daughter of Dancrat
and Uta, and sister of Gunther, Gernot,
and Gis‘elher. She first married Sieg-
fried, King of the Netherlanders, and
next Etzel, King of the Huns. Hagan,
the Dane, slew her first husband, and
seized all her treasures ; and to revenge
these wrongs she invited her brothers
and Hagan to visit herin Hungary. In
the first part of the Nibelungenlied,
Kriemhild brings ruin on herself by a
tattling tongue:—(1) She tells Brune-
hild, Queen of Burgundy, that it is
Siegfried who has taken her ring and
girdle, which so incenses the queen that
she prevails on Hagan to murder the
Netherlander , (2) she tells Hagan that
the only vulnerable part in Siegfried is
between his shoulders, a hint Hagan
acts on. In the second part of the
great epic she is represented as bent
on vengeance, and in executing her

urpose, after a most terrible slaughter
both of friends and foes, she is killed by
Hildebrand. (See BRUNEHILD, Hacav.)

Krish’na (the black one). The eighth
- avAtara or incarnation of Vishnu. Kansa,
demon-king of Mathura’, having com-
mitted great ravages, Brahman com-
plained to Vishnu, and prayed him to
relieve the world of its distress; where-
upon Vishnu plucked off two hairs, one
white and the other black, and promised
they should revenge the wrongs of the
demon-king. The black hair became
Krishna. (Hindu mythology.)

Kriss Kringle. A sort of St. Nic-
holas (¢.v.).. On Christmas Eve Kriss
' Kringle, arrayed ina fur cap and strange
apparel, goes to. the bedroom of all good
children, where he finds a stocking or
sock hung up in expectation of his visit,
in which depository he leaves a present
for the young wearer. The word means
Christ-child, and the eve is called
‘« Kriss- Kringle Eve’? (See Santa
~ Crave.)
' Kri'ta. The first of the four Hindu

719

periods contained in the great Yuga, |

Kyle

when the genius of Truth and Rigbt, in
the form of a bul}, stood firm on his
four feet, and man gained nothing by
iniquity. (See Katiyuga.)

Krupp Gun. (See Gon.)

Krupp Steel. Steel from the works
of Herr Krupp, of Essen, in Prussia.

Ku-Klux-Klan (The). (1864-1876.)
A secret society in the Southern States
of America against the negro class, to
intimidate, flog, mutilate, or murder
those who opposed the laws of the
society. In Tennessee one murder 3, day
was committed, and if anyone attempted
to bring the murderers to justice he
was a marked man, and sure to be
mutilated or killed. In dact, the Ku-
Klux-Klan was formed on the model of
the ‘Molly Maguires’”’ and ‘ Moon-
lighters’ of Ireland. Between Novem-
ber, 1864, and March, 1865, the number
of cases of personal violence was. 400.
(Greek, kuklos, a circle.)

Ku'dos. Praise, glory. (Greek.)

Ku'fic. Ancient Arabic letters; so
called from Kufa, a town in the pashalic
of Bagdad, noted for expert copyists of
the ancient Arabic MSS.

Kufic Coins. Mahometan coins with
Kufic or ancient Arabic characters, The
first were struck in the eighteenth year
of the Heg’ira (A.D. 638).

Kumara [youthful]... The Hindu
war-god, the same as Kirttikeya (¢.v.):
One of the most celebrated Hindu poems
is the legendary history of this god.
R. T. H. Griffith has translated seyen
cantos of it into English verse.

Kurd. Anative of Kurdistan.

Kursaal. Public room at German
watering-place far use of visitors.

Kuru. A noted legendary hero of
India, the contests of whose descendants
form the subject of two Indian epics,

Ky’anise (3 syl.).. To apply corrosive
sublimate to timber in order to prevent
the dry-rot; so called from Dr. Kyan,
who invented the process in 1832, (See
PAYNISING.) 258

Kyle, Carrick, and Cunningham.
Ayrshire is divided into three parts:
Kyle, a strong corn-growing soil; Car-
rick, a wild hilly portion, only fit for
feeding cattle; and Cunningham, a rich
dairy land. Hence the saying—

“ Kyle for a man, Carrick for a coo [cow),
orwook ham for butter, Galloway for woo |
wool],”

Kyrie Eleison

Kyrie Eiei’son [Ki-ri-e E-li-s'n).
“Lord, have mercy.’’ The first move-
ment of the Catholic mass, Both the
music and the words are socalled. In
the Anglican Church, after each com-
mandment, the response is, ‘‘ Lord, have
mercy upon us, and incline our hearts
to keep this law.’’

Kyrle Society (Zhe). Founded 1878,
for decorating the walls of hospitals,
school-rooms, mission-rooms, cottages,
etc.; for the cultivation of small open
spaces, window-gardening, the love of
flowers, etc, ; and improving the artistic
taste of the poorer classes,

~

L

L. This letter represents an ox-goad,
and is called in Hebrew Jamed (an ox-
goad).

L for fifty is half C (centum, a
hundred).

L, for a pound sterling, is the Latin
libra, a pound. With a line drawn
above the letter, it stands for 50,000.

L. E. L. Letitia Elizabeth Landon
(afterwards Mrs. Maclean), a poetess of
the “Tara” and ‘Corsair’? school
(1802-1839).

LL.D. Doctor of Laws—i.e. both
civil and canon. The double L is the
plural ; thus MSS. is the plural of MS.
(manuscript); pp.,, pages.

L.L. Whisky. Lord-Lieutenant
whisky. Mr. Kinahan being requested
to preserve a certain cask of whisky
highly approved of by his Excellency the
Duke of Richmond, marked it with the
initials L.L., and ever after called this
piriculee quality L.L. whisky. The

uke of Richmond was Lord-Lieutenant
from 1807 to 1813.

LS. Locus sigilli, that is, the place
for the seal.

L. S. D. Latin, libra (a pound);
solidus (a shilling); and denarius (a
penny) ; through the Italian lire (2 syl.),
soldi, denari, If farthings are expressed
the letter ¢ (quadrans) isemployed. In-
troduced by the Lombard merchants,
from whom also we have Cr. (creditor),
Dr. (debtor), bankrupt, do or ditto, eto.

La-de-da. <A yea-nay sort of a fel-
low, with no backbone. ‘* Da,” in
French, means both oui and nenni, as

720

Labourer

Oui-da (ay marry), Nenni-da (no fore
sooth). :
“T wish that French brother of his, the Parisian
la-de-da, was more like him, more of an Ameri-
can."—A, G. Gunter : Baron Montez, book iii. 8, -.
La Garde Meurt ne se Rend pas.
The words falsely ascribed to General
Cambronne, at the battle of Waterloo;
inscribed on his monument at Nantes,

La Joyeusée. The sword of Charle-
magne. (See SWORD.)

‘La Muette de Portici. Auber’s

best opera, Also known as Masaniello.
La Roche (I syl,). A Protestant
clergyman, whose story is told in The

Mirror, by Henry Mackenzie,

Lab‘adists. A religious sect of the
seventeenth century, so called from Jean
Labadie, of Bourg in Guyenne. They
were Protestant ascetics, who sought

reform of morals more than reform of —

doctrine, They rejected the observance
of all holy. days, and held certain mystic
notions. The sect fell to pieces early. in
the eighteenth century.

Lab‘arum. The standard borne be-
fore the Roman emperors. It consisted
of a gilded spear, with an eagle on the top,
while from a cross-staff hung a splendid
purple streamer, with a gold fringe,
adorned with precious stones, Constan-
tine substituted a crown for the eagle,
and inscribed in the midst the mysteriqus
monogram, (See CONSTANTINE’S Cross.)
Rich (Antiguities, fe 361) says ‘ pro-
bably from the Gaulish Jad, to raise; for
Constantine was educated in Gaul.”
The Greek Jaba is a staff. (See Gibbon :
Decline and Fall, etc. chap. xx.)

La’be (Queen). The Circe of the
Arabians, who, by her enchantments,
transformed men into horses and other
brute beasts. She, is introduced into
the Arabian Nights’ Entertainments,
where Beder, Prince of Persia, marries
her, defeats her plots against him, and
turns her into a mare. Being restored
to her proper shape by her mother, she
turns Beder into an owl; but the prince
ultimately regains his own proper form.

Labour of Love (.4). Work under-
taken for the love of the thing, without
regard to pay. Lifes.

Labourer is Worthy of his Hire,
In Latin: ‘‘ Digna canis pabulo.”” ‘The
dog must be bad indeed that is not worth
a bone.’’ Hence the Mosaie law, “'Thou

shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out
, the corn,” Tae:

Labourers

721

Lady

Labourers (The Statute of). An
attempt made in 1349 to fix the rate of
wages at which labourers should be
compelled to work.

Labyrinth. A mass of buildings or
garden - walks, so complicated as to
puzzle strangers to extricate themselves.
Said to be so called from Lab’yris, an
Egyptian monarch of the 12th dynasty.
The chief labyrinths are :—

+. (1) The Egyptian, by Petesu’chis or
Tithoes, near the Lake Meeris. It had
3,000 apartments, half of which were
‘underground, (B.c. 1800.) Pliny, xxxvi.
13; and Pomponius Mela, i. 9.

(2) The Cretan, by De‘dalos, for im-
ubriganing the Mi’notaur. The only
means of finding a way out of it was by
help of a skein of thread. (See Virgil:
Anéid, v.)

(3) The Cretan conduit, which had
1,000 branches or turnings.

(4) The Lem’nian, by the architects
Zmilus, Rholus, and Theodorus, It
had 150 columns, so nicely adjusted that
a child could turn them. Vestiges of
this labyrinth were still in existence in
the time of Pliny.

6) The labyrinth of Clu’sium, made
by Lars Por’sena, King of Etruria, for
his tomb. »

(6) The Samian, by Theodo’rus (3.0,
540). Referred to by Pliny; by Herod-
otos, ii. 145; by Strabo, x.; and by
Diodorus Sictilus, i.

(7) The labyrinth at Woodstock, by
Henry Il., for the Fair Rosamond,

(8) Of mazes formed by hedges, The
best known is that of Hampton Court.

Lac of Rupees. The nominal value
of the Indian rupee is 2s., and a lac
‘means 100,000. At this estimate, a lac of
rupees= 200,000s. or £10,000, Its present
value varies according to the market
value of silver. In 1894 between 13
and 14 pence.

Lace. I'll lace your jacket for yott,
beat you. (French, daisse, a lash; Ger-
man, laschen, to strike; our dash.)

Laced. Tea or coffee laced with spirits,
a cup of tea or coffee qualified with
» brandy or whisky.

“Deacon Bearcliff . ,.. had bis pipe,and his

‘teacup... . laced With a little spirits,”—Sir
W. Scott: Guy Mannering, chap. xi. :
r “Dandie . . — partook of a cup of tea with
Mrs. fant ba Jaced with two teaspoonfuls of

| A

cogniac,.’’— Ditto, chap. lii.

Lacedzmonian Letter (7jc).

The

Laconie brevity. (See Liacontc.)
5 46,

Greek ¢ (iota), the smallest of all letters.

Lacedzmonians (Zhe). The Duke
of Cornwall’s Light Infantry. So called
because in 1777 their colonel made a
long harangue, under heavy fire, on the
Spartan discipline and military system.
(See RED FEATHBRS. )

Lachesis [ Lak'-é-sis]. The Fate who
spins life’s thread, working into the
woof the sundry events destined to
occur. Clotho held the distaff, and
Atrépos cut off the thread when life
was to be ended. (Greek, klétho, to
draw thread from a distaff; Lachesis
from lagchano, to assign by lot; and
Atropos = inflexible.) P

Lackadaisical. Affected, pensive,
sentimental, artificially tender,

Laconic. Very concise and pithy.
A Spartan was“called:'a Lacon from La-
co’nia, the land in which he dwelt. The
Spartans were noted for their brusque
and sententious speech. When Philip
of Macedon wrote to the Spartan magis-
trates, ‘‘If I enter Laco’nia, I will level
Lacedemon to the ground,”’ the ephors
wrote word back the single word, ‘‘ If.”’
(See above LACEDEMONIAN LETTER.)

% In 1490 O’Neil wrote to O'Donnel:
‘¢Send me the tribute, or,else——.’’ To
which O’Donnel replied; ‘‘ I owe none,
or else a

Lacus'trine Deposits. Deposits
formed at the bottom of fresh-water
pools and lakes. (Latin, dacus, a lake.)

Lacus'trine Habitations. The re-
mains of human dwellings of great
antiquity, constructed on certain lakes
in Ireland, Switzerland; ete. They seem
to have been villages built on piles in
the middle of a lake

Lad o’ Wax. A little boy, a doll of
aman. In Romeo and Juliet the Nurse
calls Paris ‘‘a man of wax,’’ meaning a
very ‘‘ proper man.’’ Horace speaks of
the ‘‘ waxen arms of Tel’ephus,’’ mean-
ing well modelled.

La'das. Alexander’s messenger, noted
for his swiftness of foot, mentioned by
Catullus, Martial, and others. . Lord
Rosebery’s horse Ladas won the Derby
in 1894.

Ladies. (See after Lavy.)

La‘don. One of the dogs of Actzon.

Ladon. The dragon which guarded
the apples of the Hesper'idés,

Ladrones. | The island of thieves;
so called, in 1519, by Magellan,

Lady. A woman of wealth, of station,
or of rank. 'Verstegan says, ‘It was

Ladybird

722

Lady of the Broom

anciently written Hleafdian [? hlefdige],
contracted first into Lafdy, and then
into Lady. JLaf or pale (loaf) means
food in general or bread in particular,
and dig-ian or dug-an, to help, serve, or
care for; whence lady means the ‘ bread-
server.’ The lord (or loaf-ward) sup-
plied the food, and the lady saw that
it was properly served, for the ladies
used to carve and distribute the food to
the guests.’

Another etymology is Hlaf-weardie and loaf-
wardie, where ie stands for a female suffix like-ina
-ine; as Carolus, female Carol-ina, or Carol-ine ;
Joseph, Joseph-ina or Joseph-ine; Czar, Czur-ina,
etc, etc.

Ladies retire to the drawing-room
after dinner, and leave the gentlemen
behind. This custom was brought in
by the Norsemen. The Vikings always
dismissed a]l women from their drinking
parties, (S. Bunbury.)

Ladybird, Ladyfly, Ladycow, or
May-bug. The Bishop Barnaby, called
in German, Unser herrin huhn (our
Lady-fowl), Marien-huhn (Mary-fowl),
and Marien. Kifer (Mary’s beetle).
“Cushcow Lady,” as it is called in
Yorkshire, is also the German Marien-
kalb (Lady-calf), in French, béte a Dieu.
Thus the cockchafer is called the May-
bug, where the German éfer is rendered
bug; and several of the scarabei are
called bugs, as the rose-bug, etc. (See
BisHop.)

Lady Bountiful. The benevolent
lady of avillage. The character of Lady
Bountiful is from the Beaus’ Stratagem,
by Farquhar.

Lady Chapel. The small chapel
east of the altar, or behind the screen of
the high altar; dedicated to the Virgin
Mary.

Lady Day. The 25th of March, to
commemorate the Annunciation of Our
Lady, the Virgin Mary. There is a tra-
dition that Adam was created on this
day. Of course, this rests on Jesus be-
ing ‘‘the Second Adam,” or. ‘federal
head.”’

Lady Isabella, the beloved daughter
of a noble lord, accompanied her father
and mother on a chase one day, when
her step-mother requested her to return
and tell the master-cook to prepare
“¢ the milk-white doe for dinner.’’ Lad
Isabella did as she was told, and the
master-cook replied, ‘‘Thou art the doe
that I must dress.’”’? The scullion-boy
exclaimed, ‘‘O save the lady’s life, and
make thy pies of me;”’ but the master-
cook heeded him not. When the lord

returned he called for his daughter, the
fair Isabelle, and the scullion-boy said,
“If now you will your daughter see,
my lord, cut up that pie.’”?) When the
fond father comprehended the awful
tragedy, he adjudged the cruel step-
dame to be burnt alive, and the master-
cook ‘‘in boiling lead to stand;”’ but
the scullion-boy he made his heir,
(Percy: Reliques, etc,, series iii., bk. 2.)

Lady Magistrate. Lady Berkley
was made by Queen Mary a justice of
the peace for Gloucestershire and a
ue: to the quorum of Suffolk. La

erkley sat on the bench at assizes and
sessions, girt witha sword, Tony Lump-
kin says of Mr. Hardcastle—

“He'll persuade you that his mother was an
algerman and his aunt a justice of the peace,"—
Goldsmith : She Stoops to Conquer.

Lady Margaret Professor of Di-
vinity, founded in 1502 by the mother
of Henry VII. The year following she
founded. a preachership. Both in the
University of Cambridge.

_Lady in the Sacque, The appa-
rition of this hag forms the story of
the Tapestried Chamber, by Sir Walter
Scott.

An old woman, whose dress was an old-
fashioned gown, which ladies call a sacque ; that
is, a sort of robe completely loose in the body.
Bat peers into broad plaits upon the neck an
shoulders.

Lady of England. Maud, daughter
of Henry I. The title of ‘‘ Dom'ina An-
glorum’’ was conferred upon her by the
Council of Winchester, held April 7th,
1141. (Rymer: Feedera, i.)

Lady of Mercy (Our). An order
of knighthood in Spain, instituted in
1218 by James I. of Aragon, for the de-
liverance of Christian captives amongst
the Moors. Within the first six years,
as many as 400 captives were rescued by
these knights.

Lady of Shallott’. A maiden who
feli in love with Sir Lancelot of the
Lake, and died because her love was not
returned. Tennyson has a poem on the
subject; and the story of Elaine, ‘‘ the
lily maid of As'tolat,’’ in the Idylis of
the King, is substantially the same. (See
ELAINE.)

Lady of the Bleeding Heart.
Ellen Douglas; so called from the cog-
nisance of thefamily. (Sir Walter Scott -
Lady of the Lake, ii. 10.)

Lady of .the Broom (Thc). A
housemaid.

sid Bich disgusted at a farthing candle,

éft by the Lady of the Broom, —
Named Susan .. ip gaat?

Peter Pindar : The Diamond Pin,

il

Lady 723

Laissez Faire

Lady of the Haystack made her
appearance in 1776 at Bourton, near
Bristol. She was young and beautiful,
graceful, and evidently accustomed to

ood society. She lived for four years
ina haystack; but was ultimately kept
by Mrs. Hannah More in an asylum, and
died suddenly in December, 1801. Mrs.
More called her Louisa; but she was
probably a Mademoiselle La Friilen,
natural daughter of Francis Joseph I.,
Emperor of Austria. (See World of
Wonders, p. 134.)

Lady of the Lake. Vivien, mistress
of Merliu, the enchanter, who lived in
the midst of an imaginary lake, sur-
rounded by knights and damsels, Ten
nyson, in the /dylls of the King, tells
the story of Vivien and Merlin. (See
LANCELOT.)

Lady of the Lake. Ellen Douglas,
who lived with her father near Loch
Katrine. (Sir Walter Scott: The Lady

of the Leke.)

Lady of the Rock (Our). A miracu-
lous image of the Virgin found by the
wayside between Salamanca and Ciudad
Rodrigo in, 1409,

Ladies’ Mile (Zhe). That part of
Hyde Park which is most frequented by
ladies on horseback or in carriages,

Ladies’ Plate (7hé), in races, is not a
race for a prize subscribed for by ladies,
but a race run for by women.

“On the Monday succeeding St. Wilfred'’s Sun-
day, there were for many years at Roper’s Com-
mon [a race] called the Lady's Plate, of £15 value,
for horses, etc., ridden by women."— Sporting
Magazine, vol, xx., New Series, p. 287,

Ladies’ Smocks. Garden cress,
botanically called Cardamine, a diminu-
tive of the Greek kardamon, called in
Latin nasturtium, sometimes called
Nose-smart (Kara-damoén, head-afflict-
ing); so nasturtium is asi-tortiwm
(nose-twisting), called so in consequence
of its pungency.

“ When ladies’ smocks of silver white
Do paint the meadows with delight.”

Called Iadies’ smocks because the

‘flowers resemble linen exposed to whiten

on the grass—‘‘ when maidens bleach
their summer smocks.”’ There is, how-
ever, a purple tint which marsits perfect
whiteness. Another name of the plant
is ‘“‘ Cuckoo-flower,’”’ because it comes

. into flower when the cuckoo sings.

Ladies and Gentlemen. Till 1808
public speakers began their addresses
with ‘‘ gentlemen and ladies ;’’ but since
then the order has been reversed. .

Leding. The strongest chain that
had hitherto been made. It was forged
by Asa Thor to bind the wolf Fenrir
with; but the wolf snapped it as if it
had been made of tow. T'enrir was then

‘ bound with the chain Dromi, much

stronger than Leding, but the beast
snapped it instantly with equal ease.
(Scandinavian mythology.)

Lelaps, A very powerful dog given
by Diana to Procris; Procris gave it to
Ceph’alos. While pursuing a wild boar
it was inetamorphosed into a stone. (See
Does, Actcon’s fifty dogs.)

Laer’tes (3 syl.). Son of Polo’nius
and brother of Ophelia, He kills Hamlet
with a poisoned rapier, and dies himself
from a wound by the same foil. (Shake-
speare: Hamlet.)

Leeta‘re Sunday. The fourth Sun-
day in Lent is so called from the first
word of the Introit, which is from Isa.
Ixvi. 10: *‘ Rejoice ye with Jerusalem,
and be glad with her all ye that love
her.” It is on this day that the pope
blesses the Golden Rose,

Lag’ado. Capital of Balnibarbi, cele-

-brated for its grand academy of pro-

jectors, where the scholars*spend their
time in such useful projects as making
pincushions from softened rocks, ex-
tracting sunbeams from cucumbers, and
converting ice into gunpowder. (Swift:
Gulliver's Travels, Voyage to Lapu'ta.)

Lager Beer. A strong German beer.
Lager means a ‘‘ storehouse,’’ and lager
beer means strong beer made (in March)
for keeping.

Laird (Scotch). A landed proprietor.

Lagoon. A shallow lake near river
or sea, due to infiltration or overflow of
water from the larger body.

Lais. A courtesan or Greek. Hetaira.
There were two of the name; the elder
was the most beautiful woman of Corinth,
and lived at the time of the Peloponne’-
sian War, ‘The beauty of the latter ex-
cited the jealousy of the Thessalonian
women, who pricked her to death with
their bodkins. She was contemporary
with Phryne (2 syl.), her rival, and sat
to Apelles as a model.

Laissez Faire, Laissez Passer.

Lord John Russell said: “Colbert, with
' the intention of fosterin
‘tures of Franée, established regulations

the manufac-

limiting the webs woven in looms to a
articular size. He also prohibited the
introduction of foreign manufactures.

Lake School

724

Lambert’s Day

Then the French vine-growers, finding
they could no longer get rid of their
wine, began to grumble. When Colbert
asked a merchant what relief he could

ive, he received for answer, ‘ Laissez
fair laissez passer,’ that is to say,

on’t interfere with our mode of manu-
factures, and don’t stop the introduction
of foreign imports,”

The laissez-faire system. The let-alone
system,

Lake School (Zhe), The school of
poetry introduced by the Lake poets
Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey,
who resided in the Lake district of Cum-
berland and Westmoreland, and sought
inspiration in the simplicity of nature.
The name was first applied in derision by
the Edinburgh Review to the class of
poets who followed the above-named trio,

N.B. Charles Lamb, Lloyd, and Pro-
fessor William (Christopher North) are
sometimes placed among the “ Lakers.’?

Laked'ion or Laquedem (Isaac).
The name given in France, in the four-
teenth century, to the Wandering Jew.

Lakin. By’r Takin. An oath, mean-
ing ‘‘ By our Lady-kin,”’ or Little Lady,
where little does not refer to size, but is
equivalent to dea.

“ By'r Lakin, a parlous [perilous] fear.”"—Shake-
speare: A Midsummer Night's. Dream, iii, 1.

Laks’mi or Lakshmi. One of the
consorts of Vishnu; she is goddess of
beauty, wealth, and pleasure. (Hindu
mythology.)

Lalla Rookh [tulip cheek] is the
supposed daughter of Au-rung-ze’-be,
Emperor of Delhi, betrothed to Al'iris,
Sultan of Lesser Buchar’ia. On her
journey from Delhi to the valley of
Cashmere, she is entertained by a young
Persian poet named Fer’amorz, who is
supposed to relate the four poetical tales
of the romance, and with whom she
falls in love. (Thomas Moore: Lalla
Rookh.) (See FERAMORZ.) :

La'ma, among the Mongols, means
the priestly order. Hence the religion

of the,Mongols and Calmucs is termed ,

Lamaism. The Grand Lamas wear
gjellow caps, the subordinate Lamas red
caps. (See Grand Lama.)

La‘maism [Tibetan, Blama, spiritual
teacher]. The religion of Tibet and
Mongolia, which is Buddhism corrupted
by Sivaism and spirit-worship. i

Lamb. In Christian art, an emblem
of the Redeemer, called, {the ‘‘ Lamb. of
God’? It is also the Attribute of St.

Johnson's Gerard, p. 1460,

Agnes, St. Genevitve, St. Catherine, and
St. Regina. John the Baptist either
carries a lamb or is accompanied by
one. It is also introduced symbolic-
ally to represent any of the “‘ types’’ of
Christ ; as. Abraham, Moses, and s0 on.

Lamb Shy Vegetable) or Tartarian
lamb; technically called Polypodium
Barometz. It is a Chinese fern with a
decumbent root, covered with a soft,
dense yellow wool. Sir. Hans Sloane,
who calls it the Tartarian lamb, has
given a print of it; and Dr. Hunter has
given a print which makes its resem-
blance to a lamb still more striking.
The down is used in India for staunch-
ing hemorrhage.

“ Rooted in earth each cloven hoof descends,
apa jouna and round her flexile neck she
Crops the grey coral moss, and hoary thyme,
Or laps with rosy tongue the melting rime ;
Eyes with mute tenderness her distant dam,
And seems to bleat, a Vegetable Lamb.”

Darwin: Loves of the Plants, 283, etc.
Lamb. Cold lamb. A schoolboy’s
joke. Setting a boy on a cold marble or
stone hearth. Horace (Sat. i. 5, 22) has

‘“‘ Dotare lumbos,””, which may have sug-

gested the pun.

Lamb-pie. A flogging. Lamb is a
pun on the Latin verb dambo (to lick),
and the word ‘‘ lick’? has been perverted
to mean flog (see Lick) ; or it may be the
old Norse Jam (the hand), meaning hand-
or slap-pie. (See LAMMING.)

Lamb's Conduit Street (London).
Stow says, ‘‘One William Lamb, citizen
and clothworker, born at Sutton Valence,
Kent, did found near unto Oldbourne a
faire conduit and standard; from this
conduit, water clear as crystal was con-
veyed in pipes to a conduit on Snow
Hill” (26th March, 1577). The couduit
was taken down in 1746,

Lamb’s Wool. A beverage consist-
ing of the juice of apples roasted over
spiced ale. <A great day for this drink
was the feast of the apple-gathering,

' called in Irish la mas ubhal, pronounced

“‘lammas ool,’? and corrupted into
“lamb’s wool.” ——

“The pulpe of the rosted apples in number
foure or five... mixed in swine quart of faire

water, laboured together untill it come to be as’
apples and ale, which we call lambes wool.’—

Lambert’s Day (St.), September 17th.
St. Landebert or Lambert, a native of
Maestricht, lived in the seventh century.

“ Be ready, as your lives shall answer it, }
At Coventry, upon St. Lambert's ay. iv
Shakespeare: Richard If. i.1. —

:
‘

if

*Lambro 7

~’ Lambro was the father of Haidée.
Major Lambro, the prototype, was head
of the Russian piratical ‘squadron in
1791. He contrived to escape when the
rest were seized by the Algerines on the
island of Zia. (Byron - Don Juan, iti, 26.)

Lame Duck (4), in Stock Exchange
noe means a member of the Stock

xchange who waddles off on settle-
ment day without settling his account.
All such defaulters are black-boarded
and struck off the list. Sometimes it is
used for one who cannot pay his debts,
one who trades without money.

“Pitt... gambled and lost:
But who must answer for the cost ?

Lame King. A Grecian oracle had
told Sparta to ‘‘ Beware of a lame king.’’
Agesila’os was lame, and during his
reign Sparta lost her supremacy.

Lame Vicegerent (in Hzdibras).
Richard Cromwell,

Lam’erock (Sir), of Wales. A knight
of the Round Table, son of Sir Pellinore,
and brother of Sir Percival. He had an
amour with his own aunt, the wife of
King Lote. Strange that of all the famous
knights of the Round Table, Sir Caradoc
and Sir Galahad were the only ones
who were continent.

Lam‘ia. A female phantom, whose
mame was used by the Greeks and
Romans as a bugbear to children, She
was a Lib’yan queen beloved by Jupiter,
but robbed of her offspring by the
jealous Juno; and in consequence she
vowed vengeance against all children,
whom she delighted to entice and mur-
der. (See Fairy.)

“Keats has a poem so called. His Lamiaisa
serpent who assumed the form of a beautiful
woman, was beloved bya young manand got a
foul, The tale was drawn from Philostratus."—
De Vita Apollonii, boak iv., introduced by Burton
im his Anatomy of Melancholy.

Lammas, 4¢ latier Lammas—i.e.

never. (Sec NEVER.)

Lammas Day (August Ist) means the
loaf-mass day. The day of first-fruit
offerings, when a loaf was given to the

riests in lieu of the first-fruits. (Saxon,
hlam-masse, for hlaf-messe dag.)

August 1 Old Style, August 12 New Style.

_ Lammas-tide. Lammas time, or-the
season when lammas occurs.
-LammerBeads. Amber beads, once
usedascharms. (French, l’ambre ; Teu-
tonic, Jamertyn-stein.) ;

* Lammermoor. (See Epcar, Luct.) -

25 Lamps

Lamming (4).
LaMB-PIE, )

Lamminin, Lamkin, Linkin, or
Bold Rakin. A Scottish ogre, repre-
sented in ‘the ballad as a bloodthirsty
mason ; the terror of the Scotch nursery.

Lam’ourette’s Kiss. On. July 7th,
1792, the Abbé Lamourette induced the
different, factions of the Legislative As-
sembly of France to lay aside their
differences; so the deputies of the
Royalists, Constitutionalists, Girondists,
Jacobins, and Orleanists rushed into
each other’s arms, and the king was sent
for to see ‘‘ how these Christians. loved
one another;’’ but. the reconciliation
was hollow and unsound. The term is
now used for a reconciliation of -policy
without abatement of rancour.

Lamp. To smell of the lamp. To
bear the marks of great study, but not
enough laboured to conceal the marks
of labour. The phrase was first applied
to the orations of Demosthenes, written
by lamp-light, with enormous care.

Lamp of Heaven (7he). The moon.
Milton calls the stars ‘‘lamps.’’

“Why shouldst thou...
In thy dark lantern thus close up the stars,
a Nature hung in heaven, and filled their
amps
With everlasting oil, to give due light
To the misled and lonely traveller?”
Comus, 200—204.

Lamp of Phoebus (Zhe). The sun.
Phoebus is the mythological personi-
fication of the sun.

Lamp of the Law (Zhe). Irnerius
the German was so called, who first
lectured on the Pandects of Justinian
after their discovery at Amalphi in 1137

Lamps. The seven lamps of sleep.
In the mansion of the Knight of the
Black Castle were seven Jamps, which
could be quenched only with water from
an enchanted fountain. So long as
these lamps kept burning, everyone
within the room fell into a deep sleep,
from which nothing could rouse them
till the lamps were extinguished. (See
Rosana.) (The Seven Champions of
Christendom, ii. 8.)

Sepulchral lamps. The Romans are
said to have preserved lamps in some of
their sepulchres for centuries. In the
papacy of Paul III. one of these lamps
was found in the tomb of Tullia (Cicero’s
daughter), which had been shut up for
1,550 years, At the dissolution of the.
monasteriés a lamp was found which i+
said to have been burning 1,200 years.
Two are preserved in Leyden museum,

A beating. (Sea

Lampadion

726

Lancelot

Lampad'ion. The received name of
a lively, petulant courtesan, in the later
Greek comedy.

Lampoon. Sir Walter Scott says,
“These personal and scandalous libels,
carried to excess in the reignof Charles
II., acquired the name of lampoons from
the burden sung to them: Lampone,
lampone, camerada lampone’—Guzzler,
guzzler, my fellow guzzler.’’ (French,
lamper, to guzzle.) Sir Walter obtained
his information from Trevoux.

Lampos and Pha’eton. The two
steeds of Auro’ra. One of Actzon’s
dogs was called Lampos.

Lancashire Lads or “ The Lanca-
shire.” The 47th Foot. Now called
the First Battalion of the North Lazi-
cashire Regiment.

Lancaster. The camp-town on the
river Lune.

Lancaster Gun. A species of rifled
cannon with elliptical bore; so called
from Mr. Lancaster, its inventor.

Lancaster‘ian (4). One who pur-
sues the system of Joseph Lancaster
(1778-1838) in schools. By this system
the higher classes taught the lower.

. Lancastrian (4). An adherent of
the Lancastrian line of kings, as opposed
to the Yorkists. One of the Lancastrian
kings (Henry IV., V., VI.).

_ Lance (1 syl.), in Christian art, is an
attribute of St. Matthew and St. Thomas,
the apostles; also of St, Longi’nus, St.
George, St. Adalbert, St. Oswin, St.
Barbara, St. Michael, St. Dome’trius,
and several others,

Astolpho had a lance of gold that with
enchanted force dismounted everyone it
touched. (Orlando Furioso, bk. ix.)

A free-lance. One who acts on his
own judgment, and not from party
motives. The reference is to the Free
Companies of the Middle Ages, called in
Italy condottieri, and in France Com-

agnies Grandes, which were free to act
as they liked, and were not servants of
the Crown or of any other potentate. It
must be confessed, however, that they
were willing to sell themselves to any
master and any cause, good or bad.

Lance-Corporal and lLance-Ser-
geant. Oue from theranks temporarily
acting as corporal or sergeant. In the
Middle Ages a lance meant a soldier.

Lance-Knight. A foot-soldier; a
corruption of lasquenet or lanceguenet,
a. German foot-soldier.

‘the basin broke.

Lance of the Ladies. At the ter-
mination -of every joust a course was
run ‘pour les dames,’ and called the
“Lance of the Ladies.”

Lan’celot (Sir). ‘‘The chief of
knights’? and ‘darling of the court.”
Elaine, the lily of Astolat, fell in love
with him, but he returned not her love,
and she died. (See Exaine.) (Tennyson:
Idylis of the King; Elaine.)

Lancelot or Launcelot Gobbo.
Shylock’s servant, famous for his solilo-
quy whether or not he should run away
from his master. (Shakespeare: Mer-
chant of Venice.)

Lan’celot du Lac. One of the ear-
liest romances of the ‘‘Round Table”
(1494)... Sir Lancelot was the son of
King Ban of Benwicke, but was stolen
in infanc by Vivienne, called ‘‘ La
Dame du Lae,’ who dwelt ‘‘en la marche
de la petite Bretaigne;’’ she plunged
with the babe into the lake, and when
her protégé was grown into man’s estate,
wenet him to King Arthur. The
ake referred to was a sort of enchanted
delusion to conceal her demesnes. “Hence
the cognomen of du Lac given ‘to the
knight. Sir Lancelot goes in search
of the Grail or holy cup brought to
Britain by Joseph of Arimathe’a, and
twice caught sight of it. (See GRAAL.)
Though always represented in the
Arthurian romances as the model of
chivalry, Sir Lancelot was the adul-
terous lover of Guinevere, wife of King
Arthur, his friend. At the close of his
life the adulterous knight became a
hermit, and died in the odour of sanctity.

Sir Lancelot is meant for a model of Sdouty.
bravery, frailty in love, and repentance; Sir
Galahad of chastity ; Sir Gawain of courtesy ;
Sir Kay of a rude, boastful knight; and Sir
Modred of treachery.

Sir Lancelot du Lae and Tarquin. Sir
Lancelot, seeking some adventure, met
a lady who requested him to deliver
certain Knights of the Round Table
from the power of Tarquin. Coming to
a river, he saw & copper basin suspended
to a tree, and struck at it so hard that
This brought out
Tarquin, when a furious encounter took

lace, in which Tarquin was slain, and
Bir Lancelot liberated from durance
‘*threescore knights and four, all of the
Table Round.” (Perey: Reliques, etc.,:
bk. ii. series 1.) his

Lancelot of the Laik. A Scottish me-
trical romance, taken from the French
roman ealled Lancelot du Lac. Galiot,
a neighbouring king, invades Arthur’s

|
|
l
1
i

Tancers 727

Tiane

terzitory, and captures the castle of Lady
Melyhalt among others. Sir Lancelot
goes to chastise Galiot, sees Queen Gui-
nevere and falls in love with her, Sir
Gawayne is wounded in the war, and
Sir Lancelot taken prisoner. In the
French romance, Sir Lancelot makes
Galiot submit to Arthur, but the Scotch
romance terminates with the capture of
the knight.

Lancers (Zhe). The dance so called
was introduced into Paris in 1836. It is
in imitation of a military dance in which

_ men used lances.

Land. See how the land lies. See
what we have to do; see in what state
matters are. See in what state the land
is that we have to travel or pass over, or
in what direction we must go. Joshua
sent spies (ii. 1) ‘to view the land”’
before he attempted to pass the Jordan.

“ Put your blankets down there, boys, and turn
fn. You'll see howthe land lies in the morning.”
—Boldrewood : Robbery under Arms, ch, xi.

Land-damn. A corruption of /andan

(to rate or anes severely). According
to Dean Milles the word is still used in
Gloucestershire.

“You are abused ,.. would J knew the villain,
I would land-damn him."—Shakespeare: Winter's
Tale ii. 1.

Land-loupers. Persons who fly the
country for crime or debt. Louper,
loper, loafer, and luffer are varieties of
the German /aufer, a vagrant, a runner.

Land-lubber. An awkward or inex-
ert sailor on board ship. (Lubber, the
elsh J/ob, a dunce.)

Land of Beulah (Isa. Ixii. 4).
In Pilgrim’s Progress it is that land
of heavenly joy where the pilgrims tarry
till mee are. summoned~to enter the
Ce.estial City; the Paradise before the
resurrection.

Land of Bondage. Egypt was so
called by the Jews, who were bondsmen
there to the Pharaohs “‘ who knew not
Joseph,”’

Land of Cakes. Scotland, famous
for its oatmeal cakes.

Land of Myrrh. Azab or Saba.

, Land of Nod (The). To go to the
Jand of Nod is to go to bed. There are
many similar puus, and more in French
than in English. Of course, the refer-
ence is to Gen. iv. 16, ‘‘Cain went...
and dwelt in the land of Nod; but
where the land of Nod is or was nobody
knows. In fact, ‘‘Nod’” means a
vagrant.or vagabond, and when Cain

was driven out he lived ‘‘a vagrant life,”
with no fixed abode, till he built his
“city.” (See NEEDHAM.)

Landof Promise. Canaan, the land
which God. promised ta. give to Abraham
for his obedience. _

Land of Shadows (Gone to -he).
Fallen asleep. Shadows = dreams, or
shadows of realities.

Land of Stars and Stripes (Zhe).
The United States of America. The
reference is to their national flag.

Land o’ the Leal (Zhe). The Scotch
Dixey Land (q7.v.), An hypothetical land
of happiness, oyalty, and virtue. Caro-
line Oliphant, Baroness Nairne, meant
heaven in her exquisite song so called,
and this is now its accepted meaning.
(Leal = faithful, and ‘‘ Land of the
Leal” means the Land of the faithful.)

Landau’. A four-wheeled carriage, ,
the top of which may be thrown back ;:
invented at Landau, in Germany.

Landey’da. (Sce Raven.)

Landiére (French, 3 syl.). A booth
in a fair; so called from Le Landit, a
famous fair at one time held at St. Denis,
Landit means a small present such as,
one receives from a fair:

“ Jl gambadoit, il faisoit le badin ;
Oncq’on ne vit ung plus parfait landin.”
Bourdigné : Légende, c. iiid
““Mercure avec d’avides mains . . .
Met impost et taxes nouvelles...
Sur les landis, sur Jes estrennes.”
L. Chamhoudry : Le Voyage de Mercure,
Dk, ili., p. 51 (1653).

Landscape (4) is a land picture.
(Anglo-Saxon Jandscipe, verb scap-an,
to shape, to give a form or picture of.) -

Father of landscape gardening. A:
Lenotre (1613-1700). :

Lane. No evil thing that walks by
night, blue meagre hag, or stubborn un-.
laid ghost, no goblin, or smart fairy of
the mine, has power to crossa lane; once
ina lane, the spirit of evil is in a fix.
The reason is obvious: a lane is a spur
from a main road, and therefore forms
with it a sort of T, quite near enough to
the shape of a cross to arrest such simple
folk of the unseen world as care to
trouble the peaceful inmates of the
world we live in,

Lane. ’Tis a long lane that has no
turning. Every calamity hasan euding:
The darkest day, stop till to-morrow, wil
have passed away:

“ Hope peeps from a cloud on our squad,
‘Whose beams have been long in deep mourning 3
"Tis a lane, let me tell you, my lad,
Very long that has nevera pene

Pete Pindar: Great Cry and Little Wool, epist. 1.

TLané

Lane (The) and The Garden. A
short way of saying ‘‘ Drury Lane” and
‘‘Covent Garden,’? which are two
theatres in London.

Lane, of King’s Bromley Manor,
Staffordshire, bears in a canton “the
Arms of England.’”’? This honour was
granted to Colonel John Lane, for
conducting Charles II. to his father’s
seat after the battle of Worcester. (See
next paragraph.)

Jane Lane, daughter of Thomas and
jeister of Colonel John. To save the

ing after the battle of Worcester, she
bode behind him from Bentley, in
Staffordshire, the ancient seat of the
Lanes, to the house of her cousin, Mrs.
Norton, near Bristol. For this act of
loyalty the king granted the family to
have the following crest :_ A strawberry-
roan horse saliant (couped at the flank),
bridled, bitted, and garnished, support-
ing between its feet a royal crown
proper ; motto, Garde le Roy.

-Lanfu’sa’s Son. (Sce FERRAU’.)

Lang Syne (Scotch, long since). In
the olden time, in days gone by.

“There was muckle fighting about the place
lang-syne."—Scott: Guy fannering, chap. xl.

The song called Auld Lang Syne, usu-
ally attributed to Robert Burns, was not
composed by him, for he says expressly
in a letter to Thomson, ‘‘It is the old
song of the olden times, which has never
been in print. . I took it down
from an old man’s singing.” In another

letter he says, ‘‘ Light be the turf on the .

heaven-inspired poet who composed this

lorious fragment.’’ Nothing whatever
is known of the author of the words ;
the composer is wholly unknown.

Langbourn Ward (London). So
called from the long bourn or rivulet of
sweet water which formerly broke out
of a spring near Magpye Alley. This
bourn gives its name to Sharebourne or
Southbourne Lane.

Langstaff (Launcelot). The name
under which Salmagundi was pub-
lished, the real authors being Washing-
ton Irving, William Irving, and J. K.
Paulding.

Language. The primeval language.
Psammetichos, an Egyptian king, en-
trusted two new-born infants to a
shepherd, with strict charge that they
were never to hear any one uttera word.
These children were afterwards brought
before the king and uttered the word
bekos (baked bread). The same experi-
‘ment was tried by Frederick IL, of

728

Lantern Jaws

Sweden, James IV. of Scotland, and one
of the Mogul emperors of India.

James IV., in the 15th century, shut up two

-infant children in the Isle of Inchkeith, with

dumb attendant to wait on them.

The three primitive languages. The
Persians say that Arabic, Persian; and
Turkish are three primitive languages.
The serpent that seduced Eve spoke
Arabic, the most suasive language in the
world ; Adam and Eve spoke Persian
the most poetic of all languages; and
the angel Gabriel spoke Turkish, the
most menacing of all languages.
(Chardin.)

“ Language given to men to conceal their
thoughts,’ is by Montrond, but is gener-
ally fathered on Talleyrand.

Characteristics of Ewropean languages :

L’Italien se parle aux dames.

Le Francais se parle aux hommes.

L’ Anglais se parle aux oiseaux.

L' Allemand se parle aux chevaux,

L’Espagnol se parle 4 Dieux.

* English, according to the French
notion, is both singsong and sibilant.

Charles Quint used to say, “I speak German to
my horses, Spanish to my God, French to my
friends, and Italian to my mistresses,”

Langue @’Oc. The Provencal branch
of the Gallo-Romaic idiom; so called
from their oc (yes).

Langue @’Oil, Walloon er German-
ised Gallo-Romaic; so called from their
ronouncing our yes as oil (0-e). These
auls lived north of the Loire; the Pro-
vencals dwelt south of that river.

Languish (Lydia). A young lady
of romantic notions in The Rivals, a
play by Sheridan. :

Lantern. In Christian art, the attri-
bute of St. Gudule and St. Hugh,

The feast of lanterns. Tradition’ says
that the daughter of a famous mandarin,
walking alone by a lake one evening,
fell in. The father called together his
neighbours, and all went with lanterns
to look for her, and happily she was
rescued. In commemoration thereof an
annual festival was held on the spot,
and grew in time to the celebrated
‘< feast of lanterns.’”? (Present State of

China.)
A la lanterne. Hang him with the
lantern or lamp ropes, cry and custom

introduced in the French revolution.

Lantern Jaws. Cheeks so thin that»
one may see daylight through them, as
light shows through the horn of a
lantern. In French, *‘ un visage st maigre
que si on mettait une bougre allumée dane

Lantern-Land

729

Lar Familiaris

es

ta bouche, la lumiére paraitait au travers
des joues,”
antern-jawed. Having lantern-jaws.

-Lantern-Land. The land of literary
charlatans, whose inhabitants are gra-
duates in arts, doctors, professors, pre-
lates, and so on. (Rabebais : Pantagruel,
v. 33.) (See Crty oF LANTERNS.)

Lanterns. Authors, literary men,
and other inmates of Tavern land (q.0.).
Rabelais so calls the prelates and divines
of the Council of Trent, who wasted the
time in great displays of learning, to
little profit ; hence ‘‘lanternise’’ (¢.v.).

Lanternise. Spending one’s time in
learned trifies; darkening counsel by
words ; mystifying the more by attempt-
ing to unravel mysteries ; putting truths
into a lantern through which, at best,
we see but darkly. When monks bring
their hoods over their faces ‘‘to medi-
tate,”” they are said by the French to
lanternise, because they look like the tops
of lanterns; but the result of their
meditations is that of a ‘‘ brown study,”
or “‘ fog of sleepy thought.’’ (See above.)

Laocoon [La-ok’-0-on]. A son of
Priam, famous for the tragic fate of him-
self and his two sons, who were crushed
to death by serpents. The group repre-
senting these three in their death agony,
now in the Vatican, was discovered in
1506, on the Haquiline Hill (Rome). It
is a single block of marble, and was the
work of Agesander of Rhodes and two
other sculptors. Thomson has described
the group in his Liberty, pt. iv. (Virgil -
Atneid, ii. 40 etc, , 212 etc.)

““The miserable sire,
Wrapped with his sons in Fate’s severest grasp”

Laodami’a. The wife of Protesila’os,
who was slain before Troy. She begged
to be allowed to converse with her dead
husband for only three hours, and her
request was granted; when the respite
was over, she accompanied the dead hero
to the shades of death. Wordsworth
has'a poem on the subject.

Laodice’an. One indifferent to re-
ligion, taring little or nothing about the
matter, like the Christians of that church,
mentioned in the Book of Revelation
(chapter iii. 14-18).

Lapet (Mons.).. The beau-ideal of
-poltroonery. He would think the world
out of joint if no one gave him a tweak

of the nose or lug of the ear.
mont and Fletcher: Nice Valor, or the
_ Passionate Madman.)

Mons. Lapet was the author of a book on the |

punctiljos of dyelling. oh

(Beau-

Layp'‘ithe. <A, people of Thessaly,
noted for their defeat of the Centaurs,
The subject of this contest was repre-
sented on the Parthénon, the Theseum
at Athens, the Temple of Apollo at
Basso, and on numberless yases. Raphael
painted a picture of the same subject.
(Classic mythology.)

Lapping Water. When Gideon’s
army was too numerous, the men were
taken to a stream to drink, and 300 of
them lapped water with their tongue;
all the rest supped it up (Judg. vii. 4-7).
All carnivorous animals lap water like
dogs, all herbivorous animals suck it up
like horses, The presumption is that
the lappers of water partook of the
carnivorous character, and were more
fit for military exploits. No doubt those
who fell on their knees to drink exposed
themselves to danger far more than those
who stood on their feet and lapped water
from their hands.

Laprel The rabbit, in the tale
of Reynard the Fox. (French, Japin,
rabbit.)

Lapsus Lingues (Latin). A slip of
the tongue, a mistake in uttering’ a
word, an imprudent word inadvertently
spoken, -

We have also adopted the Latin phrases. lapsus
calami (a slip of the pen), and lapsus memoria (a
slip of the memory).

Laputa. The flying island inhabited
by scientific quacks, and visited by Gul-
liver in his “travels.”’? These dreamy
philosophers were so absorbed in their
speculations that they employed atten-
dants called ‘‘ flappers,’’ to flap them on
the mouth and ears with a blown bladder
when their attention was to be called off
from “high things’? to vulgar mundane
matters, (Swift.)

“Realising ina manner the dreams of Laputa,
and endeavouring to extract sunbeams from cue
cumbers."—De Quincy.

Lapwing (The). Shakespeare refers
to two peculiarities of this bird; (1) to
allure persons from its nest, it flies awa
and cries loudest when farthest from its
nest ; and (2) the young birds run from
their shells with part thereof still sticking
to their head.

“Far from her nest the lapwing cries away.” »

‘Comedy of Errors, iv..2,

“This Japwing runs away with the shell op,
his head,"—Hamlet, v. 2. bE .

Lar Familia’ris (plu. Lares famili-
ares), The familiar lar was the spirit of
the founder of the house, which never

left it, but accompanied his descendants

in all their changes... (See Lanes.) |

Lara

730

Larks

La’ra. The name assumed by Lord
Conrad, the Corsair, after the death of
Medo’ra. He returned to his native
land, and was one day recognised by Sir
Ezzelin at the table of Lord Otho.
Ezzelin charged him home, and a duel
was arranged for the day following ; but
Ezzelin was never heard of more. In time
Lara headed a rebellion, and was shot by,
Lord Otho, the leader of the other party.
(Byron: Lara.) (See Conran.)

The seven infants of Lara. Gonzales
Gustios de Salas de Lara, a Castilian hero
of the eleventh century, had seven sons.
His brother, Rodri’go Velaitas married
a Moorish lady, and these seven nephews
were invited to the feast. A fray took
place in which one of the seven slew
a Moor, and the bride demanded ven-
geance. Rodri’go, to please his bride,
waylaid his brother Gonzales, and kept
him in durance in a dungeon of Cor’-
dova, and the seven boys were betrayed
into a ravine, where they were cruelly
murdered. While in the dungeon,
Zaida, daughter of the Moorish king,
fell in love with Gonzales, and became
,the mother of Mudarra, who avenged
the death of Lara’s seven sons by slay-
‘ing Rodri’go.

_Larboard, now called port (q.v.).
(Starboard is from Anglo-Saxon s¢eora-
ord, the steer-board, or right side of a
ship.) Larboard is the French bébord, the
left-hand'side of a ship looking towards
the prow; Anglo-Saxon bec-bord.
“ She gave a heel, and then a lurch to port,

And going down head foremost—sunk in short,”

Byron: Don Juan (The Shipwreck).

+ “To give a heel” is to sway over
on one side. Here it means o heel to
the starboard side.

Larceny. Pett
the pecuiations and thefts of a mercen-
ary. (Greek Jatron, hire [latris, a hire-
ling]; Latin Jatro, a mercenary, whence
latrocinium ; French, larcin.)

Larder. A place for keeping lard or

bacon. This shows that swine were the
chief animals salted and preserved in
olden times. (Latin, /ardum, lard.)
_ The Douglas Larder, The English
garrison and all its provisions in Douglas
castle massed together by good Lord
James Douglas, in 1307.

“He caused all the barrels containing flour,
meat, wheat, and malt to be knocked in pieces,
and their contents mixed on the floor ; then he
staved the great hogsheads of wine and ale, and

mixed the liquor with the stores ; and last of all,
be killed the prisoners, and flung the dead bodies

pmone. this ie Ate | heap which his men called,
in derision of the Englisb, ‘The Douglas Larder.**
air Walter Scott : jes Of @ Grandfather, ix,

theft, means really

-or ridiculous.

Wallace’s Larder is very similar. It
consisted of the dead bodies of the gar-
rison of Ardrossan, in Ayrshire, cast
into the dungeon keep. The castle was
surprised by Wallace in the reign of
Edward I.

Lares, The Etruscan Jar. (lord or
hero). Among the Romans larés were
either domestic or public. Domestic
lares were the souls of virtuous ancestors
exalted to the rank of protectors. Public
lares were the protectors of roads and
streets. Domestic lares were ‘images,|
like dogs, set behind the ‘‘hall’’ door, or
in the lara’rium or shrine. Wicked souls
became lem‘urés or ghosts that made
night hideous. Pena’tés were the natural
powers personified, and their office was
to bring wealth and plenty, rather than
to protect and avert danger. (See Farry.)

Large. To sail large is to sail on a
large wind—i.¢. with the wind not
straight astern, but what sailors call
“ abaft the beam.’’

Set at large, i.e. at liberty. It is a
French phrasé; prendre le large is to
stand out at sea, or occupy the main
ocean, 80 as to be free to move. Simi-
larly, to be set at large is to be placed
free in the wide world.

Lar‘igot. Boire a tire larigot. To
tope, to bouse. Larigot is a corruption
of “Varigot’”’ (a limb), and boire a tire
Varigot means simply ‘‘ to drink with all
your might,’’ as jouer de Varigot means
“to play your best”—i.e. ‘‘with ail
your power.’’ It is absurd to derive the
word Jarigot from ‘‘la Rigaud,” ac-
cording to Noel Taillepied, who says
(Rouen, xlv.): ‘‘Au — xiii. siécle,
Varchevéque Eudes Rigaud fit présent a
la ville de Rouen d’une cloche a laquelle
resta son nom. Cette cloche était d’une
grandeur et d’une grosseur, telles que
ceux qui la mettaient en mouvement ne
manquaient pas de boire abondamment

ur reprendre des forces. De la l’habi-
ude de comparer ceux qui buvaient
beaucoup aux sonneurs chargés de tirer
la Rigaud,” i.e. the bell so called.

Lark, <A spree; a corruption of the

Anglo-Saxon /dée (play, fun). (See Sxy-
LARK.)
Larks. When the sky falls we shall

catch larks. A way of stating to a per-
son that his scheme or pro is absurd.

French: “Si le ciel tombait, il y aurait bien deg
alonettes,” “ie
Latin: “Quid, oy rele ad illos, qui alunt, quid
at?” ‘ : L

-Si nunc ceelnm ru:

Terence : Heartontinporommends, ty.52, YeRBC 44,

“4

otis

Larry

T3T

Lath

- ‘Larry Dugan’s Eye-water. Black-
ing; so called from Larry Dugan, a

noted shoeblack of Dublin, whose face

was always smudged with his blacking.

Lars. The overking: of the ancient
Etruscans, like the Welsh ‘‘ pendragon.”’
A satrap, or. under-king, was a luctmo.
Thus the king of Prussia is the German
fars, and the king of Bavaria is a
hucwmo.

There be thirty chosen prophets,
The wisest of the land,
Who always by Lars Porsena,
Both morn and evening stand.”
Macauldy;: Lays of Ancient Rome,
(Horatius, ix.) -

Larvee. Mischievous spectres. The
larva or ghost of Caligula was often seen
(according to Suetonius) in his palace.

Lascar. A native Hast Indian sailor
in the British service. The natives of
the East Indies -call camp-followers
lasears.. (Hindu, lash-kar, a soldier.)

Last. (Anglo-Saxon /dst, a footstep,

a shoemaker’s last.) The cobbler should
‘stick to his last (‘‘ Ne sutor ultra crep'-
idam’’). Apelles having executed a
famous re exposed it to public
view, when a cobbler found fault be-
cause the painter had made too few
latchets to the goloshes, Apelles
amended the fault, and set out his
picture again. Next day the cobbler
complained of the legs, when Apelles
retorted, ‘‘ Keep to the shop, friend, but
do not attempt to criticise what you do
not understand.”? (See W1as.)

Last Man (7he). Charles I. was so
called by the Parliamentarians, meaning
that he would be the last._king of Great
Britain. His:son, Charles I1., was called
The Son of the Last Man,

Last Man. A weirdly grotesque
poem by Thomas Hood.

“So there he hung, und there I stood,
The last man lett alive.”

Last Words. (See Dyine Sayinas.)

Last of the Fathers. St. Bernard,
Abbot of Olairvaux, . (1091-1153.)

Last of the Goths. Roderick, who
reigned in Spain from 414 to 711,
Soutkey has an historic tale in blank
verse on this subject.

Last of the Greeks. Philopcemen
of Arcadia, (B.c. 253-183.)

_ Last of the Knights,
KNIGHTS.)

Last of the Mo’hicans. The Indian
chief, Uncas, is so called by Cooper, in
his novel of ‘that title, it

(See

Last of the Romans,

Marcus Junius Brutus, one of the
murderers of Cesar. (B.C, pee

Caius Cassius Longi'‘nus, so called by
Brutus. (Died B.c. 42.)

Stilicho, the Roman general under
Theodosius, (Zhe Nineteenth Century,
Sepember, 1892.)

Aétius, a general who defended the
Gauls against the Franks and other
barbarians, and defeated Attila in the
Champs Cutalaumques, near Chalons, in
451. So called by Proco’pius.

Francois Joseph Terasse Desbillons;. so
called from the elegance and purity of
his Latin. (1751-1789,)

Pope calls Congreve Ultimus Roman-
orum. (1670-1729.) (See Uxrmmous.)

Last of the Tribunes (Zhe). Cola
di Rienzi (1314 - 1354), “Lord Lytton
has a novel so called.

‘Last of the Troubadours. Jacques
Jasmin, of Gascony (1798-1864).

Lat (Z/). A female idol made of
stone, and said to be inspired with life ;
the chief object of adoration by the
Arabs before their conversion,

Lé&t, at Somanat in India, was a single
stone fifty fathoms high, placed in the
midst of a temple supported by fifty-six
ase of massive gold. This idol was

roken in pieces by Mahmood Ibn-
Sabuktigeen, who conquered that part
of India. The granite Lat, facing a
Jain temple at Mudubidery, near Man:
galore, in India, is fifty-two feet high.

“The granite lat of Mudubidery, in India, is
fifty-two feet high.”

Lat’eran. The ancient palace of the
Latera/ni, given by the Emperor Con-
stantine to the popes, Lateran, from
lateo, to hide, and rana, a frog. It is
said that Nero . . . on one occasion
vomited a frog covered with blood, which
he believed to be his own progeny, and
had it hidden in a vault. The palace
which was built on the site of this vault
was called the ‘‘ Lateran,’’ or the palace
of the hidden frog. (Buckle: History of
Civilisation.)

The locality in Rome so called contains the ~

“Lateran palace, the Piazza, and the Basilica of

St. John Lateran. The Basilica is the Pope's
cathedral church, The palace (once a residence
of the popes) is now a museum.

Lath or Lathe. A division of a
county. Sometimes it was an interme-
diate division between a hundred-and a
shire, as the lathes of Kent and rapes of
Sussex, each of which. contained three
or four “‘ hundreds”? apiece, In Ireland
the arrangement was different. The

Lather

3 Laugh

officer over a lath was called a lathreeve.
(Anglo-Saxon leth, a canton.)

“If all that tything failed, then all that lath
was charged for that tything; and if the lath
failed, then all that hundred was demanded for
them (i.e. turbulent fellows], and if the hundred,
then the shire.—Spenser : lreland.

Lather. A goodlather is half ashave.
This is the French proverb, ** Barbe bien
savonneé est d moitié faite.”

Latin. The language spoken by the
people of La’tium, in Italy. The Latins
are called aborigines of Italy. Alba
Longa was head of the Latin League,
and, as Rome was a colony of Alba
Longa, it is plain to see how the Roman
tongue was Latin.

“The earHest extant specimen of the Latin lan-
uage is a fragment of the hymn of the Fratres
ryales (3syl.), a*priestly brotherhgod, which of-
fered, every 10th of May, public sacrifice for the
fertility of the fields,”"“Sellar : Roman Poets of the

Republic, chap. ii. p. 34.

Classical Latin. The Latin of the best
authors about the time of Augustus, as
Livy,Tacitus, and Cicero (prose), Horace,
Virgil, and Ovid (poets).

ate Latin, The period which fol-
lowed the Augustan age. This period
contains the Church Fathers.

Low Latin. Medieval Latin, mainly
bastard German,French, Italian, Spanish,
and so on.

Middle Latin, Latin from the sixth
to the sixteenth century a.D., both in-
elusive. In this Latin, prepositions fre-
quently supply the cases of nouns.

New Latin. That which followed the
revival of letters in the sixteenth cen-
tury.

“Latium. The tale is that this word is from

lateo, to lie bid, and was so called because Saturn
lay.hid there, when he was driven out of heaven

by the gods.”

The Latin Church. The Western
Church, in contradistinction to the
Greek or Eastern Church.

The Latin cross. Formed thus: t

** The Greek cross has four equal
arms, thus: +-

Latin Learning, properly so called,
terminated with Boe’thius, but continued
to be used in literary compositions and
in the services of the church.

Lati’nus.. King of the Laurentians,
apeople of Latium. According to Virgil,
Latinus opposed /Mnéas on his first land-
ing, but subsequently formed an alliance
with him, and gave him Lavin’ia in mar-
riage. Turnus, King of the Ru’tuli, de-
elared that Lavinia had been betrothed
to him, and prepared to support his
claim by arms. It was agreed to decide
the rival claims by single combat, and

faristchen lachen.”

/Ene'as being victor, obtained Lavinia
for his wife,

Lati'nus (in Jerusalem Delivered), an
Italian, went with his five sons to the
Holy War. His eldest son was slain b
Solyman; Aramantés, going to his bro-
ther’s aid, was also slain ; then Sabi‘nus;
and lastly, Picus and Laurentés, twins,
The father now rushed on the soldan,
and was slain also. In one hour the
father and his five sons were all slain.

. Latitudina'rians. _A sect of divines
in the time of Charles II., opposed both
to the High Church party and to the
Puritans. The term is now applied to
those persons who hold very loose views
of Divine inspiration and what are called

orthodox doctrines.

Lato’na. Mother of Apollo and
Diana. When she knelt by a fountain
in Delos (infants in arms) to quench her
thirst at asmall lake, some Lycian clowns
insulted her and were turned into frogs,
ba = when those hinds that were transformed to

Railed at Latona’s twin-born progeny,

Which after held the sun and moon in fee.’

Hilton: Sonnets.

Latri’a and Duli’a, Greek words
adopted by the Roman Catholics ; the
former to express that supreme reverence
and adoration which is offered to: God
alone; and the latter, that secondary
reverence and adoration which is offered

to saints.. (Latria is the reverence of a
latris, or hired servant, who receives

wages; dulia is the reverence of a
doutos or slave.)

Lattice or Chequers. A public-
house sign, the arms of Fitzwarren, the
head of which house, in the days of the
Henrys, was invested with, the power of
licensing the establishments of vintners
and publicans. Houses licensed notified
the same by displaying the Fitzwarren
arms. ATs Times, April 29, 1869.) .

The Fitzwarren arms were chequy 07
and gules, hence public-houses and their
signs are still frequently called the ‘* Red
Lattices.” a 4

“ A’ calls me e’en now, my lord, through ’s red
lattice*"—Shakespeare: 2 Henry IY., ii. 2.

Laugh in One’s Sleeve (Zo).' The
French is: ‘‘ Rire sous cape,” or“ Rire
sous son bonnet.’ The German is: ‘‘ Ing
The Latin is: ‘In
stomacho ridére.”? These expressions
indicate secret derision ; laughing at one,
not with one. But such phrases as ‘Jn
sinu gaudére’? mean to feel secret joy, to

rejoice in one’s heart of hearts.

‘Laugh

733 Laurel

Laugh on the Other Side of Your

“Mouth. To make a person laugh on
.the other side of his mouth is to make
~him cry, or to cause him annoyance. To

“laugh on the wrong side of one’s face’’
is to be humiliated, or to lament from
annoyance.

“Thou laughest there: by-and-by thou wilt
laugh on the wrong side of thy face.”—Carlyle:
The Diamond Necklace. chap. tii.

Laughing Philosopher. Democ'ritos
of Abde’ra, who viewed with supreme

‘contempt the feeble powers of man.

(Bc. 460-357.) (See WEEPING PHILO-
SOPHER. )

Laughing-stock. A butt,for jokes.

Laughter. We are told that Jupiter,
after his birth, laughed incessantly for
seven days.

Calchas, the Homeric seothsayer, died
of laughter. The tale is that a fellow in
rags told him he would never drink of
the grapes growing in his vineyard, and
added, if his words did not come true he
would be the soothsayer’s slave. When
the wine was made, Calchas, at a great
feast, sent for the fellow, and laughed
so incessantly at the non-fulfilment of
the prophecy that he died. (£. Bulwer
Lytton: Tales of Miletus, iv.)

@ (See Anozus and DEATH FROM
STRANGE CAUSES. )

Launce. The clownish serving-man
of Proteus, famous for his soliloquies to
his dog Crab. (Shakespeare: Two Gentle-
men of Verona.)

Launcelet, (See LANCELOT.)
Launched into Eternity. Hanged.

“He ate several oranges on his passage, in-
quired if his lordship was ready, and then, as old
Rowe used to say, ‘was launched into eternity.’—
Gilly Williams to Lord Harrington. (This man
was bis lordship’s servant, hanged for robbery.)

Launfal (Sir). Steward of King
Arthur. He so greatly disliked Queen
Gwevnere, daughter of Ryon, King of
Ireland, that he feigned illness and
retired to Carlyoun, where he lived in
get poverty. Having obtained the

oan of a.horse, he rode inte a forest, and
while he rested himself on the grass two
damsels came to him, who invited him
to rest in their lady’s bower hard by.
Sir Launfal accepted the invitation, and

fell in love with the lady, whose name

was Tryamour. Tryamour gave the

knight.an unfailing purse, and when he _
left told him if he ever wished to see her

all. he had to do was to retire into a
rivate room, and she would instantly
with him. Sir Launfa] now returned

to court. and excited much attention by

his great wealth ; but having told Gwen-
nere, who solicited his love, that she was
not worthy to kiss the feet of his lady-
love, the queen accused him to Arthur of
insulting her person. Thereupon Arthur
told him, unless he made good his word
by producing this paragon of women, he
should be burned alive. On the day
appointed, Tryamour arrived; Launfal
was set at liberty and accompanied his
mistress to the isle of OlJe’ron, and no
man ever saw him more. (Thomas
Chester: Sir Laimfal, a metrical ro-
mance of Henry VI.’s time.)

Laura, the name immortalised by
Petrarch, was either the wife of Hugues
de Sade, of Avignon, or a fictitious name
used by him on which to hang incidents
of his life and love. If the former, her
maiden name was Laura de Noves.

Laura. Beppo’s wife. (Sce BEPPO.)

Lauras. (Greek, /aura.) An aggre
gation of separate cells under the contror
of asuperior. In monasteries the monks
live under one roof; in lauras they live
each iu his own cell apart; but on certain
occasions they assemble and meet to-
gether, sometimes for a meal, and some-
times for a religious services

Laureate. Poets so called from an
ancient custom in our universities -of

resenting a laurel wreath to graduates
in rhetoric and poetry. Young aspirants
were wreathed with laurels in berry (orné
de baies de lauricr). Authors are still so
‘crowned’? in France. The poets
Seshaee, of the two last centuries have

een—

Ben Jonson, 1615, appointed by King James.

Sir William Davenant. 1637,

Jobn Dryden, 1670,

Thomas Shadwell, 1688,

Nahum Tate, 1692.

Nicholas Rowe, 1715.

Laurence Busden, 1718,

Colley Cibber, 1730, i

William Whitebead, 1757

Thomas Warton, 1783.

Henry James Pye, 1790.

Robert Southey, 1813.

William Wordsworth, 1844,

Alfred Tennyson, 1850,

Alfred Austin, 1896,

Six or seven of these are almost unknown, and
their productions are seldom read.

Laurel, The Greeks gave a wreath
of laurels to the victor in the Pythian
games, but the victor in the Olympic
games had a wreath of wild olives, the
victor in the Neme’an games a wreath of
green parsley, and the victor in the
Isthmian games a wreath of dry parsley

or green pine-leaves. (See Crown.) -

Laurel. The ancients believed that
laurel communicated the spirit of pro-.
phecy and poetry. Hence the custom

Laurence

734

Law

of crowning the pythoness and poets, and
of putting laurel leaves under one’s pillow
to acquire inspiration. Another super-
stition was that the bay laurel was
antagonistic to the stroke of lightning;
but Sir Thomas Browne, in his Vulgar
£rrors, tells us that Vicomereatus proves
from personal knowledge that this is by
no means true,

Laurel, in modern times, is a symbol
of victory and peace. St. Gudule, in
Christian art, carries a laurel crown.

Laurence (Friar). The Franciscan
friar who undertakes to marry Romeo
and Juliet. Tosave Juliet from a second
marriage he gives her a sleeping draught,
and she is carried to the family vault as
dead. Romeo ‘finds her there, and be-
lieving her sleep to be the sleep of death,
kills himself. On waking, Juliet dis-
covers Romeo dead at her side, and kills
herself also. (Shakespeare: Romeo and
Juliet.) (See LAWRENCE.)

Lavaine’, Sir (2 syl.). Brother of
Elaine’, and son of the lord of As'‘tolat.
He accompanied Sir Lancelot when he
went, incognito, to tilt for the ninth
diamond. Lavaineis described as young,
brave, and a true knight. (Tennyson -
Idylls of the King ; Elaine.)

Lavalette (Marquis de), ‘a French
statesman who was condemned to death
for sending secret despatches to Napo-
leon, was set at liberty by his wife, who
took his place in the prison.

Lord Nithsdale escaped in a similar
way from the Tower of London. His
wife disguised him as her maid, and
with her he passed the sentries and
made good his escape.

Lavender. From the Spanish /avan-
dera (a laundress), the plant used by
laundresses for scenting linen. The
botanical name is Lavandula, from the
Latin Javo, to wash. It is a token of
affection.

“ He from his lass him lavender hath sent,
Showing hig love, and doth requital crave ,
Him rosemary his sweetheart, whose intent
Is tbat be should her in remembrance have.”
Drayton. Eclogue, ix.
Laid wp in lavender—i.e. taken great
care of, laid away, as women put things
away in lavender to keep off moths.
Persons who are in hiding are said to be
in lavender. The French have the
phrase ‘‘ Elever dans du coton,” referring
to the custom of wrapping up things
precious in cotton wool.

™ Je-veux que tu sois chez mui, comme dans du
coton, "—La_Muscotte, i..2.

In lavender. In pawn. In Latin,
pignore opponére, %

“The poor gentleman paies so deare for the
lavender it is laid up in, that if it lies long at the
broker’s house he seems to buy his apparel twice.”
—Greenc: Imp. Har. Misc., v. 405.

Lavin'ia, Daughter of Lati’nus, be-
trothed to Turnus, King of the Rutuli.
When /snéas landed in Italy, Latinus
made an alliance with the Trojan hero,
and promised to give him Lavin'ia to
wite. This brought on a war between

‘Turnus and /néas, which was decided

by single combat, in which ASnéas was
victor. (Virgil - Aneid.)

Lavinia. The daughter of Titus An-
dron‘icus,. bride of Bassia’nus, brother
of the Emperor of Rome. Being grossly
abused by Chiron and Demetrius, sone
of Tamora, Queen of the Goths, the
savage wantons cut off her hands and
pluck out her tongue, that she may not
reveal their names. Lavinia, guiding a
stick with her stumps, makes her tale
known to her father and brothers;
whereupon Titus murders the two Moor-
ish princes and serves their heads in a
pasty to their mother, whom he after-
wards slays, together with the Emperor
Saturni’nus her husband. (Titus An-
dron'icus, a play published with those of
Shakespeare.)

In the play the word is accented Andron’icus
not Androni‘cus.

Lavinia. Ttaly; so called from
Lavinia, daughter of Lati’nus and wife
of Ainéas. /Enéas built a town which
he called Lavin‘ium, capital of La‘tium.

“ From the rich Lavinian shore
T your market come to store.”
A well-known Glee.

Lavin'ia and Pale’‘mon. A free

oetical version of Ruth and Boaz, by
homson in his Autemn.

Lavolt or Lavolta, (French, la
volte.) A lively dance, in which was a
ood deal of jumping or capering, whence
1ts name. Troilus says, “I cannot sing,
nor heel the high lavolt”’ (iv. 4). It is
thus described :—
“A lofty jumping or a leaping round, ‘
Wherearminarm two dancersare entwined,
And whirl themselves with strict embrace-
ments bound,
And still their feet an anapest do sound.”
Sir John Davies.
Law. To give one law. A sporting
term, meaning the chance of saving one- -
self. Thus a hare or a stag is allowed
‘aw —i.e. a certain start before any

hound is permitted to attack it; and a —

tradesman allowed law is one to whom:
time is given to “ find his legs.’ pg

Quips of the law, called *‘ devices of ©
Cépola,”” from. Bartholemew Cépola, ©

a

Law Latin 735

t

whose law-quirks, teaching how to elude
the most express law, and to perpetuate
lawsuits ad infini'twm, have been fre-
quently reprinted — once in_ octavo,
in black letter, by John Petit, in
1503.
| The Man of Lawes Tale, by Chaucer.
This story is found in Gower, who pro-
bably took it from the French chronicle
of Nicholas Trivet. A similar story
forms the plot of Eim'are, a romance.
rinted in Ritson’s collection. _The
eason of the knight who murders Her-
mengilde resembles an incident in the
French Roman de la Violette, the English
metrical romance of Le bone Florence of
Rome (in Ritson), and a tale in the Gesta
Romanorum, c. 69 (Madden’s edition).
(See CoNSTANCE.)

Law Latin, (Sce Doc Latin.)

Law’s Bubble. The famous Mis-
sissippi scheme, devised by John Law,
for paying off the national debt of France
(1716-1720). By this ‘* French South-
Sea Bubble’’ the nation was almost
ruined. It was called Mississippi be-
cause the company was granted the

‘“exclusive trade of Louisia’‘na on the’

banks of the Mississippi.”’ —

Laws of the Medes and Persians.
Unalterable laws.
“Now, O king, ... sign the aang. that it be
17

Se changed, according to the law of the Medes
ahd Persians which altereth not.”—Daniel vi. 8.

The Laws of Howel Dha, who reigned
in South Wales in the tenth century,
peniee with a Latin translation by

otton, in his Leges Wallice (1841).

Lawing. (Scots.) A tavern reckoning.

Lawsuits. . Miles d’Illiers, Bishop. of
Chartres(1459-1493), was so litigious, that
when Louis XI. gave him a pension to
clear off old scores, and told him in
future to live in peace and goodwill with
his neighbours, the bishop earnestly en-
treated the king to leave him some three
or four to keep his mind in good exer-
cise. Similarly Panurge entreated Pan-
tag’ruel not to pay off all his debts, but to
leave some centimes at least, that he
might not feel altogether a stranger to
his own self. (Rabelais: Pantagruel,
ili. 5.) (See Linpurn.). -.

Lawn. Fine, thin cambric bleached
on a lawn, instead of the ordinary
bleaching grounds. It is used for the
sleeves of bishops, and sometimes for
ladies’ handkerchiefs.

Lay Out

Lawn-market (The). To go up the
Lawn-market, in Scotch parlance, means
to go to be hanged.

“Up the Lawn-market, down the West Bow,

Up the lang ladder, down the short low.”
Schoolboy Rhyme (Scotland), %

“They (the stolen clothes] may serve him to
Fong up the Lawn-market in, the scoundrel.” —Sir
VW. Scott: Guy Munnering, chap. xxxii.

Lawrence (St.). Patron saint of
curriers, because his skin was broiled on.
a gridiron. In the pontificate of Sextus I,
he was charged with the care of the
poor, the orphans, and‘ the widows. In
the persecution of Vale’rian, being sum-
moned to deliver up the treasures of the
church, he produced the poor, etc., under
his charge, and said to the. pretor,
‘¢ These are the church’s treasures.” In
Christian art he is generally represented
as holding a gridiron in his hand. He
is the subject of one of the principal
hymns of Prudentius. (See LAURENCE.)

St. Lawrence's tears or The fiery tears
of St. Lawrence. Meteoric or shooting
stars, which generally make a great dis-
play on the anniversary of this saint
(August 10th).

The great periods of shooting stars
are between the 9th and 14th of August,
from the 12th to the }4th of November,
and from 6th to 12th December.

Tom Lawrence, alias “‘Tyburn Tom ”
or “ Tuck.’’? Ahighwayman. (Sir Walter
Scott: Heart of Mid-Lothian.)

Lawyer’s Bags. Some red, some
blue. In the Common Law, red bags
are reserved for Q.C.’s and Sergeants ;
but a stuff-gownsman may carry one
“if presented with it by asilk.”” Only
red bags may be taken into Common Law
Courts, b/ve must. be carried no. farthen
than the robing-room. In Chancery.
Courts the etiquette is not so strict. ;

Lay Brothers. Men not in orders
received into the convents and bound by
vows, (Greek, /ads, people.)

Lay Figures. Wooden figures with
free joints, used by artists chiefly for
the study of drapery. ‘This is a meta-
phorical use of lay. As divines divide
the world into two parties, the ecclesi-
astics and the laity, so artists divide their
models into two classes, the living and
the lay.

Lay Out (7). (a) To disbnrse: J
dépensa de grandes sommes d’argent. — —

(6) To display goods Mettre des mare |
chandises en montre. To place in con-
vement order what is required for wear : °
Préparer ses beaux habits. Lae

(c) To prepare a corpse for the coffin,

Lay About

736

Le Roi le Veut

by placing the limbs in order, and dress-
ing the body in its grave-clothes.

Lay about One (Zo). To strike on
all sides.

“He'll lay about him to-day ”—Shakespeare :
Trolius and Cressida, i. 2.

Lay by the Heels (Zo). To render

owerless. ‘The allusion is to the stocks,

in which vagrants and other petty
offenders were confined by the ankles,
locked in what was called the stocks,
common, at one time, to well-nigh,every
village in the land.

Lay of the Last Minstrel. (For
plot see MARGARET.)

Lay to One’s Charge (70).
tribute an offence to a person.

“ And he [Stephen] kneeled down, and cried with
a loud voice, Lord lay not this sin to their
charge.”"—Acts vii. 60, The phrase occurs again in
the Bible,e.g. Deut. xxi. 8; Rom. vili. 33, etc.

Lay’amon, who wrote a translation
in Saxon of the Brut of Wace, in the
twelfth century, is called The English

_Ennius, (See ENNIUS.)

Layers-over for Meddlers. No-
thing that concerns you. A reproof to
inquisitive children who want to know
what a person is doing or making, when
the person so engaged does not think
proper’ to inform them: A “‘layer-
over’ isa whipor slap. And a ‘‘layer-
over for meddlers”’ is a whip or chastise-
for those who meddle with what does
not concern them.

Lazar House or Lazaretto. A house
for poor persons affected with contagious
diseases. So called from the beggar
Lazarus (q.v.).

Laz’arists. A body of missionaries
founded by St. Vincent de Paul in 1624,
and so termed from the priory of St.
Lazare, at Paris, which was their head-
quarters from 1632 to. 1792. ~

Lazarillo de Tormés (1553). A
comic romance, something in the Gil
Blas style, the object being to satirise
all elasses of society. Lazarilo, a light,
jovial, audacious man-servant, sees his
masters in their undress, and ‘exposes
their foibles. This work was written by
Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, general
and statesman of Spain, author of War
against the Moors.

Lazaro’ne (3 syl.); Italian Lazzaro,
plu. Lazzaroni. The mob. Originally
applied to all those people of Naples
who lived m the streets, not havin
any habitation of their own. So calle
from the hospital of St. Lazarus, which

To at-

served as a refuge for the destitute of
that city. Every year they elected a
chief, called the Capo Lazzaro. Ma-
saniello, in 1647, with these vagabonds
accomplished the revolution of Naples.
In 1798 Michele Sforza, at the head of the
Lazzaroni, successfully resisted Etienne
Championnet, the French general,

Lazarus. Any poor beggar; socalled
from the Lazarus of the parable, who
was laid daily at the rich man’s gate
(St. Luke aa:

La‘zy. :

Lazy as David Lawrence’s dog.
Here Lawrence is a corruption of
Larrence, an imaginary being supposed
by Scottish peasantry to preside over the
lazy and indolent. Laziness is called
‘‘Tarrence.” (See and compare Davy
JONES.)

Lazy as Joe, the marie, tho lard down
his musket to sneeze. (Sailor?s proverb.)

Lazy as Ludlam’s dog, which leaned
his head against the wall to bark. This
Ludlam was the famous sorceress of
Surrey, who lived in a cave near Farn-
ham, called ‘‘Ludlam’s Cave.” She,
kept a dog, noted for its laziness, so that
‘vhen the rustics came to consult the
‘witch, it would hardly condescénd to
give notice of their approach, even with
the ghost of a bark. (Ray: Proverbs.)

Lazy Lawrence of Lubberland.
The hero of a popular tale. He served
the schoolmaster, the squire’s cook, the
farmer, and his own wife, which was
accounted high treason in Lubberland.

One of Miss Edgeworth’s tales, in the
Parents’ Assistant, is called Lazy
Lawrence. :

Lazy Lobkin (4). A lob (says
Halliwell) is ‘‘ the last person in a race.”’
(Somersetshire). (Welsh Jlob, a dolt, our
“*lubber.’’)

“A lazy lobkin, like an idle toute.”
Breton: Olde Madcappes, etc. (1602).

Lazy Man’s Load. One too heavy
to be carried; so called because lazy
people, to save themselves the trouble
of coming a second time, are apt to over:
load themselves. -

Lazyland (Gone to). Given up to
indolence and idleness. “ee
Lazzaro‘ni, (See LAZARONE.)

L'Etat c’est Moi (I am the State).
The saying and betief of Louis XIV. On
this principle he acted with tolerable
consistency. itcnatd

Le Roi le Veut (French, The king -
willsit.) The form of royal assetit made

Lea

by the clerk of parliament to bills sub-
mitted to the Crown. The dissent is
expressed by Le roi s’avisera (the king
will give it his consideration).

Le’a. One of the ‘daughters of
men,’’ beloved by one of the ‘‘sons of
God.” The angel who loved her ranked
with the least of the spirits of light,
whose post around the throne was in the
uttermost circle. Sent to earth on a
message, he saw Lea bathing and fell in
love with her ; but Lea was so heavenly-
minded that her only wish was to ‘‘ dwell
in purity, and serve God in singleness of
heart.’? Her angel lover, in the mad-
ness of his passion, told Lea the spell-
word that gave him admittance into
heaven. The moment Lea uttered that
word her body became spiritual, rose
through the air, and vanished from his
sight.. On the other hand, the angel
lost his ethereal nature, and became
altogether earthy, like a child of clay.”
(Moore: Loves of the Angels, story 1.)

Lea’ba na Feine [ Beds of the Feine}.
The name of several large piles of stones
in Ireland. . The ancient Irish warriors
were called Fe’-i-ne, which some mistake
for Pheeni (Garthaginians), but which
means hunters.

Leach, Leachcraft. A leach is one
skilled in medicine, and ‘‘ leach-craft”’
is the profession of a medical man.
(Anglo-Saxon, Jece, one who relieves
pain, lececreft.)

“ And straightway sent, with carefull diligence,

To fetch a leach the which had great insight

Tn that disease.”

Spenser; Fauérie Queene, book j. canto x. line 23.

Lead (pronounced Jed), the metal,
was, by the ancient alchemists, called
Saturn. (Anglo-Saxon, Jedd.)

To strike lead. To make a good hit.

“That, after the failure of the king, he should
‘strike lead* in bis own house seemed ©... an in-
evitable law "—Bret Harte: Fool of Five Forks.

Lead (pronounce /eed). (Anglo-Saxon
led-an.)

To lead apes in hell. (See APES.)

To lead by the nose. (See under
Nosz. ;

To lead one a pretty dance. (See under
DANCE.)

Leaden Hail (Showers of). That of
artillery in the battlefield.

Leaden Hall (pronounce Jed‘en), so
named from the ancient manor of Sir
Hugh Neville, whose mansion or hall was
roofed with lead, a notable thing in
his days. ‘‘ Leadenhall Street’ and
‘¢ Leadenhall Market,”? London, are on
the site of Sir Hugh’s manor. “~ set

av

937

League

Leader (4) or a leading article,
A newspaper article in large type, by
the editor or one of the editorial staff. So
called because it takes the lead or chief
place in the summary of current topics,
or because it is meant to lead public
opinion.

“ The first fiddle of an orchestra and
the first cornet-a-piston of a military
band is called the leader.

Leading Case (4). A _ lawsuit to
settle others of a similar kind.

Leading Note in music. The sharp
seventh of the diatonic scale, which leads
to the octave, only half a tone higher.

Leading Question. A question so
worded as to suggest an answer. - ‘‘ Was
he dressed in a black coat ?’’ leads to the
answer ‘' Yes.’? In cross-examining a
witness, leading questions are permitted,
because the chief object of a cross-ex~-
amination is to obtain contradictions,

Leading Strings. 70 le in leading-
strings is to be under the control. of
another. _Leading-strings are those
strings used for holding up infants just
learning to walk.

Leaf. Before the invention of paper
one of the substances employed for
writing was the leaves of certain plants.
In the British Museum are some writings
on leaves from the Malabar coast, and
several copies of the Bible written on
palm-leaves. The reverse and obverse
pages of a book are still called leaves;
and the double page of a ledger is termed
a ‘‘folio,” from folium (a leaf).

Leaf. (Anglo-Saxon (caf)

To take a leaf out of [my
imitate me; to do as I do.
is to literary plagiarisms,

To turn over a new leaf. To amend
one’s ways. The French equivalent is:
‘*Jelu ferai chanter une autre chanson.”
But in English, “‘To make a person
sing another tune,’’ means tomake him
eat his words, or change his note fur one
he will not like so well. pee 1

League. -

The Grey League {lia grischa}, 15th
century. So called from the grey home-
spun dress adopted by the leaguers,

The Holy League... Several leagues are
sodenominated, The three following are
the most important: 1511, by Pope Julins
Il.; Ferdinand the Catholic.. Henry
VIII., the Venetians, and the Swiss
against Louis, XII.;, and that of 1576,
founded at Péronne for the maintenance,

-

book. To
he allusion

Leak Out

of the Catholic faith and the exclusion

of Protestant princes from the throne of

France. This league was organised by

the Guises to keep Henri IV. from the
ne.

Leak Out (70). To come clandes-
tinely to public knowledge. As a liquid
leaks out of an unsound vessel, so the
secret oozes out unawares.

LeaL Loyal, trusty, law-abiding.
Norman-French, /eyale, modern French,
loyale ; Latin, seg)

Land of the leal. (See Land «. « -)

Lean’der (3 syl.) A young man of
Aby’dos, who swam nightly across the
Hellespont to visit his lady-love, Hero,
a priestess of Sestos. One night he was
drowned in his attempt, and Hero leaped
into the Hellespont also. This story is
told in one of the poems of Muszus,
entitled Hero and Leander. {See Mar-
lowe’s poem.) (See HERO.)

» Lord Byron and Lieutenant Eken-
head repeated the experiment of Leander
and accomplished it in 1 hour 10 minutes.
The-distance, allowing for drifting. would
be about four miles. A young man of
St. Croix, in 1817, swam over the Sound
from Cronenburgh, in 2 hours 40 minutes,
the distance being six miles,

Tower. The one at Pisa,
in Ttaly, is 178 feet in height, and leans
about 14 feet. At Caerphilly, in Glamor-
ganshire, there is a tower which leans
eleven feet in eighty.

“The Leaning Tower of Pisa continues to stand
because the vertical line drawn through its centre

of gravity passes within its base” — Ganot:
Physica.

Leap Year. . Every year divisible by
four. Such years occur every fourth
year: In ordinary years the day of the
month which falls on Monday this year,
will fall on Tuesday next year, and
Wednesday the year after; but the
fourth year will leap. over Thursday to
Friday. This is because a day is added
to February, which, of course, affects
every son ioe day of the year. (Sce

BissexTiLE

The ladies propose, and, if not accepted,
clam a silk gown. St. Patrick, having
“driven the frogs out of the bogs,”
was walking along the shores of Lough
Neagh, when he was accosted by St.
Bridget in tears, and was told that a
mutiny had broken out in the nunnery
over which she presided, the ladies claim-
ing the right of “‘ popping the question.”
St. Patrick said he would concede them
the right every seventh year, when St.
Bridget threw her arms round his neck,

738

Learn

and exclaimed, ‘‘ Arrah, Pathrick, jewel,
I daurn’t go back to the girls wid such a

roposal. Make it one year in four.’’

t. Patrick replied, ‘Bridget, acushla,
squeeze me that way agin, an’ I'll give
ye leap-year, the longest of the lot.”’
St. Bridget, upon this, popped the ques-
tion to St. Patrick himself, who, of
course, could not marry ; so he patched
up the difficulty as best he could with a
kiss afid a silk gown.

.% The story told above is of no his-
toric value, for an Act of the Scottish
Parliament, passed in the year 1228, has
been unearthed which runs thus :—

“Ordonit that during ye reign of her maist
blessed _maiestie, Margaret, ilka maiden, ladee of
baith high and lowe estait, shall hae libertie to
speak ye man sbe likes, Gif he refuses to tak hir
to bee bis wyf, he shale be mulct in the sum of
ane hundridty. pundes, or less, as his estait may
bee, except and alwais gif he cau make it appeare
that he is betrothit to anither woman, then he

_ 8chal be free."

N.B. The year 1228 was, of course, a
leap-year. 3

Leap in the Dark (4). Thomas
Hobbes is reported to have said on hig
death-bed, ‘‘Now am I about to take
my last voyage—a great leap in the
dark.’ Rabelais, in his last moments,
said, “‘ Tam going to thé Great Perhaps.”
Lord Derby, in 1868, applied the words,
“We are about to take a leap in the
dark,” to the Reform Bill.

Lear (King). A legendary king of
Britain, who in his old divided his
kingdom between Goneril and Regan,
two of his daughters, who professed preat
lovefor him. These two daughters drove
the old man mad by their unnatural
conduct. (Shakespeare: King Lear.)

Percy, in his Religues of Ancient Eng-
lish Poetry, has a ballad about King
Leir and his Three Daughters (series 1.

book 2).

Camden tells a similar story of Ina,
King of the West Saxons (see Remains,
p. 306, edition 1674). The story of King
Lear is given by Geoffrey of Monmouth
in his Chronicles, whence Holinshed
transcribed it. Spenser has introduced
the same story into his Faérie Queene,
book ii. canto 10.

Learn (1 syl.). Live and learn.
Cato, the censor, was an old man when
he taught himself Greek. sof
Michael Angelo, at seventy years of
age, said, ‘I'am still learning.” ust
John Kemble wrote out Hamlet thirty
times, and said, on quitting the stage
“<I am now beginning to understan
my art.’ ; : orb ie toegee os

eo te Se _ +
Th

ee

Learn by Heart 739

Lee

Mrs. Siddons, after she left the stage,
was found studying Lady Macbeth, and
said, ‘I am amazed to discover some
new points in the character which I
never found out while acting it.’’

Milton, in his blindness, when past
fifty, sat down to complete his Para-
dise Lost,

Scott, at fifty-five, took up his pen to
redeem an enormous liability.

Richardson was above fifty when he
published his first novel, Pam'ela.

Benjamin West was sixty-four when
he commenced his series of paintings,
one of which is Christ Healing the Sick.

Learn by Heart (Zo). The heart is
the seat of understanding; thus the
Scripture speaks of men ‘‘ wise in‘heart;”
and ‘‘slow of heart’’ means dull of un-
derstanding. To learn by heart is to
learn and understand; to learm by vote
is to learn so as to be able to repeat; to
learn by memory is to commit to memory
without reference to understanding what
is so kearnt. However, we employ the
phrase commonly as a synonym for
committing to memory.

Learned (2 syl.). Coloman, king of
Hungary, was called The Learned
(1096-1114). ¢Sce BEauctERC.) ;

The Learned Blacksmith. Elihu
Burritt, the linguist, who was at one
time a blacksmith (1811-1879).

The Ecarned Painter. Charles Lebrun,
socalled from the great accuracy of his
costumes (1419-1690). uf

The Learned Tailor. Henry Wild, of
Norwich, who mastered, while he worked
at his trade, the Greek, Latin, Hebrew,
Chaldaic,. Syriac, Persian, and Arabic
languages (1684-1734).

Least Said the soonest Mended
(The) or The Less Said . . .. Explana-
tions and apologies are quite useless, and
only make bad worse.

Leather. Wothing like leather My
interest is the best nostrum, A town, in
danger of a siege, called together a

council of the chief inhabitants to know

what defence they recommiended, A
masop, suggested. a strong wall, a ship-
builder advised ‘‘wooden walls,” and
whert others had spoken, a currier arose
and said, ‘‘There’s nothing like leather.’’

In Botallack, Cornwall, a standing
toast is Tin and Pilchards, the staples of
the town. ’

« Another version is, * Nothing like leather to
administer a thrashing ”

Leather or Prunella. It is ail
leather or prunelia. Nothing of any

moment, all. rubbish. Prunella is a,
woollen stuff, used for the uppers of
ladies’ boots and shoes. (See Satur.)
“ Worth makes the man,and want of it the fellow,
The rest is all but leather or prunella.”
Pope; Essay on Man.
Leathering. To give one a leathering
is to beat him with a leather belt, suc
as policemen wear, and boys used to
wear. (Ihe Welsh Jathen is a rod.)

Leatherstocking (Natty). The
nickname of Natty Bumpo Gr), in
Cooper’s novel, called Zhe Pioneers.
Ahalf-savage and half-Christian hero
of American wild life.

Leave in the Lurch (79).
LEFT IN THE LURCH.)

Leave out in the Cold (Zo). To
slight, to take little or no interest in'a
person; to pass by unnoticed. The
allusion is to a person calling at a-house
with a friend and the friend not being
asked to come in.

Leave some for Manners. In
Ecclesiasticus it is written:
“ Leave’ off first for manners’ sake ; and be not.
unsatiable, lest thou offend.’—Chap. xxxi. 17,
Leaves without Figs. Show of
romise without fulfilment. Words
without deeds. Keeping the. promise to
the ear and breakingit to the sense. Of
course, the. allusion is to the barren fig-
tree referred to in. Luke xiii.

Led Captain (4). An obsequious
person, who dances attendance on the
master and mistress of a house, for
which service he has a knife and fork at
the dinner table. He is led like a dog,
and always, graced with the title of.
captain.

Le’da and the Swan. This has
been a favourite subject with artists.’
In the Orléans gallery is the chef-d’-
euvre of Paul Veronese. Correggio and
Michael Angelo have both left paintings
of the same subject.

Ledger (4), A book “laid up” in
the countiug-house, and containing the
debits and credits of the merchant or
tradesman, arranged under ‘‘heads.”’
(Dutch legen, to lay; whence legger.).. .

Ledger-lines, in music, até lines
which, lie above ‘or below the staff:
(Dutch, legge, to lie.) ak

Lee. Under the lee of the land. Under
the shelter of the cliffs which break the
force of the winds, (Anglo-Saxon, Aleo,
ashelter.) . ree)

Under the lee of ¢ ship ..On the side

(See

Lee Hatch

740

Left §

ee a ass a—0—0—_—0 0 0

opposite to the wind, so that the ship
shelters or wards it off.

To lay a ship by the lee, or, in modern
nautical phraseology, to heave-to, is to
arrange the sails of a ship so that they
may lie flat against the masts and
shrouds, that, the wind may strike the
vessel broadside so that she will make
little or no headway,

Lee Hatch. Take care of the Ice
hatch. Take care, helmsman, that the
ship goes not to the leeward of her
course—i.e. the part towards which the
wind blows.

Lee Shore is the shore under the lee
of a ship, or that towards which the
wind blows. (See LEE.)

Lee-side and. Weather-side.
LEEWARD.)

Lee Tide, or Leeward Tide, is a tide
running in the same direction as the
wind blows. A tide in the opposite
- direction is called @ tide under the lee.

Leeds (a Stock Exchange term). Lan-
cashire and Yorkshire Railway Ordinary
Stock. It is the Leeds line.

The Austrian Leeds. Brinn, in Mo-
ravia, noted for its woollen cloth. So it
was called in the palmy days of Austria.

Leek. Wearing the leek on St. David's
day. Mr. Brady says St. David caused
the Britons under King Cadwallader to
distinguish themselves by a leek in their
caps. They conquered the Saxons, and
recall their victory by adopting the
leek on every anniversary (March Ist).
(Clans. Calendaria.) Wearing the leek
is obsolete. (Anglo-Saxon /eac.)

Shakespeare makes out that the Welsh
wore leeks at the battle of Poitiers, for
Fluellen says :—

“If your majesties is remembered of it, the
Welshmen did good service in a garden where
leeks did grow, wearing leeks in their Monmouth
caps, which, your majesty know, to this hour is
an honourable badge of the service ; and J do
believe your majesty takes no scorn to wear the
leek upon St. Tavy’s Day."— Henry V.iv. 7.

“To eat the ek. To be compelled to
eat your own words, or retract what
you have said. Fluellen (in Shake-
speare’s Henry V’.) is taunted by Pistol
for wearing a leek in his hat. ‘‘Hence,”’
says Pistol, ‘‘ I am qualmish at the smell
of leek.’ Fluellen replies, ‘‘I peseech

ou. .at my desire. . to eat this

eek.” The ancient answers, “‘ Not for
Cadwallader and all his goats.” Then
the peppery Welshman beats him, nor
desists till Pistol has swallowed the
entire abhorrence. A

(See

Lees. There are lees to every wine.
The best things have some defect. A
French proverb.

“Doubt is the lees of thought.” ‘
Boker : Doubt, etc., 1. 11.

Settling on the lees, Making the best
of a bad job; settling down on what is
left, after having squandered the main
part of one’s fortune.

Leet (4). A manor-court for petty
offences ; the day ou which such a court
was held. (Anglo-Saxon, lethe, a.law-
court superior to tlfe wapentake.)

“ Who has a breast so pure,
But some uncleanly apprehensions |
Keep Icets and Jaw-days and in session sit
With meditations lawful ?” s
Shakespeare: Othello, iii. 3.

Leeward and Windward. Lee-
ward is toward the lee, or that part
towards which the wind blows, wid-
ward is in the opposite direction, viz.
in the teeth of the wind, ‘* Leeward,”
pronounced lew'-erd. (See LEE.)

Lefevre. The poor lieutenant whose
story is so touchingly told in Sterne’s
Tristram Shandy book vi. chap. 6).

Left, unlucky; 2ght lucky. .The
augur among the Romans having taken
his stand on the Capit‘oline Hill, and
marked out with his wand the space of
the heavens to be the field of observa-
tion, divided the space into two from
top to bottom. If the birds appeared on
the left side of the division, the augury
was unlucky, but if the birds appedred
on the right side the augury was pro-
nounced to be favourable.

“*Hail, gentle bird, turn thy wings and fly on
my right hand!’ but the bird flew on the left
side. Then the cat grew very heavy, for he knew
the omen to be unlucky.”—Reynard the Fux, iii.

The Left, in the Legislative Assembly
of France, meant the Girondists; it was
famous for its orators. In the House of
Commons the Opposition occupies. the
left-hand side of the Speaker. In the
Austrian Assembly the democratic party
is called The Left. f

Over the left. A way of expressing,
disbelief, incredulity, or a negative.
The allusion is to morganatic marriages
(q7.v.). ‘When a woman so married
tired to be a wedded wife, she was
told that such was the case ‘‘over the
left.” (See a aya
Sinister (the left hand), meaning not
straightforward, dishonest, is far older
than morganatic marriages. The an-
cient Greek augurs considered all signs
seen by them over the left shoulder to
be unlucky; and foreboding evil to
come Plutarch, following to and

Left-handed

741

Leger

Aristotle, gives as the reason, that the
west (or left side of the augur) was
towards the setting or departing sun.

Left-handed Compliment (4). A
compliment which insinuates a reproach.
(See below.)

Left-handed Marriage. A mor-
ganat‘ic marriage (¢.v.). In these mar-
riages the husband gives his left hand to
the bride, instead of the right, when he
says, ‘‘ I take thee for my wedded wife.”’
George William, Duke of Zell, married
‘Eleanora d’Esmiers in this way, and the
lady took the name and title of Lady of
Harburg; her daughter was Sophia
Dorothe’a, the wife of George I.

Left-handed Oath (4). An oath
not intended to be binding. (See above.)

Left in the Lurch. Left to facea
great perplexity. In cribbage a lurch is
when a player has scored. only thirty
holes, while his opponent has made
sixty-one, and thus won a double.

Leg (A), that is, a blackleg (7.v.).
To make a leg, is to make a bow.
“The pursuivant smiled at their simplicitye,
* And making many leggs, tooke their reward.”
The King and Miller of Mansfield.

Leg-bail Arunaway. To give leg-

bat, to cut and run.

_Leg-bye (A), in cricket, is a run
scored from a ball which has glanced off
any part of a batsman’s person except
his hand,

Leg of Mutton School (The)... So
Eckhart called those authors who lauded
their patrons in prose or verse, under
the hope of gaining a commission, a
living, or, at the very least, a dinner for
their pains.

Legs. On his lege. . Mr. So-and-So
is on his legs, has risen to make a speech,

On its last legs. _Moribund ; obsolete ;
ready to fall out of cognisance.

To set on his legs. So to provide for
one that he is able to earn his living
without further help.

To stand on one’s own legs. To be in-

| dependent: to be earning one’s. own

living: Of course, the allusion is to
being nursed, and standing ‘‘alone.’’
(See Bottom.) c;

Legal Tender (4). The circulating
medium of a nation, according to a
standard fixed by the government of
that nation. It may be in metal, in
paper, or anything else that the govern-
ment may choose to sanction. In Eng-

land, at present. (1895), the standard is.

aoiblidy lac

a gold sovereign, guaranteed of a fixed
purity. In some countries it is silver,
and in some countries the two precious
metals are made to bear a relative value,
say twenty silver: shillings. (or their
equivalents) shall equal in commercial
value a gold soverei In Germany,
before 1872, a very base’ silver was. a
legal tender, and in Ireland James II.
made a farthing the legal tender repre-
sented by an English shilling, so that
5d. was really a legal tender for a
sovereign. Of course,-export and im:
port trade would not be possible under
such conditions,

Legem Pone, Money paid down
on the nail; ready money. The first of
the psalms appointed to be read on the
twenty-fifth morning of the month. is
entitled Legem pone,.and March .2dth is
the great. pay-day; in this way the
phrase ‘‘ Legem pone’? became associated
with cash down,

“In.this there is nothing to be abated ;.all their
speech is legem pone.” — Minshall: Essaycs
Prison, p, 26.

“They were all in our service for the legem pone,"
Ozell; Rabelais,
Legend means simply ‘‘ something to
be read’’ as part, of the divine service.
The narratives of the lives of saints and
martyrs were so termed from their being
read, especially: at matins, and ‘after
dinner in the refectories, Exaggeration
and a love for the wonderful so pre-
dominated in these readings, that the
word came to signify’ the untrue, -or
rather, an event based on tradition. ~~
“A myth isa pure and absolute imagination; a
legend has a basis of fact, but amplifies, abridges,
or modifies that basis at pleasure.'’—Iawwlingon:
Historic Evidences, lecture ij. p, 231, note 2, *
Legend of a Coin is that which is.
written round the face of a coin.. Thus,
on a shilling, the legend is round the
head of the reigning sovereign; -as,
‘VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITT:
REGINA F: D:” (or “BRITANNIAR:
REG: F: D:), The words. ‘*ONE:
SHILLING”? on the other side of ‘the’
coin,» written ‘across it, we denominate
the ‘‘inscription.’’ tet

Legen’da Au'rea, by Jacques deVora-
gine. A collection of monkish legends
in Latin. (1230-1298.) facie”

The Golden Legend, of Longfellow, is
a semi-dramatic poem taken from an
old ‘German: tale by Hartmann von der
Aur, called..Poor Henry. (Twelfth
centuryi): «o silgel « i dsowol

Leger. St. Leger Stakes (Doncaster) ;
so called from Colonel Anthony St.
Leger, who founded them in 1776... The

SW Ti9GSG 2 CF gi) an)

WG ’

Ca

Leger-de-Main i

49 Temnian Deed

rr

colonel was governor of St, Lucia, and
cousin of the Hon. Elizabeth St. Leger
(the lady Freemason).

The St. Leger Stakes are for both
colts and mares. ‘Those which have
run in the Derby or Oaks are eligible.

Leger-de-Main. Sleight of hand;
conjuring which depends chiefly on
lightness of hand, or dexterity.

Legion. “My name is Legion : for we
ore many" (St. Mark v, 9). A proverbial
expression somewhat similar to hydra-
headed. Thus, speaking of the houseless

oor we should say, ‘“‘ Their name is

gion ;"’ go also we shotild say of the

disease’ arising from want of cleanliness,
the evils of ignorance, and so on.

The Thundering Legion. The Roman
legion that discomfited the Marcomanni
in 179 is so ¢alled, because (ab the legend
informs us) 4 thunderstorm was sent in
answer to the prayers of certain Chris-
tians; this storm relieved the thirst of
the legion. In like manner a hail-storin
was sent to the aid of Joshua, at the
time when he commanded the sun _to
stay its course, and assisted the Israelites
to their victory. (Dion Cassius, xxi. 8.
(See Joshua x. 10-12.)

Lezion of Honour. An order of
merit instituted by the First Consul in
1802, for either military.or civil merit.
In 1843 there were 49,417 members, but
fn.1851 one new member was elected for
évery two extinct ones, so that the
thonouf was no longer a mere farce,

Napoleon III. added a lower order of
this Legion, called the Médaille Militaire,
the ribbon of which was yellow, not red.
The old Legion consisted of Grand
Cross, Grand Officers, Commanders,
Officers, and Chevaliers, and the ribbon
of the order was-red.

“The Legion of Honour gives pensions to its
military members, and free education to some
four hundred of the daughters, sisters, and nieces
of its members.”

Legislator or Solon of Parnassns.
Boileau was so called by Voltaire, be-
cause.of his Art of Poetry, a production
“unequalled in the whole range of
didactic poetry. (1636-1711.)

» Leglin-girth. To cast a leglin-girth.

To have “‘a screw loose ;’’ to have made
a faux pas; to have one’s reputation
blown upon. A. leglin-girth is. the
lowest hoop of a leglin or milk-pail.
(See. Sir Walter Scott; Fortunes of
Nigel, chap. xxii):

-Liegree. A slave-dealer in Uncle
Tom's Cabin, by Mrs, Beecher Stowe,

Leibnitz-ism or Leibnitzian-ism.
The doctrines taught by G. W. von
Leibnitz, the German philosopher (1646-
1716). The opposite of Spinosa-ism.
Spinédsa taught that whatever is, is God
manifested by phenomena. The light
and warmth of the sun, the refreshing
breeze, space, and’ every visible object,
is only deity in detail. That God, in
fact, is one and all.

Leibnitz, on the other hand, taught
that phenomena are separate from deity,
as “body is from soul; but although
separate, that there is between them a
pre-established harmony, “The electri-
city which runs along a telegraph wire
is not the message, but it gives birth to
the message by pre-established harmony.

So all things obey God’s will, not be-

cause they are identical, but on account
of this pre-established harmony.

Leicdster (pron. Des’ter) is the camp-
town on the river Leire, which is now
called the Soar

Leicester Square (London), So
called from a family mansion of the
Sydneys, Earls of Leicester, which stood
on the north-east side.

“The Earl of Leicester, father of Algernon
Sidney the patriot ... built for bimself a stately
house at the north-east corner of a square plot
of ‘Lammas Land,’ belonging to the parish of St.
Martin‘s, which plot henceforth became known to
Londoners as Leicester Fields. A square gradu-
ally grew up on the spot, and was completed ip
1671."—Cassell's Magazine, London Legends, x

Leigh (Avrora) (pron. Lee). The
heroine of Mrs. Browning’s poem so
called, designed to show the noble aim
of true art.

Leijlah [Zi-/ah]. A beautiful young
slave, the concubine of Hassan,. Caliph
of the Ottoman Empire. She falls in
love with the Giaour, flees from the
seraglio, is overtaken by an emir, and
cast into the sea. (Byron: The Giaour.)

Lely (Sir Peter), the painter, was the
son of Vander Vaas or Faes, of West-
phalia, whose house had a lily for its
sion. Both father and son went by the
nickname of Le-lys (the Lily), a sobri-
quet which Peter afterwards adopted
as his cognomen.

Le’man (Lake), Geneva, called in
Latin Lemannus, hn ;

“Lake Leman woos me with its crystal face.”
_ bord Byron: Childe Harold, iii. 68.

Lemnian Deed (4). One of unusual

barbarity and cruelty. The phrase arose
| from two horrible massacres }

perpetrated
by the Lemnians: the first was the
murder of all the men and male children

Lemnian Earth

43

Leonine. Contract

on the island by the women; and the
other was the murder by the men
of all the children born in the island of
Athenian parents,

Lem(‘nian Earth. A species of earth
of a yellowish-grey colour, found in
the island of Lemnos, said to cure the
bites of serpents and other wounds.
It was called éerra sigilla'ta, because it
was sealed by the priest before being
vended. Philocte’tés was left at Lemnos
when wounded in the foot by Herculés.

Lemnian Women (Tie). A some-
what similar story is told of these women
to that of the Danaidés (¢.v.). When
they found that their husbands liked the
Thracian women better than themselves,
they agreed together to murder every
man in the island. Hypsiph’yl saved
her father, and was sold to some pirates
as a slave.

Lemnos. The island where Vulcan
fell when Jupiter flung him out of
heaven. Probably it was at one tim>
volcanic, though not so now.

Lemon Soles, which abound on the
south coast of England and about Mar-
seilles. Lemon is # corruption of the
French limande, a dab or flat-fish. The
‘*flounder-sole.’””? There are several
varieties, (Latin ima, mud.)

- Lemster Ore. Fine wool, of which
Leominster carpets are made.
“A bank of moss,
int and swelling, and far more
Soft, than the finest Lemster ore.”
Herrick: Oberoe’s Palace.
Lem’ures (3 syl.).. The spirits of
the dead. Good lem’ures were called
Lares, but bad ones Larve, spectres
who wandered about at night-time to
terrify the living. (Ovid- Fasti, v.)
“The lars and lemures moan with midnight
plaint.” Milton : Ode on the Nativity.
Lend a Hand. (See Hanp.)

Length (4). Forty-two lines. This
is a theatrical term; an actor says he
has one, two, or more lengths in his
' part, and, if written out for him, the
scribe is paid by the length.

Length-month. (Sce LEent.)

Lens (Latin, a lentil or bean). Glasses
used in mathematical instruments are so
called because the double convex one,
which may be termed the perfect lens,
is of a bean shape.

Lenson. 4s much akin as Lenson

Dorsetshire, called by sailors the Cow
and Calf. Out at sea they look like one
elevation, though in reality several hills
separate them.

Lent (Anglo-Saxon, lencten), Leneten-
tid (spring-tide) was the Saxon’ name
for March, because in this month'there
is a manifest tengthening of the days.
As the chief part of the great fast falls
in March, this period of fast received
the name of the Lencten-festen, or Lent.
It is from Ash Wednesday to Easter.

* The Fast of thirty-six days was
introduced in the fourth century. Felix
III. added four more days in 487, to
make it correspond with our Lord’s fast
in the wilderness.

Galeazzo’s Lent. A form of torture
devised by Galeazzo Visconti, calculated
to prolong the unfortunate victim’s life
for forty days.

Lent Lily (The).
blooms in Lent.

Lenten. Frugal, stinted, as food in
Lent. Shakespeare has ‘‘lenten enter-
tainment’’ (Hamlet, ii. 2); ‘a lenten
answer’? (Twelfth Night, i. 5); “a
lenten pye ’’.(Romeo and Juliet, ii. 4).

“ And with a lenten salad cooled her blood:*

Oryden: Hind and Panther, iii, 27.

Leod’ogrance, of Camiliard, the father

of Guinevere, wife of King Arthur.

Le’on (in Orlando Furioso), son of
Constantine, the Greek emperor, is pro-
mised Bradamant in marriage by her
parents, Amon and Beatrice; but Brad-
amant loves Roge’ro. By-and-by a
friendship springs up between Leon and
Rogero, and when the prince learns that
Bradamant and Roge’ro are betrothed to
each other, he nobly withdraws his suit,
and Rogero marries Bradamant.

The daffodil, which

Leonard. A real scholar, forced for
daily bread to keep a common school,
(Crabbe: Borough, letter xxiv.)

St. Leonard is usually represented in
a deacon’s dress, and holding chains or
broken fetters in his hand, in allusion to
his untiring zeal in releasing: prisoners.
Contemporary with Clovis. ’

Leonidas of Modern Greece.
Marco Bozzaris, who with 1,200 men
Be to rout 4,000 Turco-Albanians,. at

erpenisi, but was killed in the: attack
(1823). _He was buried at Missolonghi..

Le’onine Contract. A one-sided
agreement ; so called in allusion to the

> hill to Pilsen pin ; i.e. not at all. Lenson

ul to. Pibse fable of The Inon and his Fellow-
hill and Pilsen pin are two high hills in a

Hunters. (See GLAvous.) e

‘4

/
¥

Leonine Verses 744
a ee

Le‘onine Verses, properly speaking,
are either hexaineter verses, or alternate
hexameter and pentameter verses, rhym-
ing at the middle and end of each re-
spective line. These fancies were common
in the 12th century, and were so called
from Leoninus, a canon of the Church
of St. Victor, in Paris, the inventor.
In English verse, any metre which
rhymes middle and end is called a
Leonine verse. One of the most noted
specimens celebrates the tale of a
Jew, who fell into a pit on Saturday.and
refused to be helped out, because if was
his Sabbath. His comrade, being a
Christian, refused to aid him the day
following, because it was Sunday :—

i 19 Nie manus, Salomon, ego te de stercore
bitbata nostra colo, de stercore surgere nolo,
Sabbata nostra quidem Salomon celebrabis

abidem,””

Hexameters and pentameters.

‘Help for you out of this mire ; here, give me
your hand, Hezekiah.”
“Ho! 'tis the Sabbath, a time labour's accounted
a crime. t
If on the morrow you've leisure, your aid I'll
accept with much pleasure,” f
“That will be my Sabbath, so, bere I will leave
youand go.” £, 0. B.
Leonnoys, Leonnesse, or Lyon-
nesse, A mythical country, contiguous

to Cornwall.

Leono’ra, wife of Fernando Flores-
tan, a state prisoner in Seville. (Beeth-
soven: Fidelio, an: opera.) . (See Frr-
NANDO.)
.., Leonora. A princess who fell in love
with Manri’co, the, supposed son of
Azucen’a the gipsy. The Conte di Luna
was in love with her, and, happening to
get Manrico and his reputed mother
nto; his power, condemned them to
death. Leonora interceded for Manrico,
and promised the count if he would
spare his life to ‘‘ give herself to him.”
The count consented; and went to the

rison to: fulfil, his promise, when

eonora fell dead from the effect of
poison which she had sucked from a
riog.~ Manrico, perceiving this, died
also. (Verdi: Il Trovatore, an opera.)
. Leonora de Guzman. The mistress or
“favourite” of Alfonso XI, of Castile:
Ferdinando, not knowing who she was,
fell in Jove with her; and Alfonso, to
save himself from’ excommunication and
reward Ferdinando for services, gave
them in marriage to each other. No
sooner was this done than the bride-
groom, hearing who his bride . was,
indignantly rejected her, and became a
monk. Leonora entered the same mon-
astery as a novice, made herself known

Lerna

to Ferdinando, obtained his forgiveness,
and died. (Donizetti: La Favorita, an
opera.) :

Leon'tes (3 syl.), King of Sicilia,
invited his friend Polix’enés, King of
Bohemia, to pay him a visit, and being
seized with jealousy, ordered Camillo to
poison him. Camillo told Polixenes of
the king’s jealousy, and fled with him
to Bohemia. The flight of Polixenes
increased the anger of Leontes against
Hermi‘one, his virtuous queen, whom he
sent to prison, where.she was. confined
of a daughter Cer ai, and it was
reported that she had died in giving
birth to the child. Per’dita, by order
of the jealous king, was put away that
she might be no more heard of as his;
but, being abandoned in Bohemia, she

_was discovered by a shepherd, who

brought her up as his own child. In
time, Florizel, the son and heir of
Polixenes, under the assumed name of
Doriclés, fell in love with Perdita; but
Polixenes, hearing of this attachment,
sternly forbade the match. The two
lovers, under the charge of Camillo, fled
to Sicily, where the mystery was cleared
up, Leontes and Hermione re-united, and
all. ‘‘went merry as a marriage bell.’’
(Shakespeare : Winter's Tale.)

Leopard, in Christian art, is em-
ployed to represént that beast spoken of
in the Apocalypse with seven heads and
ten horns ; six of the horns bear a nimbus,
but the seventh, being ‘*wounded to
death” lost its power, and consequently

has no nimbus.

Leopard, in heraldry, represents those
brave and generous warriors who have
performed some bold enterprise with
force, courage, promptitude, and ac-
tivity.

Leopards. So the French designate
the English, because their heralds
describe our device as a lion leopardé.
Bertrand du Guesclin, ‘the famous
Breton, declared that men “devoyent
bien honorer la noble Fleur-de-lis, plus
qwils ne faisaient le felon Liépard.’

Lepracaun. The fairy shoemaker.
(Irish leith-bhrogan, from: leith-brog,
one-shoe maker, so called because he-is
always seen working at a single'shoe.) .

“Do you not catch the tiny clamour, |
Busy click of an elfih hammer. .
Voice of the Lepracaun singing shrill,
As he merrily plies his trade?” | er
W. B. Yeats: Fairy and Folk Tales, p. R.

Lerna.. 4 Lerna of ills ‘(malo'rum.

Lerna), A very great evil, Lake Lerna.

Les Anguilles

745

Letter

is where Hercules destroyed the hydra
which did incalculable evil to Argos, -
“Spain was a Lerna of ills to all Europe while
tt aspired to universal monarchy.”—P, Motteaux :
Preface to Rabelais.
- Les Anguilles de Melun. Crying
out before you are hurt. When the
Mystery of St. Bartholomew was per-
formed at Melun, one Languille took
the character of the saint, but when the
executioner came to ‘‘ flay him alive,”
got nervous and began to shriek in
earnest. ‘The audience were in hysterics
at the fun, and shouted out, Languille
erie avant geo Vécorche,” and * Les
anguilles de Melun” passed into a French
proverb.

Lesbian Poets (Zhe). Terpan’der,
Alcz’us, Arion, and the poetess Sappho,
all of Lesbos,

Lesbian Rule (Zhe). A post facto
law. Making an act the precedent for
arule of conduct, instead of squaring
conduct according to law

Lese Majesty. (Sce Lrzz Maszsty.)

Les‘’sian Diet. Great abstinence; so
called from Lessius, a physician who

rescribed very stringent rules for diet,
PSee BANTING.)

Les'trigons. <A race of giants who
lived in Sicily. Ulysses sent two of his
men to request that he and his crew
might land, but the king of the place ate
one for dinner and the other fled. The
Lestrigons assembled on the coast. and
threw stones against Ulysses and his

crew. Ulysses fled with all speed, but .

lost’ many of his-men. There is con-
siderable resemblance between this tale
and that of Polypheme, who ate one of
Ulysses’ companions, and on the flight
of the rest assembled with other giants
on the shore, and threw stones at the
retreating crew, whereby several were
killed.

Let, to permit, is the Anglo-Saxon
let-an, to suffer or permit; but Jet (to
hinder) is the verb /ett-an. It is a pity
we have dropped the second ¢ in the
latter word.

“ Oftentimes I purposed to come unto you, but
was (have been] let hitherto.”—Romans i. 18.

Let Drive (7°). To attack; to fall
foul of. A Gallicism. ‘‘ Se daisser aller
a.» .’—1.e. to go without restraint.

“hou knowest my old ward ; here I [Falstaff]
lay, and thus I bore my point. Four rogues in
buckram let drive at me. .. These four came
all a-front, and mainly thrust at me.” — Shake-
speare: 1 Henry IV., ii. 4.

Let us Eat and Drink; for to-
_ shall Die (Isaiah xxii. 13).

The Egyptians in their banquets ex-
hibited a skeleton to the guests, to
remind them of the brevity of human
life, saying as they did so, ‘‘ Let us eat
and drink, for to-morrow we die.”’
Leth’e (2 syl.), in Greek mythology,
isons: of the rivers of Hadés, which
the souls of all the dead are obliged to
taste, that they may forget everything
said ‘and done in the earth on which
they lived. (Greek /étho, lathZo, lanthano,
to cause persons not to know.)
Lethe’an Dew. Dreamy forgetful-
ness; a brown study. Lethé, in my-

. thology, is the river of forgetfulness.

Sometimes incorrectly called Le'thean.

“ The soul with tender luxury you (Muses) fill,
Ando’er the senses Lethean dews distill.”

Falconer: The Shipwreck, iii, 4.

Letter-Gae., The precentor is called

by Allen Ramsay ‘‘The Letter-gae of

haly rhyme.” .‘‘ Holy rhyme” means

hymns or chants.

“There were no sae mony hairs on the warlock’s
face as there's on Letter-gae’sain at tbismoment."
—Sir W Scott: Guy Mannering, chap. xi,

Letter-lock, A lock that cannot be
opened unless certain chosen letters are
arranged in a certain order,

“A strange lock that opens with AMEN,"
Beaumont and Fletcher ; Noble Gentleman.

Letter of Credit. A letter written
by a merchant or banker to another, re-
questing him to credit the bearer with
certain sums of money, Crrcular Notes
are letters of credit carried by gentlemen
when they travel.

Letter of Licence (4). An instru-
ment in writing made by.a creditor,
allowing a debtor longer time for the
payment of his debt, 4

Letter of Marque, A commission
authorising a privateer to make reprisals
on a hostile nation till satisfaction for
injury has been duly made. Here
‘(marque ’’ means march, or marca, a
border-land (whence our ‘‘ marquis,”
the lords appointed to prevent border-
incursions). A letter of marque or mart
was permission given for reprisals after
aborder-incursion. Called jus marchium,

Letter of Orders (4). A certificate
that the person named in the letter has
been admitted into holy orders,

Letter of Pythag oras (7/iie).
Greek upsilon, y .

Ly EL placed themselves in the order and figuré
ot ¥, the letter of Pythagoras, as cranes do in
their flight.”"—Rabvelais ; Pantagruel, iv, 33.

‘Letter of Safe Conduct, A writ
under the Great Seal, guaranteein
safety to and fro to the person name

The

ip the passport.

Letter

746

Lettera

Letter of Uriah (2 Sam, xi. 14). A.

treacherous letter of friendship, but in
reality a death-warrant. (See BELLER-
OPHON.)

“ However, sir, here is a guarantee. -Look at its
contents; I do not again carry the letters of
Uriah."—Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet, chap. xvi.

Letters. Their proportionate use is
as follows :—

Ez 1,000 | H 540) F .. 236} K +. 88
T 770|R 58/W.. Wolt . 55
A 723/D .. 302; Y .. 184 g ee)
1 704 | Lu 360] P .. 168 p> 6
8 6:0)U .. 206/@ .. 168/Z %. 22
0) 67z2|C .. 280]B .. 158 ty

N 670|M .. 272]V .. 1%

Consonants, 5,977. Vowels, 3,400.

As initial letters the order id very

different, the proportion being :—

a

S «+ 1194|M .- > 480/ W ..” 272 2 - 68
C ow O87)F «.. 388/G «- 266 ow «47
y2 B04} 1I - oe B77, U_ + 228) XY «- 23
A. 574} BH +e B40] O oe 206) Z 18
T . S2)/H «. 30) V pee 172) X + 4
Dp. 50 |L .- 298)N¥%.. 153

B . 4031 R-.. WLI IT “ee 69

« ¢&

te. ae . .
‘: Eis the most common letter (except in ini-

es and 7, 4, t, d, are the most common final
yee aare the only single letters which make
words. Perhaps 0,as a sign of the vocative case,
should be added. Of two letters, an, at,and on
are the most common, and of three letters the and
and. (See LONG WORDS.) « ;

Letters.
were invented by Abraham.’

Many attribute the invention to Bada-
manth, the Assyrian.

Blaiv says they were invented by
Memnon, the Egyptian, B.o. 1822.

The same authority says that Menés
invented hieroglyphics, and wrote in
them a history of Egypt, B.c. 2122..

Josephus asserts that he had seen in-
scriptions by Seth, son of Adam,

Lucan says :—

“ Pheni’cés primi, fame si creditur, Aust
Mansu’ram ru/dibus vocem signa’re figu’ris.”
harsalia, iii. 220.

Sir Richard Philips says—‘‘ Thoth, the
Egyptian who invented current writing,
lived between B.o. 2806 and 3000.” «
Many maintain that Jehovah taught
men written characters when He in-
scribed on stone the ten commandments.

Of course, all these assertions have a

similar value to mythology and fable,
Cadmos, the Phoenician, introduced
sixteen of the Greek letters. ,
Simon‘idés introduced 1, », €; and
Epicarmos introduced 9, x. At least, so
says Aristotle, (See LACEDEMONIAN
Lerrer, and Lerrer oF PYTHAGORAS.)

Father of Letters (Pere des Lettres).
Francois I, of France (1494, 1515-1547).

Lorenzo de’ Medici, the #Magnificent
(1448-1492),

Philo affirms ‘that letters

4A man of letters._ A man of learning,
of erudition.

Letters . expletive, and .marks, on
letters.

In French there are two letters expletive—I and
t. The former, called ‘2 epbelcystic,’ is placed
before on if the Bray ery word ends with @
vowel, as si-l-on. The latter is called “¢euphon-
istic,” and is used in interrogative sentences be.
tween the third person singular of verbs ending
with a vowel, and a pronoun beginning with a
vowel, a8 gelle-t-il ? a-t-elle?

The chief accents are the grave (), acute -()
and circumflex (").

Two dots over the latter of two vowels (called
dicresis), signify that each vowel isto be sounded,
as Aét/ius (4 syL.).

A hyphen between two or more nouns or syle
lables denotes that they form a compound word,
as mother-in-law. Thehyphen in French is called
a “trait d'union,” as traige.

In French, the mark (€,) under the letter ¢ is
called a cedilla, and signifies that the c (which
would otherwise be = k) is to be pronounced like
8, a8 ¢a (sah), and garfon (garson). \

_A small comma (‘) over an a, 0, or u, in Scan-
dinavian languages, is called an wmlanu, and a
vowel so marked is called an umlaute (3 syl.).

(“or”) over the vowel o in German, is calleda
zweipunct (2 syl.), and gives the vowel the sound
of.a French eu,as in peu, etc. ; but over the vowel
w it gives it the sound of the French u in dat

* Letters Missive. An order from the
Lord Chancellor to a peer to put in an
appearance to a bill filed in chancery.

Letters Overt.» The same ds letters
patent (q.v.).

Letters Patent. So denominated
because they are’ written upon open
sheets of parchment, with the seal of
the bh or party by whom they
were issued pendent at the bottom.
Close letters are folded up and sealed
on the outside. (Sir Thomas Duffus
Hardy.)

Letters at the Foot of a Page.
Printers affix a letter to the first page of
each sheet ; these letters are eat sig
natures. They begin with B, and some-
times, but not always, omit J, Vv, W,
a is reserved for the title and preface,
After z, the alphabet is used double—
thus, 4 A or 2 a—and then trebled, quad-
rupled, etc.,, as necessity demands.
Sometimes figures, 1, 2, 3, ete., are used
instead of letters. (See SHEET.)

‘Letters of Administration. . The

- legal instrument granted by the Probate

Court to a person appointed adminis-
trator to one who has died intestate,

Letters of Bellerophon,
BELLEROPHON.) | - ;
Letters of Horning, (See under
Horn, Horns.) one
Letters of Junius, (See JUNIUS.)
Letters’ of the Sepulchre. The
laws made by Gadfzey and the Patriarchs

(See

4

a

Lettre de Cachet

{47

Levellers

of the court of Jerusalem. There were
two codes, one respecting the privileges
of the nobles, and the other respecting
the rights and duties of the burghers.
They were kept. in a coffer laid up in the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

Lettre de Cachet. (French). An
arbitrary warrant of imprisonment; a
letter folded and sealed with the king’s
cachet or little seal. These were secret
instructions to the person addressed to

roceed against someone named in the
etter. The pHi Sees of police
kept an unlimited number of these in-
struments, and anyone, for a ¢énsidera-
tion, could obtain one, either to conceal
@ criminal or to incarcerate someone
obnoxious. This power was abolished
in the Revolution.

Lettre de Jérusalem. A_letter
written to extort money. (See Vidocg:
Les Voleurs, i. 240-253.

Leuca‘dia or Leucas. The promon-
tory from which desponding lovers threw
themselves into the sea, Sappho threw
herself from this rock when she found
her love for Phaon was in vain.

“ Thence injured lovers, leaping from above,

Their flames extinguish, and forget to love.”

Pope: Sappho:to Phaon.

Leucippus (Greek, Leukippos).
Founder of the Atomistic School of
Greek philosophy (about B.c. 428).

Leucoth’ea "hoes Goddess}. So
Ino was called after she became a sea-
pamiph, Her son Palemon, called by
the Romans’Portu’nus, or Portumnus,
was the protecting genius of harbours,

“ By Leucothea’s lovely hands,
And ber son who rules the strands!”
Milton; Comus, 896-7,

Leuh. The register of the Recording
Angel, in which he énters all the acts of
the member of the human race. (Ac-
cording to the Koran.)

Lev’ant and Couchant. Applied to
cattle which have strayed into another’s
field, and have been there long enough
to lie down and sleep. The owner of
the field can demand compensation- for
such intrusion. (Latiu, ‘‘levantes et
eubantes,” rising up and going to bed.)

Lev'ant and Ponent Winds. The
east wind is the Lev’ant, and the west
wind the Ponent. The former is from
devo, to rise (sunrise), and the latter from
pono, to set (sunset).

“ Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent winds.”
. Milton: Paradise Lost, x. 704.

Levant, the region, strictly speaking, means the
astern shore of tthe» Mediterranean ; but. is often
applied to the whole East,

Levant’. He has levan'ted—i.c. made
off, decamped.. A fevan'ter is one who
makes a bet, and runs away without
paying his betif heloses. (Spanish ‘ /e-
vantar el campo, la casa,’’ to break up
the camp or house; our eave.

In the Slang Dictionary, p. 214, we
are told that ‘“‘it was formerly the
custom, when a person was in pecuniary
difficulties, to give out that he was gone
to the Levant.’’ Hence, when one lost a
bet and could not or would not pay, he
was said to have levanted—i.e. gone to
the Levant. Of no historic value.

Levée, Levée en masse (French). A
aha rising of a whole nation to

efend their country from invasion.

The Queen’s Levée. It was customary
for the queens of France to receive at
the hour of their levée —i.c. while
making their toilet-—the visits of certain
noblemen. This custom was afterwards
demanded as a right by the court physi-
cians, messengers from the king, the
queen’s secretary, and some few other
gentlemen, so that ten or more persons
were often in the dressing-room while
the queen was making her toilet and
sipping her coffee. The word is now
used to express that concourse of gentle-
men who wait on the queen on mornings
appointed. No ladies except those
attached to the court are present on
these occasions.

7 Kings and some nobles have their
levées sometimes of an evening.

“ When I was yery young (said Lord Eldon to
Mrs. Forster) Lord Mansfield used to hold levées
on Sunday evenings.”—Twiss: Lord Eldon, vol. i.
chap. v. p. 68.

Level Best. Zo do one's level best.
To exert oneself to the utmost. Au gré
de nos pouvoirs. In 1877 Mr, Hale pub-
lished a book entitled His Level Best.

Level Down. To bring society, taxes,
wages, etc., to an equality by reducing
all to the lowest standard,

Level Up (Zo). To raise the lower
strata of society, or standard of wages,
etc., to the level of the higher.

Levellers. (April, 1649.) A body of
men that first appeared in Surrey, and
went about pulling down park polings
and levelling hedges, especially those on

crown lands. olonel Lilburne was

‘lodged in prison for favouring the Level-

lers, (See LILBURNE.)

Levellers. Radicals in the time of
Charles I. and the Commonwealth, who
wanted all men to be placed-on a level
with respect to their eligibility to office, _

Levellers

748 Libel

Levellers (in Irish History), 1740.
Agrarian agitators, afterwards called
Whiteboys (g.v.). Their first offences
were levelling the hedges of enclosed
commons; but their ve ot pa deve-
loped into a demand for the general
redress of all agrarian grievances.

Lever de Rideau, A light and short
dramatic sketch placed on the stage while
the manager is preparing to introduce
his drama for the night, or ‘‘draw up
the curtain ”’ on the real business.

“An attempt to pack a romantic tragedy into
the space filled by an ordinary lever de ridean,”—
Nineteenth Century, Dec., 1892, p. 964,

Lev’eret. A younghare. _The Duke
d@’Epernon always swooned at the sight
of a deveret, though he was not affected
ifthe saw ahare. (See Fox.)

Levi'athan. The crocodile, or some
extinct sea monster, described in the
Book of Job (chap. xii.). It sometimes
in Scripture designates Pharaoh, King of
Egypt, as in Psa. Ixxiv. 14, Isa. xxvii. 1,

_and Ezek. xxix. 3, etc., where the word
is translated ‘‘ dragon.”

The Leviathan of Literature. Dr.
Johnson (1709-1784).

Lev'ites (2 syl.). In Dryden’s Absa-
lom and Achitophel, means the Dissent-
ing clergy who were expelled by the Act
of Conformity.

Levit’ical. Belonging to the Levites
or priestly tribe of Levi; pertaining to
the Jewish priesthood, as the Levitical
law, Levitical rites.

Lewd (Anglo-Saxon, /eéde) simply
means folk in general, verb leod-an, The
presént meaning refers to the celibacy of
the clergy.

“ All thata lewd man bath need to knawe for
hele of sow].”—Casxton Society's Publications.

Lewis (Monk). (See Monk.)

Lewis Baboon. Louis XIV. of
France is so called in Arbuthnot’s His-
tory of John Bull. Of course, there is
a play upon the word Bourbon.

Lewkner’s Lane. _Now~ called
‘¢ Charles Street,’’ Drury Lane, London,

always noted for ladies of the pavement. —

*“The fymphs of chaste Diana’s train
The same with those of Lewkner’s Lane.”
Butler: Hudibras, part iii. canto 1.

' Lex non Scripta. The common law,
as distinguished from the statute or
written law. Common law does not
- derive its force from being recorded, and
_though its several provisions have been
compiled and printed, the compilations
are not statutes, but simply remem-
brancers.

Lex Talio‘nis (Latin). Tit for tat;
the law of retaliation. ;

Leyden Jar or Phial. A glass
vessel partly coated, inside and out, with
lead-foil, and u%ed in electrical experi-
ments to receive accumulated electricity ;
invented by Vanleigh, of Leyden.

Leze Majesty. High treason; i.e.
“* Crimen lese Majestatis.””

Li-Flambe. The banner of Clovis
miraculously displayed to him in the
skies. (Sce Toans,)

Lia-fail (of Ireland). The Fatalé
Marmor or Stone of Destiny. On, this
stone the ancient Irish kings sat at their
coronation, and according to tradition,
wherever that stone might be the people
there would be dominant, ' It was re-
moved to Scone; and Edward removed
it from Scone Abbey to London. It is
kept in Westminster Abbey under tho
royal throne, on which the English
sovereigns sit at their coronation, (See
Coronation CHarr, SCONE.)

Liak’ura (3 syl.). Parnassus.

“ But where is he that hath heheld
The peak of Liakura unveiled.”
Byron: The Giaour.

Liar (Zhe). Al Aswad, who set him-
self up as a prophet against Mahomet.
He was called the Weathercock because he
changed his creed so often, the Impostor,
and the Liar.

Moseilma, another contemporary, who
affirmed that the ‘‘belly is the seat of

‘the soul.’” He wrote to Mahomet, and’

began his letter: “From Moseilma,
prophet of Allah, to Mahomet, prophet
of Allah,’’ and received for answer a
letter beginning thus: ‘‘ From Mahomet
the prophet of God, to Moseilma the
Liar.’”’? (Anglo-Saxon, Jeég-an, to tell a
falsehood ; but to be recumbent is ieg-an
or lig-an.)

Prince of Liars, Ferdinand Mendez
Pinto, a Portuguese traveller, whose
narrative is so much after Munchausen’s
style, that Cervantesdubbed him ‘‘ Prince
of Liars.’? The Tatler called him a man
‘‘of infinite adventure and unbounded
imagination.”

Li’bel means a little book (Latin,
lidellus). A lampoon, a satire, or any
defamatory writings. a meant
a plaintiff’s statement of his case, which
usually ‘‘defames”’ the defendant.

The greater the truth, the greater the
libel. The dictum of William Murray,
Earl of Mansfield (1704-1798)... '

“Dost not know that old Mansfield, who writes
Bayes Sine more ‘tis ® tenth. sir. the more ‘tis
ys: ©The more 'tis& truth. sir. the
a libel'?” : Burns.

Liber Albus

749

Libitina

' Li’ber Albus contains the laws and
customs of the city of London, compiled
in 1419, by John Carpenter, town clerk.

Liber Niger or The Black Book of
the Exchequer, compiled by Gervase of
Tilbury, in the reign of Henry II. It is
a roll of the military tenants.

Liberal Arts. Book-learning (Latin,
liber); viz., Grammar, Rhetoric, Philo-
sophy, Arithmetic, Geometry, Astron-
omy, and Music.

Liberal Unionists or Jory Demo-
crats. ‘Those Conservatives or Tories
who have a strong bias towards demo-
cratic measures,

Liberal Unionists. Those Whigs
and Radicals who united, in 1886, with
Lord Salisbury and the Conservative
party to oppose Home Rule for Ireland.

- Gladstone had brought.in a Bill to
give the Irish Home Rule. Lord Hart-
ington was chief of the Whigs, and Mr.
Chamberlain chief of the Radicals, who
seceded from Mr. Gladstone’s party.

Lib’erals. A political term first em-
pire in'1815, when Lord Byron and
his friends set on foot the periodical
called The Liberal, to represent their
views in politics, religion, and literature.
The word, however, did not come into

eral use till about 1831, when the
eform Bill, in Lord Grey’s Ministry,
gave it prominence.

“Influenced ina great degree by the philosophy
and the politics of the Continent, they [the Whigs]
endeavoured to substiLute’ cosmopolitan for
sational principles, and they baptised the new
scheme of politics with the plausible name of
“Liberalism.” ”"—Disraeli, June 24, 1872,

Lib’erator (Zhe). The Peruvians so
call Simon Bolivar, who established the
independence of Peru. ._ (1785-1831.)
Daniel O’Connell was so: called, because
he tried to sever Ireland from England,
(1775-1847.)

_ Liberator of the world. So. Dr.
Franklin has been called. (1706-1790.)

‘Liberia. An independent republic of
western Africa settled by free negroes.

| Libertines. A sect of heretics in
' Holland, led by Quinton a factor, and
Copin. They: maintained that nothing
is sinful but to those who think it sinful,
and that perfect innocence is to live
without doubt. Fi

= By a “‘libertine’’ is now generally
meant a profligate, or one who puts no
restraint on his personal indulgence.
“a libertine, in earlier use, was a speculative
free-thinker in matters of religion and in the
theory of morale. .. - but [it has come] to eippity
& profligate."—Trenck: On the Study of Words,
leeture ili..p. 90,

Liberty means ‘‘to do what one
likes.’ (Latin, liber, free.)

Civil Liberty. The liberty of a subject to con-
duct his own affairs as he thinks proper, provided
he neither infringes on the equal liberty of
others, nor offends against the good morals or
Jaws under which he is living.

Moral Liberty. Such freedom as is essential to
render a person responsible for what he does, or
what he omits to do. :

National Liberty. The liberty of a. nation to
make its own laws, and elect its own executive.

Natural Liberty. Unrestricted freedom to exer-
ciseall natural functions in their proper places.

Personal Liberty. Liberty to go out of one’s house
or nation, and to return again without restraint,
except deprived thereof by way of punishment.

Political Liberty. The right to participate ia
political elections and civil offices ; and to havea
voice in the administration of the laws under
which you liye as a citizen-and subject.

Religious Liberty. Freedom in religious opinions
and in both private and public worship, provide
such freedom in no wise interferes with the equal
liberty of others.

Cap of Liberty. The Goddess of Liberty.
in the Aventine Mount, was represented
as holding in her hand a cap, the symbol
of freedom; In France, the Jacobins
wore a red cap. In England, a blue cap
with a white border is the symbol of
liberty, and Britannia is sometimes re-
presented as holding such a cap on the
point of her spear. (See CaP oF LIBERTY, )

Liberty. The Goddess of Liberty.
On December 10th, 1793, Mile. Malliard,
an actress, was selected to personify the
‘‘ Goddess of Liberty.’’~ Being brought
to Notre Dame, Paris, she was seated on
the altar, and lighted a large candle to
signify that Liberty was the “light of
the world,”’ (See Lows Blanc : History,
ii. 365-367.)

? The statue of Liberty, placed over
the entrance of the Palais Royal, was
modelled from Mme. Tallien.

The Goddess of Reason. (Aug. 10, 1793.)
The Goddess of Reason was enthroned by
the French Convention at the suggestion
of Chaumette; and the ‘cathedral of
Notre Dame de Paris was desecrated for
the purpose. The wife of Momoro the

rinter was the best of these goddesses.

e procession was attended by the
municipal officers and national guards,
while troops of ballet girls carried torches
of truth. Incredible as it may seem,
Gobet (the Archbishop of Paris), and
nearly all the clergy stripped themselves
of their canonicals, and, wearing red
nightcaps, joined in this blasphemous
mockery. So did Julien of Toulouse, a
Calvinistic minister.

“Mrs. Momoro, it is admitted, made one of the
best goddesses of Reason, though her teeth were

a little defective.”—Carlyle: French Revolution,
vol. iii, book v. 4. ; oe

~-Libitina. The goddess who, at Rome,

presided over funerals. '
“Omnis moriar; nullaque pars mei vitabit
Libitinam.” i De x We .

Libra 750

Lick into Shape

dn

Libra [the balance]. One of the
twelve signs of the Zodiac (September
22. to October 22), when day and night
being weighed would be found equal.

“Eybrary. One of the most approved
materials for writing on, before the in-
vention of paper, was the thin rind be-
tween the solid wood and the outside
park of certain trees. This substance is
in Latin called liber, which came in time
to signify also a ‘‘book.”? Hence our
library, the place for books; librarian,
the keeper of books; and the French
livre, a book.

+: Some interesting facts concerning dooks and
libraries will be found in Disraeli’s Curiosities of
Literature.

A circulating library. A library from
which the books may be borrowed and
taken by readers to their homes under
certain restrictions.

Aliving or walking library, Longi’nus,
the philosopher and rhetorician, was 80
called. spree

Public Libraries,

q Ancient. The first pa library
known was founded at Athens (8.0. 540)
by Pisistritos. That of Alexandria,
founded (8.0. 47) by the Ptolemies, con-
tained 400,000 books. It was burnt by
order of the Calif Omar, a.D. 641.

The first public library of Rome was

founded by As‘inus Pollio; the second, —

called the Palatine, by Augustus,

The royal library of the Fatimites of
Egypt contained 100,000 manuscripts,
splendidly bound. (Gibbon.)

The library of the Ommiades of Spain
contained 600,000 volumes, 44 of which
were catalogues, (Gibdon.)

There were seventy public libraries in
the kingdom of Andalu’sia., (Gibbon.)

When the monastery of Croydon was
burnt, in 1091, its library consisted of
900 volumes, 300 of which were very
large. lngsiphus.) ig

Modern, The British Museum library
contains above 32 miles of book-shelves,
1,250,000 volumes, and 89,000 MSS.
Some 40,000 additions are made yearly.

The Bibliothéque Nationale o Paris,
founded by Louis XIV., is the largest
library in the world. It contains above
1,400,000 volumes, 500,000 pamphlets,
175,000 manuscripts, 300,000 maps and
charts, 150,000 coinsand medals, 1,400,000
opareringt, contained in 10,000 volumes,
and 100,000 portraits. ’

The Impériale, France, contains about
600,000 books, 500,000 pamphlets, and
85,000 manuscripts. ,

The Munich Libra

contains about
600,000 books and 10, i

manuscripts,

The Vienna, about 500,000 books and
20,000 manuscripts.

The Vatican, about 200,000: books and
40,000 manuscripts.

The Imperial Library of:Russia, about
650,000 books and 21,000 manuscripts.

The Copenhagen Library, about
500,000 books and 15,000 manuscripts.

Lib’ya. Africa, or all the north of
Afrita, between Egypt and the Atlantic
Ocean. It was the Greek name. for
Africa in general. The Romans. used
the word sometimes as synonymous with
Africa, and sometimes for the fringe
containing Carthage.

Licen’tiate (4 syl.) One who has a
licence to practise somé art or faculty,
as a licentiate of medicine.

Lich, A dead body. (Anglo-Saxon,
lic; German, leiche.) [

Lich-feld, in Staffordshire. The field
of the dead, i.e, of the martyred Chris-

tians,
Lich-fowls, Birds that feed on carrion,
as night-ravens, etc. ;
Lich-gate. The shed or covered place
at the entrance of churchyards, intended
to afford shelter to the ¢oifin and miourn-
ers, while they wait for the cler,

| to conduct the cortége into the church.

Lich-owl. The screech-owl, supersti-
tiously supposed to foretell death, E

Lich-wake or Lyke-wake. The funeral
feast or the waking of .a corpse, +4.¢.
watching it all night.

Lich-way. e path by which a
funeral is conveyed to church, which not
unfrequently deviates from the ordinary
road. It was long supposed that wher-
ever a dead body passed became a public
thoroughfare.

Lichten. Belonging to the lich-
ground orcemetery. In Chichester, just
outside the.city walls on the east, are
what the common people call the lightnen
or liten schools, a corruption of lichten
schools, so termed because they stand on
a part of the ancient Saxon lich-acre.
The spelling usually adopted for these
schools is ‘ litten,”” .

Lick, as I licked him. 1 flogged ot
beat him. (Welsh, Uach, a slap, verb
llachien; Anglo-Saxon, élic-an, to
strike, or slick. Ge sa

Lick into Shape by Accordin
to tradition the cubs of bears are ca:

" shapeless, and remain so tit the dam has

licked them. into proper form. -
“So watchful Bruin forms, with plastic care,

Fach growing lump, and brings it toa bear.”
r : Pope:

Dunciad, i, 101, 4

Lick the Dust

Lick the Dust (70): To fall in
battle.
‘His enemies shall lick the dust.”— Psalm

Ixxii. 9.

Licks the Butter. The very dogs re-
Aa to lick the butter from his forehead.

efore the dead body of a Parsee is re-
moved from the house, the forehead is
smeared with clarified butter or ghee,
and the dogs of the house are admitted.
If the dog or dogs lick the butter, it is a
good omen ; if not, it signifies perdition.

Lickspittle (4). A servile toady.
“* Hig heart too great, though fortune little,
To lick a rascal statesman's spittle.” Swift.
Lictors. Binders (Latin, ligo, to bind
or tie). These Roman officers were so
called because they bound the hands and
feet of criminals before they executed
the sentence of thelaw. (Aulus Gellius.)
“The lictors at that word, tall yeomen all and
strong.
Each with his axe and sheaf of twigs, went
down into the throng.”
tena Macaulay : Virginia.
Lid. maagio-Raxon, hlid ; Dutch and
Danish, lid. ‘‘Close”’ is the Latin
supine clus-tHn.

Lidskial'fa [the terror of nations].

The throne of Alfader, whence he can
view the whole universe. (Scandinavian
mythology.)

Lie. (Anglo-Saxon, /ige, a falsehood.)

Father of les. Satan (John viii. 44).

The greatest lic. The four P’s (a
Palmer, a Pardoner, a Poticary, and a
Pedlar) disputed as to which could tell
the greatest he. The Palmer said he had
never seen a woman out of patience;
whereupon the other three P’s threw up
the sponge, saying such a falsehood
could not possibly be outdone. (Hey-
wood: The Four P’s:)

White lies. (See WHITE.) ~

Lie Circumstantial (Tie) or The lie
with circumstance, Sir, if you said so, it
was a lie. As Touchstone says, this in-
sult is voidable by this means—‘‘ If you
said so, I said it was a lie,’’ but the word
‘if’? makes the insult hypothetical.

This is the lie direct in the second degree

or once removed. (See COUNTERCHECE.)

Lie Direct (Zhe). Sir, that’s a lie.
You are a liar. This is an offence no

gentleman can take.

“One day as I was walking, with my customary
swagger, . x
Says a fellow to me, ‘Pistol, you're a coward,
though a bragger.’
_ Now, this was an indignity no gentleman could

Bolte Id bim fiat, and plump. ‘ You li {under
: ‘old him flat and plump. ‘ You lie——
@ mistake. sir).’

751

~would say J

Liebenstein
Lie Quarrelsome (Zhe). To teal
one flat and plump ‘“‘ You lie.’? Touch-

stone calls this
quarrelsome.”’
“Tf again Soy fifth time) it was not well cut, be
ied : this is called the countercheck
quarrelsome. “—Shakespeare: As You Like It,v 4
Lie hath no Feet (A). Because it
cannot stand alone. In fact, a lie wants
twenty others to support it, and even

“the countercheck

. then is in constant danger of tripping

Lie. (Anglo-Saxon, lcgan, to 'bide or
rest; but “re, to deceive, is the Anglo-
Saxon verb ledg-an.)

“Lie heavy on him, earth, for he
Laid many a heavy load on thee

This is part of Dr. Evans's epitaph on
Sir John Vanbrugh, the comic poet,
herald, and architect. The ‘* heavy
loads” referred to were Blenheim, Green-
wich Hospital (which he finished), Castle
Howard in Yorkshire, and other massive
buildings. 1666-1726.)

Lie Low (Zo). To conceal oneself
or one’s intentions. ;

“All this while Brer Rabbit lay low."— Uncle
Remus.

Lie Over (Jo). To be deferred; as,
this question must lie over till next
sessions.

Lie-to (Zo). To stop’the progress of
a vessel at sea by reducing the sails and
counterbracing the yards ; to cease from
doing something. A nautical phrase.

“We now hat pea into a fog,and were obliged
to lie-to.”"—Lord Dufferin.

Lie Up (Jo). To refrain from work ;
to rest.

Lie at the Catch (Zo). Thus Talka-
tive says to Faithful, ‘‘ You lie at the
catch, I perceive.’ To which Faithful
replies, ‘‘No, not I: I am only for
setting things right.” . ‘To lie at the
catch,” or he on the catch, is to lie in
wait or to lay a trap to catch one.

Lie in State (Zo). ‘Etre couché sur
un lit de parade.” A dead body dis-
played to the general public.

Lie on Hand (7»). To remain un-

| sold. ‘‘Rester depuis longtemps en main.”

Lie to One’s Work (Zo). To work
energetically.

Lie with One’s Fathers (70). To
be buried in one’s native place, ‘‘Reposer
avec ses pores.”

“T will lie with my fathers, and thou shalt
carry me out of Egypt.”—Genesis x) vii, 30._

Liebenstein and Sternfels. Two.
ruined.castles of the Rhine, . According
to tradition, Leoline, the orphan, wae

a, ants Liege 75

Lift up

the sole surviving child of the lord of
Liebenstein ; and two brothers, named
Warbeck and Otho, were the surviving
children of the lord of Sternfels. Both
the brothers fell in love with Leoline;
but, as Leoline gave the preference to
Otho, Warbeck joined the Crusades, A
Templar in time persuaded Otho to do
the same; but, the war being over, Otho
stayed at Constantinople, where he fell
in love with a Greek, whom he brought
home for his bride, . Leoline retired to
the adjacent convent of Bornhofen.
Warbeck defied his brother to single
combat for this insult to his betrothed ;
but Leoline with the nuns interposed to
prevent the fight. The Greek wife, in
time, eloped with one of the inmates of
Sternfels, and Otho died childless. A
band of robbers broke into the convent;
but Warbeck armed in its defence. He
repelled the robbers, but received his
death-wound, and died in the lap of
Leoline; thus passed away the last lord
of Liebenstein. (Traditions of the Rhine.)

Liege. The word means one bound,
a bondsman (Latin, ligo, to bind) ; hence,
vassals were called liege-men—i.e. men
bound to serve their lord. The lord was
called the Jiege-lord, being bound to
protect the vassals.

“Unarmed and bareheaded, on his knees, and
with his bands placed between those of his lord,
he [the military tenant] repeated these words:
* Hear, my lord; I haye become your liegeman of
life and limb, and earthly worship ; and faitb and
truth I will bear _to you to live and die.”"—Lin-
gard: History of England, vol. ii. clap. i. p. 27.

Li‘en. A bond. (Latin, liga'men).
Legally, a bond on goods for a debt; a
right. to retain goods in a creditor’s
hands till he has satisfied a legal claim
for debt.

Liesse (2 sy].). Abbé de Liesse or
Abbas Letitia. The French term for the
“Boy Bishop,”* or ‘Abbot of Unrea-
son.’’ (See ABBOT.)

Lieutenant (pronounce lef-¢en'-wnt)
is the Latin locwm-tenens, through the
French. A Lieutenant-Colonel is the
Colonel’s deputy. . The Lord- Lieutenant
of Ireland is a viceroy who represents
the crown in that country.

Life. (Anglo-Saxon, /if.)

Drawn from life. Drawn or described
from some existing person or object:

For life. As long as life continues.

For the life of me. Trueas lam alive.
» Even if my life depended on it; A strong

asseveration. é

“Nor could I, for the life of me, see how the
creation of the world bad anything to do with
what 1 was talking about.”—Goldsmith : Vicar of

Wakefield. y

Is life worth living ?. Schopenhauer
decides in the negative. In the ‘tfune-
ral service’’ we are taught to thank God
for delivering the deceased ‘‘ out of the
miseries of this sinful life.” On ‘the
other hand, weare twld that Jesus called
Lazarus from the grave, not by way of
punishment, but quite the contrary.

_ “On days like this, one feels that Schopenbauer
is wrong after all, and that life is something
really worth living for."—Grant Allen : The Curate

of Churnside, ;

Large as life. Of the same size as the
object represented, R

On my life, I will answer for it by
my life; as, “Il le feraj’en répondes sur
ma.vie.””

To bear a charmed life. To escape
accidents in a marvellous manner.

Toknow life, In French, ‘* Savoir vivre?’
—that is, ‘Savoir ce que cest que de
vivre.”? ‘Not to know life,’ is the
contrary—‘‘ Ne savoir pas ce gue c'est
que de vivre.” me

To the life. Tn exect imitation.
“Done to the life:”? ' Fuirele portrait
de quelquun au naturel” (or) -“ @ apres
nature.”

Life-boat (.1). A boat rendered
especially buoyant for the purpose of
saving those who are in peril ‘of their
life at sea.

Life-buoy (4). A float to sustain
two or more persons in danger of being
drowned at sea.

Life-Guards, Two senior regiments
of the mounted body-guard, comprising
878 men, all six feet high ; hence, a fine,
tall, manly fellow is called *‘a regular
Life-guardsman.”

Life Policy (4). An assurance to be
paid after the death of the person.

Life Preserver (A). A buoyant
jacket, belt, or other appliance, to sup-
ort the human body in water; alsoa
oaded staff or nuckindbeae for self-
defence.

Lift. Zo have one at a lift is to have
one in your power. When a. wrestler
has his antagonist in his hands and lifts
him from the ground, he has him: ‘ata
hft,’’ or in his power.

“*Sirra,' says be, ‘I have you at a Jift. _

Now you are. come unto your latest shift!”
Percy : Reliques; Guy and Amarants

Lift not up your Horn on High.

(Psalm lxxv..5.). Do not behave scorn-

iully, maliciously, or arrogantly. (See
under HORN.) iS a Og

_ Lift up the Heel against Me (70).

| To kick me (physically or morally) ; to

Lift up

753

Light

treat with ‘contumely or contempt: to
oppose, to become an enemy. As an
unruly horse kicks the master who trusts
and feeds him

“Yea, mine own familiar friend, in whom

l
trusted, whicb did eat of my bread, hath lifted

his heel against _me."—Psalm xli. 9.

-Lift'up the Voice (Zo). To shout or
cry aloud; to utter a cry of joy or
of sorrow,

“Saul lifted up his voice and wept."—1 Sam.
xxiv, 16,

Lifted up. Put to death; to raise on
a cross or gibbet,

“When ye have lifted up the Son of Man, then
shall ye know that 1am He."—Jobn viii 28,

Lifter. A thief. We still call one
who plunders shops a ‘‘ shop-lifter.”’

“Ts be so young-a man,andsoolda lifter?”

Shakespeare: Troilus and Cressida,i.2.

Lifting (7he). In Scotland means
lifting the coffin on the shoulders of the
bearers. Certain ceremonies preceded
the funeral.

“When at the funeral of an ordinary hushand-
mah, one o'clock was named as the heur for ‘lift-
ing,’ the party began to assemble two hours
oe ee? Agnostic Journal, Jan. 14,

893..p. 27, ;

At the first service were offered meat
and ale; at the second, shortbread and
whisky; at the third, seed-cake and
wine; at the fourth, currant-bun and
rum; at the last, sugar-biscuits and
brandy.

Lifting, or Lifting the Little Fin-
ger. _Tippling. In holding a beaker or
glass, most persons stick out or lift up
the little finger. ‘‘Lifting”’ is a cons
tracted form of the full phrase.

Ligan. Goods thrown overboard,
but tied to a cork or buoy in order to be
found again. (Latin ligdre, to tie’ or
bind,)

~ Flotsam. The débris of a wreck

. Which floats on the surface of the sea,
and is often washed ashore. (Latin
Jlotare, to float.)

Jetson or jetsam. Goods thrown over-
board in a storm to lighten the vessel.

atin jacére, to cast forth, through the
French jeter.)

Light. Life. Othellosays, “Put out
the light. and then put. out the light.”
In May, 1886, Abraham Harper, a mar-
yet garden, of Oxford, hit his wife in
the face, and threatened to “put her
light out,’’ for which he was fined 5s.
and costs. (Truth, May 20th, 1886.)

_Heht, | Graces, ~ holiness.' Called
“the candle of the Lord,” the.‘ lamp of

God,’ as, ‘‘The spirit of man is- the

lamp of the Lord.’’ (Prov. xx. 27.)
“Let your light so shine before men that they

May see your good works.""—Matt. v. 16,

+ To stand in one’s own light. To actin

such a way as to hinder advancement.

“He stands in his own Jight through nervous
fear.”—The Leisure Hour, 1886

Light Comedian (A), in theatrical
parlance, is one who performs in what
is called legitimate comedy. but is very
different to the *‘ low comedian,’’ who is
afarceur. Orlando, in As You Lrke It,
might be taken by a“ light comedian,”
but not by a ‘‘low comedian.’? Tony
Lumpkin and Paul Pry are parts for a
‘low comedian,’’ but not for a “light
comedian,”

Light Horsemen. Those who live
by plunder by night. Those who live
by plunder in the daytime are Heavy
Horsemen. These horsemen take what
they can crib aboard ship, such as coffee-
beans, which they call pease ; sugar,
which they call sand ; rum, which they
called vinegar, and so on. The broker
who buys these stolen goods and asks no

uestions is calleda fence. (See Captain
Meionata Poor Jack, chap. xviii.)

Light Troops, i.e.-light cavalry,
meaning Lancers and Hussars, who are
neither such large men as the *‘ Heavies,”
nor yet so tall. (See) LiguT-ARMED
ARTILLERY.)

Light-armed Artillery. The Royal
Horse Artillery. The heavy artillery
are the garrison artillery.

Light as a Feather. (See Srm1.zs.)

Light-fingered Gentry (The). Pick-
pockets and shop-lifters.

Light Gains make a heavy Purse.
Small profits and a quick return, is the
best way of gaining wealth. French,
‘Te petit gain remplit la bourse;”
jtalian, “T guadagni mediocri empiono la

orsa.” ,

Light of One’s Countenance (The),
The bright smile of approbation’ and
love. : : suki thy .
“Lift up the light of Thy countenance on us."—

Psalm iv. 6. 1 ae we
Liight of the Age. Maimon‘idés or
Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, of Cor’dova
(1135-1204). chs, see
Light of the Harem. The Sultana
Nourmahal’, afterwards called Nour-
jehan (Light of the World): « She ‘was
the bride of Selim.) (Thomas Moore:
Lalla Rookh.) fat, Seo betsrad

- 34

c Lighthouse

754

Lilis

ae !|!U!™!™~*~

Lighthouse. The most celebrated of
antiquity was the one erected by Ptolemy
Soter in therisland of Pharos, opposite
Alexandria. Josephus says it could be
seen at the distance of 42 miles. It was
one of the ‘‘seven wonders”? of the
ancient world.

Of modern lighthouses the most famous
are the Eddystone, 14 miles S,W. of Ply-
mouth Sound; the Tour de Corduan, at
the entrance of the Gironde, in France ;
and the Bell Rock, which is opposite the
Frith of Tay.

The largest lighthouses are :—(1) The

lighthouse at Hell Gate in New York, ©
250 feet high, with 9 electric lamps of -

6,000 candle-power each. (2) The Bar-
tholdi Statue of Liberty, in New York
harbour, 220 feet high. (3) One in
Genoa, Italy, 210 feet in height. (4)
i Hatteras Light, which is 189 feet
high. (5) Eddystone Lighthouse is 85
feet high, and lights a radius of 17 miles.

Lightning [Berea]. Hamilcar of
Carthage was called ‘‘ Barca,’’ both on
account of the rapidity of his march and
also for the severity of his attacks. (B.C.
247-228.)

Chain lightning. Two or more flashes of light-
ning repeated without intermission.

Forked lightning. ~ Zig-zag lightning.

Globular lightning. A meteoric ball {of fire},
which sometimes
with an explosion.

Lightning Conductor. A metal rod
raised above a building with one end in
the earth, to carry off the lightning and
prevent its injuring the building.

+: It must be pointed at the top extremity to
ensure a quiet discharge.

Lightning Preservers. The most
approved classical preservatives against
lightning were the eagle, the sea-calf,
and the laurel. Jupiter chose the first,
Augustus Cesar the second, and Tiberius
the third. (Colwmella, x.; Sueton. in
Vit. Aug., xc. ; ditto in Vit. Tib., 1xix.)
(See HoUSE-LEEK. )

Bodies scathed and persons struck
dead by lightning were said to be incor-
ruptible; and anyone so distinguished
was held by the ancients in great honour.
(J. C. Bullenger : De Terre Motu, etc.,
v. 11.)

Lightning Proof. A building pro-
tected by lightning conductors (one or
more).

_ Lightning Rod (A). (See Licut-
NING CONDUCTOR.)

Ligno’rians. A congregation of mis-
sionary priests called also Redemptorists,
founded in 1732, by St. Alphonsus

lls on the earth and flies off .

Liguo’ri, Their ‘object is the religious
instruction of the people, and the reform
of public morality.

Ligurian Arts. Deception, trickery.

Ligurian Republic (Zhe). Venetia,
Genoa, and a part of Sardinia, tied up
in one bundle by Napoleon I. in 1797,
and bound with a constitution similar to
that of the French “‘ Directory,” so¢alled
from Ligu'ria, pretty well commensurate
with these districts. no longer exists.

Ligurian Sage (77%). Aulus Persiue
Flaccus, born at Volaterre, in Etruria,
according to ancient authors; and at
Lune Portus, in Liguria, according to
some modern authorities. . (A.D. 34-62.)
(See Satires, vi. 6.)

Lilburn Shawl. The name of a
lace in Wensleydale, Yorkshire. Shawl
is shaw, a hill; shaw’l = shaw-hill.

Lilburne. If no ome else were alive,
John would quarrel with Lilburne. John
Lilburne was a contentious Leveller in
the Commonwealth ; so rancorous against
rank that he could never satisfy himself
that any two persons were exactly on,
the same level. (See Lawsuits.)

“Ts Jobn departed? and is Lilburne gone?
Fsrewell to both—to Lilburne and to Jobn.
Yet, being gone, take this advice from me:

Let them not botb in one grave buried be.

Here 27 ye Jobn, lay Lilburne thereabout ;

For if they both should meet, they would fall

» out.” Epigrammatic Epitaph.

Lil’inau was wooed by a phantom
that lived in her father’s pines. At
nightfall the phantom whispered love
and won the fair Lilinau, who followed
his green waving plume through the
forest, and was never seen. again.
(American- Indian tradition.)

Lillis or Lilith. (Rabbinical mytho-
logy). The Talmudists say that Adam
bad a ms before Eve, whose name was
Lilis. fusing to submit to Adam, she
left Paradise for a region of the air.
She still haunts the night as a spectre,
and is especially hostile to new-born
infants. me superstitious Jews still
put in the chamber occupied by their
wife four coins, with labels on which the -
names of Adam and Eve are inscribed,
with the words, ‘‘ Avaunt thee, Lilith !”’
Gcethe has introduced her in his Faust.
(See LAMIA.)

“yt was Lilith, the wife of Adam...

Nota drop of her blood was human,
But she was made like a soft sweet woman.”
D.G. Rossetti: Eden Bower. .

* The fable of Lilis or Lilith was in-
yented to reconcile -Gen. i..with Gen. ii.
Genesis i. represents the simultaneous

Lilli-Burlero 955

Limbo

creation of man and woman out of the
earth; but Genesis ii. represents that
Adam was alone, and Eve was made out
of agjb, and was given to Adam as a
helpmeet for him.

Lilli-Burle’ro or Lilli-Bulle’ro and
Bullen-a-lah. Said to have been the
words of distinction used by the Irish
Papists in their massacres of the Pro-
testants in 1641... A song with the re-
frain of ‘ Lilli-burlero, bullen-a-la!”’
was written by Lord Wharton, which
had a more powerful effect than the

hilippics of either Demosthenés or

icero, and contributed not a little to
the great revolution of 1688, Burnet
says, ‘‘It made an impression on the
[ne ea that cannot be imagined.
. The whole army, and at last the
people, both in city and country, were
singing it perpetually . . . never had so
slight a thing so great an effect.’’ The
song is in Percy’s Keligques of Ancient
English Poetry, series ii. bk. 3.
Sterne: Tristram Shandy, chap. ii.)

“ Lilli bullero, lilli bullero bullen a la,

Lero lerg, Jilli bullero, lero lero bullen a Ia,

Lero lero, lilli bullero, lero lero bullen a ly.”

Mr. Chappell attributes the air to
Henry Purcell.

Lilliput. The country of pigmies
called ‘* Lilliputians,”’ to whom Gulliver
was a giant.. (Swift: Gulliver's Travels.)

Lily (The). There is a tradition that
the lily sprang from the repentant tears
of Eve as she went forth from Paradise.

Lily in Christian art is an emblem of
chastity, innocence, and purity. In pic-
tures of the Annunciation, Gabriel is
sometimes represented as carrying a
lily-branch, while a vase containing a
lily stands before the Virgin, who is
kneeling in prayer. St.*Joseph holds
a lily-branch in his hand, to show that
his wife Mary was always the virgin.

Lily. (Emblem of France.) Tasso,
in his Jerusalem Delivered, terms the
French Gigli d’oro (golden lilies). It is
said the people were commonly called
-Liharts, and the kingdom Lilium in the

_ time of Philippe le Bel, Charles VIII.,
and Louis XII. They were so called
from the jfleur-de-lys, the emblem of
France. ’

* I saw my country’s lily torn.”

'. Bloomfield. (A Frenchinan js speaking.)

“Tbe burghers of Ghent were bound hy solemn
oath not to make war upon the lilies."—MMilling-

ton: Heraldry, i.

Lily of France. The device of Clovis
was three black toads, but an aged her-
mit of Joye-en-valle saw a miraculous

light stream one night into his cell, and

(See.

‘a clerk articled to a lawyer.

an angel appeared to him holding a
shield of wonderful beauty ; its colour
was azure, and on it were emblazoned
three gold lilies that shone like stars,
which the hermit was commanded to
give to Queen Clotilde, Scarcely had
the angel vanished when Clotilde entered,
and, receiving the celestial shield, gave
it to her royal husband, whose arms
were everywhere victorious. (See Les
Petits Bollandistes, vol. vi. p. 426.)

“Un hermite apporta a la ditte royne yn drap
d@azur a Trois Flevrs de Lis d'or, que range luy
auoit donnee et le deliura la ditte royne a son

- mary le roy Clovis pour le porter comme ses armes

en lieu qu'il les portoit. d'or a trois crapayz de
sable."—Chiftet,

~ The kings of France were called
‘Lords of the Silver Lilies.’’

*? Florence is called ‘‘The City of
Lilies.”

Lily of the Valley. The Conval-
lairia majalis (the May valley plant) ;
one of the species is Solomon’s seal.
It is by no means the case that the
Convallaria grow only in valleys, al-
though they prefer shady places.

This is not the lily (Matt. vi. 28) which is
said to excel “Solomon in all his glory."> The
Lilium Candiduin is the flower alluded to by our
Lord ; a tall majestic plant, common in Palestine,
and known by us as the Garden Lily. It is bell-
shaped, with white petals and golden yellow
stamens. Jahn (Arch@ologia Biblica, p, 125) tells
us that “at festivals the rich and powerful robed
themselves in white cotton, which was considered
the most splendid dress.’” N

Lily Maid of Astolat, (Sce ELAINE.)

Lim Hay. Lick it up like Lim hay.
Lim, on the Mersey, is famous for its
excellent hay.

Limb, To tear limb from Warburton.
Lymm cum Warburton forms one rec-
tony in Cheshire. The play is on limb
and Lymm.

Limb of the Law (4). A lawyer, or

The hands
are limbs of the body, and the lawyer’s
clerks are his hands to copy out what the

head of the office directs.

Limberham., A tame, foolish keeper.
The character is in Dryden’s comedy of
Limberham, or the Kind Keeper, and is
sup eed to satirise the Duke of Lau-

erdale.

Limbo. A waste-basket; a place
where things are stowed, too good to
destroy but not good enough to use.. In
School theology unbaptised infauts and
good heathens go to Limbo, (Latin,
2mbus, the edge.) They cannot go to
heaven, because ey are not baptised,
and they cannot go to the place of: tor-
ment, because they have not committed

Limbus

756

sin at all, or because their good prepon-

derates. (See Milton: Paradise Lost,
bk. iii.) 4 ce ARAY.)

In limbo. Go to limbo — that is,
prison.

Limbus, preceded by i” or to becomes
idumbo—as, in limbo, to limbo. Occa-
sionally, /imbo stands for limbus.

Limbus Fatuo'rum. The Limbus
of Fools, or. Fool’s Paradise. As fools
are not responsible for their works, they
are not punished in Purgatory, but can-
not be received into Heaven ; so they go
to a place called the Paradise of Fools.

“Then might you see
Cowls, hoods, and habits, with their wearers
tossed ’

And fluttered into rags ; then relics, beads,

Indulgences, dispenses, pardons, bulls,

The sport of winds. All these, upwhirled aloft,

Into a Limbo large and broad, since called

The Paradise of Fools.” oe
Milton : Paradise Lost, book iii.489-95.

* One cannot wonder that. Milton’s
great poem was placed by the Catholics
in the Index of books forbidden:

Limbus Patrum. The_ half-way
house between earth and heaven, where
the patriarchs and prophets, after death,
await the coming of Messiah. Accord-
ing to the Roman Catholic notion, this
is the ‘‘hell,’’ or hadés, into which Jesus
Christ descended after He gave up the
ghost on the cross, Limbo, and some-
times Limbo patrum, is used for ‘‘quod,”
jail, confinement.

“} have some of them in limbo patrum, and
there they are like to dance these three days.”—
Shakespeare: Henry VIIT., v. 4.

Limbus Puero’rum. The Child’s
Paradise, for children who die before
they are responsible for their actions,

Limbus of the Moon. In the limbo
4 the moon. Ariosto (in his Orlando

‘wrioso; xxiv. 70) suys, in the moon are
treasured up such stores as these: Time
misspent in play, all vain efforts, all
vows never paid, all intentions which
lead to nothing, the vanity of titles,
flattery, the promises of princes, death-
bed alms, and other like vanities.
“ There heroes’ wits are kept in ponderous vases,

And beaux’ in snuff-boxes and tweezer-cases ;
2 pita aaa vows and death-bed alms are

‘ound,

And lovers’ hearts with ends of ribbon bound ;

The courtier's promises and sick man's prayers,

The smiles of harlots, and the tears of heirs.”

Pope: Rape of the Lock, 115-120."

Lime Street, London. The place
where, in former timés, lime was sold in
public market. It gives its name to ane
of the wards of London.

Limited Liability. The liability of
a shareholder in a company only for a

Lincolnshire

fixed amount, generally the amount of,
the shares he has subscribed for. The
Limited Liability Act was passed 1855.

Limmer, A drawer, a painter, an
artist. A contraction of illuminator, or
rather lumenier (one who: illuminates
manuscripts). , j

“ The limner, or illuminer ; .. throws us back
fending occupation of he painter: ctvench Ds
the Study of Words, lecture iv. pear Rd i

Limp. Formed of the initial letters
of Louis (XIV.), James, Mary, Prince
(of Wales). A Jacobite toastin the time
of William IIT. (See Norarica.)

Lina. The Goddess Flax,

“ Inventress of the woof, fair Lina flings
The flying shuttle through the dancing strings.
Darwin: Loves of the Plants, canto li.
Lincoln. A contraction of Lindum-
colonia. Lindum was an old British
town, called Llyn-dune (the fen-town).
If we had not known the Latin name,
we should have given the etymology
Llyn-collyne (the fen-hill, or hill near the
po as the old city was on a hill,
he devil looks over Lincoln... (See
DEvit.)

Lincoln College (Oxford), Founded
by Richard Fleming in 1427), and ‘com-
pleted by Rotherham, Bishop of’ Lin-
coln, in 1479.

Lincoln Green. LincdIn, at one
time, was noted for its green, Coventry
for its blue, and Yorkshire for its grey.
(See KENDAL GREEN.)

“ And girls in Lincoln green.”
Drayton; Polyolbion, xxv.

Falstaff speaks of Kendal Green
(Westmoreland), 1 Hen. 1V., ii. 4.)

“ Here be a sort of ragged knaves come in,
Clothed all.in Kendale green.”
Plays of Robyn Hood. —

Lincoln’s Inn. One of the fashion-
able theatres in the reign of Charles IT.

Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London.
Henry Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, built an
inn‘ (mansion) here in the 14th century.
The ground belonged to the Black Friars,
but was granted by Edward I. to Lacy.
Later, one of the bishops of Chichester,
in the reign of Henry VII., granted leases
here to certain students of law...

Lincolnshire Bagpipes. The croak-
ing of frogs in the Lincolnshire fens,
We have Cambridgeshire nightingales,
meaning frogs; fen nightingales, the
Liége nightingale. Ina somewhat simi-
lar way asses are called “ Arcadian
nightingales.”’ Midas 4) arch
eine Eppa Shapes ty Menta

Gra wing

Lindabrides

Lindab'rides. A heroine in The
Mirror of Knighthood, whose name at
one time was a synonym for a kept
mistress, in which sense it was used by
Scott, Kenilworth and Woodstock.

' inden Tree (4). Baucis was con-
verted into a linden tree. Philémon and
Baucis were poor cottagers of Phrygia,
who entertained Jupiter so hospitably
that he promised to grant them whatever
request they made. They asked that
both might die together, and it was so,
At death Philémon became an oak and
Baucis a linden tree. Their branches
intertwined at the top.

Lindor, A poetic swain of the Cor’y-
don type, alover en bergére.
“Do not, for heaven’s sake, bring down Corydon
and Lindor upon us,’—Sir Walter Scott.
Line. Trade, business. '
What line are you in? What trade or
Coe are you of? ‘In the book
ine’’?-—i.e, the book trade. This is a
Scripture phrase. ‘* The lines have fallen
to me in pleasant places, yea, I have‘a
goodly heritage.’’ The allusion is to
a line to mark out the lot of
each tribe, hence line became the syno-
nym of lot, and lot means position or
destiny ; and hence a calling, trade, or
profession. Commercial travellers use
the word frequently to signify the sort
of goods which they have to dispose of ;
as, one travels ‘‘in the hardware line,’’

another ‘‘in the drapery line,’’ or
‘grocery line,” etc.
Line (Zhe). The equator. (See

CRossine THE LINE.)
_ The deep-sea line. A long line marked
at every five fathoms, for sounding the
depth of the sea.

he.line. All regiments of infantry
except the foot-guards, the rifle brigade,
the marines, the militia, and the volun-
teers, :

Line a Day (A). (‘‘ Nulla dies sine
linea.”’) Apelles the artist said he never
assed a day without doing at least one
ne, and to this steady industry he owed
his groat success.

Line of Battle. The order of troops
drawn up so as to present a battle-front.
There are three lines—the van, the main
body, and the rear. <A fleet drawn up
in line of battle is so arranged that the
ships are ahead’ and astern of each other
at stated distances. — :

All along the line

.

in every articular.

_ The reference is to line of soldiers.

“The accuracy of the statement is contested .

: Py | along the line by persons on,the gpot."—W. B.

e (Newspaper report,

y

757

Line upon Line

To break the enemy’s line is to derange
their order of battle, and so put them to
confusion.

Line of Beauty, according to Ho-
garth, is a curve thus _~~.. Mengs
was of the same opinion, but thought it
should be more serpentine. Of course,
these fancies are not tenable, for the line
which may be beautiful for one object
would be hideous in another. What
would Hogarth have said to a nose or
mouth which followed his line of beauty ?

Line of Communication, or rather
Lines of Communication, are trenches
made’ to continue and preserve a safe
correspondence between two forts, or
two approaches to a besieged city, or
between two parts of the same army,

in order that they may co-operate with

each other.

Line of Demarcation. The line
which divides the territories of different
proprietors. The space between two
opposite doctrines, opinions, rules of
conduct, etc.

Line of Direction. The line in
which a body moves, a force acts, or
motion is communicated. In order that
a body may stand without falling, a line
let down from the centré of gravity
must fall within the base on which the
object stands, Thus the leaning tower
of Pisa does not fall, because this rule is
preserved.

Line of Life (Zhe). In French, La
ligne de vie. So also, line of duty, La
ligne du devoir, etc. In palmistry, the
crease in the left hand beginning above
the web of the thumb, and running
towards or up to the wrist is so called.

The nearer it approaches the wrist the longer
will he the life, according to palm-lorists. If be
and deeply marked, it indicates long life with
very little trouble; if crossed or cut with other
marks, it indicates sickness,

Line of March. The ground from
point to point over which an army

moves.

Line of Operation (Zhe) in war.
The line between the base of opera-
tion (q.v.) and the object aimed at.
Thus, 1f a fleet is the base and the siege
of a city isthe object aimed at, the line
of operation is that drawn from the fleet
to the city. If a well-fortified spot is
the base and a battle the object, the line
of operation is that which lies between
the fortified spot and the battle-field,

Line upon Line. Admonition or-
instruction repeated little by little (a
lineatatime). Apellés said ‘* Nulla dies,

ie Lines

758

Linspe

i

sine lined.” A drawing is line upon
line, an edifice is brick upon brick or,
stone upon stone.

“ Line ppon line, line upon line, here a little and
there a little.”"—Isaiab xxviii. 10.

Lines. The lines have fallen to me in
pleasant places. "The part allotted to me
and measured off by a’ measuring line.
(Palms xvi. 6.)

Hard lines. Harsh restrictions. Here
lines means an allotment measured out.

To read between the lines. To discern
the secret meaning. One method of
cryptography is tq write in alternate
lines; if read line by line, the meaning
of the writer is reversed or wholly mis-
understood. Thus lines 2, 4, 6 of the
following cryptogram would convey the
warning to Lord Monteagle of the Gun-
powder Plot.

“My lord, having just returned from Paris,
(2) stay away from the house to-night
@ and give me the pleasure of your company.

for God and man have concurred to punis
those who pay not regard to their health,

the ‘ickedness of the time

adds greatly to its wear and tear.”
Linen Goods. In1721 a statute was
passed imposing a penalty of £5 upon
the wearer, and £20 upon the seller of, a
piece of calico. Fifteen years later this
statute was so far modified that calicoes
manufactured in Great Britain were
allowed, ‘‘ provided the warp thereof
was entirely of linen yarn.” 1774 a
statute was passed allowing printed cot-
ton. goods to be used on the paymeut of
threepence a yard duty; in 1806 the
duty was raised to threepence halfpenny.
This was done to preyent the use of
calicoes from interfering with the de-
mand for linen and woollen stuffs. The
law for burying in woollen was of a
similar character. The following ex-
tracts from a London news-letter, dated
August 2nd, 1768, are curious. [Nole—

chintz is simply printed calico.)

“ Yesterday three tradesmen's wives of this city
“were convicted before the Rt. Hon. the Lord
Mayor for wearing chintz gowns on Sunday last,
and each'of them was fined £5, These makeeighty
who have been convicted of the above offence
within twelve. months past.... There were
several ladies in St. James's Park on the same
day with chintz gowns on, but the persons who
gave informas of the above three were not able
to discover their names or places of abode. ....
Yesterday a waggon loaded with £2,000 worth of
chintz was seized at Dartford in Kent by some
custom-house officers. Two post-chaises loaded
with the same commodity got oft with their goods
by swiftness of driving.”

-Lingo. Talk, language.
tion of dngua.

Lingua Franca. <A species of cor-
rupt Italian spoken on the coasts of the
Mediterranean. The Franks’ language
mixed with the Italian,

©)

A corrup-

| to himself only a ‘‘

Lining of the Pocket. Money.

“ My money is spent. : Can I be content
With pockets deprived of their lining 2”
The Lady’s Decoy, or Man Midwifes

Defence, 1738, p. 4,
When the great court tailor wished to
obtain the patronage of Beau Brummel,
he made him a present of a dress-coat
lined with bank-notes. Brummel wrote
a letter of thanks, stating that he quite
approved of the coat, and he especially
mired the lining.

- Linnean System. A system devised
by Linneus of Sweden, who arranged
his three kingdoms of animals, veget-
ables, and minerals into classes, orders,
genera, species, and varieties, according
to certain characteristies.

Linne (Zhe Heir of). The Lord of
Linne was a great spendthrift, ‘who
wasted his substance in riotous living.”
Having spent all, he sold his estates to
John o’ the Scales, his steward, reserving
poor and lonesome
lodge in a lonely glen.’”” When he had
squandered away the money received
for his estates, and found that no one
would lend or give him more, he retired
to the lodge in the glen, where he found
a rope with a running noose danglin
over his head. He put the rope roun
his neck and sprang aloft, when lo! the
ceiling burst in twain, and he fell to the
ground. When he came to himself he
espied two chests of beaten gold, and a
third full of white money, and over
them was written, ‘‘ Once more, my son,
I set thee clear; amend thy life, or a
rope at last must end it.” e heir of
Linne now returned to his, old hall,
where he asked his quondam steward
for the loan of forty pence; this was
refused him. One of the guests proffered
the loan, and told John o’ the Scales he
ought to have lent it, as he had bought
the estate cheap enough, ‘‘ Cheap call
you it?’’ exclaimed Johan; “why, he
shall have it back for 100 marks less.’’
“Done,” said the heir of Linne, and
counted out the money. He thus re-
‘covered his estates, and made the kind
guest his forester. (Percy: Reliques,
series ii, book 2.)

Linsey-woolsy Million (Zhe). The
great unwashed. The artisan class, sup-
posed to dress in linsey-woolsy. ‘‘Broad
cloth”’ being for the gentry.

“Truth needs not, John, the eloquence of oaths ;
Not more than a decent suit of clothes
Requires of broad gold lace th’ expensive glare,
That makes the linsey-woolsy million stare.”

Peter Pindar : Silvanus Ur

_ Linspe Gixenob a

syl.) means a
prince in slang or iar usage. It

4

3

‘ =

4
fe
4

| ‘Androclus and the Lion,

Lion

759

Lion

comes from the inspector or monitor of
the cathedral choir called the Spé or the
Inspé (inspector), because he had to
superintend the rest of the boys.

Lion (as an agnomen).

Ap Arsian [the Valiant Lion], son of
Togrul Beg, the Perso-Turkish monarch.
(Reigned 1063-1072.)

Att was called The Lion of God for his
religious zeal and great courage. His
mother called him at birth Al Haidara,
the Rugged Lion. (a.p. 602, 655-661.)

Az Pasa, called The Lion of Janina.
overthrown in 1822 by Ibrahim Pasha,
(1741, 1788-1822.)

Axiocn (fifth of the dynasty of Ninu,
the Assyrian), talled Arioch Ellas’ar—
i.e, Arioch Melech al Asser, the Lion
King of Assyria, (8.0. 1927-1897.)

DaMeEtowiEz, Prince of Haliez, who
founded Lemberg (Lion City) in 1259.

Gusta’vus ADOLPHUS, called The Lion
of the North. (1594, 1611-1632.)

» Hamza, called The Lion of God and of
His Prophet. So Gabriel told Mahomet
his uncle was e istered in heaven.

Henry, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony,
was called The Lion for his daring
courage. (1129-1195.)

Louis VIII, of France was called The
Lion because he was born under the sign
Leo. . (1187, 1223-1226.)

Ricuarp I. Cceur de Lion (Lion’s
heart), so called for his bravery. , .(1157,
1189-1199.)

Wittram of Scotland, so called because
he chose a red lion rampant for his cog-.
nisance. (Reigned 1165-1214.)

" The Order of the Lion. A German
Order of civil merit, founded in 1815.

Lion (as an emblem). A. lion is
emblem of the tribe of Judah; Christ
is called ‘‘the lion of the tribe of Judah,”’

“ Judah isa lion’s whelp:..'% he couched as a
lion, and as an old lion ; who shall rouse him
up ?”—Genesis xlix. 9. e °

The

A lion emblematic of St. Jerome.
tale is, that while Jerome was lecturing
one day, 2 lion entered the schoolroom,
and lifted up one of its paws. All the
disciples fled; but Jerome, seeing that
‘the paw was wounded, drew out of
it a thorn and dressed the wound.
The lion, out of gratitude, showed a
wish to stay with. its benefactor. Hence

‘Jerome is hod oie as a lion, or as accom-
a

(Kenesman: Lives of

This is
a replica of the tale of ANDROO'LUS.

‘panied by a lion.
the Saints, p. 784.)

_Androclus was a Roman slave, con-
_demned to encounter a

den lion in the
amphitheatre ; hut when the beast was

let loose it crouched at the feet of
the slave and began licking them. The
circumstance naturally excited the cu-
riosity of the consul: and the slave,
being brought before him, told him the
following tale: ‘‘I was compelled by
cruel treatment to run away from your
service while in Africa, and ‘one day I
took refuge in a cave from the heat of
the sun. While I was in the cave a lion
entered, limping, and evidently in great
se Seeing me, he held up his paw,
rom which I extracted a large thorn.
We lived together in the cave for some
time, the lion catering for both of us.
At length I left the cave, was appre-
hended, brought to Rome, and con-
demned to encounter a lion in the
amphitheatre. My enemy was my old
friend, and he recognised me instantly.””
(A. Gellius: Noctes, v. 15.)

St. Gerasimus. and the Lion, A
very similar tale is told of St. Gras.
mucus (A.D. WD One day, being an
the banks of The Jordan, he saw a
lion coming to him, limping on three
feet. When it reached the saint, it held
up to him the right paw, from which
Gerasimus extracted a largethorn. The
grateful beast attached itself to the
saint, and followed him*about as a dog,
(Vies des Peres des Deserts d’ Orient.)

Sir George Davis and the Lion. Sir
George Davis wes English consul at
Florence at the beginning of the 19th
century. One day he went to see the
lions of the great Duke of Tuscany.
There was one which the keepers could
not tame; but no sooner did Sir George
appéar than it manifested every symp-
tom of joy. : Sir George entered its cage,
when the lion leaped on his shoulder
licked his face, wagged its tail and
fawned on him like a dog. Sir George
told the great duke that he had brought
up the creature ; but as it grew older it
became dangerous, and he sold it to a
Barbary captive. The duke said that he
had bought it of the very same man, and
the mystery was solved.

* -Half a score of such tales are told by
the Bollandistes in the Acta Sanctorum.

- The lion an emblem of the resurrection.
According to tradition, the lion’s whelp
is born dead, and remains so for three
days, when the father breathes on it and
it receives life, Another tradition is
that the lion is the only animal. of the
cat tribe born with its eyes open, and it
is said that it sleeps with its eyes open,
This is not strictly correct, but undoubt>
edly it sleeps watchfully and lightly.

Mark the Evangelist is symbolised by

Lion

760 Lion

a lion, because he begins his gospel with
the scenes of John the Baptist and Jesus
in the Wilderness, Matthew is sym-
bolised by.a man, because he begins his
goepel with the humanity of Jesus, as a

escendant of David. Luke is symbol-
ised as a calf, because he begins his
Yospel with the priest sacrificing in the
cemple. John is symbolised by an ¢agie,
because he soars high, and begins his
Rospel with the divinity of the Logos.

he four symbols are those of Ezekiel’s
cherubim.

The American lion. The puma.

A Cotswold lion. A-sheep,

Lion (grateful for kindness) :—

emblem.
Sm Iwan DE GaLLes was attended
by a lion, which, in gratitude to the
knight, who had delivered it.from a
serpent with which it had been engaged
in deadly combat, ever after became his
faithful servant, approaching the knight
with tears, and rising on his hind-feet
like a dog.

Sim GEOFFREY DE Latour was aided
by a lion against the Saracens; but the
faithful brute was drowned in attempt-
ing to follow the vessel in which, the
knight had embarked on his departure
from the Holy Land.

St. Grrasmmus. (See under Lion as an
emblem.)

Sr, Jerome; (See under Lion as an
emblem.)

Lion, in HERALDRY.
(1) Couchant. Lying down; head
erect, and tail beneath hi
atic of sovereignty.

« (2) Coward or Coug. With tail hang. |

ing between his legs.
© (8) Dormant.
resting on his fore-paws. .

(4) Passant. Walking, three feet:on
the ground $ in’ profile. Emblematic of
resolution. z
| (5) Passant Gardant. Three feet on
the ground; full face. The ‘Lion of
England.”’ . Resolution and Prudence.

(6) Passant Regardant. Three feet on’

the ground ; side face turned backwards.
. (7) Rampant. Erect on his hind legs ;
in profile. Emblematic of magnanimity.
(8) Rampant Gardant. Erect on his
hind legs; full face. Emblematic of
prudence.» ;
© (9) Rampant Regardant. Erect on
his hind legs; side face looking behind.
Emblematic of circumspection.
(10) Regardant. Looking behind him ;
emblematic of circumspection,

. on the

ponte (See under Lion as an |

m. Emblem- |

Asleep, with head |

| @ Grandfather, iv.

(11) Salient. In the act of springi
forward on its prey, Basbiouaiic.ot
valour.

(12) Sejant. Sitting, rising to prepare
for action; face in profile, tail erect.
Emblematic of pert ¢

(18) Sejant Affronté (as in the crest

of Scotland).
Standing with four legs

(14) Statant.
ground.

(15) Lion of St. Mark. A winged
jion sejant, holding an open book with
the inscription ‘“‘Pax tibi Marce, Evan-
gelista Meus,” A sword-point rises
above the book on the dexter side, and
the whole is encircled by an aureola.

(16) Lion of Venice, The same as the
lion of St. Mark. 4

Then there are black, red, and white
lions, with many leonine monsters.

A lion at the feet of knights and
martyrs, in effigy, signifies that they died
for their magnanimity. ‘

The lions in the arms of England.. They
are three lions passant gardant, i.e.
walking and showing the full face... The
first lion was that of Rollo, Duke: of
Normandy, and the second represented
the country of Maine, which was added
to Normandy. ‘These were the two lions
borne by William the Conqueror and his
descendants. Henry II. added a third
lion to represent the Duchy of Aquitaine,
which came to him through his: wife
Eleanor. The French heralds cail the
lion passant a leopard; accordingly
Napoleon said to his soldiers, *‘ Let us
drive these leopards (the English). into
the sea.”

* In heraldry any lion not rampant
is called a lion leopardé,

The lion in the arms of Scotland is de-
rived from the arms of the ancient, Karls
of Northumberland and Huntingdon,

from whom some of the Scotch monarchs,

were descended. The tressure is referred

} ‘to the reign of King Acha‘icus, who

made a league with Charlemagne, ‘‘ who
did augment his arms with a double

| trace. formed with Floure- de-lyces,

signifying thereby that the. lion hence-
forth should be defended by the ayde of
Frenchemen.’’? (Holinshed : Ghronicles.)
Sir Walter Scott says the lion rampant
in the arms of Scotland was first assumed
by William of Scotland, and has been
continued ever since. AS
' “william, King of Scotland, having chosen for
his armorial bearing a2 Red: Lion rampant, ac-
quired the name of William the Lion; and this
rampant lion still constitutes the arms of Scot-
Jand; and the president of the heraldic court,

... is called Lord Lion King-at-Arms,’
tt yo

Lion

A marble lion was set up in honour of
Leonidas, who fell at Thermopyle, and
a Belgian lion stands on the field of
Waterloo.

I Lions in classic mythology. CyB'ELE
(3 syl.) is' represented as riding in a
chariot drawn by two tame lions.

Pracriti, the goddess of nature
among the Hindus, is represented in a
similar manner.

HipromEnrs and ATALANTA pod
lovers) were metamorphosed into lions
by Cybele.

HERCULES is said to have worn over
his shoulders the hide of the Nem’ean
lion, which he slew with his club. TxER-
RovB is also represented as arrayed in
a lion’s hide,

The Nem'ean lion, slain by Hercules.
The first of his twelve labours. As it
could not be wounded by any weapon,
Hercules-squeezed it to death.

Lion (a public-house sign).
Black ton comes from the Flemings.’
*“ Au noir lyon la fleur-de-lis
Prist la terre de ca Je Lys.”
Godefroy de Paris.

_ Blue, the badge of the Earl of Mor-
timer, also of Denmark.

= Blue seems frequently to represent
silver; thus we have the Blue Boar of
Richard III., the Blue Lion of the Earl
of Mortimer, the Blue Swan of Henry
IV., the Blue Dragon, etc.

Crowned, the badge of Henry VIII.

Golden, the badge of Henry I., and
also of Percy, Duke of Northumberland.

Passant gardant (walking and showing
& full face), the device of England.

Rampant, the device of Scotland.

Rampant, with the tail between its
legs and turned over its back, the badge
of Edward IV, as Earl of March.

‘Red, of Scotland; also the badge of
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, who
assumed this badge as a token of his
claim to the throne of Castile.

Sleeping, the device of Richard I,
Statant gardant (i.c. stanamg and
showing a full face), the device of the
Duke of Norfolk.
- White, the device of the Dukes of
Norfolk; also of. the Earl of Surrey,
Earl of Mortimer, and the Fitz-Ham-
monds.
“For who. in field or foray slack,
' Baw the blanche Jion e’er fall back? [Duke of
oo Norton on
Sir Walter Scott : Eay of the Last Minstrel.
The winged lion. The republic of
Venice. Its heraldic device,
“White and Red Lions.

761

Piester John, ©
in a letter to Manuel Comnenus, of

Lion and

Constantinople, 1165, says ‘his land is
‘*the home of white and red lions.’’

Lion-hunter (4). One who J.unts
up a celebrity to adorn or give prestige
toa party. Mrs. Leo Hunter, in Pick-
wick, is a good satire on the name and
character of a lion-hunter.

Lion-killer (Zhe). Jules Gerard
(1817-1864).

Lion Sermon (Zhe). Preached in
St. Katharine Cree church Leadenhall-
street, London, in October, to com-
memorate ‘‘the wonderful escape’’ of
Sir John Gayer, about 250 years ago,
from a lion which he met with on being
shipwrecked on the coast of Africa. Sir
John was Lord Mayor in 1647.

Sir John Gayer bequeathed £200 for the relief
of the poor on condition that a commemorative
sermon was preached annually at St. Katharine
Cree. It is said that Sir Jobn was on his knees
in prayer when the lion came _up, smelt about
him, prowled round and round bim, and then
Stalked off.

Lion-sick. Sick of love, like the lion
in the fable. (See Shakespeare : Trotlus

and Cressida, ii. 3.)

Lion Tamer (Zhe), Ellen Bright,
who exhibited at Wombwell’s menagerie,
was so called. She was killed by a tiger
in 1880, at the age of seventeen.

Lion and Unicorn. The animosity
which existed between these beasts, re-
ferred to by Spenser in his Faerie Queene,
is allegorical of the animosity which
once existed between England and
Scotland.

“ Like asa lyon, whose imperiall powre
A prowd rebeilious unicorn defyes.”
Book ii. canto 5,

Lion and Unicorn. Ever since 1603
the royal arms have been supported as
now by the English lion and Scottish
unicorn; but prior to the accession of
James I, the sinister supporter was a
family badge. Edward III., with whom
supporters began, had a lion and eagle ;
Henry IV., an antelope and swan;
Henry V., a lion and antelope ; Edward
IV., a lion and bull; Richard IJIT., a
lion and boar; Henry VII., a lion and
dragon ; Elizabeth, Mary, and Henry
VIII., a lion and greyhound. The lion
is dexter—t.e. to the right hand of the
wearer or person behind the shield.

Lion and the True Prince (The).
The lion will not touch the true prince
(1 Henry IV., ii. 4). This is a religious
superstition ; the ‘‘ true prince,” strictly
speaking, being the Messiah, who is
called ‘*the Lion of the tribe of Judah.”
Loosely it is applied to any prince of

Lion of God

762

Lips

blood royal, supposed at one time to be
hedged around with a sort of divinity.
“ Fetch the Numidian lion I brought over ;
If she be sprung from royal blood, the lion
Willi do her reverence, else he'll tear ber.”
Beaumont and Fletcher: The Mad Lover,
“Lion of God. Ali was so called, be-
sause of his zeal and his great courage.
(602, 655-661.)

Lion of St. Mark. . (See under Lion,

heraldry.)

Lion of the Reformation (The).
Spenser says that while Una was seeking
St. George, she sat to rest herself, when
a lion rushed suddenly out of a thicket,
with gaping mouth and lashing tail ; but
as he drew near he was awe-struck, and,
laying aside his fury, kissed her feet and
licked her hands; for, as the poet adds,
‘beauty can master strength, and truth
subdue vengeance.’’? (The lion is the
emblem of England, which waits upon
Truth. When true faith was deserted by
all the world, England the lion caine to
its rescue.) The lion then followed Una
as a dog, but when Una met Hypocrisy,
Sansloy came upon them and killed the
lion. That is, during the reigns of
Henry VIII. and Edward VI., England
the lion followed the footsteps of Truth,
but in the reign of Mary, Hypocrisy
came and False-faith killed the lion,
t.e. separated England from Truth by
fire and sword.

Lion of the Zodiac. One of the
signs of the Zodiac (28th of July to the
28rd of August). ;

Lion’s Claws. Commonly used as
ornaments to the legs of furniture, as
tables, chairs, etc.; emblematical of
strength and stability. The Greeks and
Romans employed, for the same pur-
pose, the hoofs of oxen.

“Les soutiens des tables et des trépieds fin
Greece and Rome] se terminaient souvent en
forme de piedes de beeuf, pour exprimer Ja force
et la stabilité."—Noel: Dictionnaire de la Fable,
vol. i. p. 237, col.2.

Lion’s Head. In fountains the water
geuerally is made to issue from the
mouth of alion, This is a very ancient
custom, The Egyptians thus symbolised
the inundation of the Nile, which hap-
pens when the sun is in Leo. The
Greeks and Romans adopted the same
device for their fountains.

Lion’s Mouth. To place one’s head
in the lion’s mouth. To expose oneself
needlessly and foolhardily to danger.

Lion’s Provider. A jackal; a foil
to another man’s wit, a humble friend
who plays.into your hand to show you
to best advantage.', The jackal feeds on

the lion’s leavings, and is supposed to
serve the lion in much the same way asia
dog serves a sportsman. The dog lifts
up its foot to indicate that game is at
hand, and the jackgls yell to advertise
the lion that they have roused up his
prey. (See JACKAL.)

“... the poor jackals are less foul,

As heing the brave lion’s keen providers,

Than buman insects catering for spiders.”

Byron: Don Juan, ix. 27.
.Lion’s Share. The larger part: all

or nearly all: In Asop’s Fables,
several beasts joined the lion in a hunt ;
but, when the spoil was divided, the lion
claimed one quarter in right of his pre-
rogative, one for his’ superior courage,
one for his dam and cubs, “and as“for
the fourth, let who will dispute it with
me.’”? Awed by his frown, the other
beasts yielded and silently withdrew.
(See MonTGOMERY.)

Lions (Zhe). The lions of a placé
are sights worth seeing, or the celebrities;
so called from the ancient custom of
showing strangers, as chief of London
sights, the lions at the ‘Tower. The
Tower menagerie was abolished in 1834.

Lionise a Person (Zo) is either to
show him the lions, or chief objects of
attraction ; or to make a lion of him, by
féting him and making a fuss about him.
To be honised is to be so treated. ‘

Liosal’far. The light Alfs who dwell
in the city Alf-heim. They are whiter
than the sun. (See Dock-ALFar.)
(Scandinavian mythology.) ~

Lip. (Anglo-Saxon, dippe, the lip.)

To curl the lip. To express contempt
or disgust with the gh ees

. To hang the lip, To drop the under
lip in sullenness or contempt... Thus
Helen explains why her brother Troilus
is not abroad by sayin , He hangs
the lip at something.’ Chet iii. 1.)

“ A foolish hanging of thy nether lip.” —Shake-
speare: 1 Henry TV., ii. 4, y

*? To shoot out the lip. To show scorn.
‘All they that see me laugh me to scorn, They
shoot out the lip; they shake the head... "—
Psalm xxii. 7. yL
Lip Homage. Homage rendered: by
the lips only, that is, either by a kiss
like that of Fudas, or by words, ~

Lip Service. Verbal devotion.
Honouring with the lips while the heart
takes no part nor lot in the matter. (See
Matt. xv. 8, Isa. xxix. 13.) Rind

Lips. The calves of our tips, Clone

xiv. 2), The sacrifice of praise
thanksgiving, £ ot ieitoPea ad

~”

Liquor up

The fruit of the lips. Thanksgivings.
“Let us offer the sacrifice of praise to God con-

tinvally, that is, the fruit of our lips giving thanks
to His name.”—Heb. xiii. 15.

Liquor up. Take another dram.

Lir. (King). Father of Fionmala.
On the death of Fingula, the mother of
his daughter, he married the wicked
Aoife, who, through spite, transformed
the children of Lir into swans, doomed
to float on the water till they heard the
first mass-bell ring: Thomas Moore
has versified this legend.

“ Silent, @ Moyle, be the roar of thy water,
Break not, ye breezes, your chain of repose,
While murmuring mournfully, Lir's lovely

aughter
Tells to the night-stars the tale of her woes.”
usa 3 Trish Melodies, No. ii. 9.

Liris. A proud. but lovely daughter
of the race of man, beloved by Rubi,
first of the angel host. Her passion was
the love of knowledge, and she was cap-
tivated by al} her lover told her of heaven
and the works of God. At last she re-
quested Rubi to appear before her in all
his glory, and as she fell into his em-
brace was burnt. to ashes by the rays
which issued from him. (Moore : Loves

of the Angels, story ii.) ,

Lisbo’a or Lisboa. Lisbon (g.v.)
“What beauties doth Lisbo’a first unfold.”
Byron: Childe Harold, 1. 16.
“ And thou, famed Lis’hoa, whose embattled wall
Rose by the band ‘that wrought proud Ilion’s
fall.” Mickle: Lusiad,
Lisbon. A corruption of ’ Ulyssippo
(Ulysses’ polis. or city). Said by some
to have been founded by Lusus, who
visited’ Portugal with Ulysses, whence
‘‘Zusitania’? (¢.v.); and by others to
have been founded by Ulysses himself
This is Camoens’ version. (See above.)

" Lismaha’go (Captain), in Smollett’s
Humphry Clinker, Very conceited, fond
of disputation, jealous of honour, and
brim-full of national pride. This poor
but proud Scotch officer marries Miss
Tabitha Bramble. The romance of
Captain Lismaha'go among the Indians
is worthy of Cervantes.

Lisuar'te of Greece. One of the
knights whose adventures‘and exploits
are recounted in the latter part of the
Spanish version of Amadis of Gaul. This
part was added by Juan Diaz.

“Lit de Justice. Properly the seat
occupied by the French king when he
attended the deliberations of his parle-
ment. The session itself. Any arbitrary
edict. As the members of Parlement
derived their power from the king, when

the king himself was present their power |

763

_and faithful subjects, on pains and
_ ties of great severity, to break their eggs

' Blefuscu’dians deemed it their dut

Little-Endians

returned to the fountain-head, and the
king was arbitrary. What the king
then proposed could not be contro-
verted, and, of course, had the force of
law. The last lit de justice was held
by Louis XVI. in 1787.

Little. Thomas Moore published a
volume of amatory poems in 1808, under
the name of Thomas Little.

* When first I came my proper name was Little—
now I’m Moore.” ood : The Wee Man.

Little. Little by little.. Gradually ;
a little at a time.

Many a little makes a mickle. The
real Scotch proverb is: ‘*A wheen o’
mickles mak’s a muckle,”’ where mickle
means /itt/e, and muckle much ; but the
Anglo-Saxon micel or mycel means
‘*much,’’“so that, if the Scotch proverb
is accepted, we must give a forced mean-
ing to the word “ mickle,”’

Little Britain or Brittany. Same
as Armor’ica. Also called Benwic.

Little Corporal (Zhe). Napoleon
Bonaparte. So called after the battle of
Lodi,.in 1796, from his low stature,
youthful age, and amazing courage. He
was barely 5 ft. 2 in. in height.

Little Dauphin (Zhe). The eldest
son of the Great Dauphin--i.e, the Duc
de Bourgogne, son of Louis, and grand-
son of Louis XIV

Little Ease. The name of a prison
cell too small to allow the prisoner to
stand upright, or to lie down, or to
assume any other position of ease. I
have seen such a cell at St. Cyr; and
according to Curiosity, or, The General
Library, p. 69 (1738), cells of this kind
were Aa “at Guildhall for unruly
apprentices.”

Little-Endians. The two great
empires of Lilliput and Blefuscu waged
a destructive war against each other,
exhausted their treasures, and decimated
their subjects on their different views
of interpreting this vital direction con-
tained in the 54th chapter of the Blun -
decral (Koran): ‘* All true believers break
their eggs at the convenient end.’’ The
godfather of Calin Deffar Plune, the
reigning emperor of Lilliput, happened
to cut his finger while breaking his egg
at the big end, and very royally Feb:
lished a decree commanding all his liege
enal-
in future at the small end. The Heseaaey
0 re-
sent this innovation, and declared a war

Little Englanders

of extermination against the heretical
Lilliputians, pene hundreds of large
treatises were published on both sides,
but those of a contrary opinion were
put in the Index expurgato'rius of the
opposite empire. (Gulliver's Travels

oyage to Lilliput, iv.)

“The quarrel between the Little-endians and
the Big-endians broke out on Thursday, like tbe
after-fire of a more serious conflagration,”—The
Times.

Little Englanders. Those who up-
hold the doctrine that English people
should concern themselves with England
only: they are opposed to colonisation
and extension of the Empire.

Little-Ge. The examination held in
the Cambridge University in the second
year of residence. Called also ‘the
previous examination,”’ because it pre=
cedes by a year the examination for a

degree. In Oxford the corresponding
examination is called The Smalls. (See
Mops.)

Little Jack Horner. (Sce Jack.)

Little John. A big stalwart fellow,
named John Little (or John Nailor), who
encountered Robin Hood, and gaye him
a sound thrashing, after which he was
rechristened, aud Robin stood
father. Little John is introduced by
Sir Walter Scott in The Talisman.
“*This infant was called John Little,’ quoth he H

“Which name shall be changed anon.
The words we'll transpose, so wherever he goes,
His name shall be called Little John,”
Ritson: Robin Hood, xxi,

Little John was executed on ‘Arbor
Hill, Dublin.

It will Le remembered that Maria in
Tweljtk Night, represented by Shake-
speare as a little woman, is by a similar
pleasantry called by Viola, “ Olivia’s
giant;”’ and Sir Toby says to her,
“Good night, Penthesile’a ”—i.e, Ama-
zon.

Little Masters, A name applied
to certain designers, who worked for en-
gravers, etc., in the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries. Called Jittle because
their designs were on a small scale, fit
for copper or wood, The most famous
are Jost Amman, for the minuteness of
his work; Hans Burgmair, who made
drawings in wood illustrative of the
triumph of the Emperor Maximilian;
Hans Sebald Beham}; Albert Altdorfer,
and Henrich Aldegraver. ‘Albert Diirer
and Lucas van Leyden made the art
renowned and popular. ry

Little Nell. A child of beautiful
purity of character, living in the midst
of selfishness, worldliness, and crime.
(Dickens «Old Curiosity Shop.)

764

od-"

Livered

Little Ones (Zhe). The small chil-
dren, and young children generally.

Little Paris. Brussels, the capital
of Belgium, and Milan, in Italy, are so
called, from their gaiety and resemblance
in miniature to the French capital.

Little Pedlington. The village of
quackery and cant, humbug, and ego-
tism, wherever that locality is. A satire
by John Poole,

Little Red Ridinghood, This
nursery tale is, with slight alterations,
common to Sweden, Germany, and
France. It comes to us from the
French, called Le Petit Chaperon’ Rouge,
in Charies Perrault's Contes des Temps.

Little Gentleman in Velvet igh
The mole. ‘To the little gentleman
in velvet’ was a favourite Jacobite toast
in the reign of Queen Anne.’ The refer-
ence was to the mole that raised the
mole-hill against which the horse of
William III. stumbled at Hampton
Court, By this accident the king broke
his collar-bone, a severe ilIness ensued,
and he died early in 1702,

Little Packs become a Little
Pediar. “Little boats must keep near
shore, larger ones may venture more,’’

“ Mainwaring isa clever justice—
Tn bim, my Jord, our only trust is—
Burdett’s a ratten meddler ¢ ‘
Volks shud turn round and seo, their backs,
And meend aartad old proverbs: ‘ Little packs
Become a little pedlar.”
Peter Pindar : Middlesex Election, letter {.

Liturgy originally meant public work,
such as arranging the dancing and sing-
ing on public festivals, the torch-races,
the equipping and manning of ships, etc.
In the Church of England it means the
religious forms prescribed in the Book of
Common Prayer. (Greek, Kitourgia.)

Live. He lived like a knave, and died
like a fool. Said by Bishop Warburton
of Henry Rich, first Earl of Holland,
the turncoat. He went to the scaf-
fold dréssed in white satin, trimmed
with silver,

Liver-vein (Zhe). A love Barty:
The liver was anciently supposed to
the seat of love. When Longaville reads
the verses, Biron says, in an aside,
“This is the liver-vein, which makes
flesh a deity.” Cae ae Love's
Labour’s Lost, iv. 3.) — TP pa ‘
Livered. As, white-livered, lily-
livered. » Cowardly. In the auspices
taken by the Greeks and Romans bee
fore battle, if the liver of the animals

Liverpool

765

Loathly Lady

sacrificed was healthy and blood-red,
the omen was favourable ; but if pale,
it augured defeat.
“Thou lily-livered boy.”
Shakespeare : Macbeth v. 3,

Liverpool, Said to be the ‘‘liver-
pool.”” The liver is a mythic bird, some-
what like the heron. The arms of the
city contain two livers.

Liverpudlian. A native of Liver-
pool,

Livery. What is delivered. The
clothes of a man-servant delivered to
him by his master. The stables to
which your horse is delivered for keep.
During the Merovingian and Carlovin-
gian dynasties, splendid dresses were
eo to all the members of the royal

ousehold; barons and knights gave
uniforms to their retainers, and even a
duke’s son, serving as a page, was
clothed in the livery of the prince he
served, (French, livrer.)

“What livery is we know well enough; it. is
the allowance of horse-meate to Keepe horses at
livery ; the whieh word,I guess, is derived of
delivering forth their nightly food.”—Spenser on
Ireland.

Livery. The colours of a livery should
be those of the field and principal charge
of the armorial shield; hence the
Queen’s livery is gules (scarlet) or scarlet
trimmed with gold. The Irish regi-
ments preserve the charge of their own
nation, Thus the Royal Irish Dragoon
Guards have scarlet uniform with blue
facings, and the Royal Irish Lancers have
blue uniform with scarlet facings.

Livery-men. The freemen of. the
ninety-one guilds of London are so called,
because they are entitled to wear the
livery of their respective companies,

Livy of France (Zhe). Juan de
Mariana (1537-1624).

Livy of Portugal cai); Joao de

Barros, the best of the Portuguese his-
torians. (1496-1570.)
' Liza, An innkeeper’s daughter in
love with Elvi'no, a rich farmer: but
Elvi‘no loves Ami’na, Suspicious cir-
cumstances make the farmer renounce
the hand of Amina and promise Sag
to her rival; but Liza is shown to be
the paramour of another, and Amina,
being proved innocent, is married to the
man who loves her. (Bellini: La Son-
nambula.) Or Lisa. (See ELvINo.)

Lizard (Zhe). Supposed, at one
time, to be venomous, and hence a

‘lizard’s leg’? was an ingredient of the
witch’s cauldron in Macbeth.

Lizard Islands. Fabulous islands
where damsels outcast from the rest, of
the world are received. (Zorguemada:
Garden of Flowers.)

Lizard Point (Cornwall). A cor-
ruption of ‘‘Lazars’ Point,’’ i.e. the
place of retirement for lazars or lepers,

Lloyd’s. An association of under-
writers, for marine insurances. So called
because the society removed in 1716
from Cornhill to a coffee-house in Lom-
bard Street kept bya man named Lloyd.

Lioyd’s Books. Two enormous
ledger-like volumes, raised on desks
at the entrance (right and left) of
Lloyd’s Rooms. These books give the
principal arrivals, and all losses by
wrecks, fire, or other accidents at sea,
The entries are written in a fine, bold
Roman hand, legible to all readers,

Lloyd's List, A London periodical,
in which the shipping news received at
Lloyd’s Rooms is regularly published.

Lloyd’s Register. A register of
ships, British and foreign, published
yearly.

Lloyd’s Rooms. The rooms where
Lloyd’s Books are kept, and the business
of the house is carried on, These rooms
were, in 1774, removed from Lombard
Street to the Royal Exchange, and are
under the management of a committee,

Loaf. Never turn a loaf in the pre-
sence of a Menteith. Sir John Stewart
de Menteith was the person who be-
trayed Sit William Wallace to King
Edward. His signal was, when he
turned a loaf set on the table, the guests
were to rush upon the patriot, and
secure him. (Sir Walter Scott: Tales of
a Grandfather, vii.)

Loaf held in the Hand (A) is the
attribute of St. Philip the Apostle, St.
Osyth, St. Joanna, Nicholas, St. God-
frey, and of many other saints noted for
their charity to the poor,

Loafers. Tramps, thieves, and the
ne’er-do-Well. Idle fellows who. get
their living by expedients; chevalers
@industrie, erman, /dufer, a runner ;
Dutch, looper.

“Until the differentiation of the labourer from
the loafer takes place, the unemployed question
can never be properly dealt with,”—Ninetcenth
Century, December, 1893, p. 835.

Loathly Lady. A lady so hideous
that no one would marry her except Sir
Gaw'ain; and immediately after the
marriage her ugliness—the effect of en-
chantment—disappeared,and she became
a model of beauty. Love beautifies,

‘Loaves and Fishes

766

Lockman

scanner serio ae SA ee

Loaves and Fishes. With an eye to
the loaves and fishes ; for the sake of...
With a, view to the material benefits to
be derived. The crowd followed Jesus
Christ, not for the spiritual doctrines
which He taught, but for the loaves and
fishes which He distributed amongst
them.

“ Jesus answered them and said, Verily, verily,
I say unto you, ye seek Me, not because ye saw the
miracles, but because ye did eat of the loaves, and
were filled.”—Jobn Vi. 26,

Lob. A till, Hence lob-sneak, one who
robs the till; and Job-sneaking, robbing
tills. (See next article.)

Lob’s Pound. A prison, the stocks, °

or any other place of confinement.
(Welsh, dob, a dolt). The Irish call
it Pook’s or Pouk’s fold, and Puck
is called by Shakespeare ‘‘the lob of
spirits,’ and by Milton, ‘the lubber
fiend.’’? Our word lobby is where people
are confined till admission is granted
them into the audience chamber; it is
also applied to that enclosed space near
farmyards where cattle are confined.

Lobby. Zhe Bill will cross the lobbies.
Be sent from the House of Commons to
the House of Lords.

Loblolly, among seamen, is spoon-
victuals, or pap for lobs or dolts. (See
LoLiyYPors.)

Loblolly Boy (A4.) Asurgeon’s mate
in the na Here lob is the Welsh //od,
a dolt, and loblolly boy is a dolt not yet
out of his spoon-meat or baby-pap.

“Loblolly-boy is a person on board a man-of-
war who attends the surgeon and his mates, but
knows as much about the business of a seaman as
the author of this poem.”—The Patent (1776),

Lobster Sauce. Died for want of
lobster sauce. Died of mortification at
some trifling disappointment. Died from
pique, or wounded vanity. At the grand
feast given by the great Condé to Louis
XIV., at Chantilly, Vatel was told that
the lobsters for the turbot sauce had not
arrived, whereupon this chef of the
kitchen retired to his private room, and,
leaning on his sword, ran it through his
body, unable to survive such a dire dis-

grace as serving up turbot without

lobster sauce.

Lobsters and Tarpaulings. Soldiers
and sailors. Soldiers are now popularly
called lobsters, because they are turned
red when enlisted into the service. But
the term was ay aM applied to a
troop of horse soldiers in the Great Re-
bellion, clad in armour which covered
them as a shell.

“Sir William Waller received from London (in
1643) a fresh regiment of 500 horse, under the

command of Sir Arthur Haslerig, which were so
prodigiously armed that they were called by the
king’s party ‘the regiment of lobsters,’ because
of their bright iron sbells with which they were
covered, being perfect cuirassiers, and were the
first seen go armed on either side,”"—Clarendon:
History of the Rebellion, iii. 91.

Lochiel (2 syl.) of Thomas Campbell
ig Sir Evan Cameron, lord of Lochiel,
surnamed Lhe Black, and The Ulysses of
the Highlands. His grandson Donald
was called The Gentle Lochiel. _Lochiel
is the title of the head of the clan
Cameron.

“ and Cameron, in the shock of steel,
Die like the offspring of Lochiel.”’ ;
Sir W. Scott: The Field of Waterloo.

Lochinvar, being in love with a lady
at Netherby Hall, persuaded her to
dance one last dance. She was con-
demned to marry a ‘‘ laggard in love and
a dastard in war,’’ but her young cheva-
lier swung her into his saddle and made
off with her, before the ‘‘ bridegroom”
and his servants could recover from their
astonishment. (Sir Walter Scott : Mar-
mion.)

Lock, Stock, and Barrel. The
whole of anything. The lock, stock,
and barrel of a gun is the complete in-
strument.

“The property of the Church of ey yee lock,
stock, and barrel, is claimed by the Liberation-
ists.”"—Newspaper paragraph, 1885. >

Lock the Stable Door. Lock the
stable door when the steed ts stolen. To
take ‘* precautions’? when the mischief
is done,

Lockhar, When the good Lord
James, on his way to the Holy Land
with the heart of King Robert Bruce,
was slain in Spain fighting against the
Moors, Sir Simon Locard, of Lee, was
commissioned to carry back to Scotland

- the heart, which was interred in Melrose

Abbey. In consequence thereof he
changed his name to Lock-heart, and
adopted the device of a heart within a
Jetterlock, with this motto: ‘* Corda ser-
rata pando’? (Locked hearts I open), Of
course, this.is romance. Lockhart is
Teutonic, ‘‘ Strong Beguiler.”” - r
“For this reason men changed Sir S’mon’s name
from Lockhard to Lockheart, and all who are de-
scended from Sir Simon are called Lockbart to this
day.'—Sir Walter Scott : Tales of a Grandfather, xi.
Lockit. The jailer in Gay’s Beggar’s
Opera. i . te onal
Lockitt’s. A fashionable coffee-house
in the reign of Charles IT. bxazi.d '
Lockman. Anexecutioner; so called
because one of his dues was a lock (or
ladleful) of meal from every c:

Locksley

767

Lodona

ro) ed for sale in the market. In the
Isle of Man the under-sheriff is so called.

Locksley. So Robin Hood is some-
times called, from the village in which he
was born. (See Ivanhoe, ch. xiii.)

Locksley Hall. Tennyson has a
m so called. The lord of Locksley
ll fell in love with his cousin Amy,
but Amy married a rich clown. The
lord of Locksley Hall, indignant at this,
declares he will marry a savage; but,
on reflection, adds: ‘‘ Better fifty years
of Europe than a cycle of Cathay.’

Locksmith’s Daughter. A key.

Loco Parentis (Latin). One acting
in the place of a parent, as a guardian or
schoolmaster.

Locofo'cos, Lucifer-matches; self-
lighting cigars were so called in North
America in 1834.
lieu of fire.)

“Tn 1835 during an excited meeting of the party
in Tammany Hall, New York, when the candles
had been blown out to increase the confusion
they were lighted with matches then called
“ locofocos."” — Gilman: The American People,

chap, xxi.

Locofo'cos, Ultra-Radicals, so called
in America because, at a grand meeting
in Tammany Hall, New York, in 1835,
the chairman left his seat, and the lights
were suddenly extinguished, with the
hope of breaking tp the turbulent as-
sembly ; but those who were in favour of
extreme measures instantly drew from
their pockets their locofocos, and re-
‘lighted the gas. The meeting was con-
tinued, and the Radicals had their way,
(See Gilman: . The. American People,
chap. xxi.)

Locomotive, or Locomotive En-
gine. A steam-engine employed to move
carriages from place to place.
locus moveo, to move one’s place.)

Locomotive Power. Power applied

to the transport of goods, in contradis- ,

tinction to stationary power. -

Locrin or Locrine (2 syl.). Father
of Sabri‘na, and eldest son of the myth-
ical Brutus, King of ancient Britain.
Ou fhe death of his father he became
king of Loe’gria(g.v.). (Geoffrey: Brit.
Hist., ii. 5.)

“Virgin daughter of Locrine.

Sprung from old Anchises’ line.”
Milton: Comus, 942-3,

~ Locum Te'nens (Jatin). One hold-
ing the place of another. A substitute,
‘a deputy; one acting temporarily for
another; alieutenant. _

Locus Delicti. The place where a
crime was committéd, ~ ;

(Latin, Joco-foct, in

(Latin, -

Loous in quo (Latin). The place in
question, the spot mentioned.

Locus Peenitentixw. (Latin.) Place
for repentance —that is, the licence of
drawing back from a bargain, which can
be done before any act has been com-
mitted to confirm it. In the interview
between Esau and his father Isaac, St.
Paul says that the former “found no
place for repentance, though he sought
it carefully with tears’’ (Heb. xii. 17)—
7,é@. no means whereby Isaac could break
his bargain with Jacob.

Locus penitentie, Time to withdraw
from a bargain (in Scotch law).

Locus Sigilli or L.S. The place
where the seal is to be set,
Locus Standi (Latin). Recognised

osition, acknowledged right or claim,
Je say such-and-such a one has no locus
standi in society,

Locust Bird. A native of Khoras-
san (Persia), so fond of the water of
the Bird Fountain, between Shiraz and
Ispahan, that it will follow wherever it
is carried.

Locusts, (For food.)

“The bushmen [says Captain Stockenston] con-
sider locusts a great luxury, consuming great
quantities fresh,and drying abundance for future
emergencies.” “They are eaten [says Thomas
Bayne) in like manner by the Arabs of the Desert,
and by other nomadic tribes in the East,”

i “Even the wasting locust-swarm,
Which mighty nations dread,
To me no terror brings, nor harm,
T make of them my bread.”
African Sketchea (1820),

Locus’ta.! This woman has become a
byword for one who murders those she
rofesses to nurse, or those whom it is
fies duty to take care of. She lived ‘in
the early part of the Roman empire,
poisoned Claudius and Britan‘nicus, and

| attempted to destroy Nero; but, being
‘|' found out, she was put to death.

*,- Lode. The vein that leads or guides
_toore. A dead lode is one exhausted.

| Lode. A ditch that guides or leads
. water into a river or sewer,

- Lodestar. The leading-star by which
mariners are guided ; the pole-star. ~
* “Your eyes are lodestars.”—Shakespeare; Mid-
summer Night's Dream, i.1.

Lodestone or Loadstone, The
magnet or stone that guides.

Lodo’na. The Lodden, an affluent of
the Thames in Windsor Forest. Pope,
in Windsor Forest, says it was a nymph,
fond of the chase, like Diana. It chanced
one day that Pan saw her, and tried to
catch her; but Lodona fled from him,

Loegria

oe

768

Logistilla

imploring Cyn’thia to save her from her
persecutor. No sooner had she spoken
than she became “a, silver stream which
ever keeps its virgin coolness.”’

Loegria or Lo’gres. England is so
called by Geoffrey of Monmouth, from
Logrine, eldest son of the mythical King
Brute.

“ His [Brute’s] three sons divide the land by con-

sent ; Locrine had the middle part, Loégra.. .”
—Milton: History of England, bk. 1,
“Thus Cambria to her right, what would herself
restore,
And rather than to lose Loegria, looks for
more.” Drayton: Polyolvion, iv.
“Jl est ecrit qu’il est une heure
Ou tout le royaume de Logres,
Qui jadis fut la terre es ogres,
Sera detruit par cette lance.”
Chretien de Troyes.

Log. An instrument for measuring
the velocity of a ship. Itis a flat piece
of wood, some six inches in radius, and
in the shape of a quadrant, A piece
of lead is nailed to the rim to make the
log float perpendicularly. To this log
a line is fastened, called the log-line
(q.v.). Other forms are also used.

A king Log. A roi fainéant. In ailu-
sion to the fable of the frogs asking for
aking. Jupiter first threw them down a
log of wood, but they grumbled at so
spiritless a king. He then sent them a
stork, which devoured them eagerly.

Log-board. A couple of boards shut-
ting like a book, in which the ‘‘logs’’
are entered. It may be termed the
waste-book, and the /og-book the journal,

Log-book. The journal in which the
“logs” are entered by the chief mate.
Besides the logs, this book contains all
general transactions pertaining to the
ship and its crew, such as the strength
and course of the winds, the conduct
and misconduct of the men, and, in
short, everything worthy of note.

Yiog-line. The line fastened to the
log (7.v.), and wound round a reel in
the ship’s gallery. The whole line a
cept some five fathoms next the log,
called stray line) is divided into equal
lengths calléd knots, each of which is
“marked with a piece of coloured tape or
bunting. Suppose the captain wishes to
know the rate of his ship; one of the
sailors throws the log into the sea, and
the reel begins to unwind. The length
of line run off in half a minute shows the
rate of the ship’s motion per hour.

Log-roller (4). One engaged in
log-rolling, that is (metaphorically) in

furthering another’s schemes or fads; .

personstsvho laud a friend to promote

the sale of his books, ete. The allusion
is to neighbours who assist a new settler
to roll away the logs of his *‘ clearing.’’

“The members [of Congress] . .. . make a com-
pact by which each aids the other. This is log-
TOUID Ee peer Commonwealth, vol. ii. part iii.
chap. Ixvii. page 125 (1389).

Log-rolling. The combination of
different interests, on the principle of
“¢Claw me, I’ll claw you.’’ Applied to
mutual admiration criticism. One friend
praises the literary work of another
with the implied understanding of re-
ceiving from him in return as much as
he gives. The mutual admirers are
called ‘‘log-rollers.”

‘t In the last decade of the nineteenth
century, it was used politically to signify
if A B willhelp C D to pass their measures
through the House, then C D will return
the same favour to A B.

Of course, the term is American, If you help
me to make my clearance, I will help you to rol
away the logs of yours.

Log-rolling Criticism, The criti-
cism of eet men who combine. to
praise each other’s works in press or
otherwise.

Logan or Rocking Stones, for which
Cornwall is famous,

Pliny tells us of a rock near Harpisa
which might be moved with a finger.

Ptolemy says the Gygonian rock might
be stirred with a stalk of asphodel,

Half a mile from St. David’s is a
Logan stone, mounted on divers other
stones, which may be shaken with one
finger.

At Golcar Hill (Yorkshire) is a rock-
ing stone, which has lost its power from
being hacked by workmen who wanted
to find out the secret of its rocking
mystery.

In Pembrokeshire is a rocking stone,
rendered immovable by the soldiers of
Cromwell, who held it to be an en-
couragement to superstition. $0

The stone called Menamber in Sithney
(Cornwall) was also rendered immovable
by the soldiers. under the same notion.

There are very many others.

Loggerheads. Fall to loggerheads ;
to squabbling and fisticuffs.

Logget. A sweetmeat, a toffy cut
into small manchets ; a little log of toffy.
Common enough in Norfolk, >

Logistilla (in Orlando Furioso). The
good fairy, and sister of Alcina the
sorceress. She teaches _Ruggie'ro to
manage the hippogriff, and gives Astol-
pho a magic book and horn, The im-
personation of reason,

Logres 7

69 London

Logres. (See LoEGRIA.)

Lo‘gria, England, so called by the
old romancers and fabulous historians,

Logris, Locris. Same as Locrin
or Locrine (q.0.). ;

Loins. Givd up the loins, brace your-
self for vigorous action, or energetic
endurance. The Jews wore loose gar-
ménts, which they puta about their
loins when they travelled or worked.
“Gird up the loins of your mind."—1 Peter i. 13,

My little finger shall be thicker than ,
my father’s loins (1 Kings xii, 10), My’:

lightest taz shall be heavier than the

most oppressive tax of my predecessor. ’

The arrogant answer of Rehoboam to
the deputation which waited on him to’
entreat an alleviation of ‘“‘the yoke’’
laid on them by Solomon. The reply
caused the revolt of all the tribes, ex-
cept those of Judah and Benjamin.

Loki, The god of strife and spirit of
evil. He artfully contrived the death
of Balder, when Odin had forbidden
pyenveian that springs ‘* from fire, air,
earth, aud watér’’ to injure him, The
mistletoe not being included was made
into an arrow, given to the blind Hoder,
and shot at random; but it struck the
beautiful Balder and killed him. This
evil being was subsequently chained to
a rock with ten chains, and will so con-
tinue till the twilight of the gods ap-
pears, when he will break his bonds;
then will the heavens disappear, the
earth be swallowed up by the sea, fire
shall consume the elements, and even
Odin, with all his kindred deities, shall
perish. (See BALDER, KIssING.)-

Loki’s Three Children were Jér-
mungand (a monstrous serpent), Fenrir
(a wolf), and Hela (half corpse and half
queen). His wife was Siguna.

? Loki is the personification of sin.
Fenrir personifies the See 3 of a
guilty conscience. Both Loki and Fenrir
were chained by the Aus®, but not with
iron chains, (Scandinavian mythology.)

Lokman.. A fabulous personage, the
supposed author of a collection of Arabic
fables. Like sop, he is said to have
been a slave, noted for his ugliness.

Lollards. . The early German re-
formers and _ the followers of Wickliffe
were 0 called, Aningenious derivation
is given by Bailey, who suggests the
Latin word lolium a
reformers were deemed “ tares in God's
ywheat-field.”” rs

arnel), because these.

“ Gregory XI., in one of his bulls
against Wickliffe, urges the clergy to
extirpate this olium,

“The name of Lollards was first given (in 1300)
toa charitable society at Antwerp, who lulled the
sick by singing to them,"—Dr, Blair : Chronology
(under. the date 1300),

German Jollen, to hum.
Lollop. To lounge or idle about.

Lollypops. Sweets made of treacle,
butter, and flour; any sweets which are

- sucked, <A ‘lolly’? is a small lump.

Lombard (4). A banker or money-
lender, so called because the first bankers
were from Lombardy, and set up in
Lombard Street (London), in the Middle
Ages. The business of lending money
on pares was carried on in England by
Italian merchants or bankers as early at
least as the reign of Richard I. By the
12 Edward I., a messuage was confirmed
to these traders where Lombard Strect
now stands; but the trade was first re-
cognised in law by James I. The name
Lombard (according to Stow) is a con-
traction of Longobards, Among the
richest of these Longobard merchants
was the celebrated Medici family, from
whose armorial bearings the insignia of
three golden balls has been derived. The
Lombard bankers exercised a monopoly
in pawnbroking till the reign of Queen
Elizabeth.

Lombard Fever, Laziness. Pawn-
brokers are called Lombard brokers, be-
cause they retain the three golden balls
of the Lombard money-changers; and
lazy folk will pawn anything rather than
settle down to steady work.

Lombard Street to a China
Orange. Longodds, Lombard Street,
London, is the centre of great banking
and mercantile transactions. To stake
the Bank of England against a common
orange is to stake what is of untold value
against a mere trifle.

“*Ttis Lombard Street toa China orange,’ quoth

Uncle Jack.’ Bulwer Lytton: The Caxtons,

Lombardic. The debased Roman
style of architecture adopted in Lom-
bardy after the fall of Rome.

‘London, says Francis Crossley, ‘is
Luan-dun (Celtic), City of the Moon, and
tradition says: there was once a temple
of Diana (the Moon) where St. Paul's
now stands. Greenwich he derives from
Grian-wich (City of the Sun), also Celtic.
It would fill a page to give a list of
guesses made. at the derivation of the

word London. The ong given above is.

London Bridge

770

Long Tail

about the best for fable and mythology.
(See AvuausTa, BabyLon, and Lup’s
Town.)

London Bridge built on Wool-
packs, In the reign of Henry II, the
new stone bridge over the Thames was
paid for by a tax on wool.

* There was a bridge over the Thanies
in the tenth century, Theré was a new
one of wood in 1014. The stone bridge
(1176-1209) was by Peter of Colechurch.
New London Bridge, constructed of
granite, was begun in. 1824, and finished
in seven yéars. It was designed by Sir
John Rennie, and cost £1,458,000. In
1894 was opened a new bridge, called the
Tower Bridge, to admit of easier traffic,

London Stone.
rium (milestone) of Roman London, simi-
lar to that in the Forum of Rome. The
British high roads radiated from this
stone, and it was from this point they
were measured. Near London Stone
lived Fitz Alwyne, who was the first
mayor of London,

* London Stone was removed for
security into the wall of St. Swithin’s
church, facing Cannon Street station,
and secured from damage by an iron
railing,

There are two inscriptions, one in
Latin and one in English. The latter
runs thus :—

“London stone. Commonly belleved to be a
Roman work, long placed about xxxv feet hence
towards the south-west, and afterwards built into
the wall of this church, wag, for more careful pro-
tection and transmission to future ages, better
secured by the churcbwardens in the year of OVR
LORD MDCCCLXIX.”

Long Chalk (4) or Long Chalks,
He beat me by a long chalk or by long
chalks. By a good deal; by many
marks, The allusion is to the game of
dominoes, where the notation is made by
chalk on a table.

Long Dozen (4) is 13. A long hun-
dred is 120,

Long-headed. Clever, sharp-witted.
Those who believe in the pe and
bumps of the head think thata long head
indicates shrewdness,

Long Home. He has gone to his long
home. He is dead. The “long home?

means the grave, The French equivae

lent is “Aller dans une maison o& Vom

demeurera toujours.”
Long Lane, (See Lane.)
Long Meg of Westminster.

A
oted virago in the reign of Henry VIII.

The central millias

‘French, “.4 la longue.?

Her name has been given to several
articles of unusual size. Thus, the large
blue-black marble in the south cloister
of Westminster Abbey, over the grave of
Gervasius de Blois, is called ‘‘ Long Meg
of Westminster,’’ Fuller says the term
is applied to things ‘‘ of hop-pole height,
wanting breadth proportionable theres
unto,’’ and refers to a great gun in the
Tower so called, taken to Westminster
in troublous times.

The large gun in Edinburgh Castle is
called Mons a and the bomb forged
for the siege of Oudenarde, now in the
city of Ghent, {s called Mad Deg.

nthe Edinburgh Antiquarian Maga-
zine, September, 1769, we read of ‘* Peter
Branan, aged 104, who was six feet six
inches high, and was commonly called
Long Meg of Westminster, (See Mxc.)

_Long Mey and her daughters. In the
neighbourhood of Penrith, Cumberland,
is a circle of 67 (Camden snys 77) stones,
some of them ten feet high, ranged in a
circle, Some seventeen paces off, on the
south side, is a single stone, fifteen feet
high, called Long Meg, the shorter ones
being called her daughters. (Greek,
megas, great.)

“This,and the Robrick stones in Oxfordshire,
are sureoee to have been erected at the investl-
ture of some Danish kings, like the Kingstoler in
Denmark, and the Moresteen in Sweden."—Came
den: Britannia,

Long Odds. The odds laid ona horse
which has apparently no chance of win-
ning the race, Any similar bet,

Long Parliament. The parliament
which assembled November 8rd, 1640,
and was dissolved by Cromwell on April
20th, 1653; that is, 124 years, ~~

Long Peter. Peter Aartsen, the
Flemish painter ; so called on account of
his extraordinary height. _ (1507-1573,)

Long Run. Jn the long run: Evens
tually. Here “long run’? is not the
correlative of a ‘short run,” but the
Latin adverb demum, ultimately; in

“Long-Sword (Longue épée). William
enim Mato of orman Ye (Died

Long Tail. Cut and long tail. One
and another, all of every description.
The phrase had its origin in the practice
of cutting the tails of certain dogs and
horses, and leaving others in their natu-
ral state, so that cut and long tail horses’
or dogs included all the species. Master
Slender says he will maintain Anne

we

Long-tailed m7

Longboat

Page like a gentlewoman. ‘*Ah!”’
says he—

“That I will, come cut and long tail under the
degree of a squire [i.e. as well a8 any man can
who is not a squire),”"—Shakespeare: Merry Wives
of Windsor, iii. 4.

Long-tailed. How about the long-
tailed beggar ? A reproof given to one
who is drawing the longbow too freely.
The tale is that a boy who had been a
short voyage pretended on his return to
have forgotten everything belonging to
his native home, and asked his mother
what she called that ‘‘long-tailed beg-
gar,’’ meaning the cat,

Long Tom Coffin. A sailor of noble
adaring, in The Pilot, by Cooper.

Long Words.

Agathokakological.
Doctor.)

Alcomiroziropoulopilousitounitapignac.
The giantess. (Croquemitaine, iii. 2.)

Amoronthologosphorus, (See Hatz.)
(The Three Hairs.)

Anantachaturdasivratakatha, (Sans-
krit work.) (See TZrtbner’s Literary
Record.)

Antipericatametanaparbeugedamphi-
cribrationes Toordicantium. a of the
booksin the library of St. Victor. (Labe-
lais: Pantagruel, ii. 7.)

Batrachomyomachia (battle of the
frogs and mice). A Greek mock heroic.

Cluninstaridysarchides. (Plautus.)

Deanthropomorphisation.

Don Juan Nepomuceno de Burionago-
natotorecagageazcoecha. An employé in
the finance department of Madrid (1867),

Drimtaidhvrickhillichattan, in the Isle
of Mull, Argyleshire,

Honorificabilitudinitatibus, called the
longest word in the (?) English lan-
guage. It frequently occurs in old plays.
(See Bailey’s Dictionary.) The ‘‘ quad-
radimensionality” is almost as long.

“Thou art not so long “by the head as honorific-
abilitudinitatibus.”—Shakespeare: Love's Labour's
Lost, J. 1. -

Inanthropomorphisability of deity.

J Be etia nottz mmordarcheehwind.
suchttoedtungs-gegenverein (German),
(See Notes and Dare, vol. v, p. 124,
AE oe

agwadawwacomégishearg. An In-
— chfef, who died in Wistonat in
‘Lepadotemachoselachogaleokranioleip-
sanodrimupotrimmatosilphioparaomelit -
okatakecl ummenokichlepikossuphophat-

(Southey: The

| La agate staple renee gen |
t

eleiolagoosiraiobaletraganopterugon.
is one of the longest words extant (179

English and 169 Greek letters and con-
sisting of 78 syllables). (Aristophanes :
Ekklesiazousat, v. 1169.)

Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgoge
drobwllllandyssiliogogogoch. e name
of a Welsh village in Anglesea. In the
postal directory the first twenty letters
only are given as a sufficient address for
practical purposes, but the full name
contains 59 letters. The meaning is,
‘The church of St. Mary in a hollow
of white hazel, near to the rapid whirl-
pool, and to St. Tisilio church, near to
a red cave.”’

“What, Mr. Manhound, was it not enough thus
to have morcrocastebezasteyerestegrigeligoscop-
apondrillated us all in our upper members with
your botched mittens, but you must also apply
such morderegrippiatabirofreluchamburdureca-
quelurintimpaniments on our sbin-bones with the
hard tops and extremities of your cobbled shoes,”
—Rabelais, illustrated by Gustave Dore, p. 438.

They morramborizeverzengirizequo-
q uemorgasacbaquevezinemaffretiding
my poor eye. (tiabclais: Pantagruel,
iv. 10.)

Nitrophenylenediamine.
intense red colour.

“ Dinitroaniline, chloroxynaphthalic acid ,whioh
may be used for colouring wool in intense red ;
aud nitropbenylenediamine of chromatic bril-
liancy."— William Crookes: The Times, October
Bth, 1868. sO

Polyphrasticontinomimegalondulaton.

““Why not wind up the famous ministerial de-
claration with ‘Konx Ompax’ or the mystic
‘Om,’ or that difficult expression ‘ Polyphrasti-
continomimegalondulaton ?’”—The Star.

M. N. Rostocostojambedanesse, author
of After Beef, Mustard. (Rabelais:
Pantagruel, ii. 7.)

Sankashtachaturthivratodyapana.

Sanskrit work.) (See Triibner’s Literary

ecord.) Forster gives one of 152 syl-
lables,

Tetramethyldiamidobenzhydrols,

“The general depth of modern researches in
structural chemistry must be explained, even to
those who are not interested in the mystery of
tryphenylmethans, the tetramethy]diamidobenz-
hydrols, and otber similarly terrific terms used by
chemists.”—Nineteenth Century (Aug., 1893, p. 248).

“Miss Burney has furnished the longest com-
pound in the English tongue: “the suddéen-at-the-
moment - though - from - lingering -illness-often-
previously-expected death of Mr, Burney's wife."
—De Vere.

Ziirchersalzverbrauchsbuchhaltungs-
verordnung, (Ausland.) .

“Conturbabantur Constantinopolitani,
{nnumerabilibus sollicitudinibus.”

“ Constantinopolitan maladministration
Superinduces denationalisation.” .

Longboat. Formerly the largest boat
belonging to a ship, built so as to carry
a great weight. A long-boat is often
from 30 to 40 feet long, having a beam
from 29 to ‘25 of its length. It hasa
heavy flat floor, and is carvel buill,

chwyrn-

A dye of an

Longbow

Longbow.
To exaggerate. The force of an arrow
in the longbow depends on the strength
of the arm that draws it, so the force of
a statement depends on the force of the
speaker’s imagination. The longbow
was the favourite weapon of the English
from the reign of Edward II. till it was
superseded by fire-arms. The “Jong-
bow’’ was the hand-bow, as distin-
guished from the crossbow or bow
fitted on a stock.

Longchamps. On Wednesday,
Thursday, and Friday of Passion Week,
the Parisians go in procession to Long-
champs, near the Bois de Boulogne.
This procession is made by private car-
riages and hired cabs, and is formed by
all the smartly-dressed men and women
who wish to display the spring. fashions.
The origin of the custom is this: There
was once a famous nunnery at Long-
champs, noted for its singing. In Passion
‘Week all who could went to hear these
religious women sing the Ténébres; the
custom grew into a fashion, and though
the house no longer exists, the proces-
sion is as fashionable as ever.

Longecrown. A deep fellow, long-
headed.

That caps Longcrown, and he capped
the devil. That is a greater falsehood
than the ‘‘ father of lies’? would tell.

Longevity. The oldest man of
modern times was Thomas Carn, if we
may rely on the parish register of St.
Leonard’s, Shoreditch, where it is re-
corded that he died in the reign of
Queen Elizabeth, aged 207. He was
born in 1381, in the reign of Richard II.,
lived in the reigns of ten sovercigns, and
died in 1588. Old Jenkins was only 160
when he died, and remembered going
(when he was a boy of twelve) with a
load of arrows, to be used in the battle
of Flodden Field. Parr died at the age
of 152, William Wakley (according to
the register of St. Andrew’s church,
(oo a Salop) was at least 124 when he

ied,
and buried at Adbaston, November 28,
1714, and he lived in the reigns of eight
sovereigns, Mary Yates, of Lizard
Common, Shifnal, married her third
Ahusband at the age of 92, and died in
1776, at the age of 127.

Longius. The Roman soldier who
smote our Lord with his spear. In the
romance of King Arthur, this spear was
brought by Joseph of Arimathea to Lis-
tenise, When he visited King Pellam,

To draw the longbow,

He was baptised at Idsal 1590, |

172 Lookers-on

“who was nigh of Joseph’s kin.’? Sir
Balim the Savage, being in want of a
weapon, seized this spear, with which he
wounded King Pellam. ‘Three whole
countries were destoyed’’ by that one
stroke, and Sir Balim saw ‘“‘ the people
thereof lying dead on all sides.’’ (Hts-
tory of Prince Arthur, vol i. chap. 41.)
Generally called Lonarnus.

Longo Intervallo. Proximus sed
longo intervallo. Wext (it is true), but at
what a vast distance! Generally quoted
* Longo intervallo."”

Looby. A simpleton. (Welsh, lob,
a dolt.)

“The spendthrift and the plodding looby,
The nice Sir Courtly, and the booby.
dudibras; Redivivus (1707).
Look Alive.

Be more active and

_ energetic; look sharp

Look Black (Zo) and Black Looks.
(See BLACK... .)

Look Blue (70). To show signs of
disappointment, disgust, or displeasure.

“Squire Brown looked rather blue at having to
pay £2 10s. for tle posting expenses from Oxford.”
—Hughes: Loin Brown at Oxford.

Look Daggers (70). To look very
angry, as if to annihilate you. Clytus
says to Alexander, ‘"You cannot look
me dead.’’ :

“You may look daggers, but usé none.”

Look as Big as Bull Beef (Zo). To
look stout and hearty, as if fed on bull
beef. Bull beef was formerly recom-
mended for making men strong and
muscular.

Look before You Leap. Consider
well before you act. “ Melius est cavére
semper, quam patiri semel.”’

“And look before you ere you leap,
For, as you s0w, you're like to reap,”
Butler ; Hudibras, canto li. part ii. 502.

Look for a Needle in a Bottle of

Hay (70). (See Borrie.)

Look not a Gift Horse in the
Mouth. ‘‘ Noli dentes equi inspicere
donati.”. Do not vxamine a gift too
critically. att

Look One Way and Row Another
(To). ‘* Olera spectant, lardum tollunt.”
To aim apparently at one thing, but
really to be seeking something quite
different.

Look through Blue Glasses ‘or
Coloured Spectacles. To regard ac-
tions in a wrong light; to view ‘things
distorted by prejudice. KY

Lookers-on. Zhe man on the dyke
always hurls well. The wan standing

Looking Back

on the mound, and looking at those who
are playing at hurling, can see the faults
and criticise them. Umpires are lookers-
on.

Looking Back. Unlucky. This arose
from Lot’s wife, who looked back towards
Sodom and was turned to a pillar of salt
(Genesis xix. 26).

Looking-glass. tis unlucky to break
a@ looking-glass. The nature of the ill-
duck varies; thus, if a maiden, she will
never marry; if a married woman, it
betokens a death, etc. This superstition
arose from the use made of mirrors in
former times by magicians. If in their
pote the mirror used was broken,
the magician was obliged to give over
his operation, and the unlucky inquirer
could receive no answer.

Looking-glass of Lao reflected the mind
as well as the outwardform. (Citizen of
‘the World, xv.)

Loom means a utensil. (Anglo-Saxon,
loma). Thus ‘‘heir-loom’’? means a
personal chattel or household implement
which goes by special custom to the heir.
The word was in familiar use in Prior’s
time (1664-1721), for he says ‘‘a thousand
maidens ply the purple loom.”

Loony or Luny. A simpleton; a
_ natural, Corruption of lunatic,

Loophole. A way of escape, an
evasion; a corruption of ‘‘louvre holes.”
(See Louvre.) ay

Loose. Having a tile loose. Not quite
of sound mind. The head being the
roof of the temple called the body.

Out on the loose. Out on the spree;
out.of moral bounds.

Loose-coat Field. The battle of
Stamford in 1470. So called because the
men under Lord Wells, being attacked
by the Yorkists, threw off their coats
that they might flee the faster.

“Cast off their country’s coats to haste their

‘spced away ;
Which ‘ Loose-coat Field’ is called e’en to
this day.” Drayton: Polyolbion, xxii.

Loose Fish (4). A dissipated man.
We also speak of a ‘‘ queer fish,’’ and
the word ‘‘ fishy ”? means of very doubt-
ful character. . A loose fish is one that
has made its way out of the net; and
applied. to man it means one who has
thrown off moral restraint.

Loose-girt Boy (Zhe). Julius Cesar
Was so nicknamed. .

Loose-strife. Botanically called

Lysimachia, a Greek compound. mean-
ing the same thing,

e@ author of_

773

Lord Tovel

Flora Domestica tells us that the Romans
put these flowers under the yokes of
oxen to keep them from quarrelling with
each other ; for (says he) the plant keeps
off flies and gnats and thus relieves horses
and oxen from a great source of irrita-
tion. Similarly in Collins’ Faithful
Shepherdess, we read—
“Yellow Lysimachus, to give sweet rest,

To the faint shepherd, killing, where it comes,

All busy gnats,and every fiy that hums.”
(Pliny refers the name to one of Alex-
ander’s generals, said to have discovered
its virtues.)

Lorbrul’grud. The capital of Brob-
dingnag. ‘The word is humorously
said to mean ‘‘ Pride of the Universe.”
(Swift > Gulliver's Travels.)

Lord, A nobleman.

The word lord is a contraction of hlaf-
ord (Saxon for ‘‘loaf-author ” or “‘bread-
earner’’), Retainers. were called hlaf-
@tas, or ‘‘bread-eaters.”? | Verstegan
snergesta hlaf-ford, ‘‘ bread-givers,’’ (See

ADY

We have in Anglo-Saxon hlaf-ord,
hlaford - gift (lordship), Alaford - less
(lordless), hlafordom (dominion), and
many more similar compounds,

** Lord, a hunchback (Greek, lord-os,
crooked), Generally ‘‘ My lord.”’

Lord. Drunkasalord. (See DRUNK.)

Lord Burleigh. As significant as the
shake of Lord Burleigh’s head. In The
Critic, by Sheridan, is introduced a
tragedy called the Spanish Armada.
Lord Bae is supposed to be too
full of State affairs to utter a word; he
shakes his head, and Puff explains what
the shake means.

Lord Fanny. <A nickname given to
Lord Hervey for his effeminate and
foppish manners. He painted his face,
and was as pretty in his ways as a
boarding-school miss. (In the reign of
George II.)

Lord Foppington. A coxcomb who
considers dress and fashion the end and
aim of nobility.. (Vanbrugh: The Ite-
lapse.)

Lord, Lady. When our Lord falls in
our Lady’s lap.’ That is, when Good
Friday falls on the same date as Lady

| Day. (March 25th.)

Lord Lovel. The bridegroom who

' lost his bride on the wedding-day. She

| lecte

1
i

was playing at hide-and-seek,’ and se-
an old oak chest for her hiding-

lace. The chest closed with a spring

| tock, and many years after her skeleton

Lord Mayor's Day

told the sad story of The Mistletoe Bough.
Samuel Rogers introduces this story in
his [taly (part i. 18). He says the
bride was Ginevra, only child of Orsini,
“an indulgent father.’? The bridegroom
was Francesco Doria, ‘‘her playmate
from her birth, and her first love.’’
The chest in which she was buried
alive in her bridal dress was an
heirloom, ‘‘ richly carved by Antony of
Trent, with Scripture stories from the
life of Christ.”” It came from Venice,
and had ‘‘held the ducal robes of some
old ancestor.’? Francesco, weary of hiz
life, flew to Venice and ‘flung his life
away in battle with the Turk.”? Orsini
went mad, and spent the live-long day
‘wandering as in quest of something,
something he could not find.’ Fifty
youre afterwards the chest was removed
y strangers and the skeleton discovered.

Lord Mayor’s Day, November 9th.
So called because the Lord Mayor of
London enters into office on that day,
and inaugurates his official dignity with
a street procession, followed by a grand
banquet at the Mansion House.

Lord Peter. The Pope is so called
in The History of John Bull, by Dr.
Arbuthnot.

Lord Strutt. Charles II. of Spain
is so called in The History of John Bull,
by Arbuthnot.

Lord Thomas and the Far Annet
or Elinor, had a lover’s quarrel, when
Lord Thomas resolved to forsake Annet
for a nut-brown maid who had houses
and lands. On the wedding-day Annet,
in Bridal bravery, went to the church,
when Lord Thomas repented of his foily,
and gave Annet a rose. Whereupon the
nut-brown maid killed her with a “ long
bodkin from out her gay head-gear.”’
Lord Thomas, seeing Annet fall dead,
plunged his dagger into the heart of the
murderess, and then stabbed himself.
Over the graves of Lord Thomas and
fair Annet grew a ‘‘ bonny briar, and by
this ye may ken right well that they
were lovers dear.’’ In some ballads the
fair Annet is called the fair Elinor.
(Percy. Reliques, etc., series iii. bk. 3.)

Lord of Creation. Man-

“ Replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have
dominion over the fish of the sea,and over the
fowl of the air, and over every living thing that
moveth upon the earth. Behold, I have given
you every herb bearing seed... and every
tree ., .“—Gen. i. 28, 29.

Lord of Misrule, called in Scotland
AbboA of Unreason, prohibited in 1555.
Stow says, ‘At the feast of Christmas,

774

| Virgin Mar

Lose

in the king’s court, there was always
appointed, on All-Hallow’s eve, a master
of mirth and fun,” who remained in
office till the Feast of Purification. .A
similar ‘‘lord’’? was appointed by the
lord mayor of London, the sheriffs, and
the chief nobility. Stubbs tells us that
these mock dignitaries had from twenty
to sixty officers under them, and were
furnished with hobby-horses, dragons,
and musicians, They first went to church
with such a- confused noise that no one
could hear his own voice.

Lord of the Isles. Donald of Islay,
who in 1346 reduced the Hebrides under
his sway The title had been borne by
others for centuries before, and was also
borne by his successors. One of Sir
Walter Scott’s metrical romances is so
called. This title is now borne by the
Prince of Wales.

Loreda’no (James). A Venetian pa-
trician, and one of the ‘‘Council of
Ten.” (Byron. The Two Foscari.)

Lorenzo (in Edward Young’s
Nights Thoughts). An atheist, whose
remorse ends in despair.

Lorenzo. The suitor of the fair Jessica,
daughter of Shylock the Jew. (Shake-
speare: Merchant of Venice.)

Loretto. The house of Loretto. The
Santa Casa, the reputed house of the
y at Nazareth. It was
‘* miraculously ” translated to Fiume in
Dalmatia in 1291, thence to Recana’ti in
1294, and finaliy to Macera‘ta in Italy,
to a plot of land belonging to the Lady
Loretto.

“Our house may bave travelled through the air,
like the house of Loretto, for aught I care "—
Goldsmith; The Good-natured Man, \v. 1.

* There are other Lorettos: for in-
stance, the Loretto of Austria, Mariazeél
Glan wn the Cell), in Styria. So called

rom the miracle-working image of the
Virgin. Tho image, made of ebony, is
old and very ugly. Two pilgrimages
every year are made to it.

The Loretto of Bavaria LAlieting)

here is a

near the river Inn, where
shrine of the Black Virgin.

The Loretto of Switzerland. insied-
eln, a village containing a shrine of the
“Black Lady of Switzerland,” Tho
church is of black marble and the image
of ebony. :

Lorrequer (Harry). The hero of a
novel so called, by Charles Lever.

Lose. ‘‘’ Tis not I who lose the Athee
mans, but the Athenans who lose me,’

7

Lose Caste

775

Louisiana

said Anaxag’oras, when he was driven
out of Athens,

Lose Caste (70). (See Casts.)

Lose Heart (70). To be discouraged
or despondent. Heart = courage.

Lose not a Tide. Waste no time;
set off at once on the business.

Lose the Day (Zo). To lose the
battle ; to be defeat To win (or garn)
the day is to be victorious; to win the
battle, the prize, or any competition.

Lose the Horse or win the Saddle.
Everything or nothing. ‘‘Awt Cesar, aut
nullus.”” A man made the bet of a
horse that another could not say the
Lord’s Prayer withoutea wandering
thought. The bet was accepted, but
before half-way through the person who
accepted the bet looked up andsaid, ‘‘ By-
the-bye,do you mean the saddle also?’

Losing a Ship for a Ha’porth o’
Tar. Suffering a great loss out of
stinginess. By mean savings, or from
want of some necessary outlay, to lose the
entire article, For example, to save the
expense of a nail and lose the horse-shoe
as the first result, then to lame the horse,
and finally perhaps loll it.

Loss, To be ataioss, To be unable
todecide. Tobe puzzled or embarrassed.
As: “‘I am at a loss for the proper
word.”’ ‘Je m’y perds,” or ‘‘ Je sucs
bien embarrassée de dire”?

Lost. Island. Cephalo’nia, so calied
because it was only by chance that even
those who had visited it could find it
again It is sometimes called ‘‘ The

idden Island.”’ ‘

Lothair. A novel by Benjamin Dis-
raeh (Lord Beaconsfield). he charac-
ters are supposed to represent the
following persons —

The Oxford Professor, Goldwin Smith.

Grandison, Cardinal Manning and
Wiseman.

Lothair, Marquis of Bute.

-Catesby, Monseigneur Capel.

The Duke and Duchess, the Duke and
Duchess of Abercorn.

The Bishop, Bishop Wilberforce.

' Corisande, one of the Ladies Hamilton.

Lotha‘rio. A gay Lothar. A gay
libertine, a seducer of female modesty, a
debauchee, The character is from Zhe
Fair Penitent, by Rowe, and Rowe’s

, tragedy isfrom Massinger’s Fatal Dowry.
'. Lothian (Scotland). Sonamed from
Liew, the second son of Arthur, also

called Lothus. He was the father of
Modred, leader of the rebellious army
that fought at Camlan, a.p. 537.

Arthur's eldest son was Urien,and his youngest
was Arawn.

Lotus, The Egyptians pictured God
sitting on a lote-tree, above the watery
mud. Jamblichus says the leaves and
fruit of the lote-tree being rownd repre-
sent ‘‘the motion of intellect;’’ its
towering up through mud symbolises the
eminency of divine intellect over matter;
and the Deity sitting on the lote-tree
implies His intellectual sovereignty.
(Myster. Egypt., sec. 7, cap. ii. p. 151.)

otus. Mahomet says that a lote-tree
stands in the seventh heaven, on the
right hand of the throne of God.

Dryopé of CGcha'lia was one day
carrying her infant son, when she
plucked a lotus flower for his amuse-
ment, and was instantaneously trans-
formed into a lotus.

Lotis, daughter of Neptune, fleeing
from Pria’pus, was: metamorphosed into
a. lotus.

Lotus-eaters or Lotoph’agi, in Ho-
meric legend, are a people who ate of
the lotus-tree, the effect of which was to
make them forget their friends and
homes, and to lose all desire of return-
ing to their native land, their only wish
being to live in idleness in Lotus-land.
(Odyssey, xi.)

Lotus-eater, One living in ease and
luxury. Lord Tennyson has a poem
called The Lotus Eaters.

* The drink is made from the Zizy-
phus Lotus, which grows in Jerbah, an
island near Tunis.

Loud Patterns. Flashy, showy ones.
The analogy between sound and colour
is very striking.

Loud as Tom of Lincoln. The

‘great church bell.

Louis (S¢.) is usually represented aa
holding the Saviour’s crown of thorns
and the cross; sometimes, however, he
is represented with a pilgrim’s staff, and
sometimes with the pf es of the cross,
the allusion in all cases being to his
crusades.

Louis Dix-huit was nicknamed Des
Huitres, because he was a great gour-
mand, and especially fond of oysters,

Louisiana, U.S. America. So named

-in compliment to Louis XIV, of France.
| geenely applied to the French posses-
| sions in t. ;

e Mississippi Valley.

Loup

6 Lovelace

Loup. ‘‘ Le loup sart bien ce que male
béte pense” [male = méchant]. ‘' Un
fripon reconnatt un fripon au prenner
coup d’erl.’? We judge others by our-
selves. ‘‘Chacun mesure tout d@ son
aune.”? We measure others in our own
bushel. The wolf believes that ever
beast entertains the same _ wolfis
thoughts and desires as it does itself.
Plautus expresses the same idea thus:
“Insanire me aunt ultro cum rpsr n-
sanrunt ;”? and Cicero ‘says, ‘‘ Malum
conscrentia suspicrosum facrt ”’

Louvre [Paris]. A corruption of
Lupara, as it is called in old title-
deeds.

Dagobert is said to have built here a
hunting-seat, the nucleus of the present
magnificent pile of buildings.

“ He'll make your Paris Louvre shake for it.”

Shakespeare: Henry V , ii. 4,

Louvre. The tower or turret of a
building like a belfry, originally designed
for a sort of chimney to let out the
smoke. (French, /’owvert, the opening.)

Louvre boards in churches. Before
chimneys were used, holes were left in
the roof, called Joovers or leuver holes.
From the French ouvert (the open
boards),

Louvre of St. Petersburg (Zhe).
The Hermitage, an imperial museum.

Love (God of). (Anglo-Saxon Juf.)
Cam'deo, in Hindu mythology.
Camade'va, in Persian mythology.
Cupid, in Roman mythology.

Eros, in Greek mythology.

Freya, .in Celtic mythology.

Kama or Cama, in Indian mythology’
(See BowYEr, etc., etc.)

{ The family of love. Certain fanatics
in the sixteenth century, holding tenets
not unlike those of the Anabaptists.

There 2s no love lost. Because the
persons referred to have no love for each
other. What does not exist cannot be
lost.

Love-lock. A small curl gummed to
the temples, sometimes called a hen or
bow catcher. When men indulge in a
eurl in front of their ears, the love-lock
is called a bell-rope—t.e. a rope to pull
the belles after them. At the latter end
of the sixteenth century the love-lock
was a long lock of hair hanging in front
of the shoulders, curled and decorated
with bows and ribbons. ;

Love-powders or Potions were
drugs to excite lust. Once these love-
charms were gencrally believed in ; thus,
Brabantio accuses Othello of having

bewitched Desdemona with ‘drugs to
waken motion;’* and Lady Grey was
accused of having bewitched Edward
IV. “by strange potions and amorous
charms.”’ (Fabean, p. 495.)

Love and Lordship. Love and lord-
ship never hke. fellowship’ French,
“* Amour et seiqneurve ne veulent pont de
campagne ;”’ German, ‘*Liehe und. herr -
schaft lewden keine gesellschaft ,”? Italian,
“Amor e segnoria non voglono compug-
nia, (Neither lovers nor princes can
brook a rival.)

Love in a Cottage. A marnage for
love without sufficient means to main-
tain one’s social status. However,
‘‘ When poverty comes in at the door,
love flies out of the window.”

Love-in-Idleness. One of the
numerous names of the pansy or hearts-
ease. Onginally white, but changed to
a purple colour by the fall of Cupid’s
bolt upon it.

“ Yet marked I where the bolt of Cupid fell.

It fellupon a little Western flower,

Before, milk-white, now purple with love's

wound ;

The maidens call it Love-iu-idleness.”
Shakespeare : Midswmmer Night's Dream, ii. 2.
Love me, Love my Dog. St. Ber-

nard quotes this proverb in Latin, ** Qua
me amat, amat et canem nieam ;”? French,
“Qua ame Bertrand, avme son chen ”
Spanish, “ Qrén lén quérs a behram,
buen quiére a sucan.”” (If youloveanyone,
you will like all that. belongs to him.)

Love’s Girdle. (Sce CEsrus.)

Love’s Labour's Lost (Sharespeare). —
Ferdinand, King of Navarre, with the
three lords, Biron’, Longaville, and
Dumain, make a vow to spend three
years in study, during which time they
bind themselves to look upon no wontan.
Scarce is the vow made when the Prin-
cess of France, with Rosaline, Maria, and
Catherine are announced, bringing a
petition from the King of France. The
four gentlemen fall in love with the four
ladies, and send them verses; they also
visit them masked as. Muscovites. The
ladies treat the whole matteras a jest,
and when the gentlemen’ declare their
intentions to be honourable impose upon
them a delay of twelve months, to be
spent in Bo of charity. If at the ex-
piration of that time they still wish to

marry, the ladies promise to lend a

favourable ear to their respective suits.
Lovel, the Dog. (Sve Rat, Car, ete.)

Lovelace. The hero of Richardson’s
novel called Clarissa Harlowe. He is

- Lover's Leap

277

TLuath

a. selfish voluptuary, a man of fashion,
whose sole ambition is to ensnare female
modesty and virtue. Crabbe calls. him
“rich, proud, and crafty; handsome,

brave, and gay.’”

Lover’s Leap. The promontory from
which Sappho threw herself into the
sea; now called Santa Maura (See
Leucaptia.)

Loving or Grace Cup. A large cup
passed round from guest to guest at
state banquets and city feasts. Miss
Strickland says that Margaret Atheling,
wife of Malcolm Kanmore, in order to
induce the Scotch to remain for grace,
devised the grace cup, which was filled
with the choicest wine, and of which
each guest was allowed to drink ad
Kibitum after grace had been said. (His-
toric Sketches.)

Loving Cup. On the introduction of
Christianity, the custom of wassailing
was not abolished, but it assumed a
religious aspect. The monks called the
-wassail bowl the poc’ulum carita' tis
(loving cup), a term still retained in
the London companies, but in the
universities the term Grace Cup is
more general. Immediately after
grace the silver cup, filled with sack
(spiced wine) is passed round. The
master and wardens drink welcome to
their guests; the cup is then passed
round to all the guests, (See Grace
OE lov grace’cup should al

° oving or e cup should always
have two handles, aA. otis have as
many as four.

Loving Cup. -This ceremony, of drink-
ing from.one cup and passing it round,
was observed in the Jewish paschal sup-

er, and our Lord refers to the custom
in the words, ‘‘ Drink ye all of it.’’

“He (the master of the house) laid hold of the
yessel with both’ hands, lifted it up, and said—
Blessed be Thou, O Lord our God, thou king of
the world, who hast given us the fruit of the
vine;" und the whole assembly said ‘Amen.’ Then
drinking first himself from tbe cup, he passed it
vouma to the rest,”—Kidad the Pilgrim, chap.
x. .

Low-bell. Night-fowling; in which
birds are first roused from their slum-
ber by the tinkling of a bell; and then
dazzled by a tebe so as to be easily
caught. ey tch, lowe, aflame, as
a “‘lowe of fyre;” and dell.)

“The sonnd of the low-bell makes the birds lic
close, 80 that they dure not stir whilst you are
pitching the net, for the sound thereof is dread-

1 to them ; but the sight of the fire, much more
terrible, makes them fly up, 80 that they become
fastantly entangled in the net.”—Gent. Recreation.

Low Church. The 7Zimes defines a
Low Churchman as one “‘ who loves a

Jew and hates the Pope.”? We iow call
a Calvinistic episcopalian one of the Low
Church because he holds ‘‘ church ritu-
als’ and the dogma of ‘‘ apostolic suc-
cession ’’ in lawer esteem than personal
grace and faith in the “blood of the
atonement.”’

Low Comedian (Zhe), in theatrical
parlance, is the farceur, but must not
poach on the preserves of the ‘light
comedian.” Paul Pry is a part for a
‘low comedian,’’ Box and Cox are parts
for a “light comedian,”

Low Mass is a mass without singing.
It is called low “‘quia submissa voce
celebratur,”’ ‘* Missa alta ’’ is performed
musically, and alta voce, in a loud voice.

Low Sunday. The Sunday next
after Easter; so called because it is at
the bottom of the Easter which it closes,

Low to High. From low St. James’s
up to high St. Paul’s (Pope: Satires).
In the Bangorian controversy, Bishop
Hoadly, a eee favourite at St. James’s,
was Low Church, but Dr. Hare, Dean
of St, Paul’s, was High Church.

Lower City (Zhe). Aore, north of
Zion, was so called. ‘

Lower Empire. The Roman or
Western, from removal of the seat of
empire to Constantinople to the extinc-
tion of that empire by the Turks in 1453,

Lower your Sail. In French, ‘‘ Caler
la voile,’? means to salute; to confess
yourself submissive or conquered; to

umble oneself,

Lowlanders of Attica were the
gentry, so called because they lived on
the plains, (Pedieis.)

Lownde’an Professor (Cambridge
University). A professor of astronomy
(and geometry) ; the chair founded by
Thomas Lowndes, Esq., in 1749.

Loy. A long, narrow spade used in
cultivating stony lands.

Loyal. Only one pegicttt of all the
British army is so called, and that is the .
‘¢ Loyal North Lancashire,’’ in two bat-
talions, No. 47 and No. 81. It was so
called in 1793, and probably had some
allusion to the French revolutionists.

Loys [/o-is], So Louis was written in
French till the time of Louis XIII.

Luath (2 syl.). Cuthullin’s dog in
Ossian’s Fingal; also the name of the

‘poor man’s dog ‘representing the pea-
santry in The Twa Dogs, by Robert

Liubber

778

Lucifera

The gentleman’s dog is called
Cesar. Also Fingal’s dog. (See Dog.)

Lubber (A). A dolt. Seamen call
an awkward sailor a land-lubber. A
variant of “‘looby’’ (Welsh, dob, with
a diminutive, ‘‘somewhat of a dunce
or dolt.’’)

Lubber’s Hole. A lazy cowardly
way of doing what is appointed, or of
evading duty. A seaman’s expression.
Sailors call the vacant space between
the head of a lower-mast and the edge
of the top, the Jubber’s hole, because
timid boys get through this space to the
top, to avoid the danger and difficulties
of the “‘futtock shrouds.”

Lubberkin or Lu’brican. (Irish,
Lobaircin or Lep'rechaun.) A fairy re-
sembling an old man, by profession a
maker of brogues, who resorts to out-
of-the-way places, where he is discovered
by the noise of his hammer. He is rich,
and while anyone keeps his eye fixed
upon him cannot escape, but the moment
the eye is withdrawn he vanishes.

Lubins. A. species of goblins in
Normandy that take the form of wolves,
and frequent churchyards. They ‘ate
very timorous, and take flight at the
slightest noise.

“Tl a peur de lubins” (Afraid of
ghosts). Said of a chicken-hearted
person.

Lucasian Professor. <A proféssor
of mathematics. in the University of
Cambridge. This professorship was
founded in 1663 by Henry Lucas, Esq.,
M.P. for the University.

Lucasta, to whom ‘Richard Love-
lace sang, was Lucy Sacheverell, called
by him lux casta, i.e, Chaste Lucy.

Luce, Flower de Luce. A corruption
of fleur-de-lis (9.v.), more anciently
written ‘ floure delices,” a corruption of
fiordilisa, the white iris. The French
messenger says to the Regent Bedford—

Ly Cropped are the flower de luces in your arms ;
Of England's coat one-half is cut away,”
’ Shakespeare; 1 Henry VI.,i.1.
referring of course to the loss of France.
4| The luce or lucy is a full-grown
ike. Thus Justice Shallow says—‘ The
uce is the fresh fish, the salt fish is an
old coat ’’—i.e. Lucy is a new name, the
old one was Charlecote. (Merry Wives
of Windsor, i, 1.) (See FLEURS-DE-Lys.)

Luce the full-grown pike, is the Latin
luct-us, front the Greek lukos (a wolf),
aneaning the-wolf of fishes.

Burns,

Lucia di Lammermoor. Called:
Lucy Ashton by Sir Walter Scott, was
the sister of Lord Henry Ashton of
Lammermoor, who, to retrieve the fallen
fortunes of the family, arranges a mar-
riage between his sister and Lord Arthur
Bucklaw (or Frank Hayston, laird of
Bucklaw).. Unknown to Henry Ashton,
Edgardo (or Edgar), master of Ravens-
wood), whose family has long been in a
state of hostility with the Lammermoors,
is in love with Lucy, and his attachment
is reciprocated. While Edgar is absent
in France on an embassy, Lucy is made
to believe, by feigned letters, that Edgar
is unfaithful to her, and in her frenzy of
indignation consents to marry the laird
of Bucklaw ; but on the wedding night
she stabs her husband, goes mad, and
dies, (Donizetti ; Lucia di Lammermoor,
an opera; and Sir Waiter Scott: Bride
of Lammermoor.)

Lu'cian. The impersonation of the
follies and, vices of the age, metamor-
phosed into an ass. The chief character
in the Golden Ass of Apule’ius,

Lucifer. The morhing star. Venus
is both an evening and a morning star:
When she follows the sun, and is an even- :
ing star, she is called Hes'perus ; when
she precedes the sun, and appears before
sunrise, she is called Lucifer (the light-
bringer).

Proud as Lucifer.. Very haughty and
overbearing. Lucifer is the name given
by Isaiah to Nebuchadnezzar, the proud
but ruined king of Babylon: ‘Take up
this proverb against the King of Baby-
lon, and say, . . . How artthow fallen,
from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morn. ©
ing!’ (Isa, xiv. 4, 12). The poets feign
that Satan, before he was driven out of
heaven for his pride, was called Lucifer...
Milton, in his Paradise Lost, gives this
name to the demon of ‘‘ Sinful Pride.”’

Lucifers (1833). An improvement
on the Congreves and Prometheans.
Phosphorus was introduced into the
paste ; but phosphorus made the matches
so sensitive that the whole box often
ignited, children were killed by sucking
the matches, and at Boulogne two sol-
diers and a woman were poisoned by
drinking coffee in which a child had put
a ‘‘lucifer,’’? The manufacture of these~
matches was also very deleterious, pro- ,
ducing ‘¢jaw disease.’’? (See PROME-.
THEANS, SAFETY MACTHES.) 0

Lucifera [Pride] lived ina Bae

alace, only its foundation was of sand. _
The door stood always open, and the»

Luciferians

779

ueen gave welcome to every comer,

er six privy ministers are Idleness
Gluttony, Lechery, Avarice, Envy, and
Revenge. These six, with Pride herself,
are the seven deadly sins. Her carriage
was drawn by six different animals—viz.
an ass, Swine, goat, camel, wolf, and
lion;-on each of which rode one of her
privy councillors, Satan himself being
coachthan. While here the Red-Cross
Knight was attacked by Sansjoy, who
would have been slain if Duessa had not
rescued him. (Spenser: Faérie Queene,
bk, i. 4.)

Lucifer’ians. A sect of the fourth
century, who refused to hold any com-
munion with the Arians, who had re-
nounced their ‘‘errors’’? and been re-
admitted into the Church. So called
from Lucifer, Bishop of Cagliari, in
Sardinia, their leader.

Lucin‘ian, The young prince, son
of Dolopatos, the Sicilian monarch, en-
trusted to the care of Virgil, the philo-
sopher. « (See SeveEN Wisk Masters,
and DoLoParos,)

Lucius, (See PupEns.)

Luck. Accidental good fortune.
(Dutch, luk; German, gliick, verb
glicken, to succeed, to prosper.)

Down on one’s luck. Short of cash and
pe sh Not in i nh Ms ee
expectedly promoted, enriched, or other-
a0 benefited. T

Give a man Tuck and throw him into
the sea. Meaning that his luck willsave
him even-in the greatest extremity. Re-
fegring to Jonah.and Ari’on, who were
cast into the sea, but carried safely to

_ land, the one bya whale and the other
by a dolphin,

Luck for Fools. This is a French
proverb 2A fou fortune.’ Andagain,

‘ Fortune est nourrice de folie.”’

‘Luck in Odd Numbers.
_ Opp.)

_ Luck of Eden Hall (7/e).. A drink-
g cup, said. to have been given to Miss
9¢ Musgrave on her marriage with Mr.
Farquharson, and still in Eden Hall,
Cumberland. The tale is, that it was
snatched eg le eed from the fairies,

who attached this threat to it:

“Tf that-cup either break or fall,
Farewell the luck of Eden Hall.” |

(See Even Hatz.) Uiie Dew Hots
- Luck or Lucky Penny. A trifle re-
turned to a purchaser forpod luck, A
pea a hole in it, supposed to
ensure goodluck, oss

(See

‘

“indulgence.

Lucus
Lucky. To cut one’s lucky. To de-
camp or make off quickly: I must cut

my stick. As Jwck means chance, the
phrase may signify, ‘‘I must give up
my chance and be off. (See Cur...)

Lucky Stone (4). A stone with a
hole through it, (See Lucky Penny.)

Lucre’zia di Bor’gia, daughter of
Pope Alexander VI., was thrice married,
her last husband being Alfonso, Duke of
Ferra’ra. Before her marriage with the
duke she had a natural son named Gen-
na'ro, who was sent to be brought up by
a Neapolitan fisherman. When arrived
at man’s estate he received a letter in-
forming him that he was nobly born, and
offering him a commission in the army.

- In the battle of Rim/ini he saved the

life of Orsi’ni,.and they became sworn
friends. In Venice he is introduced to
the young nobles, who tell him of the ill
deeds of Lucrezia Borgia. Each of them
has had some relative put to death by
her agency. Genna’ro, in his indignation,
mutilates the duke’s escutcheon with his
dagger, knocking off the ‘‘B”’ of his
name, and changing Borgia into Orgia
(orgies). Lucrezia, not. knowing who
has offered the insult, requests the duke
that the perpetrator may be put to death,
but when she discovers it to be her own
son gives him an antidote to neutralise
the poison he has drunk, and releases
him from his confinement. Scarcely’ is
he liberated when he and his companions
are invited by the Princess Neg‘roni to
a banquet, where they are all poisoned,
Lucrezia tells Gennaro he is her son, and
dies herself as soon as her son. expires,
(Donizette’s opera.)

Lucullus sups with Lucullus,
Said of a glutton who gormandises alone.
Lucullus was a rich Roman ‘soldier,
noted for his magnificence and _ self-
Sometimes above £1,700
was expended on a single meal, and
Horace tells us he had 5,000 rich purple
robes in his house. On one occasion a
very superb supper was prepared, and
when asked who were to be his guests
the ‘rich fool’? replied, ‘‘ Lucullus
will sup to-night with Lucullus.”’. (B.¢.
110-57.) cf, ba: ;

Lucus a non Lucendo. An etymo-
logical contradiction, ‘The Latin word
lucus means a ‘‘ dark grove,’’ but is said
to be derived from the verb Jucéo, to
shine. Similarly our word black (the
Anglo-Saxon d/@ec) is derived fromthe
verb dle@c-an, to bleach or whiten.-- ~_,

Lucy

Beldam, An ugly hag. From the
French elle dame,

Bellum [war quia min‘ime bellum.
(Priscian.) Bellum, a beautiful thing.

Calid (hot) radically the same as the
Saxon ca/d, German salt (cold).

Cleave, to part, also signifies to stick
together. (Saxon, clifan, to adhere.)

Curta’na (the instrument that shortens
by cutting off the head; French court,
Italian corto) is the blunt sword, emble-
matical of mercy, borne before our
sovereigns at their coronation,

Devoted (attached to) is the Latin
devotus (cursed),

Eumenidés (the well-disposed); the

PN (good

uonyma (good name) ; is poisonous.
iren, 2 sword, a bully, (Gk, iréné,
peace.)

Kalo-Johannes, son of Alexius Com-
nénés, Called Kalos (handsome) because
he was exceedingly ugly and under-
sized, He was, however, an active and
heroic prince, and his son Manual (con-
temporary with Richard Coeur de Lion)
was even more heroic still.

Lambs were ruffians ey. em-
ployed at elections to use ‘physical

orce’’ to deter electors from voting for
the opposition.

Leucosphere, the inner and brighter
portion of the sun’s corona. Itis neither
white nor spherical.

que raite, a Saar Neb dB

Religion, bond-service (ve-Zigo), is the
price of which Christ has made us

ree,

Speaker of Housé of Commons, The
only member that never makes speeches.

Solomon, George III., so called by Dr,
Wolcott, because he was no Solomon.

In their marriage service the Jews
break a wine-glass; the symbol being
‘as this glass can never be rejoined, so
may our union be never broken,” (See
MISNOMER.)

Lucy (S¢.), Patron saint for those
afflicted in the eyes, It is said that a
“nobleman wanted to marry her for the
beauty of her eyes; so she tore them out
‘and gave them to him saying, ‘“‘ Now let
me live to God.”
her eyesight was restored’; but the
rejected lover accused her of “ faith in
Christ,”” and she was martyred by a
sword thrust into her neck. St. Lucy is
represented in art carryin
branch, and bearing a platter with two
eyes on it,

Lucy .and Colin. A ballad by
Thomas Tickell, translated into Latin by

780

-and other kings. Those im

The story says that

trying a palm-

Luddites

Vincent Bourne, Colin forsook Lucy of
Leinster for a bride “thrice as rich.”
Lucy felt that she was dying, and made
request that she might be taken to the
church at the time of Colin’s wedding.
r request was granted, and when
Colin saw Lucy’s corpse, ‘the damps of
death bedewed his brow, and he dicd.’?
Both were buried in one tomb, and to
their grave many a constant hind and
plighted maid resort to “deck it with
garlands and true-love knots.”

Lud. A re hee king of Britain.
General Lud. (See Lupp1tEs.)

Lud’s Bulwark.
(See above.)

Lud’s Town. London; 80 called
from Lud, a mythical king of Britain.
Ludgate is, by a similar tradition, said
to be the gate where Lud was buried.
(See Lonpon.)

“And on the gates of Lud's town set your heads.”
Shakespeare: Cymbetine, iv, 2

Ludgate. Stow says, “King Lud,
repairing the city, called it 1” his
name Lid’s town ; the strong gate which
he built in the west part he likewise
named Lud-gate. In the year 1260 the
gate was beautified with images of ai)
s, in the
reign of Edwatd VI., had their heads
smitten off... . . Queen Mary did set
new heads upon their old bodies again.
The twenty-eighth of Queen Elizabeth
the gate was newly and beautifully
built, with images of Lud and others, as
before.”? (Swavey of London.) The more
probable etymon of Lud-gate is the
Anglo-Saxon Jeode (people), similar to
the Porto del populi of Rome.

os Lea cay that gate of whith his name is
i

By which he lies entombed solemnly,"
Spenser; Fuérie Queene, ii. x. 46,

‘.. Ludgate was originally Built by the barons,
who entered London, destroyed the Jews’ houses,
and erected this gate with their ruins, It was
used as a free prison in 1873, but soon lost that
privilege. A most romantic story is told of Sir
Stephen Forster, who was lord mayor in 1454, He
had been a prisoner at Ludgate, and begged
at the gate, where he was soen by a rich widow,
who bought his liberty, took him into her service,
and afterwards married him, To commemorate
this strange eventful history, Sir Stephen en-
larged the prison accommodation, and added a
chapel. The old gate was taken down and rebuilt
in 1586. »The new-built gate was destroyed in the
Great Fire of London, and the next gate (used
also as a prison for debtors) was pulle down in
1760, the prisoners having been removed to the
London Workhouse, and afterwards to the Gilt-
Spur Street Compter.. 7

Luddites (2 syl.). Riotous work-
men who went about the manufacturing
districts breaking machines, under the
notion that machinery threw men out of

Ludgate prison.

Ladlum

781

Tumine Sicco

employ: Miss Martineau says that the
term arose from Ned Lud, of Leices-
tershire, an imbecile who was much
hounded by boys. One day he chased a
set of tormentors into a house, and broke
two stocking-frames, whence the leader
of these rioters was called General Lud,
his chief abettors Lud’s wives, and his
followers Luddites, (1811-1816.)

Ludlum. (See Lazy.),

Luez. (See Luz.)

‘Luff, The weather-gauge. The part
of a vessel towards the wind, A sailing ©
close to the wind, (Dutch, loef, a
weather-gauge.) :

To luff is to turn the head of a ship
towards the wind.

Luff !—i.e. Put the tiller on the lee-
side. This is done to make the ship sail
nearer the wind. ‘

Luff round! Throw the ship’s head
right into the wind,

Luff a-lee! Same as luff round.

A sie & said to spring her luff when ‘
she yields to the helm by sailing nearer .
the wind. :

Keep the luff. The wind side,

Lufra. Douglas’s dog, ‘the fleetest '
hound in all the North.” (Sir Walter :
Dea Lady of the Lake, v. 25.) (See.

Luggie. The warlock who, when'
storms prevented him from going to sea, :
used to sit on “Luggie’s Knoll,” and:
fish up dressed food,

Luggnagg. An island mentioned in,
Gulliver’s Travels, where people live for ;
ever. Swift shows the evil of such a?
destiny, unless accompanied with eternal ;
youth. (See StRULDBRUGS.)

Luke (S¢.). Patron saint of painters‘
and physicians. Tradition says he:
ainted a portrait of the Virgin Mary. :
rom Col. iv. 14 he is supposed to have;
been a physician. - :
St. Luke, in Christian art, is usually
represented with an ox lying near him, :

-and generally with painting materials, '

Sometimes he seems engaged painting a:
pee of the Virgin and infant Saviour, -
is descriptions of the early life of the
Saviour being more minute than that
of the other envangelists. Metaphrastus
mentions the skill of St. Luke in paint-
ing; John of Damascus speaks of his
pore of the Virgin (p. 631: Paris,
712). Many pictures still extant are
attributed to St. Luke ; but the artist was
robably St. Luke, the Greek hermit;
for certainly these meagre Byzantine

productions were not the works of the
evangelist. (See Lanzi: Storia Pittorica
dell’ [talia, ii. 10.)

St. Luke’s Club or The Virtuo’sis. An
artists’ club, established in England by
Sir Antonio Vandyke, and held at the
Rose Tavern Fleet Street. There was
an academy of St, Luke founded by
the Paris artists in 1391; one at Rome,
founded in 1593, but based on the
** Compagnia di San Luca ”’ of Florence,
founded in 1345; a similar one was
established at Sienna in 1355.

St. Luke's Summer, called by the
French été de S. Martin; hence the

hrase ‘' Dété de la S. Denis a la 8.

artin,’’ from October 9th to November
llth, meaning generally the latter end
of autumn.

“,... St. Luke's short summer lived these men,

Nearing the goal of threescore years and ten,

Morris: Earthly Paradise (March).

As light as St. Luke’s bird (i.e. an ox),
Not light at all, but quite the contra
St. Luke is generally represented wit
ing, while behind him is an ox, sym
be ical of sacrifice. The whole tableau
means that Luke begins his gospel with
the priest sacrificing in the Temple.

Matthew is symbolised hy a man, because he
begins his gospel with the manhood of Jesus asa
descendant of David ; Mark, bya lion, because Ne
begins his gospel with the baptism in the wilder-
ness; Jobn, by an eagle, because he begins his
gospel by soaring into heaven, and describing the
pre-existing state of the Logos,

Luke’s Iron Crown. George and
Luke Dosa headed an unsuccessful
revolt against the Hungarian nobles in
the early part of the sixteenth century.
Luke (according to Goldsmith) under-
went the torture of the red-hot iron
crown, as, a punishment for allowing
himself to be proclaimed king. History
says it was George, not Luke. (The
Traveller.)

Lullian Method. A mechanical aid
to the memory, by means of systematic
arrangements of ideas and subjects,
devised by Raymond Lully, in the
thirteenth century.

Lumber (from Lombard). A pawn-
broker’s shop. Thus Lady Murray
writes: ‘‘They put all the little plate
they had in the lumber, which is pawn-
ing it, till the ships came home.”’ ~

Lumine Sicco (Jz). Disinterestedly ;
as a dry question to be resolved without
regard to other matters.

“If physiological considerations have any mean-
ing, it will be slways impossible for women to
view the subject [of women’s suffrage] in lumine
sicco.'—The Nineteenth Century (The Hon. Mrs,
Chapman April, 1386}, , ;

°
°
.

Lump

782

TLupus-in Fabula

a

Lump. Jf you don’t like it, you may
lump it. Whether you like to do it or
not, no matter; it must be done. Here
“lump it’? means’ ‘to gulp it down,”
or swallow unwillingly, to put up with it
unwillingly but of necessity. Thus we

bay of medicine, ‘lump it down,” i.e.
gulp it down. (Danish, guipen, to
swallow.)

Lumpkin (Tony), in She Stoops to
Conquer, by Goldsmith, A sheepish,
mischievous, idle, cunning lout, ‘with
the vices of a man and the follies of a
boy ; ”’ fond of low company, but giving
himself the airs of the young squire.

Lun, So John Rich called himself
eb he performed harlequin (1681-

“On the ono Folly sits, by some called Fun,
And on the other his areh-patron Lun.”
Churchill.

Luna. An ancient seaport of Gen’oa,
whence the marble quarried in~the
neighbourhood is called ‘‘marmo lun-
ense,” (Orlando Furioso.)

Conte di Luna. Garzia, brother of
Count Luna, had two sons. One day a
gipsy was found in their chamber, and

ing-seized, was condemned to be burnt
alive, The daughter of the gipsy, out
of revenge, vowed vengeance, and stole
Manzi‘co, the infant son of Garzia. It
so fell out that the count and Manrico
both fell in love with the Princess Leo-
nora, who loved Manrico only: Luna
and Manrico both fall into the hands of
the count, and are condemned to death,
when Leonora promises to ‘‘ give her-
self”? to Luna, provided he liberates
Manrico. The count accepts the terms,
and goes to the prison to fulfil his
promise, when Leonora dies from poison
which she has sucked from a ring, Soon
as Manrico sees that Leonora is dead, he
also dies. (Verdi: Il Trovatore, an
opera.)

Lunar Month. About four weeks
from new moon to new moon,

Lunar Year. Twelve lunar months.
There are 13 lunar months in a year,
13 X 4 = 52 weeks.

Lunatics. Moon-struck persons.
The Romans believed that the mind
was affected by the moon, and that
‘lunatics’? were more and more frenzied
as the moon increased to its full.’ (See
AVERTIN.)

“The various mental derangements .. which
have been attributed to the influence of the moon,
have given to this day the name lunatics to per-

sons suffering from serious menta} disorders,”—

Crocter ; Popular Errors, chap. iv. p. 53.

Luncheon. (Welsh, (lone or cheno,
a gulp; Uyneu, to swallow at a gulp.)
The notion of its derivation from the
Spanish once, eleven, is-borrowed from
the word nuncheon,.?.e. 2d2-mete, anoon
repast, Hencé Hudibras
“When, laying by their swords and truncheons,

They took their-breakfasts, or their nuncheons,*
Book i. 1. lines 345, 346,

* In Letter Book G, folio iv. (27 Ed-
ward IT.), donations of drink to work-
men are called nonechenche. (Riley:
Memorials of London.)

Lungs of London. The parks.» In
a debate, June 30th, 1808, respecting
encroachments upon Hyde Park, Mr.
Windham said it was the “lungs of

-London.’’

Lunsford. A name used im terrorem
over children. Sir ‘Thomas Lunsford
was governor of the Tower; a man of
most vindictive temper, and the dread of
everyone.

“Make children with your tones to run for'’t,
As bad as Bloodybones or Lunsford.”
Butler: Hudibras, tii. 2.

Lu'percal (The), strictly speaking,
meant the place where Romulus an
Remus were suckled by the wolf (Zapus).
A yearly festival was held on this spot
on Feb. 15, in honour of Lu’percus, the~
god of fertility. On one of these festie
vals Antony thrice offered to Julius
Cesar a kingly crown, but seeing the
people were only half-hearted, Cesar put
it aside, saying, “‘ Jupiter alone is king of -
Rome.’’ Shakespeare makes Antony
allude to this incident :

“You all did see that on the Lupercal

J thrice presented hima kingly crown,

Which he did thrice refuse.’
Julius Cesar, fii. 2.
? Shakespeare calls the Lupercalia
‘the feast of Lupercal”’ (act i. 1,), and
probably he means the festival in-An-
tony’s speech, not the place where the
festival was held.

Lupine. He does not know a libel from
a lupine, In Latin: “Ignorat quid
distent eva luipinis,” ‘He does not know
good money from a counter, or a hawk
from a handsaw.” The Romans called
counters lupines or beans. A libel was
a small silver coin the tenth part of a
denarius = the as. ty

Lupus et Agnus, A mere pretence .
to found a quarrel on. The words are.
the Latin title of the well-known fable

,

of The Wolf and the Lamb, . j

‘Lupus in Fabula, . (See above.) _

‘* Iupus in fabula.’ answered the abbot, scorn-—
fully. “The wolf accused the sheep of era
the stream, when he drank in it above her.’ "—Sir
W. Scott: The Monastery, last chapter, = =

Lurch

783

‘Lutin

ag nn hE a a

Lureh. 7 leave in the lurch. To
leave a person in a difficulty. In crib-
bage a person is left in the lurch when
his adversary has run out his score of
sixty-one holes before he himself has
turned the corner (or pegged his thirty-
first) hole. In cards it is a slam, that
is, when one of the players wins the
entire game before his adversary has
scored a single point or won a trick,

Lush. Beer and other intoxicating
drinks ; so called from Lushington the
brewer,

Lu'siad or The Lusiads, The ad-
ventures of the Lusians or Portuguese
under Vasquez da Gama in their “ dis-
covery of India.” The fleet first sailed
to Mozambique, in Africa, but Bacchus
(the guardian power of the Mahometans)
raised a commotion against the Lusians,
and @ battle ensued in which the Lusians
were victorious. The fieet was next
conducted by treachery to Quil’oa, a
harbour on the east coast of the same
continent ; but Venus or Divine love,
to save her fayourites from danger,
drove them away by a tempest, and
Hermés bade Gama steer for Melinda,
in Africa. At Melinda the Lusians were
hospitably received, and the king of the
eountry not only vowed eternal friend-
ship, but also provided a pilot to conduct
the fleet to India. In the Indian Ocean
Bacchus tried to destroy the fleet, but
‘¢ the silver star of Divine love’ calmed
the sea, and Gama, arrived at India in
safety. Having accomplished his object,
Gama returned. to Lisbon.

N.B. Gama sailed three times to
India :—(1) with four vessels, in 1497,
returning to Lisbon in two years and
two months; he was appointed admiral
of the Eastern seas. (2) In 1502, with
twenty ships, when. he was attacked by
the Zamorin or king of Calicut, whom
he defeated, and returned to Lisbon the
year following ; and (3) when John I¥I.
appointed him viceroy of India. He
established his government. at Cochin,
where he died in 1525. It is the first of
these voyages which is the subject of
_the Lusiad by Camioens,

Lusita‘nia, Ancient name for Por-
tugal, said to be so called from Lusus.
# (Ste Muses. OFS + oijoots

-Lusita’‘nian Prince. Don Henry,

third son of John I. “the Great,”’ King |.

" of Portugal—
a: ‘ “Who, heaven-inspired,
_ To love of useful glory roused mankind,

bo And in unbounded commerce mixed the world.’

Thomsgn : Summer.

4

Lustral Water. Water for aspersing
worshippers was kept in an aspersorium,
that those who entered or left the temple
might dip their fingers into the water or
be sprinkled by a priest. The same may
be said of Indian pagodas, and the cus-
tom prevailed in ancient Egypt, and
Etruria, with the Hebrews, and almost
all the nations of antiquity. In Rome
the priest used a small olive or laurel
branch for sprinkling the people. Infants
were also sprinkled with lustral water.

Lustrum. A space of five years, The
word means a purification, ‘These public
expiations were made at Rome by one of
the censors every fifth year, at the con-
clusion of the census. (Latin, (were, to
purify.)

Lus'us, Zhe sons or race of Lusus.
Pliny (iii. 1) tells us that Lusus was the
companion of Bacchus in his travels, and
settled a colony in Portugal; whence
the country was termed Lusita‘nia, and
the inhabitants Lusians.

Lusus Natu'ree, A freak of nature;
as a man with six toes, a sheep with
two heads, or a stone shaped like some
well-known object, etc.

Lutestring. A glossy silk; a cor-
ruption of the French word Jdustrine
(from /ustre). 4

To speak in lutestring, Flash, highly- ~
polished oratory. The expression was
first used in Junius, Shakespeare has
“taffeta phrases and silken terms pre-
cise.”” We callinflated speech “fustian ””
(q.v.) or * bombast?’ (qiv.); say amar
talks stuf’; term a book or speech made
up.of other men’s brains, shoddy (q:v.) ;
sailors call telling a story ‘‘spinning a
yarn,’’ etc. etc.

Lute’tia, Mud-hovels; the ancient
name of Paris. 'The Romans call it
Lutetia Parisidrum, the mud-town of
the Parisii, The former word: being
dropped, has left the present name Paris.

Luther’s Hymn. “ Great God, what
do I see and hear,’’ and ‘‘ A safe strong-
hold,”’ ete.

Lu'therans,- Dr. Keck was the first
to call the followers of Martin: Luther
by this namo, It'was used by way of
contempt. : KT osd)

Lu'tin. A sort of goblin in- the
mythology of Normandy, very similar
to the house-spirits of Germany and

| Scandinavia, Sometimes it assumes the

Luxembergers

784

Lyme-hound

form of a horse ready equipped, and in
this shape is called Le Cheval Bayard. —

To lutin is to twist hair into elf-
locks, Sometimes these mischievous
urchins so tangle the mane of a horse or
head of a child that the hair must be
cut off,

Le Prince Lutin, by the Countess
D’Aulnoy.

Luxembergers. The people of
Luxemberg. Similarly we have Augs-
burgers, Carlsburgers, hambarghers: Ti-
burgers, Hamburghers and many more.

Luz or Luez. The indestructible
bone; the nucleus of the resurrection
body.

“‘How doth a man revive again in the world to
come ?* asked Hadrian ; and Joshua Ben Hana-
Ren made answer. ‘From luz in the backbone.’

¢ then went on to demonstrate this to him: He
took the bone Iz, and put it into water, but the
water bad no action on it; he put it in the fire,
but the fire consumed it not; be placed it ina
mill, but could not grind it; and laid it on an
savil, but the bammer crushed it not."—Light-

“The leatnéd rahbins of the Jews :
Write there's a bone, which they ca}l luez,..
Butler: Mudibras, iii. 2,
Lyb'‘ius (Sir). A very young knight
who undertook to rescue the lady of
Sinadone. After overcoming various
knights, giants, and enchanters, he en-
tered the palace of the lady. Presently
the whole edifice fell to pieces about his
ears, and a horrible serpent coiled round
his neck and kissed him. The spell
being broken, the serpent turned into
the lady of Sinadone, who married the
poight that so gallantly rescued her.
(Libeaux, a romance.)

Lycaon ‘ian Tables[Lycaoniemensa).
Execrable food. lLyca’on, desirous of
testing the divine knowledge of Jove,
who had honoured him with a visit,
served up human flesh on his table; for
which the god changed him into a wolf.

fuyc'idas. The name under which
Milton celebrates the untimely death of
Edward King, Fellow of Christ College,
Cambridge, who was drowned in his

assage from Chester to Ireland, August

th, 1637. He was the son of Sir John
King, Secretary for Ireland.

Lycis‘ca Calf spoise half-dog). One
of the dogs of Acteon. In Latin it is
-@ common term for a shepherd’s dog,
and is so used by Virgil (Ec/ogue iii, 18).
(See Doe.)

Lycopo'dium. Wolf’s foot, from a
fanciful resemblance thereto.

Lydford Law is, punish first and try
afterwards, Lydford, in the county of

Devon, was a fortified town, in which
was an ancient castle, where were held
the courts of the Duchy of Cornwall.
Offenders against the stannary laws
were confined before trial in a dungeon
so loathsome and dreary that it gave
rise to the proverb referred to. The
eastle was destroyed, by the Danes. (See
CuPAR JUSTICE, COWPER’sS Law.)
“J oft have heard of Lydford law, é
How in the, morn they hang and draw,
And sit Ip judgment later.”
A Devonshire Poet.

Lydia, daughter of the King of Lydia,
was sought in marriage by Alcestes, a
Thracian knight; his suit was refused,
and he repaired to the King of Armenia,
who gave him an army, with which he
laid siege to Lydia. He was persuaded
by Lydia to raise the siege. e King
of Armenia would not give up the pro-
ject, and Alcestes slew him. Lydia now
set him all sorts of dangerous tasks to
se poy the ardour of his love,” all of
which he surmounted. Lastly, she in-
duced him to kill all his allies, and
when she had thus cut off the claws of
this love-sick lion she mocked him.
Alcestes pined and died, and Lydia was
doomed to endless torment in hell, where
Astolpho saw her, to whom she told her
story. (Orlando Furioso, bk. xvii.)

Lydia Languish, in The Rivals, by
Sheridan.

Lydian Poet (Thc). Alcman of
Lydia, (Flourished B.c. 670.)

Lying Traveller (Zhe). So Sir John
Mandeville has been unjustly called.
(1800-1372.)

Lying by the Wall, Dead but not
puried. Anglo-Saxon, w@/ (death). He
is lying with the dead.

Lying for the Whetstone. Said of
a person who is grossly exaggerating
or falsifying a statement. One of the
Whitsun amusements of our forefathers
was the lie-wage or lie-match; he who
could tell the greatest lie was rewarded
with a whetstone to sharpen his wit.
The nature of these contests may be
illustrated by the following well-known
extravaganza: one of the combatants
declared he could see a fly on the top of
a church-steeple; the other replied,
‘<Oh yes, I saw him wink his eye.”

When Sir R. Digby declared be had seen the
“philosopher's stone,” Bacon quizzically replied,
“ perhaps it was a whetstone.” :

Lyme-hound and Gaze-hound. The
stanch lyme-hound tracks the wounded

Lynceus

785 M

buck over hill and dale. The fleet gaze-
hound kills the buck at view.

“Thou art the lyme-hound, I am the gaze-
hound. ... Thou bast deep sagacity and unre-
lenting purpose, a steady, long-breathed malignity
of nature, that surpasses mine, But then, / am
the bolder, the more ready, both at action and
expedient. ,.. I say .. shall we hunt in
couples ?"—Sir W. Scott : Kenilworth, chap. iv

Lyn’ceus (2 syl.) wasso sharp-sighted
he could see through the earth, and
distinguish objects nine miles off.

‘That Lynceus may be matched with Gautard’s
sight.” Hall: Satires, iv. 1,

“Non possis oculo quantum contendere race as
Horace: 1 Epistle, i. 28.

Lynch Law. Mob-law, law ad-
ministered by private persons. Ac-
cording to Webster, the word lynch
refers toa Mr, James Lynch, a farmer, of
Piedmont, in Virginia. The tales that,
as Piedmont, on the frontier, was seven
miles from any law court, the neigh-
bours, in 1686, selected James Lynch, a
man of good judgment and great im-
partiality, to pass sentence on offenders
forthe nonce. His judgments were so
ier that he acquired the name of

udge Lynch, and this sort of law went
by the name of Lynch law. In con-
firmation of this story. we are told there
was a dames Lynch Fitz-Stephen, who
was warden of Galway in 1526; and in
the capacity of warden he passed sen-
tence of death on his own son for
murder. (See BURLAW.)

“George was lynched, as he deserved.”—Emer-
son: English Traits, chap. ix

Lynch-pin. (Anglo-Saxon, /ynis, an
axle), whence club, (Qy. lynch-law.)

Lynchno’'bians,
publishers. Rabelais says they inhabit
a little hamlet near Lantern-land, and
live by lanterns. (Pantag’ruel, v. 33.)

Lynx, proverbial for its piercing eye-
sight, isa fabulous beast, half dog and
half panther, but not like either in cha-
racter. The cat-like animal now called
a lynx is not remarkable for keen-sight-
edness.

Lynx-eyed. Having as keen a sight
asa lynx. Some think the word lynx
isa perversion of Lynceus. (See above.)

Lyon Kingvof-Arms. Chief heraldic
officer for Scotland ; so called from the
lion rampant in the Scottish regal es-
ceutcheon.
~ Lyonnesse (8 syl.). ‘That sweet
land of Lyonnesse ’—a tract between
the Land’s End and the Scilly Isles, now
submerged full “ forty fathoms under
‘water.”’ Arthur came from this mythical
‘country. af

_

Booksellers and ;

Lyre (The). That of Terpander and
Olympus had only three strings; the
Scythian lyre had five; that of Si-
mouidés had eight; and that of Timo-.
theus (3 syl.) had twelve. It was
played either with the fingers or with a
plectrum, The lyre is cailed by poets a
‘«shell,’’ because the cords of the lyre
used by Orpheus (2 syl.), Amphion, and
Apollo, were stretched on the shell of a
tortoise. Hercules used boxwood instead.

Amphi'on built Thebes with the music
of his lyre, for the very stones moved of
their own accord into walls and houses,

Arion charmed the dolphins by the
music of his lyre, and when the bard was
thrown overboard one of them carried
him safely to Tz‘narus.. ,

Hercules was taught music by Linus.
One day, being reproved, the strong
man broke the head of his master with
his own lyre.

Orpheus charmed savage beasts, and
even fhe infernal gods, with the music
of his lyre.

Lysander and Rosicrucius, in the
romance called Bibliomania, are meant
for the author himself, Thomas Frog-
nall Dibdin, D.D., a bibliographer, well
known for his Classics—i.e. book on
the Rare and Valuable Editions of the
Greek and Latin Classics (1811),

Lyttelton, invoked by Thomson in
his Spring, was George, Lord Lyttelton,
of Hagley, Worcestershire, who procured
from the Prince of Wales a pension of
£100 a year for the poet. Lucinda was
Lucy Fortescue, daughter of Hugh For-
tescue, of Devonshire,

M. This letter represents the wavy
appearance of water, and is called in
Hebrew mem (water).

M. Every word in the Materia more
Magistralis begins with the letter m.
(See C and P.)

M (initial of manslaughter). The
brand of a person convicted of that
offence, and admitted to the benefit of
clergy. It was burnt on the brawn of
the left thumb.

M in numerals is the initial of mille,
athousand, _

“Whosoever prayeth for the soul of John
Gower he shall, so oft as he sodotb, havea M and
a D days of pardon "—Gower's Tablet.

M, to represent the human face. Add
two dots for the eyes, thus, *M°’, These

dots being equal fo O’s, we get OMO
(homo) Latin for man.
* Who reads the name,
For man upon his forehead, there the M
Had traced most plainly.” a
Dante: Purgatory, xxiii.

M. The five M’s: Mansa, Matsya,
Madya, Maithuna, and Mudra (flesh,
fish, wine, women, and gesticulation),
The five forms of Hindu asceticism.

M’, i.e. Mac. A Gaelic prefix mean-
ing son, (Gothic, magus, a son;
Sanskrit, mah, to grow; Welsh, magu,
to breed.) The Welsh ap is: Mac
changed to Map, and contracted into 'ap
orp, as Apadam (’4Ap Adam), Prichard
(CP Richard).

M or N in the Catechism. M is a
contraction of NN (names) ; N is for
name. The respondent is required to
give his xames if he has more than one, ©
or his zame if only one.

In the marriage service, M stands for
‘mas (the man) or mari’tus (the bride-
groom), and N for xupta (the bride).

There are some who think M stands
for Mary, the’ patron saint of girls, and
N for Nicholas, the patron saint of boys.

M. B. Waistcoat. A clerical cassock
waistcoat was so called (about 1830)
when first introduced by the High
Church"party, M. B. means ‘mark of
the-beast.’’

“He smiled at the folly which stigmatised an

ee * waistcoat,’ —Mrs. Oliphant: Phebe Juno,
i é i

._ M.D. ‘The first woman that obtained
this degree was Elizabeth Blackwell, of
the United States (1849).

__M.P. Member of Parliament, but in
slang language Member of the Police.

MS., manuscript ; MSS., manuscripts;
generally applied to literary works in
penmanship. (Latin manuscriptum, that
which is written by the hand)

Mab. The ‘fairies’ midwife ?—i.c,
employed by the fairies as midwife of
dreams (to deliver man’s brain of
dreams). Thus when Roiieo says, ‘E
dreamed a dream to-night,’” Mercutio
replies, ‘‘Oh, then, I see Queen Mab.hath-
been with you.”? Sir Walter Scott fol-
lows in the same track; “‘ Lhaye a friend
who is peculiarly favoured with the
visits of Queen Mab,’ meaning with
dreams (The Antiquary). When Mab
is called ‘‘queen;’’ it does not’ mean
sovereign, for Titan’ia was Oberon’s’
wife, but simply female; both midwives ,
and monthly nurses were anciently called
\Queens or queans. Quén or cwén in

786

MacGregor

Saxon means neither more nor less than
woman ; so ‘‘ elf-queen,”’ and the Danish
ellequinde, mean female elf, and not
‘(queen of the elves.” Excellent de-
scriptions of ‘‘ Mistress Mab” are given
by Shakespeare (Romeo and Juliet, i. 4),
by Ben Jonson, by Herrick, and by Dray-
tonin Nymphidea. (Mab, Welsh, a baby.)

MacAlpin. Itis said that the founder
of this famous family was'named Half-
penny, and lived in Dublin in the 18th
century. Having prospered in business,
he called himself Mr. Halpen. The
family, still prospering, dropped. the H,
and added Mac (son of), making Mac
Alpen; and Kenny MacAlpen called

| himself Kenneth MacAlpin, the ‘ de-

scendant of a hundred kings.’’ True or
not, the metamorphose is ingenious,

MacFarlane’s Geese. The proverb
is- that ‘‘ MacFarlane’s geese like their
play better than their meat.” The wild
geese of Inch-Pavoe (Loch Lomond) used
to be called MacFarlane’s Geese because
the MacFarlanes had a house and garden
on the island. It is said that these geese
never returned after the extinction of
that house. One day James VI. visited
the chieftain, and was highly amused by
the gambols of the geese, but the one
served at table was so tough that the
king exclaimed, ‘‘MacFarlane’s geese
like their play better than their meat.”

MacFleck’noe in Dryden’s famous
satire, is Thomas Shadwell, poet-laure-
ate, whose immortality rests on the not
very complimentary line, ‘‘ Shadwell
never deviates into sense.’’ (1640-1692.)

N.B. Flecknoe was an Irish Roman
Catholic priest, doggerel sonneteer, and

laywright. Shadwell, according ta
ryden, was his double.
“ The rest to some slight meaning mukeprsenpe,

But Shadwell never deviates into sense.
Dryden; MacFlecknoe, 19, 20.

- MacGirdie’s Mare, used by degrees
to eat less and less, but just as he had
reduced her to a straw a day the poor
beast died. This is an old Greek joke,
which is well known to schoolboys who
have been taught the Analecia Minora.
(See Waverley, p. 54.) ee

MacGregor. ‘The motto of. the
MacGregors is, “H’en do and spair
nocht,”’ said to have been given them in
the twelfth century by the king of Scot-
Jand.. While the king, was hunting he
was attacked by a wild boar, when Sir
Malcolm requested pérmission to encoun-
ter the creature. ‘‘E’en do,’’ said the
king, “and spair nocht.” Whereupon,

%

MacIntyre

787

Macaronic Latin

the strong baronet tore up an oak sap-
ling and despatched the enraged animal,
For this defence the king gave Sir Mal-

colm permission to use the said motto,,

jand, in place of a Scotch fir, to adopt
for crest an oak-tree eradicate, proper.

y Another motto of the MacGregors
is—‘‘ Sriogal mo dhream.”’

Rob Roy MacGregor or Ltobert Camp-
dell, the outlaw. A Highland freebooter,
the hero of Sir Walter Scott’s Rob Roy.
His wife’s name is Helen, and their
eldest son Hamish. Inthe Zwo Drovers
MacGregor or MacCombich (Rebin Oig)
is a Highland drover.

MaclIntyxe (Captain Hector). Brother
of Maria MacIntyre, the antiquary’s
niece, in Sir Walter Scott’s Antiquary.

MaclIvor sesh oh Chief of Glen-
naquoich, and brother of Flora Maclvor,
the heroine of Waverley, by Sir W. Scott.

MacPherson. During the reign of
David I. of Scotland, a younger brother
of the chief of the powerful clan Chattan
espoused the clerical life, and in due
time became abbot of Kingussie. His
elder brother died childless, and the
chieftainship devolved on the abbot.
He procured the needful dispensation
from the Pope, married the daughter of
the thane of Calder, and a swarm of
little “ Kingussies’’ was the result. The
good people of Inverness-shire called

them the Mac-phersons, i.e. the sons of

the parson.

MacTab. Zhe Honourable Miss Lu-
eretia MacTab. <A poor Scotch relative
of Emily Worthington ‘‘on her deceased
mother’s side, and of the noble blood of
the MacTabs.’’ She lived on the Wor-
thingtons, always snubbing them fq1; not
appreciating the honour of such a ncble
hanger-on, and always committing the

most ludicrous mistakes from her extrae |

werent vanity and family pride. (George
Colman: The Poor Gentleman.)
MacTurk (Captain Mungo or Beery.
‘¢ The man of peace’’ at the Spa Hotel,
and one of the managing committee.
(Sir Walter Scott: St. Ronan’s Weill.)
“Maca‘ber. Zhe dance macaber. The
Dance of the dead (¢.v.) (French, dance
macabre.) A dance over which Death
Lee supposed to be executed by the
ad of all ages and conditions. It is an
allegory of the mortality of man, and
was a favourite subject of artists and
poets between the 13th and 15th centu-

ries, It was originally written in German,

then in Latin, and then in French. Some
_ fhink Macaber was the name of the

. iy’

a

author, but others think the word is the
Arabic makabir, a cemetery. The best
illustrations are those by Minden, Lu-
cerne, Lubeck, Dresden, and Basle.
Holbein’s painting is very celebrated
“What are these paintings on the wall around

us? Thedance macaber.”

Longfellow : The Golden Legend.

Macad’amise (4 syl.). Using broken
stones for road metal, and making the
road convex instead of concave; a method
introduced by Sir John L. Macadam
(1756-1836).
_ Macaire (2 syl.). A favourite name
in French plays, insomuch that Robert
Macaire is sometimes used generically for
a Frenchman. It is said that Aubrey

-de Montdidier was murdered in the forest

of Bondy in 1371. His dog conceived
such a hatred against Robert Macaire
that suspicion was ardused, and it was
resolved to pit the man and dog together.
The result was fatal to the man, who
died confessing his guilt. The story is
found in a chanson de geste of the 12th
centuty, called La Reine Sidile,

Mac’amut. Sultan of Cambaya, who
lived upon poison, with which he was so
saturated that his breath or touch carried
instant death. (Purchas.)

Macare (french). The impersona-
tion of good temper, in Voltaire’s alle-
gory of Zheléme and Macare.

Macaro’ni. A coxcomb (Italian, un
maceheréne). The word is derived from
the Macaronj Club, instituted by a set of
flashy men who had travelled in Italy,
and introduced Italian maccheroni at
Almack’s subscription table. The Maca-
renies were the most exquisite fops that
ever disgraced the name of man; vicious
insolent, fond of gambling, drinking, an
duelling, they were See 1773) the
curse of Vauxhall Gardens.

“We are indebted to the Macaronies for only
Awo things: the one is the introduction of that
excellent dish... macaroni, and the other is
the invention of that useful slang word ‘bore’
(poat), which originally meant any opponent of

ndyism.”—Cassell’s Magazine : London Legends.

*: An American regiment raised in
Maryland during the War of cong es
dence, was called The Macaronies from
its showy uniform: ¢

Macaron‘ic Latin. Dog Latin, or
modern words with Latin endiogs The

| law pleadings of G. Steevens, as Daniel

v. Dishelout and Bullum v. Boatwm,.are
excellent examples, (See Doc Latin.)

% Macaron'ic Latin is a mixture of
Latin and.some modern language. In
Italy macheroni is a mixture of coarse
meal, eggs, and cheese,

Macaronic Verse

788

Mackintosh

Macaro’nic Verse. Verses in which
foreign words are ludicrously distorted
and jumbled together, as in Porson’s
lines on the threatened invasion of Eng-
land by Napoleon. wee 0 drawn for the
Militia.) So called y Teofilo Folengo,
a Mantuan monk of noble family, who
published a book entitled Liber Maca-
ronico'rum, a poetical rhapsody made
up of words of different languages, and
renting of ‘‘ pleasant matters”? in a
comical style (1520). Folengo is gene-
rally called Merlinus Coccaius, or Mer-
lino Coccajo. (See preceding.) The
Vigonce of Tossa was published in 1494,
The following Latin verse is an hexa-
meter ;

“Trumpeter unus erat qui coatum scarlet
habebat ”
.ce A. Cunningham published 1n 1801 a Delectus
macaronicorum carmmum, a history of macaronic
poetry J
Cane carmen SIXPENCE, pera plena rye,
De multis atris avibus coctis in a pie:
Simul hee apert’est, cantat omnis grex,
Nonne permirabile, quod vidit ille rex ?
Dimidium rex esus, misit ad reginam
Quod reliquit illa, sending back catinum,
Rex fuitin erario, multo pummo tumens ;
Jn culina Domina, bread and mel consumens,
Ancell’ in horticulo, hanging out the clothes,
Quum descendens cornix rapuit her noe,

Macbeth (Shakespeare). The story is
taken from Holinshed, who copied it
from the History of Scotland, by Hector
Boece or Boyce, in seventeen volumes
(1527). The history, written in Latin,
was translated by John Bellenden (1531-
1535).

+: “Tlistory states that Macbeth slew Duncan at
Bothgowan, near Elgin, in 1039, and not, 1s Shake-
speare says, at bis castle of Inverness ; the attack
was made because Duncan had usurped tie throne,
to which Macbeth bad the better clatm. As u
king Macheth proved a very just and equitable
prince, but the partisans of Malcolm got bead, and
succeeded in deposing Macbeth, who was slain in
1056, at Lumphanan. He was thane of Cromarty
ead and afterwards of Moray (Cawdor).—

ardner: Cabinet Cyclopedia.

Lady Macbeth. The wife of Macbeth.
Ambition is her sin, and to gain the
object of her ambition she hesitates at
nothing. Her masterful mind sways the
weaker Macbeth to ‘‘the mood of what
she liked or loathed.”’ She is a Mede’a,
or Catherine de’ Medici, or Cesar
Bor’gia in female form. (Shakespeare
Macheth.)

. ‘ The real name of Lady Macbeth was Graoch,
and instead of being urged to the marder of Dun-
can through ambition, she was gdaded by deadly
injuries. She was, in fact, the granddaughter of
Kenneth IV., killed in 1004, fighting against Mal-
eous Il.—Lardner: Cabinet Cyclopedia, vol. i. 17,
etc

Macbriar (Ephraim). Anenthusias-
tic preacher in Sir Walter Scott’s Old
Mortality.

This was the young preacher Maccaul
20 hideously tortured in the reign of

Charles II, He died ‘in 9 rapture.”’
See Cassell’s History 0 en
harles II., vol. ili. p. 422.)

Maccabe'us. The Hammerer. A
surname given to Judas’ Asmoneus;
similar to ‘‘ Martel,” the name given to
Charles, son of Pepin He'ristel, who beat
down the Saracens as with a sledge-
hammer. Some think the name is a
notarica or acrostic: Mi Camokah Baelim
Jehovah (Who is like to thee among the

‘ods, O Lord?). (Exodusxv. 11.) (See

OTARICA.)

Macdonald. Lord Macdonald's breed.
Parasites. Lord Macdonald (son of the
Lord of the Isles) once made a raid on
the mainland. He and his followers,
with other plunder, fell on the clothes of
the enemy, and stripping off their own
rags, donned the smartest and best they.
could lay hands on, with the result of
being overrun with parasites.

Macduff. The thane of Fife. A
Scotch: nobleman whose castle of Kenno-
way was surprised by Macbeth, and his,
wife and babes ‘* savagely slaughtered.”’
Macduff vowed vengeance and joined
the army of Siward, to dethrone the
tyrant. On reaching the royal castle of
Dunsinane, they fought, and Macbeth
wasslain. (Shakespeare: Macbeth.)

*s History states that Macbeth was defeated at
Dunsinane, but escaped from the battle and was
slain at Lumphanan in 1056.—Lardner: Cabinet
Cyclopedia, i, p. 17, ete, =

Macheath (Captain). <A highway-
man, hero of Zhe Beggars Opera, by
Gay. A fine, gay, bold-faced ruffian,
game to the very last. i

Machiavelli. Zhe Imperial Machia-
velli, Tiberius, the Roman emperor.
(3.c. 42 to a.p. 37.)

His political axiom was—‘tHe who
knows not how to dissemble knows not
how to reign.” It was also the axiom
of Louis XI. of France.

Machiavellism. Political cunning
and overreaching by diplomacy, accord-
ing to the pernicious political principles
of Niccolo del Machiavelli, of Florence,
set forth in his work called The Prince.
The general scope of this book is to show
that rulers may resort to any treachery’
and artifice to uphold their arbitrary
power, and whatever dishonourable acts

rinces may indulge in are fully set off
by the insubordination of their subjects,
(1469-1527.) r i

Mackintosh or Macintosh. Cloth
waterproofed with caoutchouc, patented
by Mr. Macmtosh, sty

’

i -

Macklin

Macklin. The real name of this

t actor was Charles M‘Laughlin,

ut he changed it on coming to England.
(1690-1797.)

Macmill’anites (4-syl.). A religious
sect of Scotland, who succeeded the
Covenanters ; so named from John Mac-
millan, their leader, They called them-
selves the ‘‘ Reformed Presbytery.”’

Macsyc’ophant (Sir Pertinax). In
The Man of the World, by Charles
Macklin, Sir Pertinax ‘‘ bowed, and
bowed, and bowed,” and cringed, and
fawned, to obtain the object of his
ambition.

Mace. Originally a club armed with
iron, and used in war. Both sword and
mace are ensigns of dignity, suited to
the times when men went about in
armour, and sovereigns needed cham-
pions to vindicate their rights.

Macedon is not Worthy of Thee,
is what Philip said to his son Alexander,
after his achievement with the horse
Buceph’alos, which he subdued to his
will, though only eighteen years of age,

Edward III., after the battle of Crecy,
in which thé Black Prince behaved very
valiantly, exclaimed, ‘‘ My brave boy,
goon as you have begun, and you will
be worthy of England’s crown.”

Macedo’nian (Zhe). Julius Polyz-
nus, author of Stratage'mata, in the
second century.

Macedonian Madman (The).
MapMAN.)

Macedo’nians. A religious sect, so
named from Macedo’nius, Patriarch of
Constantinople, in the fourth gentry:
They denied the divinity of the Holy
Ghost, and that the essence of the Son
is the same in kind with that of the
Father.

Macedon‘icus. mil’ius Paulus,
conqueror of Perseus. (230-160 B.c.)

.Mackerel Sky (4). A sky spotted
like a mackerel. (Mackerel from the
Latin, macula, a spot whence the French
maquereau, German mackrele, Welsh
macrell, etc.)

‘Macon. Mahomet, Mahoun, or Ma-

hound.

“ Praised (quoth he) be Macon whom we serve.”
- _ Fairfax: Tasso, xii. 10.

(See

Macon. Apoctical and romance name
of Mecca, the birthplace of Mahomet.

-

789

Madge -

Greek, and means long-lived. Rabelais
describes the persecutions of the re-
formers as a terrible storm at sea, in
which Pantag'ruel and his fleet were
tempest-tossed, but contrived to enter
one of the harbours of Great Britain, an
island called ‘‘ Long life,’’ because no
one was put to death there for his re-
ligious opinions. This island was full
of antique ruins, relics of decayed popery
and ancient superstitions.

Mac’rocosm (Greck, the great world),
in gf cao to the microcosm (the little
world), The ancients looked upon the
universe as a living creature, and the
followers of Paracelsus considered man
a miniature representation of the uni-
verse. The one was termed the Macro-
cosm, the other the Microcosm (q.v.)

Mad as a March Hare. (Sce Hare.)
The French say, ‘‘ Id est fou comme un
jeune chien.”

Mad Cavalier (7c). Prince Rupert,
noted for his rash courage and impa-
tience of control. (1619-1682.)

Mad Parliament (Zhe). The Parlia-
ment which assembled at Oxford in
1258, and broke out intoopen rebellion
against Henry III. The king was de-
clared deposed, and the government
was vested in the hands of twenty-four
councillors, with Simon de Montfort at
their head.

Mad Poet (The). Nathaniel Lee, who
was Confined for four years in Bedlam.
(1657-1690,)

Mad asa Hatter. By some said to
be a corruption of ‘‘ Mad as an atter"’
(adder) ; but evidence is wanting. The
word adder is atter in Saxon, natter in
German,

Madame. So the wife of Philippe,
Duc @’Orléans was styled in the reign
of Louis XIV.; other ladies were only
Madame This or That.

Madame la Duchesse. Wife of Henri-
Jules de Bourbon, eldest son of Prince
de Condé. ;

Madame la Princesse. Wife of the
Prince de Condé, and natural daughter
of Louis XIV. (See Monsizur.)

Madenioiselle (4 syl.). The daughter
of Philippe, Duc de Chartres, grandson
of Philippe, Duc d’Orléans, brother of
Louis XIV.

La Grande Mademoiselle. The Duchesse
de Montpensier, cousin to Louis XIV.,
and daughter of Gaston, Duc d'Orléans, »

Madge. An owl.

Madge Wildfire

790

Magellan

nn nnn nnn UTI EIInInEIDIIEEIS SSE SSSSSS SSS SSSSaSSER?

Madge Wildfire. The nickname of
Margaret Murdochson, a beautiful but
giddy girl, whose brain was crazed by
seduction and the murder of her infant.
(Sir Walter Scott: Heart of Midlothian.)

Madman. Macedonia’s madman,
Alexander the Great. (8.0, 356, 336-
323.)

The brilliant madman or Madman of
the North. Charles XII. of Sweden.
(1682, 1697-1718.)

“Heroes are much the same, the point’s agreed,
From Macedonia’s madman to the Swede
[Charles XII.J.” Pope: Essay on Man, iv.

Madness. In Perthshire there are
several wells and springs dedicated to
St. Fillan, which are still places of pil-
grimage. These wells are held to be
efficacious in cases of madness. Even
recently lunatics have been bound to the
holy stone at night, under the expecta-
tion that St. Fillan would release them
before dawn, and send them home in
their right minds.

Madoc. The youngest son of Owain
Gwyneth, King of North Wales, who
died in 1169. According to tradition he
sailed away to America, and established
a colony on the southern branches of the
Missouri. About the same time the
Az'tecas forsook Aztlan, under the guid-
ance of Yuhid’thiton, and founded the
empire’ called Mexico, in honour of
Mexitli, their tutelary god. Southey
has a poem in two parts called Madoc,
in which these two events are made to
harmonise with each other.

Madonna. (Italian, my lady.) Spe-
cially applied to representations of the
Virgin Mary.

Ma/dor (Sir). The Scotch knight
slain in single combat. by Sir Lanncelot
of the Lake, who volunteered to defend
the innocence of Queen Guinever. |

Madras System of Education. A
system of mutual instruction, introduced
by Dr. Andrew Bell into the institution
at Madras for the education of the
orphan children of the European mili-
tary. Bell lived 1753-1832,

Mean'der. To wind like the river
Meander, in Phrygia. The ‘‘ Greek
pattern”’ of embroidery is so called,

Meece’nas. A. patron of Ietters; so
called from C. Cilnius Mece'nas, a
Roman statesman in the reign of Augus-
tus, who kept open house for all men of
letters, and was the special friend and
patron of Horace and Virgil. Nicholas

Rowe so called the Earl of Halifax ‘qn

' stream).

his installation to thé Order of the
Garter (1714).

The last English Maecenas.
Rogers, poet and banker, (1763-1855.)

Maelstrom (Norwegian, whirling
There are about fifty mael-
stréms off the coast of Norway, but the
one Englishmen delight to tremble at
is at the foot of the Lofo’ten Islands,
between the islands, of Moskenes and
Mosken, where the water is pushed and
jostled a good deal, and when the wind
and tide are contrary it is not safe for
small boats to venture near,

It was anciently thought that the
Maelstrém was a subterranean abyss,
penetrating the globe, and communicat-
ing with the Gulf of Bothnia.

Meeon‘ides (4 syl.) or Meonian
Poet. Homer, either because he was
the son of Meon, or because he was
born in Meon'ia (Asia Minor). (See
HOMER.)

Meviad, A merciless satire by Gif-
ford on the Della Cruscan school of
peaizy. Published 1796. The word is in
Virgil’s Helogue, iii. 90. (See BAvIAD.)

Mag. Whatamag you are! jabberer,
hence to chatter like a magpie. Magisa
contraction of magpie. The French have
a, famous word, ‘* caguct-bon-bec.”” We
call a prating man or woman. ‘‘a mag.”’
(See MaGPre.) : alta

‘Not a mag to bless myself with—not a
haliperny.

Mag'’a. Blackwood’s Magazine. A
mere contraction of the word maga-~zine.

Magalo’na. (See MAGUELONE.)

Magazine (3syl.). A place for stores.
(Arabic, makhzan, gazana, a place where
articles are preserved.)

Mag’dalene (3 syl.). An asylum for
the reclaiming of prostitutes; so. called
from Mary Magdalene or Mary of Mag’-
dala, ‘‘out of whom Jesus cast seven
devils.” A great profligate till she met
with the Lord and Saviour. 4

Mag'deburg Centuries. _ The first
Bon work of Protestant divines on the

istory of the Christian Church. It was
begun at Magdeburg by Matthias Fla-
cius, in 1552; and, as each century
occupies a volume, the thirteen volumes
complete the history to 1300.

Magellan. Straits of Magellan. So
called after Magellan or Magalhaens,
the Portuguese sayigator, HOMES vered
theni ti 1520+ -A+seTaeh aes ast

Samuel -

Magenta 791

Magician

Magen'ta, A brilliant red colour | which he chose to embark. (Chinese

derived from coal-tar, named in com-.
memoration of the battle of Magenta,
which was fought in 1859.

Maggot, Maggoty. Whimsical, full
of whims aud fancies. Fancy tunes
used to be called maggots, hence we have
‘**Barker’s maggots,”’ ‘‘Cary’s cite‘ er
“*Draper’s maggots,” etc. (Dancing.
Master, 1721.)

When the maggot bites. When the
fancy takes us, Swift tells us that it
was the opinion of certain virtuosi that
the brain is filled with little worms or
maggots, and that thought is produced
by these worms biting the nerves.
the bite is hexagonal it produces poetry ;
if circular, eloquence; if conical, politics,
etc. (Mechanical Operation of the Spirit.)

Instead of maggots the Scotch say,
‘* His head is full of bees ;’’ the French,
“Tl a des rats dans la téte;?’ and in
Holland, ‘‘ He has a mouse’s nest in his
head.” (See BEE.)

Ma’‘gi (The), according to one tra-
dition, were Mel’chior, Gaspar, and
Balthazar, three kings of the East. The
first offered gold, the emblem of royal
to the infant Jesus; the second, frank-
incense, in token of divinity; and the
third, myrrh, in prophetic allusion to the

ution unto death which awaited

e ‘* Man of Sorrows.”’

MELCHIOR means “king of light.” |

GASPAR, or CASPAR, means ‘the white one.”

BALTHAZAR means “the, lord of treasures.”
(Klopstock, in his Messfah, hook yv., gives these

five names: Hadad, Selima, Zimri, Beled, and
Sunith)
Magi, in-Camoens’ Lusiad, means

the Indian ‘‘ Brahmins.’’ Ammia‘nus
Marcelli‘nus says that the Persian magi
derivéd their knowledge from the Brah-
mins of India (i, 23); and Aria’nus ex-
pressly calls the Brahmins “‘ magi”? (1.7.).

Magic Garters. Made of the strips
of a young hare’s skin saturated. with
motherwort. Those who wear these
garters excel in speed.

|“ Were it not for my magic garters...
. I should not continue tbe business long.”
: . Longfellow: The Golden Legend.
Magic Rings. This superstition
arose from the belief that magicians had
the power of imprisoning demons in
rings. The power was supposed to
presen in. Asia, and subsequently in
Jamanca, Tolédo, and Italy.
% Magic circles (like magic squares)

are mathematical puzzles.

Corcud’s ring. This magic ring was
composed of six metals, and insured the
_ Wearer success in any undertaking in

nicl

‘there, and I here.’”’

Tales; Corcud and his Four Sons.)

Dame Lisnés’s ring, given by her to
Sir Gareth during a tournament. It
insured the wearer from losing blood
when wounded.

“*This ring! said Dame Lionés, ‘increaseth my
beauty ... That which is green it turns red, and
that whichis red it turns green. That which is
blue it turns white, and that which is white it
turns blue. Whoever beareth this ring can
never lose blood, however wounded.’ ”"—History of
Prince Arthur, i. 146.

Fairy ring (A)... Whoever lives in a
house built over a fairy ring will won-
drously prosper in everything. (Athen-
ian Oracle, i, 307.)

Gyges’ ring. (See GYGES.)

Luned’s ring rendered the wearer in-
visible. Luned or Lynet gave the ring
to Owain, one of King Arthur’s knights.

“Take this ring, and put it on thy finger, with
the stone inside thy hand, and close thy hand
upon it. As long as thou concealest the stone,
the stone will conceal thee.”— The Mabinogion
(Lady of the Fountain),

Reynard’s ring. The ring which
Reynard pretended he had sent to King
Lion. It had three gems: one red,
which gave light in darkness; one
white, which cured all blains and
sprains; and one green, which would
guard the wearer from all ills, both in

eace and war, (Henrik von Alkmaar :
eynard the Fo2.)

The steel ring, made by Seidel-Beckit.
It enabled the wearer to read the secrets
of another’s heart. (Oriental Tales ;
The Your Talismans.)

The talking ring given by Tartaro, the
Basque Cyclops, to a girl whom he
wished to marry. Immediately she put
it on, it kept incessantly saying ‘‘ You
In order to get rid
of the nuisance, the girl cut off her
finger, and threw both finger and ring
into a‘pond. (Basque legends.)

% This tale appears in, Campbell’s
Popular Tales of the West Highlands (i.
toui.), and in Grimm’s Zales (The Robber
and his Sons).

Magic Wand.

In Jerusalem Delivered the Hermit
gives Charles the Dane and Ubaldo a
wand which, being shaken, infused
terror into all who saw it.

In the Faérte Queene, the palmer who
accompanies Sir Guyon has a staff of
like virtue, made of the same wood as

‘Mercury’s caduceus.
Magician. The Great Magician or
Wizard of the North. Professor Wilson

calls Sir Walter Scott the Great Magi-
cian, from the wonderful fascination of
his writings.

Magliabecchi

792

Magpie

Magician of the North. "The title as-
sumed by Johann Georg ann, of
Prussia (1730-1788).

Magliabecchi. The greatest book-
worm that ever lived. e never forgot
what he had once read, and could even
turn at once to the exact page of any
referencé: He was the librarian of the
Great Duke Cosmo III. (1633-1714),

Magna Charta. The Great Charter
of English liberty extorted from King
John, 1215; called by Spelman— —

“ Augustis’simum Anglica/rum, liberta tum
diplo’ma et sacra an’chora.”

Magnalia Christi. Cotton Mathers’s:

book, mentioned in Longfellow’s May-
flower.

Magnanimous (Zhe).

Alfonso V. of Aragon (1885, 1416-58).

Chosroés or Khosru, twenty-first of
the Sassan’idés, surnamed NVoushir'wan
(the Magnanimous) (531-579).

Magna’no. One of the leaders of
the rabble that attacked Hudibras at a
bear-baiting. The character is a satire
on'Simeon Wait, a tinker and Indepen-
dent preacher. (Hudibras, pt.i. 2.) He
calls Cromwell the ‘‘archangel who did
battle with the devil.”

Magnet. The loadstone ; 80 called

from Magne'sia, in Lydia, where the ore ©

was said to abound. The Greeks called
it magnes. Milton uses the adjective
for the substantive in the line ‘ As the
magnetic hardest iron draws.”

Magnetic Mountain. A mountain
which drew out all the nails of any
ship that approached within its magnetic
influence. The ship in which Prince
Agib sailed fell to pieces when wind-
driven towards it. (Arabian Nights ;
The Third Calendar.)

Magneuse (French). An anonyma
or fille de joie ; so called from the nun-
nery founded at Rheims in 1654, by
Jeanne Canart, daughter of Nicolas
Colbert, seigneur de Magneux. The
word is sometimes jocosely perverted
into Magni-magno.

Magnificat. To sing the Magnificat
at matins. To do things at the wrong
time, or out of place. The Magnificat
does not belong to the morning service,
but to vespers. The Magnificat is Luke
i. 46-55 in Latin, !

Magnificent (Zhe).

Khosru or Chosroés:I, of Persia (*,
531-579). The golden period of Persian
history- was 550-628,

Lorenzo de Medici (1448-1492).

Robert, Duc de Normandie, also called
Le Diable (*, 1028-1035).

Soliman I., greatest of the Turkish
sultans (1493, 1520-1566).

Magnifique ... Guerre. & est

magnifique, mais ce n'est pas la guerre,”’
Admirable, but not according to rule.
The comment of Marshal Canrobert
on the charge of the Light Brigade at
Balaclava.
‘ “Jt is because the clergy, as a class, are ani-
mated by a high ideal... that they, a8 a class,
are incomparably better than they need be...
Crest magnifique, mais ce nest pas la guerre.”
Nineteenth Century, April, 1866,

Magnolia, A flower so called from
Pierre Magnol, professor of medicine at

“Montpelier, (1638-1715.) j

Magnum Opus. Chief or most im-
portant of a person’s works. A literary
man says of his most renowned book it
is his magnum opus.

Magnum of Port (4), or other wine,
a double bottle.

Magnus Apollo (My), or Meus
Magnus Apollo, My leader, authority,
and oracle,

Mago the Carthaginian, says Aris-
totle, crossed the Great Desert twice
without having anything to drink.

Magopho'nia, A festival observed
by the Persians to commemorate the
massacre of the aie Smerdis usurped
the throne on the death of Camby’ses ;
but seven Persians, conspiring together,
slew Smerdis and his brother; where-
upon the people put all the Magi to the
sword, and elected Darius, son of Hys-
taspes, to the throne. (Greek, magos-
phonos, the magi-slaughter.)

_ Magot (French). Mopey, or rather
a mass of secreted money ; @ corruption
of imago, the ‘‘image and superscrip-
tion ”’ of coined money.

“La il vola de méme, revint 4 Paris avec un bon
magot."—La Gazette Noire, 1784, p. 270.

Magpie. A contraction of magot-
pie, or mag‘ata-pie. “ Mag’? is generally
thought, to be a contraction of Margaret ;
thus we have Robin red-breast, Tom-tit,
Philip—i.e. a sparrow, etc,

“ Angurs and understood relations have
By ia 340 ws and choughs, and rooks) brought
or Pre
The secret'st.man of blood.” 4.
Shakespeare : Macbeth, tit. 4.
Magpie. Here is an old Scotch rhyme:

“ One's sorrow, two's mirth, - ;
Three's a wedding, four's @ birth,
Five's a christening, six adearth, —
Seven’s heaven, eight ishell, | |
And nine’s the devil his ane sel,"

Magricio

793

Mahomet

Magricio. The champion of Isabella
of Portugal, who refused to do homage
to France. The brave champion van-
quished the French chevalier, and thus
vindicated the liberty of his country.

Mag’uelo’ne or Mag’alo’na (the
fair). Heroine of the romance called
The History of the Fair Magalona,
Daughter of the King of Naples, etc.
Originally written in French. Cervantés
alludes to itin Don Quixote. (See PETER
OF PROVENCE.)

Magus. (See Srmon.)

Mah-abade’an Dynasty (T7he).. The
first dynasty of Persian mythological
history. Mah Abad (the great Abad) and
his wife were the only persons left on the
earth after the great cycle, and from
them the world was peopled. Azer
Abad, the fourteenth and last of this
dynasty, left the earth because ‘‘all flesh
had corrupted itself,’ and a period of
anarchy ensued.

Mahabharata. ,One of the two

great epic poems of ancient India. Its.

story is the contests between descen-
‘dants of Kuru and Pandu. (See Kuru.)

Ma/hadi or Hakem. The Kalif who-

reigned about 400 years after Mahomet.
In one pilgrimage to Mecca he expended
six million gold dinars.

Mahatmas, Initiates who have
proved their courage and purity by
assing through sundry tests and trials.
t is a Hindu word applied to certain
Buddhists. They are also called ‘‘ Mas-
ters.”” According to Theosophists, man
has a physical, an intellectual, and a
spiritual nature, and a Mahatma is a
person who has reached perfection in
each of these three natures, As his
knowledge is perfect, he can produce
effects which, to the less learned, appear
miraculous. Thus, before the telegraph
and telephone were invented it would
have appeared miraculous to possess such
powers; no supernatural power, how-
ever, 18 required, but only a more ex-
tensive knowledge.

“Mahatma is a well-known Sanskrit word ap-
plied to men who have retired from the world,
who, by means of a long ascetic discipline, have
subdued the passions of the flesh,and gained a
reputation for sanctity and knowledge. That
these men are able to perform most startling
feats, and to suffer the most terrible tortures, is

rfectly true."—Max Muller; Nineteenth Century,

Ay, 1993, D. 775,

_ Mah‘di (The). The supreme pontiff
of the Shiites (2 syl.) Only twelve of
these imaums have really appeared—viz.
Ali, Hassan, Hosein, and the nine lineal

‘its meal.

descendants of Hosein. Mohammed, the
last Mahdi, we are told, is not reall
dead, but sleeps in a cavern near Henle
and will return to life in the fulness of
time to overthrow Dejal (anti-Christ).

The Mahdi which has of late been disturbing
Egypt is hated by the Persiafis, who are Sunnites
@ syl.); but even the Turks and Persians are
looking out fora Mahdi who will stamp out the
“infidels.”

Mahmoud of Ghizni, the conqueror
of India in the llth century, kept 400

.greyhounds and bloodhounds, each of

which wore a jewelled collar taken from
the necks of captive sultanas.,

Mahmut. The name of the famous
Turkish spy (q.v.).

Mahomet or Mohammed, according
to Deutsch, means the Predicted Messiah.
(Hag. ii. 7.) . It is the titular name taken
by Halabi, founder of Islam. (570-632.)

Angel of. When Mahomet was trans-
ported to heaven, he says: ‘‘I saw there
an angel, the most gigantic of all created
beings. It had 70,000 heads, each had
70,000 faces, each face had 70,000 mouths,
each mouth had 70,000 tongues, and each
tongue spoke 70,000 languages ; all were
employed in singing God’s praises.’’

* This would make more than 31,000 trillion
languages, and nearly five billion mouths.

Banner of. Sanjaksherif, kept in the
Eyab mosque, at Constantinople.

Bible of. The Koran.

Born at Mecea, a.p, 570.

Bow. Catum (q.v.). yu

Camel (Swiftest). Adha (¢.v.).

Cave, The cave in which Gabriel ap-
peared to Mahomet. was Hoi.

Cofin. It is said that Mahomet’s

| coffin, in the Had’gira of Medi‘na, is

suspended in mid-air without any sup-
port. Many explanations have been
given of this phenomenon, the one
most generally received being that the
coffin 1s of iron, placed midway between
two magnets. Burckhardt visited the
sacred enclosure, and found the ingenuity
of science useless in this case, as the
coffin is not suspended at all.
Cuirass. Fapwa (q.v.).
sia hter (His favourite).
1e

Fatima.
at Medina, Monday, June 8th,
632, age of seventy-two.

The 10th of
the Hedj‘rah.
Dove. Mahomet had a dove which

‘he used to feed with wheat out of his

ear. When the dove was hungry it
used to light on the prophet’s shoulder,
and thrust. its bill into his ear to find
Mahomet thus induced the
Arabs to believe that he was inspired

| by the Holy Ghost in the semblance of

Mahomet

794

Mahomet

Mahomet (continued).
adove. (Sir Walter Raleigh : History
of the World, bk.1. pt. i. chap. vi. (See
also Prideaux~ Life of Mahomet.)

™ Was Mahomet inspired with a dove?”

Shakespeare: 1 Henry VI, i. 2.

Father. Abdali, of the tribe of
Koreish. He died a little before or
little after the birth of Mahomet.

Father-in-law (father of Ayesha).

Abu-Bekr. He succeeded Mahomet and

was the first calif.

Flight from Mecca (called the Hedj’-
rah), 4.D. 622. He retired to Medina.

Grandfather (paternal). Abd-el-Mu-
tallib, whd adopted the orphan boy, bu
died in two years. *

Hedj'rah. (See above, Flight.)

Heir (adopted). Said or Zaid.

Horse. Al Borak {The Lightning]. It
conveyed the prophet to the seventh
heaven. (Sze Borax.)

“ Borak was a fine-limbed, high-standing horse,
strong in frame, and with a coat as glossy as
marble. His colour was saffron, with one harr of

Ja for every three of tawny ; his ears were rest-
less and pointed like. reed ; his eyes large and
full of fire; his nostrils wide and steaming; he
bad a white star on his fore! a neck gracefuily
arched, a mane softand silky, anda thick tail that
swept the ground.”"—Crog itaine, ii. 9.

Miracles. Chadin mentions several,
but some say he performed no miracle,
The miracle of the moon is best. known.

Moon (The): Habib the Wise told
Mahomet to prove his mission by cleav-
ing the moon in two. Mahomet raised
his hands towards heaven, and ina loud
voice summoned the moon to do Habib’s
bidding.’ Accordingly, it descended to
the top of the Caaba (g.v.), made seven
cirenits, and, coming to the ‘ prophet,’
entered his right sleeve and came out of
the left. It then entered the collar of his
robe, and descended to the skirt, clove
itself into two plaits, one of which ap-
peared in the east of the skies and the
other in the west; and the two parts
ultimately reunited and resumed their
usual form.

Mother of. Ami’na, of the tribe of
Koreish.' She died when Mahomet was
six years old. ‘

Mule. Fadda (q.v.).

Pond. Just inside the of Para-
dise. It was white as milk, and he who
drank thereof would never thirst again.
(Al Koran.) -

_ Revelation made when he was forty
old by Gabriel, on Mount Hora,

Standard. Baj‘ura.

‘Al Battar (the beater), Medham fs

Mahomet (continued).

Stepping-stone, The stone upon whic!
the Le er placed his foot when h
moun the beast Al Borak on hi
ascent to heaven. It rose as the beas
rose, but Mahomet, putting. his han:
upon it, forbade it to follow him
whereupon it remained suspended i
mid-air, where the true believer, if h
has faith enough, may still behold it.

Swords, Dhu'l Fakar (the trenchan

keen), and Hatef (the “deadly).
Sworps.)

Successor, (See above, Father-in-law.

Tribe, On both sides, the Koreish.

Uncle, who took charge of Mahomet a
the death of his grandfather, Abu Taleb

Wives, Ten in number, viz (I
Kadidja, a rich widow of the tribe «
Koreish, who had been twice marrie
already, and was forty years of ag
For twenty-five years she was his on!
wife, but at her death he married nin
others, all of whom survived him.

Mahomet loved Mary, a Coptic girl,and i
order to justify the amour,added a new chapt
to the Koran, whicb-may found im Gagnier
Notes upon Abulfeda, p. 151. _

The nine wives, (1) Ayesha, daught
of Abu Bekr, only nine years old on h:
wedding-day. This was his younge:
and favourite wife.

(2) Sauda, widow of Sokran, .an
nurse to his daughter Fat‘ima.

(3) Hafsa, a widow twenty-eight yea
old, who also had a son. She we
daughter of Omeya.

(4) Zeinab, wife of Zaid, but divorec
in order that the prophet might take hi
to wife.

(5) Barra, wife of a young Arab ar
daughter of Al Hareth, chief of an Ara
tribe. Both father and husband we
slain in a battle with Mahomet. St
was a captive._

(6) Rehana, daughter of Simeon, ar
a Jewish captive. 4

(7) Safiya, the espoused wife «
Kena’na. Kena’na was put_to. deati
Safiya outlived the prophet forty years

(3) Omm Habi‘ba—i.e. mother «
Habiba ; the widow of Abu Sofian.

Se

(9) Maimu’na, fifty-one years ol
and a widow, who survived all his oth

wives. 2
Also ten or fifteen concubines, chi:
Stan” tine. prophets ai aaa
im, the et’s son, t
fifteen ponthe Old. + or eeahe a sa

Year of. tions, AD. 630, ul
“bth of the Hledyrah,, Wi aabéell iJ

a

»Mahoun 795 Maidenhair
Mahoun’ (2syl.). Nameof contempt | and 1809. Byron refers to her im his
Mahonn’ ( Ki heestan, a Moor. In | Childe Harold.
cotland it used to mean devil. Maiden. A machine resembling the

“There's the son of the nencgndc—segne of
[zhoun- (son of the Moorish princess).”—Ven-
eance of Mudarra.

Mahound (2 syl.). Mahomet.
£ACON.)

"Ofttimes by — ana a iseead lg bad
Mabu. The fiend- -prince that urges
o theft.
“Five flends have been in poor Tom at once: of
ag Obidicut ; Hobbididance, prince of dumb-
; Mahu, of stealing ; Modo, of murder ; Flib-
eriigibbet. of ay Ch and mowing. ”—'Shake-
peare: King Lear, iv.
Maid Ma'rian. A morris dance,
he boy in the morris dance, called | iad
forion, from the “morion’’? which he
yore onhis head. (See Morris Dancz.)
{aid Marian is a corruption first of the

(See

7 and thenof the sex. Having got
he words Maid Marian, etymologists
ave puzzled out a suitable character in
fatilda, the daughter of Fitz-Walter,
aron of Bayard and Dunmow, who
loped with Robert Fitz-Ooth, the out-
aw, and lived with him in Sherwood
forest. Some refine upon this tale, and
aha that Matilda ‘was married = the
utlaw ad ood)
y Friar Tuck.
giereter tar sereredeneets maidearien
“Next ’tis agreed
That fair Matilda henceforth change her name,
And while [she lives] in Shirewodde .
She by n's name be only called.”
: Downfall of Robert; Earl of Huntingdon.
Maid of Athens; immortalised by
3yron,was Theresa Macri. Some twenty-
our years after this poem was written
he maid was in dire porerty without a
ingle “vestige of beauty. “She had a
arge family, and lived in 2 hovel.

Maid of Norway. Margaret, daugh-
er of Eric II. and Margaret of Norway.
In the death of Alexander III. she
ras acknowledged Queen of Scotland,
nd was betrothed to Edward, son of
edward I. of England, but she ‘died ‘on
er passage to Scotland.

‘Maia of Orleans. Jeanne d’Arc
1412-1431).

tHlover, daughter of Simon ieee the
Eee: of Perth. She kisses Smith
ig, ond climate Valentine’s morn-
marries him. (Sze

ner.) Gott F ‘air Maid of Perth.)
: Augustina

: bed for her heroism

guillotine for beheading criminals in the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ; :
brought to Scotland by the Regent
Morton from Hahiax, in Yorkshire, for
the purpose of Beheading the laird of
Pennycuick, It was also called “the
widow.”

oe who ie the maiden = han-
selled it. erring to mt Morton,
who introduced this te guillotine
into Scotland, erroneously said to have
been the first to suffer by it. Thomas
Seott, one of the murderers of Rizzio,
was beheaded by it in 1566, fifteen years
before Morton’s execution.

Maiden Assize (4), One in which
there is no person to be brought to frial.
We have also the expressions maidsn
tree, one never lopped; maiden fortress,
one never taken; maiden speech; ete.
In a maiden assize, the sheriff of the
county presents the judge with a pair of
white gloves. White gloves symbolise
innocence. Maiden primarily means
unspotted, unpolluted; mnocent; thus
Hubert says to the king—

* This hand of mine.
Ts yet a maiden and an innocent hand,
Not painted with the crimson spots of blood >
Shakespeare : King John, iy. 2.

Maiden King (The). Maleolm IY.
of Scotland. (1141, 1153-1165.)

“Maleolm ...son of the brave and generous
Prince Henry - Was £0 kind and gentle in bis

disposition, that he was usually called “Malcolm
the Maiden.”—Scott : Tales of a Grandfather, iv.

Maiden nosis (London). So called
from an image of the Maiden or Virgin
Mary, which “stood there before the Re-
formation,

Maiden or Virgin Queen. Eliza-
beth, Queen of England, who never
married. (1533, 1558-1603.)

Maiden Town, i.c. a town never
taken by the enemy. Edinburgh. The
tradition is that the maiden daughiers
of a Pictish king were sent there for
protection during an intestine war.

Maiden of the Mist. Anne of
Geierstein, in Sir Walter Scott’s novel
called Anne of Geierstein,

(a fern, so-called from

Maidenhair
its hair-like stalks) never takes wet.or
moisture.

“ His skin is like the herb called true Maiden's
= bee never takes wet or moisture, but still
reason it is

+ Pantagruel, iv. “a

eeps though laid at the bottom of a river as |
long as you For this
Adiantes.”"—

-

Main-bracé

796

Make the Ice

.

Main-brace, Splice the main-brace,
in sea language, means to takea draught
of strong drink to keep the spirits up,
and give strength for extra exertion.
The main-brace is the rope by which
the mainyard ofa ship is set in position,
and to splice it, in a literal sense, when
the rope is broken or injured, is to join
the two ends together again.

Main Chance (7/e). Profit or money,
probably from the game called hazard.

To have an eye to the main chance,
means to keep in view the money to be
made out of an enterprise.

* In the game of ‘‘hazard,’’ the
first throw of the dice is called the main,
which must be between four and nine,
the player then throws his chance, which
determines the main.

Mainote (2syl.). A pirate that infests

the coast of Attica.
“ _. Like boat
Of island-pirate or Mainote.”
Byron: The Giaour

Maintain is to hold in the hand;
hence, to keep ; hence, to clothe and feed.
(French, main tenir ; Latin, manus tenco.)

Maitland Club (The) of literary
antiquities, instituted at Glasgow in
1828. It published a number of works.

Maize (1 syl.). According to Ame-
rican superstition, if a damsel finds a
blood-red ear of maize, she will have a
suitor before the year is over.

“Bven the blood-red ear to Evangeline brought
not her lovery* Longfellow : Evangeline.

Majesty. Henry VIII. was the first
English sovereign who was styled “‘ His
Majesty.’’ Henry IV. was ‘(His Grace ;””
Henry VI., ‘‘ His Excellent. Grace ;”’
Edward IV.,‘‘ High and Mighty Prince ;”’
Henry VII, ‘‘ His Grace,” and ‘‘ His

Highness ;”’ Henry VITL., in the earlier _

part of his reign, was styled “‘ His High-
ness.” “‘ His Sacred Majesty’? was a
title assumed by subsequent sovereigns,
but-was afterwards changed to ‘‘ Most
Excellent Majesty.”

Majesty, in heraldry. An eagle
crowned and holding a sceptre is ‘‘an
eagle in his majesty.”

Majol'ica Ware. A pottery ori-
ginally made in the island of Majorca
or Majolica, and lately revived by Mr.
Minton.

Majority. He has joined the'majority.
He is dead. Blair says, in his Grave,
“Tis long since Death had the ma-
jority.” ‘“Abiit ad plures;"" “ Quin
prius me ad plures penetravi” (Plautus :

Trinummus, line 14). _‘‘ Beatos eos fore,
quando cum pluribus habitarint.”” (See
Polybius, viii. xxx. 7.)

Make.

What make you here? What do you
want? What are you come here for?
A French phrase: “‘Que fattes-vous ici ?”’

“Now, sir, what make you here?”— Shake
speare: As You like It,i.1.

Make a hand_of or on (70). To
slay, destroy, waste, or spoil.

“So when I came to myself again, I“cried him
mercy ; but he said,*I know not to show mercy ;*
and with that knockt me down again.’ He had,
doubtless, made a hand of me, but that one came
by, and bid him forbear."—Bunyan; Pilgrim's
Progress, p. 93 (first edition),

Make a Hit (70). To succeed un-
expectedly in an adventure or specula-

tion, (See Hrr.)
Make a Virtue of Necessity (70).
See Chaucer’s poem of the Knights

Tale, line 3,044; also The Two Gentle-
men of Verona and Dryden's poem of
Paldmon and Arcite.

Make away with( 70). To squander;
to put out of the way ; to murder. The
French verb défaire 13 used sometimes
in a similar way ; as, ‘‘J/ tdcha de se
défaire secrétement de ses pariers.””

Make away with Oneself (Zo) To
commit suicide.

Make Bricks without Straw (70).
To attempt to do something without
having the necessary material supplied.
The allusion is to the Israelites’ in
Egypt, who were commanded by their
taskmasters so to do, (Exodus v. 7.)

Make Eyes at (7). To flirt with
the eyes. “ Octilis venari'” (See Cast.)

Make Mountains of Molehilis
(To). To make a difficulty of trifles,
“Arcem ex cloaca factre.”’ The corre-
sponding Frénch proverb:is, “Faire @’un
mouche un éléphant.”

Make one’s Bread (Zu). To earn
one’s living.

Make the Door (Zu). To make it
fast by shutting and bolting it. We
‘still say, “‘ Have you made my room?”
—i.e. made it tidy. Similarly, to “ make
the bed”’ is to arrange it fit for use.

“Why at this time the doors are made against
you,” Shakespeare: Comedy of Errors, iti. 1.
“Make the door upon a woman's wit, and it will
gut at the casement."—Shakespeare! As You Like

Make the Ice (70), To near the
whale-fishing gréund. To make for the
ice is to steer in that direction,
grifdtanto bemguretsinlealtinage the tee

on: AutoViography, p. 128.

Make-wage

797

Male Sapphires

Make-wage. Wages supplemented
by grants or rates. Similarly, a make-
weight [loaf] is a small loaf added to
make up the proper weight.

Make-weight. A bit [of meat,
cheese, bread, or other article] thrown
into the scale to make the weight
correct.

Makeshift (4). A temporary ar-
rangement during an emergency ; a
device. (The Anglo-Saxon seyfé means
a division, hence a device.)

Malabar. (See under VEUVE.)

Malagi'gi (in Orlando Fuvioso). Son
of Buo'’vo, and brother of Al’diger and
Vivian, of Clarmont’s race; a wizard
knight, cousin of Rinaldo, (See Mauais.)

Malagrowther (Malachi). The sig-
nature of Sir Walter Scott to a series
of letters in 1822 contributed to the
Edinburgh Review upon the lowest
limitation of paper money to £5. They
caused immense sensation, not inferior
to that produced by Drapier’s Letters
(q-v.) in Ireland. No political tract,
since Burke’s Iteflections on the French
Revolution, ever excited such a stir in
Great Britain.

Mal'agrow'ther (Sir Mungo). .An
old courtier soured by misfortune, who
tries to make everyone as discontented
as himself. (Scott: Fortunes of Nigel.)

Malakoff (in the Crime’a). In183la
sailor and ropemaker, named Alexander
Ivanovitch Malakoff, celebrated for his
wit and conviviality, lived at Sebastopol.
He had many- friends and admirers, but,
being engaged in a riot, was dismissed
the dockyards in which he had been em-
ployed. He then opened a liquor-shop
on the hill outside the town. His old
friends gathered round him, and his shop
was called the Malakoff. In time other
houses were built around, and the Mala-
koff became a town, which ultimately
was fortified.. This was the origin of the
famous Malakoff Tower, which caused
so much trouble to the allied army in
the Criméan War. (Gazette de France.)

Malambru’no. The giant, _first
cousin of Queen Magun’cia, of Canday’a,
-who enchanted Antonomas’ia and her
husband, and shut them up in the tomb
_ of the deceased queen. e infanta he
transformed into a monkey of brass,
and the knight into a crocodile. Don
Quixote achieved their disenchantment
. by mounting the wooden horse called

Clavile’no. (Cervantes: Don Quixote,
part ii. book iii. chap. xlv.)

Malaprop (Mrs.),in The Rivals, by
Sheridan. (French, mal d@ propos.)
Noted for her blunders in the use of
words. ‘“‘ Asheadstrong as an allegory
on the banks of the Nile ’’ is one of her
famous similes. (See PARTINGTON.)

Malbec’co. A ‘‘cankered, crabbed
earl,’’ very wealthy, but miserly and
mean. He seems to be the impersona-
tion of self-inflicted torments. He
married a young wife named Helenore,
who set fire to his house, ‘and eloped
with Sir~Paridel. Malbecco cast him-
self over a high rock, and all his flesh
vanished into thin air, leaving behind
nothing but his ghost, which was meta-
morphosed into Jealousy. (Spenser:
Faérie Queene, book iii.)

Malbrouk or Marlbrough (Marl-
bro’), does not date from the battle of
Malplaq’uet (1709), but from the time
of hte Crusades, 600 years before. Ac-
cording to a tradition discovered by M.
de Chateaubriand, the air came from
the Arabs, and the tale is a legend of
Mambron, a crusader. It was brought
into fashion during the. Revolution by
Mme. Poitrine, who used to sing it to her
royal foster-child, the son of Louis XVI.
M. Ar'ago tells us that when M. Monge,
at Cairo, sang this air to an Egyptian
audience, they all knew it, and joined
init. Certainly the song has nothing to
do with the Duke of Marlborough, as it
is all about feudal castles and Eastern
wars. We are told also that the band
of Captain Cook, in 1770, was playing
the air one day on the east coast of
Australia, when the natives evidentl
recognised it, and seemed Beers
(Moniteur de ? Armée.)

“ Malbrouk s’en va-t-en guerre,
Mironton, mironton, mirontaine ;
Malbrouk s’en va-t-en guerre,
Nul sait quand reviendra,
J] reviendra z’a paques—
Mironton, mironton, mirontaine .. .
Ou a la Trinité.”

‘? The name Malbrouk occurs in the
Chansons de Gestes, and also in the
Basque Pastorales.

Malcolm. Eldest son of Duncan,
King of Scotland. He was called Can-
More (Great=head), and succeeded Mac-
beth (1056). (Shakespeare : Macbeth.)

Maldine (French). School. So called
because at school “‘ on dine assez mal.’

Male. (See SEx.)

Male Sapphires. Deep indigo-
coloured sapphires. The pale blue are

Male suada Fames

798

Malt

the female sapphires, (Emmanuel : Dia-
monas and Precious Stones [1867].)

Male suada Fames, Hunger is a
bad counsellor. The French say, ‘‘ Vilain
affamé, demi enragé.””

Malebol’ge (4 syl.). The eighth
circle of Dante’s Inferno, which con-
tained in all ten do/gt or pits.

“ There is a place within the depths of hell __

Called Malebolge.” Dante; Inferno, xviii. -

Malecasta. The impersonation of
lust. (Spenser ; Faerie Queene, ii. 1.)

Male’ger [wretchedly thin]. Captain
of the rabble rout which attack. the
castle of Temperance. He was ‘thin
as a rake,’ and cold as a serpent.
Prince Arthur attacks him and flings
him to the ground, but Maleger springs
up with renewed vigour,. Arthur now
stabs hima through and through, but it.is
like stabbing a shadow; he then takes
him in his atms and squeezes him as in
a vice, but it is like squeezing a piece of
sponge ; he then remembers that every
time the carl touches the earth his
strength is renewed, so he squeezes all
his breath out, and tosses the body into
a lake. (See ANTROS.) (Spenser: Faérie
Queene, book ii. 11.) E

Malengin [guile]. On his back he
carried a net ‘‘to catch fools.’ Being
attacked by Sir Artegal. and his’ iron
man, he turned himself first into a fox,
then to a bush, then to a bird, then toa
hedgehog, then to a snake; but Talus
was a match for all his deceits, and
apa him. (Spenser: Faerie Queene,
v. 9.

._ Malepardus. The castle of Master
Reynard the Fox, in the tale so called.

-Malherbe’s Canons of. French
Poetry.

(1) Poetry is to contain only such |

words as are in. common use by well-
educated Parisians.

(2) A word ending with a vowel must
in no case be followed by a word begin-
ning with a vowel.

(3) One line in no wise is to run into
another. ;

(4) The cesura must always be most
strictly observed.

-(5) Every alternate rhyme must be
feminine. - “ Pine are

Maliom. Mahomet is so called in
some of the old romances. ~~

"Send five, send six against me. | By Maliom I
6wear, I'll take them all.”"—Fierabras. .
Malkin. The nickname of Mary,

now called Molly. Hence the Maid
Marian is so termed.

Malkin. A kitchen wench, now called
a Molly, is by Shakespeare termed ‘‘ the
kitchen Malkin. (Coriolanus, ii. 1.) '

Matkin. A scarecrow or figure
dressed like a scullion ; hence, knythine
made of rags, as a mop,

Malkin. A Moll or female cat, the
male being a ‘Tom.’? When the cat
mews, the witch in Macbeth calls out,
‘Tcome, Grimalkin”? (i, 1).

Mall or Pall Mall (London). From
the Latin pellére mailieo (to_strike with
a mallet or bat ; so called because it
was where the ancient game of pell-mall
used to be played. Cotgrave says :—

“Pale malle_is a game wherein a round box-
ball is struck witha mallet through a high arch

of iron, He that can do this most frequently
wins.”

it was a fashionable game in the
reign of Charles II., and the walk called
the Mall was appropriated to it for the
king and his court.

Mall Supper (4), A harvest feast
(North of England). A mal is a feast,
our word meal (Anglo-Saxon, mel).

Mallows. Abstain from ‘mallows.
This is the thirty-eighth symbol in the
Protreptics. Pythagoras tells us that
mallow was the first messenger sent by
the gods to earth to indicate to.man
that they sympathised with them and
had pity on them. To make food of
mallows would be to dishonour the gods.
Mallows are cathartic.

Malmesbury (William of). Eleventh
century; author of numerous chron-
icles. His Gesta Regum Anglorum is a
resumé of English history from the
arrival of the English in 440 to the
year 1120, His Historia Novella gives
a retrospect of the reign of Henry I.,
and terminates abruptly with the year
1143, His third work is called Gesta
Pontificum., All the three are included
in the Scriptores post Bedam.

Malmesbury Monastery. Founded
by Maildulf, Meildulf, or Meldun, an
Irishman, ;

Malmsey Wine is the wine of Mal-_
va'sia, in Candia.

“ fs ee spyces unsparyly thay spendyde there-

Malveaye’ and muskadelle, thase mervelyous

drynkes.” — ~ Morte @’Arthure. *
(See DrowNED INA BUITOF...)

Malt. The Sermon on Malt was by —
John Dod, rector of Fawsley, North-
ants, called the. decalogist,; from. his

Malt

199

Mammon

famous exposition of the Ten Command-
ments, A Puritan divine. (1547-1645.)
This was not Dr. William Dodd, who was
executed for forgery (1729-1777).
Malt ... Meal. When the malt gets
abson the meal. When persons, after
dinner, get‘more or less fuddled.

“When the malt begins to get aboon the meal,
they'll begin to speak about government in kirk
and state.”—Sir W. Scott: Old Mortality, chap, iv

Maltese Cross. Made thus: >

Malthu’sian (4). <A_ disciple of
Malthus, whose ia doctrines are
laid down in his Essay on the Principles
of Population.

. Malthu’sian Doctrine. That popu-
lation increases more than the means of
increasing subsistence does, so that in
time, if no check is put upon the increase
of population, many must starve or all
be ill-fed. Applied to individual nations,

hke Britain, it intimated that something |

must be done to check the increase of
population, as all the land would not
suffice to feed its inhabitants.

Malum, in Latin, means an apple;
and ‘‘ malus, mala, malum’’ means evil,
Southey, in his Commonplace Book, quotes
a witty etymon given by Nicolson and
Burn, making the noun derived from
the adjective, in allusion, I suppose, to
the apple caten by Eve. Of course,
malum (an apple) is the Greek mélon or
milon (an apple-tree).

Malum in Se (Latin), What is of
itself wrong, and would be so even if no
law existed against its commission, as
lying, murder, theft.

Malum Prohib'itum (Latin). What
is wrong merely because it is forbidden,
as eating a particular fruit was wrong
in Adam and Eve, because they were
commanded not to do so. Doing secu-
lar work on the Sabbath.

Malvo'lio. Steward to Olivia, in
Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night.

Mamamouchi. A mock honour.
Better ve a country gentleman in Eng-
land than a foreign Mamamouchi. The
honour is conferred on M. Jourdain.
(Moliére: Bourgeois Gentilhomme.)

Quixote insisted that this basin was the
enchanted helmet of the Moorish king.

Mam ‘elon (2syl., French). A mound
in the shape of awoman’s breast These
artificial mounds were common in the
siege of Sebastopol. (Latin, mamma, a
breast.)

Mamelukes (2 syl.) or Mamalukes
(Arabic, mamluc, a slave). A name
given in Egypt to the slaves of the beys
brought from the Caucasus, and formed
into a standing army. In 1254 these
military ‘‘slaves’’ raised one of their
body to the supreme power, and Nour-
eddin Ali, the founder of the Baharites,
i twenty-three sultans; in 1832 the

ynasty of the Borjites, also Mamlucs,
succeeded, and was followed by twenty-
one successors. Selim I., Sultan of
Turkey, overthrew the Mamluc kingdom
in 1517, but allowed the twenty-four
beys to be elected from their body. In
1811, Mohammed Ali by a wholesale
massacre annihilated the Mamelukes,
and became viceroy of Egypt.

Mamma, Mother. The former is
Norman-French, and the latter Anglo-
Saxon. (See Papa.) F

-Mammet. A puppet, a favourite, an

idol. A corruption of Mahomet. Ma-

hometanism being the most prominent

form of false religion with which Chris- :
tendom was acquainted before the Re-

formation, it became a generic word to

designate any false faith ; even idolatry

is called mammetry.

Mammon. The god of this world,
The.word in Syriac means riches. . (See
Milton ; Paradise Lost, bk. i. 678.) His
speech in the council is book ii. 229, ete,

Mammon. In Spenser’s Faérie Queene,
Mammon says if Sir Guyon will serve
him he shall be the richest man in the
world; but the knight says money has
no charm for him. Mammon then takes
him to his smithy, and tells him he may
make what orders he likes, but Guyon
declines to make any. The god then
offers to give him Phil’otine to wife, but
Guyon will not accept the honour.
Lastly, he takes him to FProserpine’s
bower, and tells him to pluck the golden
fruit, and rest on the silver stool; Sir
Guyon again refuses, and after three
days’ sojourn in the infernal regions _
is ied back to earth. (ii. 7.) ;

Mammon of Unrighteousness —

(The). Money. . A Scripture phrase
hee 9)... Mammon was the Syrian;

Mammon’s Cave

800

Man of Brass

god of wealth, similar to Plutus of
Greek and Roman mythology.

Mammon’s Cave. The abode of the
Money-god. Sir Guyon visited this
cave, and Spenser gives a very full de-
scription of it. (Faérie Queene, li. 7.)

Sir Epicure Mammon, <A worldly
sensualist. (Ben Jonson: Alchemist.)

Mammoth Cave (The). In Edmon-
son county, Kentucky, the largest in
the world.

Man (Isle of), called by the ancient
Britons main-au (little island), Latinised
into Menav-ia. Cesar calls it Mona (i.e,
Mon-ah), the Scotch pronunciation of
Manau. Mona and Pliny’s Monabia are
varieties of ‘‘ Menavia.”’

Man. Emblematic of St. Matthew,
because he begins his gospel by tracing
the manhood of Jesus back to David.
Mark is symbolised by a_lion, because he
begins his gospel with John the Baptist
and Jesus jn the wilderness. Luke is
symbolised by a calf, because he begins
his gospel with the Temple sacrifices.
And John as a eagle, because he looks
right into heaven and begins his gospel
with Jesus the divine logos. The four
are indicated in Ezekiel’s cherub (i. 10.)

Man. Average weight 150 ]bs.; height,
69 inches; strength, 420 Ibs,

Man Friday (4). A useful and
faithful servant, like the Man Friday in
Robinson Crusoe.

“Coupt von Rechberg ... was Prince Bismarck’s
“Man Friday.’”"—Atheneum, 1881.

Man-jack, Livery man-jack of you.
Everyone of you. (See wnder Jack.)

Man... Monkey. The Bedouins
affirm that the monkeys of Mount Kara
were once human beings, thus trans-
formed for disobedience to their pro-
phet. The Arabs have a similar tradi-
tion, that the monkey (Nasnds) and the
ape (Wabdr) were once human beings,

Man-Mountain or Quinbus Flestrin,
So Gulliver was called Lilliput.

Man Proposes, but God disposes:

So we read in the Imitatio Christi ;
Herbert (Jacula Prudentum) has nearly
the same identical words,

Man Threefold. According to Diog’-
enés Laertius, the body was composed of
(1) a mortal part; (2) a divine and
ethereal part, called the phrén; and
(3)-an aérial and vaporous part, called
the thumos.

According to the Romans, man has a
threefold soul, which at the dissolution

ee .
SS eee ty

of the body resolvés itself into (1) the
Manes ; (2) the An'ima or Spirit; (3)
the Umbra. The Manes went either to
Elysium or Tar’tarus; the Anima re-
turned to the gods; but the Umbra
hovered about the body as unwilling to
quit it.

According to the Jews, man consists
of body, soul, and spirit.

Man in Black (The). Supposed to
be Goldsmith’s father. (Citizen of the
World.) Washington Irving has a tale
with the same title. :

Man fn the Iron Mask (The).
Tron Mask.) i

Man in the Moon (The). Some sa
it is a man leaning on a fork, on whi
he is carrying a bundle of sticks picked
up on a Sunday. The origin of this
fable is from Num. xv. 32-36. Some
add a dog also; thus the prologue in
Midsummer Night’s Dream says, ‘‘ This
man with lantern, dog, and bush of
thorns, presenteth moonshine ; ” Chaucer
says ‘‘hestole the bush”? (Zest. of Cres-
seide). Another tradition says that the
man is Cain, with his dog and thorr-
bush; the thorn-bush. being emblema-
tical of the thorns and briars of the
fall, and the dog being the “‘ foul fiend.”
Some poets make out the “ man”? to be
Endymion, taken to the moon by Diana.

Man in the moon, The nameless per-
son at one time employed in elections to
negotiate bribes. Thus the rumour was
set flying among the electors that “ the
Man in the Moon had arrived.’’

I know no more about it than the man
in the moon. I know nothing at all
about the matter.

Man of Be'ltaL. Any wicked man,
Shimei so called David (2 Sam. xvi. 7),
The ungodly are called ‘children of
Belial,’’ or ‘‘sons of Belial.”? The word
Belial means worthlessness.

Man of Blood, Dayid is so called
(2 Sam, xvi. 7).

The Puritans applied the term to
Charles1., because he made war against
his Parliament. Any man of violence.

Man of Blood and Iron (Tic).
Otto von Bismarck (Prince Bismarck),
called ‘‘ man of blood” fromhis great war
policy, and ‘‘iron’’ from his indomit-
able will. Many years Chancellor of
Prussia and Germany. (Born September
Ist, 1815.) . ;

Man of Brass (The). Talos, the
work of Hephestos (Vulcan). He tra-~
versed Crete to prevent strangers from

(See

=

Man of December
setting foot on the island, and threw
rocks at the Argonauts to prevent their
landing. Talos used to make himself
red-hot, and hug intruders to death.

“That portentous Man of Brass
Hephestos made in days of yore,
Who stalked about the Cretan shore...
And threw stones at the Argonauts.”
Longfellow: The Wayside Inn,
Man of December. Napoleon III.
He was made President of the French
Republic December 11, 1848; made his
coup d’état December 2, 1851; and was
made Emperor December 2, 1852.

Man of Destiny (The). Napoleon I.
(1761, 1804-1814, died 1821). He looked
on himself as an instrument in the
hands of destiny.

“The Man of Destiny ... had power fora time
to bind kings with chains, and nobles with fetters
of iron."—Str Walter Scott,

Man of Feeling. The title of a
novel by Henry Mackenzie. His ‘‘man
of feeling’’ is named Harley—a sensi-
val. bashful, kind-hearted, sentimental

ero.

Man of Letters (4). An author.
Man of Remnants (4). A tailor.
Man of Ross. John Kyrle, of Ross,

in Herefordshire, immortalised by Pope
in his epistle On the Use of Riches.

Man of Salt. A man like Ainéas,
always’ ‘‘ melting into salt tears,’’ called
“drops of salt.”

“ This would-make a man a man of salt,
To use his eyes for garden waterpots.”
Shakespeare: King Lear, iv.6.

Man of Sedan. Napoleon III. was |

so called, because he surrendered his

sword :to William, King of Prussia, after -

the battle of Sedan (September 2, 1870).

Man of Silence (Zhe). Napoleon
IIT. (1808, 1852-70, died 1873.)

“France? You must know better than I your
position with the Man of Silence.”"—For Sceptre
and Crown, chap. i.

Man of Sin (Zhe). (2 Thess. ii. 38).
The Roman Catholics say the, Man of
Sin is Antichrist. ‘The Puritans applied
the term to the Pope of Rome; the
Fifth-Monarchy men to Cromwell;
many modern theologians apply it to
that ‘wicked one’? (identical with the
“last horn’? of Dan, vii.) who is to
immediately precede the second advent,

Man of Straw (4), <A person with-
out capital. It used to be customary
for a number of worthless fellows to
loiter about our law-courts to become
false witness or surety for anyone who
would buy their services; their badge
‘was a-straw in their shoes, ©

51

| . Man’ciple (4).

801 Manciple

Man of the Hili (7ve). A tedious
“hermit of the vale,’ which encumbers
the story of Zom Jones, by Fielding.

Man of the Sea. (See OLD, etc.)

Man of the Third Republic (Zhe).
Napoleon III. (1802, reigned 1852-70,
died 1873). (MM. Gambetta ; 1838-1882.)

Man of the World (4). One
‘‘ knowing’? in world-craft; no green-
horn. Charles Macklin brought out a
comedy (1704), and Henry Mackenzie a
novel (1773) with the same title.

Man of Three Letters,
Homo.)

Man-of-War (4). A Government
fighting-ship. The term is not now
often used.

Man-of-war, or, Portuguese man-of-war.

The nautilus.

“Frank went to the captain and told him that
Tom had given him leave to have the man-of-war
if he could get it.”"—Goulding : Adventures of tha
Young Marooners, 17. -

‘Man-of-war bird. The frigate-bird.

Man of Wax. A model man; like
one fashioned in wax. Horace speaks of
the ‘‘ waxen arms of Telephus,’? mean-

(See

‘ing model arms, or of perfect shape and

colour; and the nurse says of Romeo,
‘Why, he’s a man of wax”’ (i. 3), which
she explains by saying, ‘‘ Nay, he’s a
flowétr, i’ faith a very flower.”

Man of Whipcord (4). A coach-
man. The reference is to his whip.

“He would not have suffered the coachman to
proceed while the horses were unfit for service,
+». Yetthe man of whipcord escaped some severe
«+ reproach.”—Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary, i,

Manche (French). Aimer mieux le
manche que le bras. Cupboard love,
Manche is a slang word; a gratuity
given to a cicerone, cabman, or porter.
It is the Italian buona mancia.

Jeter le manche apres la cognée. To
throw the helve after the hatchet. To
abandon what may be useful, out of
caprice, because a part of what you
expected has not been realised. A horse
is stolen, and the man, in ill-temper,
throws away saddle and bridle.

Manchester. The first syllable is
the Friesic man (a common); and the

| word means the Roman encampment on

the common,

Manchester Poet. Charles Swain
(1803-1874).
A purveyor of food,
a clerk of the kitchen. Chaucer has 3
‘“‘manciple’’? in his. Canterbury Tales.
(Latin manceps, mancipis.) fs 2

Mandamus

802

Manfred

Mandamus (Latin), A writ of
Kimg’s Bench, commanding the person
named to do what the writ directs. The
first word is ‘‘ Mandamus’”’ (We com-
mand. ....).

Manda‘na. A stock name in heroic
romance, which generally represents the
fate of the world turning on the caprice
of some beautiful Mandana or Stati'ra.

Mandarin’ is not a Chinese word,
but one given by the Portuguese colon-
ists at Maca’o to the officials called by the
natives [hiouping (3 syl.) It is from
the verb mandar (to command).

The nine ranks of mandarins are distin-
guished by the button in their cap:—
1, ruby; 2, coral; 3, sapphire; 4, an
opaque blue stone; 5, crystal; 6, an
opaque white shell; 7, wrought gold;
8, plain gold ; and 9, silver.

“The whole body of Chinese mandarins consists
of twenty-seven members. They are appointed
for (1) imperial birth ; (2) long service ; (3) illus-
trious deeds ; (4) knowledge ; (5)ability; (6) zeal;
(7) nobility ; and (8) aristocratic birth.’--Gutzlay.

Mandeville (Bernard de). A licen-
tious Deistical writer, author of The
Virgin Unmasked, and Free Thoughts on
Religion, in the reign of George II,

Mandou’'sians. Very short swords.
So called from a certain Spanish noble-
man of the house of Mendo'sa, who
brought them into use. (See SWORDS.)

Man‘drabul. F1om gold to nothing,
like Man'drabul’s offering. Mandrabul,
havin
offered to Juno a golden ram for the
discovery; next year he gave a Silver
one, then a brazen one, and in the fourth
year nothing. The proverb ‘‘to bring a
noble to ninepence, and ninepence to
nothing,” carries the same meaning.

,

Mandrake. The root of the mandrag’-
‘ora often divides itself in two, and pre-
sents a.rude appearance of a man. In
ancient times human figures were often
cut out of the root, and wondesnl
virtues ascribed to them. It was usta
to produce fecundity in women (Gen.
xxx. 14-16). Some mandrakes cannot
be pulled from the earth without pro-
ducing fatal effects, so a cord used to
be fixed to the root, and round a dog’s
neck, and the dog being chased drew
out the mandrake and died. Another
superstition is that when the mandrake
is uprooted it utters a scream, in ex-

Janation of which Thomas Newton, in

is Herball to the Bible, says, ‘It is
supposed to be a creature having life,
engendered under the earth of the seed

found a gold-mine in Samos, ~

of some dead person put to death for
murder.”’
“Shrieks like mandrakes’ torn out of the earth.”
Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, iv. 3,
Mandrakes called love-apples. From
the old notion that they excited amorous
inclinations; hence Venus is called Man-
dragori’ tis, and the Emperor Julian, in
his epistles, tells Calix’enés that he drank
its juice nightly as a love-potion,

e@ has eaten mandrake. Said of a
very indolent and sleepy man, from the
narcotic and stupefying properties of the
plant, well known to the ancients.

“ Give me to drink mandragora . .

That I might sleep out this great gap of time

My Antony is away.”

Shakespeare: Antony and Cleopatra, i. 5.,

Mandrake; Another superstition con-
nected with this plant is that a small
dose makes a person vain of his beauty,
and conceited; but that a large dose
makes him an idiot.

Mandricar'do. King of Tartary,
or Scythia, son of Ag’rican. He wore
Hector’s cuirass, married Dorvalis, and
was slain in single combat by Rogé’ro.

Orlando Innamorato, and Orlando
urioso.)

Manduce (2syl.). The idol Gluttony,
venerated by the Gastrol’aters, people
whose god was their belly.

“Jt is a monstrous ... figure, fit to frighten
little children ; its eyes are bigger than its belly,
and its head larger than all the rest of its body,
... having a goodly pair of wide jaws, lined with
two rows of teeth, which, by the magic of a small
twine... are made to clash, chatter, and rattle
against the other,as the jaws of St, Clement's
dragon (called graulli) on St. Mark’s procession
at Metz.”—Rabeluis : Pantagruel, iv. 59.

Manes. Zo appease his Manes. To
do when a Hee is dead what would
have pleased him or was die to him

_when alive. The spirit or ghost of the

dead was by the Romans called his
Manes, which never slept quietly in the
grave so long as survivors left its wishes
unfulfilled. The 19th February was the
day when all the living sacrificed to the
shades of dead relations and friends.

Manes (2 syl.) from the old word manis, i.e.
“ bonus,” “quod eos venerantes Manes vocarent,

. ut Grivci chréstous,” (See Lucretius, iii.52.) It can-

not come from mdneo, to remajn (hecause this
part of man remains after the body is dead), be-
cause the a is long.

In the Christian Church there is an
All Souls’ Day.

Manfred. Count Manfred, son of
Count Sigismund, sold himself to the
Prince of Darkness, and had seven
spirits bound to do his bidding, viz.
the spirits of ‘‘earth, ocean, air, night,
mountains, winds,’”’ and the star of his

sl

Manger

803

Manor

own destiny. He was wholly without
human sympathies, and lived in splendid
solitude among the Alpine mountains.
He once loved the Lady As'tarte (2 syl.)
who died, but Manfred went to the hall
of Arima’nés to see and speak to her
phantom, and was told that he would
die the following day. The next day
the “pet of his Destiny came to sum-
mon him; the pore count scornfully
dismissed it, and died. (Byron > Man-
fred.)

Manger or Manger le Morceau. To
betray, to impeach, to turn king’s evi-
dence. The allusion is to the words of
Jesus to the beloved disciple—he will
be the traitor “‘to whom I shall givea
sop when I have dipped it,”’ etc. (John
xili. 26.)

Manheim, in Scandinavian myth-
ology, is the abode of man. Vanirheim
is the abode of the Vanir. Jotunheim
is the abode of the giants. Gladsheim is
the abode of Odin. MHelheim is the
abode of Hela (goddess of death), Mus-
ea pe is the abode of elemental fire.

_Niffheim is hell. Svartalheim is the
abode of the dwarfs.

Ma‘ni. The sonof Mundilfori; taken
to heaven by the gods to drive the moon-
car. He is followed by a wolf, which,
when time shall be no more, will devour
both Mani and his sister Sol.

Mani, Manes, or Manichzus. The
greatest Persian painter, who lived in
the reign of Shah-pour (Sapor’ I.). It
is said his productions rivalled nature.
(226-274.)

Manichz’ans or Manichees. <A
religious sect founded by Mani or Mani-
cheus, the Persian painter. It was an
amalgamation of the Magian and Chris-
tian religions, interlarded with a little
Buddhism. In order to enforce his re-
ligious system, Mani declared himself
to be the Paraclete or Comforter pro-
mised by Jesus Christ.

Man’‘itou. The American - Indian
fetish.

Manian Orders. Overstrained se-
verity. Manlius Torqua’tus, the Roman
consul, gave orders in the Latin war
that no Roman, on pain of death, should
engage in single combat; but one of the
Latins provoked young Manlius by re-

ated insults, and Manlius slew him.
When the young man took the spoils to
his father, Tecquattes ordered him to be
put to death tor violating the commands
of his superior officer. dust

Manly, in the Plain Dealer, by Wy-
cherly. He is violent and uncouth, but
pete an excellent contrast to the

ypocritical Olivia (q.v.).

Mr. Manly, 10 The Provoked Husband,

by Vanbrugh and Cibber.

Manna (Exodus xvi. 15), popularly
said to be a corrupt form of man-hu
(What is this’) The marginal reading
gives—‘ When the children of Israel
saw it [the small round thing like hoar-
frost on the ground], they said to one
another, What is this? for they wist not
what it was.”

“And the house of Israel called the name
thereof manna. It was like coriander seed,
white ; and the taste of it was like wafers made
with honey.” (Verse 31.)

Manna of St. Nicholas of Bari.
The name given to a colourless and
tasteless poison, sold im phials by a
woman of Italy named Tofani, who con-
fessed to having poisoned six hundred
persons by this liquid.

Man’‘nering. Colonel or Guy Man-
nering; Mrs. Mannering, née Sophia
Wellwood, his wife; Julia Mannering,
their daughter, who married Captain
Bertram; Sir Paul Mannering, the
colonel’s uncle. In Sir Walter Scott’s
novel of Guy Mannerings.

Mannington (George). A criminal
executed at Cambridge in 1476. It is
said that he could cut off a horse’s Heat
at a single blow.

“Tt 1s in imitation of Mannington’s—he that
was hanged at Cambridge—that cut off the
horse's head at a blow."—Eastward Ho!

Manningtree (Essex). Noted for its
Whitsun fair, where an ox was roasted
whole. Shakespeare makes Prince Henry
call Falstaff ‘‘a roasted Manningtree ox,
with the pudding in his belly.”’ (1 Henry
IV. ii. 4.)

“You shall have 2 slave eat more at a meale
chan ten of the guard; and drink more in two.
days than all Manningtree doesat a Witsun-ale.” _

Mano’a. The fabulous capital of El
Dora‘do, the houses of which city were
said to be roofed with gold. 2

Manon Lescaut. A novel by the
Abbé Prevost. . It is the history -of a -
young man possessed of many brilliant.
and some estimable qualities, but, being.
intoxicated by a fatal attachment, he is
hurried into the violation of every rule
of conduct, and finally prefers the life of
a wretched wanderer, with the worthless.
object of his affection, to all the advan-
tages presented by nature and fortune. ~

“Manor, Demesne. ‘‘ Demesne land”
is that near the demesne or dwelling

Mansard Roof

804

Many

(domus) of the lord, and which he kept
for his own use. Manor land was all
that remained (maneo), which was let
to tenants for money or service.

In some manors there was common land also,
fe. land belonging in common to two or more
persons. to the whole village, or to certain natiyes
of the village.

Mansard Roof, also called the curb
roof. A roof-in which the rafters, in-
stead of forming a A, are broken on each
side into an elbow. It was devised by
Francois Mansard, the French architect,
to give height to attics, (1598-1666,)

Mansfield. The Miller of Mansfield.
Henry II. was one day hunting, and lost
his way. He met a miller, who took
him home to his cottage, and gave him
a bed with his son Richard. Next
morning the courtiers tracked the king
to the cottage, and the miller discovered
the rank of his guest. The king, in
merry mood, knighted his host, who
thus became Sir John Cockle. On St.
George’s Day, Henry II. invited the
miller, his wife and son to a royal ban-
quet, and after being amused with their
rustic ways, made Sir John ‘‘ overseer of
Sherwood Forest, with a salary of £300
ayear.”’ (Percy : Reliques.)

Mansion. The Latin mansio was
simply a tent pitched for soldiers on
the march; and, hence a “‘day’s jour-
ney”? (Pliny, xii, 14). Subsequently the
word was applied to a roadside house
for the accommodation of strangers.
(Suetonius; Tit, 10).

Mantacci'ni. A charlatan who pro-
fessed to restore the dead to life.

Mantali’ni (Madame). A fashionable
milliner near Cavendish Square. Her hus-
band, noted for his white teeth, minced
oaths, and gorgeous morning gown, is
an exquisite man-milliner, who lives on
his wife’s earnings, (Dickens. Nicholas
Nickleby.)

Mantel-piece (4). A shelf over a
fire-place, originally used for drying
clothes. ~

“Atound thé spacious cupola, over the Italian

fire-places, is a Jeuge to which are affixed pegs,on |

which ung their wet clothes to dry.

We cali the shelves over the fire-places ‘mantel-
pieces,’ but we no longer hang our mantles on
them to dry."—Memoirs of Col. Macaroni.

Mantible (Bridge of) consisted of
thirty arches of black marble, and was
guarded by ‘‘a fearful huge ‘ giant,”
slain by Sir Fierabras.

Man’tiger.. An heraldic monster,
having a tiger’s body, and the head of
an old man with long spiral horns,

Stillions

Mantle of Fidelity (Zhe). A little
boy one day presented himself before
King Arthur, and showed him a curious
mantle, ‘‘ which would become no wife
that was not leal.’? Queen Guinever
tried it, but it changed from green to
red, and red to black, and seemed rent
into-shreds. Sir Kay’s lady tried it, but
fared no better; others followed, but
only Sir Cradock’s wife could wear it.
(Percy : Reliques,) (See Cuastrry.)°

Mantra or Mintra (Persian myth-
ology). A spell, a talisman, by which a
person holds sway over the elements and
spirits of all denominations. (Wilford.)

Man’tuan Swain, Swan, or Bard
(The). Virgil, a native of Mantua, in
Italy. Besides his great Latin epic, he
wrote pastorals and Georgics. _

Ma/nucodia’ta (The). An old name
for a bird of paradise. It is a corrup-

tion of the Malay manute-dewata, the
bird of the gods, ;
“Less pure the footless fowl of heaven, that
never
Rests upon earth, but on the wing for ever,
Hovering o'er flowers, their fragrant food

inhale,
Drink the descending dew upon the way:
And sleep aloft while floating on the gale,”
Southey: Curse of Kehama, xxi. 6.

Man’umit. To set free; properly
‘*to send from one’s hand’? (¢ manu
mittere). One of the Roman ways of
freeing a slave was to take him before
the chief magistrate and say, ‘‘ I, wish
this man to be free.’? The lictor or
master then turned the slave round ina
circle, struck him with a rod across the
cheek, and let him go, 5

Manure (2 syl.) means hand-work
(French, main-cuvre), tillage by manual
labour. It now means the dressing ap-
plied to lands, Milton uses it in its
original sense in Paradise Lost, iv. 628 :—

“Yon flowery arbours,... with branches over-
grown 4
Tbat mock our scant manuring.*

¥ In book xi. 26 he says, the repent-
ant tears of Adam brought forth better
fruits than all the trees of Paradise that
his hands manured in the days of in-
nocence..

Many. (See Too Many.)

Many a Mickle makes a Muckle,
or Many a little makes a mickle. Little
and often fills the purse. ‘(See Litrig.

French: ‘ Les petits ruisseaux font
de grandes ‘riviéres;’’ ‘‘ Plusieurs peu
font un beaucoup.”

Greck : é ey
‘El -ydp kev kal ouckpov emt ouexp@ Katabelo,

Kut Oaua rovs’ Epducs, Taxa Kev péya Kal Fe

yévoiro.” Hesiod: Works and Days, 359, ete,

oad

.

Many Men

805

Marching Watch

Many Men, Many Minds.

Latin: ‘‘Quot homines tot senten-
tie”? (Terence).

French: * Autant d’hommes, autant

davis;’’ ‘“‘Tant de gens, tant de |

ises ;”? ‘“Autant de testes, autant
’opinions.”’

Mao’ri (Zhe). The indigenous in-
habitants of New Zealand. It isa New
Zealand word, meaning natives, (Plur.,
Mao'ris.)

Ma’ra. A goblin that seized upon
men asleep in their beds, and took from
them all speech and motion.

Mar‘abou Feathers. Feathers of
the bird so called, used by ladies for
chead-gear. There are two species of

marabou. stork, which have white |
| Shakespeare’s works (1811).

feathers beneath their wings and tail
especially prized, The word ‘‘marabou”’
means ‘‘ devoted to God,’’ and the stork
is a sacred bird. (See MARABUTS,)

- Marabout (in French). A _big-
bellied kettle; a very large sail; an
ugly baboon of a man; also a sort of
plume at one time worn by ladies. The
‘““marabout hat’? was a hat adorned
with a marabou feather.

Mara’‘buts. An Arab tribe which, in
1075, founded u dynasty, put an end to
by the Almohads. They form a priestly
order greatly venerated by the common
people. The Great Marabut ranks next
totheking. (Arabic, narabath, devoted
to God:):

Marana'tha (Syriac, the Lord will
come—i.e. to execute judgment), A
form of anathematising among the Jews.
The Romans called a curse or impreca-
tion a devotion—i.e. given up to some
one of the gods,

Maravedi (4 syl.). A very small
Spanish-coin, less than a farthing.

Marbles. The Arunde'lian Marbles.
Some thirty-seven statues and 128 busts
with inscriptions, collected by W. Petty,
in the reign of James I., in the island
of Paros, and purchased of him by Lord
Arundel, who gave them to the Univer:
sity of Oxford in 1627.

_ The Elgin marbles. A collection of

basso-relievos and ma oe of statuary ©

from the Parthenon of Afhens (built by
Phid‘ias), collected by Thomas, Lord
Elgin, during his mission to the Ottoman
Porte in 1802. They were purchased
from him by the British Government, in
1816, for £35,000, and are now in the

| British Museum,

| their rutting time.

(The gin of ‘* Elgin ’’
is like the -gt of ‘ begin.’’)

Money and marbles, Cash and furni-
ture.

Marcassin (The Prince), From the
Italian fairy-tales by Straparola, called
Nights, translated into French in 1585.

Marcella. A fair shepherdess whose
story forms an episode in Don Quixote.

, Marcelli’na, The daughter of Rocco,
jailor of the state prison of Seville. She
falls in love with Fide’lio, her father’s
servant, who turns out to be Leonora,
the wife of the state prisoner Fernando
Florestan. (Beethoven : Fidelio.)

Marcellus (in Dibdin’s Bibliomania,
a romance,) is meant for Edmund
Malone, the well-known editor of

March. He may be a rogue, but he's
no fool on the march. (French, sur ie
marche likewise.)

March borrows three days from April.

(See BorROWED Days.)

March Dust. 4 bushel of March
dust is worth a king’s ransom. Accord-
ing to the Anglo-Saxon laws, the fine of
murder was a sliding scale prcportioges
to the rank of the person killed. The
lowest was £10, and the highest £60;
the former was the ransom of a churl,
and the latter of a king.

March Hare. Mad asa March hare.
Hares in March are very wild; it is
(See Hare.)

Marches (boundaries) is the Saxon
mearc ; but marsh, a meadow, is the
Saxon mersc, anciently written marash,
the French marais, and our morass.
The other march is the origin ‘of our
marquis, the lord of the march. The
boundaries between England and Wales,
and between England and Scotland,
were called ‘‘ marches.”

Riding the marches—i.e, beating the
bounds of the parish (Scotch).

Marchaundes Tale (in Chaucer) is
substantially the same as the first Latin
metrical tale of Adolfus, and is not
unlike a Latin prose tale given in the
appendix of T. Wright’s edition of
pep Fables. (See January and May.)

Marching Watch. A splendid pa-
eant on Midsummer Eve, which
fenry VIII. took Jane Seymour to
Mercers’ Hall to'see. In 1547 Sir John
Gresham, the Lord Mayor, restored the,
pageant, which had been discontinued

on account of the sweating sickness.

Marchington

806

Mare’s Nest

Marchington — (Staffordshire).
Famous for a crumbling short cake.
Hence the saying that a man or woman
of crusty temper is ‘‘as short as Mar-
chington wake-cake.”’

Marchioness (Zhe). The half-
starved girl-of-all-work in The Old
Curiosity Shop, by Charles Dickens.

Marchpane. A confection of pis-
tachio-nuts, almonds, and sugar; a
corruption of the French masse-pain.
(Italian, marzapan.)

—Mar'cionites (3 syl.). An ascetic
Gnostic sect, founded by Marcion in the
second century.

Marck (William de la), or ‘The
Wild Boar of Ardennes,’”? A French
nobleman, called in French history
Sanglier des Ardennes, “introduced by
Sir Walter Scott in Quentin Durward
(1446-1485).

Marcley Hill (Herefordshire), on
February 7th, 1571, at six o’clock in the
evening, ‘‘ roused itself with a roar, and
by seven next moming had moved forty
paces.”” It kept on the move for three
days, carrying with it sheep in their
cotes, hedge-rows, and trees ; overthrew
Kinnaston chapel, and diverted two
high roads at least 200 yards from their
former. zante. The entire mass thus
moved consisted of twenty-six acres of
land, and the entire distance moved was
400 yards. (Speed; Herefordshire.)

Marcos de Obregon. The model of
Gil Blas, in the. Spanish romance en-
titled Relaciones de la Vida del Escuderg
Marcos de Obregon. Ses i

Marcos‘ians. A branch of the’
Gnostics ; so called from the Egyptian
Marcus.. They are noted for their
apocryphal books and religious fables.

Mardi Gras. The last day or the
Lent carnival inFrance, when the prize
ox is paraded through the principal
streets of Paris, crowned with a fillet,
and accompanied with mock priests and
a band of tin instruments in imitation of
a Roman sacrificial procession.

“ Tous leg ans on vient de la ville

Les marchands dans nos cantons,

Pout les mener aux Tuileries,

Au Mardi-Gras, devant leroi, -

Et puit les vendre aux boucheries,
Jaime Jeanne ma femme, eh, ha! j'aimerais mieux

La voir mourir que voir mourir mes beufs,”

. ierre Dupont : Les Boeufs.
.Mardle, To waste time in gossip.

(Anglo ~Saxon ' mathelsian, to talk;
methél, a discourse, )

Mardonius (Captain), in A King or
No King, by Beaumont and Fletcher,

Mare. The Cromiech at Gorwell,
Dorsetshire, is called the White Mare ;
the barrows near Hambleton, the Grey
Mare.

Away the mare—i.e. Off with the blue
devils, good-bye to care. This mare is
the incubus called the nightmare.

To ery the mare (Herefordshire and
Shropshire). In harvesting, when the
in-gathering is complete, a few blades
of corn left for the purpose have their
tops tied together, The reapers then
place themselves at a certain distance,
and fling their sickles at the ‘mare.’?
He who succeeds in cutting the knot
cries out £‘I have her!”?. ‘* What have
your’? **A mare,” ‘Whose is she?”
The name of some farmer whose field
has _ been reaped is here mentioned.
‘Where will you send her?’’ The
name of some farmer whose corn is not
yet harvested-is here given, and then all
the reapers give a final shout.

To win the maré or lose the halier—i.e,
to play double or quits.

Lhe grey mare is the better horse. (See
GREY F 4)

The two-legged mare, The gallows.

Shanks’s mare. One’s legs or shanks,

Money wiil make the mare to go.

‘“““ Will you lend me your mare to go a mile ?*
‘No, she is lame leaping over a stile,’
‘But if you will her to me spare, a
You shall bave money for your mare,’
“Oh, ho! say you so? .
Money Will make the mare to go.’”
Old Glees and Catches.
Whose

mares dead 2? What’s the
matter? Thus, in 2 Henry IV., when
Sir John Falstaff sees Mistress Quickly
with the sheriff's officers, evidently in a
state of great discomposure, he cries,
“How now? Whose mare's dead? What's the

matter ?”—Act ii. 1,

Mare's Nest. To jind a mare’s'nesz
is to make what you suppose to be a
great discovery, but which turns out to
be all moonshine. ;

“Why dost thou laugh ?
‘What mare’s nest hast thou found ?”
Beaumont and Fletcher :. Bonduca, v. 2.
“ Are we to believe that the governor, executive
council, the officers, and merchants have been
finding mare's nests only ?”—The Times,

Holinshed
calls a gallows a foul’s nest (iii.). In
French: the corresponding phrase ia

Mareotic Luxury

“ Nid de lapin; Nid dune souris dans
Poreille dun chat.” (See CHAT.)

Mareotic Luxury. The 4drva Ma-

reotica mentioned by Ovid (Metamor-
phoses, ix. 73) produced the white grapes,
from which was made the favourite
beverage of Cleopatra, and mention of
which is made both by Horace (Odes, i.
37) and Virgil (Georgics, ii, 91). The
Arva Mareotica were the shores of Lake
Morris, and “‘ Mareotic luxury ”’ is about
equal to “‘ Sybaritic luxury.’

Marfi'sa, Name of an Indian queen
in Bojardo’s Orlando Innamorato, and
in Ariosto’s: Orlando Furioso.

Marfo'rio. A pasquinade (q7.v.). ,

‘Margan Monastery (Register of),
1066 to 1232, published in Gale, 1687,

Margaret, Queen of Denmark, Nor-
way, and Sweden, called the ‘‘ Northern
Semiramis ”’ (1353, 1887-1412).

Margaret. A simple, uncultured girl
of wonderful witchery, seduced, at the
age of fifteen, by Faust. She drowns
in a pool the infant of her shame, was
sent to prison, where she lost her reason,
and was ultimately condemned to death.
Faust (whom she calls Henry) visits her
in prison, and urges her to make her
escapé with him ; but she refuses, dies,
and is taken to heaven; but Mephis-
topheles carried off Faust to the In-
ferno. (Goethe: Faust.)

Ladye Margaret, ‘‘The Flower of
Teviot,’’ daughter of the Duchess Mar-
garet and Lord Walter Scott, of Brank-
some Hall. She was beloved by Baron
Henry of Craustown, whose fathily had
a deadly feud with that of Scott. . One
day the elfin page of Lord Cranstown
inveigled the heir of Branksome Hall,
then a lad, into the woods, where he fell
into the hands of the Southerners;
whereupon 3,000 of the English marched
against the castle of the widowed
duchess ; but, being told by a spy that
Douglas with 10,000 men was coming
to the rescue, they agreed to decide
by single combat whether the boy was
to become King Edward’s page, or be
delivered up to‘his mother. The cham-
poet to decide this question were to be

ir Richard Musgrave on the side of the
English, and Sir William Deloraine on
the side of the Scotch. In the combat
the English champion was slain, and

the boy was delivered to the widow;
but it then, appeared that the antagonist
was not William of Deloraine, but Lord

Cranstown, who claimed and received

807

Margate

the hand of fatr Margaret as his re-
ward. (Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel.)

Lady Margaret’s preacher. A preacher
who has to preach a Concio ad clerem
before the University, on the day pre-
ceding Easter Term. This preachership
was founded in 1503 by Lady Margaret,
mother of Henry VII.

Lady Margaret professor, A pro-
fessor of divinity in the-University of
Cambridge. This professorship was
founded in 1502 by Lady Margaret,
mother, of Henry VII. These lectures
are given for the “ voluntary theo-
logical examination,’’? and treat upon
the Fathers, the Liturgy, and the
priestly duties, (See NoRRIstan.)

Margaret (St.). The chosen type of
female innocence and meekness,

In Christian art she is represented as
a young woman of great beauty, bearin
the martyr’s palm and crown, or wi

phe dragon as an attribute. Sometimes

she is delineated as coming from the
dragon’s mouth, for the legend says
that the monster swallowed her, but on
making the sign of the cross he suffered
her to quit his maw.

St. Margaret and thedragon. Olyb'ius,
Goyernor of Antioch, captivated by the
beauty of St. Margaret, wanted to marry
her, and, as she rejected him with scorn,
threw her into a dungeon, where the
devil came to her in the form af a
dragon. Margaret held up the cross,

_ and the dragon fled.

St. Margaret is the patron saint of the
ancient borough of Lynn Regis, and on
the corporation seal she is represented
as standing on a dragon and Nba
it with the cross. he inscription o
the seal is ‘‘ SVB * MARGARETA * TERITUR *
DBACO * BTAT * CRUCE * LETA,”’

Margaret. A magpie,

Margaret or Marguerite (petite).
The daisy; so called from its wenly
whiteness, marguerite being the Frenc
for a pearl. (Se¢ MARGUERITE.)

“The daise, a flour white and redde,
In French calied ‘la belle Marguerite.’ ”

Margarine Substitute (4). A
mere imitation. Just as margarine is an
imitation and substitute of butter. ;

“Between a real etching and that margarine
substitute a pen-and-ink drawing ... the differ-
ence is this: the margarine substitute is essen-
tially flat... but true etching is in sensible
relief.”—Nineteenth Century, May 1891, p. 780. :

Margate (Kent), is the sea-gate or
opening. (Latin, mare; Anglo-Saxon,
mere, ete,) a

Margherita

808

Marines

Sa a a a a aa re

Margherit’a di Valois married

enri the Béarnais, afterwards Henri
IV. of France. During the wedding
solemnities, Catherine de Medicis devised
the massacre of the French Protestants,
and Margherita was at a ball during
the dreadful enactment of this device.
(Meyerbeer : Gli Ugonotti, an opera.)

Margin. In all our ancient English
books, the commentary is printed in the
margin, Hence Shakespeare:

“ His face's own margent did quote such amazes.”
ove's Labour's Lost, ii. 1,

“I knew you must be edified by the margent.”—
Hamlet, ¥. 2.

“She. ,. could pick no meaning...

Writ in the glassy margents of such books.”
Shakespeare: Rape of Lucrece, stanza 15.

Margites. The first dunce whose
name has been transmitted to fame. His
rivals are Codrus and Flecknoe.

“ Margites was the name. . whom Antiquity
recordeth to have been dunce the first.”— Pope «
Dunciad (Martinus Scriblerus).

Marguerite des Marguerites [the
pearl of pearls]. So Francois called his
sister (Marguerite de Valois), authoress
of the Heptameron. She married twice:
first, the Duc d’Alencon, and then Henri
d’Albret, king of Navarre, and was the
mother of Henry IV. of France. Henri
{IV.] married a Marguerite, but this
Marguerite was the daughter of Henri
II. and Catherine de Medicis. The
former befriended the Huguenots, the
latter was a rigid Catholic, like her
mother.

Margutte (3 syl.). A giant ten feet
high, who died of laughter on seeing a
monkey pulling on his boots, (Pulei;
Morgante Maggiore.) (See DEATH FROM
STRANGE CAUSES.)

Mari‘a. Heroine of Donizetti’s opera
La Figlia del Reggimento. She first
appears as a vivandiére or French sutler-
girl, for Sulpizio (the sergeant of the 11th
regiment of Napoleon’s Grand Army)
had found her after a battle, and the
regiment adopted her as their daughter,
Tonio, a Tyrolese, saved her life and fell
in love -with her, and the regiment
agreed to his marriage provided he
joined the regiment. Just at this junc-
ture the marchioness of Berkenfield
claims Maria as her daughter ; the claim
is allowed, and the vivandiere is obliged
to leave the regiment for the castle of
the marchioness, After a time the
French regiment takes ‘possession of
Berkenfield Castle, and Tonio has risen
to the rank of field officer. He claims
Maria as his bride, but is told that her
mother has promised her hand to the son

of a duchess. Maria promises to obey
her mother, the marchioness relents, and
Tonio becomes the accepted suitor.

Maria. A fair, quick-witted,-amiable
maiden, whose banns were forbidden by
the curate who published them: in con-
sequence of which she lost her reason,
and used to sit by the roadside near
Moulines, playing vesper hymns to the
Virgin all day long. She led by a ribbon
a little dog named Silvio, of which she
was very jealous, for she had first made
a goat her favourite, but the goat had
forsaken her. (Sterne: Sentimental
Journey.)

Maria There’sa. Wife of Sancho
Panza. She is sometimes called Maria,
sometimes Teresa Panza. (Don Quixote.)

Mariamites (4 syl.). Worshippers
of Mary, the mother of Jesus. They
said the Trinity consisted of God the
Father, God the Son, and Mary the
mother of God.

Marian‘a.
of Shakespeare’s characters.

One of the most lovable
Her plead-

ing for Angelo is unrivalled. (Measure
Sor Measure.)

Tennyson has two Marianas among
his poems,

Mariana. Daughter of the king of
Sicily, beloved by Sir Alexander, one of
the three sons of St. George, the patron
saint of England. Sir Alexander married
her, and was crowned king of Thessaly,
(Seven Champions of Christendom, iti. 3.)

Marigold. So called in honour of
the Virgin Mary, and hence the intro-
duction of marigold windows in Jady
chapels. (See MaRryGoun,)

“ This riddle, Cuddy, if thou canst, explain...
What flower i& that which bears the Virgin's
name,
The richest metal added to the same ?”
Gay : Pastoral,

Wife of Jacopo Fos'cari,
(Byron: The Two

Marina.
son of the doge.
Fos' cari.)

Marinda or Maridah. The fair
mistress of Haroun-al-Raschid,

Marine (2 syl.). The female Marine.
Hannah Snell, of Worcester, who took
part in the attack on Pondicherry. She

ultimately left the service and Rerned a
public-house in Wappin mdon), but
retained her male attire (born 1728),

‘Doubts exist respecting the fact
stated above. (See Notes and. Queries,
Dec 3, 1892.) E

Marines (2 syl.). Empty bottles.
The marines were at one time looked
down upon by the regular. seamen, who

ae

Mariner's Compass

809

Mark Tapley

considered them useless, like empty
bottles. A marine officer was once din-
ing at a mess-table, when the Duke of
York said to the man in waiting, ‘‘ Here,
take away these marines.’”’? The officer
demanded an explanation, when the
duke replied, ‘‘They have done their
duty, and are prepared to do it again.”

Tell that to the marines. Tell that to
greenhorns, and not to men who know
bette. Marines are supposed by sailors
to be so green that they will swallow the
most extravagant story.

ell that to the marines, the sailors won't be-
lieye it."—Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet, chap. xili.

Mariner’s Compass. The /leur-de-lis
which ornaments the northern radius of
the mariner’s compass was adopted out
of compliment to Charles d’ Anjou, whose
device it was. He was the reigning
king of Sicily when Flavio Gioja, the
Neapolitan, madé his improvements in
this instrument,

Mari‘no Falie’ro. The forty-ninth
doge or chief magistrate of the republic
of Venice, elected 1354. <A patrician
named Michel Steno, having behaved
indecently to some of the women assem-
bled at the great civic banquet given by
the doge, was kicked off the solajo by
order of the Duke. In revenge he
wrote upon the duke’s chair a scurrilous
libel against the dogaressa. The insult
was referred to the Forty, and the
council condemned the young patrician
to a month’s imprisonment. The doge,
furious at this inadequate punishment,
joined a conspiracy to overthrow the
republic, under the hope and promise of
being made a king. He was betrayed
by Bertram, one of the conspirators, and
was beheaded on the ‘‘Giant’s Stair-
case,”? the place where the doges were
wont to take the oath of fidelity to the
republic. (Byron - Marino Falie'ro.)

Mariotte’s Law. At a given tem-
perature, the volume of a gas is inversel
as the pressure. So called from Ed.
Mariotte, a Frenchman, who died 1684,

'Maritor’nes (Spanish, bad woman).
A vulgar, ugly, stunted servant-wench,
whom Don Quixote mistakes for a lord’s
daughter, and her ‘‘hair, rough as a
horse’s tail,’’ his diseased imagination
fancies to be “silken threads of finest
gold.” (Cervantes: Don Quixote.)

Marivaudage (4syl.). Animitution
of the style of tata (1688-1763).
He wrote several comedies and novels.
‘© Tl tombe souvent dans une métaphysique
alambiqués \far-fetched, over-strained]

pour laquelle on a eréé le nom de marivau-
dage.”

“Ce qui constitue le marivaudage, c’est ‘ne
recherche affectée dans le style. une grande sub-
tilité dans les sentiments, et une grande complica
tion d'intrigues.”—Bouillet: Dict. Universel, etc.

Marjoram. 4s a pig loves marjoram.
Not at all. Lucretius tells us (vi. 974),
“ Amaricinum fugitat sus,” swine shun
marjoram. The proverb is applied in
somewhat this way: ‘‘ How did you like-
so-and-so?’’? Ans.: ‘Well, as a pig
loves marjoram,”’

Mark.

God bless the mark! An ejaculation
of conterapt or scorn, (See SAVE THE
MARE.)

“To ve ruled by my conscience, I should stay
with the Jew my master, who, God bless the
mark! is akind of devil.”"—Shakespeare : Merchant
of Venice, ii. 2.

To make one’s mark. To distinguish
oneself. He has written his name (or
made his mark) on the page of history.

Up to the mark. Generally used in
the negative; as, ‘‘ Not quite up to the
mark,’ not good enough, not up to the
standard fixed by the Assay office for
gold and silver articles; not quite well.

Mark: (St.), in Christian art, is repre-
sented as being in the prime of life;
sometimes habited as a bishep, and, as
the historian of the resurrection, accom-
pani by a winged lion (g.v.). He

olds in his right hand a pen, and in his
left the Gospel. (See LUKE.)

Mark (Six). A mythical king of
Cornwall, Sir Tristram’s uncle. He
lived at Tintag’el Castle, and married
Is’olde the Fair, who was passionately
enamoured of his nephew, Sir Tristram.
The illicit loves of Isolde and Tristram
were proverbial in the Middle Ages.

Mark Banco, An _ hypothetical
quantity of fine silver, employed as a
money-valuer in the old Bank at Ham-
burg, and used by the Hanseatic League.
Deposits in gold and silver coins were
credited in Marco Banco, and all bank-
ing accounts were carried on in Marco
Banco, The benefit was this: Marco
Banco was invariable, but exchange
varies every hour, The bank not only’
credited deposits by this unvarying
standard, but paid withdrawals in the
same way; so that it was a matter of no
moment how exchange varied. I put
£1,000 into the bank; the money is not
entered to my credit as £1,000, but so
much Marco Banco. The same process
was adopted on withdrawals also.

Mark Tapley. Ever jolly, who re-
cognises nothing creditable unless it is

Mark Time 810 Markham
overclouded by difficulties. (Charles the letter =s. (See PRINTERS’
Dickens: Martin Chuzzlewit.) Marks.)

ts A pilcrow, to call attention toa

Mark Time! Move the feet alter-
nately as in marching, but without
advancing or retreating from the spot.

Mark of the Beast (The). To set
the ‘‘mark of the beast ’’ on an object
or pursuit is to denounce it, to run it
down as unorthodox. Thus, many
persons set the mark of the beast on
theatres, some on dancing, and others
on gambling, races, cards, dice, ete. The
allusion is to Revelation xvi: 2; xix. 23.

Mark’s Eve (Sz.). On St. Mark’s
Eve all persons fated to be married or
to die pass, in procession, the church
porch.

**-Tig now,’ replied the village belle,

‘St. Mark’s mysterious eve. ... ‘
The ghosts of all whom Death shall doom
Within the coming year
In pale procession walk the gloom. .. .’
J. Montgomery.

Marks in Grammar and Printing.

Printers’ marks on the first page of a
sheet are called Signatures. (Sce
Lerrers at Foot or PaGe.)

Serifs are the strokes which finish off
Roman letters, top and bottom.
A, B, C, are “block” letters, or
““ sans serifs.””

** over the second of two vowels, as
aérial, is called ‘‘ dizeresis,’’ and in
French, trema,

’ Anacute accent. In Greek it in-
dicates a rise in the voice. It was
not used till Greek became fami-
liar to the Romans.

\ A grave accent. In Greek it indi-
cates a fall of the voice. It was
not used till Greek became fami-
liar to the Romans.

** over a vowel, as 6, ii, is called in
German zwerpunct.

@ over a vowel, as 4, is called in
Danish umlauf.

® A circumflex over the letter » ‘(as
Ofioro), in Spanish, is called a
tilde (2 syl.). A circumflex in
French indicates that a letter
has been: abstracted, as éére for
Sestre,”?

t between two hyphens in French, as
parle-t-il 2 is called “¢ ephel-
cystic.’? (See N.)

& The Tironian sign (9.v.). (See AnD.)

- Hyphen, as horse-guards.

- joining ® pronoun to its verb in
French, as irai-je, donnait-on, is
called le trait d’unton.

» under the letter ¢ in French, is
called a cedilla, and indicates that

ee
ind P, marks a new ph
indirectly connected with pre-
ceding matter.
Called parentheses, and
Called rackets, separate some ex-
planatory or collateral matter
from the real sequence.
is a comma; ; is a semicolon; : is a
colon; . is a point or full stop,
—or..... in the middle orat the end
of a sentence is a bveak, and shows
that something is suppressed.

Marks of Gold and Silver.

The date-mark on gold or silver articles
is some letter of the alphabet. indicating
the year when the article was made.
Thus, in the Goldsmith’s Company of
London :— From 1716 to 1755 it was
Roman capitals, beginning from A and
following in succession year after year ;
from 1756 to 1775 it was Roman small
letters, a to u; from 1776 to 1796,
Roman black letters, small, a to u;
from 1796 to 1815, Roman capitals, A to
U:; from 1816 to 1835, Roman small
letters ; from 1836 to 1855, Old English
capitals ; from 1856 to 1875, Old English,
small; 1876 to 1895, Roman capitals.

The duty-mark on gold and silver
articles is the head of the reigning
sovereign, and shows that the duty has
been paid. This mark is not now placed
on watch-cases, etc.

The Hall-mark, sane upon gold
and silver articles, is a leopard’s head
crowned for London ; three lions and a
cross for York; a castle with two wings
for Exeter; three wheat sheaves or a
dagger for Chester; three castles for
Newcastle ; an anchor for Birmingham ;
a crown for Sheffield ; a castle and lion
for Edinburgh ; a tree, salmon, and ring
for Glasgow; Hibernia for Dublin. (See
Hat SILVER.) :

The Standard-mark of gold or silver
is a lion passant for England ; a thistle
for Edinburgh; a lion rampant for
Glasgow; and a harp crowned for
Treland..

Market-penny (4). Money for re-
freshments given to those who go to
market. Now, however, it means a
toll surreptitiously exacted by servants
sent out to buy goods for their master.

Markham (Mrs.). A nom de plume
of Elizabeth Cartwright, afterwards
Mrs. Penrose.

Marl

811

Marphisa

Marl. Latin, urgill’; German, mdr-
gel; Spanish and Italian, marga; Ar-
moric, marg ; Irish, marla ; Welsh, marl.

Marlborough. Statutes of Mari-
borough. Certain laws passed in the
reign of Henry l1II., by a parliament
held in Marlborough Castle. (See Mat-
BROUCK [S’en va-t'-en guerre].)

Marlborough Dog. (See BLENHEIM
Dog.)

Marlow. Both Sir Charles Marlow
and his son Young Marlow are char-
acters in She Stoops to Conquer, by
Goldsmith. Young Marlow is bashful
before ladies, but easy enough before
women of low degree.

Mar’mion. Ralph de Wilton, being
charged with treason, claimed to prove
his innocence by the ordeal of battle,
and, being overthrown by Lord Mar-
mion, was supposed to be dead, but was
pick up by a beadsman, who nursed

im carefully; and, being restored to
health, he went on a pilgrimage to
foreign lands. Now, Lord Marmion was
betrothed to Constance de Beverley;
and De Wilton to Lady Clare, daughter
of the Earl of Gloucester. When De
Wilton was supposed to be dead, Lord.
Marmion proved faithless to Constartée,
and proposed to Clare, having an eye
especially to her rich inheritance, Clare
rejected his suit, and took refuge in the
convent of St. Hilda, in Whitby; Con-
stance, on the other hand, took the veil
in the convent of St. Cuthbert, in Holy
Isle. In time, Constance eloped from
the convent, but, being overtaken, was
buried alive in the walls of a deep cell.
In the meantime Lord Marmion was
sent by Henry VIII. with a message to
James IV. of Scotland, and stopped at
the hall. of Hugh de Heron for a night.
Sir Hugh, at his vg eee appointed him
a guide to conduct him to the king, and
the puids wore the dress of a palmer.
On his return, Lord Marmion hears
that Lady Clare is in Holy Isle, and
commands the abbess of
release her, that she may be. placed
under. the charge of her kinsman,

Fitz Clare, of Tantallon Hall. Here’

she meets De Wilton, the palmer-guide
of Lord Marmion, Lord Marmion being
killed at the battle of Flodden Field, De
bir married Lady Clare, (Sir Walter

colt.)

_ Lord Marmion. The hero of Scott’s
poem s0 called is a purely fictitious char-
acter There was, however, an historic

_ family so.called, descendants of Robert

Hilda to "

de Marmion, a follower of the Conqueror,
who. obtained the grant of Tamworth,
and the manor of Scrivelby, in Lincoln-
shire. He was the first royal champion,
and his male issue ceased with Philip
Marmion in the reign of Edward I. Sir
John Dymoke, who married Margery,
daughter of Joan, the only survivin

a of Philip, claimed the office rae
manor in the reign of Richard II. ; they
have remained in his male line ever since.

Marmo Lunense, (See LUNA.)

Ma/ro. Virgil, whose name was
Publius Virgilius Maro, was born’on the
banks of the river Miucio, at the village
of Andes, near Mantua. (8.c. 70-19.)

“ Sweet Maro’s muse, sunk in ingJorious rest,
Had silent slept amid the Minclan reeds.”
Thomson: Castle of Indolence,

Maron or Marron (French), A cat’s-
paw (q.v.). ‘* Se servir de la patte du
chat pour tirer les marrons du re ean
Italian, ‘‘ Cavarei marroni dal fuoco colla
zampa del gatto.”’

“ C'est ne se point commettre 4 faire de l’éclat
\Et tirer les marrons de la patte du chat.”
L’ Etourdi, iif. 7..

Mar’onites (3 syl.). A Christian
tribe of Syria in the eighth century; so
called from the monastery of Maron, on
the slopes of Lebanou, their chief seat;
so called from John Maron, Patriarch of
Antioch, in the sixth century.

Maroon. A runaway slave sent to
the Calabouco, or place where such slaves
were vunished, as the Maroons of Brazil.
Those of Jamaica are the offspring of
runaways from the old Jamaica planta-
tions or from Cuba, to whom, in 1738, the
British Government granted a tract of
land, on which they built two towns.
The word is from the verb ‘‘ maroon,”’ to
set a person on an inhospitable shore and
leave him there (a practice common with
pirates and buccaneers). The word is a
corruption of. Cimarron, a word aprtied
by Spaniards to anything unruly, whether
man or beast. (See Scott: Pirate, xxii.)

Maroon (Zo). To seé a man on a
desert island and abandon him there.
This marooning was often practised by
pirates and buccaneers, (See above.)

Maro’zia, daughter of Theodora.
The infamous offspring of an infamous
mother, of the ninth century. Her in-
trigues have rendered -her name prover-
bial. By one shé became the mother of
Pope John XI. (See Mussatna.)

Marphi’sa (in Orlando Furioso).
Sister of Roge’ro, and a female knight

_Of amazing prowess, She was brought,

Marplot

812

Marrow-bones

ar

up by amagician, but, being stolen at the
age of seven, was sold to the king of |

Persia. The king assailed her virtue
when she was eighteen, but she slew him,
and seized the crown. She came to Gaul
to join the army of Ag’ramant, but
hearing that Agramant’s father had
murdered her mother Galacella, she en-
tered the camp of Charlemagne, and was
. baptised.

Marplot. <A silly, cowardly, in-
quisitive Paul Pry, in The Busybody, by
Mrs. Centlivre. H, Woodward’s great
part.

Marque. (See LETTERS OF... )

Marriage Knot (The). The bond
of marriage effected by the legal mar-
riage service. The Latin phrase is nodus
Herculéus, and part of the marriage ser-
vice was for the bridegroom to loosen
cba? the bride’s girdle, not to ‘ie it.

the Hindu marriage ceremony the
bridegroom hangs aribbon on the bride’s
neck and ties it in a knot. Before the
knot is tied the bride’s father may refuse
consent unless better terms are offered,
out immediately the knot is tied the
marriage is indissoluble. The Parsees
bind the hands of the bridegroom with
a sevenfold éord, seven being a sacred
number. The ancient. Carthaginians
tied the thumbs of the. betrothed with
leather Jace. See Nineteenth Century,

Oct., 1893, p, 610. (A. Rogers.)

** Around her neck they leaye
The marriage knot alone.”
Southey : Curse of Kehama,
“when first the marriage knot was tied
Between my wife and me,
Her age did mine as much exceed
As three-times-three does three ;
But when ten years and half ten years
We man and wife had been, |
Her age came then as near to mine
As eight is to sixteen.”
Ans.:15 and 45 at marriage, 30 and 60 ffteen
‘years afterwards.

‘The practice of throwing rice is also
Indian.

“Hamilcar desired to unite them immediately
by an indissoluble betrothal. In Salambo’s bands
Was a lance, which she’ offered to Narr Havas.
Their thumbs were then tied together by a leather

lace, and corn was thrown over their heads,”— |

Flaubert : Salambo, chap, xi.

Marriage Plates. Sacred. plates
with a circular well in the centre to hold
sweetmeats. They were painted for
bridal festivities by Maestro. Georgio,
Orazio Fontane, and othereartists of
Urbino and Gubbio, Pesaro and Pavia,

Castelli and Savona, Faenza and Ferrara,

and all the other art towns of Italy.

These plates were hung upon the walls, |

and looked on with superstitious awe as

household gods. They were painted in —

polychrome, and the chief design was
some scriptural subject, like Rebecca
and Isaac.

Marriages. Carrier’s republican
marriages. A device of wholesale
slaughter, adopted by Carrier, proconsul
of Nantes, in the first French Revolution.
It consisted in tying men and women
together by their hands and feet, and
casting them into the Loire. (1794.)

Marriages. Close times of marriages
in the Catholie Church.

(1) Ab Adventu usque ad Epiphaniam
(from Advent to Epiphany).

(2) A Septuagesima -usque ad octavus

. Pasche inclusive (from Septuagesima to

the eighth Easter),

(8) A secunda feria in Rogationibus
usque ad primam dominicam post Pen-
tacosten (from the second feast in Roga-
tion to the first Sunday after Pentecost
exclusive).

(Liber Sacerdotalis . . . Secundum
Ritum Sancte Romane et Apostolice
Ecclesie ; 1537.)

Marriages are Made in Heaven,
This does not mean that persons in
heaven ‘‘marry and are given in mar-
riage,” but that the partners joined in
marriage on earth were foreordained to
be so united. As the French proverb
ore definitely expresses the idea, “ Les
mariages sé font av ciel et se consomment
sur la terre.’ Andagain, ‘Les mariages
sont écrits dans le ciel.” ¥B. Hall (1499-
1547) says, ‘‘Consider the old proverbe
to be true that saieth: Marriage is des-
tinie.” Proy. xix. 14 says, ‘* A prudent
wife is from the Lord,”

Marriages of Men of Genius, (See
WIVES OF. . . .)

Married Women take their hus-
band’s surname. This was a Roman
custom, Thus Julia, Octavia, etc., mar-
ried to Pompey, Cicero, etc., would
be called Julia of Pompey, Octavia of
Cicero. Our married women are named
in the same way, omitting ‘‘ of.”

Marrow (Scotch) a mate, companion,
friend. ‘‘Not marrow ’’—that is, not a
pair. The Latin word medulla (marrow)
is used in much the same way as “mihi
heres in medullis”’ (Cicero) ; (very dear,
my best friend, etc.).

“ Busk ye, busk ye, my bonnie bonnie bride,

Busk busk my winsome marrow.’ f
weit i . The Braes of Yarrow.
“One glove [or shoe] is hot marrow to the other.”
i : 1 Landsdowne MS.

le

Marrow-bones. Down on. your
That marrow

_marrow-bones, i.e, knees,

- mannes blode .

Marrow Controversy

813

Marsiglio

in this phrase is not a corruption of
‘‘Mary,”’ meaning the Virgin, is palpable
from the analogous phrase, the marrow-
bone stage—walking. The leg-bone is the
marrow-boue of beef and mutton, and
the play is on Marylebone (London)

Marrow Controversy (Zhe). <A
memorable striggle in Scotland between
Puritanism and Presbyterianism, so
called from a book entitled The Marrow
of Modern Divinity, condemned by the
General Assembly in 1720 Abelli,
Bishop of Rhodes, wrote the Medulla
Theologica,

Marrow-men. The twelve minis-
ters who signed the remonstrance to the
General Assembly for condemning the
evangelical doctrines of the ‘‘ Marrow.”
(See Marrow ConTROVERSY.)

Marry! An oath, meaning by Mary,
the Virgin.

“Yea, marry! you say true.”"—Foxe
Martyrs

Marry Come Up! An exclamation
of disapproval, about equal to ‘‘ Draw
it mild!’’ May Mary come up to my
assistance, or to your discomfort !

* Marry come up, you saucy jade !"—Nineteenth
Century, November, 1892, p. 797

Mar’s Year. The year 1715, noted
for the rebellion of the Earl of Mar

“ Auld uncle John wha wedlock’s joys,
Sin Mar’s year did desire.” :
Burns: Halloween, 27

Mars, with the ancient alchemists,
designated iron.

Mars. Under this planet ‘‘is borne
theves and robbers... nyght walkers
and quarell pykers, bosters, mockers,
and skoffers; and these men of Mars
causeth warre, and murther, and
batayle. They wyll be gladly smythes
or workers of yron lyers, gret
swerers.... He is red and angry

.. a great walker, and a maker of
swordes and knyves, and a sheder of
- . and good to be a
barboure and a blode letter, and to
drawe tethe.’’ (Compost of Ptholomeus.)
_ Mars, in Camoén’s Lusiad, is “ divine
fortitude ’’ personified. As Bacchus,
the evil demon, is the guardian power
of Mahometanism: so Mars or divine
fortitude is the guardian power of
Christianity.

The Mars o Portugal. Alfonso de
Albuquerque, Viceroy of India. (1452-
TOLD. Jogi aeid!t
*Marseillaise (3 sl). _ The grand
song of the French Revolution. Claude

Book of

_ politics,

Joseph Rouget de Lisle, an artillery
officer in garrison at Strasbourg, com-
posed both the words and the music
for Dietrich. mayor of the town. On
July 30th, 1792, the Marseillaise volun-
teers, invited by Barbaroux at the in-
stance of Madame Roland, marched to
Paris singing the favourite song; and
the Parisians, enchanted with it, called

it the Hymne des Marseillais. (Rouget
born 1760, died 1835.)
Marseilles’ Good Bishop. In 1720

and 1722 the plague made dreadful
havoc at Marseilles. The Bishop, H. F.
Xavier de Belsunce, was indefatigable in
the pastoral office, and spent his whole
time visiting the sick. During the
plague of London, Sir John Lawrence,
the then Lord Mayor, was no less con-
spicuous in his benevolence. He sup-
ported 40,000 dismissed servants so long
as his fortune lasted, and, when he had
spent his own money, collected and
distributed the alms of the nation.
Darwin refers to these philanthropists
in his Loves of the Plants, ii, 433, (See
BoRROMEO. )

Marsh [Le Marais). The pit of the
National Convention, between Mountain
benches on one side, and those occupied
by the ministerial party and the opposi-
tion on the other. These middle men or
‘flats’? were ‘‘swamped,”’ or enforcés
dans un marais by those of more deeided
(See Pian.)

Marshal means an ostler or groom.
His original duty was to feed, groom,
shoe, and physic his master’s horse.
(British, mare, a mare ; scale, a servant.)

Marshal Forward. Blucher; so called
for his dash and readiness in the cam-
paign of 1813.

Marshal of the Army of God, and of
Holy Church. The Baron Robert Fitz-
walter, appointed by his brother barons
to lead their forces in 1215 to obtain
from King John redress of grievances.
Magna Charta was the result.

Marsham (IMen of). Those who
committed the offence of felling the
thorns, etc., in 1646, upon Marsham
Heath, Norfolk. The inhabitants of
Marshall and tenants of the manor
petitioned against the offenders.

Marsig’lio or Marsil'ius. A Saracen
king who plotted the attack upon Ro-
land, under ‘‘the tree on which Judas
hanged himself.’”? With a force of
600,000 men, divided into three .armies,

he attacked the paladin and overthrew

Marsyas

814

Martin

Ha i

him, but was in turn overthrown by
Charlemagne, and hanged on the very
tree beneath which he had arranged the
attack. (Turpin: Chronicles.)

Mar‘syas. The Phrygian flute-player
who challenged Apollo to a contest of
skill, and, being beaten by the god, was
dayed alive for his presumption, From
his blood arose the river so called. The
flute on which Marsyas played was one
Athe’na had thrown away, and, being
filled with the breath of the goddess,
discoursed most excellent music, The
interpretation of this fable is as follows:
A contest long existed between the
lutists and the flautists as to the superi-
ority of their respective instruments.
The Dorian mode, employed in the
worship of Apollo, was performed on
lutes ; and the Phrygian mode, employed
in the rites of Cyb’elé, was executed
ce) flutes, the reeds of which grew on

e banks of the river Marsyas. As
the Dorian mode was preferred by the
Greeks, they said that Apollo beat the
flute-player.

Martano (in Orlando Firioso), who
decoyed Origilla from Gryphon. He
was a great coward,und ed from the
tournament amidst the jeers of the
spectators, . While Gryphon was asleep
he stole his armour, went to King
Norandi’no to receive the honours due
to Gryphon, and then quitted Damascus
with Origilla. A’quilant encountered
them, and brought them back to Dam-
ascus, when Marta’no was committed to
the hangman’s mercies (books viii., 1x.)

Marteau des Heretiques. Pierre
d’Ailly, also called ?’Aigle de la France.
(1350-1420.)

Martel.’ The surname “given to
Charles, natural son of repia d@’Héristal,
for his victory over the Saracens, who
had invaded France under Abd-el-Rah-
man in 732, It is said that Charles
“knocked down the foe, and crushed
them beneath his axe, as a martel or
hammer crushes what it strikes.””,

Judas Asmonseus for a similar reason
was called Maccabeus (the Hammerer).

M. Collin de Plancy says that Charles,
the palace mayor, was not called
Martel because he martel¢ (hammered)
the Saracens, but because his patron
saint was Martellus (or Martin). (Bib-
liothéque des Légendes.) j

Avoir se mettre martel en téte. To
have a bee in one’s bonnet, to be

crotchety, Martel_is. a corruption of.

Martin, an ass, a hobby-horse. M.
Hilaire le Gai says, but gives no
authority, ‘‘ Cette expression nous vient
des Italiens, car en Italien martello signifie
proprement ‘ jalousie,’”?*

“Tis portent des martels, des capriches.’—
Brantome: Des Dames Gallantes.
“Telle filles... pourroient bien donner de bons

martels a leurs pauvres marys.’—Brantome: Des .

Dames Gallantes.

-Martello Towers. Round towers
about forty feet in height, of great
strength, and situated on a beach or
river; so called from the Italian towers
built as a protection against pirates.
As the warning was given by striking a
bell with a martello, or hammer, the
towers were called Torri da Martello,

Some say that these towers were so
called from a tower; at the entrance
of St. Fiorenzo, in Corsica. ~ Similar
towers were common all along the
Mediterranean -coast as a defence
against pirates. They were erected in
the low parts of Sussex and Kent in
consequence of the powerful defence
made (February 8th, 1794) by, Le
Tellier at the tower of Morteila, with
only thirty-eight men, againsb #
simultaneous sea and land attack—the
former led by Lord Hood, and the latter
by Major-General Dundas,

-Martext ky Oliver), The hedge-
priest in As You Like It (iii. 8).
Martha (Si.), patron saint of good’
housewives, is represented in Christian
art as clad in homely costume, bearin
at her girdle a bunch of keys, an
holding a ladle or pot of water in her
hand. Like St. Margaret, she is accom-
panied by a dragon bound, but has
not the palm and crown of martyrdom.

‘The dragon is given to St. Martha from

her having destroyed one that ravaged
the neighbourhood of Marseilles.

Martial. Pertaining to Mars, the

“Roman god of war. ’

Martian Laws. Laws compiled by
Martia, wife of Guithelin, great-grand-

son of Mulmutius, who established in -

England the Mulmutian Laws. Alfre@

translated both these codes into Saxon-.

English.’

ies Guynteline . .- Whose queen, .°... to show her
upright mind .

To wise Malmutius’ laws her Martiafl first did
frame.” Drayton; Polyolbion, viii.

Martin. One of the swallow tribe.
Dies derives the word from St. Martin,
but St. Martin’s bird is the raven.

. Martin. The ape, in the tale of
the Fou. , x

Martin

815 Martin’s Summer

Martin. A jackass is so called from
its obstinacy. ‘‘J/ ya plus @un ane qui
s’appelle Martin.”

“ Martinus, qui suam acrius quam par est opin-
fonem tuetur; cujus modi fuit Martinus juris
consultus celebris sub Friderico T., a quo (inquit
Baronius, A.D. 1150) in vulgare proverbium ejus
durities in hance usque diem pertransut, ut Mar-
tinum appellent, qui su ipsius sententue singu-
lari pertinaci studio, in herescat, Fuit et
Martinus Grosia, legum professor in academia
Bononiensi.”—Du Cunge (Art. Martinus)

Martin. (See ALL My Eyez.)

Martin, in Dryden’s allegory of the
Hind and Panther, means the Lutheran
party; so called by a pun on the name
of Martin Luther.

Parler Wautre Martin. There are
more fools than one im the fair. This
ae is very common. ~ (See Bauduin

e Seboure: Romans, ch. viii. line 855;

Godefroid de Bouillon, p. 537; La branche”

des royaux lignage, line 11,419; Le Mys-
tere de S. Crespin ct St. Crespinien [2nd
day], p.43; Reynard the Foz, vol. ii, p. 17,
line 10,096, vol. iti. p, 23, line 20,402, etc.)
* Another phrase is ‘‘ Parler d’ autre
pereatenlt from bernart—a jackass or
ool.

“ Or vos metron el col la hart
Puis parleron d’autre Bernart.”
Le Roman du Ranart, iii. p. 15.

“ Vous parlerés d’autre Martin.”
Ditto, p. 28.

For a hair Martin lost his ass, The
French say that Martin made a bet that
his ass was black; the bet was lost be-
cause a white hair was found in its coat.

Girt like Martin of Cambray—in a very
ridiculous manner. Martin and Martine
are the two figures that strike with their
marteaux the hours on the clock of
Cambray. Martin is represented as a
peasant in a blouse girt very tight about
the waist.

St. Martin. Patron of drunkards, to
save them from falling into danger This
is a mere accident, arising thus: The
11th November (St. Martin’s Day) is the
Vina'lia. or feast of Bacchus. When
Bacchus was merged by Christians into
St. Martin, St. Martin had to bear the
ill-repute of his predecessor.

St. Martin’s bird, A cock, whose blood
is shed ‘‘sacrificially’’ on the 11th of
November, in honour of that saint.

St. Martin's cloak. Martin was a mili-
tary tribune before conversion, and, while
stationed at Amiensin midwinter, divided
his military cloak with a naked beggar,
who craved alms of him before the city
gates of Amiens. At night, the story
says, Christ Himself appeared to the sol-
dier, arrayed iu this very garmient.

St, Martin’s goose. The llth of No-
vember, St. Martin’s Day, was at one

time the great goose feast of France,
The legend is that St. Martin was an-
noyed by a goose, which he ordered to be
killed and served up for dinner. As he
died from the repast, the goose has been
ever since ‘sacrificed’? to him on the
anniversary. The goose is sometimes
called by the French St. Martin’s bird.

St, Martin’s jewellery. Counterfeit
gems. Upon the site of the old collegiate
church of St. Martin’s le Grand, which
was demolished upon the dissolution of
the monasteries, a number of persons
established themselves and carried on a
considerable trade in artificial stones,
beads, and jewellery. These Brumma-
gem ornaments were called St. Martin’s
beads, St. Martin’s lace, or St. Martin’s
jewellery, as the case might be.

St. Martin's lace. A sort of copper
lace for which Blowbladder Street, St.
Martim’s, was noted. (Stow.)

St. Martin’s rings. Imitation gold
ones. (See above.)

St. Martin’s tree. St. Martin planted
a pilgrim’s staff somewhere near Utopia.
The staff grew into a large tree, which
Gergentna pulled up to serve for a mace
or club, with which he dislodged King
Picrochole from Clermont Rock. (2ade-
lais . Gargantua and Pantag'ruel.)

Faire la St. Martin or Martiner. To
feast; because the people used to begin
St. Martin’s Day with feasting and
drinking,

Martin Drunk. Very intoxicated
indeed ; a drunken man ‘‘sobered’’ by
drinking more. The feast of St. Martin
(November 11) used to be held as a day
of great debauch. Hence Baxter uses
the word Martin as a synonym of a
drunkard :— y

“The language of Martin is there [in heaven] a
stranger.’—Sarnt's Rest.

Martin of Bullions (S¢.). The St.
Swithin of Scotland. His day is July 4,
and the Scotch say, if it rains then, rain
may be expected for forty days.

“*By St. Martin of Bullion—* i

‘And what hast thou to do with St. Martin ?’

“Nay, little enough, sir. unless when he sends
such rainy days that we cannot fly a hawk.’"—
Scott: Lite Abbott, xy.

Martin’s Running Footman (87/.).
The devil, assigned by legend to St.
Mértin for a running footman on a cer-
tain occasion.

“Whocan tell but St. Martin’srunning footman
may still be batching us some further mischief.”
—Rabelais: Pantagruel,iyv 23. 3

Martin’s Summer (S?.) (See under
SUMMER.)

Martine

816

Mary Anne

Martine. A sword. (Italian.)

“ Quiconque aura affaire 4 moy, il faut quill ait
affaire a Martine que me voyla au coste (appel-

lant son espee ‘ Martine’).”"—Brantome.: I odomon-
tade Espagnoles, vol. ii. p. 16.
Martinet. A strict discipiinarian ;

so called from the Marquis of Martinet,
a young colonel in the reign of Louis
XIV., who remodelled the infantry, and
was slain at the siege of Doesbourg, in
1672 (Voltaire, Lowis XIV.,c. 10). ‘The
French still call a cat-o’-nine-tails a
“‘martinet.””

The French martinet was a whip with
twelve leather thongs.

Martinmas. The feast of St. Martin
is November 11. His Martinmas will
ie as it does to every hog—t.e. all must

ie.

*¢ November was the great slaughter-
time of the Anglo-Saxons, when beeves,
sheep, and hogs, whose store_of food
was exhausted, were killed and salted.
Martinmas, therefore, was the slaying
time, and the proverb intimates that
our slaying-time or day of death will
come as surely as that of a hog at St.
Martin’s-tide.

Martyr (Greek) simply means a wit-
ness, but is applied to one who witnesses
a good confession with his blood.

The martyr king. Charles I. of Eng-
land, beheaded January 30th, 1649. He
was buried at Windsor, and was called
“The White King.”

Martyr to science. Claude Louis,
Count Berthollet, who determined to test

in his own person the effects of carbolic |

acid on the human frame, and died under
the experiment. (1748-1822.)

Marvedie (4). A maravedi (¢.v.),
asmall obsolete Spanish copper coin of
less value than a farthing.

“What a trifling, foolish girl you are, Edith, to
send me by express a letter crammed with non-
sense about books and gowns, and to slide the
only thing I cared a maryedie about into the
postscript.”—Sir W. Scott: Old Mortality, chap. xi,

Marvellous. Zhe marvellous boy.
Thomas Chatterton, the poet, author of
a volume of poetry entitled Rowley’s
Poems, professedly written by Rowley, a
monk. -(1752-1779.)

Mary.

As the Virgin, she is, represented in
Christian art with flowing hair, emblem-
atical of her virginity.

As Mater Dolorosa, she is represented
as somewhat elderly, clad in mourning,
head draped, and weeping over the
dead body of Christ.

As Our Lady of Dolours, she is re-
nresented as seated, her breast being

pierced with seven swords, emblematic
of her seven sorrows.

As Our Lady of Mercy, she is repre-
sented with arms extended, spreading
out her mantle, and gathering sinners
beneath it.

As Thé glorified Madonna, she is re-
presented as bearing a crown and
sceptre, or a ball and cross, in rich robes
and surrounded by angels, ;

Her seven joys. The Annunciation,
Visitation, Nativity, Adoration of the
Magi, Presentation in the Temple, Find-
ing Christ amongst the Doctors, and the
Assumption. a

Her seven sorrows. Simeon’s Prophecy,
the Flight into Egypt, Christ Missed,
the Betrayal, -the Crucifixion, the
Taking Down from the Cross, and the
Ascension, when she was left alone,

Mary, of Lord Byron’s poetry, is
Miss Chaworth, who was older than his
lordship. Both Miss Chaworth and Lord
Byron were_under the guardianship of
Mr. White. Miss Chaworth married
John Musters, generally called Jack
Musters; but the marriage was not a
happy one, and the parties soon separ-
ated. The Dream of Lord Byron refers
to this love affair of his youth,

Mary, of Robert Burns, (See HieH-
LAND Mary.)
¥ It may be added to what is said
under Highland Mary that of Mary
Morison the poet wrote :— :
“ Those smiles and glances let me see,
That make the misen’s treasure poor.”
And in Highland Mary we have—
“ Still o'er those scenes my mem‘ry wakes,
And fondly broods With miser’s care.”
A statue to her has been recently erected
in Edinburgh.

Marys. The four Marys. Mary
Beaton (or Bethune), Mary Livingston
(or Leuson), Mary Fleming (or Mlemyng),
and Mary Seaton (or Seyton) ; called the
‘“Queen’s Marys,”’ that is, the ladies of
the same age as Mary, afterwards Queen
of Scots, and her companions. Mary
Carmichael was not one of the four,
although introduced in the well-known
ballad.

“ Yestre'en the queen had four Marys,
This night she’ll bae but three :
There was Mary Beaton, and Mary Seaton,
Mary Carmichael, and me.” ‘

Mary Anne or Marianne, A slang
name for the guillotine. (See below.)

Mary Anne Associations. Secret
republican societies in France, . The
name comes about thus: Ravaillac was
instigated to assassinate Henri IV, by

Mary Magdalene

reading the treatise De Regé et Regio
Institutione, by Mariana, and as Mariana
inspired Ravaillac ‘‘to deliver France,”
the republican party was cailed the
Mary-Anne.

“The Mary. Annes, which are essentially re-
publicans, are scattered about all the French
provinces,"—Disrazli: Lothair.

Mary Magdalene (S/.). Patron
saint of penitents, being herself the
model penitent of Gospel history.

In Christian art.she is represented (1)
as a patron saint, young and beautiful,
with a profusion of hair, and holding a
box of ointment; (2) asa penitent, ina
sequestered place, reading before a cross
or skull.

Mary Queen of Scots. Shakespeare
being under the patronage of Queen
Elizabeth, and knowing her jealousy,
would not, of course, praise openly her
rival queen; but in the Midsummer
Night’s Dream, composed in 1592, that
is, five years after the execution of
Mary, he wrote these exquisite lines :—

“Thou rememberest
Since once IT sat upon a promontory,
And heard a mermaid (1) on a dolphin's back (2)
Uttering such dulcet and harmonious breath,
That the rude sea (3) grew civilat her song ;
And certain stars (4) shot madly from their

spheres (5), : ‘ ae
To hear the sea-maid’s music,”” Actii,1.

(1) Mermaid and sea-maid, that is, Mary ; (2) on
the dolphin's back, she married the Dolphin or
Dauphin of France; (3) the rude sea grew civil,
the Scotch rebels; (4) certain stars, the Earl of
Northumberland, the Earl of Westmoreland, and
the Duke of Norfolk ; (5)shot madly from their
spheres, that is, revolted from Queen Elizabeth,
bewitched by the sea-maid’s sweetness,

Marybuds. The flower of the mari-
gold (q.v.). Like many other flowers,
they open at daybreak and close at
sunset,

* And winking mary buds begin
To ope their golden eyes.” om
Shakespeare : Cymbeline, ii. 3.

Marygold or Marigold. A million
sterling. A plum is £100,000, (See
MARIGOLD.)

Maryland (U.S. America) was so
named incompliment to Queen Henrietta
Maria. In the Latin charter it is called
Terra Marie.

Marylebone (London) is not a cor-
ruption of Marie la bonne, but ‘‘ Mary
on the bourne”? or river, as Holborn is
*¢ Old RBourne.”’

Mas (plural, Masse). Master, Mr.,
Messrs.; as, Mas John King, Masse
Fleming and Stebbing.

Masaniello A corruption. of
TomMASo ANTELLO, a Neapolitan
fisherman, who ied the revolt of July,

52

817

1647. The great

Masher

ievance was a new
tax upon fruit, and the immediate cause
of Masaniello’s_ interference was the
seizure of his wife (or deaf and dumb
sister) for having in her possession some
contraband flour. Having surrounded
hithself with 150,000 men, women, and
boys, he was elected chief of Naples,
and for nine days ruled with absolute
control, The Spanish viceroy flattered
him, and this so turned his head that he,
acted like a maniac. The people be-
trayed him, he was shot, and his body
flung into a ditch, but next day it was
interred with a pomp and ceremony
never equalled in Naples (1647).

Auber has an opera on this subject
called La Muette de Portict (1828).

Masche-croute [gnaw-crust]. A
hideous wooden statue carried about
Lyons during Carnival. The nurses of
Lyons frighten children by threatening
to throw them to Masche-croute,

Mascotte. One who brings. good
luck, and possesses a ‘‘ good eye.” The
contrary of Jettatore, or one with an evil
eye, who always brings bad luck,

“Ces envoyés du paradis,
Sont des Mascottes, mes amis,

8
Heureux celui que le ciel dote d'une Mascotte.”
The opera called La. Mascotte (1883),

“T tell you, she was a Mascotte of the first
water.”—The Ludgate Monthly, No. 1, vol. fi.3
Tippitywitchet, Nov. 1891.

Masdeu (Catalan for God’s field).
The vineyard not far from Perpignan
was anciently so called.

Masetto. Arustic engaged to Zer-
lina; but Don Giovanni intercepts them
in their wedding festivities, and induces
the foolish damsel to. believe he meant
to make her his wife. (Mozart: Don .
Giovanni, an opera.)

Mashack’ering and Misguggling.
Mauling and disfiguring.

“I humbly protest against mauling and dis-
figuring this work; acide! what the great
Waiter Scott would. I think, have called mash-
ackering and misgugs ling. after the manner of
Nicol Muschat (in The Heart of Midlothian), when
he put an end to his wife Arlie at the spotafter-
wards called by his name.’—W. £, Gladstone:
Nineteenth Century, November, 1885.

Masher. A dude (g.v.); an ex-
quisite ; a lardy-dardy swell who dresses
eesthetically, behaves killingly, and thinks
himself a Romeo. This sort of thing
used to be called ‘‘ crushing ’” or killing,
and, as mashing is crushing, the synon
was substituted about 1880. A lady-
killer, a crusher, a masher, all mean the
same thing.

“The prattle of the masher between the acts,”
Daily Telegraph, Oct, 10, 1883,

‘Mask a Fleet

818

Matamore

Mask a Fleet (Zo). To lock up an |
enemy’s fleet that it cannot put to sea.

Mason and Dixon’s Line. The
southern boundary-line which separated
the free states of Pennsylvania from
what were at one time the slave states
of Maryland and Virginia. It lies in
39° 43’ 26” north latitude, and was run

by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, ‘|

two English mathematicians and sur-
veyors (between November 15th, 1763, |
and December 26th, 1767).

Mass. .

High Mass or “Grand Mass’? is sung“
by choristers, and celebrated with the ,
assistance of a deacon and sub-deacon.

Low Mass is simply read without sing-
ing ; there is one between these two
cailed the “‘ chanted mass,’’ in which the
service is chanted by the priest.

Besides these there are a number of
special masses, as the mass of the Beate,
mass of the Holy Ghost, mass of the dead,
mass of a saint, mass of scarcity, dry
mass, votive mass, holiday mass, Ambro-,
sian mass, Gallic mass, mass of the |
presanctified for Good Friday, missa:
Mosara‘bum, ete. etc.

Mass (The).

“Pope Celestinus ordained the introit and the
gloria in excelsis.

"Pope Gregory the Great ordered the Kyrie
oe to berepeated nine times, and introduced

e prayer.

“ Pope Gelasius ordained the Epistle and Gospel.

“ Pope Damasus introduced the Credo. ; -

“ Pope Alexander put into the canon the follow- ;
{ng clause : ‘Qui pridie quam ateretur.

* Pope Sextus introduced the Sanctus.

“Pope Innocent the pax. - ‘

* Pope Leo the Ordate Fratres, and the words in
the canon: ‘ Sanctum Sacrificium et immaculatiant
Hostram.'”

. Kinesman : Lives of the Saints, p. 187 (1623).
4

‘

Massachusetts was so named from °
the bay massa [great wadehuash ¢
niall et [near]. The bay-near-
he-preat-mountain.

. Massacre of the Innocents. The
slaughter of the babes of Bethlehem
“from two years old and-under,’”’ when
Jesus was born. This was done at the
command of Herod the Great in order
to cut off “ the babe’? who was destined
to become ‘‘ King of the Jews.”

Micah v. 2 speaks of Bethlehem as a little

place, a smal village, probably containing about
five hundred inhabitants. It will be easy to cal-
culate the probable number of infants under two
years of age in sucha village. 1t would be about
ten.

Massacre of the Innocents’ (Tie),
in parliamentary Uae nape Sf means the
withdrawal at the close of a session of
the bills which time has not rendered it

possible to consider and . The
phrase was so used in The Times, 1859.

“Tf the secretarial M.P. is to be condemned for
.. voting against the Miner's Eight Hours Bill,
he is equally censurable if he... does not sup-
port the numerous .. . reforms which get the sanc-
tion of the Congress during the Massacre of the
Innocents at the close of the sitting.”—Nineteenth
Century, October, 1892, p. 619.
Mass’amore (3 syl.) or Massy More.
The principal dungeon of a feudal castle.
A Moorish word.

“Proximus:est carcer- subterra‘neus, sine ut
Mauri appellant ‘Mazmorra.””"—Old Latin Itin-
erary. , :

Mast. (See BEFORE THE Mast.)

‘Master Humphrey. Narrator of
the story called The Old Curiosity Shop,
by Charles Dickens,

Master Leonard. Grand-master of
the nocturnal orgies of the demons. He
is represented as a three-horned goat,
with black human face. He marked his
novitiates with one of his horns. (Mid-
dle Age demonology.)

Master Magrath.. The dog which
won the Waterloo Cup for three suc-
cessive years, and was introduced to the
Queen. ‘ Waterloo”’ is on the banks of
the Mersey, about three miles north of
Liverpool.

Master of Sentences. Pierre Lom-
bard, author of a work called Sentences,
a compilation from the fathers of the
leading arguments, pro and con., bearing
on the hair-splitting theological ques-
tions of the Middle Ages. (1100-1164.)

Master of the Mint. A punning
term for a gardener.

Master of the Rolls. A punning
term for a baker,’ l

Mastic. A toni¢ which promote
appetite, and therefore only increases
the misery of a hungry man.

“Like the starved wretch that hungry mastic

But chests himself and fosters his disease.”
West : Triumphs of the Gout (Lucian).

Matadore (3 syl.). In the game of
Ombre, Spadille (the ace of spades),
Manille (the seven of trumps), and Basto
(the ace of clubs), are called “ Mata-
dores.”’ a

“Now move to war her sable Matadore ...
Spadillo first, unconquerable lord,
La ve captive trumps, and swept the

oard,
As many more Manillo forced to yield,
And marched a victor from the verdant fleld.
Him Basto followed...” te
Pope: Rape of the Lock, canto iii.

Matamoras. Mexicans or savages.

' Mat’amore (3 syl:). A poltroon, a
swaggerer, a Major Bobadil (q.v.). A

—

Mate

"819

Matthew

French term composed of two Spanish
words, matar- Moros (a slayer of Moors.)

“ Your followers. , . must bandy‘and brawl in
my court... like 80 many, Matamoros.’—Sir W.
Scott : Kenilworth, chap. xvi.

Mate. 4 man docs not get his hands
out of the tar by. becoming second mate.
A second mate is expected to put his
hands into the tar bucket for tarring the
rigging, like the men below him. The
first mate is exempt from this dirty work.
The rigging is tarred by the hands, and
not by brushes.

Maté (2 syl.). -Paraguay>tea is so
called from maté, the vessel in which
the herb is in Paraguay infused. These
vessels are generally hollow gourds, and
the herb is called yerba de maté.

Mate’rialism. The doctrines of a
Materialist, who maintains that the soul
and spirit are effects of matter. The
orthodox doctrine is that the soul is dis-
tinct from the body, and is a portion of
the Divine essence breathed into the
body. A materialist, of course, does
not believe in a ‘spiritual deity’’ dis-
tinct from matter. Tertullian contended
that the Bible proves the soul to be
“‘material,”’ and he charges the “ spir-
itual ’” view to the heretical doctrines of
the Platonic school.

Matfellon. Villa beate Marie de
Matfellon. Whitechapel, dedicated to
Mary the Mother.

Mathew (Father), 1799-1856, called

The Apostle of Temperance. His success .

was almost miraculous,

Mathisen. One of the three Ana-
baptists who induced John of Leyden
to join their rebellion.
LEYDEN.) Lay

Math’urin (S?.). Patron saint of
idiots and fools, A pun on his name.
(See below.) 2 ie

The malady of St. Mathurin. Folly,
stupidity. A French expression..

Meesritts in French argot, means
dice, and ‘* maturin plat,’’ a domino.

“Ces deux objets doivent leur nom a leur res-
semblance avec le costume des Trinitaires (yul-
gairement appeles Maturins), qui, chez nous,

rtaient une sontane dé serge blanche sur
jaquelle, quand ils sortaient, ils jetaiont un man-
teau noir.”"—Francisque Michel.

Matilda. Daughter of Lord Robert
Fitzwalter. Michael Drayton hasa poem
of some 670 lines so called.

Matilda. Daughter of Rokeby, and
niece of Mortham. She was beloved by
Wilfrid, son’of Oswald, ‘but loved Red-
mond, her father’s page, who turns out
to be Mortham’s son. (Scott : Rokeby )

(See JOHN OF

Matilda, Sister of Gessler; in love
with Arnold, a Swiss, who had saved her
life when threatened by the fall of an
avalanche, After the death of Gessler,
who was shot by William Tell, the mar-
riage of these lovers is consummated,
(Rossini : Guglielmo Tell, an ete)

Rosa Matilda, (See Gifford’s Baviad
and Meviad.)

Matric’ulate means ‘to enrol oneself
in a society. The University is called
our alna mater (propitious mother). The
students are her.alwmni (foster-children),
and become.so by.being enrolled in a
register after certain forms and examina-
tions. (Latin, matricula a roll.)

Matter-of-fact. Unvarnished truth,
prosaic, unimaginative. Whyte Melville
speaks of a ‘‘ matter-of-fact swain.”

Matter’s afoot (Zhe). Is in train, is
stirring. Jl marche bien, it goes well;
¢a@ ira. ,

“Now let it work. Mischief, thou art afoot ;
Take thou what course thou wilt.”
Shakespeare: Julius Cesar, iii. 2.

Matterhorn, The matrimonial
Matterhorn, The leap in the dark. The
Matterhorn isthe German name for Mont
Cervin, a mountain of the Pennine Alps,
about 40 miles east-north-east of Mont
Blane. Above an unbroken glacier-ling
of 11,000 feet high, it rises in an inacces-
sible obelisk of rock more than 3,000
feet higher. The total elevation of the
Matterhorn is 14,836 feet. Figuratively
any danger, or desperate situation
threatening destruction.

Matthew (S7.) in Christian art is re-
presented (1) as an evangelist—an old
man with long beard ; an angel generally
stands near him dictating his Gospel.
(2) As an apostle, in which capacity he
bears a purse, in reference to his calling
as a publican; sometimes he carries a
spear, sometimes a carpenter’s Tule or
square. (See LUKE.)

In the last of Matthew. At the last
gasp, on one’slast legs, Thisis a German
expression, and arose thus: A Catholia

riest said in his sermon that Protestant-
ism was in the last of Matthew, and,
being asked what he meant, replied,
‘The last five words of the Gospel of
St. Matthew are these: ‘ The end of this
dispensation,’ ’? Of course he quoted
the Latin yersion ; ours is less correctly
translated ‘‘the end of the world.”

Matthew Bramble, in Smollett’s
Humphry Clinker, is Roderick Random
grown old, somewhat cynical by experi-
ence of the world, but vastly improved

Matthew

820

Maunds

in taste. Chambers says, ‘‘ Smollett
took some of the incidents of the family
tour from Anstey’s New Bath Guide.”
(English Literature, vol. ii.)

Matthew Parker’s Bible, 1572.
The second edition of the ‘ Great
Bible,’’ with corrections, etc., by Arch-
bishop Parker.

Matthews’ Bible, 1537. A version
of the Bible in English, edited by John
Rogers, superintendent of the English
Church in Germany, and published by
him under the fictitious name of Thomas
Matthews.

Matthias (S¢.) in Christian art is
known by the axe or halbert in his right
hand, the symbol of his martyrdom.
Sometimes he is bearing a stone, in allu-
sion to the tradition of his having been
stoned before he was beheaded.

Maudlin. Stupidly sentimental,
Maudlin drunk is the drunkenness which
is sentimental and inclined to tears.
Maudlin’ slip-slop is sentimental chit-
‘chat. The word is derived from Mary
Magdalen, who is drawn by ancient
painters with a lackadaisical face, and
eyes swollen with weeping.

Maugis. The Nestor of French
romance, like Hildebrand in German
legend. He was one of Charlemagne’s
paladins, a magician and champion.

Maugis d’Aygremont. Son of
Duke Bevis of Aygremont, stolen in in-
fancy by a female slave. As she rested
under a white-thorn a lion and a leopard
devoured her, and then killed each other
in’ disputing for the infant. The babe

cried lustily, and Oriande la Fée, who.

lived at Rosefleur, hearing it, went to the
white-thorn and exclaimed, ‘By the
Powers above, this child is mal gist (badly
lapped) ;”’ and ever after he was called
mau-gis’. Oriande took charge of him,
and was assisted by her brother Baudris,
who taught him magic and necromancy.
When grown a man Maugis achieved the
adventure of gaining the enchanted
horse Bayard, which understood like a
human being all that was said, and took
from Anthenor, the Saracen, the sword
Flamberge or Floberge. Subsequent!

he gave both the horse and sword to his
cousin Renaud. In the Italian romances
Maugis is called ‘‘Malagi’gi”’ (q.v.). ;
Renaud is called ‘‘ Renaldo” .(q.v.) ;
Bevis is called ‘‘Buo’vo;” the horse is
called ‘*Bayardo;’’ and the sword,
“* Fusberta.”
@ Aygremont et de Vivian son frére.)

(Romance of _Maugis

Maugrab'in (Heyraddin). Brother
of Zamet Maugrabin the Bohemian, He
appears disguised as Rouge Sanglier, and
pretends to be herald from Liege, (Sir
Walter Scott : Quentin Durward.)

Mau’gys. A giant who keepsa bridge
leading to a castle by a riverside, in
which a beautiful lady is besieged. Sir
Lybius, one-of Arthur’s knights, does
battle with the giant; the contest lasts
a whole summer’s-day, but terminates
with the death of the giant and libera-
tion of the lady. (Lideaux, a romance.)

Maul, To beat roughly, to batter.
The maul was a bludgeon with a leaden
head, carried by ancient soldiery. It is
generally called a ‘‘ mall.”

Maul (The Giant). A giant who used
fo spoil young pilgrims with sophistry.
He attacked Mr. Greatheart with a club,
and the combat between them lasted for
the space of an hour. At length Mr.
Greatheart pierced the giant under the
fifth rib, and then cut off his head.
(Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii.)

Maul of Monks (Zhe). Thomas
Cromwell, visitor-general of English
monasteries, many of which he sum-
marily suppressed. (1490-1540).

Maunciples Tale. A medieval ver-
sion of Ovid’s tale about Coro’nis (Jfet.
ii. 543, etc.), Phoebus had a crow which
he taught to speak; it was downy white,
and as big as a swan. .He had also a
wife whom he dearly loved, but she was
faithless to him. One day when Phebus
came home his bird ’gan sing ‘‘Cuckoo !
cuckoo! cuckoo!’ Phcebus asked what
he meant, and the crow told him of his
wife’s infidelity. Phoebus ‘was. very
angry, and, seizing his bow, shot his wife
through the heart; but no sooner did
she fall than he repented of his rashness
and cursed the bird. ‘‘Nevermore
shalt thou speak,’’ said he; ‘‘henceforth
thy offspring shall be black.’? Moral—
‘“‘ Lordlings, by this ensample, take heed
what you say; be.no tale-bearers, but—
¢ Wher-so thou comest amongst highor low,

Keep wellthy tong.and think upon the crow. *
Chaucer; Canterbury Tales.

Maunds (Royal). Gifts distributed
to the poor on Maundy Thursday (¢:.).
The number of doles corresponds to the
number of years the monarch has been
regnant, andthe doles used to be dis-
tributed by the Lord High Almoner. ~
Since 1883 the doles have been ‘money
payments distributed by the Clerk of the
Almonry Office, The custom, began in

‘This custom in many places

Maundrel

82]

Maximum

1368, ‘in the reign of Edward III.
James I, distributed the doles personally.

“ Wntries of ‘a] maner of things yerly yevin by
my lorde of his Maundy, and my laidis, and his
lordsbippis childrén.’”—Household Book of the
Earl of Northumberland, 1512,

Maundrel, <A _ foolish, vapouring
gossip. The Scotch say, ‘‘Haud your
tongue, maundrel’’? As a verb it means
to babble, to prate. In some parts of
Scotland the talk of persons in delirium,
in sleep, and in intoxication is called
maundrel. The term is from Sir John
Mandeville, the traveller, who published
an account of his travels, full of idle
gossip and most improbable events.

< There is another verb, maunder (to
mutter, to vapour, or wander in one’s
talk). This verb is from maund (to beg).
(See Maunpy THURSDAY.)

Maundy Thursday. The day before
Good Friday is so called from the Latin
dies manda ti ius day of Christ’s great
mandate), ter He had washed His
disciples’ feet, He said, ‘A new com-
mandment give I unto you, that ye love

' one another”’ (St. John xiii. 34).

Spelman derives it from maund (a
basket), because on the day before the

eat fast all religious houses and good
Catholics brought out their broken food
in maunds to distribute to’ the poor.
ve birth
to a fair, as the Tomblan
Norwich, held.on the plain before the
Cathedral Close.

-Mauri-gasima. An island near
Formo’sa, said to have been sunk in the
sea in consequence of the great crimes
of it®inhabitants. (Kempfer.)

Maurita‘nia. Morocco and Algiers,
the land of the ancient Mauri or Moors.

Mausole’um. One of the seven
“wonders of the world ;’’ so called from
Mauso’lus, King of Caria, to whom Arte-
mis‘ia (his wife) erected at Halicarnassos
a splendid sépulchral monument 8.0, 353.
Parts of this sepulchre are now in the
British Museum. —-

Thé chief mausoleums, besides the one
referred to above, are: the mausoleum of
Augustus; that of Ha’drian, now called
the castle of St. An’gelo, at Rome; that
erected in France to Henry II. by
Catherine de Medicis ; that of St. Peter
the Martyr in the church of St. Eusta-
tius, by G. Balduccio in the fourteenth
century ; and that erected to the memory
of Louis XVI.

»Maut gets abune the Meal (ic).

_ malt liquor or drink gets more potent:

a

fair of -

than the food eaten—that is, when meu
get heady or boosy.

“Tf the maut gets abune the meal with you, it
is time for meto take myself away ; and you will
come to my Toom, gentlemen, when you wanta
cup of tea.” —Sir W. Scott : Redgauntlet.

Mauthe Dog. A ‘‘spectre hound ’’
that for many years haunted the ancient
castle of Peel town, in the Isle of Man.
This black spaniel used to enter the
guard-room as soon as candles were
lighted, and leave it at day-break.
While this spectre-dog was present the
soldiers forebore all oaths and profane
talk. One day a drunken trooper en-
tered the guard-house alone out of
bravado, but lost his speech and died in
three days: Scott refers to it in his Lay
of the Last Minstrel, vi. stanza 26.

‘? For the legend, see a long note at
the beginning of Scott’s Peveril of the
Peak, chapter xv.

Mauvais Ton (French), Bad manners.
Ill-breeding, vulgar ways.

Mauvaise Honte (French). Bad or
silly.shame. Bashfulness, sheepishness,

Mauvaise Plaisanterie (4). -A
rude or ill-mannered jest; a jest in bad
taste.

Mavournin, Irish for darling, Erin
mavournin = Ireland, my darling; Erin
go bragh = Ireland for ever!

“ Land of my forefathers. Erin go bragh!...

Erin mavournin. Erin go bragh!"
Campbell: Exile of Erin.

Mawther. (Sce MorTHER.)

Mawworm. A vulgar copy of Dr.
Cantwell, the hypocrite, in The Hypoe
crite, by Isaac Bickerstaff.

Max. A huntsman, and the -best
marksman in Germany. He was be-
trothed to Ag’atha, who was to be his
bride if he obtained the prize in the
annual trial-shot. Having been unsuc-
cessful in his ike for several days,
Caspar induced him to go to the wolf’s
glen at midnight and obtain seven

charmed balls from Sa/miel the Black

Huntsman. ,On the day of contest, the
prince bade him shoot at a dove. Max
aimed at the bird, but killed Caspar, who
was concealed in a tree. The prince
abolished in consequence the annual féte
of the trial-shot. (Weber: Der Frese
chiitz, an opera.)

Max O’Rell. The pen name of M.

‘Blouet, author of John Bull and. his
. Island, etc.

Max’imum and Minimum. © The

| greatest and the least amount; as, the

Maximus

maximum profits or exports, and the
minimum profits or exports ; the maxi-
mum and minimum price of corn during
the year. The terms are also employed
in mathematics.

Max'imus or Max'ime (2 syl.):
Officer of the prefect Alma’chius, and
his cornicular. Being ordered to put
Valirian and Tibur’cé to death because
they would not worship the image of
Jupiter, he took pity on his victims and
led them to his own house, where Cecilia
was instrumental in his conversion ;
whereupon he and ‘all his” house
were at once baptised. When Valir’ian
and Tibur’cd were put to death, Maximus
declared that he saw angels come and
carry them to heaven, whereupon Alma’-
chius caused him to be beaten with
whips of lead ‘‘ til he his lif gan lete.”
(Chaucer : Secounde Nonnes Tile.)

May. A lovely girl who married
January, an old Lombard baron, sixty
years of age. She had a liaison with a
young squire named Damyan, and was
detected by January ; but she persuaded
the old fool that his eyes were to blame
and that he was labouring under a great
mistake, the effect of senseless jealousy.
January believed her words, and ‘* who
is glad but he?’’ for what is better
than “a fruitful wife, and a confiding
spouse ?”? (Chaucer: The Marchaundes
Tale. Pope: January and May,)

May (the month) is not derived from
Maia, the mother of Mercury, as the
word existed long before either Mercury
or Maia had been introduced. It is the
Latin Maius—i.c. Magius, from the
root mag, same as the Sanscrit mah, to

w; and means the growing or shoot-
ing month.

May unlucky for weddings, ‘This is a
Roman superstition. Ovid says, ‘““The
common people-profess it is unlucky to
marry in the month of May.” In this
month were held the festivals of Bona
Dea (the goddess of chastity), and the
feasts of the dead called Lemuralia.
“Nec vidue tedis eddem, nec virgYnis apta

Tempvra ; ane nupsit. non diuturna fuit ;

Hee quoque de causa, si te proverbia tangunt,

Mente malum Maio nubére vulgus ait.”

Ovid: Fasti, v. 496, etc.

Here we go gathering nuts of May.
(See Nuts oF May.) a y aot

May-day. Polydore Virgil says that
the Roman youths used to go into the
fields and spend the calends of May in
dancing and singing in honour of Flora,
ane of fruitsand flowers. The early

nglish consecrated May-day to Robin

822

May-pole

Hood and the Maid Marian, because the
favourite outlaw died on that day.
Stow says the villagers used to set up
May-poles, and spend the day inarchery,
morris-dancing, and other amusements.
Evil May-day (1517), when the
London apprentices rose up against the
foreign residents, and did incalculable
mischief. The riot lasted till May 22nd.

May-duke Cherries. Medoc, a
district of France, whence the cherries
first came to us,

May Meetings. A title applied to
the annual gatherings, in May and June,
of the religious and charitable societies,
to hear the annual reports and appeals
for continued or increased support.
The chief meetings are the British
Asylum for Deaf and Dumb Females,
British and Foreign Bible Society, British
and Foreign Schools, Children’s Refuge,
Church Home Mission, Church Mission-
ary Society,Church Pastoral Aid Society,
Claes. Orphan Society, Corporation of
the Sons of the Clergy, Destitute Sailors’
Asylum, Field Lane Refuge, Governesses’
Benevolent Institution, Home and Colo-
nial School Society, Irish Church Mis-
sionary Society, London City Mission,
Mendicity Society, National Temperance
League, Propagation of the Gospel
among the Jews, Ragged School Union, .
Religious Tract Society, Royal Asylum
of St. Anne’s, Sailors’ Home, Sunday
School Union, Thames Church Mis-
sionary Society, United Kingdom Band
of Hope, Wesleyan Missionary Society,
with many others of similar character.

May Molloch, or The Maid of the
Hairy Arms, An elf who condescends
to mingle in ordinary sports, and even
to direct the master of the house how to

lay dominoes or draughts. Like the

hite Lady of Avenel, May Molloch is
a sort of banshee.

May-pole, May-queen, etc. Dancing
round the May-pole on May-day, “goin
a-Maying,”’ electing a May-queen, an
lighting bonfires, are all remnants of
Sun-worship, and may be traced to the
most ancient times, ‘The chimney-
sweeps used to lead about a Jack-i'-the-

een, and the custom is not yet quite
extinct (1898).

May-pole (London). The races in
the Dunciad take place ‘‘ where the tall
May-pole overlooked the Strand.”” On
the spot now occupied by St. gah
le-Strand, anciently stood a cross.
the place of this cross a May-pole was
set up: by John Clarges, a blacksmith,

Mayeux $23

Mazeppa

whose daughter Ann became the wife
of, Monk, Duke of Albemarle. It was

en down in 1713, and replaced by
a new one erected opposite Somerset
House. This second May-pole had two
gilt balls and a vane on its summit. On
holidays the pole was decorated with
flags and garlands. It was removed in
1718, and sent by Sir Isaac Newton to
Wanstead Park to support the largest
telescope. in Europe. (See UNDERSHAFT.)

“Captain Baily .. . employed four hackney
coaches, with drivers in liveries, to ply at the
Maypole in the Strand, fixing his own rates, about
the year 1684. Bailey's coaches seem to have
been the first of what are now called hackney
coaches.”"—WNote 1. The Tatler, iv. p. 415.

May-pole, The Duchess of Kendal,
mistress of George I. ; so called because
she was thin and tall as a May-pole.

Mayeux. The stock name in French
lays for a man deformed, vain and
centious, brave and witty.

“Mayflower” (The), A ship of 180
tons, which, in December, 1620, started
from Plymouth, and conveyed to Massa-
chusetts, in North America, 102 Puritans,
called the ‘Pilgrim Fathers,’? They
called their settlement New Plymouth.

Mayonnaise. A sauce made with
pepper, salt, oil, vinegar, and the yolk of
an egg beaten up together. A “‘may”’ in
French is a cullender or strainer, also a
‘“* fort planeher sur lequel on met les
raisins qu’ on veut fouler.”

Mayor. The chief magistrate of a
city, elected by the citizens, and holding
office for twelve months.

The chief magistrate of London {fs The Right
Hon. the Lord Mayor, one of the Privy Council.
Since 1389 the chief magistrate of York has been
a Lord Mayor, and in 1894 those of Liverpool and
Maachester. ¥
* There are two Lord Mayors of Ireland, viz.
those of Dublin (1665) and of Belfast ; and four
of eS EON, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, and
undee.

{ At the Conquest the sovereign ap-
pointed the chief magistrates of cities,

.

at of London was called the Port- |

Reeve, but Henry II. changed the word
to the Norman maive Ce mayor). John
made the office annual; and Edward IIf
(in 1354) conferred the title of ‘‘The
Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of London.’’
The first Lord Mayor’s Show was
1458, when Sir John Norman went by
water in state, to be sworn in at West-
minster; and the cap and sword were
iven by Richard II. to Sir William
Walworth, for killing Wat Tyler.

Mayor of Garratt. (Sce GARRATT.)

Mayor of the Bull-ring (Old
Dublin). This official and his sheriffs

were elected on May-day and St. Peter’s
Eve ‘‘ to be captaine and gardian of the
batchelers and the unwedded youth of
the civitie.”’? For the year the Mayor of
the Bull-ring had authority to punish
those who frequented brotheis and
houses of ill-fame. He was termed
Mayor of the Bull-ring from an iron
ring in the Corn Market, to which bulls
for bull-baiting were tied, and if any
bachelor happened to marry he was
conducted by the Mayor and his fol-
lowers to the market-place to kiss the
bull-ring.

Mayors of the Palace (Maire du
Palais). Superintendents of the king’s
household, and stewards of the royal
leudes or companies of France before the
accession of the Carlovingian dynasty.

Maz‘arinades (4 syl.). Violent
ublications issued against Mazarin, the
ench minister (1650, etc.).

Mazarine Bible (The). The earliest
book printed in movable metal type. It
contains no date, but a copy in the
Bibliothéque Mazarine contains the
date of the illuminator Cremer (1456),
so that the book must have been printed
before that date. Called ‘‘Mazarine”’
from Cardinal Mazarin, who founded
the library in 1688.

Tn 1873, at the Perkin’s sale, Lord Ashburnhain
gave £3,400 for a copy in vellum, and Mr. Quaritch,
hookseller, gave £2,690 for one on paper. At the
Thorold sale, in 1884, Mr. Quaritch gave £3,900 for
acopy. In 1887 he bought one for £2,600; and in
1889 he gave £2,000 for a copy slightly damaged.

Mazeppa (Jan), historically, was
hetman of the Cossacks. Born of a noble
Polish family in Podolia, he became a
page in the court of Jan Casimir, King
of Poland. Here he intrigued with
There’sia, the young wife of a Podolian
count, who had the young page lashed to
a wild horse, and turned adrift. The
horse dropped down dead in the Ukraine,
where Mazeppa was released by a Cos-
sack family, who nursed him in their
own hut. He became secretary to the
hetman, ‘and at the death of the prince
was rad his successor. Peter I.
admired him, and created him Prince of
the Ukraine, but in the wars withSweden
Mazeppa deserted to Charles XII., and
fought against Russia at Pulto’wa. After
the loss of this battle, Mazeppa fled to
Valentia, and then to Bender. Some
say he died a natural death, and others
that he was put to death for treason by
the Czar. Lord Byron makes Mazeppa
tell his tale to Charles after the battle of
Pultowa. (1640-1709.) ;

Mazer

824.

Measure

pe

Mazer. A cup; so called from the
British masarn (maple) ; Dutch, maeser.
Like our copus-cups in Cambridge, and
the loving-cup of the London Corpora-
tion,

“a mazer wrought of the maple ware.”
Spenser : Calendar (August),
“* Bring hither,” he said,’ the mazers four
My noble fathers loved of yore.” ”
Sir Walter Scott: Lord of the Isles,

Maz'ikeen or Shedeem. A species
of beings in Jewish mythology exactly
resembling the Arabian Jinn or genii,
and said to be the agents of magic and
enchantment. When Adam fell, says
the Talmud, he was excommunicated
for 130 years, during which time he
begat demons and spectres; for, it is
written, ‘Adam lived 130 years and
(i.e. before he) begat, children in his
own image’? (Genesis v. 3). (Rabbi
Jeremiah ben Elvezar.)

“And the Mazikeen shall not come nigh thy”

tents.”—Psalm xci, 5 (Chaldea version).

Sweils out like the Mazikeen ass. The
allusion is to a Jewish tradition that a
servant, whose eek it was to rouse
the neighbourhood to midnight prayer,
found one night an ass in the street,

which he mounted. As he rode along.

the ass grew bigger and bigger, till at
last it towered as high as the tallest
edifice, where it left the man, and where
next morning he was found,

Mazzi'ni-ism. The political system of
Giuseppe Mazzi'ni, who filledalmostevery
sovereign and government in Europe
with a panic-terror. His plan_was to
establish secret societies all over Europe,
and organise the several governments
into federated republics. He was the
founder of what is called ‘‘ Young Italy,”
whose watchwords were “Liberty,
Equality, and Humanity,” whose
motto was ‘‘God and the People,”
and whose banner was a tricolour of
white, red, and green. (Born at Genoa,
1808.)

Meal or Malt (In). In meal or in
malt. Directly or indirectly ; some sort
of subsidy. If much money passes
through the hand, some profit will be
sure to accrue either ‘‘in meal or in
malt.”

* “when other interests in the country (as the
cotton trade, the iron trade, and the coal trade)
‘had been depressed, the Government had not been
-called upon for assistance in meal and malt.”—Sir
William Harcourt: On Agricultural Depression,
sth April, 1894,

He must pay either in meal or malt.
In one way..or another.

to make a shrewd

A certain |

percentage of meal or malt is the miller’s
perquisite.

“If they (the Tories] wish to get the working-
class vote, they have got to pay for it either In
a ere malt.”—Nineteenth Century, August.

2, Pp. 344,

Meal-tub Plot. A plot by Danger-
field against James, Duke of York, in
1679 ; so called because the scheme was
kept in a meal-tub in the house of Mrs.
Cellier. Dangerfield subsequently con-
fessed the whole affair was.a forgery,
and was both whipped and condemned
to stand in the pillory.

Meals. In the fourteenth century
breakfast hour was fiye; dinner, nine;
supper, four. (Chaucer's Works.)

n the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
the breakfast hour was seven; dinner,
eleven; supper, six. (Wright - Domestic
Manners.

coats the close of the sixteenth

cehtury dinner advanced to noon. i
In Ireland the gentry dined at between

two or three in the early part of the

dentconth century. (Swift: Country
ife.

Mealy-mouthed is the Greek meli-
muthos (honey-speech), and means
velvet-tongued, afraid of giving offence.

Mean’der (3 syl.). To wind; so
called from the Meander, a winding
river of Phrygia. The ‘‘ Greek pattern
in embroidery is so called,

Measure. Outofall measure. ‘Outre
mesure.’ Beyond all reasonable degree,
“ Preter (or supra) modum.”

“Thus out of'measure sad.”—Shakespeare : Much
Ado About Nothing, 1.3.

To take the measure of one’s foot. To
ascertain how far a person will venture ;
‘ guess of another’s
character. The allusion is to “* Ba pede
Herculem.”

Measure Strength (70). To wrestle
together ; to fight, to contest.

Measure Swords (Zo). To fight a
duel with swords. In such cases the
seconds measure the swords to see that
both are of one length.

“So we measured swords and parted."—Shake-
speare : As You Like It, v. 4.

Measure for Measure (Shake-
speare). The story is taken from a tale
in G. Whetstone’s Heptam/eron, entitled
Promos and Cassandra (1578), Promos is
called by Shakespeare, “Lord Angelo ;”
and Cassandra is ‘‘Isabella,” Her

‘prother, called by Shakespeare “ Clau-

dio,” is named Andru’gio in the story.
A similar story is given in Giovar
Giraldi Cinthio’s third decade of stories.

ay

Measure

825

Medicine

Measure One’s Length on the
Ground (70). To fall flat on the
ground; to be knocked down.

“If you will measure your lubber’s length,
tarry.”—Shakespeare: King Lear, i. 4.

Measure Other People’s Corn.
To measure other people's corn by one’s
own bushel. To judge of others by
oneself, In French, *‘ Mesurer les autres
a son aune ;”’ in Latin, ‘‘Alios suo modulo
anetiri.””

Meat, Bread. These words tell a
tale; both mean food in general. The
Italians and Asiatics eat little animal
food, and with them the word dread
stands for food; so also with the poor,
whose chief diet it is; but the English
consume meat very plentifully, and this
word, which simply means food, almost
exclusively implies animal food. In the
banquet given to Joseph’s brethren, the
viceroy commanded the servants ‘‘ to
set on bread’”’ (Genesis xliii. 31), In
Psalm civ. 27 it is said of fishes, creeping
things, and crocodiles, that God giveth
them their meat in due season.”

To carry off meat from the graves—i.e.
to be poor as a church mouse. The
Greeks and Romans used to make feasts
at certain seasons, when the dead were
supposed to return to their graves. In
these feasts the fragments were left
on the tombs for the use of the ghosts,

Mec(French). Slang for king, gover-
nor, master; méquard, a commander ;
meguer, to command. All these are de-
rived from the fourbesque word maggio,
which signifies God, king, pope, doctor,
seigneur, and so on, being the Latin
major. (There are the Hebrew words
melech and melchi also.)

Mecca’s ThreeIdols. Lata, Alo’za,
ite Menat, all of which Mahomet over-
ew.

Meche (French). ‘J/y a méche,” the
same as ‘‘I/ y a moyen ;”’ so the negative
“ Il n’y a pas méche”’ (there is no possi-
bility). The Dictionnaire du Bas-langage
Bays:

“Dans Je langage typographique, Jorsque des
ouvriers viennent proposer leurs services dans
guelque imprimerie, ils demandent s*il y a méche

» Sion peut lesioccuper. Les compositeurs

demandent ‘s'il y a méche pour la casse,’ et les

ressiers demandent ‘s'il y a méche pour la
| eden "—Vol. ii. p. 122, a i Me

“ Soit mis dedans ceste caverne
De nul bhonneur il n'y a maiche.”
Moralité de la Vendition de Joseph.
Medam’othi (Greek, never in any
lace), The island at which the fleet of
Pantagtiel landed on the fourth day of

their voyage, and where they bought .

many choice curiosities, such as the pic-
ture of a man’s voice, echo drawn to
life, Plato’s ideas, the atoms of Epicu’ros,
asample.of Philome’la’s needlework, and
other objects of vertu which could be
obtained in no other portion of the globe.
(Rabelais: Pantagruel, iv. 3.)

Médard (St.). Master of the rain.
St. Médard was the founder of the rose-
prize of Salency in reward of merit.
The legend says, he was one day passing
over a large plain, when a sudden
shower fell, which wetted everyone to
the skin except himself. He remained
dry as a toast, for an eagle had
kindly spread his wings for an umbrella
over i, and ever after He was termed
maitre de la pluie.

“ Stil pleut le jour deS, Médard [sth June]

I] pleut quaraute jours plus tard.”

Mede’a. A sorceress, daughter of
the King of Colchis. She married Jason,
the leader of the Argonauts, whom she
aided to obtain the golden fleece.

Mede'a's Kettle or Caldron, to boil
the old into youth again. Medéa, the
sorceress, cut an old ram to pieces, and,
throwing the pieces into her caldron,
the old ram came forth a young lamb.
The daughters of Pelias thought to
restore their father to youth in the same
way; but Medea refused to utter the
magic words, and the old man ceased to
live.

“Get thee Medea’s kettle and be boiled anew.”
—Congreve. Love for Love, iv,

Medham [the keen]. One of Maho-
met’s swords, taken from the Jews when
they were exiled from Medi’na. (See
Sworps, )

Medizval or Middle Ages begin
with the Council of Chalpédon (451),
and end with the revival of literature in
the fifteenth century, according to the
Rev. J. G. Dowling. According to .
Hallam, they begin from the downfall
of the Western Empire, in 476, to the
Italian expeditions of Charles VIII. of
France (1494-1496).

Me’dian Apples. Pome-citrons.

Median Stone (The). Said to cure
blindness, and, if soaked in ewe’s milk,
to cure the gout.

Medicine, in alchemy, was that agent
which brought about the transmutation
of metals, or renewed old age; the philo-
sopher’s stone, and the elixir of life.

| “ How much unlike art thou, Mark Antony !

te Foming from him, that great medicine
hath
With his tinct gilded thee.”

Shakespeare: Antony and Cleopotra 1.6,

Medicinal Days

826 Meissonier-like Exactness

Father of Medicine. Areteos of Cap-
pado’cia, who lived at the close of the
first and beginning of the second century,
and Hippoc’ratés of Cos (B.c. 460-357)
are both so called.

Medicinal Days. The sixth, eighth,
tenth, twelfth, sixteenth, eighteenth,
etc., of a disease; so called because.
according to Hippoc’ratés, no ‘‘ crisis”?
occurs on these days, and medicine may
be safely administered. (See Crisis.)

Medicinal Hours. Hours proper
for taking medicine, viz. morning fast-
ing, an hour before dinner, four hours
after dinner, and bed-time, (Quincy.)

Medi’na. (Economy, Latin medium,
the golden mean.) Step-sister of Elissa
and Perissa, but they could never agree
upon any subject. (Spenser: Faerie
Queene, book ii.)

Medina means in Arabic ‘‘ city.’? The
city so called is ‘‘ Medinat al Nabi” (city
of the prophet).

Mediterranean (Key ¢
fortress of Gibraltar, whic
the entrance.

_ Me’dium (4), in the language of
spirit-rappers, etc., is some one pos-
sessed of ‘‘ odylic force,” who puts the
question of the interrogator to the
* spirit ’? consulted.

Medo'ra. The betrothed of the
Corsair. (Byron: The Corsair.)

Medo’ro (in Orlando Furioso). A
Moorish youth of extraordinary beauty ;
a friend of Dardinello, King of Zuma'ra.
After Dardinello was slain, Medo’ro is
wounded by some unknown spear. An-
gelica dresses his wounds, falls in love
with him, marries him. and they retire
to India, where he becomes King of
Cathay in right of his wife.

Medu’sa. Chief of the Gorgons.
Her head was cut off by Perseus (2 syl.),
and Minerva placed it in her egis.
Everyone who looked on this head was
instantly changed into stone.

*? The tale is that Medusa, famous for
her hair, presumed to, set her beanty
above that of Minerva ; so the jealous
goddess converted her rival’s hair into
snakes, which changed to stone anyone
who looked thereon.

The most famous painting of Medusa
is by Leonardo da Vinci; it is called his
chef @cuvre. :

Moerschaum (2 syl., German, sed-
froth.) This mineral, from having been
found on the sea-shore in rounded white

the). The
commands

lumps, was ignorantly supposed to be
sea-froth petrified; but it is a compound
of silica, magnesia, lime, water, and car-
bonic acid. When first dug it lathers
like soap, and is used as a soap by the
Tartars.

Meg. Mons Meg. Anold-fashioned
piece of artillery in the castle of Edin-
burgh, made at Mons, in Flanders. It
was considered a palladium by the
Scotch. (See Lone MEG.)

“Sent awa’ our crown, and our sword, and our
sceptre, and Mons Mex to be keepit by tbae
English .. , in the Tower of London {N.B. Jt was
restored in 1828).”—Scott; Rob Roy, chap. xxvii.

A roaring Meg. A cannon given by
the Fishmongers of London, and used in
1689, Burton says, “ Music isa roaring
Meg against melancholy.

Meg Dods. An old landlady in
Scott’s novel called St. Ronan’s Well.

Meg Merrilies (in Sir W. Scott’s
Guy Mannering). 'This character was
based on that of Jean Gordon, an in-
habitant of the villagé of Kirk Yetholm,
in the Cheviot Hills, in the middle of
the eighteenth century. <A sketch of
Jean Gordon’s life will be found in
Blackwood’s Magazine, vol. i. p. 54.
She is a half-crazy sibyl or gipsy.

Mega'rian School. A philosophical
school, founded by Euclid, a native of
Meg'ara, and disciple of Socrates.

Mega rians Rp A people of
Greece proverbial for their stupidity ;
hence the proverb, ‘‘ Wise as a Mega-
rian ’—i,e. not wise at all; yet see
above.

Megathe/rium (Greek, great-beast).
A gigantic extinct quadruped of the
sloth kind.

Me’grims. A corruption of the
Greek hemi-crania (half the skull),
through the French migraine. A neu-
ralgic affection generally confined to one
brow, or to one side of the forehead ;
whims, fancies.

Meigle (in Strathmore). The place
where Guinever, Arthur’s queen, was

_ buried.

Meiny (2 syl.).. A company of
attendants. (Norman, meignal and
mesnie, a household, our menial.)

“ With that the smiling Kriemhild forth stepped
a jittle space, .
And Brunbild and her meiny greeted with
gentle grace.” , . 4 Ws
Lettsom's Nibelungen Lied, stanza 604.
Meissonier-like Exactness. Jean
Louis Ernest Meissonier, R.A., a French

lj
Sead

Meistersingers

827

Melibens

ere

artist, born at Lyons, 1813, exhibited in
1836 a microscopic painting called Potit
Messager, and became proverbial for
the utmost possible precision.

Meistersingers, Minstrel trades-
men of Germany, who attempted to
revive the national minstrelsy of the
minnesingers, which had fallen into
decay. Hans Sachs, the cobbler (1494-
1574), was by far the most celebrated of
these poets.

Mejnoun and Leilak, A Persian
love-tale, the Romeo and Julict or Py-
ramus and Thisbe of Eastern romance.

Melampode (3 syl.). Black helle-
bore; so called from Melampus, a
famous poathssyer and physician, who
cuted with it the daughters of Pretus
of their melancholy, (Virgil: Georgics,
iii. 550.)

“ My seely sheep, like well below,

They-need not melampode ;
For they been hale enough I trow,

And liken their abode.”
Spenser : Eclogue vil,

_Mel’ancholy. Lowness of spirits,
supposed at one time to arise from a
is ee? of black bile. (Greek, melas
cholé,

Melancholy Jacques (1 -syl.). So
Jean Jacques Rousseau was called for his

morbid sensibilities.and unhappy spirit. |

(1712-1777.). The expression is from
Shakespeare, 4s You Like Jt, ii. 1.

Melanch'thon is merely the. Greek
for Schwanzerde (black earth), the real
name of this amiable reformer. (1497-
1560.) Similarly, @colampa'dius is the
Greek version of the German name
Hausschein, and Desiderius Erasmus is
one Latin and one Greek rendering of
the name Gheraerd Gheraerd.

Melan’tius. A brave, honest soldier,
who believes everyone to be true and
honest till convicted of crime, and then
is he a relentless: punisher. (Beaumont
and Fletcher + The Maid’s Tragedy.)

Melanuros, Abstain from the Me-

lanurus, This is the sixth symbol in the
Protreptics. ~Melan-uros means the
“ black-tailed.”’

_ Melchior, Kaspar, and Balthazar.
he three magi, according to Cologne
dition, who came from the Hast to

make offerings to the ‘‘ Babe of Beth-
lehem, born King of the Jews.”’

Melchisedec’ians. Certain heretics
in the early Christian Church, who ens
tertained strange notions about Mel-
chis‘edec. Some thought him superior
to Christ, some paid him adoration, and
some believed him to be Christ Himself
or the Holy Ghost.

Melea’ger. Distinguished for throw-
ing the javelin. He slew the Calydonian
boar, Jt was declared by the fates that
he would die as soon as a piece of wood
then on the fire was burnt up ; where-
upon his mother snatched the log from
the fire and extinguished it; but after
Meleager had slain his maternal uncles,
his mother threw the brand on the fire
again, and Meleager died.

The death of Meleager was a favourite subject

‘inancient reliefs. The famous picture of Charles
le Brun is in the Musée Imperiale of Paris,

Melesig’enes. So Homer is some-
-times called, because one of the tradi-
tions fixes his birthplace on the banks of
the Melés, in Ionia. In a similar way.
we call Shakespeare the ‘Bard of
Avon.” (See HoMER.)

“But higher sung
Blind Melesigenes—then Homer called.”
Milton: Puradise Regained.

Mele'tians. The followers of Mele’-
tius, Bishop of Lycop’olis, in Egypt,
who is said to have sacrificed to idols in
order to avoid the persecutions of Dios
cletian. A trimmer in religion.

Melia’dus (King). Father of Tristan ;
he was drawn to a chase par mal engin et
negromance of a fay who was in love
with him, and from whose thraldom he
was ultimately released by the power of

‘the great enchanter Merlin, (Zristan
de Leonois, a romance ; 1489.)

Melibe’'us or Melibe. A wealthy
young man, married to Prudens. One
day, when Melibeus ‘‘went into the
fields to play,’’ some of his enemies got

into his house, beat his wife, and

wounded his daughter Sophie with five
mortal wounds ‘‘in her feet, in her
hands, in her ears, in her nose, and in
her mouth,”’ left her for dead, and made
their escape. When Melibeus returned
home he resolved m vengeance, but
his wife persuaded him to forgiveness,
and Melibeus, taking his wife’s counsel,
called together his enemies, and told
them he forgave them ‘‘to this effect
and to this ende, that God of His endeles
mercy wole at the tyme of oure deyinge
‘ forgive us oure giltes that we have

Melibcean Dye

trespased to Him in this wreeched
world.”? (Chaucer: Canterbury Tales.)

N.B. This prose tale of Melibeus is a
literal translation of a French story, of
which there are two copies in the British
Museum. (MS. Reg. 19, c. vii.; and
MS. Reg. 19, c. xi.)

Melibes’'an Dye. A rich purple.
Melibeea, in Thessaly, was famous for
the ostrwm, a fish used.in dyeing purple.

“A military vest of purple fiowed,
Lovelier than Melibcean.” ,
Milton: Paradise Lost, xi, 242,

Melicer’tes (4 syl.). Son of Ino, a
sea deity. Ath’amas imagined his wife
to be a lioness, and her two sons to be
lion’s cubs. In his frenzy he slew one of
the boys, and drove the other (named
Melicertés) with his mother into the sea.
The mother became a sea-goddess, and
the boy the god of harbours.

Melior. A lovely fairy, who. carried
off Parthen’opex of Blois to her secret
island in her magic bark. (French romance
- called Parthenopex de Blois, 12th cent.)

Melisen’dra. Charlemagne’s daugh-
ter, married to his nephew Don Gwyte'-
ros. She was taken captive by the
Moors, and confined seven years in a
dungeon, when Gwyfe'ros rescued her.
(Don Quixote.)

Melis'sa (in Orlando Furioso). The
a who lived in Merlin’s cave.

rad’amant gave her the enchanted ring
to take to Roge'ro; so, assuming the forin
of Atlantés, she went to Alci’na’s island,
and not only delivered Roge’ro, but dis-
enchanted all the forms metamorphosed
in the island, In book xix. she assumes
the form of Rodomont, and persuades
-Agramant to break the league which
was to settle the contest by single com-
bat. A general battle ensues.

Mell Supper. Harvest supper; 80
‘called from the French meley .(to mix
together), ‘because the master and ser-
She be sat promiscuously at the harvest
‘board.

Mellifluous Doctor (Zhe). St. Ber-
nard, whose writings were called a
“river of Paradise.”’ (1091-1153.)

Melon. The Mahometans say that
the eating of a melon produces a thou-
on good works. So ‘named from

elos.

Etre un melon, To be stupid or dull .

of comprehension. The melon-pumpkin

or squash is soft and without: heart, |
hence ‘ étxe un melon’? is to be as soft

as a squash, So also “avoir.un cour de

828

Mélusines:

melon (or de citrowille)” means to have no
heart atall, Tertullian says of Marcion,
the heresiarch, “he has a pumpkin
[pep'onem] in the place of a heart [cordis
loco|.’? It will be remembered that
Thersi’tés, the railer, calls the Greeks
‘¢ pumpkins” ( pep’onés).

Melons (French). Children sent to
school for ‘the first time; so called be-
cause they come from a ‘‘ hot-bed,”’ and
are as delicate as exotics, At St. Cyr,
the new-comers are called in school-
slang ‘‘ Les melons,” and the old stagers
‘¢ Tes anciens.”?

Melons. There are certain stones on
Mount Carmel called Stone Melons.
The tradition is that Elijah saw a pea-
sant carrying melons, and asked him for
one. The man said they were not melons
but stones, and Elijah instantly con-
verted them into stones.

A like story is told of St. Elizabeth of
Thuringia. She gave so bountifully to

the poor as to cripple her own house-
hold. One day her husband met her
with her lapful of something, and de-
manded of her what she was ing.
‘‘ Only flowers, my lord,” said Elizabeth,
and to save the lie God converted the
loaves into flowers. (The Schinberg-
Cotta Family, p. 19.) j

Melpom’ene (4 syl.). ‘The muse of
tragedy. ‘The best painting of this muse
is by Le Brun, at Versailles,

Melrose Abbey (Register of) from
735 to 1270, published in Fulman (1684).

Melus‘ina, The most famous of the
fees of France. Having enclosed her
father in a high mountain for offending
her mother, she was condemned to be-
come every Saturday a serpent from her
waist downward. When she married
Raymond, Count of Lusignan, she made
her husband vow never to visit her on a
Saturday ; but, the jealousy of the count
being’ excited, he hid himself on one of
the forbidden days, and saw his wife’s
transformation. Melusina was now
‘obliged to quit her mortal husband, and
was destined to wander about. as a
spectre till the day of doom. Some say
the count immured her in the dungeon
of his castle. (See UNDINE.

Cri de Mélusine. A sudden -scream ;
in allusion to the scream of .despair
‘uttered by the fairy when she discovered
the indiscreet visit of her beloved hus-
band. (See above.) ce a

Mélusines (3 syl.). -Gingerbread
cakes bearing the impress of a beautiful

Melyhalt

829

Menechmians

woman “bien coiffée,’’ with a serpent’s
tail; made by confectioners for the May
fair in the neighbourhood of Lusignan,
near Poitiers. The allusion is to the
transformation of the fairy Melusi’na
every Saturday. (See Lope

Melyhalt (Lady). A powerful sub-
ject of King Arthur, whose domains
Galiot invaded. She chose Galiot as
her lover.

Memento Mori (A). Something to
put us in mind of the shortness and un-
certainty of life.

“J make as good use of it [Bardolph's face) as
Many a man doth of a death's head or a memento
mori.”—Shakespeare: Henry 1V., iii. 3.

Memnon. Prince of the Ethiopians,
who went to the assistance of his uncle
Priam, and was slain by Achilles. His
mother Eos was inconsolable for his
death, and wept for him every morning.

The Greeks used to call the statue of
Amenoph'is III., in Thebes, that of
Memnon. This image, when first struck
by the rays of the rising sun, is said to
have produced a sound like the snap-
ping asunder of a chord. Poetically,
when Eos (morning) kisses her son at
daybreak, the hero acknowledges the
salutation with a musical murmur. The
word is the Egyptian mei-amen, beloved
of Ammon.

“ Memnon bending o’er his broken lyre.”
Dartoin: Economy of Vegetation, i. 3.

Memnon. One of Voltaire’s novels,
designed to show the folly of aspiring to
too much wisdom.

Memnon’s sister.
by Dictys Cretensis.

“ Black, but such as in esteem
-Prince Memnon’s sister might beseem.”
Milton: Il Penseroso,

The legend given by Dictys Cretensis
k vi.) is that Himera, on hearing of
her brother’s death, set out to secure his
remains, and encountered at Paphos a
troop laden with booty, and carrying
Memnon’s ashes in an urn,- Pallas, the
leader of the troop, offered to give her
either the urn or the booty, and she
chose the urn.

Probably all that is meant is this:
Black so delicate and beautiful that it
might beseem a sister of Memnon the
son of Aurora or the early day-dawn.

Mem’orable. The ever memorable,
John Hales, of Eton (1584-1656).

Memory. Magliabechi, of Florence,
the book-lover, was called ‘‘ the univer-
sal index and living cyclopedia.” (1633-
1714.) _ (See ee

Bard of Memory. muel Rogers,

Himéra, mentioned

author of Pleasures of Memory, (1762-
1835.)

Men in Buckram. Hypothetical
men existing only in the brain of the
imaginer, ‘lhe allusion is to the vaunt-
ing tale of Falstaff to Prince Henry.
(Shakespeare: 1 Henry IV., ii. 4.)

Men of Kent. (Sce KEnt.)

Men of Lawn. Bishops of the Ang-
lican Church. (See Man.)

Men are but Children of a Larger
Growth. (Dryden: All for Love, iv. 1.)

Me‘nah. A large stone worshipped
by certain tribes of Arabia between
Mecca and Medi’na. This, stone, like
most other Arabian idols, was demolished
in the eighth year of ‘‘the flight.’’ The
‘‘menah’’ is simply a rude large stone
brought from Mecca, the sacred city, by
certain colonists, who wished to carry
we them some memento of the Holy

and,

Menal'cas, Any shepherd or rustic,
The name figures in the Eélogues of Vir-
gil and the Jdyls of Theoc’ritos.

Me’nam. A river of Siam, on whose
banks swarms of fire-flies are seen.

Menam’ber. A rocking-stone in the
pee of Sithney (Cornwall) which a
ittle child could move, ‘The soldiers of
Cromwell thought it fostered supersti-
tion, and rendered it immovable,

Mendicants. The four orders are
the Jacobins, Franciscans, Augustinians,
and Carmelites (3 syl.).

Mendo’za (Daniel), the Jew. A
prize-fighter who held the belt at the
close of the last century, and iu 1791
opened the Lyceum in the Strand to
teach ‘‘the noble art of boxing.’’ (1719-
1791.)
<5 einen Humphreys stood up to the Israelite’s

In kerseymere breeches and touch-me-not

pumps,” Mendoza the Jew.

The Odiad (1798) is a mock heroic
on the battle between Mendoza and
Humphreys. The Art of Boring (1799)
was written by Mendoza, Memoirs of
the Life of Daniel Mendoza (1816). See
also Pugilistica, vol. i. (1880).

Menech’mians. Persons exactly like
each other, as the brothers Dromio. So
called from the Menechmi of Plautus,

~ In the Comedy of Errors, not onl
the two Dromios are exactly like eac
others, but also Antiph&3lus of Ephesus -is
the facsimile of his brother, Antipholus.
of Syracuse.

Menecrates

830

Merchant of Venice

in ee

Menec'rates (4 syl.). A physician
of Syracuse, of such unbounded vanity
that he called himself Jupiter. Philip
of Macedon invited him to a banquet,
but served him with incense only.

“ Such was Menecrates of little worth

Who Cede the saviour, to be called pre-
sumed,
To whom of incense Philip made a feast.”
Lord Brooke : Inquisition upon Fame, etc.

Moene'via. St. David’s (Wales). Its

‘old British name was Henemenew.

Meng-tse, The fourth of: the sacred
books of China; so called from its
‘snthor, Latinised into Mencius, It is
by far the best of all, and was written
in the fourth century B.c. Confucius
or Kong-foo-tse wrote the other three :
viz. Ta-heo (School of Adults), Chong-
yong (Zhe Golden Mean), and Lun-yu
(or Book of Maxims). 7

Mother of Meng. A Chinese expres-
sion, meaning ‘‘an admirable teacher.”
‘Meng’s father died soon after the birth
- of the sage, and he was brought up by
his mother, (Died B.c. 317.)

Me’nie (2 syl.).
Marianne.

“ And maunI still on Menie doat,

And bear the scorn that’s in her e’e?”
Burna.

Menip’pos, the cynic, called by
Lucian ‘‘the greatest snarler and snap-
per of all the old dogs’? (cynics).

Varro wrote in Latin Satyre Menip-

A contraction of

pee.

The Menippean Satire is a political
pamphlet, partly in verse and partly in
prose, designed to expose the“ perfidious
intentions of Spain in regard to France,
and the criminal ambition of the Guise
family. The chief writers were Leroy
(who died 1593), Pithou (1544-1596),
Passerat (1534-1602), and Rapin, the
poet (1540-1609).

Men‘nonites (3 syl.). The followers
of Simons Menno, a native of Friesland,
who modified the fanatical views of the
Anabaptists. (1496-1561.)

Men‘struum means a monthly dis-
solvent (Latin, mensis), from the notion
of the alchemists that it acted only at
the full of the moon.

“ All Jiquors are called menstruums which are

used as dissolvents, or to extract. the virtues of
ingredients by infusion or decoction.”—Quincy.

Mental Hallucinations. The mind
informing the senses, instead of the
senses informing the mind. There can
be no doubt that the senses may be
excited by the mind (from within, as

well as from without). Macbeth saw
the dagger of his imaginadion as dis-
tinctly as the dagger which he held in
his hand. Malebranche declared that
he heard the voice of God. Descartes
thought he was followed by an invisible
person, felling Sim to pursue his search
for truth. oethe says that, on one-
occasion, he met an exact counterpart
of himself. Sir-Walter Scott was fully
persuaded that he had seen the ghost of
the deceased Byron. All such hallucina-
tions (due to mental disturbances) are
of such stuff as dreams are made of.

Mentor. A guide, a wise and faith-

’ ful counsellor ; so called from Mentor, a

friend of Ulysses, whose form Minerva
assumed when she accompanied Telema-
chos in his search for his father.
(Fénelon : Télemaque.)

Me’nu. Son of Brahma, whose in-
stitutes are the great code of Indian
civil and religious law.

Meo Peric’ulo (Latin).
responsibility ; I being bond.

“«*T will vouch for Edie Ochiltree, meo periculo,
.. said Oldbuck.”—Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary,
chap. xxxviii.

Mephib/osheth, in Absalom and
Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is
meant for Pordage, a poetaster (ii. 403),

Mephistoph’eles, Mephistoph'ilis,
Mephostoph‘ilus. A sneering, jeering,
leering tempter, The character is that
of a devil in Goethe’s Faust. He is
next in rank to Satan.

Mercador Amante—the basis of our
comedy called The Curious Impertinent
—was by Gaspar de Avila, a Spaniard.

On my

Merca'tor’s Projection is Merca-
tor’s chart or map for nautical purposes.
The meridian lines are at right angles to
the parallels of latitude. It is so called
because it, was’ devised by Gerhard
Kauffmann, whose surname Latinised is
Mercator (Merchant). .(1412-1594.)

_Merchant of Venice. A drama by
Shakespeare. A similar story occurs in
the Gesta Romano’'rum. The tale of the
bond is chapter xlviii., and that of the
caskets is chapter xcix, Shakespear’,
without doubt, is also indebted for his

lot to the norte I ns Pecorone n Ser.
tiovanni. ‘ourteenth cen 2)
* Loki made a wager soith Brock and

lost. He wagered his head, but saved it

oe

on the plea that Brock could not take _

his head without touching his neck,
(Simroch’s Edda, p. 305.) — ” brad

=

Mercia 831

Merlo

Mer’cia. The eighth and last king-
dom of the Heptarchy, between the
Thames and the foo. It was the
mere or boundary of the Anglo-Saxons
and free Britons of Wales.

Mercurial. Light-hearted and gay,
like those born under the planet Mer-
cury. (Astrological notion.)

_Mereurial Finger (Zhe). The
little finger.

“The thumb, in chiromancy, we give to Venus,
The forefinger to Jove, the mid&t to Saturn,
The ring to Soi, the least to Mercury.”

Ben Jonson: The Alchemist, i. 1.
2 If pointed it denptes eloquence, if
square it denotes sound judgment.

Mercuriale (4 syl., French). An
harangue or rebuke; so called from
Mercuriale, as the first Wednesday after
the great vacation of the Parliament
under the old French régime used to be
called. On this day the house discussed

ievances, and reprimanded members

or misconduct.

Mer’cury. Images of Mercury, or
rather, shapeless posts with a marble
head of Mercury on them, used to be
erected by the Greeks and Romans
where two or more roads met, to point
out the way. (Jewenal, viii. 53.)

*: Thereare two famous statues of this godin
Paris: one in the garden of Versailles, by Leram-
bert, and another in the Tuileries, by Mellana,

You cannot make a Mercury of every
Tog. are said: ‘‘ Non ex quovis
ligno Mercurius jit,’ That is, ‘ Not
every mind will answer equally well.to
be trained into a scholar.’* The proper
wood for a statue of Mercury was box-
wood—*‘ vel quod hominis pultorem pre
se ferat, vel quod materies sit omnium
maxime eterna.” (Lrasmus.)

Mercury, in astrology, “signifieth
subtill ze, ugenions, spoonetaee
rymers, poets, advocates, orators, phy-
losophers, arithmeticians, and nate
fellowes.”’

‘ Mercury Fig. (In Latin Ficus ad
Mercuriwm), The first fig gathered off a
fig-tree was by the Romans devoted to
Mercury. ‘The proverbial saying was
applied generally to all first fruits or first
works, as the:‘' Guide to Science was my
Mercury fig.’* °
_Meren'tio, A kind-hearted, witty
obleman, kinsman to the Prince of
ero’na, in Shakespeare’s Romeo and
Juliet. _ Being mortally wounded b
Tybalt, he was asked if he were hurt,
and replied, “A scratch, a_ scratch ;
marry, ‘tis enough.” 4,

The Mereutio of actors, Lewis, who
displayed in acting the combination of
the fop and real gentleman. (1748-1811.)

Mercy. <A young pilgrim who ac-
companied Christiana in her pilgrimage
to Mount Zion. She married Matthew,
Christian’s son. (Bunyan: Pilgrim's
Progress, part ii.)

Mercy. The seven works of mercy
are :—

(1) To tend the sick.
(2) To feed the hungry.
(3) To give drink to the thirsty,
“4 To clothe the naked.

5) To house the homeless.
% To visit the fatlierless and the afflicted,

7) To bury the dead,

Matt, xxv. 35-40,

Meredith (Owen). The pseudonym
of Edward bert Bulwer Lytton,
author of Chronicles and Characters, in
verse (1834). Te became Lord Lytton
(1878-1891),

‘Meridian (4), A noonday dram of
spirits.

“He received from the hand of the waiter the
meridian, which was placed ready at the bar.”—
Sir Walter Scott: Redgauntlet, chap.i. ~

Meri’no Sheep, A Spanish breed of
sheep, very valuable for their wool.

Mer‘ioneth (Wales) is maeronaeth (a
dairy farm).

Merlan (French), A.whiting, or a
hairdresser. Perruquiers are so called
because at one time they were covered
with flour. like whiting prepared for the
frying-pan.

“ Madressanta un-merlan qui filait une perruque
sur un peigne de fer,”—Chateaubriand: Mémoires
a Outre-Tombe,

Merlin. Prince of Enchanters; also
the name of a romance. He was the
son of a damsel seduced by a fiend, but
Blaise baptised the infant, and so rescued
it from the power of Satan. He died
spell-bound by his mistress Vivian in a
hawthorn-bush, (See Spenser’s Faérié
Queene, Tennyson’s Idylis of the King;
and Eifis’s Specimens of Early English
Metrical Romances.)

The English Merlin. Lilly, the astro--
loger, who published two tracts under
the assumed name of ‘‘ Mer’linus An's
glicus.’’ ;

Merlin Chair (4). A three-wheeled

" invalid chair, with a double tyre to the

two front wheels, the outer tyre bein;
somewhat smaller than that on which
the chair rests, so that b caning it
with the hand the chair can be propelled
Named after the inventor,

Merlo or Melo (Juan de). Born at

Castile in the 16th century. A dispute

Mermaids

§32

having arisen at Esalo’na upon the

uestion whether Hector or Achilles was
the braver warrior, the Marques de
Ville'na called out in a voice of thunder,
** Let us see if the advocates of Achilles
can fight as well as prate,’? Presently
there appeared in the midst of the as-
sembly a gigantic fire-breathing monster,
which repeated the same challenge.
Everyone shrank back except Juan de
Melo, who drew his sword and placed
himself before the king (Juan II.) to
protect him,. for which exploit he was
riseeens alcayde of Alcala la -Real
(Granada). (Chronica de Don Alvaro
de Luna.)

Mermaids. Sir James Emerson
‘Tennent, speaking of the dugong,
a cetacean, says, ‘‘Its head has‘a rude
approach to the human outline, and
the mother while suckling her young
holds it to her breast with dne flipper,
as a woman holds her infant in her arm.
If disturbed she suddenly dives. under
water, and tosses up her fish-like tail.

It is this creature which has probably :

given rise to the tales about mermaids.”
Mermaid.
(q.v.).
Mermaid’s Glove [Chalina oculata],
the largest of British sponges, so called
because its branches resemble fingers.

Mermaids’ Purses. The empty

cases of fishes’ eggs, frequently cast ,

up by the waves on the sea-beach.

Mer’opé. One of the Pleiads; dim-
mer than the rest, because she. married
a mortal.

Merops’ Son or 4 son of Merops.
One who thinks he can set the world to

rights, but can only setitonfire. Agita-_

tors and stump orators, demagogues
and Nihilists, are sons of Merops. The

allusion is to Phaeton, son of Merops, .

who thought himself able to drive the
car of Phebus, but, in the attempt,
uearly set the world on fire.

Merovin’gian Dynasty. The dyn-
asty of Mero’vius, a Latin form of Mer-
wig (great warrior). Similarly Louis
is Clovis, and Clovis is Clot-wig (noted
warrior).

Merrie England may probably mean
“i}lustrious,” from the old Teutonic
mer, (Anglo-Saxon, mera, seer
According to R. Ferguson, the wor
appears in the names Marry, Merry,

erick; the French Jféra, Mérean,
Merey, Mérig; and numerous others.

- ete.).

Mary Queen of Scots |

Merry Dun
‘ Toutonia Name-System, p. 368, See
below MERRY.) i +
Merrow. A mermaid, ‘believed by

Irish fishermen to forebode a coming
storm. There are male merrows, but no
word to designate them, (Irish, Muruadh
or Murrighach, from muir, the sea, and
oigh, a maid.)

_“ It was rather annpying to Jack that, though
living ina place where the merrows were. as

plenty as lobsters, he never could get aright view
of one,” —W. B. Yeates: Fairy.and Folk Tales, p, 63,

‘Merry, The original meaning is not
mirthful, but active, famous ; hence gal-
lant soldiers were ealled ‘‘ merry men;”’

' favourable weather, ‘‘merry weather ;””

brisk wind, “a merry gale; ’? London
was ‘‘merry London;”’ England, “‘merry
England;” Chaucer speaks of the
‘merry organ at the mass;”’ Jane
Shore is called by Pennant the ‘‘merry
concubine of Edward IV,” Anglo:
Saxon, mera, illustrious, great, mighty,
(See MERRY-MEN.

*Tis merry in hall, when beards wag
all (2 Henry IV., act v. 3). It is a sure
sign of mirth when the beards of the
guests shake with laughter.

Merry Andrew. So called from
Andrew Borde, physician to Henry VIIL.,
ete. To vast learning he added great
eccentricity, and in order to instruct the
people used to address them at fairs and
other crowded _ in a very ad cap-
tandum way. Those who imitated his
wit and drollery, though they possessed
nat his genius, were called Merry An-
drews, a term now signifying a clown
or buffoon. Andrew. Borde Latinised
his name into Andreas Perfora' tus. (1500-
1549.) Prior has a poem on ‘‘ Merry
Andrew.”’

"t The above is the usual explanation
given of this phrase; but Andrew is a
common name in old plays for a varlet
or manservant, as Abigail is for a wait-
ing gentlewoman.

Merry Dancers. The northern lights,

| so called from their undulatory motion.

The French also call them. chevres dan-
santes (dancing goats). <_

Merry Dun of Dover. A large

mythical ship, which knocked down
Calais steeple in passing through the
Straits of Dawe, and the pennant, at
the same time, swept.a flock of sheep off
Dover cliffs into the sea. e masts
were so lofty that a boy’ who ascended
them would grow grey before jhe could
reach deck again, (Scandinavian suyUh-
ology.) ’ A it i

Ute ni

Merry Men

833

Metamorphic Words

Merry Men (iy). <A chief calls his
followers his merry men. (See above.)

Merry Men of Mey. An expanse of
broken water which boils like a caldron
in the southern side of the Stroma
channel,

Merry Monarch. Charles II. (1630,
1660-1685).

Merry-thought. The furcula or

wishing-bone in the breast of a fowl;
sometimes broken by two persons, and
the one who holds the larger portion has
his wish, as it is said.
, Merry as a Cricket, or as a Lark,
oras a Grig. The French say, ‘‘ Fou
(or Folle) comme le branlegai,’”’ and more
commonly ‘‘ Gai comme un pinson” (a
,chaffinch),..‘‘ Branlegai”’ is a dance,
but the word is not in use now.

Merse. Berwickshire was so called
because it was the merc or frontier of

England and Scotland. ©
_Mersenne . (2 syl.)- The English
Mersenne. John Collins, mathematician

and physicist, so called from Marin
Mea the French philosopher (1624-

Merton (Tommy). .One of the chief
characters.in the tale of Sandford and
Merton, by Thomas Day.

Merton College. Founded by Walter |

de Merton, Bishop of Rochester, and
Lord High Chancellor in 1264.

centre of the world, 80,000 leagues high,
the abode of Vishnu, and a_ perfect
paradise. It may be termed the Indian
Olympos, |
Merveilleusé (3 syl., French). The
sword of Doolin of Mayence. It was so
sharp that when placed edge downwards
it would cut through a slab of wood
without the use of force. (See Sworps.)

Also a term applied to the 18th-

century French ladies’ dress.

Mes‘merism. So called from Fried- |

rich Anton, Mesmer, of Mersburg, in
Suabia, who introduced the science into
Paris in 1778. (1734-1818.)

Mesopotamia, The true “ Mesopo-

ta’mia?” ring (London Review)—i.¢,

somthing shigh-sounding and “pleasing, |

but wholly past comprehension. The
allusion is to the story of an old woman

who: told her pastor that she ‘‘found —
‘great ‘support in that comfortable word —

esopotamia.”®

Ae

~ Pe) hg a

_ (Mother Bombie, ii. 1).

Mess = 4. Nares says because “at
great dinners . . . the company was
usually arranged into fours.’? That
four made a mess is without doubt.
Lyly expressly says, ‘‘Foure makes a
messe, and we have a messe of masters ”’
Shakespeare
calls the four sons of Henry his ‘‘ mess
of sons”? (2 Henry VI, act i. 4); and
“ Latine,” English, French, and Spanish
are called a ‘‘ messe of tongues’? ( J’ocabu-
lary, 1617). Again, Shakespeare says
(Love’s Labour’s Lost, iv. 3), ‘“You three
fools lacked me... to make up the
mess,”? Though four made a mess, yet
it does not follow that the ‘ officer’s
mess”? is so called, as Nares says, be-
cause ‘‘the company was arranged into
fours,”” for the Anglo-Saxon mese, like
the Latin mensa = table, mes Gothic =
dish, whence Benjamin’s mess, a mess of
pottage, etc.

‘I Mess, meaning confusion or litter,
is the German mischen, to mix; our -

-word mash.

Messali‘na. Wife of the Emperor
Claudius of Rome. Her name has be-
come a byword for lasciviousness and
incontinency. Catherine II. of Russia
is called The Modern Messali’na (1729-
1796). (See Marozra.) ~~

Messalina of Germany (The):
Barbary of Cilley, second wife of Kaiser
Sigismund (15th century).

Metalo’gicus, by John of Salisbury,

A : | the object of which is to expose the
Meru. A fabulous mountain in the —

absurdity and injurious effects of
‘‘wrangling,’’ or dialectics and ‘meta-
physics. He says, ‘‘ Prattling and
quibbling the masters call disputing or
wrangling, but I am no wiser for such
logic.”

Metals. The seven metals in alchemy.

Gold, Apollo or the sun.

Silver, Diana or the moon.

Quicksilver, Mercury. _

Copper, Venus.

Tron, Mars.

Tin, Jupiter.

Lead, Saturn.

Metamor'phic Rocks. Those rocks,

| including gneiss, mica-schist, clay-slate,

marble, and the like, which have become
more or less ¢rystalline,

_ Metamorphic Words. Obsolete
words slightly altered, and made current
again—as ‘‘ chestnut?’ for castnut, from
Castana, in Thessaly; ‘‘court-cards”’
for coat-cards ; ‘‘ currants’? for corinths ;
‘frontispiece’? for frontispice (Latin

Metaphysics $34

frontispicium) ; “ Isinglass”’ for hausen
blase (the sturgeon’s ’ bladder, Ger.) ;
<« shame-faced” for shamefast, as stead-
fast, etc. ; ‘ sweetheart’ for sweethard,
as drunkard, dullard, dotard, niggard.

Metaphys’ics Gert after-physics).
The disciples of Aristotle thought that
matter or nature should be studied before
mind. The Greek for matter or nature
is physis, and the science of its causes
and effects physics. Meta-physics is the
Greek for “ after-physics.”” Sir James
Mackintosh takes a less intentional view
of the case, and says the word arose
from the mere accident of the compilers
who sorted the treatises of Aristotle, and
placed that upon mind and intelligence
after that upon matter and nature. The
science of metaphysics is the considera-
tion of things in the abstract—that is,
divested of their accidents, relations,
and matter,

Metasta'sio. The real name of this
Italian poet was Trapassi (death). He
was brought up by Gravina, who
Grecised the name, 1698-1782.)

Metathesis. A figure of speech in
which letters or syllables are transposed,
as ‘* You occupew my pie [py],’” instead
of “You occupy my pew ; ” daggle-trail
for “ draggle-tail,”’ etc.

Methodical. Most methodical doctor.
John Bassol, a disciple of Duns Scotus.
(1347.)

Meth’odists. A name given (1729)
by a student of Christ Church to the
brothers Wesley and their friends, who
used to assemble on given evenings for
religious conversation.

* This word was in use many cen-
turies before the birth of Wesley and of
Whitfield. Gale (1678) speaks of a re-
ligious sect called ‘the New Methodists”
(Court of the Gentiles). John Spencer
uses the word as one familiarly known
in Cromwell’s time. Even before. the
birth of Christ, Celsus tells us that those
physicians were called ‘‘ Methodists”
(methodici) who followed medical rules
rather thanexperience. Modern Metho-
dism dates no farther back than 1729.

Primitive Methodists. -Founded by
Hugh Bourne (1772-1852).

Meth’uen Treaty. A commercial
treaty between England and Portugal,
negotiated by Paul Methuen, in 1703,
ahereby the Portuguese -wines were
received at a lower duty than those of

France. This treaty was abandoned in —

A 836. =

Mexitli

Metoniic Cycle (The). _ A cycle of
nineteen years, at the end of which
period the new moons.fall on the same
days of the year, and eclipses recur.
Discovered by Meton, B.¢. 432.

Metra. Quen dit Metra (Louis XVI.)?
Metra was a noted news-vendor of Paris
before the Reyolution—a notability with
a cocked hat, who went about with his
hands folded behind his back.

Metropolitan (A). A prelate who
has suffragan bishops supioct to him.
The two metropolitans of ngland are
the two arc and the two of
Treland the archbishops of Armagh and
Dublin. In the Roman Catholic Church

of Great Britain, the four archbishops
of Armagh, Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam
are metropolitans. The word does not
mean the prelate of the metropolis ina
secular sense, but the prelate of a
‘“mother city ”’ in an ecclesiastical sense
—i.e. a city which is the mother or ruler
of. other cities. Thus, the Bishop of
London is the prelate of the metropolis,
but not a metropolitan. The Archbishop
of Canterbury is metyopolita'nus et primus
toti’us Anglia, and the Archbishop of
York primus et metropolita'nus Ange.

Mettre de la Paille dans ses
Souliers, or Mettre du Foin dans ses
Bottes. To amass money, to growrich,
especially by illicit gains, The reference
is to a practice, in the sixteenth century,
followed by beggars to extort alms. :

« . |, Des quemands et delistres qui, pour abuser

Jemonde, mettent de la paille en leurs soulicrs."=
Supplément du Catholicon, ch. ix,

Me‘um and Tu’'um. That which
belongs to me and that whichis another's.
Meum is Latin for “ what is mine,’’ and
tuwm is Latin for “what is thine”? Ifa
man is said not to know the differenco
between meum and tuum, it is a polite
way of saying he is a thief.

& Meum est pro'pos'itum in taberna
mori.’ A famous drinking song by
Walter Mapes, who died in 1210.
Mews. Stables, but properly a place
for hawks on the moult. ‘Tho muette
was an edifice ina park where the officers
of venery lodged, and which was fitted up
with dog-kennels, stables, and hawkeries.
They ie galled gees eye awe Ee
slough of anything; the antlers shed by
os were tlected and kept in these

enclosures. | (Lacombe : ictionnaire
Portatif des Beaut-Arts.)
Mexit/l, Titelary god of the Aztecs,

in honour of whom they named their
empire Mexico. (Southey. oe
%

Mezentius

835 Michel

Mezen’tius, king of the Tyrrhenians,
noted for his cruelties and impiety. He
was driven from his throne by his sub-
jects, and fled to Turnus, King of the

utuli. When /£néas arrived he fought
with Mezentius, and slew both him and
his son Lausus. Mezentius put his sub-
jects to death by tying a living man to
a dead one.

“He stretches out the arm of Mezentius, and
fetters the dead to the living.”—0. Bronté: Shir-
ley, chap, xxxi.

» “This is like Mezentius in Virgil..... Such

critics are like dead coals ; they may blacken, but
cannot burn.”"—Broom; Preface to Poens,

Mezzo Relie'vo. Moderate relief
(Italian). This is applied to figures
which project more than those of basso
relievo (q.v.), but less than those of alto
relievo (g.v.).

Mezzo Tinto (Italian, medium tint).
So engravings in imitation of Indian-ink
drawings are called.

Mezzora'mia. An earthly paradise
somewhere in Africa, but accessible b
only one narrow road. Gaudentio di
Lucca discovered this secret road, and
resided in this paradise for twenty-five
years. (Simon Berington: Gaudentio di
Lucea,)

Micah Rood’s Apples. Apples with
a spot of red (like blood). in the heart.
Micah Rood was a prosperous farmer at
Franklin. In 1693 a pedlar with jewel-
lery called at his house, and next day
was found murdered under an apple-
tree in Rood’s orchard. The crime was
never brought home to the farmer, but
next autumn all jhe apples of the fatal
tree bore inside a red blood-spot, called
“Micah Rood’s Curse,”’ and the farmer
died soon afterwards,

Micawber (Mr. Wilkins). A great .

speechifier and letter-writer, projector of
bubble schemes sure to lead to fortune,
but always ending in grief. Notwith-
standing his ill success, he never -de-
spaired, but felt certain that something
would ‘*‘turn up’”’ to make his fortune.
Having failed in every adventure in the
old country, he emigrated to Australia,
where he became a magnate, (Dickens:
David Copperfield.)

Micawberism. Conduct similar to
. that of Mr. Micawher’s. - (Sce above.)

Mi'chael. Prince of the celestial
armies, commanded by God to drive the
rebel angels. out of heaven: Ga’briel

-was next to him in command, (See
SEVEN SPIRITS.) *~
Longfellow, in his Golden Legend, says

he is the presiding spirit of the planet
Mercury, and brings to man the gift of
prudence.
“The planet Mercury, whose place
Is nearest to the sun in space,
Is my allotted sphere ;
And with celestial ardour swift
1 bear upon my bands the gift
Of heayenly prudence here.”
The Miracle Play, iit.
St. Michael, in Christian art, is some-
times depicted as a beautiful young man
with severe countenance, winged, and
either clad in white or armour, bearing
a lance and shield, with which he com-
bats a dragon. In the final judgment
he is represented with scales, in which
he weighs the souls of the risen dead.

St. Michael’s chair. It is said that
any woman who has sat on St. Michael's
chair, Cornwall, will rule the roost as
long as she lives.

Michael Angelo. The celebrated
panier, born 1474, died 15638. The

ichael-Angeloof battle-scenes. Michael-
Angelo Cerquozzi, a native of Rome,
famous for his battle-scenes and ship-
wrecks. (1600-1660.)

Michel- Ange des Bamboches. Peter
van Laar, the Dutch painter. (1613-
1673.)

Michael-Angelo of- music. Johann

Christoph von Gluck, the German musi-
cal composer. (1714-1787.)
Michael-Angelo of sculptors. ’Pierre
Puget, the French sculptor (1623-1694).
Also Réné Michael Slodtz (1706-1764).

Michaelmas Day, September 29th,
one of the quarter-days when rents are
paid, and the day when magistrates are
elected. {Michael the archangel is re-
presented in the Bible as the general of
the celestial host, and as such Milton
represents him. September 29th is dedi-
cated to Michael and All Angels, and
as magistrates were once considered
‘“‘angels”’ or their representatives, they
were chosen on the day of ‘* All Angels.”’

“T saw another sign in heaven ..... seven
angels [magistrates, or executors of God's judg-
ments], having the seven last plagues.....
filled with the wrath of God.” (Rev. xv.1.) Those
ministers of religion who acted as magistrates
were also called angels. “There isno power but
of God. The powers that be are ordained of

Michal, in the satire of Absalom and
Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is
meant for Queen Catherine, wife of
Charles II. As Charles II. is called
David in the satire, and Michal was
David’s wife, the namé is appropriate.

Michel or Cousin Michael, A Ger-
man. Michel means a dolt; thus the
French call a fool who allows himself to

Miching Malicho

be taken in by thimble-rigs and card
tricks mikel. In Old French the word
mice occurs, meaning a fool. (See
MIcnHon.)

“LAnglais aime a étre représenté comme un
John Bull; pour rous, notre type est l’Allemand
Michel, qui regoit une tape par derriére et qui
demande encore; ‘Qu’'y a-t-il Pour votre ser-
vice?'"—Dr, Weber: De lVAllemagne, etc.

Miching Malicho, Secret or under-
hand mischief; a veiled rebuke; a bad
deed probed by disguised means. To
mich or meech means to skulk or shrink
from sight. Michers are poachers or
secret pilferers. Malicho is a Spanish
word meaning an ‘“evil action ;”’ as a
personified name it means a malefactor.
(Hamlet, iii. 2.) ;

The “quarto” reads munching mal-
lico ; the ‘‘folio’”” has miching maticho.
Qy. The Spanish mucho mathe'cho (much
mischief) ?

Michon, according to Cotgrave, is a
“block, dunce, dolt, jobbernol, dullard,

‘loggerhead.’?? Probably michon, Mike
(an ass), mikel, and: cousin Michel, are
all from the Italian miccio, anass, (See
MIke.)

Mickieton Jury (Zhe). A corrup-
tion of mickle-tourn (magnus turnus).
The jury of court leets. These leets
were visited Easter and Michaelmas by
the county sheriffs in their towrns.

Microcosm, (Greek, little world.)
So man is called by Paracelsus. The
ancients considered the world as a living
being ; the sun ahd moon being its two
eyes, the earth its body; the ether its
intellect, and the sky its wings. When
man was looked on as the world in
miniature, it was thought/that the
movements of the world and of man
gprrespantied, and if one could be ascer-
tained, the other could be easily inferred ;
hence arose the system of astrology,
which professed to interpret the events
of a man’s life by the corresponding

movements, etc., of the stars. (Sve
DIAPASON.)
id-Lent Sunday. The fourth

Suhday in Lent. It is called domin’ica
refectio'nis (refection Sunday), because
the first lesson is the banquet given by
Joseph to his brethren, and the gospel
of the aay is the miraculous feeding of
the five thousand. In England it used
to be'called Mothering Sunday, from the
custom of aaah DORR mother or cathe-
dral church on that day to make the
Easter offering.

Mi'das, ~ Like Midas, all he touches
turns to gold. Midas, King of Phrygia,

836

a aE

tion or judgment.

Midden

requested of the gods that everything he
touched might be turned to gold. His
request was granted, but as his food
became gold the moment he touched it,
he prayed the gods to take their favour
back. He was then ordered to bathe in
the Pacto’lus, and the river ever after
rolled over golden sands,

Midas-eared. Without: discrimina-
Midas, King of
Phrygia, was appointed to judge a
musical contest between Apollo and
Pan, and gave judgment in fayour of
the satyr; whereupon Apollo in con-
tempt gave the king a pair of ass’s ears.
Midas hid them antler is Phrygian cap ;
but his servant, who used to cut his hair,
discovered them, and was so tickled at
the ‘‘joke,’’ which he durst not men-
tion, that he dug a hole in the earth,
and relieved his mind by whispering in
it ‘*Midas has ass’s ears.”’? Budieus
ives a different version. He says that
idas kept spies to tell him everything
that transpired throughout his kingdom,
and the proverb “that kings have long
arms’? was changed in his case to
‘¢ Midas has long ears.”’ ‘* £2 eo in pro-
verbium venit, quod multos otacustas—i.e.
auricularios habebat.”” (De Asse.) (See

Pope: Prologues to Satires.)
* Domenichino (1581-1661) has a

painting on the Judgment of Midas.

Midas has ass’s eav's. An exact paral-
lel of this tale is told of Portzmach, king
of a part of Brittany. It is said Portz-
mach had all the barbers of his kingdom
put to death, lest they should announce to
the public that he had the ears of a horse.
An intimate friend was found willing to
shave him, after swearing profound
secrecy ; but not able to contain him-
self, he confided his secret to the sands
of ariver bank. The reeds of this river
were used for pan-pipes and hautbois,
which repeated the words ‘‘ Portzmach—
King Portzmach has horse’s ears.”

Midden. The kitchen midden, Th
dust-bin.. The farmer’s midden_is the
dunghill. The word is Scotch. (Danish,
modding ; Norwegian, mudder ; Welsh,
muydo (to wet), our mud and mire.)

Better marry over the midden than over
the moor. Better seek a wife among
your neighbours whom you know than:
among strangers of whom you know
nothing. ‘The midden, in Scotland, is
the domestic rubbish heap. — lg

Ilka cock craws loodest on its ain mid-
den. In English, “Every cock crows
loudest on his own dunghill.”” A mid-
den is an ash-pit, 4 refuse-heap.

Middle Ages”

§37

Midsummer

Middle Ages. A term of no definite
period, but varying a little with almost
every nation. In France it was from
Cloyis to Louis XI. (481 to 1461). In
England, from the Heptarchy to the
accession of Henry VII. (409 to 1485).
In universal history it was from the
overthrow of the Roman Empire to the
revival of letters (the fifth to the fifteenth
century).

Middlesex. The Middle Saxons—
that is, between Essex, Sussex, and
‘Wessex.

Midgard. The abode of the first
air, from whom sprang the human race.
t was made of the eyebrows of Ymer,

and was joined to Asgard by the rainbow
pet)? called Bifrost. (Seandinavian
inythology.) :

Asgard is the abode of the celestials.

Utgard is the abode of the giants.

Midg rd is between the two—better

than Utgard, but inferior to Asgard.

Midgard Sormen ‘seg monster).
The. great. serpent that lay in the abyss
at the root of the celestial ash. (Scandi-
navian mythology.) Child of Loki.

Midi, Chercher midi a quatorze heures.
To look for knots in a bulrush; much
ado about nothing; to explain prosily
what is perfectly obvious. .

There is a variant of this locution :
Chercher midi ou il nest qw onze heures,
to look for a needle in a bottle of hay;
to-give oneself a vast lot of trouble or
nothing. At one time, hundreds of
persons looked for the millennium and
end of the world on fixed dates, and to
them the proverb would apply.

Midlo'thian. Sir Walter ‘cott’s
Heart of Midlothian is a tale of the
Porteous riot, in which are introduced
the interesting incidents of Effie and
Jeanie Deans. Effie is seduced while in

the service of Mrs. Saddletree, and is.

imprisoned for child-murder; but her
sister Jeanie obtains her pardon through
the intercession of the queen, and
marries Reuben Butler.

Midnight Oil, Late hours.

Burning the midnight oil, Sitting up
Jebe, saperially, when engaged on literary
work.

Smells of the midnight oil. Said of
literary work, which seems very elabor-

ate, and has not the art. of concealing »

art. (See Lamp.)
Midrash’im (sing. Midrash). Jewish
expositions of the Old Testament, —

Midsummer Ale. The Midsummer
banquet. Brand mentions nine ale-
feasts: ‘‘ Bride-ales, church-ales, clerk-
ales, give-ales, lamb-ales, leet-ales,
Midsummer-ales, Scot-ales, Whitsun-
ales, and several more.’ Here ‘‘ale’’
does not mean the drink, but the feast
in which good stout ale was supplied.
The Cambridge phrase, ‘‘ Will you wine
with me after hall?’’ means, ‘‘ Will you
come to my rooms for dessert, when
wines, fruits, and cigars will be pre-
pared, with coffee to follow ?”?

Midsummer Madness. Olivia says
to Malvo'lio, ‘“‘ Why, this is very mid-
summer madness”? (Twelfth Night, iii.
4), The reference is to the rabies of
dogs, which is generally brought on by
Midsummer heat,

Midsummer Men. The plants called
Orpine or Live-long, one of the Sedum
tribe. Stonecrop is another variety of
the same species of plants, Orpine is the
French word for stonecrop. _ Live-long,
so called because no plant lives longer
after it is cut. It will live for months
if sprinkled once a week with a little
water. Sedum means the plant sedens
in rupibus (sitting or growing on stones).
It is called. midsummer men because it
used. to be set in pots or shells on’ mid-
summer eve, and hung up in the house
to tell damsels whether their sweethearts
were true or not. If the leaves bent to
the right, it was a sign of fidelity; if to
the left, the “ true-love’s heart was cold
and faithless,”’

Midsummer-Moon Madness. ’7is
Midsummer-moon with you. You aro
stark mad. Madness is supposed to be
affected by the moon, and to be aggra-
_ vated by summer heat; so it naturally
follows that the full moon at mid-
summer is the time when madness is
most outrageous.

“ What's this midsummer moon ?

Is all the world gone a-madding ?”
Dryden: Amphitryon, iv. 1.

Midsummer Night’s Dream. Some
of the most amusing incidents of this
comedy are borrowed from the Diana of
Montemayor, a Spanish writer of pas-
toral romance in the sixteenth century ;
and probably the Knightes Tale in
Chaucer may have furnished hints to
the author, —

_ ‘Midsummer’ Night's Dream. Egéus
‘of Athens went to Theseus, the reigning
duke, to complain that his daughter
Her’mia, whom he had commanded ta

‘marry Demetrius, refused to obey him,

Midwife,

because she loved Lysander. Egeus de-
manded that Hermia should be put to
death for this disobedience, according to
the law. Hermia pleaded that Demetrius
loved Hel’ena, and that his affection was
reciprocated, Theseus had no power ‘to
alter the law, and gave Hermia four
days’ respite to consider the matter, and
if then she refused the law was to take
itscourse. Lysander proposed flight, to
which Hermia agreed, and told Helena
her intention; Helena told Demetrius,
and Demetrius, of course, followed, The
fugitives met in a wood, the favourite
haunt of the fairies. Now Oberon and
Tita’nia had had a quan about a
changeling boy, and Oberon, by way of
punishment, dropped on Titania’s eyes
during sleep some love-juice, the effect
of which is to make the sleeper fall in
love with the first thing seen when
waking. The first thing seen by Titania
was Bottom the weaver, wearing. an

ass’s head, In the meantime King
Oberon dispatched Puck to pour some
emetrius,

of the juice on the eye of
that he might love Helena, who, Oberon
thought refused to requite her love.
Puck, by mistake, anointed the eyes of
Lysander with the juice, and the first
thing he saw on waking was not Hermia
but Helena, Oberon, being told that
Puck had done his bidding, to make all
sure, dropped some of the love-juice on
the eyes of Demetrius, and the first
ergon he beheld on waking was Hermia
ooking for Lysander. In due time the
eyes of all were disenchanted. Lysander
married Hermia, Demetrius married
Helena, and Titania gave the boy to her
lord, King Oberon.
: Midwife (Anglo-Saxon, mid, with;
wif, woman). The nurse who is with
the mother in her labour. Fc
Midwife of men’s thoughts. So Soc'-
rates termed himself; and, as Mr.
Grote observes, ‘‘No other man ever
struck out of others so many sparks to
set light to original thought.’? Out of
his intellectual school sprang Plato and
the Dialectic: system; Euclid_and the
Mesa Aristippos and the Cyrenaic ;
Antisthénés and the Cynic; and his in-
fluence on tho mind was never equalled
by any teacher but One, of whom it was
said, “Never man spake like this man.”
Miggs (2fiss). Mrs. Varden’s maid,
and the impersonation of an old shtew.
(Dickens :. Barnaby Rudge.)
Mignon. The young Italian girl
who fell in love with Wilhelm Meister’s

apprentice, her protector, Her love not,

§38

Milesian Fables

being returned, she became insane and
died. (Goethe: Wilhelm Meister.)

Mikado (Japan, mi, exalted; kado,
gate), is not a title of the emperor of
Japan, but simply means the person who
lives in the imperial ‘palace.

Mike. To loiter. A corruption of
miche (to skulk); whence, .micher (a
thief), and michery (theft). (Old Norse,
mak, leisure; Swedish, maka; Saxon,
’mugan, to creep.) (See MIcHON.)

“Shall tho blessed sun of -heaven prove &
Jie {loiterer] ? “—Shakespeare: 1 Henry IV.,

Mil’an Decree (Zhe). _A decree
made by Napoleon I., dated ‘‘ Milan,
Dec. 27, 1807,” declaring “the whole
British Empire to be in a,state of
blockade, and forbidding all countries
either from trading with Great Britain
or from even using an article of British
manufacture.”

This very absurd decree was killing. the goose
which laid the golden eggs, for England was the
best customer of the very countries thas ree
stricted from dealing with her.

Mil’an Steel. Armed in Milan steel.
Milan was famous in the Middle Ages for
its armoury. (Froissart, iv. 597.)

Mil’'ane’se (3 sy). A native of Milan
~i.e, mi-lano. (Old Italian for middle-
land, meaning in the middle of the
Lombardian plain.)

Milden’do. The metropolis of Lilli-
put, the wall of which was two feet and
a half in height, and at least eleven
inches thick. The city was an exact
square, and two main streets divided it
into four quarters. The emperor’s
palace, calle Belfab’orac, was in the
centre of the city. (Gulliver’s Travels >
Voyage to Lilliput, iv.)

Mildew has nothing to do with
either mills or dew. It is the Gaelic
mehl-thew (injurious or destructive
blight).

Mile’sian Fables. The romances
of Antonius Diog’enés, described by
Photius, but no longer extant. They
were greedily read by the luxurious
Sybarites, and appear to have been of a
very coarse amatory character. They
were compiled by Aristi’dés, and trans-
lated into Latin by Sisen’na, about the
time of the ‘civil wars of Ma/‘rius and

1

lla. :

‘The tales of Parthe’nivs Nice’nus were —
borrowed from them. The name is from
the Milesians, a Greek colony, the first —
to catch from the Persians their rage for

fiction, Parthenius taught Virgil Greek,»

Milesian Story

839

Milliner

Milesian Story or Zale (A). One | Vengeance may be delayed, but it will

very wanton and ludicrous. So called
from the Milesie Fub'ule, the immoral
tendency of which was notorious. (See
above.)

Mile’sians (The). The ancient Irish.

The legend is that. Ireland was once .

peopled by the Firbolgs, who were sub-

dued by the Milesians, called the “Gaels |

of Ireland.’’

“My family, by my father’s side, are all the true
ould Milesians, and related to the O'Flahertys,
and O’Shaughnesses, and the M’Lauchlins, the
O'Donnagbans, 0'Call
all the thick blood of the nation ; and I myself
aman O'Brallagban, which is the ouldest of them
all."—Maclin : Love & la Mode,

Milk. To cry over spilt milk. (See
under CRY.)

Milk and Honey. <A land of milk -

and honey. That is, abounding in all

ood things, or of extraordinary fertility.
Goel iti, 18 speaks of ‘the mountains
flowing with milk and honey.”’ Figura-
tively used to denote all the blessings of
heaven.

“ Jerusalem the golden,
With milk and honey blest.”

Milk and Water. Insipid, without
energy or character ; babyrpap (litera-
ture, etc.).

Milk of Human Kindness (Tic),
Sympathy, compassion.

Milksop (4). An effeminate person ;
one without energy, one under petticoat
government. The allusion is to very
young children, who are fed on bread
and milk.

Milky Way (Thc). A great circle of

stars entirely surrounding the heavens; |

They are so crowded together that they

appear to the naked ae like a “ wes ,

or stream of faint “milky” light. ‘The

Galaxy or Via Lacté&a,

" A broad and ample road, whose dust is gold
And pavement stars, as stars to thee appear,
Seen in the galaxy—that Milky Way,

Thick, nightly, as a circling zone, thou seest
Powdered with stars.”
Bilton: Paradise Lost, vii. 517, ete.
Mill, To fight; not from the Latin
_ mnilés, a soldier, but from the’ noun sill.
; Grinding was anciently performed by
sor igang | with a stone or poundin
with the hand. To mill is to beat wit:

the fist, as persons used to beat corn with |

a stone. .
‘The word is Gaelic, in which there are
numerous derivatives, meaning toravage,
destroy, etc. ;

‘Mills of God grind slowly (The).
“Dit pedes lanatos habent”’ (Petronius).

aghans, O'Geggaghans, and -

come when least expected.

“The mills of God grind slowly, yet they grind
exceeding small ;
Though with patience He stands waiting, with
exactncss He grinds all.”
Longfellow: Retribution.
Millen’nium means simply a thou-
sand years. (Latin, mille annus.) In
Rev. xx. 2 it is said that an angel bound
Satan a thousand years, and in verse 4
weé are told of certain martyrs who will
come to life again, and ‘ reign with
Christ a thousand years.’? ‘‘ This,’’
says St. John, ‘‘is the first: resurrec-
tion ;’’ and this is what is meant by the
millennium.

Miller. Zo drown the miller.
Drown, etc.)

To give one the miller is to engage a
person in conversation till a sufficient
number of persons have gathered to-
gether to set upon the victim with
stones, dirt, garbage,.and all the arms
which haste supplies a mob with. (See
MILL.)

More water glideth by the mill than
wots the miller of (Titus Andronicus, ii.
1). Many things are done in a houso
which the master and mistress never
dream of.

Miller. 4 Joe Miller. A stale jest.

John Mottley compiled a book of facetias
in the reign of James II., which he en-

(See

titled Joe Miller's Jests, from a witty

actor of farce during the time that Con-
greve’s plays were in vogue. A stale
jest is called a ‘‘ Joe Miller,” implying
that it is stolen from Mottley’s compila-
tion. (Joe Miller, 1684-1738.)

Miller’s Eye (4). Lumps of un-
leavened flour in bread ; so called because
they are little round lumps like an eye.

To put the miller’s eye out. To make
broth or pudding so thin that the miller’s
eye would be put out or puzzled to find

the flour.

Miller’s Thumb (4). A small fish,
four or five inches long, so called from
its resemblance to a miller’s thumb.
The fish is also called Bullhead, from-its
large head.

Milliner. <A corruption of Milaner ;
so called from Mil'an, in Italy, which at
one time gave the law to Europe in all
matters of taste, dress, and elegance.

‘*? Milliner was originally applied to
the male sex; hence Ben Jonson, in
Every Man in his Humour, i. 3, speaks
of a “milliner’s wife.’? Tho French
have still une modiste and un modiste,

Millstone

840

Mind your Hye

es

Millstone. Zo look (or see) through a
millstone. To be wonderfully sharp-
sighted.

“Then ... since youreies are so sharp that you
can not only looke through a milstone, but cleane
through the minde. . —Lilly : Huphues, etc.

Millstone used for a Ferry (4).
The saint who crossed the Irish Sea on a
millstone was St. Piran, patron saint of
tanners.

Millstones, Zo weep millstones. Not
weep at all.
“ Bid Glos'ter think on this, and he will weep—

‘Aye, millstones, as he lessoned us to weep. iy

‘Shakespeare: Richard III,, i. 6.

Millstones of Montisci (Zhe). They
produce flour of themselves, whence
the proverb, ‘‘ Grace comes from God,
Dut millstones from Montisci:’”’ (Boceac-
cio: Decameron, day viii. novel 3.

Millwood (Sarah). The courtesan
who enticed George Barnwell to. robbery
and murder. (See BARNWELL.)

‘Milo. An athlete of Croto’na. It is

said that he carried through the stadium
at Olympia a heifer four years old, and
ate the whobe of it afterwards. When
old he attempted to tear in two an oak-
tree, but the parts closed upon his
hands, and while held fast he was de-

voured by wolves. (See PoLyDAMus.)

Milton borrowed from St. Avi'tus his
description of Paradise (book i.), of
Satan (book ii.), and many other parts
of Paradise Lost. He also borrowed
very largely from Du Bartas (1544-1591),
who wrote an epic poem entitled The
Week of Creation, which was translated
into almost every European language.
St. Avitus wrote in Latin hexameters
The Creation, The Fall, and The Expul-
sion from Paradise. (460-525.)

Milton. ‘‘ Milton,” says Dryden, in
the preface to his Fables, *‘ was the
poetical son of Spenser. . -- Milton has
acknowledged to me that Spenser was
his original.”

Milton of Germany. Friedrich G.
Klopstock, author of The Messiah.
(1724-1808.) Coleridge says he is “‘a
very German Milton indeed.”

Mi'mer. The Scandinavian god of
wisdom, and most celebrated of the

iants, ‘The Vanir, with whom he was
feft as a hostage, cut off his head. Odin
embalmed it by his magic art, pro-
nounced over it mystic runes, and ever
after consulted it on critical occasions.
(Scandinavian mythology.)

Mi'mer’s Well. A well in which all
wisdom lay concealed, If was at the

root of the celestial ash-tree. Mimer
drank thereof from the horn Gjallar.
Odin gave one of his eyes to be per-
mitted to drink of its waters, and the
draught made him the wisest of the

gods. (Scandinavian mythology.)

Mimo’sa, Niebuhr says the Mimosa
“ droops its branches whenever anyone
approaches it, seeming to salute those
who retire under its shade.’’

Mince (French). A bank-note. Tho
assignats of the first republic were so
called, because the paper_on_ which
they were printed was exceedingly thin.
(Dietionnare du Bas- Langage, ii. 139.)

Mince Pies at Christmas time are
emblematical of the manger in which
our Saviour was laid. The paste over
the ‘offering’? was made in form of a
cratch or hay-rack, (See PLum Pupp1ne.)

Mince pies. Slang for “the eyes,”
(See CatIvy.)

Mince the Matter. Not to mincé
the matter. To speak outright; not to
palliate or gloss over the matter. Ter~
ence has ‘Rem profer palam”” (Heaut+
timoroumenos, v. 2, 41). ‘The French say,
‘Je ne le lui ai point mache,” Abous
the same is the phrase ‘‘ Not to put too
fine a point on the matter.”

Mincemeat. Zo make mincemcat of.
Utterly to demolish ; to shatter to pieces,
Mincemeat is meat cut up very fine. ~

Minch-house (4). A’ nunnery.
(Anglo-Saxon, minicem, a nun. Some-
times it means an ale- or road-house.

Mincing Lane (London). A cor-
ruption of Mynchen Lane; s0 called
from the tenements held there by the
mynchens or nuns of St. Helen’s, in
Bishopsgate Street. (Minicen, Anglo-
Saxon for a nun; minchery, a nunnery.)

Min’‘cio or Min'tio. The birthplace
of Virgil. The Clitumnus, & river of
Umbria, was the residence of Proper -
tius; the Anio is where Horace had a
villa; the river Melés, in Tonia, is the
supposed birthplace of Homer. Little-
ton refers to all these in his Monody on
Miss Fortescue. : aha

Mind your Eye. Be careful or
vigilant ; keep a sharp look out; keep
your eyes open to guard against mis-
chief. School-boy wit, Mens tuus ego.

“Perhaps it may be 80’ (says I); ‘but ane
your yen and take care you don t put your foot ‘2

‘aliburton. » hi

1) — +> to ail
ur eye, George “i Be goog

You must mind
many_fentsare robbed every ‘week,

Mind your Own Business 841

Minnesingers

Mina your Own Business, ‘‘ Scest
thou a man diligent in his business, he
shall stand before kings ”’ (Prov. xxii. 29).
““He who doeth his own business de-
fileth not his fingers”? (Fielding’s Pro-
verbs). Let every tub stand on its own
bottom. Never meddle with what does
not concern you.

“Bon homme, garde la vache. Chacun son
métier, et les vaches son bien gardées, Chacun
4 ses affaires.”

“Qui fa le fatti suoi, non s'’embratta le mani.”

“Tua quod nihil refert ne cures. Suum cura
negotium, Tu ne quesiveris extra.’"—Horace.

Minden Boys. The 20th Foot, so
called from their noted bravery at Min-

den, in Prussia, August 1, 1759. Now
called ‘* The Lancashire Fusiliers.’’
Minerva (in Greek, Athe'né). The

most famous statue of this goddess was
by Phidias, the Greek sculptor. It was
wood encased with ivory; the drapery,
however, was of solid gold. It repre-
sented the goddess standing, clothed
with a tunic reaching to the ankles, a
spear in’ her left hand, and an image of

ictory (four cubits high = about six
feet) in her right. She is girded with the
segis, has a helmet on her head, and her
shield rests by her side on the ground.
The entire height was nearly forty feet.
This statue was anciently one of the
““Seven Wonders of the World.’? A
superb statue of the goddess was found
at Velletri, but whether this was the
famous statue of Phidias is not known.
It is preserved in the Imperial Museum.

“ The exquisite antique statue of Minerva
Medica is in the Vatican of Rome.

Minerva. Invita Minerva, without
sufficient ability ; against the grain,
‘Thus, Charles Kean acted comedy invita
Minerva, his forte lying another way.
Sir Philip Sidney attempted the Horatian
metres in English verse invita Minerva.

Minerva Press (Zhe). A printing
establishment in Leadenhall Street,
London, famous about a century ago
for its trashy, ultra-sentimental novels.
These novels were remarkable for their
complicated plots, and especially for
the denyciaths of difficulties into which
the hero and heroine got involved before
they could get married to each other.

Miniature (3 syl.), Paintings by
the Miniato’ri, a set of monks noted for

inting with minium or red-lead, The
Bist miniatures were the initial letters
of rubrics, and as the head of the Virgin
or some other saint was usually intro-
duced into these illuminated letters, the
word came to-express a small likeness,

The best miniature-painters have been
Holbein, Nicholas Hilliard, Isaac Oliver
and his son Peter, Samuel Cooper and
his brother Alexander, etc.

Minie Rifle. (Sce Gun.)

Minims (Latin, Fratres Min'ima, least
of the brethren). A term of self-abase-
ment assumed by an order of monks
founded by St. Francis of Paula, in
1453. The order of St. Francis of Assisi
had already engrossed the ‘‘humble”’
title of Fratres Mino'res (inferior bro-
thers). The superior of the minims is
called corrector.

Minister means an inferior person,
in opposition to magister, a superior. One
is connected with the Latin minus; and
the other with magis.. Our Lord says,
‘Whosoever will be great among you,
let him be your minister,’’ where the anti-
thesis is well preserved. The minister of
a church is a man who serves the parish
or congregation ; and the minister of the
Crown is the sovereign’s servant.’

Minister. Florimond de Remond,
speaking of Albert Babinot, one of the
disciples of Calvin, says, ‘‘He was a
student of the Institutes, read at the
hall of the Equity school in Poitiers,
and was called la Ministerie.”’? Calvin,
in allusion thereto, used to call him ‘‘ Mr.
Minister,” whence not only Babinot but
all the other clergy of the Calvinistic
church were called ministers.

Minna Troil. Eldest daughter of
Magnus Troil, the old Udaller of Zetland.
Captain Clement Cleveland (Vaughan)
the pirate loved her, and Minna recipro-
cated his affection, but Cleveland was
killed by the Spaniards in an encounter
on the Spanish main, (Sir Walter Scott -
The Pirate.)

Minnehaha [Laughing-water|. The
lovely daughter of the old arrow-maker
of the Daco’tahs, and wife of Hiawath’a.
She died of famine. Two guests came
uninvited into Hiawatha’s wigwam, and

‘the foremost said, ‘‘Behold me! I am

Famine ;’’ and the other said, ‘* Behold
me! I am Fever;”? and Minnehaha
shuddered to look on them, and hid her
face, and lay trembling, freezing, burn-
ing, at the looks they cast upon her.
“Ah!” cried. Laughing-water, ‘‘ the
eyes of Pauguk [death] glare upon me,
I can feel his icy fingers clasping mine
amidst the darkness,’”? and she died
crying, “ Hiawatha! Hiawatha ! ”? (Long-
fellow: Hiawatha.)

Min’ne’singers. Minstrels, The
earliest lyric poets of Germany were so

Minories

842 Miramolin

eee SS

called, because the subject of their lyrics
was minne-sang (love-ditty). These

poets lived in the twelfth and thirteenth.

centuries,

Min’ories (3 syl.) (London). The
cloister of the Minims or, rather, Minor-
esses (nuits of St. Clare). ‘The Minims
were certain reformed Franciscans,
founded by St. Francis de Paula in the

fifteenth century. ‘They went bare-.

footed, and wore a coarse, black woollen
stuff, fastened with a woollen girdle,
which they never put off, day or night.
The word is derived from the Latin
minimus (the least), in allusion to the

text, “I am less than the least of all:

saints ”- (Eph, iii. 8).

Mi’nos.
Crete, made at death suprenie judge of
the lower world, before whom all the
dead appeared to give an account of

their stewardship, and to receive the |

reward of their deeds.

Minotaur (Minos-dull]. The body
of a man and head of a bull. Theseus
slew this monster.

Minot'ti.. Governor of Corinth, then
under the power of the doge. In 1716
the city was stormed by the Turks, and
during the siege one of the magazines in
the Turkish camp blew up, killing 600
men. Byronsays it was Minotti himself
who fired the train, and leads us to
infer that he was one of those who
perished in the explosion, (Byron:
Siege of Corinth.)

Minstrel simply means a servant or
minister. Minstrels were kept in the
service of kings and princes for the en-
terfainment of guests. James Beattie
hasi'a poem in Spense'rian verse, called
Thé Minstrel, divided into two books.

he last minstrel of the, English stage.
James Shirley, with whom the school of
Shakespeare expired. (1694-1666.)

‘Mint, . So called from the nymph

Minthé, daughter of Cocy'tus, and a.

favourite of Pluto. This nymph was
metamorphosed by Pluto’s wife (Proser-
pine) out of jealousy, into the herb
called after her name. The fable is
quite obvious, and simply means that
mint is a capital medicine. Minthé was
a favourite of Pluto, or death, that is,
was sick and on the point of death; but
was changed into the herb mint, or was
cured thereby. _

“Could Pluto’s queen, with jealous fury storm
And Minthé to a fragrant herb pranatorny vi

vid,
—

A king and lawgiver of

Min’uit (2 syl.). *‘ Enfants de la
messe de minuit,’’ pickpockets. _Cotgrave
pe ‘“‘ nicht-walking rakehells, such as
aunt these nightly rites only to rob
and play the knaves.””

Min’ute. Make a minute of that.
Take anote of it. A law term; a rough
draft of a proceeding taken down in

~mindte or sgnall writing, to be after-

wards engrossed, or written larger.

Min‘ute Gun, A signal of distress
at sea, or a gun fired at the death of a
distinguished individual; 80. called be-
cause a minute elapses between each
discharge. :

Miol’nier (3 syl.) [the crusher]. The
magic hammer of Thor. It would never
fail to hit a Troll; would never miss to
hit whatever-it was thrown at; would

‘always return to the owner of its own

accord; and became so small when not
in use that it could be put into Thor’s
pocket. «(Scandinavian mythology.)

Mir’abel. A ‘travelled, dissipated.
- fellow, who is proof against all the wiles
of the fair sex. (Beaumont and Fletcher ¢

Wildgoose Chase.)
Miracles (Latin, miracitlum).

Vespasian, the Roman emperor, is said

rm

to have cured a blind man anda i aed
by his touch during his stay in Alex-
andria, p
Mahomet’s miracles. He took a scroll
of the Koran from the horn of a bull;,
a white dove came from heaven to

whisper in his ear a message from God; _
he opened the earth and found two jars, .

one of honey and one of milk, as em-
blems of abundance; he brought the
moon from-heaven, made it pass through
his sleeve, and return to its pete in
heaven; he went to heaven on. his. horse
Al Borak ; was taught the Koran by the

angel Gabriel, etc. And yet we are told:
that he laid no pretensions to miracles. . -

The .Abvé Paris, or_ more correctly
| Francois de Paris, the deacon, buried at-

the cemetery of St. Médard. Thenum-

berless cures performed at his tomb are —
said by Paley to be the best authenticated

of any, except:those of the Bible. __

Edward the Confessor and all our.

coyepelens up to the time of Queen Anne
are sal

Miram’olin, The title of the Ems-

peror of Morocco. A miraman is a tems

1 Pee:
WD {Thy

porary Turkish officer,

to have cured scorbutic diseases _
by their touch. (See THAUMATURGUS.) __

Miramont

Mir’amont, An ignorant, testy old
man, an ultra-admirer of learning.
(Fletcher : The Elder Brother.)

Miran‘da. Daughter of Prospero.
(Shakespeare: Tempest.)

- Mirror of Human Salvation, An
extended ‘* Bib'ha Pau'perum” (q.v.)
with the subject of the picture explamed
in rhymes, Called in Latin “ Spee’ulum
huma'ne salvatio'nis.”’

Mirror of King Ryence (The).
This mirror was made by Merlin, and
those who looked ‘in it saw: whatever
they wished to see, (Spenser: Faérie
Queene, bk. iii.)

Mirror of Knighthood (7ie). One
of the books in Don Quixote’s library, a
Spanish romance at one time very ae
lar. Butler calls Hudibras ‘‘ the Mirror
of Knighthood ”’ (book i. 15). ;

“The barber, taking another book, said, ‘ This is
the Mirror of Knighthood,’”"—Part 1, book i. 6.)
. Mirrors. .

Alasnam’s mirror, The ‘touchstone
of virtue,” showed if the lady beloved
was chaste as well as beautiful.
bian Nights: Prince Zeyn Alasnam.)

Cambusean’s mirror, Sent to Cam-
buscan’ by the King of Araby andiInd ;
it warned of the approach of ill-fortune,
and told if love was returned. (Chaucer:
Canterbury Tales ; The Squire’s Tale.)

Lao’s mirror reflected the mind and
its thoughts, as an ordinary mirror re-
flects the outward seeming. {Goldsmith :
Citizen of the World, xlv.)

Merlin’s magic mirror, given by Mer-
Jin to King Ryence. It informed the
king of treason, secret plots, and _pro-
jected invasions. (Spenser > Faerié
Queene, iii. 2.) a

Reynard’s wonderful mirror, This
mirror existed only in the brain of
Master Fox; he told the queen-lion that
whoever looked in it could see what was
done a mile off. The wood of the frame
was not subject to decay, being made of
the game block -as King Crampart’s
magic horse. (Reynard the Fox, ch. xii.)

ulean’s mirror showed. the past, the
resent, and the future.; Sir John
avies tells us that Cupid gave the
mirror to Antin’ous, and Antinous gave
it to Penelopé, who saw therein “the
court of Queen Elizabeth.”

Mirza. Emir Zadah [prince’s son].

It is used in two ways by the Persians ;

when prefixed to a surname it is simply

a title of honour; but when annexed to

' the surname, it means a prince of the
‘Dlood royal, ee

843

(Ara- |

Misers

Mis’creant (3,sy].) means a false be-
liever. gay mis-créance.y A term
first applied to the Mahometans. The
Mahometans, in return, call Christians
infidels, aud associate with the word all
that we mean by ‘ miscreants.’’

Mise-money. An honorarium given
by the people of Wales toa new “Princa
of Wales’’ on his entrance upon his
principality. At Chester a mise-book.
18 Eee in which every town and village
is rated to this honorarium.

Littleton (Dict.) says the usual sum {8 £500,
Bailey has the word in bis Dictionary.

Misers. The most renowned are :—

(t) Baron Aguilar or Ephraim Lopes
Pereira @’Aguilar, born at Vienna and
a es Islington, worth £200,000, (1740-

(2) Daniel Dancer. His sister lived
with him, and was a similar character,
but died before him, (1716-1794.)

(8) Colonel O? Dogherty, though owner
of large estates, lived in a wrdowless
hut, which he entered by a ladder that
he pulled up after him. His horse was
mere skin and bone. He wore an old
night-cap for wig, and an old brimless
hat. His clothés were made up of
patches, and his general appearance was
that of extreme destitution.

(4) Sir Harvey Elwes, who died worth
£250,000, but never spent more than
£110 a year.

His sister-in-law inherited £100,000,

but actually starved herself to death.

Het son John, M.P., an eminent
brewer in Southwark, never bought any
clothes, never suffered his shoes to be
cleaned, and grudged every penny spent
in food. (1714-1789.)

(5) Foscue, farmer-general of Langue-
doc, who hoarded his money in a secret
cellar, where he was found dead.

(6) Thomas Guy, founder of Guy’s
Hospital. (1644-1724.)

(7) Vulture Hopkins.

(8) Dick Jarrett died worth £10,000,
but his annual expenses never exceeded
£6. The beer brewed at his christening
was drunk at his funeral.

(9) Messrs, Jardin, of Cambridge.

(10) William Jennings, a neighbour
and friend of Elwes, died worth £200,000.
(1701-1797.)

11) Lhe Rev. — Jonas, of Blewbury.

12) John Little left behind him
£40,000, 180 wigs, 173 pairs of breeches,
and an endless variety of other articles
of clothing. His physician ordered him
to drink a little wine for his. health’s
sake, but he died in the act of drawing

1 the cork of a bottle, .

Miserere

844

Misnomers

(13) Ostervald, the French banker, who
died of starvation in 1790, possessed of
£120,000.

(14) John Overs, a Southwark ferry-
man.

415) The King of Patterdale, whose
income was £800 a year, but his ex-
penses neyer exceeded £30. He lived at
the head of Lake Ulleswater. His last
words were, ‘‘ What a fortune a man
might make if he lived to the age of
Methuselah!’’? He died at the age of
gighty-nine.

(16) Guy Wileocks, a female miser.

(See Eucrio, Harpacon, etc.)

Misere're (4 syl.). Our fifty-first
psalm is so called. One of the evening
services of Lent is called mtsere’re, be-
cause this penitential psalm is sung, after
which a sermon is delivered. The under
side of a folding-seat in choir-stalls is
called a misere're; when turned up it
forms a ledge-seat sufficient to rest the
aged in a kneeling position.

“ Misfortune will never Leave Me

- tillI Leave It,” was the expression of
Charles VII., Emperor of Germany.
(1742-1745.)

Mishna, Instruction. A word ,ap-
plied by the Jews to the oral law. It is
divided into six parts: (1) agriculture;
(2) Sabbaths, fasts, and festivals; (3)
marriage and divorce ; (4) civil and penal
laws ; (5) sacrifices ; (6) holy persons and
things. -The commentary of the Mishna
iscalled theGema'ra. (Hebrew, shanah,
to repeat.)

Misnomers,

Absalom means a Father’s Peace, a
fatal name for David’s rebellious son.

Acid (sour) applied in chemistry to a
class of bodies to which sourness is only
accidental and by no means a universal
character—thus, rock-crystal, quartz,
flint, hued are aoe acids, seeret no

icle of acidi ongs to them.
pete . So. galisa: from Amerigo
Vespucci, a naval astronomer of Flor-
ence. He wrote an account of his dis-
coveries, which were very popular in
Germany, but certainly he did not dis-
cover the New World.

Ant. Go to the ant, thou sluggard.
(See Ants, HONEYCOMB.)

A) is a hopeless absurdity for
the anthos-ops, beautiful eye.
~ Arabie es were not invented by
the Arabs, but by the Indians.

Baffin’s Bay is no bay at all ‘
Blacklead is a-compound of carhon
And iron. ;

Blind-worms are no more blind than
moles are; they have very quick and
brilliant eyes, though somewhat small.

Brazilian grass does not come from
Brazil, or even grow in Brazil, nor is ita
grass at all. It consists of strips of a
palm-leaf (Chamerops argente'a), and is
chiefly imported from Cuba.

Bridegroom has nothing to do with
groom. It is the old English guma, a
man, dryd-guma.

Burgundy pitch is not pitch, nor is it
manufactured or exported from Bur-
gundy. The best is a resinous substance
pipers from common frankincense, and

rought from Hamburg; but by far the
larger quantity is a mixture of rosin and
palm-oil.

Canopy, as if from Canopus (the.star
in the southern hemisphere), is the Greek
konopeion (from konops, a gnat), and
means a cloth to keep off gnats.

Feaiies is not the gut of cats, but of
sheep. ;

Celandine should be chelidon, Greek
and Latin for a swallow; so called be-
cause it was at one time su’ = that
swallows cured with it the q indness of
their young. (Pliny, xxv. =

China, as a name for porcelain, gives
rise to the contradictory expressions
British china, Sévres china, Dresden
china, Dutch china, Chelsea china, etc.;
like wooden milestones, iron milestones,
brass shoe-horns, iron pens, etc.

Cinerary, for a cemetery, should be
‘¢Cinery.”’ Cinerarius is a woman’s
tailor. "

Cuttle-bone is not bone at all, but a
structure of pure chalk embedded loosely
in the substance of a species of cuttle-
fish. It is enclosed in a membranous
sac, within the body of the ‘‘ fish,” and
drops out when the sac is opened, but it
has no connection whatever with the sac
or the cuttlefish.

Cleopatra’s Needles were not erected by
Cleopatra, or in honour of that queen,
but by Thothmes ITI.

Crawfish for cravis (Latin carabus, a
lobster, French écrevisse). 5

Cullander, a strainer, should be
“‘colanter’’? (Latin colans, colantis,
straining).

Custard, the food, is from the Welsh.
for curded milk; but ‘‘ custard,’’ for a
slap on the hand, should be custid, from
the Latin custis, a club. :

Down for adown (the preposition) is
a strange instance of caprice, in which
the omission of the negative (a) utterly
perverts the meaning. The on dun
as an upland or hill, and a-dun is its

Misnomers 84

5 Misnomers

opposite—i.e. a lowland or descent.

ing down stairs really means ‘‘ going
upstairs,’ of ascending; and for de-
scending we ought to say “ going a-
down.” .

Dutch clocks are not of Dutch but
German (Deutsch) manufacture.

Elements. Fire, air, earth, and water,
called.the four elements, are not ele-
ments at all.

Fish, a counter, should be jiche (a five-
sou piece), used at one time in France
for card-counters, One of them, given
‘for the rub,’’ was called la fiche de
consolation.

Foxglove is not the glove of the fox,
but of the fays, called fol/k—the little
folk’s glove; or else from fosco, red.

Frontispiece. A vile corruption of
frontispice (Latin frontispicium, a view
on the front page). The ‘piece’ is

speeium. Frontispiece is an awful
hybrid.
Fusiliers, These foot-soldiers now

carry Enfield rifles, and not fusils.

Galvanised iron is not galvanised. It
is simply iron coated with zinc, and this
is done by dipping it in a zinc bath con-
taining muriatic acid.

German silver is not silver at all, nor
was the metallic mixture invented by a
German, but has been in use in China
time out of mind.

Gothic architecture is not the archi-
tecture of the Goths, but the ecclesias-
tical style employed in England and
' France before the Renaissance,

Guineapig. A blunder for Guiana,
South America. Nota pig but a rodent.

_ Honeydew is neither honey nor dew,
but an animal substance given off by
certain insects, especially when hunted
by ants.

"Honey soap contains no honey, nor is
honey in any way employed in its manu-
facture. It is a mixture of palm-oil
soap and olive soap, each one part, with
three parts of curd soap or yellow soap,
scented.

Greyhound has no connection with the
colour grey. It is the grayhound, ar
heund which hunts the gray or badger -

Humble pie, for wmbil pie. The ume
bils of venison were served to inferior
retainers and servants.

Hydrophobia (Greek, dread of water
at to mad dogs is incorrect, as they
will lap water and even swim in it.

—— agen .. gegen
geogray on the part of the early dis-
eect the New World, whosset their
faces westward from Europe to find
India, and believed they had done so

=

- Moses or the metal gold.

when they discovered Cat’s Island, off
the south coast of America.

Trish stew. A dish that is unknown
in Ireland. j

LIron-mask was made-of velvet.

Japan lacquer contains no lac at all,
but is made from the resin of a kind of
nut-tree called Anacardiacez.

Jerusalem artichoke has no connection
with Jerusalem, but with the sunflower,
girasole, which it resembles.

Kensington Palaceis not in Kensington
at all, but in the parish of St. Margaret,
Westminster.

Kid gloves are not kid at all, but are
made of lamb-skin or sheep-skin.

Laudanum should be ladanum, origin-
ally made from the leaves of the dada.
(Pliny, xxvi. 47.)

Longitude and Iatitude, the great
dimension and little or broad dimension
of the earth. According to the ancient
notion, the world was bounded on the
west by the Atlantic, but extended an
indefinite len eastward. It was
similarly terminated on the south by the
Tropic of Cancer, whence it extended
northwards, but this extent being much
less than that east and west, was called
the breadth or latitude.

Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liége, is
made by Sir Walter Scott, in Quentin
Durward, an ‘‘old man,”’ whereas he
was only eighteen, and a scholar at
Louvain. He made his entry into his
see in a scarlet jerkin and cap set jauntily
on one side. (A. Dumas: Charles the
Bold.)

Lunar caustic is not a substance from
the moon, but is simply nitrate of silver,
and silver is the astrological symbol of
the moon.

Lunatics are not affected by the
changes of the moon more than other
invalids. No doubt their disorder has
its periodicities, but it is not affected by
the moon.

Meerschaum. (See MEERSCHAUM.)

Mosaic gold has no connection with
It is an alloy
of copper and zinc, used in the ancient
musivum or tesselated work.

Mother of pearl is the inner layer of
several sorts of shell. It is not the
mother of pearls, as the name indicates,
but in some cases the matrix of the
pearl.

Natives, Oysters raised in artificial
beds. Surely oysters in their own
natural beds ought to be called the
natives. ;

Oxygen means the generator of acids,
but there are acids of which it is not the

Misnomers

846

Misprision

base, as hydrochloric acid. Indeed,
chemists now restrict the term aced to
compounds into which hydrogen enters,
and oxy-acids are termed salts,

Fen means a feather. (Latin, penna,
awing.) A steel pen is not avery choice
Sappeasion.

hilippe VI. of France was called “Le
bien fortuné,”’ but never was name more
inappropriate. He was defeated at Sluys
Slu-iz], and again at Cressy; he lost
alais; and a fourth of all his subjects
were carried off by the plague called the
“Black Death.’’ ‘

Pompey’s Pillar, in Alexandria, was
erected neither by nor to Pompey. It
was set up by the Emperor Diocletian,
according to its inscription.

Prussian blue does not come from
Prussia, but is the precipitate of the salt
of protoxide of iron with red prussiate
of potass,

ice paper is not made from rice, but
from the pith of Tung-tsau, or hollow-
plant, so called because it is hollow when
the pith has been pushed out.

Salt is not salt at all, and has long
been wholly excluded from the class of
bodies denominated salts. Table-salt is
“chloride of sodium,”

Salt of lemon is in reality a binoxalate
oF potash, with a little of the quadroxa-

ate.

Salts. The substance of which junk
bottles, French mirrors, window-panes,
and opera-glasses are made is placed
among the sa/és, but is no salt at all.

Sand-blindis a mere corruption of sam
(half) blind.

Scuttle, to open a hole in a ship, means
really to bolt or bar. (See Scurriy.)

Sealing-waz is not wax at all, nor does
it contain a single particle of wax. It is
made of shellac, Venice turpentine, and
cinnabar;

Shrew-mouse is no mouse (mus), but
belongs to the genus sorex.

Slave means noble, illustrious (slavi), ©

but is now applied to the most ignoble
and debased. “(See Baron.)

Sovereign. The last syllable of this
word is incorrect. The word should be
soverain (Latin, superdre ; French, souv-
rain), It has no connection with
“reign” (Latin, regnare).

Sperm oil properly means “seed oil,”
from the notion that it was the spawn
or melt of a whale. It is chiefly taken
from the head, not the spawn, of the
“ spermaceti’’ whale.

itmouse (plur. titmice) is no mouse,
but a bird. (Anglo-Saxon, tile-mase,
little hedge-sparrow,)

Toadflax has nothing at all to do with
toads. It is tod flax, 2.e. flax with tods
or clusters, -

Tonquin beans. A geographical blunder
for tonka beans, from Tonka, in Guinea,
not Tonquin, in Asia,

Turkeys do not come from Turkey,
but North America, through Spain, or
India. The French call them ‘‘ dindon,”’
t.e. d’Inde or cog d’ Inde, a term equally
incorrect.

Turkey rhubarb neither grows in
Turkey, nor is it imported from Turkey.
It grows in the great mountain chain
between Tartary and Siberia, and is a
Russian monopoly,

Turkish baths ‘are not of Turkish
origin, nor are they baths, but hot-air
rooms or therma.

Vallombro'sa. Milton says :—

“Thick as autumnal leaves that strew the brooks
In Vallombrosa,” Paradise Lost, i. 302.
But the trees of Vallombrosa, being
pines, do not shed thickly in autumn,
and the brooks are not strewed with

their leaves. ;

Ventriloguism is not voice from the
stomach at all, but from the mouth.

Well-beloved. Louis XIII. A most
inappropriate title for this most detest-
able and detested of all kings.

Whalebone is no bone at all, nor doés
it possess any properties of bone. It is
a substance attached to the upper jaw
of the whale, and serves to strain the
water which the creature takes up in
large mouthfuls.

Wolf’s-bane. A. strange corruption,

.

Bane is the Teutonic word for all poison-

ous herbs. The Greeks, mistaking banes

for beans, translated it kuamos, as they

did hen-bane (huos-kuamos). Now
wolf’s-bane is an aconite, with a pale.
yellow - flower, and therefore called
white-bane to distinguish it from the
blue aconite. The Greek for white is
leukos, hence ‘‘ leukos-kuamos;”? but
lukos is the Greek for wolf, and by a
blunder /eukos-kuamos (white+bean) got
muddled into dukos-kwamos (wolf-bean).
Botanists, seeing the absurdity of callin

aconite a bean, restored the origina
word ‘‘ bane,’’ but retained the corrupt

word /ukos (a wolf), and hence we get
the name wolf’s-bane for white aconite. .

(H. Fox Talbot.)

Wormwood has nothing to do with .
worms or wood ; it is the Anglo-Saxon.

wer mod, man-inspiriting, being a strong

tonic. : + 4
Mispris‘ion. Concealment, negleot

of, (French, mépris.) ited im tees

<j
7

Miss 847

Mite

Misprision. of clerks, . Mistakes in | missel-thrush. ais for tan, Old Norse

accounts arising from neglect.
Misprision of felony. Neglecting to
reveal a felony when known.
Misprision of treason. Neglecting to
disclose or purposely concealing a trea-
sonable. design.

Miss, Mistress, Mrs. (masteress,
lady-master). Miss used to be written
Mis, and is the first syllable of Mistress ;
Mrs. is the contraction of mistress, called
Mis’ess.. Even in the reign of George II.
unmarried ladies used to be styled Mrs. ;
as, Mrs. Lepel, Mrs. Bellenden, Mrs.
Biount, all unmarried ladies. (See Pope's
Letters.)

Early in Charles II.’s reign, Evelyn
tells us that ‘‘ lewd women began to be
styled Misse;’’ now Mistress is more
frequently applied to them. (See Lap.)

Miss is as Good as a Mile (4). A
failure is a failure be it ever so little,
and is no more be it ever so great; a
narrow escape is an escape, and a more
easy oneisno more. If I miss the train
by one minute, I miss it as much as if it
had run a mile from the station ; and if
I escape an evil by the skin of my teeth,
I escape, and he who escapes it easily
does no more.

Missing Link (Tie). .According to
Darwin, the higher animals are de-
veloped from the lower-ones. The
lowest form of animal life is proto-
lasm, which develops into amcebs
Feell life), and thence, successively, into
Bynamebe, gastrula, hydra, medusa,
worms, hematega, ascidians, fish, amphi-
bians, birds and reptiles, monotremata,
marsupials, placental mammals, lemu-
ride, monkeys [missing link], man.

Mississip’pi Bubble. Thé French
**South-Sea Scheme,’’ and equally dis-
astrous, It was | chaoae by John Law,
a Scotchman, and had for its object the
payment of the National Debt of France,
which amounted to 208 millions sterling,
on being granted the exclusive trade of
Louisia’na, on the banks of the Missis-
sippi. (1717-1720.) (See Souru Sza.)

Mis'tletoe, Shakespeare calls it the
baleful mistletoe’? (Titus Andronicus,
ii, 3), in allusion to the Scandinavian
story that it was with an arrow made
of mistletoe that Balder,was slain. (See
Krssino Unvrr THE Mistietor.)

‘The word mistletoé is a corruption of
mistel-ta, where mist is the German for
“dung,’’ or rather the ‘‘ droppings of a
bird,’’ from the notion that the plant

was so propagated, especially by the |

| rupting t

tein, meaning ‘‘ a plant’? or ‘‘ shoot.’

Mistletoe Bough. The tale referred
fo in this song, about Lord Lovel’s
daughter, is related by Rogers in his
Italy, where the’ lady is called ‘Gi-
nevra.”” -A similar narrative is giver
by Collet in his Relics of Literature, and
another is among the Causes Célébres.

Marwell Old Hall, once the residence
of the Seymour, and afterwards of the
Dacre family, has a similar tradition
attached to it, and (according to the
Post Office Directory) ‘the very chest

-became the property of the Rev, J.

Haygarth, a rector of Upham,”

Mistress Roper. The Marines, or
any one of them; so called by the
regular sailors, because they Tau the
ropes like girls, not being used to them,.

Mistress of the Night (Zhe). The
tuberose is so called because it emits its
strongest fragrance after sunset. Some-
times, on a, sultry evening, when the

atmosphere is highly . electrified, the

fading flowers of the tuberose emit
sparks of lucid flame.

(In'the language of flowers, the tube-
rose signifies ‘‘ the pleasures of love.’”)

Mistress of the World. Ancient
Rome was so called, because all. the
known world gave it allegiance,

Mi'ta. Sister of Aude, surnamed
‘‘the Little Knight of Pearls,’”’ in love
with Sir Miton de Rennes, Roland’s
friend. Charlemagne greeted her after
a tournament with the Saracens at
Fronsac, ‘saying, ‘‘ Rise, Countess of
Rennes.’’ Mita and Sir Miton were
the parents of Mitaine (¢.v.). (Crogue-
mitaine, XV.)

Mitaine, Godchild of Charlemagne;
her parents were Mita aiid Miton, Coun
and Countess‘of Rennes. She went in
search of Fear fortress, and found that
it only existed in the minds of the fear-
ful, vanishing into thin air as it was
approached by a bold heart and clear
conscience. Charlemagne made her for
this achievement Roland’s squire, and
she followed him on her horse Vaillant
to Spain, and fell in the attack at Ron-
cesvalles, (Croguemitaine, pt. iii*)

Mite. Sir Matthew Mite. A purse-
pope East Indian merchant, who gives

is servants the most costly exotics, and
overpowers everyone with the~profusion
of his wealth. (S, Foote: The Nabob.)

Lady Oldham says: “He comes amongst us
preceded by all the pomp of Asia. Profusely
semen as the spoils of conquered provinces, core

@ virtue, and alienating the affectio
of all the old friends of the family,"

Mithra

848

Moat

Mith'ra or Mith’ras, The highest of
the twenty-eight second-class divinities
of the ancient Persians, and the ruler
of the universe. Sometimes used as a
synonym for the sun. The word means

riend, and this deity.is so called because
he befriends man in this life, and pro-
tects him against evil spirits after death.
He is represented as a young man with
a Phrygian cap, a tunic, a mantle on his
left shoulder, and plunging a sword into
the neck of a bulk: (Sanskrit, mitram,
afriend.) (See Thedais, i )

Mith'ridate (3 syl.). A confection
said to be invented by Mithrida’tés, King
of Pontus and Bithyn’ig, as an antidote
to poison. It contains seventy-two in-
gredients,

“What brave spirit could be content to sit in
his shop. ... selling Mithridatum and dragon's
water toinfected houses ?"—Knight of the Burning
Pestle. (1635.)

Mitre. The episcopal mitre Gb
bolises the cloven tongues of fire which
descended on the apostles on the day of

-Pentecost. (Acts ii. I-12.) Greek and
Latin, mitra, a turban.

Mitre Tavern (The). A place of
resort in the time of Shakespeare; it
was in Bread Street, Cheapside.

Mitten. The Pardoner’s mitten. Who-
ever put this mitten on Would be sure to
thrive in all things.

“ He that his hondé put in this metayn,

He shal have multiplying of his grayn,

Whan he hath sowen, be it whete or otes,

80 that ye effre pans [pence] or.ellés grootes.”
Chaucer: Prologue to The Pardoneres Tale.

To give one the mitten. To reject a
sweetheart; to jilt. (Latin, mitto, to
send fe ee your business], whence dis-
missal; to get your dismissal.) Some
say, it is to get the mitten instead of
the hand.

“There isa young lady I have set my heart on,
though whether she is going to give me*hern, or
ped me the mitten, I ain't quite satisfied.”—Sam

lick: Human Nature, p. 90.

“I don't believe but what that Hammond girl's
given him the mitten, else he wouldn't a come,

wouldn't play second fiddle for any fellow.”—
wie Wilkins: A Tardy Thanksgiving (Ameri-

Mit'timus (Latin). A command in
writing toa gaoler, to keep the person
named in safe custody. Also a writ for
removing a record from one court to
another, So called from the first word
of the writ, ‘‘Mittimus’’ (i.e. We
send fe ee )

Mitton. The Chapter of Mitton. . So
the battle of Mitton was called, because
so many priests took part therein. Hailes
says that ‘‘three hundred ecclesiastics

,

.fell in this battle, which was fought
September 20th, 1319,”

“So many priests took part in the fight that
the Scots called it the Chapter of Mitton—a meet-
ing of the clergymen belonging to a cathedral
being called a chapter "—Sir Walter Scott: Tales
of a Grandfather, x. muss

Mixon. etter wed over the Mixon
thin over the Moor, (See MmppEN.)

Mizentop, maintop, foretop.
Service in these masts has nothing what-
ever to do with age or merit. A ‘‘top”’
is a platform fixed over the head of a
lower mast, resting on the trestle-trees,
to spread the rigging of the topmast.

* The mizenmast is the aftermost
mast of a ship; the foremast is in the
forward part of a ship; the mainmast
is between these two.

“He was put into the mizentop, and served
three years in the West Indies; then he was
transferred to the maintop, and served five
years in the Mediterranean; and then he was
made captain of the foretop, and served six
years in the East Indies; and at last he was
rated captain's coxswain in the Druid frigate."—
Capt. Marryat: Poor Jack, chap. i.

Mjolmir (pron. youl-ner), Thor’s
hammer. (See MIOLNER.)
Mnemos'yne (4 syl.). Goddess of

memory and mother of the nine’ Muses,
(Classical mythology.) The best repre-
sentation of thig goddess is by A. R.
Mengs, the ‘‘ Raphael of Germany ’”’
(1720-1779).

Moabite Stone (The). Presented to
the British Museum by the museum of
the Louvre, It was discovered by the
Rey. F. Klein at Dibhan in August,
1868, and is 3 feet 10 inches high, 2 feet
broad, and 14% inches thick. e Arabs
resented its removal, and splintered it
into fragments, but it has been restored.
The inscription, consisting of forty-four
lines, gives an account of the war of
Mesha, King of Moab, agamst Omri,
Ahab, and other kings of Israel. Mesha
sacrificed his eldest son on the city wall
in view of the invading Israelites. He
set up this stone at Kermost B.o, 900.

Moakkibat. A class of angels, ac-
cording to the Mahometan mythology.
Two angels of this class attend every
child of Adam from the cradle to the
grave, At sunset they fly up with the
record of the deeds done since sunrise.
Every good deed is entered ten times by
the recording angel on the credit or
right side of his ledger, but when am
evil deed is reported the angel waits
seven hours, ‘‘if haply in that time the
evil-doer may repent.’’ (Zhe Koran.) —

Moat. (See under Battte,) eu

ue Mob ¢

849

Mohocks

A contraction of the Latin
mo'bile vulgus (the fickle crowd), The
term was first applied to the people by
the members of the Green-ribbon Club,
in the reign of Charles II. (Northern
Examiner, p. 574.)

Mob-cap (4). Is a plain cap, from
Dutch mob6=a.cap Probably mop is
another form of the same word, and
all come from the Latin mappa (a clout),
whence our word map (a drawing on
cloth), in contradistinction to a cartoon
(a drawing on paper).

Mobilise. To render. soldiers liable
to be moved on service out of the town
where they live; to call into active ser-
vice men enrolled but not on the war
establishment. (Latin, mobilis.)

Mock-beggar Hall or Manor. A
— ostentatious house, where no
ospitality is afforded, neither is any
charity given.
“ No times observed, nor charitable lawes,
The poor receive their answer from the dawes,
Who, in their cawing language, call it plaine
Mock-begger Manour, for they come in vainé."
Taylor: Workes.
Mockery. ‘Jt will be a delusion, a
mockery, and a snare.’ Thomas, Lord
Denmax, in his judgment on the case of
O’Connell v. The Queen.

Modality, in scholastic philosophy,
means the mode in which anything exists,
Kant divides our judgment into three
modalities: (1) Problematic, touchiig

ossible events; (2) Assertoric, touch-
ing real events; (3) Apodictic, touching
necessary events.

Modish (Lady Betty), in The Careless
Husband, by Cibber. Tho name ex-

lains the character. This was Mrs,

ldfield’s favourite character, and Zhe
Tatler (No. 10) accordingly calls this
charming actress ‘‘ Lady Betty Modish.’’
(See Naxcissa.)

Mob.

Mo'do. The fiend that urges to mur- |

der, and one of the five that possessed
‘Poor Tom.” (See Manu.) (Shake-
speare: King Lear, iv. 1.)

Mo’dred, in the romance of The
Round Table, is represented as the trea-
cherous knight. He revolted from his
Uncle Arthur, whose wife he seduced,
was mortally wounded in the battle of
Camlan, in Cornwall, and was buried in
the island of Avalon.

_ Sir Modred. The nephew of Kin
Arthur, He hated Sir Lancelot, sowe
discord amongst the Knights of the
Round Table, and tampered with the
*‘lords of the White Horse,’’ the brood

54 ba wie, ee bo

that Hengist left. When the king went
to chastise Sir Lancelot for tampering
with the queen, he left Sir Modred in
charge of the kingdom. Modred raised
a revolt, and the king was slain in his
attempt to quash it. (Zennyson: Idylls
of the King ; Guinevere.)

Mods, In Oxford a contracted form
of moderations. The three necessary ex-
aminations in Oxford are the Smalls,
the Mods, and the Greats, No one can
take a class till he has passed the Mods,
There are no Mods at Cambridge.

“While I was reading for Mods I was not so
unsettled inmy mind." -Grant AUen: The Dack-
slider, part fii. }

Mo’dus Operandi (Latin). The
mode of operation; the way in which a
thing is done or should be done.

Modus Vivendi (4). A mutual ar-
rangement whereby persons not at the
time being on friendly terms can be

“induced to live together in harmony,

This may apply to individuals, to socie-
ties, or to peoples (as the South Africans

aud the Boers).

Mofus‘sil (East Indies). The sub-
ordinate divisions of a district; the seat
of government being called sudder. Pro-
vincial.

“To tell a man that fatal charges have been
Jaid against him, and refuse him an opportunity
for explanation, this is not even Mofussil justice.”
—The Times.

Mogul Cards. The best playing-
cards were so called because the wrapper,
or ‘‘ duty card’? (when cards were sub-
ject to excise duty) contained the por-
trait of the Great Mogul. Those cards
which contained some mark, speck,
or other imperfection, were called
“Harrys.”

Moha’di [Mohammed]. The twelfth
Imaun, who is said to be living in con-
cealment till Antichrist appears, when he
will come again and overthrow the great
enemy.

Mohair. (Probably the Arabic muk-
hayyar, goat’s-hair cloth.) It is the hair
of the Ango’ra goat, introduced into
Spain by the Moors, and thence brought
into Germany.

Mohak’abad’ (dd. Abu-Rihan,
the geographer and astronomer in the
eleventh century.

Mohocks. A class of ruffians who in

the 18th century infested the streets of
London. So called from the Indian Mo-

hawks. One of their ‘‘new inventions ’’

was to roll persons down Snow Hill ina

Mohun

tub ; another was to overturn coaches on
rubbish-heaps. (See Gay: Trivia, iii.)

A vivid picture of the misdoings in the
streets of London by these and other
brawlers is given in The Spectator, No.
324.
“ You sent your Mohocks next abroad,

With razors armed, and knives ;
Who on night-walkers made inroad,
And scared Our maids and wives ;
They scared the watch, and windows broke. . .”
Plot upon Plot (about 1713).

Mohun. Captain Hill and Lord
Mohun made a dastardly attack on an
actor named Mountford, on his way to
Mrs. Bracegirdle’s house in Howard
Street. Hill was jealous of the actor,
and induced the ‘‘noble lord” to join
him in this ‘‘ valiant quarrel.’? -Mount+
ford died next day. ill fled, and was
never heard of more; Mohun was tried
for his life, but acquitted. (See Issa-
CHAR.) (Howell; State Trials, vol. xii.
p. 947.)

Mohyronus (Zdricius).' Said to cure
wounds bysympathy. He did not app!
his powder to the wounds, but to a clot.
dipped in the blood,

Moiré Antique (French) is silk, etc.,
moivé (watered) in the antique style, or
to resemble the material worn in olden
times. The figuring of tin like frost-
work or scales is called moiré métallique.

Mokan’na. [See Kuorassan. ]

Moliére. The Italian Molicre. Carlo
Goldoni (1707-1793).

The Spansh Moliére, Leandro Fer-
nandez Moratin (1760-1828).

Mo’linism. The system of grace
and eleetion taught by Louis Mo'lina, the
Spanish Jesuit (1535-1600).

“Those Jansenists, re-nicknamed Molinists.*
rowning : The Ring and the Book.

Moll (Aentish). Mary Carlson, com-
monly known as the German Princess.
She was sentenced to transportation, but,
being found at large, was hanged at
Tyburn in 1672,

Moll Cutpurse. Mary Frith, a
woman of masculine vigour, who not
unfrequently assumed man’s attire.
She was a notorious thief and cutpurse,
who once attacked General Fairfax on
Hounslow Heath, for which she was
sent to Newgate. She escaped by
bribery, and died at last of dtopsy in the
seventy-fifth year of her age, (Time of
Charles I.)

Moll Flanders. A woman of ektra!
ordinary beauty, born in the Old Bailey.

She was twelve years a courtesan, five

850

Moloch

.

times a wife, twelve years a thief, eight
years a transport in Virginia ; but ulti-
mately grew rich, lived honestly, and died
a penitent, (Charles I&’s reign.) (See
Daniel Defoe’s Moll. Flanders.)

Moll Thomson’s Mark. As ‘Take
away this bottle, it has Moll Thomson’s
mark on it.’? Moll Thomson is M. T,
(empty).

Molly. He's a regular Molly. Said
of a man or big boy who betties or inter-
feres with women’s work, such as kitchen
business, dressmaking, personal decora-
tion, and so on,

Molly Coddle (4). A pampered
creature, afraid that the winds of heaven
should visit him too roughly; though a
male, a Melly ; not a valetudinarian, but
ever fearing lest he should be s0.

Molly Maguires. _An Irish secret
society organised in 1843. Stout, active
young Irishmen, dressed up in women’s
clothes, blackened faces, and otherwise

* disguised, to surprise those employed to

enforce the payment of rents. ‘Their
victims were ducked in bog-holes, and
many were beaten most unmercifally,

“The judge who tried the murderer was elected
by the Molly sa bys ; the jurors who assisted
him were themselves Molly Maguires. A score of
Molly Maguires came forward to swear that the
assassin was sixty miles from the spot om which
he had been seen to fire at William Dunn,...and
the jurors returned a verdict of Not Guilty.”"—W.

Hepworth Dixon: New America, ii. 28,

Molly Mog. This celebrated beauty
was’ an innkeeper’s daughter, at Oaking-
ham, Berks. She was the toast of all
the gay sparks, in the former half of the
eighteenth century, and died in 1766, at
an advanced age. Gay has a ballad on
this Fair Maid of the Inn.

Molly Mog died at the age of sixty-
seven, a spinster; Mr. Standen, of Ar-
borfield, the enamoured swain alluded to
in the ballad, died 1730. It is said that
Molly’s sister Sally was the greater
beauty. A portrait of Gay still hangs
in the inn.

Molmu'tius. <A mythical king of
Britain, who promulgated the laws called
the Molmutine, and established the
privilege of sanctuary. He is alluded to
in Cymbeline, iii. 1 (Shakenpeeress

Moloch. Any influence which de-
mands from us the sacrifice of what we
hold most dear. Thus, war is a Moloch,
king mob is a Moloch, the gutWotine was
the Moloch of the French Revolution, etc.
The allusion is to the god of the Am-
monites, to whom children were “‘ made

Pe]

Moly

851

Money

to pass through the fire’? in sacrifice.
Milton says he was ‘‘ worshipped in
Rabba, in Argob, and Basan, to the
stream of utmost Arnon.’”? (Paradise
Lost, book i. 392-398.)

Mo'ly. Wild garlic, called scrcerer’s
garlic. There are many sorts, all of
which flower in May, except “‘ the sweet
moly of aMpatpelier which blossoms in
September. The most noted are “the
great moly of Homer,” the Indian moly,

the moly of Hungary, serpent’s moly, .

the yellow- moly, Spanish purple moly,
Spanish silver-capped moly, and
cor’ides’s moly. Pope describes it and its
effects in one of his odes, and Milton
refers to it in his Comus, (Greek, medu.)
“ That moly
That Hermés once to wise Ulysses gave.”
Milton : Comus, 655-6.
Mome (/'rench), says Cotgrave, is a
Momus, find-fault, carping fellow. So
called from Momus, the god of raillery.
“ Or cessent donques les momes,
De mordre les escrits miens,”
J.du Bellay: A, P. de Ronsard.
Mo’miers (French, men of mummery),
An Evangelical party of Switzerland,
somewhat resembling our ‘Methodists.
They arose in 1818, and made way both
in Germany and France.

Mommur, The realm of O’beron.
(Middle Age romance.)

. Mo’mus. One who carps at every-
thing. Momus, the sleepy god, was
always railing and carping.

Momus, being asked to pass judgment on the
relative merits of Neptune, Vulcan, and Minerva,
railed at them all. He said the horns of a bul
ought to have been placed in the shoulders, where
they would have been of much greater force ; as
for man. he said Jupiter ought to have made him
with a window in his breast, whereby his real
thoughts might be revealed. Hence Dr. Gray

says that every unreasonable carper is called a°

“Momus.”

_ Momus’s Lattice or Window.
Momus blamed Vulcan because he did
uot set a window or lattice in the human
breast for discerning secret thoughts,

“Were Momus’ lattice in our breasts...”

Byron: Werner, iii. 1.

Mo’naciel'lo [Jitt/e monk]. _A sort
of jucubus in the mythology of Naples.
It. is deseribed as a thick little man,
dressed in a monk's garment and broad-
brimmed hat. Those who will follow
when he beckons will be led to a spot
where treasure is concealed. Sometimes,
however, it is his pleasure to pull the
bed-clothes off, and sometimes to sit
perched on a sleeper.

“Monarchi'ans. A theological party
of the third century, who maintained

Dios- *

that God is one, immutable dnd primary.
Their opponents turned upon them, and
nicknamed them Patripassians (q.v.),
saying that according to such a doctrine
God the Father must have suffered on

| the cross.

Mon’archy. Fifth-monarchy men.
Those who believed that the second
coming of Christ was at hand, and that
at His second coming He would establish
the fifth universal monarchy. The five
are these: the Assyrian, the Persian,
the Macedonian, the Roman, and the
Millennium.

Monday Pops. A contraction of
‘*Monday Populars,’”’ meaning popular
concerts for classical music, introduced
at St. James’s Hall by Mr. Arthur
Chappell in 1858. There are Saturday
Pops also,

Money. Shortly after the Gallic in-
vasion, Lucius Furius built a temple to
Juno Mone’ta (the Monitress) on the spot
where the house of Manlius Capitolinus
stood. This spot of the Capitol was
selected because Manlius was the first
man alarmed by the cackling of the
sacred geese. ‘his temple was subse-
quently converted into a mint, and the
“ ases’’ there coined were called moneta.

Juno is represented on medals with
instruments of coinage, as the hammer,
anvil, pincers, and die. (See Livy, vii.
28, and Cicero, De Divinitate, i. 15.)

The oldest coin of Greece bore the im-
press of anox. Hencea bribe for silence
was said to be an ‘‘ ox on the tongue,’’
Subsequently each province had its own
impress :

Athens, an Ow] (the bird of wisdom).
Beotia, Bacchus (the vineyard of Greece).
Delphos, a dolphin.

Macedonia, a buckler (from its love of war).

_ Rhodes, the dise of the sun (the Colossus was an
image to the sun),

Rome had a different impress for each
comm :

For the As, the head of Janus on one side, and
the prow of a ship on the reverse. __ j
The Semi-as, the head of Jupiter and the
letter S._

The Triens, the head of a woman (? Rome or
MInerva) and four points to denote four ounces,

The Quadvans, the head of Hercules and three
points to denote three ounces.

The Sextans, the head of Mercury, and two
points to denote two ounces,

Bowed money. Bent coin, given asa
pledge of love.» 3

“Taking forth a bowed groat and an old penny
bowed he gave it [sic] her.”— Coney-catching.
(Time, Elizabeth.) 4

Money makes the Mare to go

' (See MARE.)

Monimia

852

-Monkey Spoons

Monim'‘ia, in Otway’s tragedy of
The Orphan, Sir Walter Scott says,
‘More tears have been shed for the
sorrows of Monimia, than for those of
Juliet and Desdemona.”’

Monism. The doctrine of the oneness
of mimd and matter, God and the uni-
verse. It ignores all that is supernatural,
and the dualism of mind and matter, God
and creation; and, as this is the case,
of course, there can be no opposition
between God and the world, as unity
cannot be in opposition to itself. Monism
teaches that ‘‘all are but parts-of one
stupendous whole, whose body nature is,
and God the soul;’’ hence, whatever is,
only conforms to the cosmical laws of
the universal ALL.

Haeckel, of Jena, in 1866, revived this
theory, and explains it thus: ‘‘ Monism
(the correlative of Dualism) denotes a
unitary conception, in opposition to a
supernatural one. Mind can never exist
without matter, nor matter without
mind,’? As Godisthe same ‘‘ yesterday,
to-day, and for ever,’’ creation mukt-be
the same, or God would not be un-

changeable.
Monitor: So the Romans called the
nursery teacher. The Military Monttor.

was an officer to tell young soldiers of
the faults committed against the service.
The House Monttor was a slave to call
the family of a morning, etc.

Monitor. An ironclad witha flat deck,
sharp stern, and one or more movable
turrets.

Monk, in printing, is a black smear
or blotch made by leaving too much ink
on the part. Caxton set up his printing-
press in the scripto'rium of Westminster
Abbey ; and the associations of this
place gave rise to the slang expressions
monk and friar for black and white
defects. (See Fr1ar, CHAPEL.)

Give a man a monk (French, “LZ
batller le moyne).”” To do onea mischief.
Rabelais says that Grangousier (after
the battle of Picrocho’le) asked ‘“‘ what
was become of Friar John;”’ to which
Gargantua replied, ‘“No doubt the
enemy has the monk,’ alluding to the
pugnacious feats of this wonderful
churchman, who knocked men down
likeninepins. (Rabelais : Gargantua and,
Pantagruel, book i, 45.) ’

Monk Lewis. Matthew Gregory
Lewis is so called from his novel en-
titled The Monk. (1773-1818.)

Monk listening to a Bird. (Se
- Fewrx, HiwprsHerm.) Ge

Richard of
(Fourteenth

Monk of Westminster.
Cirencester, the historian.
century.)

Monkey (4). £500. (See Marycorp.)

Monkey = the Devil ; animp of mis-
chief, ~ Hence,. a meddlesome child is
spoken to ag ‘you little monkey; ”
and is called ‘a regular imp,” or “imp
of mischief,’”? The allusion is to the
old drawings of devils, with long tails
and monkey ugliness. ~

To get (or_have) one’s monkey up. To
be. riled, Here the allusion is also to
the devil or evil spirit in man; he will
be ‘tin a devil of a temper.” Even
taken literally, monkeys are extremely
irritable and easily provoked,

Monkey, in sailor language, is the
vessel which contains the full allowonce
oF grog. Halliwell (Archate Dictionary)

as—

“ Moncorn, ‘ Beere corne, barley bygge, or mon-
corne.’'’—(1552.)

To suck the monkey. Sailors call the
vessel which contains their full allow-
ance of grog ‘‘a monkey.’”” ‘Hence, to
‘suck the monkey”? is surreptitiously
to suck liquor from a cask through a
straw. Again, when the milk has been
taken from a cocoanut, and rum has
been substituted, ‘‘sucking the monkey ”’
means drinking this rum. Probably
‘monkey ’’ in all such cases is a cor-
ruption of moncorn (ale or beer). (See

arryat’s Peter Simple.) (See Monkny
SPOONS.)

Monkey Board. The step behind
an omnibus on which the conductor
stands, or rather skips about like a
monkey.

Monkey Boat. A long, narrow boat.

Monkey Jacket. A coat with no
more tail than a monkey, or, more strictly
speaking, an ape.

Monkey-puzzle. The name given
to a Chilian pine, whose twisted and
prickly branches puzzle even a monkey
to climb.

Monkey Spoons: Spoons at one
time given in Holland at marriages,
christenings, and funerals. They may
still be arses up occasionally at cu-
riosity shops. The spoon at weddings
was given to some immediate relative of
the bride, and just below the monkey on
the handle was a heart. At funerals
the spoon was given to the officiating
clergyman. Among the Dutch, drink-
ing is called ‘‘sucking the monkey’?

Monkey

zuiging de monky), and one fond of

rink was called ‘‘a, monkey sucker.”

The Dutchman began the day with an

appetiser—t.e. rum, with a pinch of salt,

served in a monkey spoon Coioniky lépel);

, and these pyeierre were freely used at
weddings, christenings, and funerals.

yoeneey we cekpe Tail (4).
mortgage, monkey (q.v.) is slan
for £500. 5 1852 .
. 'Monkey’s Allowance. More kicks
than halfpence. The allusion is to the
monkeys carried about for show; they
i up the halfpence, but carry them
to the master, who keeps kicking or
-ill-treating the poor creatures to urge
_ them to incessant tricks.

Monkey’s Money. TI will pay you in
monkey’s money (‘“en monnaie de singe’)
—in goods, in personal work, in mumb-
ling and*grimace. The French had a
law that when a “monkey passed the
Petit Pont, of Paris, if it was for sale it
was to'pay four deniers (two-thirds of a
penny) for toll; but if it belonged to a
showman and was not for sale, it should
suffice if the monkey went through his
tricks..

“It was an original by Master Charles Char-
mois, principal painter to King Megistus [of
France), paid for in court fashion with monkey’s
money. —Rabelais; Gargantua and Pantagrucl,
iv. 3.

Monkir and Na’kir, according to
Mahometan mythology, are two angels
who interrogate the dead immediately
they are buried. The first two questions
they ask are, ‘‘ Whois your Lord?”’ and
““Who is your prophet ?”’’ Their voices
are like thunder, their aspects hideous,
and those not SEprOT ed of they lash into
perdition with whips half-iron and half-
flame. (See MUNKAR.)

“Da you not see those spectres that are stirring
the‘burning coals? They are Monkir and Nakir,”
—Beckford: Vathek.

Monmouth.
of the Monnow,

_ Monmouth. Thesurname of Henry V.
of England, who was born there.

Monmouth Cap. A soldier’s cap.

“The soldiers that the Monmouth wear,
On castles’ tops their ensigns rear.”
“The best caps were formerly made at..Mon-
rhouth, where the Sybase chapel doth still re-
majn."—Fuller: Worthies of Wales, D. 50.
Monmouth Street (London) takes
its name from the unfortunate son of
Charles II., executed for rebellion in
_ 1685. Now Dudley Street.

Monnaie de Basoche. Worth-
Tess coin; coin not current; counters.
_-“ Brummagem halfpennies,’’ Coins were

The town at the mouth

853

‘soul in man.

Monsoon

at one time made and circulated by the
lawyers of France, which had no cur-
rency beyond their own community,
(See BASOCHIANS.)

Mono'nia (3 syl.). Munster.

“Remember the glories of Brien the bray
Though the days of the bero are o'er,
Though lost to Mononia, and cold in the grave.
He returns to Kinko’ra [his palace] no more.’
1’. Moore: Lrish Melodies, No. 1.

Monoph’agous. The eater of one
sort of food only. (Greek, monos pha-
gein.)

Monoph'ysites (4 ¢syl.). A religious
sect in the Levant, who maintained that
Jesus Christ had only one nature, and
that divine and human were combined
in much the same way as the body and
(Greek, monos phusis, one
nature.)

Monoth’elism consisted in the doc-
trine that, although Christ has two dis-
tinct natures, He never had but one will,
His human will being merged in the
divine. (Greek, monos-thelema, one single
will.)

Monroe Doctrine. The American

tates are never to entangle themselves
in the broils of Europe, nor to suffer the
powers of the Old World to interfere in
the affairs of the New; and they are to
account any attempt on the part of the
Old World to plant their systems of
government in any part of North Ame-
rica dangerous to American peace and
safety. James Monroe was twice pre-
1000) of the United States. (1816 and
1820.

Monsieur. Philippe, Duc d’Orléans,
brother to Louis XIV., was called Mon-
steur ; other gentlemen were only Mon-
sieur This or That. (1674-1723.)

Monsieur le Coadjuteur. Paul de Gondi,
afterwards Cardinal de Retz (Ress).
(1614-1679.)

Monsieur le Duc. Henri-Jules de
Bourbon, eldest son of the Prince de
Condé, (1692-1740.)

Monsieur le Grand. The Great Equerry
of France.

Monsieur le Prince. Prince de Condé
(1621-1686). (See MADAME.)

Monsieur de Paris. The public
executioner-or Jack Ketch of France.

“ Riccardo de Albertes was a personal friend of
all the ‘Messieurs de Paris,’ who served the Re-
public. He attended all capital executions, and
possesses a curious library.”"—Newspaper Para-
graph, January 25th, 1893.

Monsoon is a corruption of the Malay
word mooseem (year or season). For six

Monster

854

Montesinos

months it is a north-east trade-wind, and
for six months a south-west.

Monster (Zhe). Renwick Williams,
a wretch who used to prowl about Lon-
don, wounding respectable women with
a double-edged knife. He was con-
victed of several offences in July, 1790.

The green-eyed monster. Jealousy; so
called by Shakespeare in Othello.

* Beware of Jealousy! ~

It is a green-eyed monster that doth mock

The meat it feeds on,” Act iii, 3.

Monsters. See each under its name,
ot CocKATRICE, CHICHIVACHE, CHIMERA,
etc.

Mont, in chiromancy, is the technical
word for the eminences at the roots of
the fingers.

That at the root of the
thumb is the Mont de Mars.
index finger is the Mont de Jupiter,
long finger is the Mont de Saturne,
ring finger is the Mant de Soleil.
little finger is the Mont de Venus.

** There are two others : ore’ between
the thumb.and index finger, called the
Mont de Mercure, and one opposite
called the Mont de Lune. (See FINGER.)

Mont de Piété. A pawn depét.
These depots, called ‘‘ mont di pieta”
(charity loans), were first instituted
tinder Leo X.} at Rome, by charitable
persons who wished to rescue the poor
and needy from usurious money-lenders.
They advanced small sums of money on
the security of pledges, at a rate of in-
terest barely sufficient to cover the
working expenses of the institution.
‘Both the name and system were intro-
duced into France and Spain. The
model Loan Fund of Ireland is formed
on the same system. Public granaries
for the sale of corn are called in Italian
Monti frumentarii.. ‘‘Monte’’ means a
public or State loan; hence also a
“ bank.”?

Mont St. Michel, in Normandy,
formerly - called Belen. Here nine
Druidesses sold to sailors the arrows to
charm away storms. ‘The arrows had to
be discharged by a young man twenty-
one years old.

Montagnards [the mountain party].

The extreme democratic politicians in
the French Revolution; so called be-
cause they occupied the highest tier of
benches in the hall of the National Con-
vention. The opposite party sat on the
level of the floor, called the “‘ plain.”

Mon'tague (3 syl.). The headof a
faction in Vero'na (Shakespeare: Romeo
and Juliet), The device of the family

is a mountain with sharply-peaked crest
(mont-agu or acu).

‘Monta‘nists. Heretics of the second
century; so called from Monta’nus, a
Phrygian, who asserted that he had re-
ceived from the Holy Ghost special
knowledge that had not been vouchsafed
to the apostles.

Montan‘to. Signior Montanto. A
master of fence rather than a soldier; a
tongue-doughty knight. It is a word
of fence, and hence Ben, Jonson says,
“ Your punto, your reverso, your stoccata,
your imbrocata, your passada, your
montante.”” (Every Manin his Humour.)

Monteer Cap. So called from mon=
teros ad’ Espinoza (mountaineers), who
once formed the interior guard of the
palace of the Spanish king. The way
they came to be appointed is thus ac-
counted for :—Sanchica, wife-of Don
Sancho Garcia, Count of Castile, entered
into a plot to poisom her husband, but
one of the mountaineers of Espinoza
revealed the plot and saved the count’s
life, Everafter the sovereigns of Castile
recruited their body-guards from men
of this estate,

Monteith’. A scalloped basin to cool
and wash glasses in; a sort of punch-
bowl, made of silver or pewter, with a
movable rim scalloped at the top; so
called from its inventor.

“New things produce new names, and thus

Monteith
Has by one vessel saved his name from eo.”
ing.
Montem. A custom formerly ob-

served every three years by the boys of
Eton school, who proceeded on it
Tuesday ad montem (to a mound called
Salt Hill), near the Bath Road, and
exacted a gene called salé from all
who passed by. Sometimes:as much as
£1,000 was thus collected, The custom
was abolished in 1847.

Monte’ro-cap (4) pres means a
huntsman’s cap; but Sir Walter Scott
tells us that Sir Jeffrey Hudson wore ‘‘a
large Montero hat,” meaning a Spanish
hat with a feather. (DPeveril of the

Peak, chap. Xxxv.)

Montesi‘nos (The Cave of). Close
to the castle of Rochafrida, to which a
knight of the same name, who had re-
ceived some cause of ‘offence at the
French court, retired. Tradition ascribes
the river Guadia’na to this cave as its
source, whence the river is sometimes
called Montesinos,

—

himself a vassal of

Montezuma’s Realm 855

Montezu'ma’s Realm. Mexico.
Montezuma, the last emperor, was seized
by Cortes, and ee to acknowledge

pain (1519),

‘Montezu'ma’s Watch. <A curious
stone, weighing twenty-four tons, of
basaltic porphyry, in Mexico. This im-
mense stone is cut into figures denoting
the Mexican division of time, and may
be termed their calendar.

Montfaucon Watch (4). ‘' Le guet
de Montfaucon.” A man‘ hanged. Mont-
faucon is an eminence néar Paris, once
used as the Tyburn or place of execu-
tion. At one time it was crowded with
gibbets, but at the Revolution they
were destroyed, and it became the dust-
bin of the city, ‘‘ Une voirie pour les
immondices de Paris et Véscarrissage des
chevauz.’? In 1841 this sink of corrup-
tion and infection was moved to ‘“‘ La
plaine des Vertus,” surely a strange
satire on the word.

Montgomery, in North Wales; so

Called from Roger de Montgomery, Earl
of Shrewsbury, who won the castle of

Baldwyn, lieutenant of the marches to:

William the Conqueror. Before this
time it was called ‘‘ Tre Faldwyx.”’

Monigomery’s-division, all on one side.

is is a French proverb, and refers to
the Free Companies of the sixteenth
century, of which Montgomery was
a noted chief. The booty he took was
all given to ‘his banditti, and nothing
was left to the victims. (See Lion’s
SHARE,)

Month of Sundays (4), An:inde- °

finite long time; never. (See NEVER.)

“Such another chance might never turn up-in
a month of Sundays."—oldrewood : Robbery
Under Arms, chap. x],

Month’s Mind (4). An irresistible
longing (for something) ; a great desire.

“I see you havea month’s mind for them.”—
Shakespeare: Two Gentlemen of Verona, i 2.

Months.

January. So called from ‘‘ Janus,’””
the Roman deity that kept the gates of
heaven. The image of Janus is repre-
sented with two faces looking op osite
ways. One face is o/d, and is emblema-
tical of time past ; the other is young, as
the emblem of time future, . The Dutch
used to call this. month Lauw-maand
(frosty-month); the Saxons, Wulf-mo-
nath, because wolves were very trouble-
some then from the great scarcity of
food. After the introduction of Chris-
iani @ name was changed to

tianity,
eftera gedla (the after-yule) ; it was also

« calle

Months

called Forma-monath (first month). In
the French Republican calendar it was
called Nivése (snow-month, December
20th to 20th January).

February. So called from “ Februa,”’
a name of Juno, from the Sabine word
februo (to purify). Juno was so called
because she presided over the purifica-
tion of women, which took place in
this month. The Dutch used to term
the month Spokkel-maand (vegetation-
month) ; the ancient Saxons, Sprote-cal
(from the sprouting of pot-wort or kele);
they changed it subsequently to Sol-
monath (from the returning sun). In
the French Republican calendar it was
called Pluviése (rain-month, 20th January
to 20th February).

March. So called from ‘ Mars,” the
Roman war-god and patron deity, .The
old Dutch name for it was Lent-maand
(lengthening-month), because the days
sensibly lengthen; the old Saxon name
was Hréth-monath (rough month, from
its boisterous bie the name was
subsequently changed to Length-monath

lengthening month) ; it was also called

lyd-monath (boisterous-month). In
the French Republican calendar it was
called Ventése (windy-month, February
20th to March 20th),

April. So called from the Latin
aperio (to open), in allusion to the
unfolding of the leaves, The old Dutch
name was Gyras-maand (grass-month) ;
the old Saxon, Zuster-monath (orient or

aschal-month), ‘In the French Réepub-
ican calendar it was called Germinal

| (the time of budding, March 21st to the

19th of April).

May is the old Latin magius, softened
into maius, similar to the Sanskrit mah
(to grow), that is, the growing-month,
The old Dutch name was Blou-maand
(blossoming month); the Old Saxon, 7ri-
milchi (three milch), because cows were
milked thrice a day in this month. In
the French Republican calendar the
month was called Floréal. (the time of
flowers, April 20th to May 20th).

June, So called from the ‘‘ junio’res’’
or soldiers of the state, not from Juno,
the queen-goddess. The old Dutch name
was Zomer-maand (summer-month) ; the

old Saxon, Sere-monath jae enon), and

Lida-erra (joy-time). In the French
Republican calendar the month was
“4 Praivial (meadow-month, May
20th to June 18th). f
July. Mark Antony gave this month
the name of Julius, from Julius Cesar,
who was born in it. It had been:pre-
viously called Quinti’lis (fifth-month),

Months

856

Monumental Effiigies

a

The old Dutch name for it was Hooy-
maand (hay-month); the old Saxon,
Mad-monath (because the cattle were
turned into the meadows to feed), and
Lida eftevr (the second mild or genial
month}, In the French Republican
calendar it was called Messidor (harvest-
month, June 19th to July 18th).

August. So called in honour of Au-
gustus Cesar; not because it was his
birth-month, but because it was the
month in which he entered upon his first
consulship, celebrated three triumphs,
received the oath of allegiance from the
legions which occupied the Janic'ulum,
reduced Kg
civil wars. e was born in September,
The old Dutch name for August was Oost-
maand (harvést-month) ; the old Saxon
Weod-monath (weed-month, where weed
signifies vegetation in general. In the
French Republican calendar it was called
Ther-midor (hot-month, Jaly 19th to
August 17th),

September. The seventh month from
March, where the year used to com-
merce, The old Dutch name was Herst-
maand (autumn-month) ; the old Saxon,
Gerst-monath (barley-monath), or Her-

est-monath ; and after the introduction
of Christianity Halig-monath (holy-
month, the nativity of the Virgin Mary
being on the 8th, the exaltation of the
Cross on' the 14th, Holy-Rood Day on
the 26th, and St. Michael’s Day on the
29th), In the French Republican cal-
endar it’ was called Frauctidor (fruit-
month, August 18th to September 21st).

October. The eighth month of the
Alban calendar. The old Dutch name
was Wyn-maand ; the Old Saxon, Win-
monath (wine-month, or the time of vin-
tage); it was also called Teo-monath
(tenth- month), and Winter - fylleth
(winter full-moon). In the Trench Re-
publican calendar it was called Vendé-
miaire (time of vintage, September 22nd
to October 21st).

November. The uinth Alban month. —

The old Dutch name was Slaght-maand
(slaughter-month, the time when the
beasts were slain and salted down for
winter use); the old Saxon, Wind-monath
(wind-month, when the fishermen drew
their boats ashore, and gave over fishin;
till the next spring) ; it was also call
Blot-monath—the same as Slaght-maand,
In the French Republican calendar it
was called Brumaire (fog-month, Octo-
ber 22nd to November 2ist).

December. The tenth month of the old
Alban calendar. The old Dutch name
was Winter-maand (winter-month) ; the

,

t, and put an end to the

old Saxon, Mid-winter-monath (mid-
winter-month) ; whereas June was Mid-
sumor-monath, Christian Saxons called
December Se wra gedla (the anti-yule).
In the French Republican calendar it
was called Frimaire (hoar-frost month,
from November 22nd to December 20th).

Monthawi (4)), [the destroyer}. One
of Mahomet’s lances, confiscated from
the Jews when they were exiled from
Medi‘na.

Montjoie St. Denis. The war-cry
of the French. Montjoie is a corruption
of Mons Jovis, as the little mounds were
called which served‘as direction-posts in
ancient times; hence it was applied to
whatever showed or indicated the way,
as the banner of St. Denis, called the
Oriflamme. The Burgundians had for
their war-cry, ‘‘ Montjoie St. André ;.””
the dukes of Bourbon, ‘‘ Montjoie Notre
Dame;’? and the kings of England:
used to have ‘‘Montjoie St. George.”
There seems no sufficient reason to
suppose that) Montjoio St. Denis is a
corruption of ‘St. Denis mon joie”’—
i.e. St, Denis is my hope.”

Montjoie. The cry of the French
heralds in the ancient tournaments; and
the title of the French king-of-arms.

Montrognon (Baron of), Lord of
Bourglastie, Tortebesse, and elsewhere.
A huge mass of muscle, who existed
only to eat and drink. He was a de-
scendant of Esau on his father’s side,
and of Gargantua on his mother’s. He
once performed a gigantic feat—he
killed six hundred Saracens who hap-
pened to get in his way as he was going
to dinner. He was bandy-legged, coul
lift immense weights, had an. elastic
stomach, and four rows of teeth. In
Croquemitaine he is made one of the
paladins of Charlemagne, and was one
of the four knights sent in search of
Croquemitaine and Fear-fortress.

Montserrat’. The Catalonians aver
that this mountain was riven and shat-
tered at the Crucifixion, Every rift is
filled with evergreens. Similar legends
exist with regard to many other moun-
tains. (Latin, mons serra’tus, the moun-
tain jagged like a saw.) at

Monumental City. Baltimore, U.S.,
is so called because it abounds in monu-
ments: witness the obelisk, the 104
churches, etc. '

Monumental Effigies, In the age
of chivalry the woman in monumental
brasses and effigies is placed on the.

Monumental Figures 8:

7

Moon

man’s right hand; but when chival
declined she was placed on his left han

Monumental Figures. No. 1.

(1) Those in stone, with plain sloping
roofs, and without inscriptions, are the
oldest.

(2) In 1160 these plain prismatic roofs
began to be ornamented.

(3) In the same century the sloping
roofs gave place to armorial bearings.

(4) In the thirteenth century we see
flat roofs, and figures carved on the lids.

(5) The next stage was an arch, built
over the monument to protect it.

(6) The sixth stage was a chapel an-
nexed to the church.

(7) The last stage was the head bound
and feet tied, with children at the base,
or cherubims at the feet.

Monumental Figures. No. 2.

Figures with their hands on their
breasts, and chalices, represent priests.

Figures with crozier, mitre, and ponti-
ficals, represent prelates.

Figures with armour represent knights.

Figures with legs crossed represent
either crusaders or married men.

Female figures with a mantle and large
ring represent nuns. -

Monumental Figures. No. 3.

Those in scale armour are the most
ancient (time, Henry II.).

Those in chain armour or ring-mail
ir, next (time, Richard I. to Henry

Those with children or cnerubims, be-
tween the fourteenth and seventeenth
centuries.

Brasses are for the most part subse-
quent to the thirteenth century.

Monumental Figures. No. 4.

Saints lie to the east of the altar, and
are elevated above the ground; the
higher the elevation, the greater the
sanctity. Martyrs are much elevated.

Holy men not canonised lie on a level
with the pavement.

Founders of chapels, etc., lie with their
monument built into the wall.

Monumental Inscriptions.

Capital letters and Latin inscriptions
are of the first twelve centuries.

Lombardic capitals and French inscrip-
tions, of the thirteenth century,

German text, of the fourteenth cen-

nglish and Roman print, subsequent
to the fourteenth century. 160 Mi
'» Tablets against the wall came in with

_the Reformation,

MooheL A Jew whose office it is te
circumcise the young Jewish boys.

Moon means ‘‘measurer” of time
(Anglo-Saxon, ména, masc. gen.). It is
masculine in all the Teutonic languages;
in the Edda the som of Mundilfori is
Mani (moon), and daughter Sél (sun);
so it is still with the Lithuanians and
Arabians, and so was it with the ancient
Mexicans, Slavi, Hindus, etc. ; so that
it was a most unlucky dictum of Harris,
in his Hermes, that all nations ascribe to
the Sun a masculine, and to the Moon a
feminine gender, (Gothic, mena, masc. ;
Sanskrit, més, masc., from md, to mea-
sure.) .The Sanskrit mdtram is an in-
strument for measuring; hence Greek
metron ; French, metre ; English, meter.

The Germans have Frau, Sonne (Mrs,
Sun) and Herr Mond (Mr. Moon}.

Moon, represented in five different
phases; (1) new ; (2) full} (3) crescent
or decrescent ; (4) half; and (5) gibbous,
or more than half,

Moon, in pictures of the Assumption
of the Virgin, is represented as a.crescent
under her feet ; in the Crucifixion it is
eclipsed, and placed on one side of the
cross, the sun being on the other; in the
Creation and Last Judgment it is also
introduced by artists.

Hecate. "The moon before she has
risen and after she haz set.

Astayte.. The crescent moon, ‘‘the
moon with crescent horns.””

Diana. The moon in the open vault
of heayen, who ‘‘ hunts the clouds,’’

Cynthia, Same as Diana.

Selené or Luna. The moon personified,
properly the full moon, who loved the

sleeping Endymion.
Endymion. Moonlight on-a bank,

field, or garden.

“How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this
bank!” Shakespeare: Merchant of Venice, Vv. 1.
Phebe. The moon as the sister of the

sun. (See ASTARTE, ASHTAROTH, etc.),
Moon. Astolpho found treasured in

the moon everything wasted on this
earth, such as misspent time and wealth,
broken vows, unanswered prayers, fruit-
less tears, abortive attempts, unfulfilled
desires and intentions, etc. All bribes
were hung on gold and silver hooks ;
prince’s favours were kept in bellows ;
wasted talent was kept in vases, each
marked with the proper name; etc.

Orlando Furioso, bk. xvii. (See Rape of

the Lock, c. v.): }
Moon. (See under MAHOMET.)

The moon is called ‘*triform,’’ because
it presents itself to us either round, oF

Moon-calf 858,

Moots

I

waxing with horns towards the east, or
waning with horns towards the west.
Island of themoon. Madagascar is so
named by the natives,
Minions of the moon. Thieves who
rob by night, (See 1 Henry IV., i. 2.)
Mountains of the Moon means simply
White Mountains. The Arabs call a
white horse “‘moon-coloured.” (Jackson.)
Ife cries for the moon, He craves to
have what is wholly beyond his reach.
The allusion is to foolish children who
want the moon for a plaything. The’
French say ‘“‘He wants to take the moon
between his teeth’? (‘* I? veut prendre la
lune avec le dents’), alluding to the old

proverb about ‘‘the moon,” and a.

‘* preen theese,”

To cast beyond the moon. To make ex-
travagant conjectures; to cast your
thoughts or guesses beyond all reason.

To bevel at the moon, To be very am-
bitious ; to aim in shooting at the moon,

You have Sound an elephant in the moon
—found a mare’s nest. Sir Paul Neal, a
conceited virtuoso of the seventeenth

. century, gave out that he had discovered
“an bophait in the moon.”’ It turned
out that a mouse had crept into his
telescope, which had been mistaken for
an elephantinthe moon. Samuel Butler
has a satirical poem on the subject called
The Elephant im the Moon.

You would have me believe, I suppose,
that the moon is a green cheese—i.c. the
most absurd thing possible. A green
cheese is a cream cheese which is eaten
green or fresh, and is not kept to mature
like other cheeses. ~

Manin the moon, (See Man,).

Hares sacred to the moon, not because
Diana was a great huntress, but because
the Hindus affirm that the outline of a
hare is distinctly visible on the moon,

Once in a blue moon. (See Buvz.)

Moon-calf is an inanimate, shape-
less mass (Pliny : Natural History, x. 64).
This abortion was supposed to be pro-
duced by the influence of the moon.
The primary meaning of calf is not the
young of a cow, but the issue arising

‘from throwing out,” as a push, a pro-
fuberance ; hence the calves of the legs.

“A false conception, called mola, t.e. moon-calf
+..8 lump c¢d flesh without shape or life."—Hol-
land: Pliny, vii. 16. ;

Moon-drop, In Latin, virus lundre,
@ vaporous drop ene to be shed by
the moon on certain herbs and other ob-
jects, when influenced by incantations,

< een the corner of the moon, ‘

There hangs a vaporous drop profound ;
T'll catch it-ere it come to ground.”
: was Shakespeare; Macbeth, ii. 6,

Moon-maker [Sagendé Nah], a sur-
name given to the Veiled Prophet (@.v.),
who caused a moon to issue from a
deep well, so brilliant that the real moon
was eclipsed by it.

Moon-rakers. The people of Wilt-
shire are so called, In the “good old
times”’ they were noted smugglers, and
one day, seeing the coastguard on the
watch, they sunk in the sea some smug-
gled whisky. When they supposed the
coast was clear they employed rakes to
get their goods in hand again, when lo!
the. coastguard. reappeared and de-
manded of them what they were doing.
Pointing to the reflection of the moon
in the water, they replied, ‘‘We are
trying to rake out that cream-cheese
yonder,”’

Moon’s Men... Thieves and highway-
men who ply their trade by night.

“The fortune of us that are but, Moon’s-men

‘ doth ebb and flow like the sea,’ '—Shakespeare ?

1 Henry 1V.,i.2.

Moonlight Flitting (4). A clan-
destine removal of one’s furniture durs
ing the night, to avoid paying one’s rent

in
ou bagi the furniture seized in payment

thereof.

Moonstone, <A mineral so called on
account of the play of light which if
exhibits. Wilkie Collins has a nove
called The Moonstone,

“The moonstone contains bluish-white spots,
which, when held to the light, present a

silvery play of colour not unlike that of the
moon,”--Ure: Chemical Dictionary.

Moor-slayer or Mata-moros. A
name given to St. James, the patron-
saint of Spain, because in almost all
encounters with the Moors he éame on
his white horse to the aid of the Chris-
tians. So, at least, itis said,

Moors. In the Middle Ages, the
Europeans called all Mahometans Moors,
in the same manner as the Bastern
nations called all inhabitants of Europe
Franks. ‘Camoens, in the Lusiad, terms
the Indians ‘‘ Moors,’’ (Bk, viii.)

Moore (Thomas), called ‘‘Anacreon
Moore,’’ because the character of his
oetry resembles that of Anacreon, the
Breck oet of love and wine. —He also
transieton Anacreon’s Odes. (1779-1852. )
Moot Point A) A doubtful or un-
settled question. e Anglo-Saxon mot.
tan is. ‘*to debate,’? and a moot point
is one sub judice, or under debate, a ee
Moots were, debates which formerly
took place in the halls and libraries of
Inns of Court, The benchers and the

——

Mop

859

Morgan le Fay

barristers, as well as the students, took an
active part in these moots, Sir Simonds
D’Ewes, in his Diary (1625-1629), says:

“fT had lived mooted in law French before I
was called to the bar.”"—Nineteenth Century, No-
vember, 1892, p. 775.

Mop.
are held, where servants seek to be
hired. Carters fasten to their hats a

_piece of whipcord ; shepherds, a lock of
wool; grooms, a piece of sponge, etc.
When hired they mount a cockade with
streamers, Some few days after the
statute fair, a second, called a Mop, is
held for the benefit of those not already
hired. This fair mops or wipes up the
refuse of the statute fair, carrying away
the dregs of the servants left.

Mop. One of Queen Mab’s attendants.

Ali mops and brooms. Intoxicated.

Mora-stone, near Upsala, where the
Swedes used anciently to elect their
kings. _

Moral. The moral Gower, John
Gower, the poet, is so called by Chaucer.
(1320-1402.

Father of moral philosophy. Thomas
Aquinas (1227-1274). '

- Moralist. The great moralist of Fleet
Street.. Dr. Johnson (1709-1784).

Moran’s Collar which strangled the
wearer if he deviated from the strict
rules of equity. Moran was the wise
councillor of Feredach the Just, an
early king of Ireland, before the Chris-
tian era. Of course, the collar is an
allegory of obvious meaning.,

Morasteen [great stone]. The an-
cient Danes selected their king from the
sacred line of royalty. The man chosen
was taken to the Landsthing, or local
court, and placed on the morasteen,
while the magnates ranged themselves
around on stones of inferior size. This
was the Danish mode of installation,

Morat. Morat and Marathon twin
names shall stand (Childe Harold, iii.
64). Morat, in Switzerland, is famous
for the battle fought in 1476, in which
the Swiss defeated Charles le Téméraire
of Burgundy.

Moratorium. A legal permission to
defer for a stated time the payment of a
bond, debt, cheque, or other obligation.
This is done to enable the creditor to
pull himself round by borrowing money,
selling effects, or otherwise raising funds
to satisfy obligations, The device was
adopted in 1891 in the Argentine Repub-
lics during the money panic caused’ by

In many places statute fairs _

veut,

the Baring Brothers’ ‘‘difficulty,’’ a de-
fault of some twenty millions sterling.

Mora'vians or Bohemian Brethren.
A religious community tracing its origin
from John Huss, expelled by persecu-
tion from Bohemia and Moravia in the
eighteenth century. They are often
called The United Brethren.

Morbleu! (French). A corruption of
Mort de Dieu. (See VentRE Sr. Gris.)

More. To be no more.
longer; to be dead.

“ Cassius is no more.”
ae Shakespeare; Julius Cesar.

More Kicks than Ha’pence. Like
the monkey which plays tricks for his
master. The monkey gets the kicks and
the master the ha’pence.

More Last Words. When Richard
Baxter lost his wife, he published a
broadsheet, headed Last Words of Mrs.
Baxter, which had an immense sale,
The printer, for his own profit, brought
out a spurious broadsheet, headed
More Last Words ; but Baxter issued a
small handbill with this concise sen-
tence: ‘‘Mrs. Baxter did not say any-
thing else.”’

More of More Hall. A legendary
hero who armed himself with an armour
of spikes; and, concealing himself in
the cave where the. dragon of Wantley
dwelt, slew the monster by kicking it on
the mouth, where alone it was mortal,

More the Merrier (Zhe). Theautho1
of this phrase was Henry Parrot.

More one has, the More he Desires
(The). In French, Plus il en a, plus ilen
In Latin, Quo plus habent, eo plus
cupiunt,

‘* My more having would be a source
To make me hunger more.”
Shakespeare: Macbeth, iv. 3.

More’no ‘(3 sy!.).. Don Antonio Mo-
réno, a gentleman of Barcelo'na, who
entertained Don Quixote with mock-
heroic hospitality.

Morestone. Would you remove More-
stone? (See MORTSTONE.)

Morgan le Fay. (See below.) W.
Morris, in his Earthly Paradise (August), :
makes Morgan the bride of Ogier the
Dane, after his .earthly career was
ended. f

Morgan le Fay, Morgaine la Fée,
or Morgana the Fairy. Daughter of
Queen Igrayne, and half-sister of King
Arthur, who revealed to him the in-
trigues of Sir Lancelot and Guinever.

To exist no

Morganatic

860

Mormon

She gave him a cup containing a magic
draught, and Arthur had no sooner
drunk it than his eyes were opened to
the perfidy of his wife and friend.

Morganat'ic Marriage (4). A mar-
riage in which the wife does not take
the husband’s rank, because legally, or
according to court bye-laws, the mar-
riage is not recognised. This sort of
marriage is effected when a man of high
rank marries a woman of inferior posi-
tion. The children in this case do not
inherit the title or entails of the father.
The word is based on the Gothic morg-
jam, “to curtail’ or ‘‘limit;”? and the
marriage settlement was called morgen-
cae or morgengnade, whence the Low

atin matrimonium ad legem-morganat-
tcam, in which the dowry is to be con-
sidered all the portion the wife will
receive, as the estates cannot pass to
her or to her children.

A morganatic marriage is called “ left-
handed,’’ because a man pledges ‘his
trath with his left hand instead of his
right, The ‘“hand-fasted’’ marriages
of Scotland and Ireland were mor-
ganatic, and the ‘“‘hand-fasted’’ bride
could be put away for a fresh union.

Morgane (2 syl.). A fay to whose
charge Zephyr commiitted young Pas-
selyon and his cousin Bennucq. Pas-
selyon fell in love with Morgane’s
daughter, and the adventures of these
young lovers are related in the romance
of Perceforest, vol. iii. (See Morean.)

Morgans. A Stock Exchange term,
signifying the French 6 per cents., which
were floated by the Morgans.

Morgan'te. A ferocious giant, con-
verted by Orlando to Christianity. After
eee the most wonderful feats, he

ied at last from the bite of a crab. (See
below.)

Morgante Maggiore. A serio-comic
romance in verse, by Pulci, of Florence
(1494). He was the inventor of this
species of poetry, called by the French
beynesque, from Berni, who greatly ex-
celled in it, Translated by Byron,

Morgia‘na, The clever, faithful,
female slave of Ali Baba, who pries into
the forty jars, and discovers that every
jar, but one, containsaman. She takes
oil from the only dne containing it,
and, having made it boiling hot, pours
enough into each jar to kiH the thief
concealed there. At last she kills the
captain of the gang, and marries her
master’s son, (Arabian Nights: Ali
Baba and the Forty Thieves.)

Morglay. A sword (glave de la mort,

“the sword of Sir Bevis of Southampe

ton), a generic name for a sword. (See
Sworp.)

“Had I been accompanied with my Toledo er
Morglay.’—Every Woman in her Humour

“Carrying their morglays in their hands."—
Beaumont and Fletcher: Honest Man.

Morgue, a dead-house, is generally
associated with mors (death), but this is
a blunder, as the word means visage, -
and was first applied to prison vestibules,
where new criminals were placed to be
scrutinised, that the prison officials
might become familiar with their faces
and general appearance,

“On me conduit donc an petit chastelet, ou du
guichet estant passé dans Ja morgue, un homme
gros, court, et carré, vint & moy."—Assoucy: La
Prison de M. Dassouch (1674), p. 35.

“Morgue, Endroit od l'on tient quelque temps
ceux que l'on ecroue, afin que Ies_guichetiers
puissent les reconnaitre ensuit.”—Fleming and

‘ibbing, Vol. ii, p. 688.

Morgue la Faye, who watched over
the birth of Ogier the Dane, amd after he
had finished his earthly career, restored
him to perpetual youth, and took him
to live with her in everlasting love in
the isle and castle of Av’alon.

Moribund. Declining; in a dyin
state ; on its last legs. Turkey is calle
a moribund stafe. Institutions on the
decline are called moribund. Applied
to institutions, commercial companies,

states, etc. (Latin, moribumdus, ready
to die.)
Moriso’nianism. The religious

system of James Morison, the chief
peculiarities being the doctrines of uni-
versal atonement, and the ability of
man unaided to receive or reject the
Gospel. James Morison, in 1841, sepa-
rated from the ‘‘ United Secession,’’ now
merged into the ‘‘ United Presbyterian.’’
The Morisonians call themselves the
“ Byvangelical Unign.’’

Morley (Mrs.). The name under
which Queen Anne corresponded with
Mrs. Freeman (the Duchess of Marl-
borough),

Morma, in Pepys’s Diary, is Eliza-
beth, daughter of John Dickens, who
died October 22nd, 1662. ivy

Mormon. The last of a pretended
line of Hebrew prophets, and the pre-
tended author of The Book of Mormon,
or Golden Bible, written on golden

lates. This work was in reality written
y the Rev. Solomon Spalding, but was
claimed by Joseph Smith as a direct
revelation to him by the angel Mormon.
Spalding died in 1816; Smith, 1844,

Mormon Creed

861

Morrice,

Mormon Creed. (1) God is a person
with the form and flesh of man. (2) Man
is a part of the substance of God, and
will himself become a god. (3) Man
was not created by God, but existed from
all eternity, and will never cease to exist.
(4) There is no such thing as original or
birth sin. (5) The earth is only one of
many inhabited spheres. (6) God is
president of men made gods, angels,
good men, and spirits waiting to receive
a tabernacle of flesh. (7) Man’s house-
hold of wives is his kingdom not for
earth only, but also in his future state.
(8) Mormonism is the kingdom of God

onearth. (W. Hepworth Dixon: New
America, i. 24.)
Mormonism. The religious and

social system of the Latter-day Saints ;
so called from their gospel, termed
The Book of Mormon. Joe Smith, the
founder of the system, was born in
Sharon, Windsor county, Vermont; his
partner was Rigdon. The manuscript,
which he declared to be written on gold

lates, was a novel written by Spalding.

e was cited thirty-nine times into
courts of law, and was at last assassi-
nated by a gang of ruffians, who broke
into his prison at Carthage, and shot
him like a dog. His wife’s name was
Emma; he lived at Nauvoo, in Illinois ;
his successor was Brigham Young, a car-
penter by trade, who led the ‘‘Saints’’
(as the Mormons are called), driven from
home by force, to. the valley of the Salt
Lake, 1,600 miles distant, generally
called Utah, but by the Mormons them-
selves Deseret (Bee-country), the New
Jerusalem, Abraham is their model
man, and Sarai their model woman, and
English their language. Young’s house
was called the Bee-hive. Every man,
woman, and child capable of work has
work to do in the community.

Morning. The first glass of whisky
drunk by Scotch fishermen in salutation
to the dawn. Thus one fisherman will
say to another, ‘‘Hae- ye had your
morning, Tam?” or ‘“‘I haena had my
morning, yet, Jock.”’

“Having declined Mrs. Flockhart’s compliment
ofa ‘morning,’ ,.. he made his adieus.”—Sir W.
Scott: Waverley, chap. xliv:

Morning Star of the Reformation.
John Wycliffe (1324-1384).

Morocco. The name of Banks’s bay
horse. (See Banxs and Horse.)

Morocco, Strong ale made from burnt
malt, used in the annual feast at Seven-
halls, Westmoreland (the seat of the
Hon. Mary Howard), on the opening of

Milnthorpe Fair. This liquor is put into
a large glass of unique form, and the
person whose turn it is to drink is called
the ‘‘colt.”? He is required to stand on
one leg, and say ‘‘ Luck to Sevens as
long as Kent flows,’’ then drain the glass
to the bottom, or forfeit one’ shilling.
The act is termed ‘‘ drinking the con-
stable.’’ The feast consists of radishes,
oaten, cake, and butter.

Morocco Men (Zhe). Public-house
and perambulating touts for lottery
insurances. Their rendezvous was a
tavern in Oxford Market, on the
Portland estate, at the close of the
eighteenth century. In 1796 the great
State lottery employed 7,500 Morocco
men to dispose of their tickets.

Moros. The fool in the play entitled
The Longer Thou Livest the More Fool
Thow Art, by William Wager.

Morpheus (2 syl., the Sleeper), Son
of Sleep, and god of dreams: so called
because he gives these airy nothings
their form and fashion.

Morrel. One of the shepherds in the
Shepherd’s Calendar, by Spenser.

Morrice (Gil or Child), The natural
son of an earl and the wife of Lord Bar-
nard or John Stewart, ‘‘ brought forth
in her father’s house wi?’ mickle sin and
shame,” and brought oP the gude
grene wode,’’ One day hesent Willie to
the baron’s hall, requesting his mother
to come without delay to Greenwood,
and by way of token sent with hima
‘¢ pay mantel’? made by herself. Willie
went into the dinner-hall, and blurted
out his message before all who. were
present, adding, ‘‘ and there is the silken
sarke your ain hand sewd the sleive.’’
Lord Barnard, thinking the Child to
be a paramour of his wife, forbade her
to leave the hall, and, riding himself to
Greenwood, slew Morrice with a broad-
sword, and setting his head on a spear,
gave it to ‘‘the meanest man in a’ his
train’ to carry it to the lady, When
the baron returned Lady Barnard said
to him, ‘‘ Wi’ that same spear, O pierce
my heart, and put me out o’ pain;”
but the baron replied, ‘‘ Enouch of blood
by me’s bin spilt, sair, sair I rew the
deid,’’ adding —

“ ['llay lament for Gil Morice,
As gin he were mine ain ;
ll neir forget tue dreiry day

On which the youth was slain.” b
Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, ser. iii. 1.

Dr. Percy says this pathetic tale sug-
gad to Home the plot of Doralas (a
Tragedy) ¥ ey

Morris Dance

862 Moscow

Morris Dance, brought to England
in the reign of Edward III., when John
of Gaunt returned from Spain, In the
dance, bells were jingled, and staves or
swords clashed. It was a military dance
of the Moors or Moriscos, in which five
men and a boy engaged; the boy wore
a morione or head-piece, and was called
Mad Morion. (See Marp Marian.)

Morse Alphabet (Zhe). An alpha-
bet used in telegraphic messages, in-
vented by Professor Samuel F, B. Morse,
of Massachusetts. The right-hand de-
flection of the electric needle corresponds
to a dash, and the left-hand to a dot;
and by means of dashes and dots every
word may be spelt at length. Military
eee is performed in England by
short and long flashes of a flag or some
other instrument; the short flash corre-
sponds with the dot, and the long with
the dash. The following ten varieties
will show how these two symbols are
capable of endless combinations, ‘| |
Rgoitel,| OT = ETCH] | Heed R =e fe sk 4 eS S|

**—|—*"|/ete.

Mort-safe. A wrought-iron frame
to prevent dead bodies from being ex-
humed by resurrectionists. (See Notes
and Queries, March 14th, 1891, p. 210.) .

Mortal. J saw a mortal lot of people
—i.e. a vast number. Mortal is the
French @ mort, as in the sentence, ‘Id y
apait du monde «& mort.?? Legonidec
says, ‘* Ce mot [mort] ne s’emploie jamais
au propre, mais seulement au figure, avec
la signification de multitude, grand nom-
bre, foule.””

Mortar-board. A college cap. A
corruption of the French mortier, the
cap worn by the ancient kings of France,
and still used officially by the chief
justice or president of the court of
justice, As a college cap has a square

oard on the top, the mortier-board was
soon transformed into mortar-board.

Mortars differ from guns, in having
their trunnions placed behind the vent.
They are short pieces, intended to pro-
ject shells at high angles (45°), and the
shells thus projected fall almost verti-
‘cally on the object struck, forcing in
the strongest buildings: and (bursting at
the same time) firing everything around.
‘Their splinters are very destructive.

Morte d’Arthur, compiled by Sir
Thomas Malory, from French originals ;
edited by Southey, the poet-laureate,
The compilation contains—

The Prophecies of Merlin.

,

The Quest of the St. Graal. 4

The Romance of Sir Lancelot of the
Lake.

The History of Sir Tristram ; etc, etc.

Tennyson has a Morte d’Arthur
among his poems,

Mortgage. (See Wexsu Morrcace.)

Morther. Well, Mor, where have you
been this long while? (Norfolk). I’sy,
Mor, come hither! (Norfolk). Mor

or Morther means a lass, a wench. It
is the Dutch moer (a woman). . In Nor-
folk they call a lad a bor, from the
Dutch boer (a farmer), English door.
“Well, bor!’ and ‘Well, mor!” are
to be heard daily in every part of the
county. ;
“When once a giggling morther you,
And I a red-faced chubby boy,
Sly tricks you played me not a few,
For mischief was your greatest joy.”
Bloomflela; Richard and Kate.
Mor’timer. So called from. an an-
cestor in crusading times, noted for his
exploits on the shores of the Dead Sea.
(De Mortuo Mari.)

Mortlake Tapestry. The best Eng-
lish tapestry made at Mortlake (Middle-
sex), in the reign of James I,

“ Why, lady, do you think me :
Wrought ina hoom, some Dutch-piece weaved at

Mortlake ?”” City Match,
Mortstone. He may remove Mort-
stone. A Devonshire’ proverb, said in-

credulously of husbands who pretend to
be masters of their wives. It also means,
‘*Tf you have done what you say, you
can accomplish anything.”

Morven. Fingal’s realm; probably
Argyllshire and its neighbourhood.

Mosa/ic Work is not connected with
the proper name Moses, but with the
Muses (Latin, opus muse’um, musium, or
musivum ; Greek, mouseion; French,
mosaique ; Italian, mosaico). Pliny says
it was so called because these tesselated
floors were first used in the grottoes
consecrated to the Muses (xxxv. 21,
s. 42).. The most famous workman in
mosaic work was Sosus of Per’gamos,
who wrought the rich pavement in the
common-hall, called Asaroton cecon,
(Pliny: Natural History, xxxvi. 4, 64.)

Moseow. So called from the river
Moscowa, on which it is built. :

The monarch of Moscow. A large bell
weighing 193 tons, 21 feet high, and 21
feet in diameter. i unt

[So-and-So] was my Moscow. The
turning-point of my good fortune, lead-
ing to future shoals and misery. The

Mosen

863 Mother Carey’s Chickens

reference is to Napoleon’s disastrous
expedition, when his star hastened to its
setting.
“Juan was my Moscow [tke ruin of my .repu-
tation].” Byron: Don Juan, xi. 56.
Mosen (Spanish). A corruption of
Mio: Sefior, corresponding to the Casti
lian Don,

Moses’ Horns. Exodus xxxiy. 30,
‘All the children of Israel saw Moses,
and the. skin of his face shone,” trans-
lated in the Vulgate,‘Cornita esset facres
sua.” Rays of light were called horns.
Hence in Habakkuk (iti. 4) we read of
God, “His brightness was as the light,
and He had horns [ra 3 of light] coming
out of His hand.’?» Michel Angelo de-

icted Moses with horns, following the
ulgate.
i é French tfanslation of Hahacue, ili. 4 is:—
la splendeut etait comme la lumiére meme, et des
rayons sortaient de sa main,”

Moses’ Rod. So the divining-rod
was usually called. The divining-rod
was employed to discover water or
mineral treasure. In Blackwood’s Maga-
sine (May, 1850) we are told that nobody
sinks a well in North Somersetshire
without consulting the jowser (as. the
rod-diviner is eafed) . The Abbé Richard
is stated in the Monde to be an extremely
expert diviner of water, and amongst
others discovered the ‘‘ Christmas Foun-
tain’? on M. de Metterpich’s estate, in
1863. In the Quarterly Review (No. 44)
we have an account of Lady Noel’s
divining skill. (See World of Wonders,
pt. ix. p. 283.)

Moses Slow of Speech. The ac-
count given in the Zalmud (vi.) is as
follows:—Pharaoh was one day sit-
ting on his throne with Moses on his lap,
when the child took off the king’s crown
and put it onhis ownhead. The ‘‘ wise
men” tried to persuade the king that
this was treason, for which the child
ought to be put to death; but Jethro,
priest of Midian, replied, ‘‘It is the act
of achild who knows no better. Let two

lates’? (he continued) ‘be set before

im, one containing gold and the other
red-hot coals, and you will readily. see
he will prefer the latter to the former.”
The experiment being tried, the little
boy snatched up the live coal, put it into
his mouth, and burnt his tongue so

severely that he was ever after “‘ heavy

or slow of speech,”

Moses Primrose. Son of the Rev. |

Dr. Primrose, very green, and with a
ood opinion of himself. He is chiefly
fnown for his wonderful bargain with a

Jew at the neighbouring fair, when he.
gave a good horse in Satay for a
gross of worthless green spectacles, with
copper rims and shagreen cases. ((‘old-
smith: Vicar of Wakefield.)

Mos’lem or Moslemin. Plural of

' Mussulman, sometimes written Mussul-

mans. The word is Turkish, and means
true believer.

Mosse. Napping, as Mosse took his
mare, Wilbraham says Mosse took his
mare napping, because he could not
catch her when awake,

“Till day. come, catch him as Mosse his grey
mare, napping.”—Christmas Prince,

Mosstrooper. <A robber, a bandit.
The marauders who infested the borders
of England and Scotland were so called
because they encamped on the mosses,

Mote and Beam (Matt. vii. 3-5). In
alo pedictilum video, in te ricinum non
vides (Petronius).. Here pediculum means
alouse, and ricinum a tyke.

Moth. Page to Don Adriano de
Arma’do, all jest and playfulness, eun-
ning and versatile. (Shakespeare : Love's
Labour’s Lost.)

Mother. Mother and Head of all
Churches.’ So is St. John Lateran of
Rome called. It occupies the site of the
splendid palace of Plantius Latera’nus,
which escheated to the Crown from
treason, and was given to the Church by
the Emperor Constantine. From the
balcony of this church the. Pope blesses
the people of the whole world.

Mother Ann. Ann Lee, the ‘‘ spiri-
tual mother’? of the Shakers. (1735-
1784.)

Mother Bunch. (1) Mother Bunch
whose fairy tales are notorious. These
tales are in Pasquil’s Jests, with the
Merriments of Mother Bunch. (1653.)

(2) The other Mother Bunch is called
Mother Bunch’s Closet newly Broke
Open, containing rare secrets of art
and nature, tried and experienced by
learned philosophers, and recommended
to all ingenious young men and maids,
teaching them how to get good wives
and husbands. (1760.)

Mother Carey's Chickens. Stormy
petrels! Mother Carey is Mater Cara.
The French call these birds oiseaux de
Notre Dame or aves Sancte Marve.
Chickens are the young of any fowl, or
any small bird.

paver are called the.‘ suilor’s” friends, come to,
warn them of an approsehing. storm ; and it is
most unlucky to kill them, The legend is thas
each bird contains the soul of 4 dead seaman.”

Mother Country

864

Motion

Ss

(See Captain Marryat: Poor Jack,
where the superstition is fully related.)

Mother Carey’s Goose. The great Black
Petrel or Fulmar of the Pacific Ocean.

Mother Carey is plucking her goose. It
issnowing. (See HuLpA.)

Mother Country. One’s native
country, but the term applies specially to
England, in relation to America and the
Colonies. The inhabitants of North
America, Australia, etc., are for the
most part descendants of English parents,
and therefore England may be termed
the mother country. The Germans call
their native country Fatherland.

Mother Douglas. A noted pro-
curess, introduced in The Minor by
Foote. She also figures in Hogarth’s
March to Finchley. Mother Douglas re-
sided at the north-east corner of Covent
Garden; her house was superbly fus-
nished and decorated. She grew very
fat, and with pious up-turned eyes used
to pray for the safe return of her “babes”
from battle, She died 1761.

_. Mother Earth. When Junius Brutus
(after the death of Lucretia) formed one
“of the deputation to Delphi to ask the
Oracle which of the three would succeed
Tarquin, the response was, ‘‘He who
should first kiss his mother.’’ Junius in-
stantly threw himself on the ground,
exclaiming, ‘‘Thus, then, I kiss thee,
Mother Earth,’’? and he was elected
Consul,

Mother Goose. A name associated
with nursery rhymes. She was born in
Boston, and her eldest daughter Eliza-
beth married Thomas Fleet, the printer.
Mrs, Goose used to sing the rhymes #

her grandson, and Thomas Fleet printed .

the first edition in 1719.

Mother Hubbard. The old lady
whose whole time seems to have been
devoted to her dog, who always kept her
on the trot, and always made game of
her, Her temper was proof against this
wilfulness on the part of her dog, and
her politeness never forsook. her, for
when she saw Master Doggie dressed in
his fine clothes—

“The dame made a curtsey, the dog made a bow;
The dame said, ‘Your servant,’ the dog said,

‘ Bow-wow.'”

Mother Huddle’s Oven. Where
folk are dried up so that they live for
ood, 211.)

ever. (Howard Pyle: Robin

Mother Shipton lived in the reign
of Henry VIII., and was famous for her
pear: in which she foretold the

eath of Wolsey, Lord Percy, etc.,

and many wonderful events of future

times. All her ‘prophecies’? are still
extant,
Mother-siek, Hysterical.
Mother-wit. Native wit, a ready

reply; the wit which *‘ our mother gave
us.” Inancient authors the term is used
to express a ready reply, courteous but
not profound. Thus, when Louis XIV.
expressed some anxiety lest Polignac
should be inconvenienced by a shower of
falling rain, the mother-wit of the car-
dinal_ replied, ‘‘It is nothing, I assure
your Majesty; the rain of Marly never
makes us wet.’’

Mother of Believers. Ay-e'-shah,
the second and favourite wife of Maho-
met; so called because Mahomet bein
the ‘‘ Father of Believers,’’ his wife o
wives was Mother of Believers.

Mother of Books. Alexandria was
so called from its library, which was the
largest ever collected before the inven-
tion of printing.

Mother of Cities [4mu-al-Bulud].
Balkh is so called.

Mother of Pearl. The inner irides-
cent layers of the shells of many bivalve
molluscs, especially that of the pearl
oyster.

Mother of the Gracchi. A hard,
strong-minded, rigid woman, without one
soft point or effeminate weakness. Al-
ways in the right, and maintaining her
right with the fortitude of a martyr.

Mother’s Apron Strings.
TIED. ««)

Mothering Sunday is Sunday in

(See

Mid-Lent,-a great holiday, when the

Pope blesses the golden rose, and chil-
dren go home-to their mothers to feast
on ‘‘ mothering cakes.’”’ It is said that
the day received its appellation from the
ancient custom of visiting their ‘‘ mother
church,’”? and making offerings on the
altar on that day. Used by school-
children it means a holiday, when they
went home to spend the day with their
mother or parents,

Motion.
ing to Galileo and Newton.

(1) If no force acts on a body in

motion, it will continue to move uni-
formly in @ straight line,
(2) If force acts on a body, it will
produce a change of motion proportion+
ate to the force, and in the same direction
(as that in which the force acts).

-

The laws of motion, accord- °

te ce

Motley

865

Mountains

(3) When one body exerts force on
another, that other body reacts on it with
equal force,

Motley. Men of motley. Licensed
fools ; so called because of their dress.
“ Motley is the only wear.”
Shakespeare: As You Like It, ii. 7,
Motu Pro’prio. A law brought in
by Consal’vi, to abolish monopolies in
the Papal States (1757).

Mouch (70). To live as a vagrant.

Mouchard (French). A spy, ‘‘qui
Sait comme les mouches, qui voient si bien
sans en avoir dir.’ At the close of the
seventeenth century, those petits-maitres
who frequented the Tuileries to see and
be seen were called mouchards (fly-men),
(Dictionnarre Etymologique de Ménage.)

Moulds. In the moulds. In the
grave.

“ After Sir John and her [the minister's wife]
were... baith in the moulds,.”—Sir WW. Scott:
Redgauntlet (Letter xi.), E

Mound. The largest artificial mound
in Europe is Silbury Hill, near Avebury
(Wiltshire). It covers 5 acres, 34 perches,
and measures at the base 2,027 feet ; its
diameter at top is 120 feet ; its slope is
316 feet ; perpendicular height, 107 feet ;
and it is altogether one of the most
stupendous monuments of human labour
in the world,

Alyattes, in Asia Minor, described by
Herodotus, is somewhat larger than
Silbury Hill.

Mount Zion. The Celestial City or
Heaven. (Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress.)
“Tam come from the City of Destruction, and
am going to Mount Zion.” (Parti.)
Mountain (Zhe) or Montagnards.
The extreme democratical party in the
first French Revolution; so called be-
cause they seated themselves on the
highest benches of the hall in which the
National Convention met. Their leaders
were Danton and Robespierre, but under
them were Marat, Couthon,. Thuriot, St.
André, Legendre, Camille-Desmoulins,
Carnot, St. Just, and Collot d’Herbois,
the men who introduced the ‘‘ Reign of
Terror.’”’ Extreme Radicals are still
called in France the ‘‘ Mountain Party,’’
or Montagnards.
Old Man o

the Mountain. Imaum

3 VL

Sees fy the Movals in the twelfth

century. In Rymer’s Federa (vol. i.)
two letters of this sheik are inserted. It
is not the province of this Book of Fables
to dispute their genuineness.

If the mountain will not come to Ma-
homet, Mahomet must go to the mountain,
If what I seek will, not come to me
without my stir, I must exert myself to
obtain it; if we cannot do as we wish,
we must do as we can. When Mahomet
first announced his system, the Arabs
demanded supernatural proofs of his
commission. ‘‘ Moses and Jesus,’’ said
they, ‘‘ wrought miracles in testimony
of their divine authority; and if thou
art indeed the prophet of God, do so
likewise.”? To this Mahomet replied,
“‘It would be tempting God to do so,
and bring down His anger, as in the case
of Pharaoh.”’ Not satisfied with this
answer, he commanded Mount Safa to
come to him, and when it stirred not at
his bidding, exclaimed, ‘‘ God is merciful.
Had it obeyed my words, it would have
fallen on us to our destruction. I will
therefore go to the mountain, and thank
God that He has had mercy on a stiff-
necked generation.”

The mountain in labour. A mighty
effort made for a small effect. - The
allusion is to the celebrated line of
Horace, ‘' Parturiunt montes, nasce'tur
ridiculus-mus,’’? which Creech translates,
‘‘ The travailing mountain’ yields a silly
mouse;’’ and Boileau, ‘*‘ La montayne
en travail enfante une souris.”

Mountain Ash (7/e), or ‘* Rowane
tree,’ botanically called Pyrus aucue
parta, which does not belong to the
same family of plants as the fraatnus,

- or Common Ash. The Mountain Ash is

icosandria, but the Common Ash is dian-
dria, The Mountain Ash is pentagynta,
but the Common Ash is monogynta, The
Mountain Ash is of the Natural Order
rosacé@, but the common Ash is of the
Natural Order sepiari@; yet the two
trees resemble each other in, many re-
spects, The Rowan or Rown-tree is
called in Westmoreland the ‘‘ Wiggen-
tree.” It was greatly venerated by the
Druids, and was called the ‘‘ Witchen’’
by the early Britons, because: it was.
supposed to ward off witches.
“Their spells were vain. The hags returned
'o their queen in sorrowful mood, .
Crying that witches have no power

‘Where thrives the Rowan-tree wood.”
Laidley Worm of Spindleston Heughs (a ballad)

Mountain-dew. Whisky.

- Mountains of Mole-hills. 70 make
mountains of mole-hills, To make &

Mountebank 866

Moussa

great fuss about trifles. .
arcem factre’’ (Cicero).

Mountebank. The bank or bench
was the counter un which shopkeepers
of yore displayed their goods, Street-
vendors used to mount on their bank to
patter to the public. The French word
is ‘*saltim banque ;*’ and the Italian

ord ‘* Cantambanco”’ (i.e. canta in

'aaco, one who patters from his bank).

* In Italian, montambanco (a quack-

doctor) is also in use.

“... Sedisant-estre quelque trabe, ou quelque
Juif convert, il se feignoit medecin du roi de
Perse, et comme tel il montoit la banque. C'estoit
1& que, pour débiter ses drogues, il étourdissoit
de son babil toute lassemblée."—Histoire Generale
des Larrons, book i, chap. xxix.

There were temporary mountebanks as well as
more regular merchants. In Attica, the names
of Dolon and Susarion of Icaria are distinguished,
In France, Tabaria, Tabarin, Turlupin, Gauthier-
Garguille, Gros-Guillaume, Guillot-Gorju, Bo-
beche, Galimaufré, and Gringalet (a marvellous
number of G's), In England, Andrew Borde,
and some few otbers of inferior note.

Mourning.

Black. To express the bee of
_ light and joy, the midnight gloom of
sorrow for the loss sustained. The
colour of mourning in Europe. It was
also the colour of mourning in ancient
Greece and in the Roman Empire.

Black and white striped. ‘Yo express
sorrow and hope. The mourning of the
South-Sea Islanders.,

Greyish brown. The colour of the
earth, to which the dead return. The
colour of mourning in Ethiopia.

Pale brown. The colour of withered
leaves. The mourning of Persia.

Sky-blue. To express the assured
hope that the deceased has gone to
heaven. The colour of mourning in
Syria, Cappadocia, and Armenia,

Deep blue, in Bokha'ra, is the colour
of mourning (Hanway). The Romans
in the Republic wore dark blue for
mourning.

Purple and violet. To express royalty,
“kings and priests to God.’ . The
colour of mourning for cardinals and
the kings of France. The colour of
‘mourning in Turkey is violet.

White, Emblem of ‘ white-handed
hope.”” The colour of mourning in
China, Henry VIII. wore white for
Anne Boleyn. The ladies of ancient
Rome and Sparta wore white for mourn-
ing. It was the colour of mourning in
Spain till 1498. In England it is still
customary in some of the provinces to
wear white silk hat-bands and, white
loves for the unmarried.
‘Fellow. The sear and yellow leaf.*
The colour of mourning in Kgypt and in °

“ Bx clodca

Burmah, where also it is the colour of
the monastic order. In Brittany, widows’
caps among the paysannes are yellow.
Anne Boleyn wore yellow mourning for
Catherine of Aragon. Some say yellow
is in token of exaltation.

Mournival. Four cards all alike, as
four aces, four kings, etc., ina game of
cards called Gleek. Gleek is three cards
alike.

“ A mournival of aces, gleek of knaves,

Just nine a-piece.” Albumazar, iii, 5.
Poole in his English Parnassus called
he four elements Watwre’s first mourni-
val.

Mouse. The soul or spirit was often
supposed in olden times to assume a
zoomorphic form,.and to make its way
at death. through the mouth of man in a
visible form, sometimes as a pigeon,
sometimes as a mouse or rat. A red
mouse indicated a_pure soul; a black
mouse, a soul blackened by pollution ;
a pigeon or dove, a saintly joel

Exorcists used to drive out evil spirits
from the human body, and Harsnet
gives several instances of such expul-
sions in his Popular Impositions (1604).

*: No doubt pigeons were at one time trained

to represent the departing sou), and also to re-
present the Holy Ghost.

Mouse, Mousie, terms of endear-
mént. Other terms of endearment from
animals are, bird or birdie (as ‘‘M
bonnie bird’) ; puss, pussy ; lamb, lamb-
kin; “You little monkey” is anendearing
reproof to a child. Dog and pig are
used in a bad sense, as ‘‘ You dirty
dog ;’? ‘“‘ You filthy pig.”” Brave as a
lion, surly as a bear, crafty as a fox,
proud as a peacock, fleet as a hare, an
several phrases of a like character are in
common use.

“*God bless an mouse, the bridegroom sald,

And smakt her on the lips.”
Warner: Alb. Eng., p. 17.

Mouse Tower (Zhe), on the Rhine,
said to be so called because Bishop Hatto
(q.v.) was there devoured by mice. The
tower, however, was built by Bishop
Siegfried, two hundred years after the
death of Bishop Hatto, as a toll-house
for collecting the duties upon_all goods
which passed by. The word maus or
mauth means “toll,” and the toll col-
lected on corn being very unpopular,

ve rise to the ition referred to.

he catastrophe was fixed, on Bishop
Hatto, a noted statesman and councillor
of Otho the Great, proverbial for his
cunning perfidy. (See HarTo.)

‘Moussa, » Moses. : de teak

‘
e

— oe

Moussali

867

Much Ado

Moussali. A Persian musician.
Haroun al Raschid was going to divorce
his late favourite Mari’dah or Marinda,
but the poet Moussali sang some verses
to him which so touched his heart, that
he went in search of the lady and made
peace with her. (D’Herbelot.)

Mouth. Down in the mouth. (See
under Down.)

His mouth was made, he was trained
or reduced to obedience, like a horse
trained to the bit.

“At first, of eourse, the fireworker showed
fight,....butin the end ‘his mouth was made,’
his paces formed, and he became a very service-

able and willing animal.’ — Le Fanu: House in
the Churchyard, ch. xcix.

Mouth Waters. That makes my
mouth water. ‘* Cela fait venir Peau a la
bouche.” The fragrance of appetising
food excites the salivary glands. The
phrase means—that makes me long for
or desire it.

Moutons. evenons a nos moutons.
Return we to our subject. The phrase
is taken from an old French play, called
LT’ Avocat, by Patelin, in which a woollen-
draper charges a shepherd with stealing
sheep. In telling his grievance he kept
for ever running away from his subject ;
and to throw discredit on the defendam’s
attorney, accused him of stealing a piece
of cloth. The judge had to pull him up
every moment with, ‘‘ Mats, mon ami,
revenons &@ nos moutons”? (What about
the sheep, tell me about the sheep, now
return to the story of the sheep),

Movable. The first movable. Sir
Thomas Browne (eligio Medici, p. 56,
27) uses the phrase, ‘‘ Beyond the first
movable,’ meaning outside the material
creation. According to Ptolemy the
“< primum mobile”? (the first movable and
first mover of all things) was the boun-
dary of creation, above which came the
empyrean heaven, or seat of God.

Moving the Adjournment of the
House. This is the only method which
the rules of the house leave to a member
for bringing up suddenly, and without
notice, any business which is not on the
order paper.

Moving the Previous Question.

A parliamentary dodge for burking an
obnoxious bill. The method is actA

lows:—A ‘‘ question,”’ or bill, is before |

the house, an objector does not wish to
‘commit himself by moving its rejection,
so he moves ‘‘the previous question,”
and the Speaker moves, from the chair,

‘that the question be of put”’—that-

is, that the house be not asked to come
to any decision on the main question,
but be invited to pass to the ‘‘orders of
the day.”’ In other words, that the sub-
ject be shelved or burked.

N.B. <A motion for “the previous
question ’’ cannot be made on an.amend-
ment, nor in a select committee, nor yet
in a committee of the whole house. The
ee is simply a method of avoiding a

ecision on the question before the
House.

Moving the World. Give me where
to stand, and I will move the world. So
said Archime’des of Syracuse; and the
Haine he would have used is the
ever.

Mow, a heap, and Mow, to cut down,
are quite different words. Mow,a heap,
is the Anglo-Saxon mowe ; but mow, to
cut down, is the Anglo-Saxon maw-an,

+ There is a third Mow (a wry face),
which is the French smoue, as ‘* Fatre
moue @ [quel qu’un],” to make faces at
someone, and ‘ Faire la moue,” to pout
orsulk., {Dutch, mowe.)

Mowis. The bridegroom of snow,
who (according to American Indian tra-
dition) wooed and won a beautiful bride;
but when morning dawned, Mowis left
the wigwam, and-melted into the sun-
shine. The bride hunted for him night
and day in the forests, but never saw
him more.

Mozaide (2 syl.)or Monzaida. The
‘¢Moor,’’ settled in Calicut, who be-
friended Vasco da Gama when he first
landed on the Indian continent.

“The Moor attends, Mozaide, whose zealous care,

To Gama’s eyes revealed each treacherous

snare.” Canwens ; Lusiad; bk. ix.

Much or Mudge. The miller’s son,
in Robin Hood dances, whose great feat
was to bang with a bladder of peas the
heads of the poping spectators. Repre-
sents the Fool.

Much Ado about Nothing. The
plot is from a novel of Belleforest, copied
from one by Bandello (18th vol., vi.).
There isa story resembling it in Ariosto’s
Orlando Furioso, bk. v., another in the
Geneura of G. Turberville, and Spenser’
has a similar one in the Faerie Queene,
book ii. canto iv.

Much Ado about Nothing. After a war
in Messina, Claudio, Benedick, and some
other soldiers went to visit Leonato the
governor, when the former fell im love
with Hero, the governor’s daughter ; but
Benedick and Beatrice, being great
rattle-pates, fell to jesting, and each

Muciana Cautio

positively disliked the other By a
slight artifice their hatred was converted
into love, and Beatrice was betrothed to
the Paduan lord. In regard to Hero,
the day of her nuptials was fixed ; but
Don John, who hated Claudio and
Leonato, induced Margaret, the lady’s
maid, to dress up like her mistress, and
to talk familiarly with one Borachio, a
servant of Don John’s ; and while this
chit-chat was going on, the Don led
Claudio and Leonato to overhear it,
Each thought it to be Hero, and when
she appeared as a bride next morning at
church, they both denounced her as a
light woman. The friar, being per-
suaded that there was some mistake,
induced Hero to retire, and gave out
that she was dead, Leonato now chal-
lenged Claudio for being the cause of
Hero’s death, and Benedick, urged on
by. Beatrice, did the same. At this
crisis Borachio was arrested, and con-
fessed the trick; Don John fled, the
mystery was duly cleared up, and the
_two lords married the two ladies.

Mucia‘na Cau'tio. A law-quirk, so
called from Mu'cius Sce'vola, a Roman
pontifex, and the most learned of jurists,

Muc’klebackit. Lispeth Muckle-
backit, mother of Saunders
Little Jennie Mucklebackit. Child of
Saunders.
4 Maggie Mucklebackit, Wife of Saun-
ers.
Saunders Mucklebackit. The old fisher-
man at Musslecrag.
Steenie Mucklebackit. Eldest son of

Saunders (drowned). (Sis Walter Scott : -

The Antiquary.)

Muc’klewrath. Habakkuk Muckle-
wrath. Afanatic preacher, (Six Waiter
Scott: Old Mortality.)

John Mucklewrath. Smith at Cairn-
vreckan village. Dame Mucklewrath,
his wife, isa perfect virago. (Sir Walter
Scott: Waverley.)

- Mud-honey. So Tennyson calls the
dirty pleasures of men-about-town.
(Maud.

_..Mudar’ra... Son of a Moorish prin-
“eess and Gongalo Bustos de Salas de
Lara, who murdered his uncle Rodrigo,

while hunting, to avenge the death of |

his. seven. half-brothers;
The seven infants of Lara.)
Muff (4). A dull; stupid person, Sir
Henry Muff, one of the candidates in
Dudley’s interlude, called The Rival
* Candidates (1774), is a stupid, blundering

,

(See Lara,

868 Mugwump

dolt. He is not only unsuccessful in his
election, but he finds that his daughter
has engaged herself during his absence.

Muffins and Crumpets. Muffins is
pain-moufiet. Du Cange destribes the
panis mofletus as bread of a more delicate
nature than ordinary, for the use of pre-
bends, etc., and says it was made fresh
every day. Crumpets is evwumple-ettes,
cakes with little crumples,

Muffled Cats catch no Mice, (In
Italian, ‘‘ Catta guantata non piglia
sorice.”’) Said of those who work in
gloves for fear of soiling their fingers.

Mufti. We went in mufti—out of
uniform, «cog 4

The French say en péhin, and French
soldiers call civilians pékins, An officer
who had kept Talleyrand waiting, said
he had been detained by some pékins.
‘“©What are they?” asked Talleyrand.
‘‘Oh,’’ said the officer, ‘* we call every-
body who is not mJitary a pékin.” ‘‘And
we,’ said Tallyrand, ‘call everybody
military that is not civil.” Mufti is an
Eastern word, signifying a judge,

Mug-house. An ale-house was so
called in the eighteenth century. Some
hundred persons assembled in a large
tap-room to drink, sing, and spout. One
of the number was made chairman, Ale
was served to the guests in their own
mugs, and the place where the mug was
to stand was chalked on the table. -

Mugello. The giant slain by Aver-
ardo de Medici, a commander under
Charlemagne. The tale is interesting,
for it is said that the Medici took the
three balls of this giant’s mace for their
device. Everyone knows that pawn-
brokers have adopted the three balls as
a symbol of their trade. (See wnder
Batts for another account.)

Muggins. A small borough ate
frauae

a village leader. To mug is
and Mr, Muggins is Mr. Drinker,

Muggleto’‘nian. A follower of one
Lodovic Muggleton, a journeyman tailor,
who, about 1651, set up for a prophet.
He was sentenced to stand in thepillory,
and was fined £500,

Mugwump (4). <A word borrowed
from the Algonquin, meaning one who
acts and thinks. independently. I
Eliot’s Indian Bible the word ‘‘cen-
turion”’ in the Acts is yonder ee
wump. Those who refuse to follow the
dictum of a caucus are called in the

United States mugwumps,- The chief of

i i ee

Mugwump Press

the Indians of Esopus is entitled the
Mugwump. Turncoats are mugwumps,
and all political Pharisees whose party
vote cannot be relied on.

“*T suppose I am a political mugwump,’ said the
Englishman. ‘Not yet,’ replied Mr. Reed. ‘You
will be when you have returned to your allegi-
ance.’ "’"—The Liverpool Echo, July 19th, 1836.

Mugwump Press (The). Those
newspapers which are not organs of
any special political party, but being
“‘neither hot nor cold,” are disliked by
all party men.”

“The Mugwump Press, whose function itis to
enlighten the feeble-minded. . . ."—The New York

ibune, 1892.

Mulat’to (Spanish). A mule, a mon-
grel; applied to the male offspring of a
negress by a white man. A female off-
spring is called a ‘‘ Mulatta.” (See

REOLE,)

Mulberry. The fruit was originally
white,:and became blood-red from the
blood of Pyramus and Thisbé. The
tale is, that Thisbé was to meet her
lover at the white mulberry-tree near
the tomb of Ninus, in a suburb of
Babylon. Being scared by a lion,
Thisbé fled; and, dropping her veil, it
was besmeared with blood. Pyramus,
thinking his lady-love had been de-
voured by a lion, slew himself, and
Thisbe, coming up soon afterwards,
stabbed herself also. The blood of the
lovers stained the white fruit of the
mulberry-tree into its present colour.

The botanical name is Morus, from tbe Greek
moros (a fool) ; so called, we are toldin the Hortus
Anglicus, because “it is reputed the wisest of all
flowers, as it never buds till the cold weather is
past and gone.” 5

In the Seven Champions (pt. i. chap. iv.) we are

told that Eglantine, daughter of the King of
Thessaly, was transformed into a mulberry-tree,

Mulciber —i.c.. Vulcan. It is said
that he took the part of Juno against
Jupiter, and Jupiter hurled him out of
heaven, He was three days in falling,
and at last was picked up, half-dead and
with one leg broken, by the fishermen
of the island of Lemnos. (See Milton :
Puradise Lost, book i., 740, etc.)

Mule. Mahomet’s favourite white
mule was Daldah. (See Fappa.)

To shoe one’s mule. To appropriate
part of the money committed to one’s
trust. This is a French locution—

“Ferrer la mule—i.e. action d'un domestique

qui trompe son maitre sur_lJe prix réel des choses
«Wil a achetees en sonnom. Elle doit sun origine

aa pretexte, facile 4 employer, de Ja depense faite.

Le per Serrer
aNEAiss, te ;
wee the cher pins and disposall fot the

, and ye! not hisown mule.” —History
of Francion (1655), . ° Bui :

la mule.” —Encyclopedie des Proverbes

.

869

adyantage is’t to inultiply.”’

Multitudes

Mull. Zo make a mull of a job is to

‘fail to do it properly. The failure of a

peg-top to spin is called a mull, hence
also any blunder or failure. (Scotch,
mull, dust, or a contraction of muddle.)
The people of Madras are called

_Mulls,’? because they are in a less

advanced state of civilisation than the
other two presidencies, in consequence
of which they are held by them in low
estimation. (Anglo-Saxon, myl, dust.)

Mulla. Awbeg, a tributary of the
Blackwater, in Ireland, which flowed
close by Spenser’s home. Spenser is
called by Shenstone “the bard of
Mulla’s silver stream.’’

Mul’mutine Laws. The code of
Dunvallo Mulmutius, sixteenth King of
the Britons (about B.c. 400). This code
was translated by Gildas from British
into Latin, and by Alfred into Anglo-
Saxon. These laws obtained in England
till the Conquest. (Holinshed : History
of England, iii. 1.), ;

“Mulmutius made our laws,

Who was the first of Britain which did put

His brows within a golden crown, and called

Himself a king.” =

Shakespeare : Cymbeline, iii. 1.
*,, Mulmutius was the son of Cloten, King of
Cornwall. (See Geoffrey of Monmouth, British
History, ii. 17.)

Mulread’y Envelope (The, 1840), is
an envelope resembling a. half-sheet of
letter-paper, when folded: The space
left for the address formed the centre of
an ornamental design by Mulready, the
artist. When the penny postage en-
velopes were first introduced, these wera
the stamped envelopes of the day, which,
however, remained in circulation only
one year, and were. more fit for a comic
annual than anything else.

“ A set of those odd-looking envelope-things,*
where ayitanniy (who seems to be crucified?
To her right and ber left, funny people with

F. wings
hanOo Bat elephants, Quakers, and Catabaw
ings,—
Anda Ber and wax, and small Queen's-heads
in packs,
Which, when notes are too big you must stick
on their backs.” Ingoldsby : Legends.
Multipliers. Alchemists, who pre-
tended to multiply gold and silver. An
act was passed (2 Henry IV., c. iv.)
making the “art of multiplication”
felony. In the Canterbury Tales, the
Chanoun Yeman says he was reduced to
poverty by alchemy, adding: ‘‘ Lo, such
(Prologue
to Chanounes Tale.) ;

Multitudes. Dame Juliana Berners,
in her Booke of St. Albans, says, in desig- -

nating companies we must not use the-

Multum in Parvo

870

Mundilfori —

names of multitudes promiscuously,
and examples her remark thus :—

. “* We say a congregacyon of people, a hoost of
Men, a felyshyppynge of jomen, and w bevy of
ladyes ; we must speak of a herde of dere,
swannys, cranys, or wrenys, a sege of herons or
bytourys, a muster of pecockes, a watche -of
Byghtyngales, a fllyghte of doves, a claterynge of
phevenocin pryde of lyons, a slewthe of heeres,a
pagle of geys, a skulke of foxes, a sculie of frerys
p pontificalitye of prestys, and a superfluyte o
nonnes,' "—Booke of St, Albuns (1486),

She adds, that a strict regard to these
niceties better distinguishes. ‘‘ gentylmen
from ungentylmen,”’ than regard to the
rules of grammar, or even to the moral

law. (See NUMBERS.)

Multum in Parvo (Latin). Much
en eae into few words
or into a small compass,

Mum. A strong beer made in
Brunswick ; so called from Christian
Mummer, by whom it was first brewed,

Mum (a mask), hence mummer.

Mum’ s the word. Keep whatis told you
a profound secret. (See MUMCHANCE.)
“Beal up your lips, and give no words but—mum,”"

hakespeare: 2 Henry VI, i. 2.

Mumbo Jumbo. A bogie or bug-
bear in the Mandingo towns of Africa,
As the Kaffirs have many, wives, it not
unfrequently happens that the house
becomes quite unbearable. In such a
case, either the husband or an agent
dresses himself in disguise, and at dusk
approaches the unruly house with a
folowing, and makes the most hideous
noises possible. When the women have
been sufficiently scared, ‘Mumbo’?
seizes the chief offender, ties her to a
tree, and scourges her with Mumbo’s
rod, amidst the derision of all present.
Mumbo is not an idol, any more than
the American Lynch, but one disguised
to punish unruly wives. (See Mungo
Park : Travels in the Interior of Africa.)

Mumehance, Silence. Mumchance
was a game of chance with dice, in which
silence was indispensable. (Mum is con-
nected with mumble; German, mumme,
a muffle; Danish, mune, to mumble.)

* And for ‘mumchance,’ howe'’er the cehane may

You mist be mum for fear of $poiling all.”
Machiavell’s Dogg.
Mummy is the Egyptian word mum,
wax; from the custom of anointing the
body with wax and wrapping it in cere-
cloth (Persian, momia, wax; Italian
mummia ; French, momie.) (See BEaTEN.}

Mummy Wheat. Wheat said to
have been taken from some of the Egyp-

tian mummies, and sown in British soil.
It is, however, a delusion to suppose that
seed would preserve its vitality for some
hundreds of years. No seed will do so,
and what is called mummy wheat is a
species of corn pepe grown on the
southern shores of the Mediterranean. ~

Mumpers. Beggars, Leland calls
it a gipsy word. In Norwich, Christmas
waits used to be called ‘‘Mumpers.’’
In Lincolnshire, ‘‘ Boxing-day ”’ is called
Mumping-day (q.v.). ‘© mump is to
beg. Beggars are called the ‘‘Mumping
Society.”’ ;

“A parcel of wretches hopping about by the
agsistance of their crutches, like s0 many Lin-
coln's Inn Fields mumpers, drawing into a body
to attack sae or heset] the coach of some
charitable lord."—Ned Ward: The London Spy,
part v.

Mumping Day. St. Thomas’s Day,
December 21. A day on which the poor
used to go about begging, or, as it was
called, ‘‘going a-gooding,” that is,
getting gifts to procure good things for
Christmas (mump, to beg).

*~ In Warwickshire the term used was
“going a-corning,” 1.¢, getting gifts of
corn. In Staffordshire the custom is
spoken of simply as ‘‘a-gooding.” (See
MuUMPERS.)

Munchau’sen (Baron). The hero of
a volume of travels, who meets with the
most marvellous adventures. The in-
cidents have been compiled from various
sources, and the name is said to have
pointed to Hieronymus Karl Friedrich
von Miinchhausen, a German officer in
the Russian army, noted.for his marvel-
lous stories (1720-1797). It is a satire
either on Baron de Tott, or on Bruce,
whose Z'ravels in Abyssinia were looked
upon as mythical when they first ap-

eared. The author is Rudolf Erich

aspe, and the sources from which the
adventures were ey: are Bebel’s
Facetig, Castiglione’s Cortegiano, Bilder-
mann’s Utopia, and some of the baron’s
own stories,

Mundane Egg (The). In the Phe-
nician, Egyptian, Hindu, and Japanese
systems, it is represented that the world
was hatched from an egg. In some
mythologies a bird is represented as lay-
ada mundane egg on the primordial
waters. nvr

Mundilfo'ri. One of the giant race,
who had a son and daughter of such.
surpassing beauty that their father called
them Mani and Sol (moon and aun),
(Scandinavian mythology.) worn

Mundungus 871

Music

Mundun’'gus. Bad tobacco.

*. Mundungus, in Sterne’s Sentimental Journey
(1768), i8 incant for Samuel Sbarp,a surgeon, who
published Letters from Italy. Tobias Smollett,
who published Travels through France and Ital;

1766), “‘ one continual snarl.” was called “Sinel-
ungus.”

Mau’nera. ‘The daughter of Pollente,
the Saracen, to whom he gave all the
spoilshe unjustly took from those who fell
into his power. Talus, the iron page of
Sir Ar’tegal, chopped off her golden hands
and silver feet, and tossed her over the
castle wall into the moat. (Spenser:
Faérie Queene, bk. v. 2.) i

Munkar and Nakir. Two black
angels of appalling aspect, the inquisi-
tors of the nead. The Koran says that
during the inquisition the soul is united
to the body, If the scrutiny is satis-
factory, the soul is gently drawn forth
from the lips of the deceased, and the
body is left to repose in peace; if not,
the body is beaten about the head with
iron clubs, and the soul is wrenched forth
by racking torments.

Munnin. Memory; one of the two
ravens that sit perched on the shoulders
of Odin; the other is Hugin (thought).
(Scandjnavian mythology.)

Munta’bur [Mount Tabor]. The royal
residence of the soldan whose daughter
married Otnit, King of Lombardy.

Mu'rad. Son of Hadra’ma and Mar-’
sillus, King of Portugal, Castile, Ara-
gon, Leon, and Valence, when those
countries were held by the Moors. He
was called “‘ Lord of the Lion,’’ because
he always led about a lion in silken
fetters. When he carried defiance to
Charlemagne at Fronsac, the lion fell in
love with Aude the Fair; Murad chas-
tised it, and the lion tore him to pieces, |
(Croquemitaine, vii.)

Mus’cadins of Paris. French dudes
or exquisites, who aped the London
mashers in the first French Revolution,
Their dress was top-boots with thick
soles, knee-breeches, a dress-coat with
long tails, and a high stiff collar, anda
thick cudgel called a constitution. It
was thought to be John Bullish to as-
sume a huskiness of voice, a discourtesy
of manners, and a swaggering vulgarity
of speech and behaviour. Probably so
called from being ‘perfumed Jike a
popinjay.”

“Cockneys of London, Muscadins of Paris.”

Byron: Don Juan, viii. 124.

Muscular Christianity. Healthy
or strong-minded religion, which braces
@ man to fight the battle of life bravely

and manfully, -This expression has been
erroneously attributed to Charles Kings-
ley. (See his Life, ii. 74, 75.)

Muses, Nine daughters of Jupiter
and Mnemosyne, goddesses of poetry,
history, and other arts and sciences.
The paintings of Herculaneum show all
nine in their respective attributes. In
the National-Museum of Paris is the
famous collection with which Pius VI.
enriched the Vatican. lLesueur left ¢
celebrated picture of the same subject,

Muse’um. The most celebrated are
the British’ Museum in London ; the
Louvre at Paris ; the Vatican at Rome ;
the Museum of Florence; that of St.
Petersburg; and those of Dresden,
Vienna, Munich, and Berlin.

A walking museum. So Longi‘nus,
author of a work on The Sublime, was
called. (a.D. 213-273.)

Mushroom (an archaic form ‘is
mushrump). (French, mousséron, a white
mushroom ; Latin, muscus, moss.)

“Vocatur fungus muschrum, eo quod in Iacte
pulverizatus interficit muscas.”—Albertus Magnus,
vil. 343

* Mtusic. Father of music.- Giovanni

Battista Pietro Aloisio da Palestrina.
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was
‘* the prince of musicians.’’? (1529-1594.)

Father of Greek music. Terpander.
(Flourished B.c. 676.)

The prince of music, G. Pietro A. da
Palestrina (1529-1594).

Music hath charms, etc.'; from Con-
greve’s Mourning Bride, i. 1.

Music. Menof genius averse to music.
The following men of genius were ac-
tually averse to music: Edmund Burke;
Byron had no ear for music, and neither
vocal nor instrumental music afforded
him the slightest pleasure. Charles
Fox, Hume, Dr. Johnson, Daniel O’Con-
nell, Robert Peel, William Pitt; Po
preferred a street organ to Handel’s
oratorios; the poet. Rogers felt actual
discomfort at the sounds of music; Sir
Walter Scott, the poet Southey, and
Tennyson. Seven of these twelve were
actually poets, and five were orators.
The Princess Mathilde (Demidoff), an
excellent artist, with a veritable passion
for art, may be added to those who have
had a real antipathy to music.

Music of the Spheres. Pythag’oras
was the first who suggested the notion so
beautifully expressed by Shakespeare—
“There's not thé, smallest orb which thou be-

hold’st A
But in his motion like an angel sings, _
» Still quiring to the young-eyed cherubims.”
5 Merchant of Venice, v.%

Musical Notation

872°

Mutual Friends

Ceenrnnesensieenensesrsenecennet on ee ee

Plato says that a siren sits on each
planet, who carols a most sweet song,
agreeing to the motion of her own par-
ticular planet, but harmonising with all
the others. Hence Milton speaks of
the ‘celestial syrens’ harmony, that sit
upon the nine enfolded spheres.”? (Are
cades.) (See NINE SPHERES.)

Maximus Tyrius says that the mere
proper motion of the planets must create
sounds, and as the planets move. at
regular intervals the sounds must har-
monise.

Musical Notation. (See Do.)

Musical Small-coal Man (Zhe),
Thomas Britton (1654-1714),

Musicians, Father of musicians.
Jubal, ‘‘ the father of all such as 2andle
the harp and organ’? (Gen. iv, 21).

Musido'ra. (See Damon.)

Mu’sits or Musets. Gaps in a
hedge; places through which a hare
makes his way to escape the hounds,

“The many musits through the which he goes
Are like a Jabyriuth to amaze his foes.”
Shakespeare: Venus and Adonis,

The passing of the hare through these
ps is termed musing. The word is
te musse (old French), a little hole.

Musket is the Spanish mosquéte, a
musket.

Muslin, So called from Mosul, in
Asia, where it was first manufactured.
(French, -mousseline ; Italian, mtussolino.)

Musnud. Cushioned seats, reserved
in Persia for persons of distinction.

MuspeL A region of fire, whence
Surtur will collect flames to set fire to
theuniverse, (Scandinavian mythology.)

Muspelheim (3 syl.). The abode of
fire which at the beginning of time
existed in the south. It was light,
warm, and radiant; but was guarded
by Surt with a flaming sword. Sparks
were collected therefrom to make the
stars. (Scandinavian mythology.) (See
MANHEIM.)

“The Muspelheim is a noted Scandinavian poem
of the 4th century. Muspelbeim is the Scandina-
ion hell, and the subject of the poem isthe Last
Judgment. The great Surt or Surtur is Anti-
christ, who at the end of the world will set fire to
all creation, The poem is in alternate verse,and
shows both imagination and poetic talent.”

Mustard. Connected with must,
In 1382 Philip the Bold, Duke of

Burgundy, granted to the town of:

Dijon, noted for its mustard, armorial
bearings with the motto Mourt Mz
TARDE (Multum ardeo, I ardently de-
sire). The arms and motto, engraved

on the principal gate, were adoptedas a
trade-mark by the mustard merchants,
and got shortened into Moult-tarde (to
burn much).

The nasturtium is of the mustard family, in
Spanish masturcio; and the Italian mustarda is’
mustard.

Mustard. After meat, mustard. I
have now no longer need of it, ‘ C'est!
de la moutarde aprés diner.’”

. Musulman (plural, Musulmans or
Moslems)—that is, Moslemin, plural of
Moslem. A Mahometan ; so called from
the Arabic muslim, a believer,

Mutantur. ‘‘ Omnia mutantur, nos et
mutamur in illis,”’ is by Nicholas Bor-
bonius, a Latin poet of the sixteenth
century. Dr, Sandys says that the Em-
peror Lothair, of the Holy Roman Em-
pire, had already said, ‘* Zempora
mutantur, nos et muta'mur in illis.”

Muteasa Fish. Quitesilent, Some

fish make noises, but these are me-
chanical, not organic,

Mutes at Funerals, This was a
Roman custom. The undertaker, at-
tended with lictors dressed in black,
marched with the corpse; ‘and -the
undertaker, as master of the cere-
monies, assigned to each follower’ his
proper place in the procession,

Mutton (French, motion), A gold
coin impressed with the image of a
lamb.”

Mutton-eating King (The), Charles
II. of England. . The witty Evrl of
Rochester wrote this mock epitaph on
his patron :— ari

* Here lies our mutton-eating king, ,
Whose word no man relies on ;
He never saida foolish thing,
And never dida wise one,”

Come and eat your mutton with me,
Come and dine with me,

‘Mutton-fist. A large, coarse, red fist.

Muttons. A. Stock Exchange term
for the Turkish ’65 loan, partly secured

by the sheep-tax.

Tenens ad nos motons. (See Mou-
TONS.) :

Mutual Friends. Can two/persons
be called mutual friends? Does not the

--word of necessity imply three or more

than three? (See the one in
Notes and Queries, June 9, 1894, p, 461.)
* A mutual flame was quickly caught,
Was quickly, too, revealed ;
Fes mel ther bosan lodged 2 nee aka
ich virtue keeps co Rts SM
i Edwin and mina,
(Mutual = reciprocal.) « sey

Muzzle

Muzzle. Zo muzzle the ox that
treadeth out the corn. Not to pay for
work done; to expect other persons will
work for nothing. The labourer is
worthy of his hire, and to withhold that
hire is to muzzle the ox that treadeth
out your corn.

My Eye (All). (See under Aut.)

Mynheer Closh, A Dutchman.
Closh or Claus is an abbreviation of
Nicholaus, a common name in Holland.
Sandy, a contraction of Alexander, is a
similar nickname for a Scotchman,

My’nian Sails, The ship Argo; so
called because its crew were natives of
Mynia,

“when his black whirlwinds over the ocean rolled

And rent the Mynian sails,’
Camoens: Lusiad, bk. vi.

Myr’midons of the Law. Bailifis,
sheriffs’ officers, and other law menials.
Any rough fellow employed to annoy
another is the employer’s myrmidon.

The Myrmidons were a people of
Thessaly: who followed Achilles to the
siege of Troy, and were distinguished
for their savage~ brutality, rude be-
haviour, and thirst for rapine.

Myron. A Greek statuary and sculp-
tor, born in Boeotia, B.c, 480. A fellow-
disciple of Polyclétus, and a younger
contemporary of Phidias. His great
works are in bronze. By far the most
celebrated of his statues were his Dis-
cobolus and his Cow. The cow is re-
presented lowing. (Discobolus is a quoit
or discus pli It is said that the
cow was so true to nature that a bull
mistook it for a living animal.

*: There are several similar legends, Thus it is
said ‘that Apelles painted Alexander's horse so
realistically that » living horse mistook it and
began to neigh, Velasquez painted a Spanish
admiral so true to life, that Felipe IV. mistook
the painting for the man and reproved it severely
for not being with the fleet. Zeuxis painted
some grapes 80 well that birds flew at them to
peck them, Quentin Matsys painted a fly on a
man’s leg 80. inimitably that Mandyn, the artist,
tried to brush it off with his handkerchief, Parr-
hasios, of Ephesus, printed a curtain so well that
Zeuxis was deceived by it,and told him to draw
it aside that he might see the picture behind it.

Myrra. An Ionian slave, the beloved
concubine of Sardanapa'lus, the Assyrian
kmg. She roused him from his indo-
lence to oppose Arba’‘cés the Mede, who
aspired to his throne, and when she
found that his cause was hopeless in-"
duced him to place himself on a funeral
pile, which she fired with her own hand,
and bodezed into the flames, perished
with her beloved lord and master.
(Byron; Sardanapalus.)

873

Mysterious Three

Myr’rophores (3 syl.; the myrrh
bearers). The three Marys who went
to see the sepulchre, bearing myrrh and
spices. In Christian art they are re-
presented as carrying vases of myrrh in
their hands,

Myrtle (Zhe). If you look at a leaf of
myrtle in a strong light, you will see
that it is pierced with innumerable little
punctures. According to fable, Phedra,
wife of Theseus, fell in love with Hip-
polotus, her step-son; and when Hip-
polotus went to the arena to exercise
his horses, Pheedra repaired to a myrtle-
tree in Treezen to await his return, and
beguiled the time by piercing the leave:
withahair-pin. The punctures referred
to are an abiding memento of this
tradition.

In the Orlando Furioso Astolpho is
changed into a myrtle-tree by Acrisia.

Myrtle. The ancient Jews believed that
the eating of myrtle leaves conferred
the power of detecting witches; and it
was a superstition that if the leaves _
crackled in the hands the person beloved
would prove faithful,

The myrtle which dropped blood. 7Enéas
(book iii.) is represented as tearing up
the Myrtle which dropped blood. Poly-
dorus tells us that the barbarous in-
habitants of the country pierced the
Myrtle (then a living being) with spears
and arrows. The body of the Myrtle
took root and grew into the bleeding
tree.

Mysteries of Woods and Rivers,
The art of hunting and fishing,

Mystery. A kind of medizval drama,
the characters and events of which were
drawn from sacred history.

Mystery or Mysterium., Said tomake
up the number 666 referred to in Rey.
xvii, 5. This would not be worthy
notice, except for the fact that the word
‘(mystery ’’.was, till the time of the
Reformatioy, inscribed on the Pope’s
mitre, ;

‘** Almost any phrase or long name
can be twisted into this number. (See
NUMBER OF THE BEAST, )

Mysteries. Zhe three greater mys-
teries (in. Christianity). The Trinity,
Original Sin, and the Incarnation.

‘.. Surely the resurrection of the body should be
added,

Mysterious Three (Zhe) of Scandi-
nayian mythology were ‘‘Har’’ (the
Mighty), the “Py e-Mighty,”’ and the
“Third Person,’? who sat on three
thrones abave the rainbow. Then came

N 874

Nadir

the “ #sir,” of which Odin was chief,
who lived in Asgard (between the rain-
bow and earth) ; next come the ‘‘ Vanir,”
or gods of the ocean, air, and clouds, of
which deities Niord was chief,

N

N. This letter represents a wriggling
eel, and is ¢alled in Hebrew nun (a
fish).

N, in Spanish, has sometimes a mark
over it, thus—fi. This mark is called a

tilde, and alters the sense and pro--

nunciation of a word. Thus, ‘‘pena’’
means punishment, but “‘ peiia,’? a rock,
(See Marks In GRAMMAR.)

N. (One whose name is not given.)
(See M or N.)

N,anumeral. Greeky = 50, but» =
60,000. N {Bom.) = 900, but N=
900,000.

N added to Greek words ending in a
short vowel to lengthen it ‘‘ by posi-
tion,’’ and ‘‘1’’ added to French words
beginning with a vowel, wher they
follow a word ending with a vowel
(as st V’on for si on), is called N or L
‘“‘ephelcys'tic’”? (tagged-on); Greek,
epi helko, (Sce MARKS IN GRAMMAR.)

N. H. Bugs. The letters are the
initials of Norfolk Howard, in allusion
to a Mr. Bugg who, in 1863, changed
his name to Norfolk Howard.

nth, or nth plus One, in University
slang, means to the utmost degree.
Thus, Cut to the nth means wholly un-
noticed by a friend. The expression is
taken from the index of a mathematical
formula, where » stands for any num-
ber, and » -+ 1, one more than any
number,

Nab. The fairy which offers Orpheus
for food in the infernal regions a roasted
ant, a flea’s thigh, butterflies’ brains,
some sucking mites, a rainbow-tart, and
other delicacies of like nature, to be
washed down with dewdrops, beer made
from seven barleycorns, and the super-
naculum of earth-born topers. (King:
Orpheus and Eurydice.)

Nab. To seize without warning. A
contraction of apprehend. (Norwegian,
nappe, to catch at, nap, snatch ; Swedish,
nappa.) Our nap (to filch or steal) is a
variety of the same word.

The keeper or catch of a latch or bolt js called
the nab,

Nab-man, A sheriff’s officer. (See
Naz.)

“Old Dornton bas sent the nabman after him
at last."—Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering (drama-
tised by Terry, ii. 8).

Nabo or Nebo. One of the divinities
of the Assyrians, aya to'be the
moon. (See Isa. xlvi. 1.) Many of the
kings of Babylon assumed the name.

Pedasinee (0 is Nabo-n-assar, Nabe-of-Assiiur or
ssyria. ;
Nabochadanasor is Nalo-chadon (or adon)-[n}-
assur, t.¢. Nabo-king-of-Assbur or Assyria,
Nabopolassar is Nabo-[son of) pul-Assyrian.
Nebochadnezzar is Nebo-chad (or adon)-n-assur,
t.¢. Nabo or Nebo-king-of-Asshur. >

+ Belchazzar is Baal-ch’-azzar, 1.¢.
Baal-chadon-n-assar, or Baal-king-of
Asshur,

Nabob’ (generally called ew)
Corruption of the Hindu word xawadé,
the plural of naid. An administrator of
a province and commander of the Indian
army under the Mogul Empire. These
men acquired great wealth and lived in
Eastern splendour, so that they gave
rise to the phrase, ‘‘ Rich as the naw&b,”
corrupted into ‘‘ Rich as a nabob.”? In
England we apply the phrase to a mer-
chant who has attained great wealth in
the Indies, and has returned to live in
his native country.

Nabonassar-or Nebo-adon-Assur.
(Nebo, Prince of a Founder of
the Babylonian and Chaldean kingdom,
and first of the dynasty of Nabonassar,

Era of Nabonassar began Wednesday,
February 26th, 747 B.0., the.day of
Nabonassar’s accession. It was used b
Ptolemy, and by the Babylonians, in all
their astronomical calculations.

Naboth’s Mbit n> The possession
of another coveted by one able to possess
himself of it. (1 Kings xxi. 1-10.

“The little Manor House property had always
Deen a Naboth's vineyard to his father,”—Good
Words, 1887. 2

Nadab, in Dryden’s satire of ddsalom
and Achitophel, is meant for Lord
Howard, of Esrick or Escriek, a pro-
fligate who laid claim to great piety.
Nadab offered incense with strange fire,
and was slain by the Lord (Lev. x. 2);
and Lord Howard, while imprisoned in
the Tower, is said to have mixed’ the
consecrated wafer with a compound of
roasted apples and sugar, called lamb’s-
wool,

* And canting Nadab let ohlivion damn,
Who made new porridge of the paschal lamb."
Absalom and Achitophel, part i. 538-9,

Na‘dir. An Arabic wor, signifying
that point in the heavens which is directly
opposite to the zenith. é P

From wnith down to nadir., From the

Nadir Shah

875

Nail

highest point of elevation to the lowest
ie
adiy, A representation of the

planetary system.
“We then lost (1091) a most beautiful table
fabricated of different metals. ... Saturn was 0

copper, Jupiter'of gold, Mars of iron, the Sun of
latten, Mercury of amber, Venus of tin, and the
Moon of silvor. ... It was the most celebrated
nadir in all England.”—Ingulphus,

Nadir Shah, Kouli Khan, a Persian
warrior. (1687-1747.)

Nag. A horse. This is an example
of n of the article joined to the-follow-
ing noun, as in the word newt = an
ewt. (Danish and Norwegian, og ;
Anglo-Saxon, eoh or eh ; Latin, eq[uus] ;
Dutch, negge.) Taylor (1630) has naggon,
as—

“Wert thou George with thy naggon,
That foughtest with the draggon.”
? Shakespeare’s naunt and nuncle are
mine-aunt and mine-uncle,

Nag, Nagging. Constant fault-
finding. OTe aaa gnag-an, to
gnaw, bite.) e call a slight but con-
stant pain, like a tooth-ache, a nagging
pain,

Nag’s Head Consecration. On the
ing of the first Act of Uniformity
in Queen Elizabeth’s reign, fourteen
bishops vacated their sees, and all the
other sees, except Llandaff, were at the
time vacant. e question was how to
obtain consecration so as to preserve the
succession called ‘‘ apostolic ’’ unbroken,
as Llandaff refused to officiate at
Parker’s consecration. In this dilemma
(the story runs) Scory, a deposed bishop,
was sent for, and officiated at the Nag’s
-Head tavern, in Cheapside, thus trans-
mitting the succession.

* Such is the tale. Strype refutes
the story, and so does Dr. Hook. We
are told that it was not the consecration
which took place at the Nag’s Head,
but only that those who took part in it
dined there subsequently. We are
furthermore told that the Bishops
Barlow, Scory, Coverdale, and Hodg-
kins, all officiated at the consecration.

Naga. Serpents; the king of them is
Sesha, the sacred serpent of Vishnu.
(Hindu mythology.)

Na‘glfar. The giants’ ship, in which |

they will embark on ‘‘the last day ”’ to
ive battle to the gods. It is made of

the nails of the dead. (Old Norse, nagl,

2 human nail, and fara, to make.)
(Scandinasian mythology.) Piloted by
Hrymer. + Hs 5);

Nahushtan. Trumpery bits of brass,
(2 Kings xviii. 4.)

Naiads. Nymphs of lakes, foun-
tains, rivers, and streams, (Classical
mythology.) (Sce Farry.)

Nail .

Down on the nail, Pay down on the
nail. In ready money, In Latin:
“ Super unguem;’? in French: ‘ Sur
Vongle;” as, ‘ Boire la goutte sur
Vongle’’ (see SUPERNACULUM), ‘‘ Payer
rubts sur Vongle,’? where rubis means red
wine. The Latin ungulus (from wunguis)
means a ‘‘shot” or reckoning, hence
ungulum dare, to pay one’s reckoning.

“Quo quibus prisis, et cariagiis pleana flat
solucio super unguein,”—An Indenture dated
July 15th, 1326 (Scot's Act)

* O'Keefe says: “In the centre of Limerick
Exchange is a pillar with a circular plate of
copper about three feet in diameter, called The
Nail, on which the earnest of all stock-exchange
bargains has to be paid,” (Recollections.)

A similar custom prevailed at. Bristol, where
were four pillars, called nails, in front of the
Exchange for a similar purpose. In Liverpvol
Exchange there is a plate of copper called The
Nail, on which bargains are settled.

Hung on the nail. Up the spout, put
in pawn. Thecustom referred to is that
of hanging each pawn on a nail, with a

, number attached, and giving the cus-

tomer a duplicate thereof. Very similar
to the custom of guarding hats, cloaks,
walking-sticks, and umbrellas, in public
exhibitions and assemblies.

To hit the nait on the head. To come
to a right conclusion. In Latin, ‘‘ Rem
tenes.’”?’ The Germans have the exact
phrase, “Den Nagel auf den kopf treffen.”’

Nail (For want of a). ‘For want of
a nail, the shoe is lost; for want of a
shoe, the horse is lost; and for want of
a horse, the rider is lost.’? (Herbert:
Jacula Prudentum.)

Nail-money. Six crowns given to
the ‘‘roy des harnoys”’ for affixing the
arms of a knight to the pavilion.

Nail fixed in the Temple (of
Jupiter). On September 13tha nail was
annually driven into the wall of the
teinple of Jupiter. This was originally
done to tally the year, but subsequently
it lapsed into a religious ceromony for
warding: off. calamities from the city.
Originally the nail was driven in the
weal by the pretor maximus, subse-
quently by one of the consuls, and lastly
by the dictator. (See Livy, vii. 3.),

Nail in One’s Coffin. To drive a nail
into one’s coffin. To shorten life by
anxiety, drink, etc. Topers call a dram

Nail 876

“a nail in their coffin,” in jocular allu-
sion to the teetotal axiom.

“ Care to our coffin adds a nail, no doubt ;
But every grin so merry draws one out.”
Peter Pindar (John Wolcot) : Lxpostulatory
Odes, Ode xv.

Nail One’s Colours to the Mast
(To). To refuse to surrender. When
the colours are nailed to the mast they
cannot be lowered in proof of sub-
mission.

Nailed. Caught and secured in jail.
(See Cxov.)

I nailed ham (or it.) I hooked him,
I pinned him, meaning I secured him.
Isaiah (xxii. 23) says, ‘‘I will fasten
him as a nail in a sure place.”? How-
ever, the idea may still be, I secured
him by making him pay down the
earnest on The Nail. (See Pay on the
Nail, second clause. )

Nails driven into Cottage Walls.
This was a Roman practice, under the
notion that it kept off the plague. L.
Manlius was named dictator (A.u.c. 390)
“‘to drive the nail.”’

Our cottagers still mail horseshoes to
thresholds to ward off evil spirits, Mr.
Coutts, the banker, had two rusty horse-
shoes fastened on the highest step out-
side Holly Lodge.

Nails of the Cross. Zhe nails with
which our Lord was fastened to the cross
were, in the Middle Ages, objects of
great reverence, Sir John Maundeyille
says, ‘‘He had two in his hondes, and
two in his feet ; and of on of theise the
emperour of Canstantynoble made a
brydille to his hors, to bere him in
bataylle ; and throghe vertue thereof he
overcam his enemyes’? (¢. vii.). . Fifteen
are shown as relics. (See [non Crown.)

Nain Rouge. A Lutin or goblin of
Normandy, kind to fishermen. ‘There is
another called Le petit homme rouge.

Naivete (pron. nah’-eve-ty). Ingen-
uous simplicity; the artless innocence
of one ignorant of the conventions of
society. The term is also applied to,
poetry, painting, and sculpture. The
word is formed from the Latin natus,
natura, ete., meaning nature without
art. ;

Naked Lady. Meadow. saffron
(Colchicum Autumnale). Called naked
because, like the almond, peach, etc.,
the flowers come out before the leaves.
It is poetically called ‘‘the leafless orphan
_of'the year,” the flowers being orphaned
er destitute of foliage. Some call it

Name

“Naked Boy,’ and the ‘‘Naked Boy
Courts’? of London were places where
meadow saffron was sold.

Naked Truth, The fable says that
Truth and Falsehood went bathing;
Falsehood came first out of the water,
and dressed herself in Truth’s garments.
Truth, unwilling to take those of False-
hood, went naked.

Nakeer, (See MUNKAR.)

Nala, a legendary king of India,
whose love for Damayanti and subse-
quent misfortunes have supplied subjects
for numerous poems. Dean Milman has
translated into English the episode from
the Mahdbhérata, and W. Yates the
famous Sanskrit poem called Walodaya.

Na'ma, A daughter of the race of
man, who was beloved by the angel
Zaraph. Her one wish was to love
purely, intensely, and holily; but she
fixed her love on a seraph, a creature,
more than on her Creator; theréfore, in
punishment, she was condemned to abide
on earth, ‘‘unchanged in heart and
frame,” so long as the earth endureth;
but when time is no more, both she and
her angel lover will be admitted into
those courts ‘‘ where love never dies.’’
(Moore : Loves of the Angels, story iii.)

Namby Pamby Philips. Ambrose
Philips (1671-1749). His nickname was

’ bestowed upon him by Harry Carey, the

dramatist, for his verses addressed to
Lord Carteret’s children, and was
adopted by Pope. This was not John
Philips, author of the Splendid Shilling.
‘‘Namby”’ is a baby way of pronouncing
Ambrose, and ‘‘Pamby’’ is a jingling
reduplication,

Macaulay says: “This sort of verse has been
called (Namby Pamby] after the name of its
author.”

Name,

“What'sina name? That which we call a rose,

By any other name would smell as sweet.”

Shakespeare ; Romeo and Jutict, ii, 2.

To take God's name invaim. To use it

profanely, thoughtlessly, or irreverently.

“Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy
God in vain."—Exod, xx. 7, r

Name. Fairies are extremely averse
to having their. names. known, indeed
there seems to be a strange identity be-
tween personality and name. Thus we
are forbidden to take God’s “name in
vain,” and when Jacob wrestled with
the angel, he was anxious to know his
opponent’s name. (Compare the Greek

onoma and the Latin anima.) — ytht

7

oe.

_gay lordlings who sought her.

Name-son 877

Name-son. Name-sake; also name-

child, etc.
“God for ever bless your honour, I am your
nanie-son, sure enough,”—Smollett : Adventures of

Sir Launcelot Greaves.

Namie the Day. Fix the day of mar-
riage.

Names,

To call a personnames. Toblackguard
& person by calling him nicknames,

Names of the Puritans,

Praise-God Barebones. A _leather-
seller in Fleet Street.

Tf-Jesus-Christ-had-not-died-for-thee-
thou-hadst-been-damned Barebones, His
son ; usually called Damned Dr. Bare-
bones.

Nancy. The sailor’s choice in Dib-
din’s exquisite song beginning, ‘‘’T was
post meridian half-past four.” At half-
es four he parted by signal from his

ancy; at eight he bade her a long
adieu; next morn a storm arose, and
four sailors were washed overboard,
* but love forbade the waves to snatch
our tar from Nancy”’; when the storm
ceased an enemy appeared, but when
the battle was hottest our gallant friend
“put up uw prayer’ and thought on
Nancy.’’

Miss Nancy. Mrs. Anna Oldfield, a
celebrated actress, buried in Westminster
Abbey. She died in 1730, and her re;
mains lay in state, attended by two
noblemen, She was buried in a very
fine Brussels Jace head-dress, a holland
shift, with a tucker and double-rutiles
of the same lace, new kid gloves, etc.

“*Odious ! In woollen? ’Twoulda saint provoke!’
Were the last words that sien Narcissa spoke.”
‘ope: Moral Essays.

Miss Nancy. An effeminate young
man.

Nancy of the Vale. A village
maiden who preferred Strephon to the
(Shen-
stone.)

Nankeen. So called from Nankin,
in China, It is the natural colour of
Nankin cotton.

Nanna. Wife of Balder. When the
blind-god slew her husband, she threw
herself upon his-funeral pile and was
burnt to death,

Nannie, to whom Burns has addressed
several of his songs, was Miss Fleming,
daughter of a farmer in the parish: of
Tarbolton, Ayrshire.

_.Nantes (1 syl.). Edict of Nantes.
The decree of Henri IV. of France,
published from Nantes in 1598, securing

Napoleon Tit.

freedom of religion to all Protestants.
Louis XIV. repealed this edict in 1683.

Nap. To go nap. To stake all the
wiunings on the cards in hand; hence,
to risk allon one venture. Napis agame
of eards; so called from Napoleon IIT.

Nap (A), a doze or short sleep, as
“To take a nap,’’ is the Anglo-Saxon
hneppian or hnapp-van (to take a nap ;
the nap of cloth is the Anglo-Saxon
hnoppa.)

Naph'tha. The drug used by Mede’a
for anointing the wedding robe of
Glaucé, daughter of King Cre’on,
whereby she was burnt to death on the
morning of her marriage with Jason.

Na/pier’s Bones. A method in-
vented by Baron Napier, of Merchiston,
for shortening the labour of trigno-
metrical calculations. Certain figures
are ei be on little slips of paper or
ivory, and simply by shifting these slips
the result required is obtained. They

| care called bones because the baron used

bone or ivory rods instead of cardboard.

Napoleon III. Few men have had
so many nicknames.

MAN GF DECEMBER, So called because his coup
aétat was December 2nd,and he was madé em-
peror December 2nd, 1852.

MAN OF, SEDAN, and, by a, pun,-M. Sedantaire.
It was at Sedan he ‘surrendéred his sword to
William I., King of Prussia (1870).

MAW OF SILENCE, from his great taciturnity.

COMTE D’'ARENENBERG, the name and title he
[ae when he escaped from the fortress of

am.

BADINGUET, the name of the mason who
changed clothes with him when he escaned from
Ham. The emperor's. partisans were called
Badingueux, those of the empress were Monti-
joyeauc,

BousTRAPA is a compound of Boulogne],
Stra(sbourg], and Pa(ris], the places of his noted

escapade.
RANTIPOLE = harum-scarum, half-fool and
half-madman. ,

VERHUEL, A patronymic, which canndt be here
explained, ry 08

There are some very curious nu-
merical coincidences connected with
Napoleon III. and Eugénie. The last
complete year of their reign was 1869.
(In 1870 Napoleon was dethroned and
exiled.)

Now, if to the year of coronation
(1852), you add either the birth of Napo-
leon, or the birth of Eugénie, or the
capitulation of Paris, or the date of mar-
riagé, the sum will always be 1869, For
example * .

Coro-
18524 na- +1852 1852 1852
tion, }
1) Birth 1) Birth 1) Date 1) Capit-
8 of 8\_ of 8{ of 8{ulat'p
0( Napo- 2(Eugé-| 5( mar- 1
9) leon. 6) nie. 3) riage! 1) Paris.
1869 1869 1869 1869

Napping

878

Nathaniel

And if to the year of marriage (1853)
these dates are added, they will give 1870,
the fatal year,

Napping. To catch one napping. To
find a person Be or off his guard.
(Anglo-Saxon, Anappung, slumbering.)

Nappy Ale. Strong ale is so called
because it makes one nappy, or because
it contains a nap or frothy head,

Nar’aka. The hell of the Hindus.
It has twenty-eight divisions, in some of
which the victims are mangled by ravens
and owls; in others they will be doomed
to swallow cakes boiling hot, or walk
over burning sands. Each division has
its name: ARurava (fearful) is for liars
and false witnesses; Rodha (obstruction)
for those who piunder a town, killa cow,
or strangle a man; Siékara (swine) for
drunkards and stealers of gold; etc.

Narcissa, in the Night Thoughts,
was Elizabeth Lee, Dr. Young’s step-
daughter. In Night iii. the poet says
_ she was clandestinely buried at Mont-
pelier, because, being a Protestant, she
was ‘‘denied the charity that dogs en-
joy.” (For Pope’s Narcissa see NANCY.)

Narcissus (The). This charming
flower is named from the son of Cephisus.
This beautiful youth saw his reflection
in a fountain, and thought it the pre-
siding nymph of the place. He tried to
reach it, and jumped into the fountain,
where he died. The nymphs came to
take up the body that they might pay
it funeral honours, but found only a
flower, which they called Narcissus,
after the name of the son of Cephisus.
(Ovid’s Metamorphoses, iii. 346, etc.)

Plutarch says the plantis called Narcissus from
the Greek narke (numbness), and that it is pro-
perly narcosis, meaning the plant which produces
numbness or palsy.

“Sweet Echo, swectest nymph that liv’st un-
seen...

Canst thou not tell me of agentle pair,

That likest thy Narcissus are?”

Milton : Comus, 235, etc.

** Bcho fell in Jove with Narcissus.

Nardac. The highest title of honour
in the realm of Lilliput. Gulliver re-
ceived this distinction for carrying off
the whole fleet of the Blefuscu’dians.
unit : Gulliver's Travels; Voyage to

tlliput, v.) 3

Narrow House or Home. A coffin ;
the grave. Gray calls the grave a
“narrow cell.”

“ Each in his narrow cell for ever laid,. «
The rude forefathers of the hamlet wind
P egy.

Narrowaale Noon (‘“i//). To defer
a matter till Narrowdale noon is to defer

it indefinitely. ‘‘ Christmas is coming.”
Ans., ‘So is Narrowdale Noon,”” Your
. . « was deferred or delayed, like
Narrowdale Noon. Narrowdale is in
Derbyshire. The Dovedale is a valley
about three miles long, and. nowhere
more than a quarter of a mile brosd.

. It is approached from the north by a

“narrow dale,’’ in which dwell a few
cotters, who never see the sun -all the
winter, and, when its beams first pierce
the dale in the spring it is only for a
few minutes in the afternoon.

Narses (2 syl.).. A Roman generat
against the Goths ; theterror of children.
(478-568.) (See Boaig.)

“The name of Narses was the formidable sound
with which the Assyrian mothers were oaccus-
tomed to terrify their infants/’—Gibbon; Decline
and Fall, ctc., viii. 219,

Narwhal. Drinking-cups made of
the bone of the narwhal used to be
greatly valued, from the supposition

| that they counteracted the fatal effects

of poison,

Naseby (Nora ae is the
Saxon nafela-(the navel). It is so called
because it’ was considered the navel or
centre of England. Similarly, Delphi
was called the ‘‘ navel of the earth,” and
in this temple was a white stone. kept
bound with a red ribbon, to represent.
the navel and umbilical cord.

Nasi. The president of the Jewish
Sanhedrim.

Na’so. The ‘‘surname’’ of Ovid, the
Roman poet, author of Metamorphosas,
Naso means ‘‘ nose,’’ hence Holofernes’
pun: ‘ And why Naso, but for smelling
out the odoriferous flowers of fancy.’
(Shakespeare : Love's Labour's Lost, iv.
2.

Nasser. The Arabian merchant
whose fables are the delight of the Arabs.
D’Herbelot tells us that when Mahomet
read to them the history of the Old Tes-
tament, they cried out with one voice
that Nasser’s tales were the best; upon
which Mahomet gave his malediction on
Nasser, and all who read him. 5

Na/strond [dead-man’s region]. The
worst marsh in the infernal -regions,
where serpents pour forth venom in-
cessantly from the high walls. Here
the murderer and the ‘perjured will. be
doomed to live for ever. fou Norse,
nd, a dead body, and strond, a strand.)
(Scandinavian, mythology.) (See Lix-
STROND.) 3 ‘

Nathaniel (Sir). A grotesque curate
in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour's Lost, ”

Nation

879

Natural

Nation of Gentlemen. So George
IV. called the Scotch when, in 1822, he
visited that country.

Nation of Shopkeepers. Napoleon
‘was not the first to call the English “a
nation of shopkeepers ”’ in contempt.

National Anthém. Both the music
and words were composed by Dr. Henry
Carey in 1740. However, in Antwe
cathedral is a MS. copy of it whic
affirms that the words and music were by
Dr. John Bull; adding that it was com-
posed on the occasion of the discovery
of Gunpowder Plot, to which the words
‘frustrate their knavish tricks’’ espe-
cidtly allude,

National Anthems.

Of Austria. Haydn’s Hymn to the
Emperor.

Brteian, The Brabanconne.

DenMarK. Song of Danebrog [a flag
with a white cross, which fell from
heaven in the 13th century at the prayer
of Waldemar II.].

EnGiann. Rule Britannia, words by
Thomson, music by Handel, and God
Save. the King. (See above.)

France. Ancient, the Chanson de
Roland. Since the Revolution, the
Marseillaise and the Chant du Départ.

Germany. <Arndt’s Des Deutschen
Vaterland : ‘‘ Heil Dir im Siegeskranz,”’

Huneary. The Rakoczy March.

Traty. Daghela Avanti un Passo [t.e.
Move a step onward], 1821. Garibaldi’s
warlike Hymn, and Godfredo Mameli’s
Italian Brethren, Italy has Awaked,
composed by Mercantini.

_ Russia. God Protect the Czar.

ScottanD. Several Jacobite songs,
the most popular being The King shall
Enjoy his own Again, When the King
Cone over the Water, and Lilliburlero of

National Colours, (See CoLouRs.)

National Convention. The assem-
bly of deputies which assumed the
government of France on the overthrow
of the throne in 1792. It succeeded the

' National Assembly.

National Debt. Money borrowed
by the Government, on the security of
the taxes, which are pledged to the
lenders for the pa ent of interest.

The National Debt in William III.’s
reign was £15,;730,439.

_ At the commencement of the American
war, £128,583,635. ;

_ At the close thereof, £249,851, 628,

._ At the close of the. French war,
£840,850,491,

Cancelled between 1817 and 184,
£85,538, 790,

Created by Crimean war, £68,623,199.
In 1866, £802,842,949,

In 1872 it was £792,740,000.

In 1875 it was £714,797,715,

In 1879 it was £702,430,594,

In 1892 it was £677,679,571.

In 1893 it was £671,042,842,

National Exhibition. So Douglas
Jerrold called a public execution at the
Old Bailey. These scandals were abol-
ished in 1868. Executions now take
place in the prison yard.

National Workshops.—The English
name of ‘ Ateliers nationaux,’”’ estab-
lished by the French provisional govern-
ment in February, 1848, and which were
abolished in three months, after a san-
guinary contest,

Native. In feudal times, one bern a
serf. After the Conquest, the natives
were the serfs of the Normans, Wat
Tyler said to Richard II. :

“The firste peticion was that he scholde make
alle men fre thro Ynglonde and quiete, 80 that
there scholde not be eny native man after that
time,”—Higden: Polychronicon, viii. 457.

Nativity (7he) means Christmas Day,
the anniversary of the birth of Jesus.

The Cave of the Nativity is under the
chancel of the ‘church of the Nativity.”
In the recess, a few féet above the

round is astone slab with a star cut in
it, to mark the spot where the Saviour
was born. Near it is a hollow scraped
out of the rock, said to be the place
where the infant Jesus was laid.

To cast a man’s nativity is to construct
a plan or map out, of the position, etc., of
the twelve houses which belong to him,
and to explain the scheme.

Natty.” Tidy, methodical, and neat,
(Italian netto, French net, Welsh nith.)

Natty Bumppo, called ‘Leather
Stocking.” He appears in five of
Fenimore Cooper’s novels: as the Deer-
slayer; the Pathfinder; the Hawk-eye
es Longue Carabine), in the Last of the

ohicans; Natty Bumppo, in the
Pioneers; and the Trapper in the
Prairie, in which he dies.

Natural (4), A born idiot; one on
whom education caf’ make no im-
pression, As nature made him, so he
remains.

A natural child. One not born in
lawful wedlock, The Romans called
the children of concubines natura'lés,

Nature 880

Nebo

OOO

children according to nature, and not
according to law.

“Cui pater est populus, pater est sibi nullus

_omnes; s
Cui pater est populus not habet ille paren
cal

Nature. In a state of nature, Nude
or naked,

Naught (not ‘‘ nought’). Naught is
Ne (negative), aught (anything). Saxon
naht, which is ne dit (not anything),

“A headless man had a Jetter fol to write.
He who read it (naught) had lost bis sight.

The duinb repeated it [naugh t] word for word,
And deaf was the man who listened and heard
(naught]." Dr Whewell.

Naught, meaning bad.
“The water is naught.”—2 Kings, ii. 19.

Naughty Figs (Jeremiah xxiv. 2).
Worthless, vile (Anglo-Saxon naht, i.e. 2
negative, aht aught). We still say
a ‘‘naughty boy,” a ‘naughty girl,’
anda ‘‘ naughty child.”

* One basket had very good figs, even like the
figs that are first ripe. . . The other basket had
very naughty figs, which could not be eaten.”

Navigation. Father of navigation.
Don Henrique, Duke of Viseo, the great-
est man that Portugal ever produced.
(1394-1460.)

Father of British inland navigation.
Francis Egerton, Duke of Bridgewater
(1736-1803).

Navvy. A contraction of navigator.
One employed to make railways.

“Canals were thought ofas lines of inland navi-
gation, anda tavern built by the side of a canal
was called a ‘Navigation Inn.’ Hence it happened
that the men employed in excavating canals were
called ‘navigators, shortened into. navvies."—
spencers Principles of Sociology, vol. i. appendix Cc
P. 834,

Nay-word. Pass-word. Slender in
The Merry Wives of Windsor, says—’

“We have a nay-word how to know each other

I come to her in white and cry Mum, she cries
Budget, and by that we know one another,’—
Shakespeare.

Nayres (1 syl.). The aristocratic
class of India, (See Potnas.)

Nazarzans or Nazarenes (3 syl.).
A sect of Jewish Christians, who believed
Christ to be the Messiah, that-He was
born of the Holy Ghost, and that He
possessed a Divine nature; but’ the
nevertheless conformed to the Mosaic
rites and geremonies. (See below.)

Nazare’ne (3 syl.). <A native of
Nazareth; hence our Lord is so called
(John xviii. 5, 7; Acts xxiv..5).

Nazareth. .Can any good thing come
out of Nazareth? (John i. 46). A
general insinuation against any family
or place of ill repute, Can any great

man come from such an msignificant
village as Nazareth ?

Nazarite (3 syl.): One separated or
set apart to thé Lord by a vow. These
Nazarites were to refrain from strong
drinks, and to suffer their hair to grow.
ratte nazar, to separate, Numb, vi.

Ne plus Ultra (Latiny. The perfece
tion or most perfect state to which a
thing can be brought. We have Ne-
plus-ultra corkscrews, and a multitude
of other things.

Ne Sutor, etc, (See CoBBLER.)

/Newra. Any sweetheart or lady-love.
She is mentioned. by Horace, Virgil, and
Tibullus,

“To sport with Amaryllis in the shade,
Or with the tangles of Newra's bair.”
Milton: Lycidas.

Neapolitan. A native of Naples;
pertaining to Naples.

Near, meaning mean, is rather a
curjous play on the word close (close-
fisted). What is ‘close by” is near

Near Side and Off Side. Left side
and right side. ‘Near wheel” means
that to the coachman’s left hand; and
“near horse”? (in a pair) means that to
the left hand of the driver. In a four-
in-hand the two horses on the left side
of the coachman are the near wheeler
and the near leader. Those on the right
hand side of the coachman are “off
horses.’’ This, which seems an anomaly,
arose when the driver walked beside his
team. The.teamster always walks with

| his mght arm nearest the horse, and

therefore, in a pair of horses, the horse
on the left side 1s nearer than the
one on his right; ities
Thus, 2 is the near wheeler
a, and 1 the near leader, 4
214 is the off wheeler and 3
Coachman. the off leader.

Neat as a Bandbox. A band-hox
is a slight box for caps, hats. and other
similar articles.

Neat as a Pin, or Neat as a New
Pin. Very prim and tidy. ~ on 9

Neat as Wax. Certainly the waxen
cells of bees are the perfection of neat-
ness and good order,

Nebo, the god of science and litera-
ture, is said to have invented cuneiform
writing. His temple was at Borsippa,
but his worship was carried wherever
Babylonian letters penetrated. Thus we

Nebraska 881

‘Necromancy

had Mount Nebo in Moab, and the city
‘of Nebo in Judea.

. Nebraska, U.S. A word of Indian
origin, meaning the ‘‘ shallow river.’’

Nebuchadnezzar. A correspondent
of Notes and Queries (July 21, 1877) says
that the compound Russian word Ne-
boch-ad-ne-tzar means, ‘‘ There is no god
but the ezar.’”’ Of course this is not the
meaning of the Babylonian proper name,
but the coincidence is curious. ‘The
-ezzar of Nebuchadnezzar means Assyria,
and appears in such words as Nabon-
assar, Bel-ch-azzar, Nebo-pol-assar,
Tiglath-Pil-eser, Esar-haden, and so on.

Nabonassar is Nebo-adan- Assur (Nebo
ae of Assyria) ; Nebuchadnezzar is

ebo-chah-adun-Assar (Nebo, royal
‘prince-of Assyria). Nebo was probably
an pag age god, but it was no unusual
thing for kings to assume the names of

s, as Bel-ch-azzar, where Bel = Baal
Baal king-of Assyria.) (See Naso.)

Neb’uchadnezzar. The prophet
Daniel says that Nebuchadnezzar walked
in the palace of the kingdom-of Babylon
and said, ‘‘Is not this great Babylon
that Ihave built . . . by the might of
my ‘power, and for the honour of my
majesty?’ And ‘‘the same hour...
he was driven from men, and did eat

s as oxen, and his body was wet
with the dew of heaven, till his hairs
were, grown like eagles’ feathers, and
his nails like birds’ claws’? (iv. 29-33).

Necessity. Make a virtue of necessity.
ae i Two Gentlemen of Verona,
lv. i.

“Quintilian has laudem virtutis necessitati
damus; St. Jerome (epistle 54 section 6), Fac. de
necessitate virtutem. Inthe Roman de la Rose, line
14058, we find S%l ne fait de necessite virtu, and
Boccaccio has Si come savia fatta della necessita.

Necessity the tyrant’s plea. (Milton:
Paradise Lost, book iv. verse 393.)

Neck. ‘' Oh that the Roman.people had

but one neck, that I might cut it off ata
blow !”? The words of Calig’ula, the
Roman emperor.
_ To break the neck of an enterprise, To
begin it successfully, and overcome the
first difficulties. Well begun is half
done. ‘The allusion is to killing fowls
by. breaking their necks.

» Neck-verse (Psalm li. 1). . “‘ Have
rt let es me, O God, according’ to
Thy lovingkindness:: according unto the
multitude of Thy tender mercies blot
out my transgressions.”” This verse was
so called because it was the trial-verse
ef those who claimed benefit of clergy ;

56

and if they could read it, the ordinary
of Newgate said, ‘* Legit ut clericus,””
and the convict saved his neck, being
only burnt in the hand and set at
liberty.
“Ifa clerk had been taken
For stealing of bacon,
For burglary, murder, or rape,
If he could but rehearse
(Well prompt) bis neck-verse,
He neyer could fail to escape.”
British Apollo (1710).
Neck-weed. A slang term for hemp,
of which the hangman’s rope is made.

Neck and Crop. Entirely. The
crop is the gorge of a bird.

Neck and Heels. J bundled him out
neck and hecls, There was a certain
punishment formerly in vogue which
consisted in bringing the chin and knees
of the culprit forcibly together, and then
thrusting the victim into a cage.

Neck and Neck. Very near to-
gether in merit ; very close competitors,
A phrase used in horse races, when
two or more horses run each.other very
closely.

Neck or Nothing. Desperate.. A
racing phrase ; to win by.a neck orto: be
nowhere—4.¢, not counted at all because
unworthy of notice. !

Necked. <A stiff-necked people. Ob-
stinate and self-willed. «In the Psalms
we read, ‘Speak nof with a stiff neck ’’
(Ixxv. 5); and in Jeremiah xvii. 23,
‘* They obeyed not, but made their necks
stiff ; ’? and Isaiah (xlviii. 4) says, ‘‘ Thy
neck is an iron sinew.’’ The allusion is
to a wilful horse, ox, or ass, which will
not answer to the reins.

Necklace. A necklace of coral or
white bryony beads used-to be. worn
round the necks of children to aid their
teething. Necklaces of hyoscyamus or
henbane-root have been recommended
for the same purpose. In Italy coral
beloques are worn as a charm against
the ‘‘ evil eye.”

The diamnond necklace (1785)! (See
Diamond NECKLACE.)

The fatal necklace. Cadmos received
on his wedding-day the present of a
necklace, which proved fatal to every-
one who possessed it. Some: say that
Vulcan, and others that Euro’pa, gave
the necklace to Cadmos. Harmonia’s
necklace (q.v.) was a similar fatal gift.
(See Favat GIFTs.)

Nec’ronfancy means _ prophesyin
by calling up the dead, as the witch of
Endor called upSamuel. (Greek, nekros,
the dead ; manteia, prophecy.) —

Nectar

882

Nemean Lion

Nec’tar. Wine conferring immor-
tality, and drunk by the gods. The
Koran tells us “the righteous shall be
given to drink pure wine sealed with
musk,’? The food of the gods is Am-
bro’sia. (Greek nektar.)

Neddy (a man’s name). A contrac-
tion and diminutive of Mine Edward—
Mine Eddy, My N’Eddy. Teddy is the
French ¢u, toi, form; and Neddy the
nunation form. (Ed’, Ted, Ned.)

Neddy. A donkey; a low cart used in
Dublin; so called because its jolting keeps
¢he riders eternally nodding.

“The ‘Set-down’ was succeeded by the Noddy,
eo called from its oscillating motion backwards
and forwards.”—Sketches of Ireland (1847).

Neddy. A dunce; a euphemism for
Ci3 an ass.’

Need Makes the old Wife Trot.
In German, ‘‘ Die noth macht ein alte
weidb raben ;’’ in Italian, ‘ Bisogna fa
trotterl @ vecchia ;’’ in French, ‘* Besoin

. fait trotter la vicille ;” the Scotch say,
** Need gars naked men run.”

Needs must when the Devil
Drives. The French say: “ Zi fatst
marcher quand le diable est aux trousses ;??
and the Italians say: ‘‘ Bisogna andare
quando ik diavolo é vella coda,” It if
must, I must,

“ He must heeds go that the Devil drives.”

Shakespeare: All's Well That-Ends Well, i. 3.

Needfire. Fire obtained by friction.
It has been supposed to defeat sca
and cure diseases assigned to witchcraft.
(Danish, gnide, to rub.)

Needful (Zhe). Ready money, cash.
The one thing needful for this life.

Needham. Yow are on the high-road
to Needham—to ruin or poverty. The

unison the word need. Needham is
in Suffolk. (See Lanp or Nop.)

Needle. To hit the needle. Hit the
Hens nail on the head, to make a perfect
hit. A term in archery, equal to hitting
the bull’s-eye.

Eye of a needle. (See Eye.) ~

4 Negative Pregnant (4). A denial
which implics an affirmative, and is so
interpreted. A law term.

Ne’gro. Fuller says a negro is *‘ God's
image cut in ebony.’

Negro Offspring. Ps
\ White father and negromother. Off-
spring, mulatto, mulat

White father and mulatta mother.
Offspring, cuarteron, -rona,

White father and cuarterona mother.
Offspring, quintero, quintera,
hite father and quintera mother.
Offspring, white.

Negro’ni. A princess, a friend of
Lucrezia di Bor’gia, Duchess of Ferra‘ra.
She invited to a banquet the nobles who
had insulted her friend, and killed them
with poisoned wine. (Donizetti: Lucrezsa
cd Borgia, an opera.)

Ne’gus. So called from Colonel
Francis Negus, who first concocted it,
in the time of George I.

Nehalle’nia. The Flemish deity
who presided over commerce and navi-
gation.

Nehushtan (2 Kings xviii. 4). Bits
of brass, worthless fragments. When
Hezekiah broke in pieces the brazen
serpent, he called the broken pieces Ne-
hushtan,

“Such matters to the agitators are Nehushtan.”
—Ninreteenth Century, December, 1692, p. 998.

Neiges d@’Antan (The). A thing of
the past. Literally, ‘‘ last year’s snows.”

“ Where are the snows of yester-year 2”

“The whole has melted away like the netges
@antan.”—Ninetéeenth Century, June, 189}, p. 808.

Neken. (See NEC.)
Neksheb. The city of Transoxia‘na,

Nell’s Point, in Barry Island. Fa-
mous for a well to which women resort
on Holy Thursday, and having washed
their eyes with the water of the well,
each woman drops into it a pin,

Nem. Con. Unanimously. A con-
traction of the Latin nem'ine contrad&-
cen'te (no one opposing).

Nem. Diss. Without a dissentient
voice. (Latin, nem'ine dissent'tente.)

Nem/ean Games (The). Onc of tho
four great national festivals of Greece,
celebrated at Nem’ea, in Ar’golis, eve’
alternate year, the first and third of eac
Olympiad, The victor’s reward was at
first a crown of olive-leaves, but subse-

uently a garland of ivy. Pindar hag
eleven odes in honour of victors at these
games.

Nem/’ean Lion (Zhe). The first of
the labours of Hereulés was to kill the
Nemean lion (of Ar’golis), which kept
the people in constant alarm. Its skin
was so tough that his club made no im-
pression on the beast, so Hercules caught
it in his arms and squeezed it to death,
He ever after wore the skin as a mantle.

“ Ere Nemeu’s boast resigned his shaggy 8) oul
mn ‘ Meike

Nemesis

883

Nero

Nemesis. Retribution, or rather
the righteous anger of God. A female
Greek deity, whose mother was Night.

Nemo Me Impune Lacessit. No one
injures me with impunity. The motto
of the Order of the Thistle. It was first
used on the coins of James VI. of Scot-
land (James I. of England). A strange
nae Puritans to adopt (Matt. xviii.

’ °

Neol’ogy. The Rationalistic inter-
pretation of Scripture. The word is
Greek, and means new-(theo)-logy.
Those who accept this system are called
Neolo’gians,

Ne’optol’emos or Pyrrhos. Son of
Achilles ; called Pyrrhos from his yellow
hair, and Ne'optol’emos because he was a
new soldier, or one that came late to the
siege of Troy. According to Virgil, it
was this young man that slew the aged
Priam. On his return home he was
murdered by Orestes, at Delphi.

Nepen'the (3 syl.) or Wepen'thés, a
drug to drive away care and superinduce
love. Polydamna, wife of Tho’nis (or
Thone, 1 syl.), King of Egypt, gave
nepenthe to Helen (daughter of Jove and
Leda). Homer speaks of a magic potion
called mepenthé, which made persons
forget their woes. (Odyssey, iv. 228.)

“ That nepenthes which the wife of Thone

In Egypt gave the Jove-born Helena.”
kad Milton® : Comus, 695, 698.

< The water of Ardenne had the
opposite effect.

Neper’s Bones. (See NAPIER.)

Neph’elo-coccyg’ia.. A town in the
clouds built by. the-cuckoos. It was
built to cut off from the gods the incense
offered by man, so as to compel them to
come to terms. (Aristophanes; The
Birds.)

“without flying to Nephelo-coccygia we can
meet with sharpers and bullies.”"—Macaulay. .

Nephew (French xcveu, Latin nepos),
Both in Latin and in archaic English the
word means a grandchild, or descendant.
Hence, in 1 Tim. v. 4, we read—‘If a
woman have children or nephews [grand-
children].’’ Propertius has it, ‘¢
seros laudabit Roma nepotes [posterity].”

Niece (Latin zeptis) also means a

ddaughter or female descendant.
{See NEPOTISM.)
-Nep’omuk. St. John Nepemuly a
native of Bohemia, was the oner of
Wenceslas IV., and refused to reveal to
the emperor the confession of the em-
‘press, After having herojcally endured

-

einter |

torture, he was taken from the rack and
cast into the Moldau. Nepomuk is the
French é, born, and Pomuk, the village
of his birth. A stone image of this
saint stands on the Carl Briicke over the
Moldau, in Prague. (1330-1383.)

Nep’otism. An unjust elevation of
our own kinsmen to places of wealth and
trust at our disposal. (Latin, epos, a
nephew or kinsman.)

Nep’tune . syl.). The sea. In
Roman mythology, the divine monarch
of the ocean. (See BEN.)

A son of Neptune.
sailor.

Neptune’s Horse. Hippocampos ;
it had but two legs, the hinder part of
the body being that of a fish, (See
Horse.)

Neptu'nian or Nep’'tunist. One who
follows the opinion of Werner, in the
belief that all the great rocks of the
earth were once held in solution in water,
and have been deposited as sediment,
The Vulcanists or Plutonians ascribe
them to the agency of fire.

Ne’reids (2 syl.). Sea-nymphs, daugh-
ter of Nereus (2 syl.), fifty in number,
Nereids or Neréidés (4 syl.). Sea-
nymphs, Camoens, in his Lusiad, gives
the names of three—Doto, Nyse, and
Neri’ne ; but he has spiritualised their
office, and makes them the sea-guardians
of the virtuous. They went before the
fleet of Ga’ma, and when the treacherous
pilot supplied by Zaccc'ia, King of Moe
zam’bique, steered the ship of Vasco da
Gama towards a sunken rock, these
guardian nymphs pressed against the
prow, lifting it from the water and turn-
ing it round. The pilot, looking to see
the cause of this strange occurrence, be-
held the rock which had nearly-proved
the ruin of the whole fleet (bk. 11.)
Ne'reus (2 syl.) A sea-god, repre-
sented as a very old man, whose speciah
dominion was the A‘ge’an Sea,
Neri’no (3 syl.). One of the Nereids.
(See Nyse.) ;
Neris’sa. Portia’s. waiting-maid ;
clever, self-confident, and coquettish.
(Shakespeare > Merchant of Venice.)

Ne‘ro. Emperor of Rome. Somesay
he set fire to Rome to see “how Troy
would look when it was in flames;’’
others say he forbade the flames to be

ut out, and went toa high tower, where
ae sang verses to his lute “Upon the
Burning of Old Troy.” = phe

A seaman or

Nero

884

New Christiang

A Nero. Any bloody-minded man,
relentless tyrant, or evil-doer of extra-
ordinary savagery.

Nero of the North, Christian II. of
Denmark (1480, 1534-1558, 1559).

Nero’s Friend. After Nero’s fall,
when his statues and monuments were
torn down by order of the Senate, and
every mark of dishonour was accorded
to his memory, some unknown hand
during the night went to his grave and
strewed it with violets.

Nesr. An idol of the ancient Arabs,
It was in the form of a vulture, and was
worshipped by the tribe of Hemyer.

Nesrem. A statue some fifty cubits
high, in the form of an old woman. It
was hollow within for the sake of giving
sécret oracles, (Arabian mythology.)

‘Nessus. Shirt of Nessus. A source
of misfortune from which there is no es-
cape; a fatal present; anything that
wounds the susceptibilities. Thus Renan
has ‘the Nessus-shirt of ridicule.’
Herculés ordered Nessus (the centaur)
to carry his wife Dejani’ra across a river.
The centaur ill-treated the woman, and
Hercules shot him with a poisoned arrow.
Nessus, in revenge, gave Dejani’ra his
tunic, saying to whomsoever she gave it
would love her exclusively. Dejani’ra
gave it to her husband, who was de-
voured by poison as soon ashe put it on;
but, after enduring agony, the hero threw
himself on a funeral pile, and was con-
sumed. (See HarmMonta’s RoBE.)

“ While to my limbs th' envenomed mantle clings,

Drenched in the centaur’s black, malignant
page Triumphs of the Gout (Lucian),

Nest. To feather one’s nest, (See
FEATHER.)

Nest-egg (4). Some money laid by.
The allusion is to the custom of placing
an egg in a hen’s nest to induce her to
Bene eggsthere. Ifa person has saved
alittle money, if serves as an mduce-
ment to him to increase his store.

Nestor. King of Pylos, in Greece;
the oldest and most. experienced of the
chieftains who went to the siege of
Troy <A ‘Nestor’? means. the oldest
and wisest man of a class or company.
(Homer. 1had.) pate

Nestor of the chemical vevolulion, A
term applied by Lavoisier to Dr. Black.
(1728-1799,

_ Nestor of Europe, Leopold, King of
Belgium (1790, 1831-1865),

Nesto’rians. Followers of Nesto’-
rius, Patriarch of Constantinople in the
fifth century. He maintained that Christ
had two distinct natures, and that Mary
was the mother of His human nature,
which was the mere shell or husk of the
divine.

Neth'inim. The hewers of wood
and drawers of water for the house of
God, an office which the Gibeonites were
condemned to by Joshua (Joshua ix.
27). The word means given to God.

Nettle. Camden says the Romans
brought over the seed of this plant, that
they might have nettles to chafe their
limbs with when they encountered the
cold of Britain. '

Nettles. Jt is ill work plucking
nettles with bare hands, or belling, the
cat, It is ill work to interefere in
matters which cannot but prove dis-
agreeable or even worse. -In French,
“*A ttacher le grelot.”’ :

Nettoyer (French), ‘*‘ Netloyer wne
personne, cest a dire luy gagner tout son
argent.’ (Oudin - Curiositez Francovses.)

Our English phrase, ‘‘I cleaned him
out,’’ is precisely tantamount to it. .

Never. There are numerous locutions
to express this idea; as— en

At the coming of the Coqueligrucs (Rabelais «
Pantagruel). , Ve

At the Latter Lammas. (See LAMMAS.)

On the Greek Calends (q.v.). at

In the reign of Queen Dick. (See D1cK.)

On St. Tib’s’Eve. (See T1u's EVE.)

In a montb of five Sundays. _

(tn) la semaine des trois. jendis.

When two Fridays come together

When three Sundays come togeth

When Dover and Calais meet. (See Dover.)

When Dudman and Ramehead meet. (See Dy By

MAN.)
When the world grows honest.
When the Yellow River runs clear, r
Never Say Die. Never despair;
never give up.

Nevers. Il Conte di Nevers, the
husband of Valentina. Being asked by.
the Governor of the Louvre to join in
the massacre of the Protestants, he re-
es that his family contained a long
ist of warriors, but not one assassin.
He was one of the Catholics who fell in
the dreadful slaughter (Meyerbeer .
Gli Ugonottr, an opera.)

New Brooms sweep Clean. New
servants work hard; new masters keep
a sharp look out. (In French, ‘* Jd #est
rren tel que balar neuf.”) > Sabri

i New Christians, Cartan Jews of,
ortugal, who yie _ to. compulsi
ait todd

and suffered themselves to be

New Jerusaiem

885 -. Newgate

but in secret observed the Mosaic cere-
monies. (Fifteenth century.)

New Jerusalem. The paradise of
Christians, in allusion to Rey, xxi.

New Man. The regenerated man.
In Scripture phrase the unregenerated
state is called the old man (¢.v.).

New Style. The reformed or Gre-
gorian calendar, adopted in England in
September, 1752.

New Testament. The oldest MSS.
extant are :—(1) The Codex Sinait/icus
(&), published at the expense of Alex-
ander II. of Russia since the Crimean
war. This codex contains nearly the
whole of the Old and New Testaments,
and was discovered in the convent of St.
Catherine on, Mount Sinai, by Constan-
tius Tischendorf. It is ascribed to the
fourth century. (2) The Codex Vatica’-
nus (B), inthe Vatican Library. Written
on vellum in Egypt about the fourth
century. (3) The Codex Alexandri‘nus
(A), belonging to the fifth century. It
was seperti to Charles I. in 1628 by
Cyrillus Lucaris, Patriarch of Alexan-
dria, and is preserved in the British
Museum, It consists of four folio
volumes on. parchment, and contains
the Old and New Testaments (except
the first twenty-four chapters of St.
Matthew) and the Epistle of Clement
to the Corinthians,

New World. America; the Eastern
Hemisphere is called the Old World,

New Year’s Day. January Ist.
The ancient Romans began their year
in March; hence such words as Septem-
ber, October, November, December,
meaning the 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th month,
had a rational meaning. Since the
introduction of the Christian era, Christ-
mas Day, Lady Day, Easter Day, and
March Ist have in turns been con-
sidered as New Year’s Day; but since
the reform of the calendar in the six-
teenth century, January Ist has been
accepted as New Year’s ead because it
was the eighth day after the
when Jesus was circumcised (Luke ii,
21). (See New STYLe.)

_ The civil and legal year began
March 25th till after the alteration of
the style, in 1752, when it was fixed, like
the historic year, to January Ist. In

Scotland the legal year was changed to

January Ist as far back as 1600; the
proclamation was made Nov. 27, 1599.

New Year's Gifts, The Greeks

transmitted the custom to the Romans,

Nativity, °

and the Romans to the early Britons.
The Roman presents were called strene,
whence the French term étvenne (a New,
Year's gift). Our forefathers used to
bribe the magistrates with gifts on New
Year’s Day—a custom abolished by law
in 1290, but even down to the reign of
James II, the monarchs received their
tokens.

N.B. Nonius Marcellus says that
Tatius, King of the Sabines, was pre-
sented with some branches of trees cut
from the forest sacred to the goddess
Strenia (strength), on New Year’s Day,
and from this happy omen established
the custom...

N :
News. The letters ae used to be

prefixed to newspapers to show that
they obtained information from the
four quarters of the world, and the sup-
a that our word news is thence
erived is at least ingenious; but the
old-fashioned way of spelling the word,
newes, is fatal to the conceit. The
French nowvelles seems to be the real
source, (See NoTARICA.)
“ News is conveyed by letter, word, or mouth,
And comes to us from North, East, West, and
* South.” Witt's Recreations.

Newcastle (Northumberland) was
once called Moncaster, from the monks
who settled there in Anglo-Saxon times ;
it was called Newcastle from the castle
built there by Robert, son of the Con-
queror, in 1080, to defend the neigh-
bourhood from the Scots.

Newcastle (Staffordshire) is so called
from the new castle built to supply the
place of an older one which stood at
Chesterton-under-Line, about two miles
distant.

Carry coals to Newcastle. A work of
supererogation, Newcastle being the
great seat of coals. The Latins have
* Aquam mari infundére’? (‘To pour
water into the sea’’); ‘' Si’dera colo
addére” (To add stars to the sky ”’);
“Noettias Athe'nas” (“To carry owls
to Athens,’’ which abounds in them).

Newcastle Programme, (Sce Pro-
PLE’S CHARTER.)

Newcome (Colonti}. A character in
Thackeray’s novel called The Newcomes.

Newcomes, Strangers newly ar-
rived. :

Newgate. Before this. was set up,
London had but three gates: Aldgate,
Aldersgate, and Ludgate. The new one
was added inthe reign of HenryI._.
Newgate, Nash, in his Pierce-Penilesse,

Newgate Fashion 886

Nibelungen-Lied-

says that Newgate is ‘‘a common name
for all prisons, as iomo is a common
name for a man or woman.”

Newgate Fashion. Two by two.
Prisoners used to be conveyed to New-
gate coupled together in twos,

** Must we all march ?
Yes, two and two, Newgate fashion.”
? Shakespeare: 1 Henry IV,, iii. 3.

Newgate Fringe, The hair worn
under the chin, or between the chin and
the neck. So-called because it occupies
the position of the rope when men are
about to be hanged.

Newgate Knocker (4). A lock of
hair twisted into a curl, usually worn by
costermongers and other persons of simi-
lar stations in life. So called because it
resembles a knocker, and the wearers of
it are too often inmates of Newgate.
Newgate as a prison is abolished, but
many phrases referring to the prison
still remain,

Newland. dn Abraham Newland.
A bank-note, so called from Abraham
Newland, one of the governors of the
Bank of England in the early part of
the nineteenth century, to whom the
notes were made payable.

“T've often heard say
Sham Abr’am you ma;

y,
But must not sham Abrabam Newland.”
The Eaglet.

“Trees are notes issued from the bank of Nature,
and as current as those payable to Abraham New-
land.’—G@. Colman : The Poor Gentleman, i. 2.

Newton (Sir Isaac) discovered the
prismatic colours of light. (1642-1727.)
“ Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night,

God said, ‘ Let Newton be,’ and all was lis ht.”

TER? ope.

The Newton of Harmony, Jean Philippe
Rameau was so called from his work en-
titled a Dissertation on the Principles of
Harmony. (1683-1764.)

Newton'ian Philosophy. The as-
tronomical system at present received,
together with that of universal gravita-
tion. So called after Sir Isaac Newton,
who established the former and dis-
éovered the latter. (See APPLE.)

Next Door to. . . . Very nearly ; as
“ next door to a fool.”

Next to Nothing. A very little. As,
“Tt will cost next to nothing,” ‘‘ He
eats next to nothing.”

“Ni’belung. A mythical king of Nor-
way, whose subjects are called Nibelun-
gers and territory the Nibelungenland.

here were two contemporary kings in
tliis realm, against whom Sie Tied,

Prince of the Netherlands, fought. He

slew the twelve giants who formed their
paladins with 700 of their chiefs, and
made their country tributary (Lay iii.).
The word is from nebel (dreamt, and
means the children of mist or darkness,
(See NIBELUNGEN-LIED.)

Nibelungen Hoard. A mythical
mass of gold and precious stones, which
Siegfried obtained from the Nibelungs;
and gave to his wife Kriemhild as her
marriage portion, It was guarded by
Albric the dwarf. After the murder of
Siegfried, his widow removed the hoard
to Worms; here Hagan seized it, and
buried it secretly beneath ‘* the Rhine at
Lochham,”’ intending at a future time to
enjoy it, ‘‘but that was ne’er to be.’’
Kriemhild married Etzel with the view
of avenging her wrongs. In time Giin-
ther, with Hagan and a host of Burgun-
dians, went to visit King Etzel, and
Kriemhild stirred up a great broil, at the
end of which a most terrible slaughter
ensued. (See KRIEMHILD.)

“Twas much as twelve huge waggons in four

whole nights and days :

Could carry from the mountain down to the
salt sea bay

Though to and fro each waggon thrice journeyed
every day.

Wq¢ wae made up of nothing but precious stones
Were all the world bought from {t,and down,
the value told,
Not a mark the less would there be left than
erst there was I ween.” .
Nibelungen-Lied, xix.
Nibelungen-Lied. A famous Ger-
man epic of the thirteenth century, pro-
bably a compilation of different lays,
It is divided into two parts, one ending
with the death of Siegfried, and the
other with the death of Kriemhild, his
widow. The first part contains the
marriage of Giinther, King of Burgundy,
with Queen Brunhild; the marnage of
Siegfried with Kriemhild, his death by
Hagan, the removal of the ‘‘ Nibelungen
hoard”? to Burgundy, and its seizure by
Hagan, who buried it somewhere under
the Rhine. This part contains ninetcen
lays, divided into 1,188 four-line stanzas.
The second part contains the parisge of
the widow Kriemhila with King Etzel,
the visit of the Burgundians to the court
of the Hunnish king, and the death of
all the principal characters, | including
Hagan and Kriemhild. | This part, some-
times called The Nibelungen-Not, from
the last three words, contains twenty
lays, divided into 1,271 four-line stanzas.
The two parts contain thirty-nine lays,
2,459 stanzas, or 9,836 lines. ‘The tale is
based on a legend in the Vélsunga Saga.

N
———= ss

Nibelungen-Nét

887

Nick

Nibelungen-Not. The second part
of the famous German epic called the
\Nibelungen-Lied (q.v.).

Nibelungers. Whoever : possessed
the “ Nibelungen hoard” (q.v.). Thus at
one time certain pore of Norway were
so called, but when Siegfried Ae
himself of the hoard he was called King
of the Nibelungers; and at the death of

Siegfried, when the hoard was removed”

to Burgundy, the Burgundians'were so

called, (See NIBELUNG.)
“. In all these Teutonic names ie =e, andei=4,
Nic Frog. (See Froa.)
Nice. The Council of Nice. The first

cecumencial council of the Christian
Church, held under Constantine the
Great at Nice, or Nicea, in Asia Minor,
to condemn the Arian heresy (325). The
seventh cecumenical council was also
held at Nice (787).

Nice as Ninepente. A corruption
of ‘‘ Nice as nine-pins,””? In the game
of nine-pins, the ‘‘ men”? are set in three
rows with the utmost exactitude or
nicety. Nine-pence is an Irish shilling
of 1561. (See NINEPENCE.)

Nice’an Barks or Nycean Barks.
Edgar Poe, in his lyric Zo Helen, says—
* Helen, thy beauty is tome
Like those Nicean barks of yore,
That gently o'er a perfumed sea
pegmesty, way-worn wanderer bore
To his own native shore,”
The way-worn wanderer was Dionysos
or Bacchus, after his renowned con-
uests.. His native shore was the
esterrn Horn, called the Amalthéan
Horn. And the Nicean barks were vessels
sent from the island Nysa, to which in
infancy Dionysos was conveyed to screen
him from Rhea. The perfumed sea was
the sea surrounding Nysa, a paradisal
island, ‘

Hinene Creed. (See Nice, Councin
oF.

“Niche. 4 niche in the Temple of
Fame. The Temple of Fame was the
Panthe’on, converted (1791) into a re-
ceptacle for illustrious Frenchmen.
niche in the temple is a place for a
mame recording. your name and
eeds.

Nicholas ee The patron saint of
boys, as St. Catherine is of girls. In
Germany, a person assembles the chil-
dren of a family or school on the 6th
December (the eve of St. Nicholas), and
distributes ,gilt nuts and sweetmeats ;
but if any naughty child is present, he

reccives the redoubtable punishmént. of
the gvaek The same as Santa Claus
and the Dutch Jriss Kvringle (q.v.).
(See Santa Kuavs.)

St, Nicholas. Patron saint of parish
clerks, This is because he was the
patron of scholars, who used to be called
clerks,

St, Nicholas. Patron saint of sailors,
because he allayed a storm on a voyage
to the Holy Land,

St. Nicholas.
Russia.

St. Nicholas.
Aberdeen.

St. Nicholas, in Christian art, is repre-
sented in episcopal rqbes, and has either
three purses or golden balls, or three
childxen, as his distinctive symbols. The
three purses are in allusion to the three
purses given by him to three sisters to
enable them to marry. — The three chil-
dren allude to the legend that an Asiatic
gentleman sent his three boys to school
at Athens, but told them to call on St.
Nicholas for his benediction; they
stopped at Myra for the night, and the
innkeeper, to secure their baggage, mur-
dered them in bed, and put their mangled
bodies into a pickling-tub with some
pork, intending to sell the whole as
such. St. Nicholas had a vision of ‘the
whole affair, and went to the inn, when
the man confessed the crime, and St.
Nicholas raised the murdered boys to
life again. (See Hone’s cronbirn cine
vol. i. col. 15565 Maitre Wace, Metrical
Life of St. Nicholas.)

lerks or Knights of St. Nicholas.
Thieves; so called because St. Nicholas
was their patron saint; not that he aided
them in their wrong-doing, but because
on one occasion he induced some thieves
to restore their plunder. Probably St.
Nicholas is simply a pun for Nick, and
thieves may be called the devil’s clerks
or knights with much propriety. :

“T think yonder come prancing, down the hills
from Kingston acouple of St. Nicholas’s clerks.”
—Rowley: Match at Midnight (1633),

Nick, in Scandinavian mythology, is
a water-wraith or kelpie, There are
nicks in sea,,lake, river, and waterfall.
Both Catholic and Protestant clergy
have laboured to stir up an aversion to
these béings, They are sometimes re-

resented as half-child, half-horse, the

oofs being reversed, and sometimes as
old men sitting on rocks wringing the
water from their hair. This kelpie must.
not be confounded with the niz (q.v.).

Old Nick is the Scandinavian wraith
under the form and fashion of an. old

The patron saint of
The patron saint of

Nicka-Nan Night

888

Nicotine

man. Butler says the word is derived
from Nicholas Machiavel, but this can
be bed a poetical satire, as the term
existed many years before the birth of
that Florentine.
“ Nick Machiavel bad ne’er a trick
Though he gives name to our old Nick)

ut was below the least of these.”
Hudibras, ii,

Old Nick. Grimm says the word Nick
is Neken or Nikken, the evil spirit of the
North. In Scandinavia there is scarcely
a river without its Nikr or wraith. (See
Nicxar and Nicor. Anglo-Saxon mcor,
a monster.)

He nicked rt, Won, hit, accomplished
it. A nick is a winning throw of dice.
Hence Florio (p, 280) says ‘‘ ‘To tye or
nicke a caste of dice.”

To nick the nck. To hit the exact
moment. Tallies used to be called
“ nicksticks.’? Hence, to make a record
of anything is ‘‘to nick it down,’’ as
publicans nick a score on a tally.

In the nick of time. Just at the right
moment. The allusion is to tallies
. marked with nicks or notches. Shake-
speare has, ‘‘’Tis now the prick of noon ’’
(Roméo and Juliet, ii. 4), in allusion to
the custom of pricking tallies with a
pin, as they do at Cambridge University
still. Ifa man enters chapel just before
the doors close, he would be just in time
to get ni¢ked or pricked, and would be
at the nick or prick of time,

Nicka-Nan Night. The night pre-
ceding Shrove Tuesday 1s so.called in
Cornwall, because boys play tricks and
practical jokes on that might.

Nickar or Hnickar. The name as-
sumed by Odin when he impersonates
the destroying principle. (Grimm :
Deutsche Mythologie.)

| Nickel Silver. <A. mixed metal of
copper, zinc, and nickel, containing more
' nickel than what,is called ‘‘ German
silver.”’ From its hardness it is well
adapted for electroplating. (German,
nickel, which also means a strumpet.)

Nicker. One who nicks or hits a
mark exactly. Certain night-larkers,
whose game was to break windows with
halfpence, assumed this name in the
early part of the eighteenth century.

“ His scattered pence the flying Nicker flings,

And with the copper shower the casement

fingsiiica Ly i Gay; Trivia, iii
' Nick’leby (Mrs.). An endless talker,
always introducing something quite

foreign to the matter in hand, and:

luining herself on her penetration.
{Dickens : Nicholas Nickleby.)

Nickname. ‘ An cke name,”’ written
A noe name, An additional name, an
ag-nomen. The ‘‘eke”’ of a beehive
1s the piece added to the bottom to en-
large the hive, (See Now-a-DaYs.)

Nicknames, National Nicknames :

For an Amertcan of the United States,
‘¢ Brother Jonathan’? (7.v.). ;

For a Dutchman, “ Nie Frog"' (¢ v.),
and ‘*‘ Mynheer Closh ”’ (q.v.).

For an Englishman, “John Bull,’’
(See BULL.)

For a Frenchman, ‘*Crapaud”’ (¢.0.),
Johnny or Jean, Robert Macaire, ~~

For I’rench Canadians, “Jean Bap-
tiste.”’

For French reformers, ‘‘ Brissotins.””
. For French peasantry, ‘Jacques Bon-
homme.’’

For a Glaswegian, ‘* Glasgow Keelie. *

For a German, ‘Cousin Michael’?
or *‘ Michel’? (q.v.).

For an Jrishman, ‘* Paddy.”

For a Liverpudlian, ‘* Dicky Sam.””

For a Londoner, ‘* A Cockney”? (q.2.).

For a Russian, “A bear.” nh

For a Scot, “Suwney’? (q.v.).. °°

For a Swiss, ‘‘ Colin Tampon"? (q2.).

For a Zwrh, ‘‘Infidel.’’+ {

Nick’nev’en. <A gigantic malignant
hag of Scotch superstition. Dunbar has
well described this spirit in his //yting
of Dunbar and Kennedy.

Nicodemused into Nothing, that
is, the prospects of one’s life ruined by
a silly name; according to the proverb,
s*Give a dog a bad name and hang
him,” It is from Sterne’s Zrestram
Shandy (vol. i. 19), on the evil in-
fluence of a silly name on the mind of
the bearer of it. abies

“How many Cresars and Pompeys .
inspiration of the names have been rendered
worthy of them; and how many , .. might bave

i had they not

by meré

done . Well in the world ..
been Nicodemused into nothing.” ‘
(This is, to call a man Nicudemus would be
enough to sink a navy.)
Nicola‘itans. The followers of Ni-
colaus (second century). They were
Gnostics in doctrine and Epicureans in

practice, :
Nic’olas. (See Nicio1as.)

Nicor (4). A sea-devil, mn Scandi-
navian mythology, who eats sailors. _

“My brother saw a nicor in the Northern sea,
It wan three fathoms long, with the body ‘of »
bison-bull,and the bead of a cat, the beard, of a
man, and tusks an.ell long, lying dowo on its
breast. It was watching for the fishermen.”
Kingsley: Hypatia chap, xii,

- Nic’otine (3 syl.) is so named from
Jean Nicot, eek of Villemain, who

rod coast

—

Nidhégg 889

Nimble

urchased some tobacco at Lisbon in
560, introduced it into France, and had
the honour. of fixing his name on the
plant. Our word tobacco is from
the Indian ¢abaco (the tube used by the
Indians for inhaling the smoke).

Nidhogg. The monster serpent, hid
in the pit Hvergelmer, which for ever
gnaws at the roots of the mundane ash-
tree VWeegdrasil’, (Scandinavian myth-
ology.)

Niece. (Sce NEPHEW.)

Nifiheim (2 sy]., mist-home). Theo
region of endless cold and eyerlasting
night, ruled over by Hela. It consists
of nine worlds, to which are consigned
those who die of disease or old age.
This region existed ‘‘from the begin-
ning” in the North, and in. the middle
thereof was the well Hvergelmeer, from
which flowed twelve rivers, (Old Norse,
nifl, mist; and heim, home.) In the
South wag the world called Muspelheim
(g.%.)- (Scandinavian mythology.) (See

VERGELMER MANHEIN.)

Night. The celebrated statue of
Night, in Florence, is the chef d’cwre of
Michael Angelo. In the gallery of the
Luxembourg, Paris, is the famous pic-
ture of Night by Rubens; and at Ver-
sailles is the painting of Mignard.

‘Nightcap (4). A glass of gro
before going & bed. Buipeéd to pho
mote sleep. .

“The nightcap is generally a little whisky left
in the decanter. To do it honour it is taken neat.
Then all get up and wish ‘good-night,'"--Max
O'Rell: Friend MacDonald, tii.

Nightingale. Tereus, King of
Thrace, fetched Philome'la to visit his
wife; but when he reached the ‘ soli-
tudes of Heleas’’ he dishonoured her,
and cut out her tongue that she might
not reveal his conduct. Tereus told his
wife that Philomela was dead, but
Philomela made her story known _ by
weaving it into a peplus, which she sent
to her sister, the wife of Tereus, whose
name was Procné. Procné, out of re-
venge, cut up her own son and served it
to Tereus ; but as soon as the king dis-
covered it he pursued his wife, who fled
to Philomela, her sister. To put an end
to the sad tale,-the gods changed all
three into birds ; Tereus (2 syl.) became
the hawk, bis wife the swadfow, and

ilomela the 5 Hi lear

Arcadian nightingales. Asses.
| Cambridgeshire nightingales. Edible
frogs. Liegeand Dutch “ nightingales”’
are edible,

mig

Nightmare (4). A sensation in
sleep as if something heavy were sitting
on our breast. (Anglo-Saxon, mara,
an incubus.) This sensation is called
in French catchemar. Anciently it
was not unfrequently called the night-
hag, or the riding of the witch. Fu’seli
used to eat raw beef and pork chops for
82 to produce nightmare, that he

t draw his horrible creations. (See
Maru’s NEsv.)

“TI do believe that the witch we call Mara has
been dealing with you.”—Sir Walter Scott: The
Betrothed, chap. xv.

Nightmare of Europe. Napoleon Bona-
parte (1769, 1804-1814, 1821).

Nihilists, A radical society of the
maddest proclivities, which started into
existence in 1848, under the leadership
of Herzen and Bakunin. Their pro-
fessed object was to annihilate dll laws
of social community, and reform the
world de novo. The following is their
code :—

(1) Annihilate the idea of a God, or there can be
no freedom,

A ak we ca the idea of right, which is only
m8) Annihilate civilisation, property, marriage,
morality, and justice.

(4) Let your own happiness be your only law

Nihilo. Ex nihilo nihil fit. From
nothing comes nothing—i.e. every effect
must have a cause. It was the dictum
of Xenophanés, founder of the Eleatic
school (sixth century), to prove the
eternity of matter. We now apply the
phrase as equivalent to ‘‘ You cannot
get blood from a stone.’?” You cannot
expect clever work from one who has no
brains.

_ When all is said,“ deity ” isan exception.

Nil Admira'ri. To be stolidly in-
different. Neither to wonder at any-
thing, nor yet to admire anything.

Nil Desperandum. Never say die;
never give up in despair.

Nile. The Egyptians used tosay that
the swelling of the Nile was caused by
the tears of Isis. The feast of Isis was
celebrated at the anniversary of the death
of Osiris, when Isis‘ was supposed to
mourn for her husband.

The hero of the Nile, Horatio, Lord
Nelson (1768-1805).

Niliea or Sephal'ica, A plant in the
blossoms of which the bees sleep.

Nimble as a Cat on a hot Bake-
stone. Ina great hurry to get away.
The bake-stone in the north is a large
er on which bread and oat-cakes are

Nimble

890 -

Nine

Nimble as Ninepence. (Sec NINE-
PENCE.)

Nimbus characterises authority and
power, not sanctity. The colour indi-
cates the character of the person so
invested :—The nimbus of the Trinity is

old ; of angels, apostles, and the Virgin
ary, either red or white; of ordinary
saints, violet ; of Judas, black , of Satan,
some very dark colour. The form is
generally a circle or half-circle, but that
of Deity is often triangular

The nimbus was used by heathen nations long
before painters introduced it into sacred pictures
of saints, the Trinity, and the Virgin Mary Pros-
erpine was represented with a nimbus; the
Roman emperors were also decorated in the same
manner, because they were divi.

Nim/‘ini Pim‘ini, Affected simpli-
city. Lady Emily, in the Heiress, tells
Miss Alscrip the way to acquire the
paphian Mimp is to stand before a glass
and keep pronouncing nimini pimini.
“The lips cannot fail to take the right

plie.”” (General Burgoyne, iii. 2.)
~ This conceit has been borrowed by
Charles Dickens in his Little Dorrit,
where Mrs. General tells Amy Dorrit—

“Papa gives a pretty form _to the lips. Papa.
polaroes poultry, prunes, and prism. You will

nd it serviceable if you say to yourself on enter-
ing a room, Pupa, potatoes, poultry, prunes, and
prism, prunes and prism,”

Nimrod. “‘‘A mighty hunter before
the Lord’’ (Gen. x. 9), which the Tar-
gum says means a “sinful hunting of
the sons of men.’’ Pope says of him,
he was ‘“‘a mighty hunter, and his prey
was man;’’ so also Milton interprets
the phrase. (Paradise Lost, xii. 24, etc.)

The legend is that the tomb of Nimrod still
cxists in Damascus,and that no dew ever “ falls”
upon it, even though al) its surroundings are
saturated witb it.

Nimrod, Any tyrant or devastating
warrior,

Nimrod, in the Quarterly Review, is
the xom-de-plume of Charles James Ap-
perley, of Denbighshire, who was pas-
sionately fond of hunting. Mr. Pittman,
the proprietor, kept for him a stud of
hunters. His best productions are The
et, the Turf, and the Road. (1777-
1843.)

Nincompoop. A poor thing of a
man. Said to be a corruption of the
Latin non genes [mentis], but of this
there is no evidence.

Nine. Nine, five, and three are mys-
tical numbers—the diapa‘son, diapente,
and diatri‘on of the Greeks. Nine con-
sists of a trinity of trinities. According
to the Pythagorean numbers,’ man is
a full chord, or eight notes, and deity

comes next. Three, being the trinity,
represents a perfect unity ; twice three
is the perfect dual; and thrice three is
the perfect plural. This explains the
use of nine as a mystical number, and
also as an exhaustive plural, and conse-
quently no definite number, but a simple
representative of plural perfection. (See
DIAPAson. )

(1) Nine indicating perfection or com-
pletion :—

Deucalion’s ark, made by the advice of
Prome’theus, was tossed about for nine
days, when it stranded on the top of
Mount Parnassus. .

Rigged to the nines or Dressed up to
bei fistithy To perfection from head to

oot.

There are nine earths. Helais goddess:
of the ninth. Milton speaks of ‘‘ nine-.
enfolded spheres.”’ opie? ;

There are nine worlds in Niftheim.

There are nine heavens, (See HEAVENS.)

Gods. Macaulay makes Porséna swear
by the nine gods. (See Ninz Gops.)

There are nine orders of angels. (See
ANGELS.)

There are the nine korrigan or fays of
Armorica.

There were nine muses.

There were nine Gallicne or virgin
riestesses of the ancient Gallic oracle.

e serpents or Nagas of Southern
Indian worship are nine in number,

There are nine worthies (q.v.); and
nine worthies of London. (SeeW ORTHIES.)

There were nine rivers of hell, accord-
ing to classic mythology. Milton says
the gates of hell are ‘‘ thrice three-fold ;
three folds are brass, three iron, three
of adamantine rock. ‘They had nine
folds, nine plates, and nine linings.”
(Paradise Lost, ii. 645.)

Fallen angels, Miltow says, when they
were cast out of heaven, ‘‘Nine days
they fell.” (Paradise Lost, vi. 871.)

Vulcan, when kicked out of heaven
was nine days falling, and then lighted
on the island Lemnos.

Nice asninepence, (See NICE.) :

(2) Examples of the use of nine as an
exhaustive plural :— : /

Nine tailors make a@ man does not
mean the number nine in the ordinary
acceptation, but simply the plural of
tailor without relation to number. Asa
tailor is not so robust and powerful as
the ordinary run of men, it requires
more than one to match a man. (See
TAILORS.) weed

A nine days? wonder is a wonder that
lasts more than a day; here nine equals
** several,’’ OG AR

—

Nine 891

Nine Days’ Wonder

A cat has nine lives—i,e. a cat is popu-
larly supposed to be more tenacious of life
than animals in general.

Possession 1s nine points of the law—1.e.
several points, or every advantage a
person can have short of right.

There are mine crowns recognised in
heraldry. me Crowns.)

A fee ed a Norman peasant to
change babes with her, but the peasant
replied, ‘‘No, not if your child were
nine times fairer than myown.’’ (Fairy,
Mythology, p. 473.)

(3) Nine as a mystic number, Exam-
ples of its superstitious use :—

The Abracadabra was worn nine days,
and then flung into a river.

Cadency. There are nine marks of
cadency.

Cat, The whip for punishing evil-
doers was a cut-o’-nine-tails, from the
superstitious notion that a flogging by
a ‘trinity of trinities’” would be both
more sacred and more efficacious.

Diamonds, (See ‘‘ Diamond Jousts,”’
under the word DIAMOND.)

Fairies, In order to see the fairies, a
person is directed to put ‘‘nine grains of
wheat on a four-leaved clover.”

Ifel has dominion over nine worlds,

Hydra. The hydra had nine heads.
(See Hypra.)

- Leases used to be granted for 999
years, that is three times three-three-
three, Even now they run for ninety-
mine years, the dual of a trinity of
trinities: Some leases run to 9,999 years.

At the Lemuria, held by the Romans
on the. 9th, 11th, and 13th of May, per-
sons haunted threw black beans over
their heads, pronouncing nine times the
words: ‘‘ Avaunt, ye spectyes from this
house !’”’ and the exorcism was complete,
(See Ovid's Fast.)

Magpies, Tosee nine magpies is most
unlucky, (See Magpie.)

Odin’s ring dropped eight other rings
every ninth night.

Ovdeals,, In the ordea) by fire, nine

hot ploughshares were laid lengthwise at _

unequal distances.

' Peas. Vf a servant finds nine green
as in a peascod, she lays it on the

intel of the kitchen door, and the first

man that enters in is to be her cavalier.
Seal. The people of Feroes say that

the seal casts off its skin every ninth

month, and assumes a human form to

sport about the land. . (Thiele, iii, 51.)
Styx encompassed the infernal regions

in nine Circles; “9 *- 40 9S ot

°* Toast. We drink oa Three-times-three

to those most highly honoured. 3

Witches. The weird sisters in Mac-
beth sang, as they danced round the
cauldron, ‘* Thrice to thine, and thrice
to mine, and thrice again to make up
nine ;’’ and then declared ‘‘ the charm
wound up.’’

Wresting thread. Nine knots are
made on black wool as a charm for a
sprained ankle.

(4) Promiscuous exanples —

Niobe’s children lay nine days in their
blood before they were buried.

Nine buttons of official rank in China.

Nine of Diamonds (q.v.). The curse
of Scotland.

There are nine mandarins (@.¥ ).

Planets. The nine are: (1) Mer-
cury, (2) Venus, (3) Earth, (4) Mars,

5) the Planetoids, (6) Jupiter, (7)
turn, (8) Uranus, (9) Neptune.

According to the Ptolemaic system, there were
seven planets, the Firmament or the Fixt, and
the Crystalline. Above these nine came the
Primum Mobile or First Moved, and the Empy-
rean or abode of, Deity

The followers of Jai'na, a heterodox
sect of the Hindus, believe all objects
are classed under nine categories. (See
JAINAS, )

Shakespeare speaks of the ‘‘ninth part
of a hair.’’

“T'l) cavil on the ninth part of a hair.”
1 Men. 1V., tii)

Nine. To look nine ways. To squint.

Nine. The superlative of superla-
tives in Eastern estimation. It is by
nines that Eastern presents are given
when the donor wishes to extend his
bounty to the highest pitch of munifi-
cence.

“ He [Dakianos] caused himself to be preceded
by nine superbcamels. The first was loaded with
9 suits of gold adorned with jewels, the second
bore 9 sabres, the hilts and scabbards of which
were adorned with diamonds; upon the third
camel were 9 suits of armour; the fourth had 9
suits of horse furniture ; the fifth bad 9 cases full
of sapphires ; the sixth had 9cases full of rubies ,
the seventh, 9 cases full of emeralds ; the eighth
lad 9 cases full of amethysts ; and the ninth bad
9 cases full of diamonds."—Comte de Caylus
Oriental Tales; Dakianos and the Seven Sleepers

Nine Crosses, Altar crosses, pro-
cessional crosses, roods on lofts, reliquary
crosses, consecration crosses, marking
crosses, pectoral crosses, spire crosses,
and crosses pendent over altars. (Pugin -
Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornaments.)

Nine Crowns. (See Crowns.)

Nine Days’ Wonder (4). Something
that causes a great sensation for a few
days, and then passes into the limbo of

hings forgotten. In Bohn’s Handbook

, t
of Proverbs we have ‘‘ A wonder lasts

nine days, and then the puppy’s eyes are
open,”’ ituding to cats ain dogs, which

Nine Gods

are born blind. As much as to say, the

eyes of the public are blind in astonish-

ment for nine days, but then their eyes
are open, and they see too much to
wonder any longer.

“ King: You'd think it strange if Lshould marry
Gisser : That would be ten days’ wonder, at the
K; ing? Phat’s a day longer than a wonder lasts.”

Shakespeare: 3 Henry VI., iii. 2.
Nine Gods (The). (1)_Of the Etrus-
cans: Juno, Minerva, and Tin’ia (the three
chief) ; the other six were Vulcan, Mars,
and Saturn, Herculés, Summauus, and

Vedius.

“ Lars Porséna of Clusium
By the nine gods he swore
That the great house of Tarquin
Should suffer wrong no more.”
Macaulay : Lays of Ancient Rome (Horatius, i).

(2) Of the Sabines (2 syl.). Herculés,
Romulus, Esculapius, Bacchus, Ainéas,

Vesta, Santa, Fortuna, and Fidés.

Nine Points of the Law. Success
in a law-suit requires (1) a good deal
of money ; (2) a good deal of patience ;
(3) a good cause; (4) a good lawyer;
(5) a good counsel ; (6) good witnesses ;
(7) a good jury; (8) a good judge; and
(9) good luck.

Nine Spheres (Zhe). Milton, in his
Arcades, speaks of the ‘‘ celestial syrens’
harmony that sit upon the nine enfolded
spheres.’? The nine spheres are those

the Moon, of Mercury, of Venus, of
the Sun, of Mars, of Jupiter, of Saturn,
of the Firmament, and of the Crystalline.
Above these nine heavens or spheres
come the Primum Mobile, and then the
Heaven of the heavens, or abode of
Deity and His angels.

The earth was supposed to be in the
centre of this system.

Nine Worthies. Joshua, David, and
Judas Maccabzeus; Hector, Alexander,
and Julius Cesar ; Arthur, Charlemagne,
and Godfrey of Bouillon.

“ ser eeice were they called, of different
‘Three Jews, three pagans, and three Christian
knights,”
Dryden: The Flower and the Leaf.

Niné worthies (privy councillors to
William III.) :-—

Whigs: Devonshire, Dorset, Mon-
mouth, and Edward Russell.

Tories : Caermarthen, Pembroke, Not-
tingham, Marlborough, and Lowther.

ine worthies of London. (See WoR-
THIES.) é
Ninepence. Nimble as - ninepence.

Silver ninepences were common till the
year 1696, when all unmilled coin was

892

Nip-cheese
oe
called in. These ninepences were very
pliable or nimble, and, being bent, were
given as love tokens, the usual formula
of presentation being To my love, from
my love. (See NICE As NINEPENCE.)

Nin‘ian (St.). The apostle of the

Picts (fourth and fifth centuries),

Ninon de YEnclos, noted for her
beauty, wit, and gaiety. She had two
natural sons, one of whom fell in love
with her, and blew out his brains when
he discovered the relationship. (1615-
1706.)

Ni‘nus. Son of Belus, husband of
Semir’amis, and the reputed builder of
Nineveh

Niobe (3 syl.). The personification
of female sorrow. According to Grecian
fable, Niobe was the mother of twelve
children, and taunted Lato’na because
she had only two—namely, Apollo and
Diana. Lato’na commanded her chil-
drer to avenge the insult, and they
caused all the sons and daughters of
Niobe to die. Niobe was inconsolable
wept herself to death, and was ch ed
into a stone, from which ran water.
‘ Like Niobe, all tears’? (Hamlet.)

The group of Niobe and her children,
in Florence, was discovered at Rome in
1583, and. was the work either of Scopas
or Praxit’eles, f :

The Niobe of nations. So Lord Byron
styles Rome, the.‘‘lone mother of dead
empires,’ with ‘broken thrones and
temples;”? a ‘chaos of ruins;’? @
‘desert where we steer stumbling o’er
recollections.’? (Childe Harold, canto iv.
stanza 79.) j

Niord. ‘The Scandinavian sea-god.
He was not one of the Msir. Niord’s
son was Frey (the fairy of the clouds),
and his daughter was Freyja. His home
was Noatun. Nidrd was not a sea-god,

| like Neptune, but the Spirit of water

and air. The Scandinavian Neptune
was ASgir, whose wife was Skadi. —
Nip (4). Asa “nip of whisky,” a
“nip of brandy,” “just a nip.” A
ipperkin was a small measure. (Dutch,
nippen, & Sip.) Pra
Nip in the Bud. Destroy before it
has developed, “Nip sin in the budj””
Latin, “ Obsta principiis,” © Venientt
occurite morbo.” “ Resist beginnings.”
Nip-cheese or Nip-farthing. A

miser, who nips: or pinches clogely his

_ cheese and farthings.. (Dutch, nippen.) *

Nipperkin

Nipperkin ele A small wine and
beer measure. Now called a “‘ nip.”
“ His hawk-economy won't thank him for't
Which stops his petty nipperkin of port.”
Peter Pindar: Hair Powder.
Nirva/na, Annihilation, or rather
the final deliverance of the soul from
transmigration (in Buddhism). Sanskrit,
nir, out; vdna, blow. (See GauTAMA.)

Nishapoor and Tous. Mountains
in Khorassan where turquoises are
found.

Nisi Prius. 4 Nisi Case, a cause to
be fried in the assize courts, Sittings at
Wisi Prius, sessions of Nisi Prius Courts,
which never try criminal cases. Trial
at Nisi, a trial before judges of assize,
An action at one time could be tried
only in the court where it was brought,
but Magna Charta provided that certain
cases, instead of being tried at West-
minster in the superior courts, should be
tried in their proper counties before
judges of assize. The words ‘‘ Nisi

rius’’ are two words on which the
following clause attached to the writs
entirely hinges :—‘* We command you to
come before our justices at Westminster
on the morrow of All Souls’, NISI
PRIUS justiciarii domini regis ad assisas
capiendasvenerint—7.¢, unless previously
the justices of our lord the king come
to hold their assizes at (the court of your
own assize town).’’

Nis’roch. An idol of the Ninevites
represented in their sculptures with a
hawk’s head. TKe word means Great
Lagle.

Nit. One of the attendants of Queen
Mab.

Nitouche (S¢.) or Mie Touche (Touch-
me-not). A hypocrite, a demure-looking
harisee. The French say, Faire la
ainte Nitouche, to pretend to great
sanctity, or look as if butter would not
melt in your mouth.

“It is certainly difficult to believe hard things
of a woman who looks like Ste. Nitouche in
profile.”"—J. O. Hobbes : Some Emotions and a Moral,
chap. iii.

Nix (mas.), Nixie (fem.), Kind busy-

body. Little creatures not unlike the
Scotch brownie and German kobold,
They wear a red cap, and are ever ready
to lend a helping hand to the industrious
and thrifty. (See Nick.)
- “t Another tribe of water-fairies are the Nixes,
who frequently assume the appearance of beauti-
ful maidens."—7. F. I. Dyer: Folk-lore of Plants,
chap. vii. D. 90, . ;

Nixon. Red-faced.

“ Like a red-faced Nixon."—Pickwick. .

893

Noakes

Nizam’. A title of sovereignty in
Hyderabad (India), derived from Nizam-
ul-mulk (regulator of the state), who ob-
tained. possession of the Deccan at the
beginning of the 18th century. The name
Cesar was by the Romans used precisely
in the same manner, and has descended
to the present hour in the form of Kaiser
(of the German Empire),

Njord. God of the winds and waves.
(Edda.)

No Man is a Hero to his own
Valet. Montaigne (1533-1592) said:
‘* Peu d’ hommes ont esté admirés par leurs
domestiques.”” Mad, Cornuel (who died
1694) wrote to the same effect: ‘‘ 7 n’y
a pas de grand homme pour son valet de
chambre.”

* A prophet is not without honour savein. . .
his own house,”—Matt, xiii. 56

No More Poles. Give over work.
The cry in hop-gardens when the pickers
are to cease working.

“When the sun set, the cry of ‘No more poles’
resounded, and the work of the day was done.”
—The Ludgate Monthly: Hops and Hop-pickers,
November, 1891.

No-Popery Riots. Those of Hdin-
burgh and Glasgow, February 5th, 1779.
Those of London, occasioned by Lord
George Gordon, in 1780. ~

Noah’s Ark (Genesis vi. 15) was
about as big as a medium-sized church,
that is, from 450 to 500 feet long, from
75 to 85 feet broad, and from 45 to 50
feet high, with one window in the roof.
Toy arks represént it with rows of
windows on each side, which is in-
correct.

Noah’s Ark, A white band spanning
the sky like-a rainbow ; if east and west
expect dry weather, if north and south
expect wet.

Noah’s Wife [Noraida], according
to legend, was unwilling to go into
the ark, and the quarrel between the
patriarch and his wife forms a very
prominent feature of Noah’s Flood, in
the Chester and Townley Mysteries.

“ Hastow nought herd, quod Nicholas, also

The sorwe of Noé with his felascbippe

That he had or he gat his wyf to schipe?”
Chaucer; Canterbury Tales, 3534.

Noakes (John) or John o’ Noakes.
A fictitious name, formerly made use of
by lawyers in actions of ejectment. His
name was generally coupled with that of
Tom Styles. Similarly, John Doe and
Richard Roe were used. The Roman
names were Titius and Seius (Jw. Sat. .
iv. 13). All these worthies are the
hopeful sons of Mrs. Harris. :

¢

Nob

894

Nolle Prosequi

0

Nob (Zhe). The head. For lnob.

Nob of the First Water (4). A
mighty boss; a grand panjandrum
(q.v.). First water refers to diamonds.
(See DIAMONDS.)

Nobs and Snobs. Nobles
pseudo-nobles. (See Mos, SNoB.)

Noble. An ancient coin, so called on
account of the superior excellency of its
gold. Nobles were originally disposed
of as a reward for good news, or im-
portant service done. Edward III. was
the first who coined rose nobles (9.2.),
and gave 100 of them to Gobin Agace of
Picardy, for showing him a ford across
the river Somme, when he wanted to

join his army.
The Noble, Charles III. of Navarre
(1361-1425). Soliman Tehehbi, Turkish

prince at Adrianople (died 1410),

Noble Soul. The surname given to
Khosrd I., the greatest monarch of the
Sassanian dynasty. ( * , 531-879.)

Noblesse Oblige (French). Noble
birth inrposes the obligation of high-
minded principles and noble actions.

Noctes Ambrosia‘nee, While Lock-
hart was writing Vale’rius, he was in the
habit of taking walks with Professor
Wilson every morning, and of suppin
with Blackwood at Ambrose’s, a tl
tavern in Edinburgh. One night Lock-
hart said, ‘‘ What a pity there has not
been a short-hand writer here to take
down all the good things that have been
said!’? and next day he produced a
paper from memory, and called it Noctes
Ambrosiane. That was the first of the
series. The part ascribed to Hogg, the
Ettriék Shepherd, is purely supposi-
titious.

Noc’'tuas Athe’nas Ferre. To carry
coals to Newcastle,. Athens abounded
with owls, and Minerva was therefore
symbolised by an owl. To send owls to
Athens would be wasteful and extrava-
gant excess. d

Nod. 4 xod is as good as a wink to
a blind horse. Whether you nod or
whether you wink, if a horse is blind he
knows it not; and a person who will
not see takes no notice of hints and
signs. The common use of the phrase,
however, is the contrary meaning, viz.
“ Ttwig your meaning, though you speak
darkly of what you purpose ; but-mum’s
the word.”’

_.“Anod isas good as a wink to a blind horse ;
and there are certain understandings, in public as
well as in private life, which it is better for all

parties not. to put into writing.”—The Ni i
Century (uly, 1893, p, 6), 3 he Wincteentls

and

ne (The Land of) (See Land oF
OD.

Noddy. <A Tom Noddy is a very
foolish or half-witted person, “a
noodle.’ The marine birds -called
Noddies are so silly that.amyone can go
up to them and knock them down with
a stick. A donkey is called a Neddy
Noddy.

‘“? Minshew has a capital guess deriva-
tion, well fitted for a Dictionary of
Fable. He says, ‘‘ Noddy, a fool, so
called because he nods his head when he
ought to speak.”” Just as well derive
wise-man from why, because he wants
to know the why of everything.

Nodel. -The lion in the beast-epic
called Reynard the Fox, _Nodel re-

resents the regal element of Germany ;
Testide the wolf, represents the baro-
nial element; and Reynard represents
the church element.

Noél. Christmas day, or a Christ-
mas carol. _ A contraction of nouvelles
(tidings), written in old English, nowells,

“ A child this day is born,

A child of high renown,

Most worthy of a sceptre,
A sceptre and a crown,

Nowells, nowells, nowells }
Sing all we may,

Because that Christ, the King,
Was born this blessed day.”

Old Caro.

Noko’mfs, Daughter of the Moon.
Sporting one day with her maidens on a
swing made of vine canes, a rival cut the
swing, and Nokomis fell to earth, where
she gave birth to a daughter named
Weno'neh. : -

Noilens Vo'lens. Whether willing
or not. Two Latin participles meaning
“being unwilling (or) willing.”

Noli me Tan’gere. Touch me not.
The words Christ used to eat ha
dalene after His resurrection. It is the
motto of the Order of the Thistle. A
plant of the genus impatiens, The seed-
vessels consist of one cell in five divisions,
and when the seed is ripe each of these,

- on being touched, suddenly folds itself

into a spiral form and leaps from the
stalk. (See Darwin : Loves of the Plants,
ii. 3.) ;

Noll. Old Noll. Oliver Cromwell
was so called by the Royalists. Noll is
a familiar contraction of Oliver—i.e, OY
with an initial liquid, vey 1

Nolle Pros’equi [Don't prose)
A petition from a plaintiff to stay a suit
(See Non Pros.) a ~s

Nolo Episcopari

5 Noncé:

Nolo Episcopa’ri. [J an unwilling
to er the office of bishop.) A very
general notion prevails that every bishop
at consecration uses these eet & Mr.
Christian, in his notes to Blackstone,
says, ‘‘ The origin of these words and of
this vulgar notion I have not been able
to discover; the bishops certainly give
no such refusal at present, and I am
inclined to think they never did at any
time in this country.’’? When the see of
Bath and Wells was offered to Beve-
ridge,he certainly exclaimed, ‘‘ Nolo
episcopart ;’’ but it was the private
expression of his own heart, and not a
form of words, in his case. Chamber-
layne says in former times the person
about to be elected bishop modestly
refused the office twice, and if he did so
a third time his refusal was accepted.
(Present State of England.)

Nom. ‘‘ Nom de guerre” is French
for a ‘‘ war name,’’ but really means an
assumed name. It was customary at
one time for everyone who entered the
French army to assume a name; this
was especially the case in the times of
chivalry, when knights went by the
device of their shields or some other
distinctive character in their armour,
as the ‘‘ Red-cross Knight.’’

** Nom de plume.’’ English-French for
the “¢ pen name,”’ and meaning the name
assumed by a writer who does not choose
to give his own name to the public; as
Peter Pindar, the nom de plume of Dr.
John’ Wolcot; Peter Parley, of Mr.
Goodrich; Currer Bell, of Charlotte
Bronté; Cuthbert Bede, of the Rev.
Edward Bradley, etc.

Nom’‘ads. Wanderers who live in

tents ; pastoral tribes without fixed resi-
dence. (Greek, nomddés: from ndmds,
a pasture.)
' Nom‘inalists. A sect founded by
Roscelin, Canon of Compiégne (1040-
1120). He maintained that if the Father,
Son, and Holy Ghost are one God, they
cannot be three distinct persons, but
must be simply three names of the same
being ; just as father, son, and husband
are three distinct names of one and the
same man under different conditions.
Abélard, William. Occam, Buridan,
Hobbes, Locke, Bishop Berkeley, Con-
dillac, and. Dugald Stewart are the most
celebrated disciples of Roscelin. (See
REALIsTS. )

Non Angli sed Angeli, si forent

Christiani. Words attributed to Gre-

_ gory (the Great) in 573 when some

British children reduced to slavery were
shown him at Rome. Gregory was at
the time about thirty-five years of age,
and was both abbot and cardinal-
deacon.

Non Bis in Idem-(Latin). Not twice
for the same thing—?.e. no man can be
tried a second time on the same charge.

Non-Com, (4). A non-commissioned
officer in the army.

Non Compos Mentis or Non Com.
Not of sound mind; a lunatic, idiot,
drunkard, or one who has lost memory
and understanding by accident ‘or dis-
ease.

Non Con, (See NoNcONFORMIST.)

Non Est. A contraction of Non est
inventus (not to be found). They are
the words which the sheriff writes on a
writ when the defendant is not to be
found in his bailiwick.

Non mi Recordo, a shuffling way of
saying ‘‘I don’t choose to answer that

uestion.’? It was the usual answer of
the Italian courier and other Italian
witnesses when on examination at the
trial of Queen Caroline, wife of George
IV., in 1820.

“The Italian witnesses often created amuse-
ment, when under examination, by the frequent
answer, ‘Non mi recordo.’""—Cassells History of
England, vol. vii. iv. 16.

Non Plus (‘‘no more”’ can be said
on the subject). When a man is come to
@-non-plus in an argument, it means
that he is unable to deny or controvert
what is advanced against him, ‘To
non-plus’’ a person is to put him into
such a fix,

Non Pros. for Non pros'equi (not to
prosecute). The judgment of Non pros.
is one for costs, when the plaintiff stays
a suit.

Non Sequitur (4). A conclusion
which does not follow from the premises
stated,

“The name began with B and ended with @
Perhaps it was Waters.” — Dickens: Nicholas
Nickleby, p 198.

Nonce. Sor the nonce. A corruption
of for then anes (for then once), mean-
ing for this once, ‘‘An apron”? for a
naperon is an example of n transferred
the other way. We have some half-
dozen similar examples in the language,
as ‘“‘tother day’’—i.e. the other or
thet other = the other. Nuncle used in
King Lear, which was originally mine-
wicle, An arrant knave 18 @ narrant
knave, (See Naa.)

eee we |

Nonconformists

896

Norrisian

Nonconformists, The 2,000 clergy-
men who, in 1662, left the Church of
England, rather than conform or sub-
mit to the conditions of the Act of
Uniformity—i.e. “‘ unfeigned assent to
all and everything contained in the Book
of Common Prayer.”’ The word is loosely
used for Dissenters generally.

Nones (1 syl.), in the Roman calen-
dar.
On March the 7th, June, July,
October too, the NONES you spy ;
Except in these, those Nones appear
On the 5th day of all the year,
Tf to the Nones you add an 8
Of 6very IDE you'll find the SHES OR

Nonjurors. Those clergymen who
refused ‘to take the oath of allegiance to
the new government after the Revolu-
tion. They were Archbishop Sancroft
with eight other bishops, and four hun-
dred clergymen, all of whom were
ejected from their livings, (1691.)

Nonne ‘Prestes Tale.- A thrifty
- widow had a cock, ‘‘hight Chaunt’e-
clere,’’? who had his harem; but ‘‘ dam-
ysel Per'tilote’’ was his favourite, who
perched beside him at night. Chaunte-
clere once dreamt that he saw a fox who
‘‘tried to make arrest on his body,” but
Pertilote chided him for placing faith
in dreams. Next day a fox came into
the poultry-yard, but told Chaunteclere
he merely came to hear him sing, for

his voice was so ravishing he cotfld not +

deny himself that pleasure. The cock,
pleased with this flattery, shut his eyes
and began to crow most lustily, when
Dan Russell seized him by the throat
and ran off with him. When they got
to the wood, the cock said to the fox,
“‘T should advise you to eat me, and
that anon.” ‘‘It shall be done,” said
the fox, but as he loosed the cock’s neck
to speak the word, Chaunteclere flew
from his back into a tree. Presently
came a hue and cry after the fox, who
escaped with nema and Chaunteclere
returned to the poultry-yard wiser and
discreeter for his adventure. (Chaucer :
Canterbury Tales.)

This tale is taken from the old French
*¢ Roman de Renart.’? The same story
forms also one of the fables of Marie of
France, “‘ Don Coc et Don Werpil.’’

Nor. The giant, father of Night.

He dwelt in Utgard. (Scandinavian
mythology.) }

Norfolk. The folk north of Kent,
Essex, and Suffolk.

Norfolk-Howards. Bugs.. A man

named Bugg, in 1863, changed his name
into Norfolk-Howard.

Norfolk Street (Strand), | with
Arundel, Surrey, and Howard Streets,
were the site of the house and grounds
of the Bishop of Bath and Wells, then
of the Lord High Admiral Seymour,
and afterwards of the Howards, Barls
of Arundel and Surrey, from whom it
came into the possession of the Earl of
Norfolk.

Norma. A vestal priestess who has
been seduced. She discovers her para-
mour in an attempt to seduce her friend,
also a vestal priestess, and in despair
contemplates the murder of her base-
born children. The libretto is a melo-
drama by Romsani, music by Belli’ni
(1831.) (Norma, an opera.)

Normandy. Zhe Poles are the vin-
tagers in Normandy. The Norman vin-
tage consists of apples beaten down by
poles. The French say, ‘‘ Hn NVormandte
Von vendange avec la gaule,’’ where gaule
is a play on the word Gaul, but really
means a pole.

The Gen of Normandy. Emma,
daughter of Richard I. | (*-1052.)

Norna. The well of Urda, where the
gods sit in judgment, and near which is
that -‘‘fair building’’ whence proceed
the three maidens called Urda, Verdandi,

nd Skulda (Past, Present, and Future).
Scandinavian mythology.)

Norna of the Fitful Head. A
character in Sir Walter Scott’s J'irale,
to illustrate that singular kind of in-
sanity which is ingenious in self-imposi-
tion, as those who fancy a lunatic asylum
their own palace, the employés thereof
their retinue, and the porridge provided
a banquet fit for the gods. Norna’s real
name was Ulla Troil, but after her amour
with Basil Mertoun (Vaughan), and the
birth of a son, named Clement Cleve-
land, she changed her name out of
shame. Towards the end of the novel
she gradually recovered her right mind.

Nornir or Norns. The three fates of
Scandinavian mythology, Past, Present,
and Future. They spin the events of
human life sitting under the ash-tree
Ygegdrasil (Igg'-dra-sil’). ;

? Besides these ‘three Norns, every
human creature has a personal Norn or
Fate. - The home of the Norns is called

‘in Scandinavian mythology Doom-

. stead.’” ,

Norris‘ian Professor. A Professor
of Divinity in Cambridge University.

Norroy

§97

Nose

This ce reimas was founded in 1760
by John Norris, Esq., of Whitton in
Norfolk. The four divinity professors
are Lady Margaret’s Professor of Divin-
ity, Regius Professor of Divinity, Nor-
risian Professor, and Hulsean Professor.

Norroy. North-roy or king. The
third king-of-arms is so called, because
his office is on the north side of the river
Trent ; that of the south side is called
Clarencieux (9.v.).

Norte. Violent northern gales, which
visit the Gulf of Mexico from September
to March. In March they attain their
maximum force, and then immediately
cease. (Spanish, érie, the north.)

North (Christopher). A nom-de-plume
of Professor Wilson, of Gloucester Place,
Edinburgh, one of the chief contributors
to Blackwood’s Magazine.

North. He's too far north for me,
Too canny, too cunning to be taken in ;
very hard in making a bargain. The
inhabitants of Yorkshire are supposed to
be very canny, especially in driving a
bargain.

North-east Passage (Zhe). A wa
to India from Europe round the “eA
extremit of Asia. It had been often
attempted even in the 16th century.
Hence Beaumont and Fletcher .

“ That everlasting cassock, that has worn

As many servants out as the North-east Passage

Has consumed sailors.”

The Tamer Tamed, ii. 2

North Side of the Altar (The).
The side on which the Gospel is read.
The north is the dark part of the earth,
and the Gospel is the light of the world
which shineth in darkness—‘‘ tl/uminare
his qui in_tenebris et wn umbrad mortis
sedent.”’ Facing the altar from the body
He ‘aa church, the north side is on your
e

North Side of aChurchyard. The
poor have a eae objection to be buried
on the nort
They seem to think only evil-doers
should be there interred. Probably the
chief reason is the want of sun. On the
north side of Glasgow cathedral is shown
the hangman’s burial place.

There is, however, an ecclesiastical
reason :—The east is God’s side, where
His throne is set; the west, man’s side,

the Galilee of the Gentiles; the south,
the side of the “‘ spurrts made just”? and
angels, where the sun shines in his
strength; the north, the devil’s side,
where Satan and his legion lurk to catch
the unwary. Some churches have still

57 .

side of a churchyard. °

a “‘devil’s door’? in the north wall,
which is opened at baptisms and com-
munions to let the devil out.

“ As men die, so shall they arise , if in faith in
the Lord, towards the south .. and shall arise
in glory ; if in unbelief ... towards the north,
then are they pastall hope.’—Coverdale: Praying
Sor the Dead,

Northamptonshire Poet. John
Clare, son of a farmer at Helpstone.
(1793-1864)

Northern Bear. Russia.

_Northern Gate of the Sun. The
sign of Cancer, or summer solstice ; so
called because it marks the northern
tropic.

Northern Lights. The Auro’ra
Borea‘lis, ascribed by the northern
savages to the merriment of the ghosts.
(See AURORA.)

Northern Wagoner (Tie). Ursa
Major, called ‘‘Charles’s wain,” or
wagon. Theconstellation contains seven
large stars. ‘‘ King Charles’s Wain” is
absurd. ‘‘ Charles’ Wain”’ 1s a blunder
for the ‘‘ Churls’ or Peasants’ Wain.’’

* By this the northern wagoner bas set
His sevenfold team behind thestedfast star [the
pole-star)}.” Spenser: Faérie Queene, i, 2.

Norval. An aged peasant and his

son in Home's tragedy of Douglas.

Norway (Maid of). Margaret, in-
fant queen of Scotland. She was the
daughter of Eric II., King of Norway,
and Margaret, daughter of Alexander
IIL. of Scotland. She never actually
reigned, as she died on her passage to
Scotland in 1290.

Nose, Bleeding of the nose.
love.

“*Did my nose ever bleed when I waz in your
company?’ and, poor wretch, just as she spake
this, to show her true heart, her nose fell a-bleed-
ing.”—Boulster ; Lectures, p, 30.

Bleeding of the nose. Grose says if it
bleeds one drop only it forebodes sickness,
if three drops the omen is still worse;
but Melton, in his Astrologaster, says,
“*Tf a man’s nose bleeds one drop at the
left nostril it is a sign of good luck, and
vice versa.”

Led by the nose. Isaiah xxxvii. 29
says, ‘‘ Because thy rage against Me. .
is come up into Mine ears, therefore will
I put My hook in thy nose . . . and will
turn thee back... .’’ Horses, asses,
etc., led by bit and bridle, are led by the
nose. Hence Iago says of Othello, he
was ‘‘ led by the nose as asses are ”’ (i. 3).
But buffaloes, camels, and bears are
actually led by a ring inserted into their

Sign of

“nostrils,

Nose

898

Nosé

Golden nose. Tycho Brahe, the Danish
astronomer. Having lost his nose in a
duel with Passberg, he adopted a golden
one, which he attached to his face by a
cement which he carried about with him,

“That eminent man who had a golden_nose,
Tycho Brahe."—Marryat : Jutland and the Danish
Tsles, p. 305,

** General Zelislaus, having lost his
right hand in battle, had a golden one
given him by Boleslaus IIT.

To count noses. To count the numbers
of adivision. Itisa horse-dealer’s term,
who counts horses by the nose, for the
sake of convenience.
comparing the House of Commons to
Tattersall’s, says, ‘‘Such is the counting
of noses upon a, question which lies at
the basis of our constitution.”’

Fo out off your nose to spite your face,
or... tobe revenged on youn face, To
act out of pique in such a way as to in-
jure yourself: as torun away from home,
to marry out of pique, to throw up a
good situation in a fit of ill temper, etc.,
or any similar folly.

To keep one’s nose to the grun’-stone.
To keep one hard at work. Tools, such
as scythes, chisels, etc., are constantly
sharpened on a stone or with a grin’-
stone. The nose of a stair is the edge,
and ‘‘nose’’ in numerous phrases stands
for the person’s self. In French mez is
so used in some phrases.

“Prom this ... . he kept Bill’s nose to the grind-
ing-stone."—W. B, Yeats: Fwit'y Tales of the Irish
Peuswniry, Pp. 237.

Paying through the nose. Grimm says
that Odin had a poll-tax which was called
in Sweden a nose-tax ; it was a penny
per nose or poll. (Deutsche Rechts
Alterthinner.) (See Nosz Tax, Ruxvo.)

To snap one’s nose aff. Taq speak snap-
pishly. ‘Ready to snap one’s nose off.”’
To ‘pull (or wring) the nose,”’ ¢iver or
arracher le nez is to affront by an act of
indignity ; to snap one’s nose is to affront
by speech. Fighting dogs snap at each
other’s noses.

To wipe [one’s] nose. To affront a
person; to give one a blow on the nose.
Similarly, to wipe a person’s eye ; to fetch
one a wipe over the knuckics, etc., con-
nected with the Anglo-Saxon verb
Iuveop-wnr, to whip, to strike (our whip).

“Sie was so nose-wipt, slighted, and dis-
dained.”"—Nares’ Glossy, p. 619.

_ +s “To wipe off a score,” ‘*to-wipe a
person down,’’ meaning to cajole or
acify ; from the Anglo-Saxon wipian,
wipe, cleanse. Hence to fleece one
out of his money. Quite another verb
to that given above,

Thus the Zines, |

To take pepper im the nose. To tak
offence,

“A man is testy, and anger wrinkles his mose ¢
sucb a man takes pepper in the nose.”—Optick,
Glasse of Humors (1639).

To twrn up one’s nose. To express con-
tempt. When a person sneers he turns
up the nose by curling the upper lip.

* Under your [very] nose, ° This is
French also: ‘¢ du nez et @ la barbe de
uelgu’un”? (** Just before your face”’).
ose = facé in numerous locutions, both
in: French and English; as, ‘‘ Montrer
son nez;?? “‘ Réegarder quelqu’un sous le
nez;?? ** Mettre le nez bi la fenétre,’’ etc.

Nose-bag (A). A visitor to a house
of refreshment who brings his own
victuals and calls for a glass of water or
lemonade. The reference is to carrying
the feed of a horse in a nose-bag to save
expense, .

Nose Literature,
“ Knows he, that never took a pinch,
Nosey, the pleasure thence that flows ?
Knows he the titillating joy
Which my nose knows ?
O nose, I am as proud ‘of thee
As any mountain of its snows ;
I gaze on thee, and feel that pride
A Roman knows.”
F. C. H[usendeth), translated frem the
French of O. Bassclin.
Chapter on Noses, in Tristram Shandy,
by L. Sterne. r E
On the Dignity, Gravity, and Authority
of Noses, by Taglicozzi or Tagliacozzo
1597).
De Virginitate (sec. 77) A chapter
in Kornmann.
The Noses of Adam and Eve, by Mile.
Bourignon. :
Pious Meditations o the Nose of the
Virgin Mary, by J. Petit, ES.
Review of Noses (Louis Brevitatis), by
Théophile Haypane Fl eS il ,
Sermon on Noses (La Diceria de’ Nasi),
by Annibal Caro (1584).

Nose Tax (Zhe). In the ninth cen-
tury the Danes imposed on Irish houses
a poll tax, historically called the ‘‘ Nose
Tax,’’? because those who neglectéd to

ay the ounce of gold were punished by
one their nose slit.

Nose of Wax (A). Mutable and
accommodating (faith). A waxen nose
may be twisted any way.

“Sed addunt’ etiam simile quoddam non aptis-
simum ; Eas esse quoddammodo nasum cerenm,
posne fingi, flectique in omnes modos, et amnium
eee inservire.”"—Juellé Apologia, Ecc. Angl..
Bec, : i

Nose Out of Joint. Zo put one’s
#osé out of joint is to supplant a person
in another's good graces, To put

another person’s nose where yours is

Nosey

899

Notarica

aow. There is a good French locution,
** Lui couper Vherbe sous le pred’? (In
Latin, ‘! Alquem de jure suo dejtcere.’’)
Sometimes it means to humiliate a con-
ceited person.

“Fearing now least this wench which is
brought over hitber should put your nose cut the

joynt, comming betweene home and you.”—
erence in English (1614).

Nosey. The Duke of Wellington was

lovingly so called by the soldiery. His.
“‘commander’s nose’? was a very dis-"

tinguishing feature of the Iron Duke.

Nos‘not-Bo’cai [Bo'-/y]. Prince of
Purgatory. Purgatory is the ‘‘ realm
of Nosnot-Bocai.”’

“ Sir, [ last night received command
‘o see you Out of Fairy land, |
Luta the realm of Nosnot-Bocai ;
But let not fear or sulphur choak-ye,
For he's a fiend of sense and wit.”
King : Orpheus and Eurydice.

Nostrada'mus (Michael). An astro-
loger who published an annual ‘“ Al-
manack,’’ very similar in character to
that of ‘‘ Francis Moore,’ anda Recueil
of Prophecies, in four-line stanzas, ex-

eae over seven centuries. (1503-
1566.)
The Nostradamus of Portugal. Gon-

galo Annés Bandarra, a poet-cobbler,
whose lucubrations were stopped by the
Inquisition. (Died 1556.)

As good a prophet as Nostradamus—t.e,
so obscure that none can make out your
meaning. Nostrada’mus was a provincial
astrologer of the sixteenth century, who
has left a number of prophecies in verse,
but what they mean no one has yet been
able to discover (French proverb.)

Nostrum means Our own. It is
applied to a quack medicine, the ingre-
dients of which are supposed to be a
secret of the compounders. (Latin.)

Not, in riding and driving.

“ Upa bill hurry not,
Down a hill flurry not,

* On level ground spare him not.”

On a Milestone in Yorkshire (near Richmond).

Not at Home. Scipio Nasica was
intimate with the poet Ennius. One
day, calling on the poet, the servant
said, ‘‘Ennius is not at home,’’ but
Nasica could see him plainly in the
house. Well, he simply walked away
without a word. A few days later
Ennius returned the visit, and Nasica
called out, ‘‘Not at home.” Ennius
instantly recognised the voice, and re-
monstrated. ‘‘ You area nice fellow”’

said Nasica) ; ‘‘ why, I believed your
slave, and you won't believe me.”

This tale is often attributed to Dean Swift, but,
tf authentic, it was a borrowed mot,

Not Worth a Rap. (Sce Rap.)
Not Worth a Rush. (See Rusu.)
Not Worth a Straw. (See Straw.)

Not Worth Your Salt. Not worth
your wages, The Romans served out
rations of salt and other necessaries to
their soldiers and civil servants. These
rations were called by the general name
of salt (sal), and when money was sub-
stituted for these rations, the stipend
went by the name of sal-arvwm.

Not’ables (in French history). An
assembly of nobles or notable men,
selected by the king, of the House of
Valois, to form a parliament. They
were convened in 1626 by Richelieu, and
not again till 1787 (a hundred and sixty
years afterwards), when Louis XVI.
called them together with the view of
relieving the nation of some of its
pecuniary embarrassments. The last

- time they ever assembled was November

6th, 1788.

Notarica.

A. E.I.0.U. Austria’s Empire 7s
Over all Universal. (See A. E. I. O. U.)

ira, A. ER. A—ie. Anno ERat
Augusti, (See Aira.)

Cabal. Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham,
Arlington, Lauderdale. (See CaBat.)

Clio. Chelsea, London, Jslington,
Office. (See CLIO.)

Hempe ‘When hempe is spun,
England is done.’? Henry, Edward,
Mary, Philip, Zhzabeth. (See HEMPE.)

Hip ! hep! hurrah ! Hierosolyma Est
Perdita. (See er

Ichthus. Ie'sous CHristos THeou Vios
Soter. (See IcHTHUS.)

I, T. N. 0. T. G. A. 0. T. U. (It-not-
ga-otu)—i.e. In Thé Name Of The
Great Architect Of The Universe. A
Freemason’s notarica.

Kol. King’s Own Light Infantry
(the 51st Foot).

Inmp. Louis, James, Mary, Prince.

(See Limp.)

Maccabees. Mi Camokah, Baelim Je-
hovah. (See MaccaBZzus.)

News. North, East, West, South.
(See NEws.)

Smectym'nuus, Stephen Marshall, Ed-
mund Calamy, Thomas Young, Matthew
Newcomen, Uvilliam Spurstow. (See
SMEc.)

Tory. True Old Royal Yeoman.

The following palindrome may be
added: £.T.L.N.u.T.E. Eat to live, Never
live to eat. In Latin thus: E.U.V.N,V.U.E.
Edas ut vivas, ne vivas ut edas.

Notary Public

900

Noyades

Whig. We Hope In God.

Wise. Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Eng-
land—t.e. Wales, Ireland, and Scotland
added to England.

Notary Public. A law officer whose _

duty it is to attest-deeds, to make au-
thentic copies of documents, to make
protests of bills, and to act as a legal
witness of any formal act of public
concern.

Notation or Notes. (See Do.)

Notch. Out of all notch. Out of all
bounds. The allusion is to the practice
of fitting timber: the piece which is to
receive the other is xotched upon ; the one
to fit into the notch is said to be notched
down.

Note of Hand (4). A promise to
pay made in writing and duly signed.

Nothing. ‘A tune played by the
picture of nobody.’ (Shakespeare :
Tempest, iii. 2.)

Notoriety. Depraved taste for noto-
riety :—

Cleom’brotos, who leaped into the sea,
(Sce CLEOMBROTOS.)

Emped’ocles, who leaped into Etna.
(See EMPEDOCLES.)

Heros’tratos, who set fire to the tem-
ple of Diana. (See DIANA.)

William Lloyd, who broke in pieces
the Portland vase. (1845.)

Jonathan Martin, who set fire to York
Minster. (1829.)

Nottingham (Saxon, Snotingaham,
place of caves). . So called from the
caverns in the soft sandstone rock,
Montecute took King Edward III.
through these subterranean passages to
the hill castle, where he found the
‘‘gentle Mortimer’’ and Isabella, the
dowager-queen. The former was slain,
and the latter imprisoned. The passage
is still called ‘‘ Mortimer’s Hole.”’

Nottingham poet. Philip James
Bailey, author of Festus. Born at
Bashford-in-the-Burgh, Nottingham.
(1816.)

Nottingham Lambs. The roughs of
Nottingham. :

Nourmahal’. Sultana.
means Light of the Harem.

The word
She was

afterwards called Nourjehan (Light of

the World). In Lalla Rookh, the tale
called The Light of the Harem is this:
Nourmahal was estranged for a time
froim the love of Selim, son of Acbar’.
By the advice of Namou'’na, she pre-
pares a love-spell, and appears as a

lute-player at a banquet given by “ the
imperial Selim.’’ At the close of the
feast she tries the power of song, and
the young sultan exclaims, ‘‘If Nour
mahal had sung those strains I could
forgive her all;’’? whereupon the sul-
tana threw off her mask, Selim
“caught her to his heart,’”? and, as
Nourmahal rested her head on Selim’s
arm, “‘she whispers him, with laughing
eyes, ‘Remember, love, the Feast of
Roses.’”? (Zhomas Moore.)

Nous (1 syl.). Genius, natural acu-
men, quick perception, ready wit. The
Platonists used the word for mud, or
the jist cause. (Greek, nous, contrac-
tion of zoos’ Pronounce nouce.)

Nous Avons Changé Tout Cela.
A facetious reproof to a dogmatic prig
who wants to lay down the law upon
everything, and talks contemptuously
of old customs, old authors, old artists,
and old everything. The phrase is
taken from Moliére’s Médecin Malgré
Li, act ii. sc, vi. (1666.)

“Géronte. Tl n'y a qu’ seule chose qui m'a
choqué; c'est l'endroit du foie et du coeur, Tl me
semble que vous les placez autrement quils ne
sont ; que le cceur est du cote gauche, et le foie
ducété droit. | " 4, eae

Sganarellc. Oui; cela étoit autrefois ainsi ;
mais nous ayons changé tout cela, et nous faisons
maintenant la médecine d’une méthode toute
nouvelle. 7 - ‘ ;

Geronte. C’est. ce que je ne savois pas, et je
vous demande pardon de mon ignorance,” ~

Nova‘tians. Followers of Nova-
tia’nus, a presbyter of Rome in the third
century, who would never allow anyone
who had lapsed to be readmitted into

the church.
November 17. (Sce QuEEN’s Day.)

Novum Or’ganum. The great work
of Lord Bacon. y

Now-a-days. <A corruption of .In-
our-days, I’ nowr days. (See APRON,
Naa, NickNAME, NUGGET, etc.)

Now-now. Old Anthony Now-novw.
An itinerant fiddler, meant for Anthony
Munday, the dramatist who wrote City

Pageants. (Chettle: Kindhart’s Dream,
1592.)

No'wheres (2 syl.). (See~ Mxepa-
MOTHI,) ;

Noyades (2 syl.). A means of exe-
cution adopted by Carrier at Nantes, in
the first French Revolution, and called
Carrier's Vertical Deportation. Some
150 persons being stowed in the hold of
a vessel in thé Loire, the vessel was
scuttled, and the victims drowned.
Nero, at the suggestion of Anice’tus,

Nucta

901 Numbers

drowned his mother in this same manner,
(French, noyer, to drowit.)

Nucta, or miraculous drop which falls
in Egypt on St. John’s day (June), is
supposed to have the effect of stopping
the plague. Thomas Moore refers to it
in his Paradise and the Peri.

Nude. Rabelais wittily ays that a
person without clothing is dressed in
“ grey and cold’? of a comical cut, being
« Eothin before, nothing behind, and
sleeves of the same.’’? King Shrovetide,
monarch of Sneak Island, was so ar-
rayed. (Rabelais: Gargantua, iv. 29.)

e nude statues of Paris are said to
be draped in ‘‘ ceralean blue.”

Nugget of Gold. Nugget, a di-
minutive of ntg or nog, as logget is of
log. ‘‘A nog of sugar”? (Scotch) is a
lump, and a ‘ nugget of gold”’ is a small
lump. So a ‘log of wood”? is a, billet

Latin, lignum), and “‘loggets’? (Nor-

Cie) are sticks of toffy cut up into small |

lumps.

A cogrespondent in Notes and Queries
says og is a wooden ball used in the
game of shinney. Vig, in Essex, means
a ‘‘ piece; ”’ anda noggin of bread means
a hunch.

Nulla Linea. (See Linz.)

Nulli Secun’dus Club.
stream Guards.

Nu'ma. The second king of Rome,
who reduced the infant state to order by
wise laws.

Numan’cia. A tragedy by Cervan-
tes, author of Don Quixote, but never
published in his lifetime.

‘Number Nip. The pase king of
the Giant Mountains. (Museus: Popu-
lar Tales.).

“She was like one of those portly dowagers in
Number_Nip’s society of metamorphose and tur-
far ag anu: The House in the Churchyard,

Number One. Oneself,

To take care of number one, is to look
after oneself, to seek one’s‘own interest ;
to be selfish.

Number of the Beast.

The Cold-

“Tt is the

number of a man, and his number is Six

hundred threescore and six’? (Rev. xiii.
18), This number has been applied to
divers persons previously assumed. to be
Antichrist; as Apostiités, Benedictos,
ocletian, Evanthas, Julian (the Apos-
fate), Lampetis, Lateinos, Luther, Ma-
comet, ae tin Napoleon I., Ni-
ketés, Paul V., Silvester II., Trajan,

and several others. Also to certain
phrases supposed to be descriptive of
the Man of Sin, as Vicar - General of
God, Arnoume (I renounce), Kakos
Ode’gos (dad guide), Abinu Kadescha
Papa (our holy father the pope), e.g. ‘—

M .a7"\0+; me t i
40, 1, 70, 40, 5, 300, 10,
in ate, er ok
80, 1, 300, 5, 10,
fioeu the F > a We Oo 8
30, 400, 9, 100, 1, 50, 70, 6 = 666

The Nile is emblematic of the year.

N wey 4 Le. DuiuB
50, 5, 10, 30, 7, 200 = 365

Numbers (from 1 to 13), theological

symbols :—.

(1) The Unity of God. | Z

(2) The hypostatic union of Christ, both God
andman. —

(3) The Trinity,

(4) The number of the Evangelists.

(5) The wounds of the Redeemer: two in the
hands, two in the feet, one in the side,

(6) The creative week.

(7) The gifts of the Holy Ghost (Rev. i. 12),
Seven times Christ spoke on the cross.

(8) The number of the beatitudes (Matt, v. 3-11).

(9) The nine orders of angels (q.v.).

(10) The number of the Commandments.

(1) The number of the apostles who remained

8
200 = 666
n oO 8
50, 70, 200 = 666

: faithful.

(1g) The original college. :
PAS) The final number after the conversion of
aul,

Numbers.

Army of soldiers. Regiment, etc..

Assembly of people:

Batch or Caste-of bread.

Bench of bishops, magistrates, etc.

Bevy of roes, quails, larks, pheasants,
ladies, etc.

Board of directors.

Brood of chickens, ete,

Catch of fish taken in nets, etc.

Clump of trees.

Cluster of grapes, nuts, stars, etc

Collection of pictures, curiosities, etc.

Company of soldiers.

Congregation of people at church, etc.

Covey of game birds,

Crew of sailors.

Crowd of people.

Drove of horses, ponies, beasts, etc

Drum, & crush of company.

Federation, A trade union.

Fell of hair,

Fleet of ships. (

Flight of bees, birds, stairs, etc.

Flock of birds, sheep geese, ete.

Forest of trees.

Galaxy of beauties.

Gang of slaves, prisoners, thieves, etc.

Haul-of fish caught in a net.

Head of cattle.

Herd of bucks, deer, harts, seals,
swine, etc.

Hive of bees,

*

Numbers

902 Nune Dimittis

Host of men.

House of senators.

Legion of ‘* foul fiends.”

Library of books.

Litter of pigs, whelps, etc.

Menagerie of wild beasts.

Jtob of roughs, wild cattle, ete.

Multitude of men. In law, more than
ten.

Muster of peacocks.

Mute of hounds.

Nest of rabbits, ants, etc.; shelves,
etc.

Nursery of trees, shrubs, etc.

Pack of hounds, playing cards, grouse,
ete.

Panel of jurymen.

Pencil of rays, ete.

Pile of books, wood stacked, etc.

Posse (a sheriff’s), Posse (2 syl.).

Pride of lions.

Rabble of men ill-bred and *ll-clad.

Regiment (A) of soldiers.

Rookery of rooks and seals, also of un-
healthy houses.

- Rouleau of money.

School of whales, ete.

Set of china, or articles assorted.

Shoal of mackerel.

Shock of hair, corn, etc.

Skein of ducks, thread, worsted.

Skulk of foxes,

Society (A). Persons associated for
some mutual object.

Stack of corn, hay, wood (piled. to-
gether).

String of horses.

Stud of mares.

Suit of clothes.

Suite of rooms.

Swarm of bees, locusts, ete.

Take of fish.

Team of oxen, horses, etc.

Tribe of goats,

Numbers, , Odd Numbers. ‘Numero
Deus impare gaudet”’ (Virgil: Eclogues,
viii. 75). Three indicates the ‘‘ begin-
ning, middle, and end.’’ The Godhead
has three persons; so in classic myth-
ology Hecate had threefold power ;
Jove’s symbol was a triple thunderbolt,
Neptune’s a sea-trident, Pluto’s a three-
headed dog; the Fates were three, the
Furies three, the Graces three, the Horas
three; the Muses three - times - three.
There are seven notes, nine planets, nine
orders of angels, seven days a week,
thirteen lunar months, or 365 days a
year, etc.; five senses, five fingers on
the hand and toes-on the foot, five
vowels five continents, etc. ete. A
volume might be filled, with illustrations

y

of the saying that ‘‘ the gods delight in
odd numbers,” (See Opp, vee

Numbers. 70 consult the Book of
Numbers is to call for a division of the
House, or to put a question to the vote.
(Parliamentary wit.)

Numbers. Pythagoras looked on
numbers as influential principles, _

1 is Unity, and represents Deity,
which has no parts. ;

2 is Diversity, and therefore disorder.
The principle of strife and all evil.

3is Perfect Harmony, or the union of
unity and diversity.

@ yr St oe It is the first square
x 2= 4).

5 is the prevailing number in Nature
and Art. ;

6 is Justice (Perfect Harmony being 3,
which multiplied by Trinity = 6).

7 is the climacteric number in all
diseases. Called the Medical Number
(2 syl.).

2, The Romans dedicated the second month
to Pluto, and the second day of the month t6 the
Manes. They believed it to be the most fatal
number of all.

*: 4and 6 are omitted, not being prime num-
bers ; 4is the multiple of 2. and 6is the multiple
of 3.

Numerals. All our numerals and
ordinals up to a million (with one ex-
ception) are Anglo-Saxon. ~The one
exception is the word Second, which is
French. The Anglo-Saxon word was
other, as First, Other, Third, etc. Mil-
lion is the Latin millio (-onts).

*! There are some other odd excep-
tions in the language: Spring, summer,
and winter are native words, but autumn
is Latin. The days of the week are
native words, butthe names of the months
are Latin. We have deg, monath,

ear ; but minute is Latin, andhour is

atin through the French,

Numerals (Greek), (See EPISEMON. )

Numero. Homme de numero—that
is ‘Sun homme fin en affaires”? M.
Walckenaer says it is a shop phrase,
meaning that he knows all the numbers
of the different goods, or all the great
marks indicative of price and quality.

“Tl n'étoit lors, de Paris jusqu a Rome,

Galant qut sft si bien le numero.” __
La Fontaine: Richard Minutolo.

Numidiicus. Quintus Cecilius Me-
tellus, commander against Jugurtha,
of Numidia, about 100 B.¢,

Nunation. Adding J to an initial
vowel, as Nol for Olfiver], Well for
Ell{en}], Ned for Ed{ward]. : ay +

Nune Dimittis. The canticle of
Simeon is so called, from the first two

Nune Stans

903

Nut-brown Maid

words in the Latin version (Luke ii.

29-32).

- Nune Stans. The everlasting Now.
“Jt exists in the nunc stans of the schoolmen—

the eternal Now that represented the conscious-

ness of the Supreme Being in medieval thought.”

—Ninetcenth. Caontury, December, 1802, p. 953.

Nuncu'pative Will. A will or testa-
ment made by word of mouth. As a
Pines rule, no will is valid uniess re-

uced to writing and signed; butsoldiers
and sailors may simply declare their
wish by word of mouth. (Latin, nun-
eupo, to declare.)

Nunky pays for all, (See Sam.)

Nuremberg Eggs. Watches. Watches
were invented at Nuremberg about
1500, and were egg-shaped.

Nurr and Spell or Knor and Spill.
A game resembling trapball, and played
with a wooden ball called a nurr or
knor. The ball is released by means of
a spring from a little brass cup at the
end of a tongue of steel called a spell or
spill, After the player has touched the
spring, the ball flies into the air, and is
struck with a bat. In scoring, the dis-
tances are reckoned by the score feet,
previously marked off by a Gunter’s
chain. ‘The game is played frequently
in the West Riding of Yorkshire.

Nurse an Omnibus (70) is to try and
run it off the road, This is done by
sending a rival omnibus close at its heels,
or, if necessary, one before and one be-
hind it, to pick up the passengers. Asa
nurse follows a child about regardless of
its caprices, so these four-wheel nurses
follow their rival.

Nurseries. In the language of horse-
racing, handicaps for two-year-old
horses. These horses can be run only
with horses of their own age, after the
Ist September ; and before the Ist July
must not run more than six furlongs in
length.

Nursery Tales.

ones :--—
ARABIAN NIGHTS: Aladdin’s Lamp, The Forty.
, Sinbad the Sailor, and hundreds more.
CARROLL (Lewis) : Alicein Wonderland, Hunting
the Snark, etc.
D’AULNOY (Mme.): King of the Peacocks, The
Biue Bird, and many others. ~
FouguE. De la Motte: Undine.
GOLDSMITH (Oliver) : Goody Twoshoes. 1765,
GRIMM: Goblin Tales.
JOHNSON (Richard): The Seven Champions of
ristendom. '

KNATCHBULL-HUGESSEN (Lord Brabourne):
Sipties Sor Children, etc. F :
& SAGE: The Devil on Two Sticks.

PERRAULT, Charles (A Frenchman): Blue Beard,
Littie Red Riding Hood, Puss in Boots, Riquet with
the Tuft, Sleeping Beauty, etc.

Ripuey (James): Tales of the Genit. ‘

SCANDINAVIAN: Jack and the Beanstalk, Jack
the Giant-killer, and some others,

Well-known

banished man.

SouTHEY: The Three Bears.

STRAPAROLA (an Italian): Fortunatus.

SWIFT (Dean): Gulliver's Travels.

VILLENEUVE (Mme): Beauty andthe Beast

% It issaid that the old nursery rhyme

about an old woman tossed in a blanket
was written asa satire against the French
expedition of Henry V., and the cob-
webs to be swept from the sky were the
points of contention between the King of
England and the King of France.

Nut. A hard nut to crack. A diffi-
cult question to answer; a hard problem
to solve. (Anglo-Saxon, hnwt, a nut.)

He who would eat the nut must first
crack the shell. The gods give nothing
to man without great labour, or ‘** Nz
sine magno vita labore dedit mortalibus.”?

© Qui nucleum esse vult, frangit nucem”

(Plautus), In French, % [7 faut casser
le noyau pour en avoir Vamande.”’ It was
Heraclides who said, “ Expect nothing
without toil.’’

If you would reap, you also must plougn ;

For bread must be earned by the sweat of tne

brow. L.C. B.

Nuts of May. Here we go guther-
ing nuts of May. A corruption of
knots or sprigs of May. We still speak
of ‘ fave enots?” and a bunch of flowers
is called a ‘‘ knot.’’

Nuts. Heads; so called from their

| resemblance tonuts. Probably ‘ crack,’’

applied to heads, is part of the same
figure of speech.
“ To go off their nuts about ladies,
As dies for young fellars as fights.”
Sims: Dagonet Ballads (Polly).

It is time to lay our nuts aside (Latin,
Relin'quere nucés). To leave off our
follies, to relinquish boyish pursuits.
The allusion is to an old Roman marriage
ceremony, in which the bridegroom, as
he led his bride home, scattered nuts to
the crowd, as if to symbolise to them
that he gave up his boyish sports,

Thats nuts to him. A great pleasure,
a fine treat. Nuts, among the Romans,
made a standing dish at dessert ; they
were also common toys for children;
hence, to put away childish things is, in
Latin, to put your nuts away. é‘

Nut-brown Maid. Henry, Lord
Clifford, first Earl of Cumberland, and
Lady Margaret Percy, his wife, are the
originals of this ballad. Lord Clifford
had a miserly father and ill-natured step-
mother, so he left home and became the
head of a band of robbers. The ballad
was written in 1502, and says that the
“Not-browne Mayd’’ was wooed and won
by a knight who gave out.that he was a
After describing the

Nutcrack Night

904

Oak

hardships she would have to undergo if
she married him, and finding her love
true to the test, he revealed himself to
be an earl’s son, with large hereditary
estates in Westmoreland. (Percy: Re-
liques, series ii.)

Nutcrack Night. All Hallows’ Eve,
when it is customary in some places to
crack nuts in large quantities.

Nutcrackers. The 3rd Foot; so
called because at ’Albue’ra they cracked
the heads of the Polish Lancers, then
opened and retreated, but in a few
minutes came again into the field and
did most excellent service. Now called
“ The East Kent.’’

Nutshell, Zhe Iliad in a nutshell.
Pliny tells us that Cicero asserts that
the whole Iliad was written on a piece
of parchment which might be put into
a nutshell. Lalanne describes, in his
Curiosités Bibliographiques, an edition
of Rochefoucault’s Maxims, published
by Didot in 1829, on pages one inch
square, each page containing 26 lines,

- and each line 44 letters. Charles Toppan,

of New York, engraved on a plate one-
eighth of an inch square 12,000 letters,
The Iliad contains 501,930 letters, and
would therefore occupy 42 such plates
engraved on both sides. Huet has proved
by experiment that a parchment 27 by
21 centimétres would contain the entire
Tliad, and such a parchment would go
into a common-sized nut; but Mr. Top-
peas engraving would get the whole
liad into half that size. George P,
Marsh says, in his Lectures, he has seen
the entire Arabic Koran in a parchment
roll four inches wide and half an inch in
diameter. (See Intap.)
To lie in a nutshell. To be explained
in a few words; to be capable of easy
solution.

Nym (Corporal). One of Falstaff’s
followers, and an arrant rogue. Nim is
to steal, (Merry Wives of Windsor.)

Ny’se (2 syl.). One of the Nereids

(q.0.).
“The lovely Nysé and Neri’né spring,
‘With all the vehemence and speed of wing.”
Camoens: Lubiad, bk. ii,

oO
©, This letter represents an eye, and
is called in Hebrew ain (an eye),
0. The fifteen O's are fifteen prayers
beginning with the letterO (See Hore
Beatissime Virginis Marie.)

The Christmas O’s. For nine days
before Christmas (at 7 o’clock p,m.) are
seven antiphones (3 syl.), each beginning
with O, as O Sapientia, O Radix, etc.

o’. An Irish patronymic. (Gaelic,
ogha; Irish, oa, a descendant.) .

©’, in Scotch, means “ of,” as ‘‘ Tam-
o’-Shanter.”’ u

O.H.M.S. On His [or Her] Majesty's
Service.

O.K. A telegraphic symbol for “ All
right”? (orl korrect, a Sir William
Curtis’s or Ar’temus Ward’s way of
spelling ‘all correct’). 1

O. P. Riot (Old Price Riot), When
the new Covent Garden theatre was
opened in 1809, the charges of admission
were increased; but night after night
for three months a throng crowded the

it, shouting “ O. P.” (old prices) ; much
Aafadee was done, and the manager was
obliged at last to give way.

© tem’pora! O morés! Alas! how
the times have changed for the worse!
Alas! how the morals of the people are
degenerated !

O Yes! O Yes! O Yes!
oyez (hear ye).
“ Fame with her loud'st O yes!
Cries, ‘ This is he.”

Shakespeare: Troilus and Cressida, iv 5.
Oaf, A corruption of owph (elf). A
foolish child or dolt is so called from the
notion that all idiots are changemage, left:

French,

by the fairies in the place of the stolen
ones.
“This guiltless oaf his vacancy of sense

Supplied, and amply too, by Innocence.”
Byron: Verses found in a Summer-house.

Oak. Worn on May 29th. May 29th
was the birthday of Charles II. It
was in the month of September that he
concealed himself in an oak at Boscobel,
The battle of Worcester was fought on
Wednesday, September 3rd, 1651, and
Charles arrived at Whiteladies, about
three-quarters of a mile from Boscobel
House, early the next morning. He re-
turned to England on his birthday, when
a Royalists displa ed a branch of oak
n allusion to his hiding in an oak-tree.

To sport one’s oak. To be “‘not at
home”? to visitors. At the Universities
the “chambers”? have two doors, the
usual room-door and another made of
oak, outside it ; when the oak is shut or
‘“* sported” it indicates either that the
occupant of thé room is out, or that he
does not wish to be disturbed by visitora

Oak and Ash

905

Oaks

Oak and Ash, The tradition is, if
the oak gets into leaf before the ash we
may expect a fine and productive year ;
if the ash precedes the oak in foliage,
we may anticipate a cold summer and
unproductive autumn, In the years
1816, 1817, 1821, 1823, 1828, 1829, 1830,
1838, 1840, 1845, 1850, and 1859, the ash
was in leaf a full month before the oak,
and the autumns were unfavourable.
In 1831, 1833, 1839, 1853, 1860, the two
species of trees came into leaf about the
same time, and the years were not re-
markable either for plenty or the re-
verse ; whereas in 1818, 1819, 1820, 1822,
1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1833, 1834, 1835,
1836, 1837, 1842, 1846, 1854, 1868, and
1869, the oak displayed its foliage
several weeks before the ash, and the
summers of those years were dry and
warm, and the harvests abundant.

Oak-tree, (Sce PHILEMON.)

The oak-tree was consecrated to the god
of thunder because oaks are said to be
more likely to be struck by lightning
than other trees.

Oaks (The). - One of the three great
classic races of England, The Derby
and Oaks are run at Epsom, and the St.
Leger at Doncaster. e Oaks, in the
parish of Woodmanstone, received its
name from Lambert’s Oaks, and an
inn, called the ‘“‘Hunter’s Club,’’ was
rented of the Lambert family, It after-
wards became the residence of General
Burgoyne, from whom it passed to the
llth Harl of Derby. It was Edward
Smith Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby, who
originated the Oak Stakes, May 14, 1779.
On his death, in 1834, the estate was
sold to Sir Charles Guy, and was then
held by Joseph Smith. The Oaks Stakes
are for fillies three years old. (See
DEBBY. )

Oaks Famous in Story.

(1) Owen Glendower’s Oak, at Shelton,
near Shrewsbury, was in full growth in
1403, for in this tree Owen Glendower
witnessed the great battle between
Henry IV. and ony Percy, Six or
eight persons can stand in the hollow of
its trunk. Its girth is 40} feet,

2), Cewrtherve Oak, near Wetherby, in
Yorkshi ill hold seventy persons in
its hollow. Professor Burnet states its

age to be 1,600 P Seaies
(3) Euirlop ak, in Hainault Forest,
‘was 86 feet in circumference a yard
from the ground. It was blown down

1820.
4) The Ogh.of the Partisans, in Parcy

Forest, St. Ouen, in the department of
the Vosges, is 107 feet in height. It is
700 years old, (1895.)
(5) The Bull Oak, Wedgenock Park,
was growing at the time of the Conquest.
(6) The Winfarthing Oak was 700

| years old at the time of the Conquest.

(7). William the Conqueror’s Oak, in
Windsor Great Park, is 38 feet in girth,

(8) Queen’s Oak, Huntingfield, Suffolk,
is so named because near this tree
Queen Elizabeth shot a buck.

(9) Stir Philip Sidney’s Oak, near
Penshurst, was planted at his birth in
1554, and has been memorialised by Ben
Jonson and Waller.

(10) The Ellerslie Oak, near Paisley,
is reported to have sheltered Sir William
Wallace and 300 of his men,

(11) The Swilear Oak, in Needwood
Forest, Staffordshire, is between 600 and
700 years old,

(12) The Adbot’s Oak, near Woburn
Abbey, is so called because the Woburn
abbot was hanged on one of its branches,
in 1537, by order of Henry VIII.

(13) The Mayor Oak, Sherwood Forest,
Edwinstowe, according to tradition, was
a full-grown tree in the reign of Kin
John, The hollow of the trunk wi
hold 15 persons, but of late years a new
bark has considerably diminished the
opening. Its girth is 37 or 38 feet, and
slp covers a circumference of 240

eet.

(14) The Parliament Oak, Clipston,
in Sherwood Forest, Notts, is the tree
under which Edward I., in 1282, held
his parliament. He was hunting in the
forest, when a messenger came to tell
him of the revolt of the Welsh. He
hastily {convened his nobles under the
oak, and it was resolved to march at
once against Llewellyn, who was slain.
The oak is still standing (1895), but is
supported by props.

(15) Robin Hood’s Larder is an oak in
that part of Sherwood Forest which
belongs to the Duke of Portland. The
tradition is that Robin Hood, the great
outlaw, used this oak, then hollow, as
his larder, to put the deer he had slain
out of sight. Not long ago some school-
girls, boiled their kettle in the hollow of
the oak, and burnt down a large part;
but every effort has been made to pre-
serve what remains from destruction,

Gs The Reformation Oak, on Mouse-
hold Heath, near Norwich, is where the
the rebel. Ket held his court in 1549, and
when the Rebellion was stamped out,
nine of the ringleaders were hanged on

_ this tree,

Oakum 906

Oberthal

Oakum. Untwisted rope; used for
caulking the seams (i.e, spaces between
the planks) of a ship. It is forced in by
chisel and mallet.

To pick oakum. To make oakum by
untwisting old ropes. A common em-
ployment in prisons and workhouses,

@an'nes. The Chaldean sea-god. It
had a fish’s head and body, and also a
human head ; a fish’s tail, and also feet
under the tail and fish’s head, In the
day-time he lived with men to instruct
them in the arts and sciences, but at
night retired to the ocean. Anedotés or
Idotion was a similar deity, so was the
Dagon [dag-On, fish On] of the Philis-
tines.

Oar. To put your oar into my boat.
To interfere with my affairs. ‘‘ Paddle
your own canoe, and don’t put your
oar into my boat.”? ‘* Bon homme,
si ta vache.’ ‘Never scald your
ips with another man’s porridge’’

(Scotch). “‘Croyez moi chacun son metier,
_ et les vaches sont bien gardées.”’

“T put my oar in no man's boat.”—Thackeray.

Oars. To rest on one’s oars. To take
an interval of rest after hard work, A
boating phrase.

To toss the oars. To raise them ver-

tically, resting on the handles, Itisa
form of salute.
O'asis.. A perfect o'asis. A fertile

spot in the midst of a desert country, a

little charmed plot of land. The refer-

ence is to those spots in the desert of

Africa where wells of water or small

lakes are to be found, and vegetation is

ee abundant. (Coptic word, called
y Herodotos azasis.)

Oath. The sacred oath of the Persians
is By the Holy Grave—i.e. the Tomb of
Shah Besa’de, who is buried in Casbin.
(Strut.)

Oaths. Rhadamanthus inposed on
the Cretans the law that men should not
swear by the gods, but by the dog, ram,
goose, and plane-tree. Hence Socrates
would not swear by the gods, but by the
dog and goose.

Oats. He has sown his wild oats, He
has left off his gay habits and is become
steady. The thick vapours which rise
on the earth’s surface just before the
lands in the north burst into vegetation,
are called in Denmark Lok kens havre
(Loki’s wild oats). When the ‘fine
weather succeeds, the Danes say, ‘‘ Lok
has sown his wild oats.”

Ob. and Sol, Objection and solution,

_ soul to Paradise.

Contractions formerly used by students
in academical disputations.

Obadi’ah. <A slang name for a
Quaker.

Obadiah. One of the servants of Mr.
Shandy. (Sterne: Tristram Shandy.)

Obam/bou. The devil of the Camma
tribes of Africa. Itis exorcised by noise
like bees in flight. ;

OWelisk, (See DAGGER.)

Op’elus. A small brass coin (nearly
1d. in value) placed by the Greeks in
the mouth of the dead to pay Charon
for ferrying the body over the river
Styx. Same as odd/os, an obol.

O'bermann. The impersonation of
high moral worth without talent, and the
tortures endured by the consciousness of
this defect. (Etienne Pjvert de Se'nan-
cour: Obermann.) ;

O’beron. King of the Fairies, whose
wife was Titan’ia. Shakespeare intro-
duces both O’beron and Titan‘ia, in his
Midsummer Night’s Dream. (Auberon,
anciently -Alberon, German Alberich,
king of the elves.) wis
= O'beron the Fay. A bhumpty dwarf
only three feet high, but of angelic face,
lord and king of Mommur. ae told Sir
Huon his pedigree, which= certainly. is
very romantic. The lady-of the Hidden
Isle (Cephalo’nia) married Neptane’bus,
King of Egypt, by whom she had a-son
called Alexander the Great, Seven
hundred years later Julius Cesar, on his
way to Thesealy, stopped in Depa nis
and. the same lady, falling in love with
him, had in time another son, and that
son was Oberon. At his birth the fairies
bestowed their gifts—one was insight
into men’s thoughts, and another was
the power of transporting himself to any

lace instantaneously. He became a
riend to Huon (g.v.), whom he made
his successor inthe kingdom of Mommur.
In the fulness of time, falling asleep in
death, legions of angels conveyed: his
(Huon de Bordeaux,
@ romance.) ;

Oberthal (Count). Lord of Dor-
drecht, near the Meuse. When Bertha,
one of his vassals, asked permission to
marry John of Leyden, the count re-
fused, resolving to make her his mistress,
This drove John into rebellion, and hg
joined the Anabaptists. .The count was

en prisoner by Gio'na, a disearded
servant, but liberated by John. When.
John was crowned Prophet-king, the
count entered his banquet-hall aie

9a Uf,

. Obi‘dah. Anallegory inthe Rumbler,
designed to be a picture of human life.
It is the adventures and misfortunes
which a young man named Obi’dah met
with ina day’s journey.

Obidicut. The fiend of lust, and one
of the five that possessed ‘‘ poor Tom.””
(Shakespeare: King Lear, iv. 1.)

O’biism. Serpent-worship. From
Egyptian Od (the sacred serpent). The
‘Afncan sorceress is still called OJ:. The
Greek .ophis is of the same family.
Moses forbade the Israelites to inquire
of Ob, which we translate wizard.

Ob'iter dictum (Latin). An inci-
dental remark, an opinion expressed by
a judge, but not judiciously. An oditer
dictum has no authority beyond that of
deference to the wisdom, experience,
and honesty.of the person who utters
it; but a judicial sentence is the verdict
of a judge bound under oath to pro-
nounce judgment only according to law
and evidence,

Object means forecast, or that on
which you employ forecast. (Latin, 0d
Jacio.)

Ob’olus. Give an ol’olus to old Beli-
sdrius. 'Tzetzes, a writer. of the twelfth
century, says that Belisarius, stripped of
ou pis wealth ay pangure, was pednoed

o beggary in his grey old age; that he
lived = a mud hut, from teeta ed of
which he hung an alms-bag, and that he
used to cry to the passers-by, ‘“‘ Give an
ob’olus to poor old Belisa’rius, who rose

by his merits and was cast down by

envy.”’

Obsequies are the funeral honours,
or those which follow a person deceased.
(Latin, 0b-seguor.)

Obstacle Race (4m). A race over
obstacles such as gates, nets, sails laid
oe the ground, through hoops or tubs,
etc.

‘Obstinate. The name of an inhab-
itant of the City of Destruction, who ad-
vised Christian to return to his family,
and not run on fools’ errands. (Bunyan:
Pilgrim’ s Progress, pt. i.)

Obverse (The). Of a coin or medal.
That side which contains the principal
device, Thus, the obverse of our money
coin is the side which contains the
sovereign’s head. The other side is
called the “ reverse,”’

907

just. fifth.

Odd Numbers

Oby. Ariver in Russia. The word
means Great River. Thomson the poet
says it is the-wltima thulé of the habit-
able globe.

Occam ( William of J, surnamed Doctor
Singula'ris et Invineib'ilis, He was the

great advocate of Nominalism. (1270-
1347.)
Occam’s Razor.- Lrtia non sunt

multiplicanda (entities are not to be
multiplied), With this axiom’ Occam
dissected every question as with a
razor.

Occasio&. A famous old hag, quite

‘bald behind. Sir Guyon seized her by

the forelock and threw her to the ground.
Still she railed and reviled, till Sir Guyon
gagged her with an iron lock; she then
began to use her hands, but Sir Guyon
bound them behind her. (Spenser:
Faérie Queene, book ii.)

Occult Sciences. Magic, alchemy,

and astrology; so called because they
were occult or mysteries (secrets).

Oce’ana. An ideal republic by James
Harrington, on the plan of Plato’s d4t-
lantis. Also the title of one of James
Anthony Froude’s books.

Oc‘hiltree (Edie). A gaberlunzie

/ man or blue-coat beggar, in Sir Walter

Scott’s Antiquary. ‘The original of this
bedesman was Andrew Gemmelles,

Octa’vian, Chief character of The
Mountaineers, a drama by George Col-
man. He goes mad out of love for

' Donna Floranthe, whom he suspects of

laying another ;. but. Roque, a blunt old
attaché, seeks him, tells him Floranthe
is faithful, and induces him to return.

Octa’vo. A book where each sheet
of paper is folded into eight leaves;
contracted thus—8vo. (Italian, 2’ ot-

_tavo; French, in octavo; Latin, octo,

eight.)

Oc’ypus, son of Podalir’ius and As-
ta’sia, was eminent for his strength,
agility, and beauty; but used to deride
those afflicted with the gout. This pro-

- voked the anger of the goddess who

presided over that. distemper, and she
sent it to plague the scoffer. (Zucian.).

Od. (See ODYLE.) pais sty

Odd Numbers. Luck in odd num.
bers. A majorchord consists of a funda-
mental or tonic, its major third, and its
According to the Pytha-
gore’an system, “all nature is a har=
mony,” man is a full chord; and all

Odd -

908

Odorico

beyond is Deity, so that nine represents
deity. As the odd numbers are the funda-
mental notes of nature, the last being
deity, it will be easy to see how they
came to be considered the great or lucky
numbers. In China, odd numbers be-
long to heaven, and v.v. (See D1apa-
son, NUMBER.)

“Good luck lies in odd numbers, .. They say,
there is divinity in odd numbers, either in nativ-
ity, chance, or death."—Shakespeare: Merry Wives
of Windsor, v 1.

‘t No doubt the odd numbers ], 3, 5,
7, 9, play a far more important part than
the even numbers. One is Deity, three
the Trinity, jive the chief division (see
Five), seven is the sacred number, and
nine is three times three, the great clim-
acteric.

OddandEven. According to Pytha-
goras, by the number of syllables in a
man’s name, the side of his infirmity
may be redicted ; odd being left, even
being right.

Thus, to give only one or two examples:
Nelson (even) lost bis right arm and right eye.
_ Raglan (even) lost his right arm at Waterloo.
The fancy is quite worthless, but might afford
amusement on a winter's night.

Odd’s or Od’s, used in oaths ; as—

Odd’s bodikins! or Odsbody! means
“God's body,’’ of course referring to
incarnate Deity.

Od’s heart ! God’s heart.

Od’s pittikins! God’s pity.

Od’s plessed will! (Merry Wives of
Windsor, i. 1.)

Od rot’em! (See DRat.)
Od-zounds ! God’s wounds.
Odds. By long odds. By a great

difference ; as, ‘‘He is the best man by
long odds.” A phrase used by bettin
men. In horse-racing, odds are offere
in bets on favourite horses; so, in the
Cambridge and Oxford races, long odds
are laid on the boat which is expected
to win.

That makes no odds. No difference ;
never mind; that is no excuse. An
application of the betting phrase.

Ode. Prince of The Ode. Pierre de
Ronsard, a French lyrist. (1524-1585.)

Odhzrir. The mead or nectar made
of Kvasir’s blood, kept in three jars.
The second of these jars is called Sohn,
and the Bohn. Probably the nectar is
the “ cde of poetry.’? (Scandinavian
mythology.)

Odin. Chief god of the Scandina-
Vians, wate 3 ‘

His real name was Siggé, son of Fri-
dulph, but he assumed the name of Odin
when he left the Tanais, hecanse he had

. contributed to

been priest of Odin, supreme god of the
Scythians. He became the A l-wise by
drinking from Mimer’s fomateln, but
purchased the distinction at the cost of
one eye. His one eye is the Sun.

The dail of Odin was Bor.

His brothers are Vilé and Ve.

His wife is Frigga.

His sons, Thor and Balder,

His mansion is Gladsheim.

His seat, Valaskjalf.

His court as war-god, Valhalla.

His Aail, Einherian.

His two black ravens are Hugin
(thought) and Munin (memory).

His steed, Sleipnir (q.v.).

His ships, Skilbladnir and Naglfar.

His spear, Gungner, which never fails
to hit the mark aimed at.

His ring, Draupner, which every ninth
sah drops eight other rings of equal
value,

His throne is Hlidskjalf.

His wolves, Geri and Freki.

He will be ultimately swallowed up by
the wolf Fenris or Fenrir. (Scandinavian
mythology.)

The vow of Odin. A matrimonial or
other vow made before the ‘‘ Stone of
Odin,”’ in the Orkneys. This is an oval
stone, with a hole in it large enough
to admit a man’s hand, Anyone wid
violated a vow made before this stone
was held infamous.

O'dium Theolog‘icum, The bitter
hatred of rival religionists. No wars so
sanguinary as holy wars ; no persecutions
so relentless. as religious persecutions ;
no hatred so bitter as theological hatred.

O'Doherty (Sir Morgan). Papers

lackwood’s Nn ae bs
William Maginn’, LL.D., full of wit,
fun, irony, and eloquence. (1819-1842.)

Odor Lucri (Latin). The sweets of
gain; the delights of money-making.

“ Bvery act of such a person is seasoned with the
odor lucri.” —Sir Walter Scott: The Betrothed
(introduction),

Odori’co (in Orlando Furio’so). A»
Biscayan, to whom Zerbi‘no commits
Isabella. He proves a traitor and tries
to ravish her, but, being interrupted by
a pirate crew, flies for safety to Al-

honzo’s court, Here Almo’‘nio defies

im, and overcomes him in single com-
bat. King Alphonzo gives the traitor
to the conqueror, and he is delivered
bound to Zerbino, who awards him as
a punishment to attend Gabri’na for one
year as her champion, and to defend

er against every foe. He accepts the
charge, but hangs Gabrina to an elm.

Odour

909

Off-hand

Almonio in turn hangs Odorico to an
elm.

Odour, In good odour ; in bad odour.
In favour, out of favour; in good
repute, in bad repute. The phrases
refer to the ‘‘ odour of sanctity ”’ (7.v.).

Odour of Sanctity (Jn the). The
Catholics tell us that good persons die in
the *‘odour of sanctity ;’’ and there is
a certain truth in the phrase, for, when
one honoured by the Church dies, it is
not unusual to perfume the room with
incense, and sometimes to embalm the
body. Homer tells us (Iliad, xxiii.)
that Hector’s body was washed with
rose- water. In Egypt the dead are
washed with rose-water and perfumed
with incense (Afaillet : Letters, x. p. 88).
Herodétos says the same thing (History,
ti, 86-90). When the wicked and those
hated die, no such care is taken of them.

“In both the Greek and Western Church in-
cense is used, and the aroma of these consecrated
oils follows the believer from birth to death,”—
Nineteenth Century SA pril, 1894, p. 534.

% The Catholic notion that priests
bear, about with them an odour of
sanctity may be explained in a similar
matner: they are so constantly present
when the censers diffuse sweet odour,
that their clothes and skin smell of the
incense:

‘? Shakespeare has a strong passage
on the disodour of impiety, Antidchus
and his daughter, whose wickedness
abounded, were. killed by lightning, and
the poet says :—

“ A fire from heaven came and shrivelled up
Rhee adosies, e’en to loathing; for they 80
That all those eyes adored them ere their fall
Scorned now their hand should give them

burial.” Pericles, Prince of Tyre, ii. 4.

Odrysium Carmen. The poetry
of Orpheus, a native of Thrace, called
Odrysia tellus, because the Od’rysés
were its chief inhabitants.

O’dur, Husband of Freyja, whom he
deserted. (Scandinavian mythology.)

Od’yle (2 syl.). That which emanates
from a medium to produce the several
phenomena connected with mesmerism,
spirit-rapping, table-turning, and so on.

he productions of these ‘‘ manifesta-
tions’’_ is sometimes called od’ylism.
Baron Reichenbach called it Od force, a
force which becomes manifest wherever
chemical action is going on, .

_ Od'yssey. The poem of Homer which
records the adventures of Odysseus
oe) in his home-voyage from Troy.

e word is an adjective formed out of

the hero’s name, and means the things
or adventures of Ulysses.

G@’dipus, [am no @dipus. I cannot
uess what you mean. (&dipus guessed
he riddle of the Sphinx, and saved

Thebes from her ravages. (See SPHINX,)

Gil. A /eil, On credit, for nothing.
Corruption of the Italian a «ffo (gratis).
In the French translation of Don Quixote
is this passage :—

“Ma femme, disait Sancho Panga, ne m‘a jamais
dit oui que quand il fallait dire non. Or elles sont
toutes de méme.... Elles sont toutes bonnes a
pendre... passé céla, elles ne valent pas ce que
jiai dans l'cei).”

Gil de Beuf (L’).
tion-room (sale) in the palace of Ver-
sailles, lighted by round windows so
called. The ceiling, decorated by Van
der Meulen, contained likenesses of the
children of Louis XIV. (seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries),

Les Fastes de V Gil de Beuf. The
annals of the courtiers of the Grand
Monarque ; anecdotes of courtiers gener-
ally. The ail de beuf is the round
window seen in eutresols, etc. The
ante-room where courtiers waited at the
royal chamber of Versailles had these
ox-eye windows, and hence they were
called by this name.

Off (Saxon, of ; Latin, ad, from, away).
The house is a mile off—i.e. is ‘*away”’
or ‘‘from’’ us a mile. The word pre-
ceding off defines its scope. To be
‘‘avell off’ is to be away or on the way
towards well-being ; to be badly off is to
be away or on the way to the bad. In
many cases ‘‘ off’’ is part of acompound
verb, as to ent-off (away), to peel-off,
to march-off, to tear-off, to take-off, to
get-off, etc. The off-side of horses when
in pairs is that to the right hand of the
coachman, the horses on his /eft-hand
side are called the ‘‘ near ’’ horses. This,
which seems rather anomalous, arises
from the fact that all teamsters walk
beside their teams on the left side, so
that the horses on the left side are near
him, and those on the right side are
farther off.

He is well off; he is badly off. He
is in good circumstances; he is strait-
ened in circumstances, étre bien [or
mal] dans ses affaires. In these phrases
“ off’? meaus fares, ‘he fares well [or
ill]; his affairs go-off well [or ill].
(Anglo-Saxon, offers.)

Off-hand. Without preparation; im-
promptu. The phrase, ‘in hand,” as,
““It was Jong in hand,” means that it
was long in operation, or long a-doing;

A large recep-

Off his Head

910

Ogygian Deluge

so that ‘‘ off-hand’? must mean it was
not ‘‘ in hand.”’

Off his Head. Delirious, deranged,
not able to use his head; so ‘‘off his
feed,”’ not able to eat or enjoy his food.
The latter phrase is applied to horses
which refuse to eat their food.

Off the Hooks. Indisposed and un-
able to work. A door or gate off the
hooks is unhinged, and does not work
properly. Also, dead.

Of with his Head! So much for
Buckingham! (Colley Cibber : The
Tragical History of Richard IIL, altered
from Shakespeare, )

Offa’s Dyke, which runs from Beach-
ley to Flintshire, was not the work of
Offa, King of Mercia, but was repaired
by him. It existed when the Romans
were in England, for five Roman roads
cross it. Offa availed himself of it as a
line of demarcation that was sufficiently
serviceable, though by no means tally-
- ing’ with his territory éither in extent
or position.

Og, King of Bashan, according to
Rabbinical mythology, was an antedilu-
vian giant, saved from the flood by
climbing on the roof of the ark. After
the passage of the Red Sea, Moses first
conquered Sihon, and then advanced
against the giant Og (whose bedstead,
made of iron, was above 15 feet long and
nearly 7 feet broad, Deut. iii. 11). The
Rabbins say that Og plucked up a
mountain to hurl.at the Israelites, but
he got so entangled with his burden, that
Moses was able to kill him without much
difficulty.

Og, in the satire of Absalom and
Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is
Thomas Shadwell, who succeeded Dry-
den as poet-laureate. Dryden called
him MacFlecknoe, and says ‘‘he never
deviates into sense.” He is called Og
because he was a very large and fat
man. (Part ii.)

Og’hams. The heel in use among
the ancient Irish and some other Celtic
nations prior to the ninth century.

“The oghams seem to haye been merely tree-
runes. The Irish regarded the oghamsas a forest,
the individual characters being trees (feada),
while each cross-stroke is called a twig (fleasg),’
Bus ag Taylor: The Alphabet, Vol. ii. chap. viii.
p. 226.

Oghris. The lion that followed Prince
Murad like a dog. (Croqguemitaine.)

Ogier the Dane (2 91). One of
the paladins of King Charlemagne.

Various fairies attended at his birth,
and bestowed upon him divers gifts,
Among them: was Morgue, who when
the knight was a hundred years old
embarked him for the isle and castle of
Av'alon, ‘‘hard by the terrestrial para-
dise.’” The vessel .in which he sailed
was wrecked, and Ogier was in despair,
till he heard a voice that bade him
‘fear nothing, but enter the castle
which I will show thee.” So he got to
the island and entered the castle, where
he found a horse sitting at a banquet-
table. The horse, whose name was
Papillon, and who had once been a
mighty prince, conducted him to Morgue
the Fay, who gave him (1) a ring which
removed all infirmities and restored him
to ripe manhood; (2) a Lethean crown
which made him forget his country and
ast life; and (8) introduced him to
{ing Arthur. Two hundred years rolled
on, and France was invaded by the
Paynims. Morgue now removed the
crown from Ogier’s head and sent him
to defend ‘“‘le bon pays de France,’’
Having routed the invaders, Morgue
took him back to Avalon, and he has
never reappeared on this earth of ours,
(Oger le Dandie > @ romance.)

O'gier the Dane. . Represented as the
Knave of Spades in the French pack.
He is introduced by Ariosto in his Or-
lando Furioso.

The swords of Oyier the Dane.
ta’na (the cutter), and Sauvagine.
Morris: Earthly Paradise, August.)

Ogleby (Lord). A superannuated
nobleman who affects the gaiety and
races of a young man. (Coe vistine

arriage, by Garrick and Colman the
Elder.)

O’gres of nursery mythology are
giants of very malignant dispositions,
who live on human flesh, It is an
Eastern invention, and the word is de-
rived from the Ogurs, a desperately
savage horde of Asia, who overran part
of Europe in the fifth century. Others
derived it from Orcus, the ugly, cruel
man-eating monster sofamiliar to.readers
of Bojardo and Ariosto. The female is
Ogress.

O’Groat. (See JOHN 0’? GROAT.) ~
Ogyg'ian Deluge. A flood which

Cur-
(See

‘overran a-part of Greece while Og’ygés

was, king of Attica. There were two
floods so called—one in Beeotia, when
the lake Copa’is overflowed its banks;
and another in Attica, when the whole

~0i Polloi

911

Old Dominion

territory was laid waste for two hundred
years (B.0, 1764).

Varro tells us that the planet Venus underwent
a great change in the reign of Ogyges (Ssyl.). It
changed its diameter, its colour, fts figure, andits
course.

* Ogyges Deluge occurred more than

200 years before Deucalion’s Flood.

Oi Polloi, properly Hoi Polloi,

Chey The commonalty, the many,

University slang the ‘‘ poll men,’’

or those who take degrees without
‘**honours.’’

Oignement de Bretaigne (French).
A sound drubbing. Oignement is a
noun corruptly formed from hogner. In
Lyons boys called the little cuffs which
they gave each other hognes.

“ Frére Elouthere a trenchoisons,
bd fee orgement de Bretaigne ;
Qui garist de roigne et de taigne.”
Le Martyre de S. Denis, etc., p, 129,

Oignons @Egypte. The flesh-pots

of Egypt. Hence ‘‘regretier les oignons
@ Lgypte,” to sigh for the flesh-ppts of
Egypt, to long for luxuries lost and
gone. ,

Je plume oignons. I scold or grumble,
Also peler des gignons in the same sense,
A corruption of hogner, to scold or
grumble,

“ Grifon. Que fais-tu 14?
Braynault. Je plume ongnons.”
La Quarte Journéc du Mistere de la Passion.

“ Pas ne savoit Ongnons peler,”
Villon: Ballade il,
Oil. To strike oil. To make a happy
hit or valuable discovery, |The phrase
refers to hitting upon or discovering a
bed of petroleum or mineral oil.

Oil of Palms. Money. Huile is
French slang for ‘ money,”’ as will ap-
pear from the following quotation :—
“71 faudra que vostre bourse fasse les
frais de vostre curiosité ; il faut de la
pecune, wl faut de Vhuile,”” (La Fausse
Coquette, il. 7; 1694.)

Oil on Troubled Waters,

As a physical fact, Professor Horsford,
by eae ee a vial of oil upon the sea
in a stiff breeze, did actually still the
ruffled surface, Commodore Wilkes,
of the United States, saw the same

effect produced in a violent storm off.

the Cape of Good Hope, by oil leaking
from a whale-ship.

Origin of the phrase: The phrase is
mentioned by the Venerable Bede in his

Ecclesiastical History written in Latin, |

and completed in 735. Stapleton trans-
lated the book in 1565. St. Aidan, it
appears, gave his blessing to a young
priest who was to set out by land, but
return by water, to convoy a young
maiden destined for the bride of King
Oswin or Oswy.. St. Aidan gave the
young man a cruse of oil to pour on the
sea if the waves became stormy. A
storm did arise, and the young priest,
pouring oil on the waves, did actually
reducé them to a calm. Bede says he
had the story from ‘‘a most creditable
man in Holy Orders.’’

¥ St, Aidan died in 694, and Bede
died in 735. There is no question in
archeology so often asked to be ex-
plained as this.

Qil the Knocker (Zo). To fee the
porter. The expression is from Racine,
“On wentre point chez lut saps graisser
le martequ’’ (‘‘No one enters his house
without oiling the knocker’). (Les
Plaideurs.)

Ointment. Money. From the fable
De la Vieille gui Oint la Palme au
Chevalier (thirteenth century).

“Volebant autem prefa’tir clerici al‘iquem
ha/beré lega’tum natio’né Roma‘num, que un-
guentis Anglicis, auro scilicet et argento solent
ad quelibet inclina’ri,"—Gervais de Canterbury:
Chronicle ; Scriptores decem ii., 1533,

Olaf or Olave (St.). The first Christian
king of Norway, slain in battle by his
pagan subjects in 1030. He is usually
represented in royal attire, bearing the
sword or halbert of his martyrdom, and
sometimes carrying a loaf of bread, as a
rebus on his name, which in Latin is
Holofius or Whole-loaf. (Born 998.)

Old Bags. John Scott, Lord Eldon;
so called from his carrying home with
him in different bags the cases still pend-
ing his judgment, (1751-1838.)

Old Blade (An). “Un vieux routier”?
an old stager), meaning one up to snuff.
See SNUFF.)

« Old Bon4 Fide. Louis XIV. (1638,
1643-1715).

Old Boots. Like old boots. Famously.:
‘Cheeky as old boots,’? very saucy.
‘¢ He ran like old boots,’ 4.e, very fast.

| The reference is to thé nursery story of

the Seven-leagued Boots, old being sim-
ply a word of fondness, as ‘* Well, old
boy,” ete. The allusion, suitable enough
in many phrases, becomes, when used in
slang, very remotely applicable.

Old Dominion. Virginia. Every
Act of Parliament to the Declaration of

Old England

912

Old as Adam

—_——— ——————————— —-.0@—G CO O00“ ee

Independence designated Virginia ‘ the
Colony and Dominion of Virginia.’’ Cap-
tain John Smith, in his History of Vir-
genta (1629), calls this ‘‘ colony and’ do-
minion’? Ould Virginia, in contradis-
tinction to Mew tee and other
British settlements.

Old England. This term was first
used in 1641, twenty-one years after our
American colony of New Virginia re-
ceived the name of New England.

Old Faith Men. (See PHILIPPINS.)

Old Fogs. The 87th Foot; so called
from the war-cry ‘‘ Fag-an-Bealach”’
(Clear the way), pronounced Fuug-a-
bollayh. The 87th Foot is now called
‘The Royal Irish Fusiliers.”’

Qld Fox. Marshal Soult; so called
by the soldiers because of his strategic
eee and never-failing resources.
(1769-1851.) (See Fox.) —

Old Gentleman (TZie).
_@ cheating card.

Old Glory. The United States’ Flag.
Sir Francis Burdett (1770-1844).

Old Gooseberry. To play [or play
up] old gooseberry. To bea third person;
to bedetrop. Old Gooseberry is the name
given to a person accompanying an en-
gaged couple.

Old Grog. Admiral Edward Vernon ;
so called by British sailors from his
wearing a grogram cloak in foul weather.
(1684-1757.)

Old Hands, supernumeraries who
have been used to the work, ‘New
hands”? are those new to the work.

Old Harry. The devil.
Harry.)

Old Humphrey. ‘Che nom-de-plume
of George Mogridge, of London, author
of several interesting books for children,
(Died 1854.)

Old Mortality. The itinerant anti- °
quary in Sir Walter Scott’s novel of that
name. It is said to be a picture of
Robert Paterson, a Scotchman, who
busied himself in clearing the moss from
the tombstones of the Covenanters,

Old News. Stale news. Hawker’s
(or pipers) news. ‘‘ Le secret de poli-
chinelle.”’

A pinch for old news, A schoolboy’s
punishment to one of his mates for tell-

ing as news what is well known,

The devil;

(Sees

Old Noll. (See Nout.)
Old Noll’s Fiddler, (Sce FIDDLER.)

Old Port School. Old-fashioned
clergymen, who stick to Church and
State, old port and ‘‘ orthodoxy.”’

Old Reeky. (Sce AULD REEKIE.)

Old Rowley. Charles II. was so
called from his favourite racehorse, A
portion of the Newmarket racecourse is
oat called Rowley Mile, from the same

orse,

Old Salt (An).
sailor.

Old Scratch. The devil; so called
from Schratz or Skratti, a demon of
Scandinavian mythology. (See Nick.)

Old Song. Went for an old song.
Was sold for a mere trifle, for a nominal
sum or price.

Old Style—New Style. Old Style
means computed according to the un-
reformed calendar. New Style means
computed according to the calendar re-
formed and corrected by Gregory XIII.
in 1582, The New Style was introduced
into England, in 1752, during the reign of
George II., when Wednesday, September
2nd, was followed by Thursday, Septem\-
ber 14th, This has given rise to a double
computation, as Lady Day, March 25th,
Old Lady Day, April 6th ; Midsummer
Day, June 24th, Old Midsummer Day,
July 6th; Michaelmas Day, September
29th, Old Michaelmas Day, October
llth; Christmas Day, December 26th,
Old Christmas Day, January 6th,

Old Tom. Cordial gin. Thomas
Norris, one of the men employed in
Messrs, Hodges’ distillery, opened a gin
palace in Great Russell Street, Covent
Garden, and called the gin concocted by
Thomas Chamberlain, one of the firm of
Hodges, ‘‘ Old Tom,”’ in compliment. to
his former master.

Old Women, in theatrical parlance,
means actresses who take the part of
‘¢old women.’ In full companies
there are first and second ‘‘ old women.”
The term Old Men is similarly used. —

Old World. So Europe, Asia, and

An experienced

Africa are called when compared with.

North and South America (the New
World).

Old as Adam, Generally used as a

reproof for stating as news somethin
wellknown, ‘ That’s as old as Adam,
or was known as far back as the days of
Adam. (See OLD AS METHUSELAH.) ©

t

Old as Methuselah

913

Olindo

Old as Methuselah. Of great age.
Methuselah was the oldest man that
ever lived. (See above.)

Old as the Hills. ‘‘Old as Panton
Gates.’’? (See Panton Gates.)

Old Age Restored to Youth, ‘La
fontaine de Jowvence ft rejovenir la gent,”
ee Fad ose Medea us the | ames

rinding old men young. Ogier’s Ring
(9-2) restored tha aged to youth again.

e Dancing Water restores the aged
woman to youth and beauty. (See
Water.)

Old Dogs will not Learn New
Tricks, In Latin, ‘‘ Senex psittacus
negligit feritlam”’ (An old parrot does
not mind the stick). _When persons are
old they do not readily fall into new
ways.

Old Lady of Threadneedle Street.
The Bank of England, situated in
Threadneedle Street. So called from a
caricature by Gilray, dated 22nd May,
1797, and entitled Zhe Old Lady in
Threadneedle Street in Danger. It re-
ferred to the temporary stopping of cash
payments 26th February, 1797, and one

und bank-notes were issued 4th March
he same year.

Old Man Eloquent. Isocra’tés ; so
called by Milton. When he heard of
the result of the battle of Cherone’a,
which was fatal to Grecian liberty, he
died of grief. _

“ That dishonest victory
AtCherone’s, fatal to liberty, 7
Killed with report that Old Man Eloquent.”

Milton: Sonnets,

Old Man of the Moon (Zhe). The
Chinese deity who links in wedlock pre-
destined couples. (See MAN IN THE
Moon.)

“The Chinese bave a firm belief in marriages
being made in heaven. A certain deity, whom
they call the ‘Old Blan of the Moon,’ links with a
silken cord all predestined couples."—J. N. Jor-
dan; Modern China~ (Nineteenth Century, July,
1886, p. 45).

Old Man of the Mountain. Hassan-
ben-Sabah, the sheik Al Jebal, und
rari of the sect called Assassins

q.0.)- :

Old Man of the Sea. In the story
of Sinbad the Sailor, the Old Man of the
Sea, ‘hoisted on the shoulders of Sinbad,
clung there and refused to dismount.
Sinbad released himself from his burden
by making the Old Man drunk, (Ara-
bian Nights.)

Oldbuck, An antiquary; from the
character of Jonathan Oldbuck, a

638 3

‘vested in a class,

whimsical virtuoso in Sir Walter Scott’s
Antiquary.

Oldcastle Br dak ie called the
Good Lord Cobham, the first Christian
martyr among the English nobility
(December 14th, 1417).

Old’enburg Horn. A horn long in
the possession of the reigning princes of
the House of Oldenburg, but now in the
collection of the King of Denmark. Ac-
cording to tradition, Count Otto of
Oldenburg, in 967, was offered drink in
this silver-gilt horn by a “wild woman,”
at the Osenborg. As he did not like
thé look of the liquor, he threw it away,
and rode off with the horn.

Oldest Nation and most ancient of
all languages. Psammetichus of Egypt,
wishing to penetrate these secrets, com-
manded that two infants should be
eae Ss up in such seclusion that the
should never hear « single word uttered.
When they had been thus secluded for
two years, the boys both cried out to
the keeper, ‘‘ Becos ! Becos!’’ a Phrygian
word for Bread, so Psammetichus de-
clared the Phrygian language to be
man’s primitive speech. (See Lan-
GUAGE.)

O’leum Adde Camino. To pour oil
on fire; to aggravate a’ wound under
pretence of healing it. (Horace: Satires,
li, 3, 321.)

Olib’rius (4). The wrong man in
the wrong place. Olib’rius was.a Roman
senator, proclaimed emperor by surprise
in 472, but he was wholly unsuited for
the office,

Olifaunt. Lord Nigel Olifaunt of
Glenverloch, on going to court to present
a petition to King James I., aroused
the dislike of the Duke of Buckingham ;
Lord Dalgarno gave him the cut direct,
when Nigel struck him, and was obliged
to seek refuge in Alsatia. After various
adventureshe married Margaret Ramsay,
the watchmaker’s daughter. (Sir Walter
Scott: Fortunes of Nigel.)

Oligar’chy [olly-gar’-ky]. A govern-
ment in which the supreme power is
(Greek, oligos, the
few; arché, rule.)

Olin’do, The Mahometan king of
Jerusalem, at the advice of his magician,
stole an image of the Virgin, and set it
apie a palladium in the chief mosque.

e image was stolen during the night,
and the king, unable to discover the

perpetrator, ordered all his Christian

Olio

914

Ollapod

subjects to be put to the sword. So-
fronia, to prevent this wholesale mas-
sacre, accused herself of the deed, and
was condemned to be burnt. alive.
Olindo, her lover, hearing of this, went
to the king and took on himself the
blame; whereupon both were con-
demned to death, but were saved by the
intercession of Clorinda, (Jerusalem
Delivered.)

O’lio or Oglio, A mixture or medley
of any sort. (Spanish, ol/a, a pot for
boiling similar to what the French-call
their pot au feu. The olio is the mixture
of bread, vegetables, spices, meat, etc.,
boiled in this pot.)

Olive (2 syl.). Sacred to Pallas
Athe’né. (See OLIVE-TREE.)

EmBiem of (1) Chastity. In Greece
the newly-married bride wore-an olive-
garland; with us the orange-blossom is
more usual.

(2) Fecundity; The fruit of the olive
is produced in vast profusion; so that
olive-trees are vrata bts to their owners.
(See ORANGE-BLOSSOMS. )

(3) Merit. Inancient Greece a crown
of olive-twigs was the highest distinction
of acitizen who had deserved well of his
country,

(4) Peace. An olive-branch was
anciently a symbol of peace. The van-
quished who sued for peace carried olive-
branches in their hands. And an olive-
twig in the hands of a king (on medals),
as in the case of Numa, indicated a reign
of peace. 2

To hold out the olive branch. To make overtures
of peace.

(5) Prosperity. David says, “I am
like a green olive-tree in the house of
God” (Psalm li. 8).

(6) Victory. The highest prize in the
Olympic games was a crown of olive-
leaves.

ORIGIN of the oliwe-tree, The tale is,
that Athéné (Minerva) and Poseidon
(Neptune) disputed the honovr of giving
a name to a certain city.of Greece,
and agreed to settle the question by a
trial of which could produce the best
gift for the new city. Athéné com-
manded the earth to bring forth the
olive-tree, Poseidon commanded the sea
to bring forth the war-horse. Athéné’s
gift was adjudged the better, and the
city was called Athens.

OVive Branches. Children of a
parent, It is a Scripture term: “Thy
wife shall be as a fruitful vine . . . thy’
children Jike olive plants round about
thy table’? (Psalm cxxviii. 3),

Oliver. Son and heir of Sir Row-
land de Boys, who hated his youngest
brother Orlando, and persuaded him to
try a wrestling match witha professed
wrestler, hoping thus to kill his brother;
but _when Orlando proved victorious,
Oliver swore to set fire to his chamber
when he was asleep. Orlando fled to
the forest of Arden, and Oliver pursued
him; but one day, as he slept in the
forest, a snake and a lioness lurked near
to make him their prey; Orlando hap-
pened to be passing, and slew the two
monsters. When Oliver discovered this
heroic deed he repented of his ill-
conduct, and his sorrow so interested
the Princess Celia that she fell in love
with him, and they were married.
(Shakespeare: As You Like Jt.)

Oliver or Olivier. Charlemagne’s
favourite paladin, who, with Roland,
rode by his side. He was Count of
Genes, and brother of the beautiful
Aude. His sword was called Havte-
claire, and his herse Ferrant d’ Espagne.

A Rowland for an Oliver. Tit for tat,
quid pro quo. Dr. J, N. Scott says that

‘this proverb is modern, and owes its rise

to the Cavaliers in the time of the Civil
wars in England, These Cavaliers, by
way of rebuff, gave the anti-monarchical
party a General Monk for their Oliver
Cromwell. As Monk’s Christian name
was George, it is hard to believe that the
doctor is correct. (See ROLAND.)

Oliv’etans. Brethren of ‘‘ Our Lady
of Mount Olivet,’? an offshoot of the
Benedictine order,

Oliv'ia, Niece of Sir Toby Belch.
Malvo'lio is her steward, Maria her
woman, Fabian and a clown her male
servants. (Shakespeare : Palle Night.)

Olivia. A female Tartuffe (q.v.) in
Wycherley’s Plain Dealer, A con-
summate hypocrite, of most unblushing
effrontery.

Olla Podri’da, Odds and.ends, a
mixture of scraps. In Spain it takes the
place of the French pot au feu, into
which every sort of eatable is thrown
and stewed. (See Oxto.) Used figura-
tively, the term means an incongruous
mixture, a miscellaneous collection of:
any kind, a medley. :

OVlapod. An apothecary, always:
trying to say a witty thing, and looking’
for wit in the conversation’ of others.
When he finds anything which he can
construe into ‘ point” he says, “ Thank
you, good sir; Lowe you one,” Hehad

oy

Olympia 915

Omorea

a military taste, and was appointed
*‘cornet in the volunteer association of
cavalry’? of hisowntown. (G, Colman’:
The Poor Gentleman.)

Olym'pia (in Orlando Furioso), Coun-
tess of Holland, and wife of Bire’no,
Cymosco of Friza wanted to force her to
marry his son Arbantes, but Arbantés
was slain. This aroused the fury of
Cymosco, who seized Birenod, and would
have put him to death if Orlando had
not slain Cymosco. Bireno having de-
serted Olympia, she was bound naked
to a-rock by pirates; but Orlando de-
livered her and took her to Ireland.

_Here King Oberto espoused her cause,

slew Bireno, and married the young
widow, (Bks. iv., v.)

Olym’piad, among the ancient
Greeks, was a period of four years,
being the interval between the celebra-
tions of their Olympic Games.

Olympian Jove, or rather Zeus (1
syl,) Astatue by Phidias, and reckoned
one of the ‘Seven Wonders of the
World.” Pausanias (vii. 2) says when
the sculptor placed it in the temple at

Elis, he ‘go the god to indicate |

whether he was satisfied with it, and
immediately a thunderbolt fell on the
floor of’ the temple without doing the
slightest harm.

* The statue was made of ivory and
gold, and though seated on a throne,
was 60 feet in height. The left hand
rested on.a sceptre, and the right palm
held a statue of Victory in solid gold.
The robes were of gold, and so were the
four lions which supported the footstool.
The throne was of cedar, embellished
with ebony, ivory, gold, and precious’
stones. (See MINERVA.)

It was placed in the temple at Elis
B.C. 4383, was removed to Constantinople,
and perished in the great fire of a.p. 475,
It was completed in 4 years, and of
course the materials were supplied by the
Government of Elis,

The “Homer of Sculptors” died in prison, hav- °

ing been incarcerated on the trumpery charge of
having introduced on a shield of one of his
statues a portrait of himself.

‘Olympic Games, Games held by
the Greeks at Olym’pia, in Elis, every
fourth year, in the month of July. ~

Olympus. On the confines of Mace-
donia.and Thessaly, where the fabulous
courtof Ji - was supposed to be held.
It is used for any eon, as “ Odin,
Thor, Balder, and the rest of the

hern Olympus,” The word means

. ease of omnes. (all). Yet

all bright or clear.. In Greek the word

_1s Ohunpos.

O’Lynn (Brian). Slang for gin. (See
Cutvy.)

Om. <A Sanscrit word, somewhat
similar to Amen. When the gods are
asked to rejoice in a sacrifice, the god
Savitri cries out Om (Be it so). When
Pravahan is asked if his father has in-
structed him, he answers Om (Verily).
Brahmans begin and end their lessons on
the Veda with the word Om, for ‘‘ unless
Om precedes his lecture, it will be like
water on a rock, which cannot be
gathered up; and unless it concludes
the lecture, it will bring forth no fruit.’

Om mani padém him. These are the
first six syllables taught the children of
Tibet and Mongolia, and the last words
uttered by the dying in those lands. It
is met with everywhere as a charm.

O’man’s Sea, The Persian Gulf.

Ompre. A Spanish game of cards
called the royal game of ombre. Prior
has an epigram on the subject. He
says he was playing ombre with two
ladies, and though he wished to Iose,
won everything, for Fortune gave him
“success in every suif but hearts.’”
Pope has immortalised the game in his
Rape of the Lock. .

Omega. The alpha and omega, The
first and the last, the beginning and the
end. Alpha is the jist and omega the
last letter of the Greek alphabet.

Omens, (See Inu OMENS.)

Omeyinger Saga. An historical
tradition of Scandinavia,

Om‘nibus. The French have a good
slang term for these conveyances. The
call “ omnibus a ‘‘ Four Banal” (parish
oven).

*.* Of course, omnibus (for all) is the oblique
owitt, in his Visits to
Remarkable Places (1840), says ‘‘ Cabs and cars and
omnibi and stages” (p. 200), The plural of omni-
bus is “ omnibuses.”

Om'‘nium (Latin, of all). The par-

‘ticulars of all the items, or the as-

signment of all. the securities, of a
government loan.

Om/nium Gath’erum. _ Dog Latin
for a gathering or collection of all sorts
of persons and. things; a miscellaneous
gathering together without. regard to
suitability or order. — ~

Omorca. The goddess who was
sovereign of the universe when if was
first created. It was coVered with water

and darkness, but contained some few
animals of monster forms, representa-
tions of which may be seen in the Temple
of Bel. (Berosius.)

Om'phale (3 syl.). The masculine
but attractive Queen of Lydia, to whom

Herculés was bound a slave for three -

years. He fell in love with her, and led
an effeminate life spinning wool, while
Om’phale wore the lion’s skin and was
lady paramount.

*’ The celebrated picture of Hercules spinning
in the presence of Omphale, by,Annibal Carracci,
is in the Farnese Gallery.

On dit (French). <A rumour, a re-
port; as, ‘‘ There is an on dit on Ex-
change that Spain will pay up its back
dividends.”’

On the Loose, Dissolute (which is
dis-sohitus). ‘* Living on the loose”? is
leading a dissolute life, or out on the
spree,

On the Shelf. Passé, no longer
“popular, one of the ‘‘has-beens.’? The
reference is not to pawns laid on the
shelf, but to books no longer read, and
ee no longer ‘worn, laid by on the
shelf.

One-horse System (4). A one-
sided view; looking at all things from
one standpoint ; bigotry.

One-horse Universities. Petty
local universities.

“The provincial University:of Toronto was
thrown open to Nonconformists, unluckily not
before the practice of chartering sectarian ins
stitutions had been introduced, and Canada
had been saddled with ‘ one-horse universities.’”
—Prof. Goldwin Smith ; Nineteenth Century, July,
1886, p. 21,

One Step from the Sublime to the
Ridiculous. Tom Paine said, ‘‘ The
sublime and the ridiculous are often so
nearly related that it is difficult to class
them séparately. One step above the
sublime makes the ridiculous, and one
step above the ridiculous makes the sub-
lime again,”’

One too Many for Him (Iwas). I
outwitted him; or ‘*One too much
for you.”’

“You have lost, old fellow ; I was one too much
ahaa The Mystery of Ovrcivat,

One Touch of Nature Makes the
whole World Kin. (Shakespeare:
Troilus and Cressida, iii. 3.)

Onion Pennies. Roman coins dug
up at Silchester; so called from one
Onion, a giant, who, the country people
say, inhabited the buried city, Sil-
chester used to be called by the British

Omphale 916

Open Air Mission

Ard-Oneon—i.c. Avdal Onion (the region
of Einion or Onion).

Only (The). Jean Paul Friedrich
Richter (1763-1825). Carlyle says, ‘* In
the whole circle of literature we look
in vain for his parallel.’’ (German, Der
Einzige.)

On’slow, invoked by Thomson in his
Autumm, was Arthur Onslow, the
Speaker of the House of Commons,
termed clarwn ac venera'bile nomen. It
was said of him that ‘his knowledge of
the Constitution was only equalled by
his attachment to it.”

Onus (Latin). The burden, the
blame, the responsibility; as, ‘The
whole onxs must rest on your own
shoulders,”’

O’nus Proban’di. The obligation of
proof; as, ‘*The onus probandi rests
with the accuser.’’

Onyx is Greek for a finger-nail; so
called because the colour of an onyx
resembles that of the finger-nail,

O'pal, From the Greek ops (the eye).
Considered unlucky for the same reason
that peacocks’ feathers in a house are
said to be unlucky, A peacock’s feather,
being full of eyes, act as spies in a house,
prying into one’s privacy. Similarly, it
is unlucky to introduce the eye-stone or
opal into a house, because it will inter-
fere with the sanctity of domestic pri-
vacy. (See CERAUNIUM).

“ Not an opal
Wrapped in a bay-leaf in my left fist,

To charm their eyes with.” iz
en Jonson: New yn, i. 6.

Opal of Alphonso XII. (of Spain)
seemed to be fatal. The king, on his
wedding day, presented an opal ring to
his wife (Mercedes, daughter of the Duke
of Montpensier), but her death occurred
soon afterwards. Before the funeral the
king gave the ring to his sister (Maria
del Pilar), who died a few days after-
wards. The king then presented the
ring to his sister-in-law (the Princess
Christina, youngest daughter of the Duke
of Montpensier), who died within three
months. Alphonso, astounded at these
fatalities, resolved to wear the ring him-
self, but died also within a very short
time. The Queen Regent then attached
the ring to a gold chain, which she sus-
ponte on the neck of the Virgin of
Almudena of Madrid. (See Fatan
Girts.) td:

Open Air Mission, A mission
founded in 1853. Its agents preach im

Open Question

the open air, especially at races, fairs,
and on occasions when large numbers of
people congregate.

Open Question (4m). A statement,
proposal, doctrine, or supposed fact, re-
specting which each individual is allowed
to entertain his own private opinion.
In the House of Commons every member
may vote as he likes, regardless of party
politics, on an open question. In the
Anglican Church it is an open question
whether the Lord’s Supper should be
taken fasting (before breakfast), or
whether it may be taken at noon, or in
the evening. Indubitably the institution
was founded by Christ “‘ after supper ;”’
but Catholics and the High Ritualistic
party insist on its being taken fasting

Open Secret (An). A piece of in-
formation generally known, but not yet
formally announced,

“Tt was an open secret that almost every one
{of Lord Palmerston’s ecclesiastical appoint-

ments] was virtually made by Lord Shaftesbury.”
—Leisure Howr, 1887,

Open, Ses’amé. The charm by which
the door of the robber’s dungeon flew
open. The reference is to the tale of

he Forty Thieves, in the Arabian
Nights.

“These words were the only ‘open sesame’ to
their feelings and sympathies.”—F. Shelton

“The spell loses its power, and be who should
hope to conjure with it would find himself as
much mistaken as Cassim when he stood crying.
“Open, Wheat,’ ‘Open, Barley,’ to the door whic
obeyed no sound but ‘ Open, Sesame.’"

Open the Ball (Zo). To lead off the
first dance; to begin anything which
others will assist in carrying out.

Ophelia. Daughter of Polo’nius the
chamberlain. Hamlet fell in love with
her, but after his interview with the
Ghost, found it incompatible with his

ans to marry her. phelia, thinking

Ris “strange conduct’? the effect of
madness, becomes herself demented, and
in her attempt to gather flowers is
drowned. (Shakespeare : Hamlet.)

Opin’icus. A fabulous monster,
composed of dragon, camel, and lion,
used in heraldry. It forms the crest of
the Barber Surgeons of London:

O'pium-eater (The English
Thomas de Quincey, author of
sions. (1785-1850.)

Oppidan of Eton. Astudent not on
the foundation, but who boards in the
town. (Latin, oppidum.)

~ Optimeé (plural, op-ti-més), in Cam-
bridge phraseology, ts a graduate in

was
onfes-

917

Oracle

honours below a wrangler. Of course,
the Latin optimus (a best man) is the fons
et origo of the term, Optimés are of two
grades: a man of the higher group is
termed a senior optimé, while one of the
inferior class is called a junior optimé.

Op’timism, in moral philosophy, is
the doctrine that ‘‘whatever is, is
right,’’ that everything which happens
is for the best.

O'pus Ma’‘jus.
Roger Bacon.

Opus Op’eran'tis, in theology, means

that the personal piety of the person
who does the act, and not the act itself,

The great work of

- causes it to be an instrument of grace.

Thus, in the Eucharist, it is the faith
of the recipient which makes it efficient
for grace.

Opus Opera‘tum, in theology, means
that the act conveys grace irrespectively
of the receiver. Thus baptism is said
by many to convey regeneration to an
infant in arms.

Or Ever.
before.)

“ Or ever 1 had seen that day, Horatio.’
Shakespeare: Hamlet, |. 2.

“Dying or ere they sicken.” '
Macbeth, iv. 3.

Oracle. The answer‘of a god or ‘in-
spired priest to an inquiry respecting
the future ; the deity giving responses ;
the place where the deity could be con-
sulted, etc.

Oracle. The following are famous
responses :—

(1) When Croesus consulted the Del-

hic oracle respecting a projected war,
e received for answer, “* Cresus Halyn
penetrans magnum, pervertet opum vim”
(When Croesus passes over the river
Halys, he will overthrow the strength of
anempire). Croesus supposed the oracle
meant he would overthrow the enemy’s
empire, but it was his own that he
destroyed.

(2) Pyrrhus, being about to make war
against Rome, was told by the oracle:
“Aio te, Aacide, Roma'nos vin'cere posse”?
(I say, Pyrrhus, that you the Romane
can conquer), which may mean either
You, Pyrrhus, can overthrow the Romans,
or Pyrrhus, the Romans can overthrow

Ere ever, (Saxon, er,

you,
(3) Another prince, consulting the
oracle concerning a projected war, re-

ceived for answer, ‘ [his redi'bis nun-

quam per bella peribis”? (You shall go
shall return never you shall perish Ee
the war), It will be seen that the whole

Oracle

918

Orange Lilies

gist of this response depends on the
lace of the omitted comma; it may be
ou shall return, you shall never perish in
the war, or You shall return never, you
shall perish in the war, which latter was
the fact.

(4) Philip of Macedon sent to ask the
oracle of Delphi if his Persian expedition
would prove successful, and received for
answer—

“ The ready victim crowned for death
Before the altar stands.”

Philip took it for granted that the
‘tyeady victim’’ was the King of Persia,
but it was Philip himself,

(5) When the Greeks. sent to Delphi
to know if they would succeed against
the Persians, they were told—

“* Seed-time and harvest, weeping sires shall tell

How thousands fought at Salamis and fell.”
But whether the Greeks or the Persians
were to be ‘‘ the weeping sires,’’ depo-
nent stateth not, nor whether the thou-
sands ‘‘ about to fall’’ were to be Greeks
or Persians. (See PUNCTUATION.)

~ (6) When Maxentius was about to en-
counter Constantine, he consulted the
guardians of the Sibylline Books as to
the fate of the battle, and the prophetess
told him, ‘‘ Z//o die hostem Romanorum
esse periturum,”? but whether Maxen-
tius or Constantine was “‘ the enemy of
the Roman people”’ the oracle left un-
decided. ;

(7) In the Bible we have a similar
equivoke: When Ahab, King of Israel,
was about to wage war on the king of
Syria, and asked Micaiah if Ramoth-
Gilead would fall into his hands, the
ee replied, ‘* Go, for the Lord will

eliver the city into the hands of the
king” (1 Kings xxii. 15, 35). Ahab
thought that he himself was the king re-
ferred to, but the city fellinto the hands
of the king of Syria.

There are scores of punning prophecies
equally equivocal,

Oracle (Sir). A dogmatical person,
one not to be gainsaid. The ancient
oracles professed to be the responses of
the gods, from which there could be no.

“T am Sir Oracle,

appeal.
And when I ope my lips let no dog bark.”
erchant of Venice, i. 1.

Shakespeare :

To work the oracle. Toinduce another

to favour some plan or join in some
project,

“They fetched a rattling price through Star-
light’s working the oracle with those swells,’—
Boldrewood: Robbery under Arms, chap. xii.

Oracle of the Church (Zhe). St,
Bernard, (1091-1153,)

Oracle oa rg ppt ag
bue, near Cathay, in Upper .
Books iv. and v. ve Rabelais are Ged.
pied by. the search for this oracle. . The
ostensible object was to obtain an
answer to a question which had been
put to sibyl and poet, monk and fool,
philosopher and witch, judge and
‘‘sort,’? viz. ‘* whether Panurge should
marry or not?’’? The whole affair is a
disguised satire on the Church. The
celibacy of the clergy was fora long time
a moot point of great difficulty, and the
“ Holy Bottle ’’ or cup to the laity was
one of the moving causes of the ‘ great
schisms’? from the Roman . Catholic
Church. The crew setting sail for the
Bottle refers to Anthony, Duke of Ven-
déme, afterwards king of Navarre,
setting out in search ot religious truth.
Bacbuc is the Hebrew for a bottle. The
anthem sung before the fleet set sail
was When Israel went out of bondage,
and all the emblems of the ships bore
upon the proverb ‘Jn vino verttas.”
Bacbuc is both the Bottle and the
priestess of the Bottle.

Oracle of Sieve and Shears (Zhe).
This method of divination is mentioned
by Theoc’ritos. The modus operandi was
as follows:—The points of the shears
were stuck in the rim of a sieve, and
two persons supported them with their
finger-tips. Then a verse of the Bible
was read aloud, and St. Peter and St.
Paul were asked if it was A, B, or C
(naming the persons suspected), When
the right. person was named, the sievo
would suddenly turn round.

“Searching for things lost with a sieve and
shears,"—Ben Jonson: Alchemist, i.3

Oracles were extremely numerous,
and very expensive to those who con-
sulted them. ‘The most famous were
Dodona, Ammon (in Libya), Delphos,
Delos, that of Trophonius (in Boeotia),
and that of Venus in Paphos,

Oracle of APOLLO, at Delphi, the priestess ot
oe was called the Pythoness ; at Deios,and at

aros,

Oracle of Diana, at Colchis ; of ESCULAPIUS, at
Epidaurus, and another in Rome.

& peels of HERCULES, at Athens, and another at
ades,

Oracle of JUPITER, at Dodona (the most noted) ;
another at Ammon, in Libya ; another at Crete.

Oracle of Mars, in Thracé: MINERVA, in My-
cen ; PAN, in Arcadia.

Oracle of TRIPHO’NIUS, in Beotia, where only
men made the responses, iN

Oracle of VENUS, at Paphos, another at Aphaca,
and many others. A it

In most of the temples women, sittin
on a tripod, made the responses. ==

Orange Lilies (The). The 35th Foot. -
Called “orange” because their facings

Orange Lodges

919

Ordeal

were orange till 1832; and “ lilies’’ be-
cause they were given white plumes in
recognition of their gallantry in the
battle of Quebec in 1759, when the
routed the Royal Roussillon Tene
Grenadiers, The white plume was dis-
continued in 1800. The 35th Foot is
now called the ‘‘ The Royal Sussex.”’
William of Orange, illiam ITT. of
England (1650, 1689-1702). ‘* Orange”
is a corruption of Arausio, in the depart-
ment of Vaucluse, some sixteen miles
from Avignon. The town was the capi-
tal of a principality from the eleventh
to the sixteenth century. The last
sovereign was Philibert de Chalons,
whose sister married William, Count of
Nassau. William’s grandson (William)
married Mary, eldest daughter of
Charles J., and their eldest son was ‘our
William III., referred to in the text.

Orange Lodges or Clubs are referred
to in AMrbernia Curiosa, published in
1769. Thirty years later the Orange-
men were a very powerful society,
having a ‘‘ grand lodge”’ extending over
the entire: province of Ulster, and rami-
fying through all the centres of Pro-
testantism in Ivreland.”? (See next
article, and ORANGEMAN.)

Orange Peel. <A nickname given to
Sir Robert Peel when Chief Secretary
for Ireland (1812-1818), on account of
his strong anti- Catholic proclivities,
(See above, and ORANGEMAN.)

_Orange-tawny. The ancient. colour
appropriated to clerks and persons of
‘inferior condition. It was ulso_ the
colour worn by the Jews. Hence Lord
Bacon says, ‘‘ Usurers should have
orange-tawny bonnets, because they do
Judaise " ssay xli.). Bottom the
weaver asked Quince what coloured
beard he was to wear for the character
of Pyr’'amus: ‘I will discharge it in
either your straw-coloured beard, your
orange-tawny beard, your purple-ingrain
beard, or your French crown-colour,
whichis a perfect yellow.’’ (Midsummer
Night's Dream, i, 2.)

'. Orange Blossoms Worn at Wed-
dings. The Saracen brides used to
wear orange blossoms as an emblem of
fecundity; and occasionally the same

' emblem may have been worn by Euro-

brides ever since the time of tho
es; but the general adoption of
wreaths of orange blossoms for brides is
comparatively a modern practice, due
especially to the recent taste for flower-

y ‘The subject of bridal de-

_ gorations being made a study, and the

orange flower being found suitable, from
the use made of it by the ancient Sara-
cens, it was introduced by modistes as
a fit ornament for brides. The notion
once planted, soon became a custom,
now very generally adopted by those
who study the conventions of society,
and follow the accepted fashions. (See
OLIVE.)

To gather orange blossoms. To look
for a wife. A bride wears orange blos-
soms to indicate the hope of fruitfulness,
no tree being more prolific. An orange
tree of moderate size will yield three or
four thousand oranges in a year; and
the blossom being white, is a symbol of
innocence and chastity, The orange
was also used by Cardinal Wolsey as a
pomander. It is said that some sweet
oranges turn bitter by neglect.

Orangeman. A name given by
Roman Catholics to the Protestants of
Treland, on account of their adhesion to
William III. of the House of Orange ;
they had been previously called ‘* Peep-
of-Day Boys.’? The Roman party were
Jac’obites, (See ORANGE LODGES.)

Oran'ia. The lady-love of Am’‘adis
of Gaul.

Orator Henley. The Rev. John
Henley, who for about-thirty years de-
livered lectures on theological, political, é
and literary subjects, (1692-1756.)

Orbilian Stick (Zhe).
birch-rod.

Orbilius was the schoolmaster who
taught Horace, and Horace calls him
Plago'sus (the flogger), (Ep. ii, 71.)

Ore (in Orlando Furioso). A sea-
monster that devoured men and women,
He haunted the seas near Ireland. Or-
lando threw an anchor into his open
jaws, and then dragged the monster to
the Irish coast, where he died.

Or‘'ca. The Orkney Islands, or Or-
cades,

Or‘chard properly means a kitchen
garden, a yard for herbs. (Saxon, ort-
gewd—i.e. sesh te Wort enters
into the names of numerous herbs, as
mug-wort, liver-wort, spleen-wort, etc,

“The hortyard entering [he] admires ee fair

And pleasant fruits.” Jandys,

Or’cus. The abode of the dead;
death. (Roman mythology.)

Or'deal (Saxon, great judgment), in-
stituted long before the Conquest, and
not abolished till the reign of Henry IIL

A cane or

Ordeal

Ordeals were of several kinds, but the ;

most usual were by wager of battle, by
hot or cold water, and by fire. This
method of ‘‘ trial’? was introduced from
the notion that God would defend the
right, even by miracle if needful.

(1) Wager of battle, was when the ac-
cused person was obliged to fight any-
one who charged him with guilt. This
ordeal was allowed only to persons of
rank.

(2) Of fire, was another ordeal for
persons of rank only. The accused had
to hold in his hand a piece of red-hot
iron, or had to walk blindfold and bare-
foot among nine red-hot plough-shares
laid at unequal distances. If he escaped
uninjured he was accounted innocent,
aliter non. ‘This might be performed by
deputy.

(3) Of hot wacer, was an ordeal for
the common people. The accused was
required to plunge his arm up to the
elbow in scalding hot water, and was
pronounced guilty if the skin was in-
jured in the experiment.

(4) Of cold water, was also for the
common people. The accused, being
bound, was tossed into a river; if he
sank he was acquitted, but if he floated
he was accounted guilty.

(5) Of the bier, when a person
suspected of murder was required to
touch the corpse; if guilty the ‘‘ blood
of the dead body would start forth
afresh.”’

(6) Of the cross. Plaintiff and de-
fendant had to stand with their arms
crossed over their breasts, and he who
could endure the longest won the suit.

(7) Of the Eucharist. This was for
clergymen suspected of crime. It was
supposed that the elements would choke
him, if taken by a guilty man.

(8) Of the corsned, or consecrated
bread and cheese. Godwin, Earl of
Kent, is said to have been choked when
he submitted to this ordeal, being
accused of the murder of the king's
brother.

“This sort of ordeal, was by no means unusual.
Thus in Ceylon,a man suspected of theft is re-
quired to bring what be holds dearest before a
qudge, and placing a heavy stone on the head of

is Substitute, pays “ May this stone crush thee to
death if 1am guilty of this offence.”

In Tartary,an ostiack sets a wild bear and an
hatchet before the tribunal, saying, as he swallows
a piece of bread, ‘‘ May the bear devour me, and
the hatchet chop off my head, if Jam guilty of the
crime laid to my charge.”

(9) Of lot, two dice, one marked by a
cross, being thrown, ?

Ordeal. It was «a fiery ordeal, A
severe test, (See above, No, 2.)

920

Ordinary

Order! When members of the
House of Commons and other debaters
call out Order, they mean that the per-
son speaking is transgressing the rules
of the House.

Order of the Cockle. Created by
St. Louis in 1269, in memory of a dis-
astrous expedition made by sea for the
succour of Christians. Perrot says it
scarcely survived its foundation.

Order of the Day (The), in parlia-
mentary parlance, is applied to the
prearranged agenda of ‘‘ Private Mem-
bers’ Bills.” On Tuesdays these bills
always stand after ‘‘ notices of motions,”
(See PREVIOUS QUESTION.)

To move for the Order of the Day isa
proposal to set aside a government
measure on a private members’ day
See a and proceed to the pre-
arranged agenda. If the motion is
carried, the agenda must be proceeded
with, unless a motion “ to adjourn’ is
carried.

Orders. In Orders or in Holy Orders,
Belonging to the clerical order or rank.

To take Orders. To become.a clergy-
man.

° The word ‘‘ order’? means not
only a mandate, but also an official. rank,
and in the Catholic Church, a‘‘ rule” of
life, as Ordo albus (white friars or Au-
gustines), Ordo niger (black friars or
Dominicans). In ‘‘ Holy Orders’? is in
the plural number, because in the Pro- ~
testant Church there are three ranks
of clergymen — deacons, priests, and
bishops. -In the Catholic Church there
are four major orders and four minor
ones. According to Du Cange, the
Ordinés majorés are Subdeaconatus,
Deaconatus, Presbyteritus, and Episco-
alis (Subdeacon, Deacon, Priest, and

ishop).

Orders of Architecture. These five
are the classic orders: Tuscan, Doric,
Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite.

The following was the usual practice:

CORINTHIAN, for temples of Venus, Flora, Pro-
serpine, and the Water Nymphs. ‘
NY for temples of Minerva, Mars, and Her-
cules.
Tonic, for temples of Juno, Diana, and Bacchus,
TUSCAN, for grottaes and all rural deities.
‘Ordigale. The otter in the tale of

Reynard the Fox (part iii.).

Or'dinary (dz), One who has an
“ ordinary or regular jurisdiction ”’ in his
own right, and not by deputation.. Thus
a judge who has authority to take cog-
nisance of causes in his own right is
an ordinary. A bishop is ay ordinary

Ordinary

921

Oriflamme

in his own diocese, because he has
authority to take cognisance of eccle-
siastical matters therein; but an arch-
bishop is the ordinary of his province,
having authority in his own right to
receive appeals therein from inferior
jurisdictions, The chaplain of Newgate
was also called the ordinary thereof.

Ordinary (47). A public dinner
where each guest pays his quota; a table
d’hote.

“'Tis almost dinner; I know they stay for you at
the ordinary.’"—Beaumont and Fletcher : Scornful
Lady, iv. 1, >

Oread (plural, Or%ads [3 syl.] or
Oreides [4 syl.)). mia
mountains. (Greek, épos, a mountain.)

Oreilles. Sir W. Scott (Waverley,
x.) speaks of vinwn prime note thus :—
‘C'est des deux orcilles,’’ that is, it is
strong and induces sleep. It makes one
“ Doruur sur les deux oretiles.’? Littré,
however, says, ‘‘Though wine d’une
oreille is excellent, that of deux oreiligs
is execrable.”’

“vin d'une oreille, le bon vin; vin de deux
oreilles Je mauvais. On appelle, atnsi le bon vin

Tce que Je bon vin fait pencher la téte de celui -

qui le gofite d'un cdté seulement: et le mauyais
vin, parce qu’on secoue la téte, et par consequent
le deux oreilles."

Orelio. The steed of Don Roderick
the last of the Goths, noted for its speed
and symmetry. (See HorsE.)

Orella’‘na. The river Amazon in
America: so called from Orellana, lieu-
tenant of Pizarro.

Orfeo and Heuro’dis. The tale of
Orpheus and Euryd'ico, with the Gothic
machinery of elves or fairies,

Or’gies (2 syl.). Drunken revels,
riotous feasts; so called from the noc-
turnal feativals in honour of Bacchus.
(Greek, orgé, violent emotion.)

Orgoglio (pron. Or-gole'-yo), The
word is Tati ond means ‘‘ Arrogant
Pride,’’ or The Man of Sin. A hideous
giant as taJl as three men; he was son
of Earth and Wind. Finding the Red
Cross Knight at the fountain of Idleness,
he beats him with a club and makes him
his slave. Una, hearing of these mis-
chances, tells King Arthur, and Arthur
liberates the knight and slays the giant.
Moral: The Man of Sin had power
given him to ‘‘ make war with the saints
and to overcome them”? for “ forty and
two months”’ (Rev. xiii. 5, 7), then the
“ Ancient of Days came,” and overcame
him (Dan. vii. 21, 22). (Spenser: Faerie
Queenc, book i.) ‘

» ¥ Arthur first cut off Orgoglio’s left

arm—t,e. Bohemia, was first cut off from
the Church of Rome. He then cut off
the giant’s right leg—i.e. England ; and,
this being cut off, the giant fell to the
earth, and was afterwards dispatched.

Or’gon. Brother-in-law of Tartuffe.
His credulity is proverbial: he almost
disbelieved his senses, and saw everyone
and everything through the couleur de
rose of his own honest heart, (Molicre :
Tartuffe.)

Oria’na, The beloved of Am’adis of
Gaul, who called himself Beltene’bros
when he retired to the Poor Rock.
(Am'adis de Gaul, ii. 6.)

Queen Elizabeth is sometimes called
the “ peerless Oriana,’’ especially in the
madrigals entitled the Triumphs of
Oria'na (1601).

Oriana, The nurseling of a lioness,
with whom Esplandian, son of Oria‘na
and Am’adis of Gaul, fell in love, and
for whom he underwent all his perils
and exploits. She is represented as the
fairest, gentlest, and most faithful of
womankind,

Oriande [0'-re-ond]. A fay who
lived at Rosefleur, and brought up
Maugis d’Aygremont fa When her
protégé grew up she loved him ‘‘d’un
si grand amour, qu'elle doute fort qu il ne
se départe @ avecques elle.’?. (Romance de
Maugis @Aygremont et de Vivian son
Frere.)

Oriel. A say whose empire lay
along the banks of the Thames, when

King Oberon held his court in Ken-
sington Gardens, (Tickell: Kensington
Gardens.)

Orientation. The plosing, of the
east window of a church due east, that
is, so that the rising sun may at noon
shine on the altar. Anciently, churches
were built with their axes pointing to
the rising sun on the saint’s day ; so that
a church dedicated to St. John was not
preys to one dedicated to St. Peter.

e same practice prevailed both in
Egypt and ancient Greece.

Modern churches are built as nearly due east
and west as circumstances will allow, quite re-
gardless of the saint's day.

Or'iflamme (3 syl.). First used in
France as a national banner in 1119, It
consisted of a crimson flag mounted on
a gilt staff (wn glaive tout doré ois est
nttaché une banniére vermeille). The flag
was cut into three ‘‘ vandykes ”” torepre-
sent ‘‘ tongues of fire,’ and between
each was a silken tassel. This celebrated
standard was the banner of St, Denis;

Origenists

922

Orlando |

but when the Counts of Vexin became

ssessed of the abbey the banner passed
into their hands. In 1082 Philippe I.
united Vexin to the crown, and the
sacred Oriflamme belonged to the king.
It’ was carried to the field after. the
battle of Agincourt, in 1415. The
romance writers say that ‘‘ mescreans”’
(infidels) were blinded by merely look-
ing on it. In the Roman de Garin the
Saracens are represented as saying, ‘‘ If
we only set eyes on it we are all dead
men”’ (‘ Se’s attendons twit sommes inors
et pris’’). Froissart says it was no
sooner unfurled at Rosbecq than the fog
cleared off, leaving the French in light,
while their enemies remained in misty
darkness still. (Ov, gold, referring to
the staff ;_flamme, flame, referring to the
tongues of fire.)

Or‘igenists. An early Christian
sect who drew their opinions from the
writings of Origen. They maintained
Christ to be the Son of God only: by
_ adoption, and denied the eternity of
future punishments,

Original Sin. That corruption
which is born with us, and is the in-
heritance of all the offspring of Adam.
As Adam was the federal head of his
race, when Adam fell the taint and
penalty of his disobedience passed to all

is posterity.

Oril’o or Orillo (in Orlando Furioso,
book viii.). A magician and rohber who
lived at the mouth of the Nile,,. He was
the son of an imp and fairy. When any
limb was lopped off he restored it by his
magic power, and when his head was
cut off he put it on his neck again.
Astolpho encountered him, cut off his
head, and fled with it. Orillo mounted
his horse and gave chase. Meanwhile
Astolpho with his sword cut the hair
from the head. Life was in one par-
ticular hair, and 4s soon as that was
severed the head died, and the magi-
cian’s body fell lifeless.

Orin’da, called the ‘‘ Incomparable,”
was Mrs, Katherine Philipps, who lived
in the reign of Charles I. and died of
small-pox. Her praises were sung by

Cowley, Dryden, and others. - (See
Dryden’s Ode To the Memory of Mrs.
Anne Killigrew.)

- Ori‘on.

A ae hunter, noted for
his beauty. He was blinded by Eno-
p'ion, but Vulcan sent Cedalion to bé his
guide, and his sight was restored by ex-
posing his eyeballs to the sun. Being
slain by Diana, he was made one of the

constellations, and is supposed to be
attended with stormy wéather, ‘‘Assur-
gens fluctu nimbo'sus Orion.”? (Virgil :
LEneid, i. 639.) aay

“ As beautifulas Orion.” omer: Iliad, xvii.

Wife of Orton, Sidé.

Dogs of Orion. Arctoph’onos and
Ptooph’agos. ;

Orkborne (Dr.). A learned student,
very dry and uncompanionable ;_ very
particular over his books, and the tutor
of Eugenia, the niece of Sir Hugh. He
is a character in Camilla, the third novel
of Mme. D’Arblay. Eugenia wasdeformed
owing to an accident partly caused by
her uncle; and Sir Hugh, to make the
best compensation in his power, ap-
pointed Dr. Orkborne to educate her,
and also left her heiress to his estates.

“Mr. Oldbuck hated putting to rights as much
as Dr. Orkborne, or any other professed student.”
—Scott: Antiquary.

Orkneys. Hither the Teutonic Ork-
n-cys (the water or islands of the whirl-
pool), in allusion to the two famous
whirlpools near the Isle of Swinna ; or
else the Norwegian Orkeyjar (northern
islands), the Hebrides being the Sudrey-
jar, or southern islands,

Orlando. The youngest son of Sir
Rowland de Boys. At a wrestling match
the banished duke’s daughter, Rosalind,
who took a lively interest in Orlando,
gave him a chain, saying, ‘‘ Gentleman,
wear this for me.’’ Orlando, flying be-
cause of his brother’s hatred, met Rosa-
lind in the forest of Arden, disguised as
a country lad, seeking to join herfather.
In time they become acquainted with
each other, and the duke assented. to
their union. (Shakespeare : As You Like
th (See OLIVER.)

rlando, called Rotolando or Roland,
and Rutlandus in the Latin chronicles
of the Middle Ages, the paladin, was lord
of Anglant, knight of Brava, son of Milo
d’Anglesis and Bertha, sister of Charle-
magne. Though married to Aldabella,
he fell in love with Angel'ica, daughter
of the infidel king of Cathay; but An-
gelica married Medo’ro, a Moor, with
whom she fled to India. When Orlando
heard thereof he turned mad, or rather
his wits were taken from him for three
months by way of punishment, and de-
posited in the moon, ~ Astolpho ‘went
to the moon in Elijah’s chariot, and St.
John gave him an urn containing the
lost wits of Orlando. On reaching earth
again, Astolpho first bound the madman,
then holding the urn to his nose, the
errant wits returned, and Orlando, cured

Orlando Furioso

of his madness and love, recovered from
his temporary derangement. (Orlando
Furioso.) (Sce ANGELICA.)

Orlando or Roland was buried at
Blayes, in the church of St. Raymond;
but his body was removed afterwards to
Roncesvalles, in Spain.

Orlando's horn or Rolund’s horn. An
ivory horn called Olivant, mentioned
frequently by Boiardo and Ariosto.

“ Peracto Dello, Rolandus ascendit in montem, et
rediit retro ad viam Runciavallis. Tuncinsonnis
tuba sua eburnea ; et tanta virtute insonuit, quod

flatwomnis @jus tuba per medium scissa, et ven
calli ejus ct nervi rupti fuisse feruntur,”

. Orlando’s sword. Durinda‘na, which
ohce belonged to Hector. .

Orlando Furioso, An epic poem
in forty-six cantos, by Ariosto (digested
Hoole into twenty-four books, but
retained by Rose in the original form),
The subject is the siege of Paris by
Agramant the Moor, when the Saracens
were overthrown, In the pagan army
were two heroes—Rodo’mont, called the
Mars of Africa, and Roge'ro. The latter
became a Christian convert. The poem
ends with a combat between these two,
and the overthrow of Rodomont.

The anachronisms of this poem are
most marvellous. We have Charlemagne
and his paladins joined by King Edward
of England, Richard Earl of Warwick,
Henry Duke of Clarence, and the Dukes
of York and Gloucester (bk. vi.). We
have cannons employed by Cymosco,
King of Friza (bk. iv.), and also in the
~siege of Paris (bk. vi.). We have the
Moors established in Spain, whereas they
were not invited. over by the Saracens for
nearly 300 years after Charlemagne’s
death. In book xvii. we have Prester
John, who died 1202; in the last three
Constantine the Great, who died 337,

Orlando Innamora’to (Roland the
paladin in love). A romantic epic in
three books, by the Count Bojardo of
Scandiano, in taly (1495).

There is a burlesque in verse of the
same title by Berni of Tuscany (1638),
author of Burlesque Rhymes.

Orleans... Your explanation is like an
Orleans comment—i.e, Your comment or
explanation makes the matter more ob-
scure. The Orleans College was noted
for its wordy commentaries, which dark-
ened the text by overloading it with
_ words. (A French proverb.)

_ Or'mandine (3 syl.). The necro-
ancer who hy his magic arts threw St.
avid for seven years into an enchanted

923

Orpheus

sleep, from which he was redeemed by.
St. George. (Zhe Seven Champions of
Christendom, i. 9.)

Or'mulum. “A paraphrase of Scrip-
ture in Anglo-Saxon verse; so called
from the name of the author, Orm or
Ormin (13th cent.).

Ormusd or Ormuzd. The principle
or angel of light and good, 43 creator
of all things, according to the Magian
system, (See AHRIMAN.)

Oromas‘des (4 syl.). The first of
the Zoroastrian trinity. The divine
goodness of Plato; the deviser of crea-
tion (the father), The second person is
Mithras, the eternal intellect, architect
of the world; the third, Ahrim’anés
(Psyché), the mundane soul. -

O’roonda'tés, Only son of a Scythian
king, whose love for Stati’ra (widow of
Alexander the Great, and daughter of
Dari'us) leads him into numerous dan-
gers and Gifficulties, which he surmounts,
(La Calprenéede ; Cassandra, a romance.)

Oro'sius (General History of), from
Creation to a.p. 417, in Latin by a
Spanish’ presbyter of the 5th century,
was translated into Anglo-Saxon by
Alfred the Great. be

Orotalt, according to the Greek
writers, was the Bacchus of the ancient
Arabs. This, however, is a mistake, for
the word is a corruption of Allah Taala
(God the Most High),

Orpheus (2 syl.). A Thracian poet
who could move even inanimate things
by his music, When his wife Eurydicé
died he went into the infernal regions,
and so charmed King Pluto that Eurydice
was released from death on the condition
that Orpheus would not look back till he
reached the earth. He was just about
to place his foot on the earth when he
turned round, and Eurydice vanished
fromhiminaninstant. Popeintroduces
this tale in his S¢.. Cecilia’s Ode,

The tule of Orpheus is thus explained:
Aédoneus, King of Thespro’tia, was.for
his cruelty called Pluto, and having
seized Eurydicé as she fled from Aristeos,.
detained her captive, Orpheus obtained
her release on certain conditions, which
he violated, and lost her a second time.

There is rather a sess ye resemblance detween

the fate of Eurydycé and that of Lot's wife. The
former was emerging from hell, the latter from
Sodom. Orpheus looked back and Eurydice was
snatched away, Lot's wife looked back and was
converted into a pillar of salt,

A Scandinavian Orpheus. ‘Odin was
| so eminently skilled in music, and could

Orpheus 924

.

sing airs so tender and melodious, that

the rocks would expand with delight,
while the spirits of the infernal regions
would stand motionless around him,
attracted by the sweetness of his strains.”
(Seandinmia, by Crichton and Whea-
ton, vol. i. p. 81.)

Orpheus of Highwaymen. So
Gay has been called on account of his
Beggar’s Opera (1688-1732.)

Orrery. Anastronomical toy to show
the relative movements of the planets,
etc., invented by George Graham, who
sent his model to Rowley, an instrument
maker, to make one for Prince Eugéne.
Rowley made a copy of it for Charles
Boyle, third Earl of Orrery, and Sir
Richard Steele named it af orrery out
of compliment to the earl. One of the
best is Fulton’s, in Kelvin Grove Mu-
seum, West End Park; Glasgow.

Orsin, One of the leaders of the
rabble that attacked Hudibras at a bear-
baiting.. He was “famous for wise
conduct and success in war.’’ Joshua
Gosling, who kept the bears at ‘‘ Paris
Garden,”’ in Southwark, was the aca-
demy figure of this character.

Orsi‘ni (Mafio). A young Italian
nobleman, whose life was saved by
Genna’ro at the battle of Rim’ini, Or-
sini became the staunch friend of Gen-
na‘ro, but both were poisoned at a
banquet given by the Princess Neg’roni.
(Donizetti : Lucrezia di Borgia, an
opera.) This was the name of the con-
spirator who attempted the life of

apoleon ITI.

Orson. Twin brother of Valentine,
and son of Bellisant, sister of King
Pepin and wife of Alexander, Emperor
of Constantinople. The twin brothers
were born in a wood near Orleans, and
Orson was carried off by a bear, which
suckled him with her cubs. When he
grew up he was the terror of France,
and was called the Wild Man We the
Forest. He was reclaimed by Valen-
tine, overthrew the Green Knight, and
married Fezon, the daughter of Duke
Savary of Aquitaine. (French, ourson,
a little bear.) (Valentine and Orson.)

Orthodox Sunday, in the Eastern
Church, is the First Sunday in Lent, to
commemorate the restoration of images
in 843,

*! Jn the Church of England, on the first day in
Lent, usually called" Ash Wednesday,” the clergy

wre directed to read “the... sentences of God's
euréeing against impenitont sinners,”

- cousin

Osiris

Orts, Crumbs; refuse, (Low Ger-
man, or/—i.¢, what is left after eating.)

I shall not eat your orts—i.e. your
leavings.

“Let him have time a beggar’s orts to crave,”

Shakespepire: Rape of Lucrece,

_ Ortus, ‘ Orius a queret, non a sal'-
ice.” Latin fer “sprung from an oak,
and not from a willow ”’—+#.e. stubborn
stuff; one that cannot bend to circum-
stances.

Ortwine (2 syl.). Knight of Metz,
sister’s son of Sir Hagan of Trony, a
Burgundian in the Nibelungon Lied.

Orvie'tan (3 syl.) or Venice treacle,
once believed to be a sovereign remedy
against poison. From Orvieto, a city of
Italy, where it is said to have been first
used,

“With these drugs will I, this very day, com-

pound the true orv ietan."—Sir Walter Scott? Ken-
alworth, chap. xili.

Os Sacrum, (See Luz.) A trian-
gular bone situate at the lower part of
the vertebral column, of which it is a
continuation. Some say that this bone
was so called beciuse it was in the part
used in sacrifice, or the sacred part;
Dr. Nash says it is so called because it
is much bigger than any of the verte-
bre ;’’ but the Jewish rabbins say the
bone is called sacred because it resists
decay, and will be the germ of the ‘‘new
body’? at the resurrection, (Hudibras,
part iii. canto 2.)

Osbaldistone. Nine of the charac-
ters in Sir Walter Scott's Rod Roy bear
this name. There are (1) the London
merchant and Sir Hildebrand, the heads
of two families; (2) the son of the
merchant is Francis, tthe pretendu of
Diana Vernon; (3) the ‘distinguished ”’
offspring of the brother are Percival the
not, Thorneliffe the bully, John the game-
keeper, Richard the horsejockey, Wilfred
the fool, and Rashleigh the scholar, b
far the worst of all. ‘This last worthy 1s
slain by Rob Roy, and dies cursing his
rank, whom he had jnjured in
every way he could contrive.

Oseway (Dame). The ewe in the
tale of Reynard the Fox.

Osiris (in Egyptian mythology).
Judge of the dead, and potentate of the
kingdom of the ghosts. This brother
and husband of Isis was worshipped
under the form of an ox, The word
means Many-eyed, b itwaitd

Osmand 92

Osiris is the moon, husband of Isis.

“We see Osiris represented by the mgon,and
by an eye at the top of fourteen steps. These
steps symbolise the fourteen days of the waxing
moon."—J, N. Lockyer, in the Nineteenth Century,
July, 1892, p. 31.

Osiris is used to designate any waning
Juminary, as the setting sun, as well as
the waning moon or setting planet.

*! Osiris is the setting sun, but the risimg sun ia
Horus, and the noonduy sun Ra. ae

Osmand. <A necromancer, who by
his enchantments raised up an army to
resist the Christians, Six of the Cham-
pions of Christendom were enchanted by
Osmand, but St. George restored them.
Osmand tore off his hair in which lay his
spirit of enchantment, bit his tongue in
two, disembowelled himself, cut off his
arms, and then died. (The Soven Cham-
pions of Christendom, i. 19.)

Osnaburg. The Duke of York was
Bishop of Osnaburg _ Not prelate, but
sovereign-bishop. By the treaty of
Westphalia, in 1648, it was decreed that
the ancient bishopric should be vested
alternately in 2 Catholic bishop and a
Protestant prince of the House of Lune-
burg. Frederick, Duke of York, was
the last sovereign-bishop of Osnaburg.
In 1803 the district was attached to
Hanover, and it now forms part of the
kingdom of Prussia.

Osnabing. A kind of coarse linen made
of flax and tow, originally imported
from Osnaburg.

Osprey or Os'pray (a corruption of
Latin ossifragus, the bone-breaker). The
fish-eagle, or fishing hawk (Landion
haliactis).

Ossa. Heaping Pe'hon wpon Ossa.
Adding difficulty to difficulty ; fruitless
efforts. The allusion is to the attempt
of the giants to scale heaven by piling
Mount Ossa upon Mount Pelion.

“Ter sunt conati imponére Pelio Ossam.

Virgil: Georgics, i. 281.

Osse’o. Son of the Evening Star.
When “old and ugly, broken with age,
and weak with coughing,’”’ he married
Oweenee, Nee of the ten daughters
of a North hunter. She loved him in
spite of his ugliness and decrepitude,
because ‘‘all was beautiful within him,”’
One day, as he was walking with his
nine sisters-in-law and their husbands,
he leaped into the hollow of an oak-tree,
and came out ‘‘ tall and straight and
strong and handsome;’’ but Oweenee
at the same moment was changed into a
weak old woman, “wasted, wrinkled,
old, and ugly ;’’ but the love of Osse’o

5 Ostrich Biggs

was not weakened. The nine brothers
and sisters-in-law were all transformed
into birds for mocking Osseo and
Oweenee when they were ugly, and
Ovweenee, recovering her beauty, had a
son, whose delight as he grew up was
to shoot at his aunts and uncles, the
birds that mocked his father and mother.
(Longfellow > Himvatha, xii.).

Os'sian. The son of Fingal, a Scot-
tish warrior-bard who lived in the third
century. The poems called Ossian’s
Poems were first’ published by James
M‘Pherson in 1760, and professed to be
translations from Erse manuscripts cole
lected in the Highlands. This is not
true, M‘Pherson no doubt based the

oems on traditions, but not one of them
is a translation of an Erse manuscript ;
and so fur as they are Ossianic at all,
they are Irish, and not Scotch

Ostend’ Manifesto. A declaration
made in 1857 by the Ministers of the
United States in England, France, and
Spain, ‘(that Cuba must belong to the

uited States.”’

Oster-Monath, The Anglo-Saxon
name of April.

Ostler, jocosely said to be derived
from oat-stealer, but actually from the
French hostelier, an innkeeper.

Os'tracis’m, Oyster-shelling, black-
balling, or expelling. Clis’thenés gave
the people of Attica the power of re-
moving from the state, without making
a definite charge, any leader of the
yeople likely to subvert the government,

ach citizen wrote his vote on an earthen.
ware table (ostracon), whence the term.

Ostrich. When hunted the ostrich is
said to run a certain distance and then
thrust its head into a bush, thinking,
because it cannot see, that it cannot be
seen by the hunters, (See CROCODILE.)

Ostrich Brains. It was Heliogab’-
alus who had battues of ostriches for the
sake of their brains, Smollett says “he
had six hundred ostriches compounded
in one mess.’”? (Peregrine Pickle.)

Ostrich Eggsin Churches. Ostrich
eggs are suspended in several Eastern
churches as symbols of God’s watchful
care. It is said that the ostrich hatches
her eggs by gazing on them, and if she
suspends her gaze even for a minute or
so, the eggs are addled. Furthermore,
we are told that if an egg is bad the

Ostrich Stomachs 926

Ont in the Fifteen

ostrich will break it; so will God deal
with evil men.
“Ob! even with such a look, as fables say
The mother ostrich fixes on her eggs,
Till that intense affection
Kindle its light of life.”
Southey: Thalaba,
Ostrich Stomachs. Strong stomachs
which will digest anything. The ostrich
swallows large stones to aid its gizzard,
and when confined where it cannot ob-
tain them will swallow pieces of iron or
copper, bricks, or glass.

Ostringers, Sperviters, Falconers,
Ostringers are keepers of goshawks and
tercelles.’ Sperviters are those who keep
sparrowhawks or muskets, -Falconers
are those who keep any other kind of
hawk, being long-winged. (Markham:
Gentleman's Academie, or Booke of 8.
Albans.)

Oswald’s Well commemorates the
death of Oswald, Christian king of
Northumbria, who fell in battle before
- Penda, pagan king of Mercia, in 642.

Othello (in Shakespeare’s tragedy so
called). A Moor, commander of the
Venetian army, who eloped with Desde-
mo'na. Brabantio accused him of nec-
romancy, but Desdemona, being sent
for, refuted the charge. ‘The Moor,
being then sent to drive the Turks from
Cyprus, won a signal victory. On his
return, Iago played upon his jealousy,
and persuaded him that. Desdemona
intrigued with Cassio. He therefore
murdered her, and then stabbed himself.

Othello the Moor. Shakespeare bor-
rowed this tale from the seventh of
Giovanni Giraldi Cinthio’s third decade
of stories. Cinthio died 1673.

Othello’s Occupation’s Gone
(Shakespeare). ‘Jam quadrige mee
decucurrérunt”? (Petronius), I am laid
on the shelf; I am no longer the ob-
served of observers.

Other Day (The). The day before
yesterday. The Old English other was
used for second, as in Latin, wwis, alter,
tertius ; or proximus, alter, tertius.
Starting from to-day, and going back-
wards, yesterday was the proximus ab
illo ; the day before yesterday was the
altera ab illo, or the other day , and the
day preceding that was tertius ab illo, or
three days ago. Used to express ‘‘a
short time ago.”’ ‘

Oth’man, Os'man, or Oth’oman,
‘surnamed the Conqueror. Founder of
the Turkish power, from whom the
empire is called the Ottoman, and the

Turks are called Osmans, Othmans,
Osmanh, ete. Peter the Great, being
hemmed in by the Turks on the banks
of the Pruth, was rescued by his wife,
Catherine, who negotiated a peace with
the Grand Vizier.

O’tium cum Dig. [dignita'te]. Re-
tirement after a person has given up
business and has saved enough to live
upon in comfort. The words are Latin,
and mean ‘retirement with honour.’’
They are more frequently used in jest,
familiarity, and ridicule.

Otos. A giant, brother of Ephialtés
(q.v.). Both brothers grew nine inches
every month. According to Pliny, Otos
was forty-six cubits (sixty-six feet) in
height, (Wreck fable.) (See GIANTS.)

O'Trigger (Sir Lucius) in The Rivals
(Sheridan).

Oui (French for ‘‘yes’’). A contrac-
tion of Hoc illud. Thus, hoc-tll’, ho’-il,
oil, orl, 0%, ort.

Out. Out of God's blessing into the
warm sur. One of Ray’s proverb:
meaning from good to less good. * ‘Ab
equis ad asinos.”” When the king says
to Hamlet ‘‘ How is it that the clouds
still hang on you?’ the prince answers,
‘No, my lord, I am too much i’ the
sun,” meaning, ‘I have lost God's
blessing, for too much of the sun’’—
2.¢, this far inferior state.

“ Thou out of heaven's benediction Comest

To the warn sun."

Shakespeare: King Lear, ii.2.

To have it out. To contest either
physically or verbally with another to
the utmost of “one’s ability; ‘as, ‘I
mean to have it out with him one of
these days; ’’ ‘‘I had it out with him”
—1.e. ‘1 spoke my mind freely and
without reserve.”” The idea is that of
letting loose pent-up disapprobation,

Out-Herod Herod (Zo). To go
beyond even Herod in violence, brutal-
ity, or extravagant language. In the
old miracle plays Herod was the type of
tyranny and violence, both of speech
and of action. ;

Out and Out. Incomparably, by far,
or beyond measure; as, ‘‘He was out
and out the best man.” ‘‘It is an out-
and-outer’? means nothing can éxceed
it. It is the word wtter, the Anglo-
Saxon terre. ut

Out in the Fifteen—i.e. in the rebel
army of the Pretender, in _ ms

Out in the Forty-five

(George I.). (Howitt: History of Eng-
land, vol, iv. p. 347.) YBa

Out in the Forty-five—i.c, in the
rebel army of the Young Pretender, in
1745 (George II.). (Howitt: History of
England, vol. iv. p. 506.)

Out of Harness. Not in practice,
retired. A horse out of harness is one
not at work.

Out of Pocket. To be out of pocket
by a transaction is to suffer loss of money
thereby.. More went out of the pocket
‘than came into it.

Out of Sorts. Indisposed, in bad
spirits. The French locution is rather
remarkable—We pas étre dans son assvette,
“To sort” is to arrange in order, “a
sort’? is one of the orders so sorted.”

Out of sorts. In printers’ language,
means not haying sufficient of some par-
ticular letter, mark, or figure.

Out of the Wood. ‘You are not
out of the wood yet,’ not yet out of
danger. ‘‘ Don’t shout till you are out
of the wood,”’ do not think yourself safe
till you are quite clear of the threatened
danger, When freebooters were masters
of the forests no traveller was sufe till
he had got clear of their hunting ground.

Ou'tis (Greek, nobody). A name as-
sumed by Odysseus in the. cave of Poly-
phémos. When the monster roared with
pain from the loss of his eye, his brother
giants demanded from a distance who
was hurting him: ‘‘ Nobody,’’ thundered
out Polyphemos, and his companions
went their way. Odysseus in Latin is
Ulysses. ;

Outrigger. The leader of a unicorn
team, The Earl of Malmesbury, in 1867,
so called the representative of the minor-
ity in the three-cornered constituency

Outrun the Constable. (See under
ConsTABLE.)

Outworks, in fortification. All the
works between the enceinte (g.v.) and
the covered way (q.v.).

Ou'zel. The blackbird; sometimes
the thrush is so called, (Anglo-Saxon,
6sle, a blackbird.) Bottom speaks of
the ‘‘ousel cock, so black of hue with
orange tawny pill,” (Midsummer Night's
Dream.)

Ova'tion, A nape mel a triumphal
reception or entry of the second order ;
so called from ovis, a sheep, because
the Romans sacrificed a sheep to a vic-
torious general to whom an ovation was

927

Owl

accorded, but an ox to one who had ob-
tained a ‘‘ triumph.”’

Over. Scat huper; Latin, super;
German, tiber ; Anglo-Saxon, ofer.)

Over, in cricket, means that the
fielders are to go over to the other side.
This is done when five balls have been
delivered from one end. It used to be
four, The bowling is taken up at the
opposite wicket.

Over and Over Again. Very fre-
quently. (In Latin, lJtérwm iterumque.)

Over Edom will I cast my Shoe
(Psalm lx. 8; cviii. 9). Will I march,
‘Over Edom will I cast my shoe, over
Philistia will I triumph.”

“Every member of the Travellers’ Club who
could pretend to have cast his shoe over Edom,
was constituted a lawful critic."—Sir W. Scott:
The Talisman (Introduction).

Over the Left. | (See Lurr.)

O’verdo (Justice), in Ben Jonson’s
Bartholomew Fair.

Overreach (Sir Giles). The counter-
part of Sir Giles Mompesson, a noted
usurer outlawed for his misdeeds. He
is an unscrupulous, grasping, proud,
hard-hearted rascal in 4A New Way to
Pay Old Debts, by Massinger.

Overture. A pieceof music for the
opening of a concert. To ‘‘make an
overture to a person ”’ is to be the first
to make an advance either towards a re-
conciliation or an acquaintance, (French,
ouverture, opening.)

Overy. St. Mary Overy (Southwark).
John Overie was aferryman, who used to
ferry passengers from Southwark to the
City, and accumulated a hoard of wealth
by penurious savings. His. daughter
Mary, at his decease, became a nun, and
founded the church of St. Mary Overy
on the site of her father’s house.

Ovid. The French Ovid. Du Bellay,
one of the Pleiad poets ; also called the
‘* father of grace and elegance,”’ (1524-
1560.)

Ow’ain (Sir), The Irish knight who
passed through St. Patrick’s purgatory
by way of penance. (Henry of Saltrey:
The Descent of Owain.)

Owen Meredith.
Lytton.

Owl TI live too near a wood to be
seared by an owl, 1 am _too old to be
frightened by a bogie; I am too olda
stager to be frightened by such a person
as you, | é x

Robert. Bulwer

Oxford Blues

Owl 928
Owl, the emblem of Athens. Be-
cause owls abound there. As Atho’na

(Minerva) and Athe’n (Athens) are the
same word, the owl was given to Minerva
for her symbol also,

Owl-light. Dusk; the blind man’s
holiday. French, ‘‘ Entre chien et loup.””

Owl in an Ivy Bush (Like w).
Very ugly, a horrible fright [of a fellow].
Said of (or to) a person who has dressed
his head unbecomingly, or that has a
scared look, an untidy head of hair, or
that looks inanely wise. The ivy bush
was supposed to i the favourite haunt
of owls, and numerous allusions to this
supposition might be readily cited.

“ Good ivy, sgy to us what birds hast thou?

None but the owlet that cries * How, how !’"

Carol (time Henry VI.).

Owl was a Baker's Daughter
(The). According to legend, our Saviour
went into a baker’s shop to ask for some-
thing to eat. The mistress of the shop
. instantly put a cake into the oven for
Him, but the daughter said it was too
large, and reduced it half. The dough,
however, swelled to an enormous size,
and the daughter cried out, ‘* Heugh!
heugh! heugh!’’ and was transformed
into an owl. Ophelia alludes to this
tradition in the line—

“Well, God'ield you! They say the owl was a
baker's daughter.’"—Shakespeare : Hamlet, iv. §.

Owlery. A haunt or abode of owls.

Owlglass (German, Lulenspicgel).
Thyl, son of Klaus (Eulenspiegel) proto-
type of all the knavish fools of modern
times, He was a native of Brunswick,
and wandered about the world playing
all manner of tricks on the people he en-
countered. (Died 1350.)

Ox. Emblematic of St. Luke. It is
one of the four figures which made up
Ezekiel’s cherub (i. 10). The ox is the
emblem of the priesthood, and has been
awarded to St. Luke because he begins
his gospel with the Jewish priest sacri-
Boing in the Temple. (See LUKE.)

Lhe oz is also the emblem of St.
Frideswide, St. Leonard, St. Sylvester,
St. Medard, St. Julietta, and St. Blan-

ina,

He has am ox on Iris tongue,, (Latin,
Bovem in lingua habe're, to ba kitted to
silence.) The Greeks had the same ex-
pression. TheAthenian coin was stamped
with the figure of an ox. The French
say, “I a wn os dans la bouche,”’ referring
to a dog which is bribed by a bone,

The black ox hath trampled on you

(Lhe Antiquary). Misfortune has come .

to your house, You are henpecked. A
black ox was sacrificed to Pluto, the
infernal god, as a white one was to
Jupiter.

Lhe black oa never trod upon lis foot
(common proverb), He never knew
sorrow, Heis not married. (See above.)

The dumb ox. St. Thomas Aqui'nas ;
so named by his fellow students at Co-
logne, on account of his dulness and
taciturnity. aa

Albertus said, ‘‘ We call him the dumb
ox, but he will give one day such a
bellow as shall be heard from one end of
the world to the other.”? (Alban Butler.)

Ox-eye. A cloudy speck which indi-
cates the approach of a storm. When

Elijah heard that a speok no bigger than

a ‘‘man’s hand” might be seen in the
sky, he told Ahab that a torrent of rain
would overtake him before he could
reach home (1 Kings xvii. 44, 45).
Thomson alludes to this storm signal in
his Summer,

Ox of the Deluge.
for a great black deer,
Megace'ros Hiber nicus, or Iri
extinct.

Oxford, The College Ribbons,
Balliol, pink, white, blue, white, pink,
Brasenose, black, and gold edges.
Christ Church, blue, with red cardi-
nal’s hat,
. Corpus, red and blue stripe.
Exeter, black, and red edges,
Jesus, gréen, with white edges,
Lincoln, blue, with mitre.
Magdalen, black and white. :
Merion, vlue, and white edges, with
red cross.
Nev College, three pink and two white
stripes.
viel, blue and white,
Pembroke, pink, white, pink.
Queen’s, red, white, blue, white, blue,
white, red. ~
St. John’s, yellow, black, red.
Trinity, blue, with double dragon’s
head, yellow and green,’ or blue, with
white edges.
University, blue, and yellow edges.
Wadham, light blue.
Worcester, blue, white,pink, white, blue,
HAs.
St. Alban’s, blue, with arrow-head,
St. Edmona’s, red, and yellow edges,
St, Mary, white, black, white. ~
Magdalen, black, and blue edges.

Oxford Blues. The Royal Sore

The Irish name
robably the
elk, now

Guards were so called in 1690, because of
their blue facings, Os

Oxford Boat 929 P’s and Q's
Oxford Boat Crew. Dark blue.
Cambridge boat crew, light blue.

Oxford’ Movement. (See Tracts
FOR THE TIMES.)

Oxford Stroke (in rowing). Along,
deep, cP Siapestied a stroke, excellent
In very heavy water. The Cambridge
stroke is a clear, fine, deep sweep, with

a very low feather, excellent in smooth’

water. The Cambridge pull is the best
for smooth water and a short reach, but
the Oxford fora ‘‘lumpy”’ river and a
four-mile course.

Oxgang, as a land measure, was no
certain quantity, but.as much as-an.ox
could. gang over or cultivate. Also
called a bovate. The Latin jugwm was
a similar term, which Varro defines
& Quod juneti boves uno die exaradre:
possunt.’

Bight oxgangs made a carucate. If-an oxgang
Was as much as oneox could cultivate, itsaverage
would be about fifteen acres, ~

O’yer and Ter’miner Coguris of) are

eneral gaol deliveries, held twice a year
im every county. Oyer is French for to
héar—i.e, hear in court or try ; and ter-
miner is French for to conclude..'The

words mean that the commissioners ap- .

pointed are to hear and bring to an end
all the cases in the county,

Oyster. Fast as a Kentish oyster,
t.e, hermetically sealed. Kentish oys-
ters are proverbially good, and all good
oysters are fast-closed,

Oyster. No more sense than an oyster.
This is French: ‘‘ Fl raisonne.comme une
huitre.’”’ Oysters have a mouth, but no
head,

Oyster Part (An). An actor who
appears, speaks, or acts only once, Like
an oyster, he opens but once.

Oyster and Huitre (French) are
variants of the same Latin word, ostréa.
Old French wistre, witre, huitre.

Oysters. Who eats oysters on St.
James’s Day will. nevér want, St.
James’s Day is the first day of the oyster
season (August 5th), when oysters are
an expensive peu, eaten only by the
rich. By 6, 7 Vict., c. 79, the oyster
season begins September 1, and closes
April 30. : y Baio W

‘Oz. (for ounce), Z% made with a tuil
(3) resembles the old terminal mark 3,
indicating a contraction—as Vi3. a con-
traction of vi[delicet] ; quib3, a contrac-
tion of guibus ; 83, a contraction of sed
(but), and'soon, ye

i)

‘second hundred added:

added’ by:

. pianississimo,

P, This letter is a rude outline of a
man’s mouth, the upright being the
neck, In Hebrew it is called pe (the

mouth),

P. The five P’s. William Oxberry
was 80 called, because he was Printer,
Poet, Publisher, Publican, and Player.
(1784-1824.,)

P [alliterative], In 1548, Placentius,
a Dominican monk, wrote a poem of
253 hexameter verses (called Pugna Por-
corum), every word of which begins with
the letter ». It opens thus :—

“Praisé Paul's prize pig's prolific progeny.”

*.. In English heroics the letter A or T would bo
far more easy, as they would giveus articles.

P.C. (patres conscript). The Roman
senate, The hundred senators appointed
by Romulus were called simply patres ; a
Tatius, upon

the union of the Sabines with tho

Romans, were called patres mino’rum

gentium ; a third hundred subsequently
arquin’‘ius° Priscus were
termed patres’ conscripti, an expression
applied to a fourth and fifth hundred
conseribed to the original patres or sena-
tors. Latterly the term was applied to
the whole body,

P., P.P., P.P.P. (in music), P=
piano, pp = pianissimo, and ppp =
Sometimes. pp means
piu piano (more softly).

.¥% So f = forte, ff = fortissimo, and
fff = fortississimo.

P.P.C. (pour. prendre .congé). . For
leave-taking; sometimes written ‘on the
address cards of persons about to leave a
locality when they pay their farewell
visits. In English, paid parting call.

P.S. (post-scriptum). Written after-
wards—i.e. after the letter or book was
finished. (Latin.)

P’sand Q’s, Mind your P’s and Q’s,,
Be very circumspect in your behaviour.

Several explanations have been sug-
gested, but none seems to be wholly
satisfactory. The following comes near-
est to the point of the caution :—-In the

| reign of Louis XIV., when wigs of un-

wieldy size were worn, and: bows were

| made with very great. formality, two

things were specially required, a ‘‘step”’

| with the feet, anda low bend of the
| body. In the latter the wig would be

very apt to get deranged, and even to
fall off the caution, ‘therefore, | of

Pabana

930

. Pagan

the French dancing-master to his pupils
was, *“‘ Mind your P’s [i.e. pieds, feet]
and Q’s [i.e. queues, wigs].’’

Paba‘na (Zhe) or Peacock Dance.
A grave and stately Spanish dance, so
called from the manner’in which the
lady held up her skirt during the per-
formance.

‘Pacific Ocean (The). So called by
Magellan, because he enjoyed ¢alm
weather and a placid sea when he sailed
across it, All the more striking after
the stormy and tempestuous passage of
the adjoining straits.

The Pacific,

Amadeus VITI., Countof Savoy, (1383,
1391-1439; died 1451.)

Frederick III., Emperor of Germany.
(1415, 1440-1493.)

Olaus ITT. of Norway. (*, 1030-1093.)

Packing a Jury. Selecting persons
on a jury whose verdict may be relied
on from proclivity, far more than on
“evidence,

Pac’olet. A dwarf in the service of
Lady Clerimond. He had a wi
horse, which carried off Valentine, Or-
son, and Clerimond from the dungeon of
Ferragus to the palace of King Pepin,
and afterwards carried Valentine to the
palace of Alexander, Emperor of Con-
stantinople, his father. (Valentine and
Orson.)

It is a horse of Pacolet. (French:) A
very swift one, that will carry the rider
anywhere ; in allusion to the enchanted
flying horse of wood, belonging to the
dwarf Pac'olet. (See above.)

“I fear neither shot nor arrow, nor any horse
how swifs soever he may De, not though he could
aden ae. ts of ee aeus 8. of Pacolet,
= helatat Gargantua, bk. ik 7m” a tpi es

Pacto'lus. The golden sands of the
Pactokis, The gold found in the Pac-
to'llian sands was from the mines of
Mount Tmo'lus; but the supply ceased
at the commencement of the Christian

era. (See Mrpas.} Now called Ba-
gouly,
Padding. The filling-up stuff of

serials, ‘The padding of coats and gowns
is the wool, etc., put in to make the

ure of the wearer more shapely.
Figuratively, stuff in books. or speeches
to spin them out.

Paddington Fair. A public exe-
cution. pp hae where executions for-
merly too is i parish of
Paddingto

. been establishe:

| stacue of Wie god

Paddle Your Own Canoe, Mind
your own business. The caution was
iven by President Lincoln. of North
merica,

Paddock. Cold as a paddock. A
paddock is a toad or frog; and we have
the corresponding phrases ‘cold as a
toad,”’ and ‘‘ cold as a frog.’’? Both are
cold-blooded. ‘‘ Paddock calls.”? (Mac-
beth, i. 1.)

Paddi-whack means an Irish wag,
wag being from the Saxon wag-ian.

Paddy. AnIrishman. A corruption
of St. Patrick, Irish Padhrig.

Pad'ua was long supposed by the
Scotch to be the chief school of necro-
mancy ; hence Sir Walter Scott says of

_the Earl of Gowrie—

x4 idee Reg tics art atk ep may name
v (*) e seg.” : :
pe pet res of the Last Minstrel.
Paduasoy or Padésoy. A silk stuff
originally made at Padua.

Pesan. The physician of the celestial
gods; the deliverer from any evil or
calamity, (Greek, pauo, to make to
cease.) fie

Pean. A hymn to Apollo, and ap-
plied to the god himself. We are told
in Dr. Smith’s Classical Dictionary, that
this word is from Pman, the physician
of the Olympian gods; but surely it
could be no honour to the Sun-god to
be called by the name of his own vassal.
Hermsterhuis suggests pati, to make to
cease, poste No make diseases to cease ;
but why supply diseases rather than any
other noun? The more likely deriva-
tion, me judice, is the Greek verb paio,
to dart; Apollo being called the ‘¢ far-~
darter.’’ The hymn began with “ Jo
Pean.” Homer applies it to a trium-
phal song in general.

Pagan properly means “ belonging to
a village Pratin, pagus). The Chris-
tian Church fixed itself first in cities, the
centres of intelligence. Long after it had
in towns, idolatrous
practices continued to be observed in
rural districts and villagés, so pagan and
villager came to mean the same thing.
(See THEN.) jie :

Pagan Works of Art. In Rome
there are numerous works of art in-
tended for Pagan deities and Roman
emperors perverted into Christian nota-
bilities. 7 hoes
of Ge god Merenry, :

Page

———

931

Palace

JOHN THE BAPTIST, in St. Peter's of Rome, is
made out ofa statue of Herculés.

ST. CATHERINE, in §t. Peter’s of Rome, is made
out ofa statue of the goddess Fortina.

St. GILES (or EGripivs), in St. Peter's of Rome,
isa statue of Vulcan.

St. Paun. Sixtus Y. perverted the original
statue of Marcus Aurélius Antoninus into that of
St. Paul. This beautiful marble column, 170 feet
in height, contains a spiral of bas-reliefs of the
wars af the Roman eiperor, wholly out of cha-
racter with the statue which surmounts it.

St. PETER. The same Pope (Sixtus V.) con-
verted the original statue of Trajan, on Trajan’s
column, into a statue of St. Peter. This exquisite
column, like that of Antoninus, contains a spiral
of bas-reliefs. Representing the wars of Trajan.
Surmounted by t. Peter, the perversion is ab-
solutely. ludicrous. In St. Peter’s of Rome the
statue of St. Peter was meant for the old Roman

god Jupiter.
VirciIn Mary. This statue, in St. Peter’s of

Rome, is in reality a statue of Isis, standing on
the crescent Moon.
See Twentieth Century, 1892 : ROME.
Page. A boy attendant. (Russian,
py, a boy; Greek, pais, Italian, pag-
io; Spanish, page; Welsh, dachgen..
ut page, the leaf of a book, is the Latin
pagina.)

Page (Mr. and Mrs.). Inhabitants
of Windsor. The lady joins with Mrs,
Ford to trick Sir John Falstaff.

Ame Page. Daughter of the above,
in love with Fenton. Slender, the son
of a country squire, shy, awkward, and
a booby, greatly admires the lady, but
has too faint a heart to urge his suit
further than to'sigh in audible whispers,
‘*Sweet Anne Page! ”

William Page.’ A school-boy, the
brother of Anne. (Shakespeare: The
Merry Wives of Windsor.)

Pago'da, A temple in China, Hin-
dustan, etc. (Hindustanee, boot-khuda,
abode of God; Persian, put-gada, idol-
house; Spanish, pagoda.)

Paint. The North American Indians
paint their faces only when they go to
war ; hostilities over, they wash it off.

Paint the Lion (70), on board ship,
means to strip a person naked and then
smear the body all over with tar. (Sce
Notes and Queries, 6th August, 1892.)

Painter. The rope which binds a
ship’s boat to theship. (Latin, panthéra ;
French, pantiere, a drag-net; panteur,
a stretcher.)

LI'Ul cut your painter for you. Vil sed
aly to the right about in double quick

ime. If the painter is cut, of course
the boat drifts away.

Painter of the Graces. Andrea
Appia’ni is socalled. (1754-1817.)

Painter of Nature. Remi Belleau,
author of Loves and Transformations of
the Precious Stones, One of the Pleiad

poets is so called, and well deserves the
compliment. The Shepherd’s Calendar
of Spenser is largely borrowed from
Belleau’s Song on April. (1528-1577.)

Painters and Artists. Charactcr-
istics of great artists, The brilliant
truth of a Watteau, the dead reality of
a~ Poussin, the touching grace of a
Reynolds.

“The colouring of Titian, the expression of
Rubens, the | Sea of Raphael, the purity of Do-
menichino, the correggioscity of Correggio, the
learning of Poussin, the airs of Guido, the taste
Ps the Caracci, the grand contour of Angelo."—

LT NE,

“The April freslmess of Giotto, the piety of Fra
Angelo, the Virginal purity of the young. Raphael,
the sweet gravity of John Bellini, the philosophic
depth of Da Vinci, the sublime cleyation of
Michael Angelo, the suavity of Fra Bartolommeo,
the delicacy of the Della Robbia tbe restrained
powers of Roscellini.”

Defects of great artists.

In MICHAEL ANGELO the anklesarc t0o narrow,
gin ae the palm of the thumb is too promi-
ment.
In RAPHABL the ears are badly drawn.
In PLNTURICCHLO both ears and hands are badly
drawn.
the

Prince of painters. — Parrhas‘ios,
Greek painter, so called himself. (Fifth
century B.C.)

Apelles of Cos. (Fourth century B.c.)

Painting. It is said that Apelles,
being at a loss to delineate the foam of
Alexander’s horse, dashed his brush at
the picture in despair, and did by acci-
dent what he could not accomplish by art.

Pair Off. When two members of
Parliament, or two opposing electors,
agree to absent themselves, and not to
vote, so that one neutralises the vote of
the other. The Whips generally find
the pairs for members.

Paishdad’ian Dynasty. The Kai-
Omurs dynasty of Persia was so called
from the third of the line (Houshung),
who was surnamed Paishdad, or the

just lawgiver (B.c. 910-870). (See Kar
OMURS.)
Paix. La Puix des Dames. The

treaty concluded at Cambray, in 1529,
between Francois I. and Charles V.
of Germany; s0 called because it was
brought about by Louise of Savoy
(mother of the French king) and Mar-
garet, the emperor’s aunt.
Pal(A4). <A gipsy-word, meaning a
brother, or companion. :
Palaee originally meant a dwellin
on the Pal’atine Hill of Rome. This hil

’ was so called from Pa'lés, a pastoral

deity, whose festival was celebrated on
April 21st, the ‘‘ birthday of Rome,’’ to
commemorate the day when Romulus,

Paladin

932

Pale Faces

the wolf-child, drew the first furrow at
the foot of the hill, and thus laid the
foundation of the ‘‘ Roma Quadra’ta,’’
the most aneient part of the city. On
this hill Augustus built his mansion, and
his example was followed by Tiberius
and Nero. Under the last-named em-
peror, all private houses on the hill had
to be pulled down to make room for
‘‘ The Golden House,’’ called the Pala’-
tium, the palace of palaces, It con-

tinued to be the residence of the Roman |

emperors to the time of Alexander
Seve’rus, (See PALLACE.)

Paladin. An officer of the Pala’'tium
or Byzantine palace, a high dignitary.
Paladins. The knights of King Charle-
magne. The most noted are Allory de
l’Estoc; Astolfo; Basin de Genevois;
Fierambras or Ferumbras ; Florismart ;
Ganelon, the traitor ; Geoffroy, Seigneur
de Bordelois, and Geotfroy de Frises;
Guerin, Duc de Lorraine ; Guillaume de
V’Estoc, brother of Allory; Guy de
Bourgogne ; Hoél, Comte de Nantes ;
Lambert, Prince de Bruxelles; Mala-
gigi; Nami or Nayme de Baviere ;
Ogier or Oger the Dane; Olivier, son of
Regnier, Comte de Gennes; Orlando
ie Roland); Otuél; Richard, Due
e Normandie; Rinaldo; Riol du Mans;
Roland, Comte de Cenouta, son of
Milon and Dame Berthe, Charlemagne’s
sister, Samson, Duc de Bourgogne;
and Thiry or Thiery d’Ardaine. Of
these, twelve at a time seemed to have
formed the coterie of the king. (Latin,
palatwus, one of the palace.)
“Who bear the bows were knights in Arthur's
Twelve they and twelve the peers of Charle-
main.” Dryden: The Flower and the Leaf.
Palse’mon, originally called Meli-
certés. Son of Ino; called Palemon
after he was made a sea-god. The
Roman Portu’nus, the protecting god of
harbours, is the same. (Se¢ PALEMON.)

Palais des Thermes. Once the
‘abode of the Roman government of
Gaul, as well as of the kings of the
first and second dynasties. Here Julius
fixed his residence when he was Cesar
of Gaul. It is in Paris, but the only
part now extant is a vast hall, formerly
the chamber of cold baths (frigida’-
vium), restored by Napoleon IIL.

© Palame’dés of Lombardy joined
the squadron of adventurers with ‘his
two ‘brothers, Achilles and Sforza, in
the-allied Christian army. He was shot
Clorinda with an arrow. (Zasso:
ferusalem Delivered, book ili. c. ii. 4.)

He is a Palunedes, A> clever, in-
genious person, The allusion is to
the son of Nauplios, who invented
measures, scales, dice, etc. . He also
detected that the madness of Ulysses
was only assumed.

Sir Palame'dés. A Saracen knight
overcome in single combat by Sir
Tristram. Both loved Isolde, the wife
of King Mark ; and after the lady was
given up by the Saracen, Sir Tristram
converted him to the Christian faith,
and stood his godfather at the font.
(Thomas the Rhymer.)

Pal'amon and Arcite (2 syl.). Two
young Theban knights who fell into the
hands of ‘‘Duke Theseus,’? and were
shut up in a donjon at Athens, Both
fell in love with Emily, the duke’s
sister-in-law.’ In. time they obtained
their liberty, and the duke appointed a
tournament, promising Emily to the
vietor, Arcite prayed to Mars to grant
him victory, Pal’amon prayed to Venus
to grant him Emily, and both obtained
their petition, Arcite won the victory,
but, being thrown from his horse, died ,
Pal’amon, . therefore, ,though not. the
winner, won the prize for which he
fought. The story is borrowed from
Le Teseide of Boccaccio, . The Black
Horse, a drama by John Fletcher, is the
same tale; so called because it was a
black horse from which Arcite was
thrown. (Chawer: The Knight's Tale:)

Palat’inate (4 syl.).. The province
of a palatine, as the Palatinate of the
Rhine, in Germany. <A’ palatine is an
officer whose court is held in the royal
palace; also called a palace-greave or
pfalzgraf. There were three palatine
counties in England — viz. Preston
Durham, and Lancaster, in which the
count exercised a royal authority, just
as supreme as though he had been the
regal tenant of the palace itself

Pala'ver comes from the Portuguese
palavra (talk), which is palaver, a coun-
cil of African chiefs. NO J
pele ean fated? © Shakeopeare | RMN Ade
about Notlving, ili. 4. 5

Pale. Within the ee of my observa-
tion—i.e. the scope thereof. . The do-
minion of King John and his successors
in Ireland was marked off, and the: part
belonging to the English crown was
called the pale, or the part paled off.

Pale Faces. So Indians call’ the
European settlers, woe + Pah

wh

=

Palemon 933

Pall

Pale’mon. ‘The pride of swains’’
in Thomson’s Autumn; a poetical re-
presentation.of Boaz, while the “lovely
young Lavin'ia”’ is Ruth, _

Palemon, in love with the captain’s
daughter, in Falconer’s Shipwreck,

Palermo Razors. Razors of. su-
preme excellence, made in Palermo,
“ Itis a rayser, and that’s a very good one,

It came lately from Palermo.” Jeu
Damon and Pithias, i. 227.

Pales. The god of shepherds and
their flocks, (Roman inythology.)

Palestine Soup. Soup made of
Jerusalem artichokes. This is a good
example of blunder begetting blunder.
Jerusalem artichoke is:a corruption’ of
the Italian Girasole articiocco —i.e, the
“sunflower: artichoke.’? From girasole
we make Jerusalem, and from Jerusalem
artichokes we make Palestine soup.

Pales'tra (3 syl.). - Hither the act of
wrestling, etc., or the place in which the
Grecian youths practised athletic exer-
eises. (Greek, palé, wrestling.)

Palestrina or Pelestrina. An
island nearly south of Venice, noted for
its glass-houses.

fovannt Pierluigi da
called ‘‘The Prince of Music,’’
1594.)

Paletot [pal'-c-to}. A corruption of
palla-toque,a cloak with a hood. Called
by Piers Plowman a paltock. ‘The hood
or toque has disappeared, but the word
remains the same,

Pa‘limpsest. A parchment on which
the original writing has been effaced,
and. something .else has been. written.
(Greek, palin, again; ysao, I rub or
efiace.) _ When parchment was not
supplied in sufficient quantities, the
morks and others used to wash or rub
out the writing in a parchment and use
itagain. -As they did not wash or rub
it out entirely, many works have been
recovered. by modern ingenuity. Thus
Cicero’s De Republica has been restored ;
it was partially erased to make room for
@ commentary of St. Augustine on the
Psalms. Of course St. Augustine’s com-
mentary was first copied, then erased
from the parchment, ‘and the original
MS. of Cicero made its appearance.

“Central Asia is a palimpsest ; everywhere
actual barbarism overlays a bygone civilisation.”

—The Times... ' ;
- Palindrome (3 syl.). A word or
line which reads backwards and for-

Palestrina,
(1529-

alike, as Madam, also Roma tibi.

_ Saintes,

subito motibus ibit amor. (Greek, palin
dromo, to run back again.) (See Sorapic.)

* The following Greek palindrome is
very celebrated :—

NIVONANOMHMATAMHMONANOVYIN
(Wash my transgressions, not only my
tate), The legend round the font at
St. Mary’s, Nottingham. Also on the
font, in the basilica of St. Sophia,. Con-
stantinople; also on the font of St.
Stephen d’Egres, Paris; at St. Menin’s
Abbey, Orléans; at Dulwich College;
and at the following churches: Wor-
lingsworth (Suffolk), Harlow (Essex),
Knapton (Norfolk), Melton Mowbray.
(it has been removed, to a, ncighbouring
hamlet), St. Martin’s, Ludgate (London),
and Hadleigh (Suffolk), (See Jngram :
Churches of London, vol. ii.; Malcolm;
Londinun Redivivum, vol. iv. p. 356;
Allen: London, vol, isi. p. 530.)

*: It is said that when Napoleon was asked
whether he could have invaded England, he
answered “ Able was I ere I saw Elba.”

Pal'inode (3 syl.). A song or dis-
course recanting a previous one. A good
specimen of the palinode is Horace, book
i. ode. 16, translated by Swift. Watts
has a palinode in which he retracts the
praise bestowed upon Queen Anne. In
the first part of her reign he wrote a
laudatory poem to the queen, but he
says. that the latter part. deluded his
hopes and proved him a false prophet.
Samuel Butler has also a palinode to
recant what he said in a previous poem
to the Hon. Edward Howard, who
wrote a poem called The British Princes,
(Greek, palin odé, a song again.)

Palinu'rus (in English, Palinuwre).
Any pilot; so called from Palinurus, the
steersman of /ine’as.

“ Oh! think how fo his [Pitt's] latest day,

When death, just hovering, claimed his prey,,

With Palinure’s unaltered mood,

Virm at his dangerous post he’stood ;

Each call for needful rest repelled,

With dying hand the rudder held,

Tillin his fall with fateful sway Hat

‘Ie steerage of the realm gave way.” sy

Palissy Ware. Dishes and othe
similar articles covered with models from
nature of fish, reptiles, shells, flowers,
and leaves, most carefully coloured and
in high relief, like the wares of Della
Robbia. Bernard Palissy was born at
(151071890,) 3k parry et

Pall, the. covering thrown’ over)’
coffin, is the Latin palliwm, a square’
piece ‘of cloth used by the Romans to.
throw over their shoulders, or to cover
them in bed; hence a coverlet. ~ a

Pall, the long sweeping robe, is the
Roman pailla, worn only by princes, and,

Pall-béarers

934 Palm Treé

women of honest fame. This differed
greatly from the pallium, which was
worn by freemen and slaves, soldiers,
and philosophers,
“ Sometimes let gorgeous Tragedy
In sceptred pall come sweeping by.”
Milton: Il Penseroso

Pall-bearers. The custom of ap-
pomting men of mark for pall-bearers,
has come to us fromthe Romans. Julius
Cesar had magistrates for his pall-
bearers ; Augustus Cesar had, senators;
Germanicus had tribunes and centurions;
/Emil'is L, Paulus had the chief men of
Macedonia who acs to be at Rome
at the time; but the poor were carried
on a plain bier on men’s shoulders. 423% !

Pall Mall. A game in which a palle
or iron ball is struck through an iron
Ting with a mall or mallet

Pallace is by Phillips derived from
siete pales or paled fences. In

evonshire, a palace means a ‘‘store-
house ;’’ in Totness, ‘‘a landing-place
enclosed but not roofed in.” (See Pa-
LACE.)

“ All that cellar and the chambers over the same,
and the little pallace and landing-place adjoining
the River Dart."—Lease granted by the Corporation
of Totness in 1703.

“Out of the ivory palaces” (Psalm xlv 8)—
fe. store-places or cabinets made of ivory. For
“ palaces" read pallaces.

Palla’dium. Something that affords
effectual protection and safety. The
Palla’dium was a colossal wooden statue
of Pallas in the city of Troy, said to
have fallen from heaven. It was be-
lieved that so long as this statue re-
mained within the city, Troy would be
safe, but if removed, the city would fall
mto the hands of the enemy. The
statue was carried away by the Greeks,
and the city burnt by them to the
ground.

The Scotch had a similar tradition
attached to the great stone of Scone,
near Perth. Edward I. removed it to
Westminster, and it 3, still framed in
the Coronation Chair ot England, (See
Coronation, SCONE.)

Palladium of Rome. Anci'le (9.v.).

Palladium of Megara. A poiden hair
of King Nisus.. (See Soyrtia, EDEN
Hatt.)

Pallas. A name of Minerva, some-
times called Pallas Minerva. According
to fable, Pallas was one of the Titans, of

iant size, killed by Minerva, who flayed
fitns and used his skin for armour;
whence she was called Pallas Minerva.
More likely the word Pallas is from

pallo, to brandish; and the compound

means Minerva who brandishes the
spear.

Pallet. The painter in Smollett’s
Peregrine Pickle. A man without one
jot of reverence for ancient customs or
modern etiquette.

Pal/liate (3 syl.) means simply to
cloak. (Latin, pallu, a cloak.)

“That we should not dissemble nor cloke them
four sins}... . but confess them with a bumble,

lowly, and obedient heart.’ — Common Praucr
‘ook, ,

Palm. 4 itching palm. A hand
ready to receive bribes. The old super-
stition is that if your palm itches you
are going to receive money,

“ Let me tell you, Cassius, you yourself

Are much condemned to have an itching pole
Shakespecure: Julius Cesm’, tv. 3.

To bear the paln. To be the best.
The allusion is to the Roman custom ot
giving the victorious gladiator a branch
of the palm-tree.

Palm Off (70) wares, tricks, etc., upon
the unwary. The allusion is to jugglers
who conceal in the palm of their and
what they pretend to dispose of in some
other way. These jugglers were some-
times called palmers,

“You may palm upon us new for old.”
Dryden

Palm Oil. Bribes, or rather money
for bribes, fees, etc,

“In Jreland the macDinery of a political move
ment will not work unless there is quent ot
palm-oil to prevent friction.” —Jrish Sah joneprom
1792 to 1880, D. 39. .

“The rich may escape wish whole skins, but

those without ‘palm-oil' have scant mercy.”—
Nineteenth Century, Aug., 1892, p. $12.

Palm Sunday. The Sunday next
before Easter. So called in memory of
Christ’s triumphant entry into Jerusa-
lem, when the multitude strewed the
way with palm branches and_ leaves,
(John xii.) )

Sad Palm Sunda. March 29, 1463,
the day of the battle of Towton, the
most fatal of all the battles in the do-
mestic war between the White and Red
Roses, Above 37,000 Englishmen were
slain. , ;
“ Whose hanks received the blood of many thou-

sand men, ae

On ‘Sad Palm Sunday” slain, that Towton eld

The bloodiest fleld betwixt the White Rose and

the Red.” ett tress
Drayton: Powolbdion, xxviit .

Palm Tree is said to grow faster for
being weighed down. Hence it is the
symbol of resolution overcoming cala-

mity, It is believed by Orientals to
peat! sp from the reeeine of the clay
of which wasformed,» =

+

Palmer

935

Panacea

Palmer. A sae privileged to
carry a palm-staff; In Fosbroke’s Brit-
ish Monachism we read that ‘certain
prayers and psalms being said over the
pilgrims, as they lay prostrate before
the altar, they were sprinkled with holy
water, and received a consecrated palm-
staff, Palmers differed from pilgrims in
this respect: a pilgrim made his pil-
prmage and pettirndal to public or private
life; but a palmer spent all his days
in visiting holy shrines, and lived on

charity.
“His sandals Were with travel tore,
Staff, budget, bottle, scrip he wore ;
The faded palm-branch in his hand
Showed pilgrim from the Holy Land.”
Sir Walter Scott : Marmion, i..27.

Palmerin of England. A romance
of chivalry, in which Palmerin is the

hero. There is another romance called
Palmerin de. Oliva. (See Southey’s
Palmerin.)

Palmy Days, Prosperous or happy
days, as those were to a victorious
gladiator whem he went to receive the

palm branch as the reward of his

prowess,

Palsy. Zhe genilemen’s palsy, ruin *

from gambling. (Liizabeth’s reign.)

Paludamentum. A _ distinctive
mantle worn by a Roman general in the
time of war. This was the ‘‘scarlet
robe’? in which Christ was invested.
(Matt, xxvii. 28.)

“They flung on him an old scarlet paludamen-
tum—soine ¢ast-off war-cloak with its purple lati-

clave from the Pretorian wardrobe. array 3
Life of Christ, chap. 1x. p. 429.

Pam. The knave of clubs, short for
Pamphile, the French word for the
knave of clubs,

© Dr. Johnson's derivation of Pam from palm,
because ‘ Pam‘ triumphs over other cards, is ex-
eet comic. Of course, Pamis short for ion
phile, the French name for the knave of clubs."
—— and Queries (W. W. Skeat,-1 May, 1886),

_ Pam’ela. The title of the finest of
Richardson’s novels, which once enjoyed
@ popularity almost equal to that of the
romances of Sir Walter Scott. _

Pamela, Lady Edward Fitzgerald
(died 1831).

Pampas. Treeless plains, some 2,000
miles long and from 300 to 500 broad,
in South America, They cover an area
of 750,000 square miles, It is an Indian
word meaning flats or plains.

Pamper, according to Junius, is from
the Latin ater French pampre
(vine-tendril). Hence Milton—

; ; “ Where any row

Of fruit-trees, over-woody, reached too far
Their pampered boughs, and needed hands to

heck , .
Vruitless embraces,” Paradise Lost, v. 214,

The Italian pambera’to (well-fed) is a
compound of pane (bread) and Jere
(drink),

Pamphlet, said to be from Pamphila,
a Greek lady, whose chief work is a
commonplace book of anecdotes, epi-
tomes, notes, etc. Dr. Johnson suggests
par-un-filet (held ‘‘ by a thread ’’)—2.¢.
stitched, but not bound; another de-
rivation is pag'ine jfila'te (pages tacked
together). It was anciently written

on ifletus, pamflete, and by Caxton paun-
ct,

Pamphyle (3 syl.). A sorceress
who converted herself into an owl
(Apuleius). There was another Pam-
phylé, the daughter of Apollo, who- first
taught women tv embroider with silk.

“In one very remote village lives the sorceress
Pamphylé, who turns her neighbours into various
animals... Lucius, peeping... thro’ a chink

in the door (saw] the old witch transform herself
into an owl.’ — Pater: Marius the Epicurean,
chap. v. .

Pan. ‘The personification of deity
displayed in creation and pervading all
things. As flocks and herds were the
chief property of the pastoral age, Pan
was called the god of flocks and herds,
He is also called the god of hy/é, not the
“‘woods’’ only, but ‘all material sub-
stances.”? The lower part was that of
a goat, because of the asperity of the
earth ; the upper part was that of a
man, because ether is the ‘‘ hegemonic’
of the world ;”’ the lustful nature of the
god symbolised the spermatic principle
of the world; the libbard’s skin was to
indicate the immense variety of. created
things; and the character of ‘‘ blameless
Pan”? symbolised that’ wisdom which
‘governs the world. (Greek, pan, every~
thing.) (Phornutus: De Natura Deo
orum, xxvii, 203.)

“Universal Pan,
Knit with the Graces and the Hours in dance,
Beye fs Erion : Paradise Lost, iv. 265,

‘*" In the National Museum of Naples:
is the celebrated marble of ‘‘ Pan teach-
ing Apollo to play on the panpipe,”

The Great Pan. Francois Marie Arouet
de Voltaire, also called the Dictator of
Letters. (1694-1778.)

Panace’a, Auniversal cure, Pana
cea was the daughter of Escula’pios (god
of medicine), The name is evidently
composed. of two Greek words pan-
akeomat (all I cure). Of course the
medicine that cures is the daughter or
child of the healing art.

Panace'a. An Orkney proverb says
the well of Kildinguie and the dulse
(sea-weed) of Guiodin will cure every

*

Panama

936

Panel

malady save Black Death. (Sir Walter
Scott: The Pirate, chap. xxix.) | (See
AZOTH.)

Other famous panaceas.

Prince Ahmed’s apple, or apple of
Samarcand, cured all disorders, (See
under APPLE,)

The balsam of Fierabras (q.v.).

The Prome’thean unguent rendered
the body invulnerable.

Aladdin’sring (q.v.) was a preservative
against all the ills which flesh is heir to,

Sir Gilbert’s sword. Sir T. Malory,
in his History of Prince Arthur (i. 116),
says :—

ae Launcelot touched the wounds of Sir
Meliot with Sir Gilbert’s sword, and wiped them
with the cereclath, and anon a wholler man was
he never in all his life.” ;

(See also AcuitiEs’ Spzar, MrEpzEa’s
Kertie, Reynarp’s Rina [sce Rine],
Pan’THERA, etc.)

Panama’. A word which, in 1892,
became synonymous with government
corruptions. M. de Lesseps undertook
to cut a sea passage through the Isthmus
of Panama, and in order to raise money
from the general public, bribed French
senators, deputies, and editors of jour-
nals to an enormous extent. An in-
vestigation was made into the matter in
1892, and the results were most damag-
ing. Inthe beginning of 1893 Germany
was charged with a similar misappro-
priation of money connected with. the
Guelph Fund, in which Prince Ludwig
of Bavaria was involved,

“On the other side of the Vosges people will

exult that Germany has also her Panama,’—
Reuter's Telegram, Berlin, January 2nd, 1893,

Pancake (2 syl.) is a pudding or
“cake”? madein a frying-pan. It was
originally to be eaten after dinner, to
stay the stomachs of those who went to
be shriven. ‘The Shrove-bell was called

’ the Pancake Bell, and the day of shriving

“Pancake Tuesday.”

~“Pancaste (3 syl.). An Athenian
hetera, and her “companion in “sin,
Phryné, were the models of Venus Rising

rom the Sea, by Apellés. (See PHRYNE.)

Pancras (S?.). Patron saint of chil-
dren. . He was a noble Roman. youth,

martyred by Diocle’tian at the age of -

fourteen (A.D. 304). (See Nicuézas.)

_, St. Pancras, in Christian art, is repre-
sented as treading on a, Saracen and
bearing either a stone and sword, or a
book and palm-branch. The allusions
are to his hatred of infidelity, and the
implements of his martyrdom.

\

| péenos.)

Pan'darus. | Leader of the Lycians
in the Trojan war, but represented as
a pimp in medieval romances. (See
PANDER.)

Pandects of Justinian (The), found
at Amalfi (1137), gave a spur to the
study of civil law which changed the
whole literary and legal aspect’ of
Europe. The word means much the
same as “‘cyclopmdia.’’? (Greek, pan,
everything ; dech'-omai, I receive.)

Pandemo’nium (4). <A perfect pan-
demonium, A: bear-garden for disorder
and licentiousness, In allusion to the
parliament of hell in Milton’s Paradise
Lost, book i. (Greek, pan daimon, every
demon.) (See CORDELIBRS, ) fn9

Pander. To pander to one’s vices is
to act as an agent to them, and such an
agent is termed a.pander, from Pan’-
darus, who procures for Tro‘ilus the love
and graces of Cressida.. In Much Ado
about Nothing it is said that Troilus was
‘‘ the first employer of pandars’? (v. 2).
(Shakespeare: Troilus. and Cressida ;
Chaucer: Troilus and Cresseide.)

“Let all pitiful goers-between be. called to
the world’s end after my name, call them all
*Pandars,’ Let all.constant men be ‘ Troiluses,"
all false women be ‘Cressids,’ and all brokers-
between, ‘Pandars.’ ..Say, Amen."=Zyoilus and
Cressida, iii. 2, xg bas

Pando'ra’s Box (4)... A present
which seems’ valuable, but which’ is in
reality a curse; as when Midas’ was
permitted, according to-his request, to
turn whatever he touched into’gold, and
found his very food became gold, and
therefore uneatable, Prometheus made
an image and stole fire from heaven to
endow it with life. In revenge, Jupiter
told Vulcan to make a female statue,
and gave her a box which she was to
present to the man who married her.
Prometheus distrusted Jove and_ his
gifts, but Epime'theus, his brother,
married the beautiful Pando’ra, and
received the box. — Imniediately the
bridegroom opened the box all the evils
that tlesh is heir to flew forth, and have
ever since continued to afflict the world.
The last thing that flew from the box
was Hope. 2 ras

Panel (4), means simply a piece of
rag or skin. (Latin, panntis ; Greek,

In law it means a ‘piece of
archment containing ‘thé names of
jurors. Zo empanel a jury is to enter
their names on the’ panel or roll. The
panels of a room are the framed wains-
cot which supplies the place of tapestry,
and the panels of doors are the thin
boards like wainscot, es

Pangloss

937

Pantagruelion Herb

Pangloss (Dr.).. A learned pedant,
very poor and very conceited, pluming
himself on the titles of LL.D. and A.SS.
(Greek, ‘‘All-tongue.””) (Colman: Heir-
at-Law.)

Pan'ic. On one occasion Bacchus,

in his Indian expeditions, was enconi-
- passed with an army far superior to his
own; one of his chief captains, named
Pan, advised him to command all his
men at the dead of night to raise a
simultaneous: shout. The shout was
rolled from mountain to mountain by
innumerable echoes, and the Indians,
thinking they were surrounded on all
sides, took to sudden flight. From this
incident, all sudden fits of great terror
have been termed panics. (See Judges
vii. 18-21.)

Theon gives another derivation, and
says that the god Pan struck terror into
the hearts of the giants, when they
watred against heaven, by blowing into
a sea-shell.

Panjan’drum. Zhe Grand Panjan-

drum. A village boss, who imagines
himself the ‘f Magnus Apollo’’ of his
neighbours. The word occurs in Foote’s
farrago of nonsense which he composed
‘to test the memory of old Macklin, who
said he had brought his memory to such
perfection that he could remember any-
thing by reading it over once.
_.* | myself knew-a man at college who could do
the same. He would repeat accurately one bun-
Gred lines of Greek by reading them twice over,
although he. could not accurately translate them,
His memory was marvellous, but its uselessness
‘was still more so,

Pan‘tables. Zo stand upon oné’s
‘pantables. To stand upon one’s dignity.

antables are slippers, and the idea is
se tenir sur le haut bout—i.e. to remit
nothing. :

“Fee standeth upon Ais panfablesand regardeth
greatly his reputation.”—Saker : Narbonus (1590).

Pantagruel’. So called because he
was born during the drought which
lasted thirty and six months, three
weeks, four days, thirteen hours, and
- little more, in that year of grace
noted for having “three Thursdays in
ona week,”’ His father was Garganina,
‘the giant, who was four hundred four-
‘score and forty-four years old at the

‘time; his mother, Badebec, died in
giving him pirth; his grandfather was
‘Gran: aah Gee He was so strong
that he was chained in his cradle with
\four great iron chains, like those used in
sships of the largest size; being angry at
this, he stam out the bottom of his

sbassanet, which was made of weavers’

beams, and, when loosed by the ser-
vants, broke his bonds into five hundred
thousand pieces with one blow of his
infant fist. _When he grew to manhood
he knew all languages, all sciences,
and all knowledge of every sort, out-
Solomoning Solomon in wisdom. ‘Having

| defeated Anarchus, King of the Dip-

sodes, all submitted except the Al-
mirods. Marching against these people,
a heavy rain fell, and Pantagruel covered
his whole army with his tongue. While
so doing, Alcofri’bas crawled into his
mouth, where he lived six months,
taking toll of every morsel that his lord
ate. His immortal achievement was his
voyage from Utopia in quest of the
‘oracle of the Holy Bottle” (q.v.).

“ Wouldst thou not issue forth...
To see the third part in this earthy cell
Of the brave acts of good Pantag’ruel’.”
Rabelais: To the Spirit of the Queen of Navarre,

*? Pantagruel was the last of the race
of giants.

“My thirst with Pantagruel’s own would rank.”
—Punch, June 15th, 1893, p. 17.

Pantag'ruel’ (meant for Henri II., son
of Francois I.), in the satirical romance
of Rabelais, entitled History of Gar-
gantua and. Pantagruel.

Pantagruelion. The great Pantag'-
ruelion law case (Lord Busqueue v, Lord
Suckfist), This case, having nonplussed
all the judges in Paris, was referred to
Lord -Pantagruel for decision. The
writs, etc., were as much as four asses
could carry, but the arbiter determined
to hear the plaintiff and defendant state
their own cases. Lord Busqueue spoke
first, and pleaded such a rigmarole that
no one on earth could unravel its mean-
ing; Lord Suckfist replied, and the
bench declared ‘‘We-have not under-
stood one single circumstance of the
defence.’’? Then Pantagruel gave sen-
tence, but his judgment was as obscure
and unintelligible as the case itself. So,
as no one understood a single sentence
of the whole affair, ‘all were perfectly’
satisfied, a “thing un aratlelt in the
annals of the law.’’ (Rabelais + Pantag-
ruél, book ii.)

Pantagruelion Herb (The).
Hemp; so called ‘‘ because Pantagruel

-was:the inventor of a certain use which

it serves for, exceeding hateful to felons,

‘unto whom it is more hurtful than
-strangle-weed to flax.’’. °-

“The figure and shape of the Jeaves are not
much different from those of the ash-tree or the
agrimony, the herb he reg eh like the Bupa-
to’rio that many. herbalists have called it the
‘Domestic Eupatorio,. and the Eupatorio the
wale Pantagruelion.'” —Rubelais: Pantagruel,

-Pantaloon

938

Panurge

Pantaloon. A _ feeble-minded old
man, the foil of the clown, whom he
aids and abets in all his knavery. The
word is derived from the dress he used
to wear, a loose suit down to the heels.

“That Licentio that comes a-wooing is my man ‘

Tramo bearing my port, that we might beguile
the old pantaloon.’—Shakespewre: Taming of the
Shrew, itd. 1

Pantaloon. Terd Byron says the Ve-
netians were called the Planters of the
Tion—1.e, the Lion of St. Mark, the
standard of the republic; and further
tells us that the character of ‘‘panta-
loon,’’ being Venetian, was called Pian-
taleone (Planter of the Lion). (Childe
Harold, bk. iv. stanza 14, note 9.)

Playing Pantaloon, | Playing second
fiddle, being the cat’s-paw of another ;
servilely imitating.

Pantechnicon. A place where all
sorts of manufactured articlesareexposed
for sale; a storehouse for furniture.

Panthe’a, wife of Abradatus, King of
- Susa. Abradatus joined the Assyrians
against Cyrus, and his wife was taken
captive. Cyrus refused to visit her, that
ne might not be tempted by her beauty
to outstep the bounds of modesty. Ab-
radatus was so charmed by this con-
tinence that he joined the party of
Cyrus, and, being slain in battle, his wife
ae an end to her life, and fell on the
dy of her husband.

“Here stands Lady’Rachel Russell—there the
arch-virago Old Bess of Hardwicke. The one is
our English version of Panthéa of Arria; the
other of Xantippé in a coif and peaked sto-
macher."—Mrs. Lynn Linton: Nineteenth Century,
Oct., 1891, p. 606.

Panthe'a (Greek). Statues carrying
symbols of several deities, as in the
medal of Antoni’nus Pius, where Sera’pis
is represented by a modus, Apollo by
rays, Jupiter Ammon by _ram’s horns,
Pluto by a large beard, and ASscula’pius
by a wand, around which a serpent is
twined.

Panthe’on. The finest is that erected
in Rome by Agrippa (son-in-law of
Augustus). It is circular, 150 feet. in
diameter, and the same in height. It is

now a church, with statues of heathen’

gods, and is called the Rotunda. In
Paris the Pantheon was the church of
‘St. Genevieve, built by Louis XV.,
finished 1790. Next year the Conven-
tion called it the Pantheon, and set it
apart as the shrine of those Frenchmen
whom their country wished to honour
(‘‘aua grands hommes la patric reconnais-

sante”). (Greek, pentes theor, all the
gods.) by

,

Panther. The Spotted Panther in
Dryden’s Hind and Panther means the
Church of England full of the spots of
error; whereas the Church of Rome is
faultless as the milk-white hind

“ The panther, sure the noblest next the hind,

And fairest creature of the spotted kind ,

Ah, could her inborn stains be washed away,
Bhe were too good to be a beast of wish :
art i

Pan'thera. A hypothetical beast
which lived in the East. Reynard af-
firmed that he had sent her majesty the
queen a comb made of panthera bone,
“¢ more lustrous than the rainbow, more
odoriferous than any perfume, a charm
against every ill, and a universal pana-
cea.”? (IZ. von Alkmar: Reynard the

| Fox.) (1498.)

She wears a comb made of panthera bone.
She is all perfection. (See above.)

Pantile Shop. A meeting-house,
from the fact that dissenting chapels were
often roofed with pantiles. Hence pan-
tile was used in the sense of dissenting.
Mrs. Centlivre, in the Gortiam Election,
contrasts the pantile crew with a good
churchman. i

Pan'tomime (3 syl.), according to
etymology, should be ali dumb show,
put in modern practice it is partly dumb
show and partly grotesque speaking.
Psat and Columbine never speak,

but Clown and Pantaloon keep up a
constant fire of fun. Dr. Clarke says
» with

that Harlequin is the er Mercw
his short sword called ‘‘herpé;’’ he is
supposed to be invisible, and to be able
to transport himself to the ends of the
earth as quick as thought. Columbine
he says, is Psyche (the soul) ; the old
man is Charon; and the Clown Moms
(the buffoon of heaven), whose large
gaping mouth is an imitation of the
ancient masks. (Travels, iv. 459.)

The best Roman pautomimists were
Bathylus (a freedman of Maecenas), Py-
lidés, and Hylas. :

Panton Gates. Old as Ponton Gates.
A corruption of Pandon Gates at New-
castle-on-Tyne,

Pantry. (French, paneterve (2 syl)s
Latin, panariwm,.from panrs, bread.)
An archaic form is ‘‘ panary.” The
keeper of a pantry was at one time
called a ‘‘panterer.”? (French, pan-
terer.) i an oe A

Panurge ‘(2 syl.). A companion of
Pantae’ruel’s, not unlike our Giachabier
and Buckingham in the reign of the
mutton-eating king) Panurge was a

Panyer Stone

939 Par

desperate rake, was always in debt, had
a dodge for every scheme, knew every-
thing and something more, was a boon
companion of the mirthfullest temper
and most licentious bias; but was timid
of danger, and a desperate coward. He
enters upon ten thousand adventures
for the solution of this knotty point.
‘‘Whether or not he ought to marry ?”’
and although gg response is in the
negative, disputes the ostensible mean-
ing, and stoutly maintains that no means
yes. (Greek for factotum.) (Rabelais.)

Panurge, probably meant for Calvin,
though some think it is Cardinal Lor-
raine. He is a licentious, intemperate
libertine, a coward and knave. Of
course, the satire points to the celibacy
of the clergy.

“Sam Slick is the thoroughbred Yankee, bold,
cunning, and, above all,a merchant. Inshort, he
isa sort of Republican Panurge.”—Globe.

As Panurge asked if he should marry.
Asking advice merely to contradict the
giver of it. Panurge asked Pantag’ruel’
whether he advised him to marry,
‘*Yes,’’ said Pantagruel. When Panurge
urged some strong objection, ‘Then
don’t marry,’’ said Pantagruel ; to which
the favourite replied, ‘‘ His whole heart
was bent on so doing.’’ ‘Marry then,
by all means,’’ said the prince, but Pan-
urge again found some insuperable bar-
rier, And so they went on; every time
Pantagruel said ‘“ Yea,’’? new reasons
were found against this advice; and
every time he said ‘‘ Nay,’’ reasons no
less cogent were discovered for the
affirmative. (Rabelais: Gargantua and
Pantagruel, bk. iii. 9.)

Besides Pantag’ruel’, Panurge con-
sulted lots, dreams, a sibyl, a deaf and
dumb man, the old poet Rominagrobis,
the chiromancer Herr Trippa, the theo-
logian Hippothadée, the physician Ron-
dibilis, the philosopher Trouillogan, the
court fool Triboulet, and, lastly, the
Oracle of the Holy Bottle.

Panyer Stone (Zhe). A stone let

‘into the wall of a house in Panyer Alley.

It is a, rude representation of a boy
sitting on a pannier. (French, panier ;
Latin, panariwm, a bread-basket.) The
stone has the following inscription :-—

“ When you have sought the city round,
Yet stil) this is the highest ground,
August 27th, 1683.”

* This is not correct, for there are
higher spots both in Cornhill, and in
Cannon Street.

. Pap. He gives pap with ahatchet.

He does or says a kind thing in a very

brusque and ungracious manner. The

Spartan children were fed by the point
of a sword, and the Teuton children
with hatchets, or instruments so called—
Soest of the doll type. ‘‘ Ursus,”’ in
ictor Hugo's novel of ‘‘ LZ’ Homme qui
Rit,’ gives “pap with a hatchet.”

Papa, Father. The former is Greek
pappas (father); Chaldee, abba. For
many centuries after the Conquest, the
“gentry”? taught their children to use
the word ‘‘papa,”’ but this custom is
now almost gone out,

Papal Slippers (Zhe) are wrought
with a cross of rubies over each instep.

Paper. So called from the papy’rus
or Egyptian reed used at one time for
the manufacture of a writing material,
Bryan Donkin, in 1803; perfected a
machine for making a sheet of paper to
any required length,

Paper a House (70), in theatrical
phraseology, means to fill a house with
“* deadheads,”’ or non-paying spectators,
admitted by paper orders, The women
admitted thus, not being dressed so
smartly as the paying ones, used to
cover their shoulders with a ‘scarlet
opera cloak,” often lent or hired for the
occasion.

Paper King. John Law, the pro-
1 of the Mississippi Scheme. (1671-

Paper Marriages. Weddings of
dons, who pay their fees in bank-notes,

Paper-stainer (4). An author of
small repute,

Paph‘ian. Relating to Venus, or
rather to Paphos, a city of Cyprus, where
Venus was worshipped; a Cyprian; a
prostitute.

Papimany. The country of the
Papimans; the country subject to the
Pope, or any priest-ridden country, as
Spain. (Rabelais: Gargantua and Pantag'-
ruel, iv, 45.)

Papy'ra. The goddess of printing;
so called from papy’rus, the Nile-réed,
from which at one time paper was made,
and from which it borrows its name.

“ Till to astonished realms Papyra taught
To paint in mystic colours sound and thought,
With Wisdom's voice to print the page sublime,
And mark in adamant the steps of Time.” _
Darwin: Loves of the Plants, canto ik

Papy’ri. Written scrolls made of
the Papy'rus, found in Egypt and Her-
cula’/neum.

Par. (A). A newspaper pa h.
saben wspaper paragrap

Par

940

Paradise

Par (41). Stock at par means that
it is to be bought at the price it repre-
sents. Thus, £100 stock in the 24 per
cent. quoted at par would mean that it
would require £100 to invest in this
stock ; if quoted at £105, it would be £5
above par; if at £95, it would be £5
below par, (Latin, par, equal.)

Paracel'sists. Disciples of Para-
celsus in medicine, physics, and mystic
sciences. A Swiss physician, (1493-1641.)

Paraclete. The advocate ; one called
to aid or support another. (The word
paraclete is from the Greek para-kaleo,
to call to; and advocate is from the
Latin ad-voco, the same thing.)

Paradise. The Greeks used this
word to denote the extensive parks and
pleasure-grounds of the Persian kings.
(Persian, pardés; Greek, paradeisos.)
(See CALAYA.)

“An old word,‘ paradise,’ which the Hebrews
had borrowed from the Persians, and which at

first designated the ‘parks of the Achemenide,’
summed up the general dream.”—Renan: Life of

Jesus, xi.

Upper and Lower Paradise. The

rabbins say there is an earthly or lower

aradise under the equator, divided
into seven dwellings, and twelve times
ten thousand miles square. A column
reaches from this paradise to the upper
or heavenly one, by which the souls
mount upwards after a short sojourn on
the earthly one.

The ten dumb animals admitted to the
Moslem’ s paradise are :—

(1) The dog Kratim, which accom-
panied the Seven Sleepers.

(2) Balaam’s ass, which spoke with the
voice of a man to reprove the disobedient
prophet,

(3) Solomon’s ant, of which he said,
‘Go to the ant, thou sluggard . . <”?

(4) Jonah’s whale.

(5) The ram caught in the thicket, and
offered in sacrifice in lieu of Isaac.

(6) The calf of Abraham,

(7) The camel of Saleb.

(8) The cuckoo of Belkis,

(9) The ox of Moses.

(10) Mahomet’s mare, called Borak.

Paradise Lost. Satan rouses the
panic-stricken host of fallen angels to
tell them about a rumour current in
Heaven of a new world about to be
created. He calls a council to deliberate
what should be done, and they agree to
send Satan to search out for the new
world, Satan, passing the gulf between

Hell and Heaven and the limbo of |

Vanity, enters the orb of the Sun (in

the guise of an angel) to make in-
quiries as to the new planet’s where-
abouts; and, having obtained the neces-
sary information, alights on» Mount
Nipha’tés, and goes to Paradise in the
form of a cormorant. Seating himself
on the Tree of Life, he overhears Adam
and Eve talking about the prohibition
made by God, and at once resolves upon
the nature of his.attack. Gabriel sends
two angels to watch over the bower of
Paradise, and Satan flees. Raphael is
sent to warn Adam of his danger, and
tells him the story of Satan’s revolt and
expulsion out of Heaven, and why and
how this world was made. After a time
Satan returns to Paradise in the form
of a mist, and, entering the serpent,
induces Eve to eat of the forbidden
fruit. Adam eats ‘‘ that he may perish
with the woman whom he loved.” Satan
returns to Hell to tell his aera and
Michael is sent to lead the guilty pair
(Milton.)

Paradise Regained (in four books).
The subject is the Temptation. Eve,
being tempted, fell, and lost Paradise;
Jesus, being tempted, resisted, and re-
gained Paradise, (Milton.)

Paradise Shoots. The lign aloe;
said to be the only plant descended to
us from the Garden of Eden. When
Adam left Paradise, it is said, he took
with him a shoot of this tree, which he
planted in the land where he settled,
and from which all other lign aloes have
been propagated,

Paradise of Fools. The Hindus,
Mahometans, Scandinavians, and Roman
Catholics have deviséd a place between
Paradise and ‘‘ Purgatory ’’ to get rid of
a theological difficulty. If there is no
sin without intention, then infants and
idiots cannot commit sin, and.if they die
cannot be consigned to the purgatory of
evil-doers ; but, not being believers or
good-doers, they cannot be placed with
the saints. The Roman Catholics place
them in the Paradise of Infants and the
Paradise of Fools.

Paradise and the Pe’ri. The-second
tale in Moore’s poetical romance of
Lalla Rookh, The Peri Jaments her
expulsion from Heaven, and is told she
will be readmitted if she will bring to
the Gate of Heaven the “‘ gift most dear
to the Almighty.’”’ First she went to a
battle-field, where the tyrant Mahmoud,
having won a victory, promised life to
@ young warrior, but the warrior struck
the tyrant with a dart. The wound,

out of the garden.

Parallel

however, was not mortal, so ‘‘ The tyrant
lived, the hero fell.’’. The Peri took to
Heayen’s Gate the last drop of the
patriot’s blood as her offering, but the
gates would not.open to her. Newt she
flew to Egypt, where the plague was
raging,'and saw a young man dying;
presently his betrothed bride sought him
out, caught the disease, and both died,
The Peri took to Heaven’s Gate the last
sigh of that self-sacrificed damsel, but
the offering was not good enough to
open the gates toher. Lastly, she flew
to Syria, and there saw an innocent
child and guilty old man. The vesper
call sounded, and the child knelt down
to prayer. The old man wept with re-
pentance, and knelt to pray beside the
child. The Peri offered the Repentant
Tear, and the gates flew open to receive
the gift. :

Parallel. None but himself can be
his parallel. Wholly without a peer;
““ Queris Alcide parem;”’ ‘nemo prox-
tmus nec secundus.’”? ‘There are many
similar sentences ; for example :—

“Nemo est, nisi ipse.”"—Sencca : Vercules Furcns,
f, 81, (Seneca lived B.c, 58-32.)

“And but herself admits no parallel.
Massinger : Duke of Millaine, iii. 4. (1662.)

“None but himself himself can parallel.”

7 Anagrm@n on John Lilbun. (1658.)

“Js there a treachery like this in baseness ..,

None but itself can be its parallel.”
Theobeld : Double Falsehood, iii.1. (1721.)

Paramatta, <A fabric of wool and
cotton. So called from a town in New
South Wales, where the wool was ori-
ginally bought.

Parapet. Fortification, the shot-
proof covering of a mass of earth on the
exterior edge of the ramparts. The
openings cut through the parapets to

rmit guns to fire in the required direc-

ion are. called embrasiwres: about 18
feet is allowed from one embrasure to
another, and the solid intervening part
is called the merfon. An indented para-
et is a battlement. (Italian, parapetto,
reastwork, )

Paraphernalia means all that a
woman can claim at the death of her
husband beyond her jointure. In the
Roman law her paraphernalia included
the furniture of her chamber, her woar-
ing apparel, her jewels, etc. Hence
personal afte, fittings generally, any-
thing for show or ‘decoration.
purapherne, beyond dower.)

Parasite (Greek, pura sitos, eating
at another's cost). A plant or animal

that lives on another ; hence a hanger-on, -

941

(Greek, ©

Pardouneres

who fawns and flatters for the sake of
his food.

Pare aux Cerfs [deer parks]. A
mansion fitted up in & remote corner of
Versailles, whither girls were inveigled
for the licentious pleasure,of Louis XV.
The rank of the person who visited
them was scrupulously kept concealed ;
but one girl, more bold than the rest,
rified the pockets of M. le Comte, and
found that he was no other than the
king. Madame de Pompadour did not
shrink from superintending the labours
of the royal valets to procure victims for
this infamous establishment. The term
is now used for an Alsa’tia, or haven of
shipwrecked characters.

“ Boulogne may be proud of being ‘pare arm
cerfs’ to those whom remorseless greed drives
from their island home."—Saturdwy Review.

Parcs. The Fates. -The three were
Clotho, Lach’esis, and At’ropos. (Latin
mythology.) Parcs is from pars, a lot;
and the corresponding Moire is from
meros, & lot. The Fates were so called
because they decided the lot of every
man.

Parchment. So called from Per’-
gamon in Lesser Asia, where it was used
for purposes of writing when Ptol’emy

rohibited the exportation of paper from
sypt. :

Pardon Bell. The Angélus bell. So
called because of the indulgence once
given for reciting certain prayers form-
ing the angelus.

Par’douneres Tale, in Chaucer, is
Death and the Iioters. Three rioters
in a tavern agreed to hunt down Death
and kill him. As they went their way
they met an dld man, who told them
that he had just left him sitting under a
tree in the lane close by. Off posted the
three rioters, but when they came to the
tree they: ound a great treasure, which
they agreed to divide equally. They
cast lots which. was to carry it home,
and the lot fell to the youngest, who
was sent to the village to buy food and
wine, While he was gone the two who
were left agreed to kill him, and so in-
crease their share; but the third bought
poison to put into the wine, in order to
kill his two confréres. On his return

‘with his stores, the two set. upon him

and slew him, then sat down to drink
and be merry together; ‘but, the wine
being poisoned, all the three rioters
found Death under the tree as the old
man had said.

Pari Passu

Pari ‘Passu. At the same time; in
equal degrees; two or more schemes
carried on at once and driven forward
with equal energy, are said to. be carried
on pari pass, which is Latin for equal
strides or the equally measured pace of
persons marching together.

“The cooling effects of surrounding matter go
on nearly pari passwu with the heating.”"~—Grove:
Correlution of Physical Forces, p. 64,

Pa‘rian Chronicle. A chronological
register of the chief events in the
mythology and history of ancient Greece
during a series of 1,318 years, beginning
with the reign of Cecrops, and: ending
with the archonship of Diogne'tos. Itis
ongraved on Parian marble, and was
found in the island of Paros. It is one
of the Arunde’lian Marbles (¢..).

Parian Verse. Ill-natured satire ;
so called from Archil‘ochos, a, native of
Paros. ;

Pa’rias or Par‘iahs. The lowest

class of the Hindu population, below the
four castes. Literally drummers, from
pwrai, a large drum,
’ “The lodgers overhead may perhaps be able to
tuke a more comprehensive view of public ques-
tions; but they are political Helots, they are the
Pariahs of our constitutional Brabminismn.”—The
d'umes, March, 20, 1887,

Par'idel. A young gentleman that
travels about and seeks adventure, be-
cause he is young, rich, and at leisure,
(See below.)

“ Thee, too, my Paridel, she marked thee there,
Stretched on the rack of A tovu-easy chair,
And heard thy everlasting yawn confess
The pains and penalties of idleness." y

Pope: Dunciad, iv. 341,

Six Paridel. A male coquette, whose
delight was to win women’s hearts, and
then desert them. The model was the
Earl of Westmoreland, (Spenser: Faérie
Queene, bk. iii. cant. 10; bk. iv. ¢. 1.)

Paris or Alexander. Son of Priam,
and cause of the siege of Troy. He was

hospitably entertained by Menela’os,”
King of Sparta; and eloped with Helen, °.

his host’s wife. This brought about the
siege. Post Homeric tradition says that
Paris slew Achilles, and was himself
slain either by Pyrrhos or Philocte'tés.
(Homer : Iliad.)

Paris. Kinsman to the Prince of Ve-
ro’na, the unsuccessful suitor of Juliet.
(Shakespeare ; Romeo and Juliet.)

aris,
played on the Parisians who came to
stare at him a practical joke, and, the
men said it was a sport ‘par ris’’ (to
be laughed at) ; wherefore the city was
called Par-’is, It was called before
Leuco’tia, from the ‘‘ white skin of the

942

Rabelais says that Gargantua ~

Parisina

ladies.” (Greek, leukdtes, whiteness.)
(Gargantua and Pantagruel, bk. i. 17.)

Paris, called by the Romans “ Lute'tia
Parisio‘rum’? (the mud-city of the
Parisii) The Parisii were the Gallic
tribe which dwelt inthe ‘‘Tle du Palais”
Tey the Romans invaded Gaul. (See

SIs.

Mons. de Paris, The public execu-
tioner of Paris.

Little Paris.

The “ Galleria Vittorio Emanuele”? of,
Milan is so called on account of its
brilliant shops, its numerous cafés, and
its general gay appearance...

Brussels, the capital of Belgium, situ
ate on the Senne, is also called ‘‘ Little
Paris.”

Paris-Garden, <A bear-garden; a
noisy, disorderly place. In allusion ;to
the bear-garden go called on the Thames
bank-side, kept by Robert de Paris in
the reign of Richard IT.

“ k 1 & me
Shatespowces Haney. 1s tee ae

Parish Registers, Bills of mor-
tality. George Crabbe, author of Zhe
Borough, has a poem in three parts, in
ten-s lldble verse with rhymes, entitled
The Parish Register.

Paris‘ian. Made at Paris; after the
mode of Paris; a native of Paris; likea
native of Paris.

Paris‘ian Wedding (The). The
massacre of St, Bartholomew, part of
the wedding festivity at. the marriage
of Henri of Navarre ond Margaret of
France.

“Charles 1X., although it was not possible for
him to recall to Jife the countless victims of
the Parisian Wedding, was rcady to explain those
nurders to every unprejudiced mind.”—AMotley>
Dutch Republic, ili. 9. :

Parisienne (Za). A celebrated song
by Casimir Delavigne, called the Mar.
seilldise of 1880,

“Paris n’a plus qu'un cri de gloires
En avant marchons,
Contre leurs canons,
A travers le feu des battaillons,
Courons a la victoire!” :

Parisi‘na, the beautiful young wife of
Azo. She falls in love with Hugo, her
stepson, and betrays herself to her
husband in a dream, Azo condemns
his son’ to be executed, but the fate
of Parisina, says Byron, is unknown,’
(Parisina.) : Ber

Frizzi, in his History of Ferrara, tells
us that Parisi’na Malatesta was the
second wife of Niccolo, Marquis of Este ;
that she fell in love with Ogo, her step-
son, and that the infidelity of Parisina
was revealed by a servant named Zoe'sé,

ao

Parizade

943

‘Parliament

He says that both Ogo and Parisina
were beheaded, and that the marquis
commanded all the faithless wives he
knew to be beheaded to the Moloch of
his passion.

Pariza‘de (4 syl.). A lady whose
adventures in search of the Talking Bird,
Singing Tree, and Yellow Water, are
related in the Story of the Sisters who
Envied their Younger Sister, in the
Arabian Nights, his tale has been
es imitated in Chery and Fairstar
G.0.)o

Parkership, The office of pound-
keeper; from parcus (a pound).

Parks, There are in England 334

arks stocked with deer; red deer are

eptin 3lofthem. The oldest is Eridge
Park, in Sussex, called in Domesday
Book eredfelle (Rotherfield).. The
largest private deer park is Lord Eger-
ton’s, Tatton, in Cheshire, which contains
2,500 acres. Blenheim Park contains
2,800 acres, but only 1,150 acres of it are
open to deer. Almost as extensive as

atton Park are Richmond Park, in Sur-
rey ; Eastwell Park, in Kent; Grims-
thorpe Park, in Lincolnshire ; Thoresby
Park, in Notts ; and Knowesley Park, in
Lancashire, (#. P. Shirley.:, English

Deer Parks.) Woburn Park is 3,500

acres,

Parlance. Jn common parlance. In
the usual or vulgar phraseology. An
English-French word ; the Fronets have
parler, parlant, parlage, etc.—to speak,
speaking, talk—but not parlanée.

Parlement (French). A crown court,
where, in the ‘old régime, councillors
were allowed to Lee and where justice
was administered in the: king’s name.
The Paris Parlement received appeals
from all inferior tribunals, but its own
judgments were final. It took cogni-
sarice of all offences against the crown,
the peers, the bishops, the corporations,
and all high officers of state ; and, though

it had no legislative power, had to ,re- |

ister the royal edicts before they could
hee law. Abolished by: the Con-
stituent Assembly in 1790.

Parliament. '
“My Lord Coke tells us Parliament is derived
from * parler le ment’ (to speak one’s mind). He

mi bat flamament
is 'firrga mentis’ (a farm for the mind) or‘ funda-
ment’ the bottom of the mind,"—-Aymer: On
Parliaments,
The Addled Parliament (between April
5th, 1614, and June 7th, 1615) ; sq called

because it remoustrated with ‘the’ king

» ment,

Gent, to administer the government,

on his levying ‘‘benevolences,’? but
passed no acts.

The Barebone Parliament. The Parlia-
ment convened July 4th, 1653; over-
ridden a Barebone,

The Black Parliament, Held by Henry
VIII. in Bridewell.

The Club Parliament,
MENT OF Bats.)

The Convention Parliament. Two Par-
liaments were so called: one in 1660,
because it was not held by the order of
the king, but was convened by General
Monk; the second was convened Janu-
ary. 22nd, 1689, to confer the crown on
William and Mary.

Thé Devil's Parliament. The Parlia~
ment convened at Coventry by Henry
VI., in 1459, which passed attainders on
the Duke of York and his supporters.

The Drunken Parliament. 'The Parlia-
ment assembled at Edinburgh, January
Ist, 1661, of which Burnet says tho
members ‘‘ were almost . perpetually
drunk,”

The Good Parliament (1376, in the
reign of Edward III., while the Black
Prince was still alive). So called from
the severity with which it sued the
unpopular party of the Duke of Lan-
caster,.

Grattan’s Parliament (1782-1801). In
1782 Grattan ‘moved-the ‘' Declaration
of Rights,’’ repudiating the right of
the British Parliament to interfere in
the government of Ireland, Pitt pro-
nounced the Parliament unworkable.

The Illiterate or Lack-learning Parlia-
(See UNLEARNED PARLIAMENT.)

The Little Parliament, Same as ‘‘the
Barebone Parliament’? (¢.v.).

The Long Parliament sat 12 years and
5 months, from. November 2nd, 1640, to
April 20th, 1653, when it was dissolved by
Cromwell; but a fragment of it, called
“The Rump,’ continued till the Res-
toration, in. m

Historian of the Long Parliament.
Thomas May, buried in Westminster
Abbey; 1595-1650.)

The Mad Parliament, in the reign of
Henry III. (1258), was so called from its
opposition to the king. It insisted on his
confirming the Magna Charta, and even
appointed twenty-four of its own mem-
bers, with Simon de Montfort as presi-

(See Partra-

e Merciless (or Unmerciful) Parlia-
ment (from Februaty 8rd to June 3rd,
1388),. A junto of fourteen tools -of
Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, which

Ti

assumed royal prerogatives, and at-

tempted to depose Richard I,

Parliament

944

Parolles

The Mongrel Parliament (1681), held
at Oxford, consisting of Whigs and
Tories, by whom the Exclusion Bill was
passed, x

The Pacifie Parliament. A. triennial
Parliament, dissolved August 8th, 1713.
It signed the treaty of peace at Utrecht,
after a war of eleven years,

The Pensioner (or Pensionary) Parlia-
ment (from May 8th, 1661, to January
24th, 1678 [i.e. 16 years and 260 days]).
It was convened by Charles IT., and was
called ‘‘ Pensionary”? from the many
pensions it granted to the adherents of
the king.

The Rump Parliament, in the Protec-
torate ; so called because it contained
the rump or fag-end of the Long Parlia-
ment (1659). It was this Parliament
that voted the trial of Charles I.

The Running Parliament. A Scotch
Parliament ; so called from its constantly
being shifted from place to place,

The Unlearned or Lawless Parliament
- (Parliamentum_ Indoctum) (1404). So
called by Sir E. Coke, because it con-
tained no lawyer.

The Unmerciful Parliament, in the
reign of Richard II.; 80 called by the
people from its tyrannical proceedings,

The Useless Parliament. The Parlia-
ment convened by Charles I., on June
18th, 1625 ; Adjourned to Oxford, August
Ist; and dissolved August 12th ; having
done nothing but offend the king.

The Wondermaking Parliament. The
same as ‘*'The Unmerciful Parliament ;”’
convened February 3rd, 1388. By play-
ing into the hands of the Duke of
Gloucester it checkmated the king.

Parliament Soldiers, The soldiers
of General Monk, who restored Charles
II. to thé throne.

ret RRs fs pas mererd

‘Tho Parliament soldiers are nous roe the King.

Some they did laugh, and some they did cry
To see the Parliament soldiers go by.
(To fetch back the king.]” ;

Parliament of Bats (The), 1426,
during the sehr in the reign of
Henry VI. o called because the
members, being forbidden by the Duke
of Gloucester to wear swords, armed
themselves with clubs or bats,

Parliament of Dunces. Convened

by Henry IV. at Coventry, in 1404, and.
Fe) es ALG Sha all lawyers were coe

cluded from it.
Parliamenta‘rian (4). One.who

favoured the Parliament in opposition

to Charles I.

ing of another ode.

Parlour (4). The reception room in
a religious house where the religious see
their friends. (French, parlour.)

Par'lous. A corrupt form of perilous
in slang = our modern use of awful,”
amazing, wondrous.

“Oh! ‘tis a parlous lad.” .-
Shakespeare: As You Like It, iii, 2,

Parme’nianists. A name given to
the Don’atists; so called from Parmeni-
anus, Bishop of Carthage, the great
antagonist of Augustine,

Par’mesan’, A cheese made at
Parma, in Italy.

Parnassos (Greek), Parnassus
(Latin). A mountain near Delphi, in
Greece. It has two summits, one of
which was consecrated to‘ Apollo and
the Muses, the other to Bacchus. It
was anciently called Larnassos, from
larnax, an ark, because Deucalion’s ark
stranded there after the flood. After
the oracle of Delphi was built at its
foot it received the name of Parnassos,
which Peucerus says is a corruption of
Har Nahas (hill of divination). The
Turks call it Liakura.

Parnassus. The region of poetry.
Properly a mountain of Phocis, im
Greece, sacred to Apollo and the Muses.
‘‘ Where lies your vein? Are you in-

| clined to soar to the higher regions of

Parnassus or to flutter round the base
of the hill?” (The ei 57h
Are you going to attempt the higher
walks of poetry, such as epic’ and dra-
matic, or some more modest kind, as
simple song ?

Zo climb Parnassus, To write poetry.

Parochial. Relating to a parish.
Hence, petty, narrow. (See Lirrie
EENGLANDEBS. )

Parody. Father of Parody. Hippo’-
nax of Ephesus, The word parody
means an ode which perverts the mean-
(Greek, para odé.)

Parole (French). A verbal promise
given by a soldier or prisonee of war,
that he will not abuse his leave of ab-
sence; the watchword of the day. +

Paroliles (3 syl.). A man of vain
words, who dubs himself egpinn.
pretends to knowledge which he has
not, and to sentiments he never feels. —
(French, paroles, a creature of empty
Woedeeds (Shakespeliid’ All’s Well. that
Ends Weill.) CARR ea

a : ay I knowhim # nesprtons Uere er aS
in ma great way fool, solely a ¢ .
Yeu chese fixed evilonit Bo Aton him Of rahe
Thatthey take place sees L

‘ ‘ e

Parr

945

Parti

He wasamere Parolles in a sis, oad
wig. A pretender, a man of words, and
a.pedant. The allusion is to the brag-
ging, faithless, slandering villain men-
tioned above.

“ Rust, sword; cool, blushes ; and, Parolles, live
ee Shame ; being fooled, by fooling
There's place and means for every man alive.”

Shakespeare: All's Well that Ends Well, iv. 3.
Parr. Old Parr. Thomas Parr lived
in the reigns of ten sovereigns; married

a second wife when he was 120 years

old, and had a child by her. He was a

husbandman, born_at Salop in 1483, and

died 1635, aged 152 years. Mr. Thoms,
in his Records of Longevity, denies the
truth of Parr’s great age.

Par'ricide (3 syl.). Za Belle Parri-
cide. Beatrice Cenci (*-1599.)

Parrot-coal. A name given to an-
thracite because of the crackling or chat-
tering noise it makes when burnt.

Parsees or Ghebers. Fire-worship-
pers. We use the word for Persian
refugees driven out of their country by
the persecutions *of the Mussulmans,
They now inhabit various parts of India,
(The word means People of Pars or Fars
—i.e, Persia.)

Parsley. He has necd now of nothing
but a little parsley—i.e. he is dead, The
Greeks decked tombs with parsley, be-
cause it keeps green a long time.

Sci g@av cedtvov, he needs parsley; that is, he
is'\dead, and should be strewed with parsley.

Parson, says Blackstone, is ‘* perso'na
ecclesie, one that hath full rights of
the parochial church.” (See CLERICAL
TITLES.

“ Among wyves and:wodewes ich am ywoned sute

{wont to set, of

Yparroked : impaled] in puwes. The person hit
no’ 4

Robert Langland : Piers Plowmes Vision.
“God give you good morrow, master person”
jg Sir, athaniel, a parson).—Shakespeare: Love's
abour's Lost, iv.2,
Parson Adams.
country clergyman of the eighteenth
century, in Fielding’s Joseph Andrews.
Fielding says that Parson Adams at
the age of fifty was provided with a
handsome income of £23 a year (1740).
Timothy Burrell, Esq., in 1715, be-

queathed to his nephew Timothy the |

sum of £20 a year, to be paid during his

residence at the University, and to be

continued to him until he obtained some

referment worth at least £30 a year. ©
Sussez Archeological Collectiéns, vol.

tiiep. 172.) (See Passing Rica.) ~
60

A simple-minded |

Parson Bate. A stalwart, choleric,
sporting parson, editor of the Morning

ost in the latter half of the eighteenth
century. He was afterwards Sir Henry
Bate Dudley, Bart.

“When Sir Henry Bate Dudley was appointed
an Trish dean, a young lady of Dublin said, ‘Oh,
how 1 Jong to see our dane. They say he isa very
handsome man, and that he fights like an angel.”
—Cassell’s Magazine: London Legends, iii,

Parson Trulliber, in Fielding’s
Joseph Andrews. A slothful, ignorant,
and self-willed bigot.

** Other parsons famous in story are the Rev.
Micah Balwidder, the vicar of Bray, Brockle-
hurst, Dr. Primrose, the parson in Goldsmith's
Deserted Village, the parson in Chaucer's Canter-
bury Tales, aud some Others,

Parsons (Walter), the giant porter
of King James, died in 1622, (Fuller’s
Worthies.)

Part. The character assigned.to an
actor in a play.

Part. A portion, piece, or fragment,

For my part. As far as concerns me,
For the most part. Generally, as a
rule.

In good part. Favourably.

Part and parcel. An essential part,
portion, or Mement.

Partant pour la Syrie. The na-
tional air of the French Empire.’ The
words were composed by M. de Laborde
in 1809; the music by Queen Hortense,
mother of Napoleon-III, It isa ballad,
the subject of which is as follows':—
Young Dunois followed the count, his
lord, to Syria, and prayed the Virgin
“that he might prove the’ bravest
warrior, and love the fairest maiden.”’
After the battle, the count said. to
Dunois, “ To thee we owe the victory,
and my daughter I give to thee.”? Moral:
“ Amour a la plus belle ; honneur au plus
vaillant.””

Parthe’nia. Mistress of Ar'galus, in
the Arcadia, of Sir Philip Sydney.

Parthen’ope (4 syl.). Naples; so
called from Parthenopé, the siren, who
threw herself into the sea out of love
for Ulysses, and was cast upon the bay
of Naples, = pha

Parthenope’an Republic. | That of
Naples, from January 22, 1799, to-the
June following. a seit Bhool

‘Parti (1), An eligible person for a
big marriage. : NAL :

oa

© “Prince Frederick Leopold isa part, ‘as he his

Fic Bae ter ran his ee Por tor-
tune [twenty-four ons sterling].”—Newspepe
Paragraph, 1883, bOUP RPNES | al

Particular Baptists

946 Parysatis

ee

Particular Baptists. That branch
of ‘the Baptist Dissenters who limit the
Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper to those
who haye been recipients of adult bap-
tism. Open Baptists admit any baptised
person to receive it.

Particularists. Those who hold |
the doctrine of particular election and
reprobation,

Parting.

. “ Parting is such sweet sorrow,
That 1 shall say ‘Good Night’ till it be morrow.”
‘Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, ii. 2,

Parting Cup (4), was, by the
ancient Romans, drunk in“honour of
Mercury to insure sound sleep. (See
Ovid, Justi, ii. 635.) (See Srrrgup
Cup.)

Partington. A Mrs. Malaprop, or
Tabitha Bramble, famous for her mis-
use of hard words. (B. P, Shillaber ;
‘an American author.)

Dame Lartington and her mop. A
taunt against those who try to with-
_ Stand progress. The newspapers say
that a . Partington had a cottage at
Sidmouth, in Devonshire. In Novem-
ber, 1824, a heavy gale drove the sea-
waves into her house, and the old lady
laboured with a quer to sop the wet up,
till she was obliged to take refuge in
the upper part of the house. The Rev.
Sydney Smith, speaking on the Lords
rejection of the Reform Bill, October,
1831, compares them to Dame Parting-
ton: with her mop, trying to push back
the Atlantic. ‘She was excellent,’ he
says, ‘‘at a slop.or puddle, but should
never have meddled with a tempest.’’-

Partlet. The hen in Chaucer's
Nun’s Priest’s Tale, and in the tale of
Reynard the Fox (fourteenth fea he
So called from the partlet or loose collar
of ‘‘the doublet,” referring to the frill-

like feathers round the neck of certain .

hens, (A partlet was a ruff worn in
the 16th century by women.)

“In the barn the tenant cock é
Close to partlet perched on high.”
Cuningham,

Sister Partlet with her hooded head,
allegorises the cloistered community of
nuns in Dryden’s Hind and Paniher,
where the Roman Catholic clergy are
likened to barnyard fowls.

Partridge, The attendant of Jones,
half - barber and _ half - schoolmaster ;
shrewd, but simple as- a child, His
simplicity, and his strong excitement at
the play-house, when he went to see
Garrick in Hamlet, are admirably por-
trayed. (Fielding : Tom Jones.)

Partridge’s Day (St.), September 1
the first day of partridge shooting. ;

Par'tula, according to Tertullian,
was the goddess of pregnancy, who de-
termined the time of gestation. (Aulus
Gelhus, iii. c. 16.)

‘Parturiunt Montes. ‘“ Partirient
montes, nascétur ridiculus mus.’ The
Egyptian king Tachos sustained a long
war against Artaxerxes Ochus, and sent
to the Lacedemonians for aid. King

' Agesilaos went with a contingent, but

when the Egyptians saw a little, ill-
dressed lame man, they said: ‘Par-
turiebat mons ; formidabat Jupiter ; ille
vero murem peperit.”? (‘The mountain
laboured, Jupiter stood aghast, and a
mouse ran out.’’) Agwclais replied,
**You call me a mouse, but I will soon
show you I amaJion.”

Party. Person or persons under con-
sideration. ‘(This is the next party,
your worship ’’—i.e, the next case to be
examined, “ This is the party that stole
the things ’’—the person or persons ac-
cused. (French, partie, a person.)

“Tfan evil spirit trouble any, one must make a
smoke... and the party shall be no more vexed.”
—Tobit. vi. 7.

Party Spirit. The animus or feeling

of a party man,

Par'venu’ (French). An upstart;
one who has risen from the ranks,

Parvis (London). The “place” or
court before the main entrance of a
cathedral. In the parvis of St. Paul’s
lawyers used to meet for consultation,
as brokers do in exchange. The word
is now applied to the room above the
church porch. (Paravisus, a Low Latin
corruption of paradisus, a church close.)

“A sergeant of lawe, war and wvs,

That often haddé ben atté parvys.”” ,
Chaucer: Canterbury Tales (Introduction)

Parviz’ dh Ractonious - _ Surname of
Khosru or Chosroes II., ‘the grandson
of: Khosru the Magnificent. The reigns
of Khosru I. and II. were the golden
period of Persian history. Parviz’ kept
15,000 female musicians, 6,000. house-
hold officers, 20,500 saddle-mules, 960
elephants, 200 slaves to scatter perfumes
when he went abroad, 1,000 sekabers to
water the roads before him, and sat on
a pillared ‘throne of almost inconceiv-
able splendour.

The horse of Chosroes Parviz. Shibdiz,
the Persian Bucephalos. (See Horse.) :

Parys‘atis. Wife of Darius Nothos.
(A cortuption of Feri *Zadoher {fairy

bie)

Pascal's Thoughts 947 Passing Rich
bird - of oo: sometimes called | Where a person is allowed to pass up
Azad'chér [bird-of-Paradise}.) the senate-house to his degree without

Pascal’s Thoughts. fensées sur la
Religion (1670). Fugitive reflections
and short sentences chiefly of a religious
character, by Blaise Pascal (1623-1662),

Pasch Eggs (pron. Pask). Easter
eggs, given as an emblem of the resur-
rection. They are generally coloured.
Not unfrequently a name written with
grease, which does not absorb the colour-
ing matter, causes a pasch egg to appear
with a name on it. ;

The day before Easter Sunday is
called Egg Saturday.

Donner un cwuf, pour avoir un beuf.
Giving a sprat to catch a mackerel, To
give an egg at Easter under the ex-
peetation of receiving a more substantial
present later on.

Pasha of Three Tails (4). There
are three grades of pashas distinguished
by the number of horse-tails on their
standard, In war the horse-tail stan-
dard is carried before the pasha, and
planted in front of his tent. The highest
rank of pashas are those of three tails;
the grand vizier is always ex officio
such a pasha. Pashas of two tails are
governors of provinces; it is one of
these officers that we mean when we
speak of a pasha in a generalway. A
pasha of one tail is a sanjak or lowest of

rovincial governors, (Ihe word pasha
is the Persian ya, support of Shah, the
ruler.)

Pasque Eggs. (See Pascu Eaas.)

Pasquina’‘de (3 syl.). A lampoon or
political squib, having ridicule for its
object ; so called from Pasqui’no, an
Italian tailor of the fifteenth century,
noted -for his caustic wit. Some time
after his death a mutilated statue was
dug ‘up, representing either Ajax sup-
porting Menela’os, or Menela’os-carrying
the dead body of Patroc’los, or elso a
gladiator, and was placed at the end of
the Braschi Palace near the Piazza
Navo'ni. Asit was not clear what the
statue represented, and as it stood op-
posite Pasquin’s house, the. Italians
called it ‘*Pasquin.”” The Romans
‘made this torso the depository of their
political, religious, and personal satires,
which were .therefore called Pasguin-
songs or Pasquinades. In the Capitol is
a rival statue called Marforio, to which
are affixed replies to the Pasquinades.

Pass. d pass or A common pass,
An ordinary

egree, without honours, .

being ‘‘ plucked.’’ (See Piuox.)

Well to pass. Well to do. Here
‘pass’? is ‘the synonym of fare (Saxon,
Jaran, to go'or pass). Shakespeare has
the expression, ‘‘ How goes it? °—i,c,
How fares it, how passes it ?

Passe Brewell, Sir Tristram’s horse.
Sir Tristram was one of the round-table
Be (History of Prince Arthur,-ii.

Passé-partout. A sort of picture-
frame. The middle is cut out to the
size of the picture, and the border or
edge is embossed, so as to present a
raised margin. The P hinge xrtreer and
picture, being backed and faced with
a glass, are held,together by an edging
of paper which shows on the glass face.
The word means something to ‘pass
over all.”

A master-key is also called a passe-
partout (a pass through all the rooms).

Passelourdin (3 syl.). A great rock
near Poitiers, where there is a very
narrow hole on the edge of a precipice,
through which the university freshmen
are made to pass, to ‘‘matriculate”’ them,
The same is dene at Mantua, where the
freshmen are made to pass under the
arch of St. Longi’nus. - Passe-lourdan
means “‘ lubber-pass.”’

Passelyon. A young foundling
brought up by Morgane la Fée.. He was
detected in an intrigue with Morgane’s
daughter, and the adventures of ‘this
amorous Boe are related in the ro-
mance called Perceforest, vol. iii,

Passing Bell (Zhe). It now means
the bell tolled to announce the death of
one who has died in the parish; but
originally it meant the bell which‘an-
nounced that the person was'tn. extrémis,
or passing from time imto eternity.

“when a person lies in agony, the bells of the
parish he belongs ‘to are touched with the clap-
pers until either he dies or recovers again. As
800n as this sign is Eiven everybody in the street,
as well as in the houses, falls on his knees, offer-
ing prayer for the sick:person,” (See Ixvii. of
the Canon Law.)—Diary of the Duke of Stettin's
Journey.

Passing Fair. Admirably fair.
(Dutch, passen, to admire.)

Passing Rich. Goldsmith tells us
in his Deserted Village, that the clergy-
man was ‘“passing rich with £40 a

ear.”? This is no covert satire, but a
sober fact. Equal to about £360. .

“ A man he was toall the country dear,

‘And passing rich with forty pounds a °
tie Goldsmith : Deserted Village,

Passion Flower

In Norway and Sweden the clergy are
aid from £20 to £40 a year, and in
france £40 a year is the usual stipend

of the working clergy. Of St. Yves it
was said (1251-1803) :—

“T1 distribuait, avec une sainte profusion aux
pauyres, les revennus do son bénéfice et ceux de
gon patrimoine, qui étaient de £60 de rente, alors
une somme tres notable, particuliérement en
Basse Bretagne.’—Dom Lobineau: Lives of the
Saints of Great Britain.

Passion Flower.

The leaf symbolises the spear,

The five anthers, the five wounds,

'The tendrils, the cords or whips.

The column of the ovary, the pillar of the cross.

The stamens, the hammers. |,

The three styles, the three nails.

The fleshy threads within the tlowers, the crown

ot thorns.

The calyx, the glory or nimbus,

The white tint, purity.

The blue tint, heaven. ~~

Tt keeps open three lays ; symbolising tbe three
years’ ministry, (Matt, xii. 40.)

(See Prxn’s Hwan.)

Passionists. Certain priests of the
Roman. Catholic Church, who mutually
agreed to. preach ‘‘Jesus Christ, and
Him crucified.’ The founder of this
“ congregation”? was Paul Francis, sur-*
named Laul of the Cross, (1694-1775.)

Pass’over. A Jewish festival to
commemorate the deliverance of the
Israelites, when the angel of death (that
slew the first-born of the Egyptians)
passed over their houses, and spared all
who did as Moses commanded them.

Passy-measure or Passing-mea-
sure. <A slow, stately dance; a cor-
ruption of the, Italian passamezzo (a
middle pace or step). It is called a
cinque measure, because it consists of
five measures—‘‘ two singles and a
double forward, with two singles side,’’
(Collier.)

Passy-measure Pavin, A payin is
a stately dance (see Pavan) ; a passy-
measure pavin is a reeling dance or
motion, like that of a drunken man,
from side to side. Sir Toby Belch says
of Dick Surgeon—

“He's a rogue and a passy-measure pavin, T
hate a drunken rogue,” — Shakespeare; Twelfth
Night, v. 1.

Pasteboard. A visiting card; so
called from the material of which it is
made.

Paston Letters. The first two
volumes appeared in 1787, entitled .
pa Letters written during the Reigns *
of Henry VI., Edward IV., and Richard

IL. by various Persons of Rank ; edited
ly Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Fenn.
They are called Paston because chiefly
written by or to members of the Paston

948

Patelin

family in Norfolk, They passed: from
the Earl of Yarmouth to Peter le Neve,
antiquary ; then to Mr, Martin, .of
Palgrave, Suffolk ; were then bought
by Mr. Worth, of Diss; then passed to,
the editor. Charles Knight calls them
‘Can invaluable record of the social
customs of the fifteenth century’? (the
time of the Wars of the Roses), but of
late some doubt has been raised respect~
ing their authenticity. Threo extra
volumes were subsequently added.

Pastorale of Pope Gregory, b
Alfred the Great. Brey

Patavin'ity. A provincial idiom in
speech or writing; so called from Pata-
vium, (Padua), the birthplace of Livy.
(See PATors.)

Patch. A fool; so called from the
motley or patched dress worn by licensed
fools.

“ What a pied ninny's this! thou seurvy patch!"
Shakespeare: The Tempest, iii. 2.

Cross-patch, An ill-tempered person,
(See above.) rf

Not a patch upon. Not to be com-
pared with; as, ‘‘His horse is not’ a
patch upon mine,”’ ‘¢ My patch is’ better
than his garment.””

Patch (Zo). To express certain
political views. The allusion is to the
custom, in Queen Anne’s reign, of
wearing on the face little black patches.
If the patch was on the right cheek, it
indicated that the wearer was a Whig;
if on the left cheek, that she wasa Tory ;
if on the forehead between the eyes, or
on both cheeks, that she. was of no
political bias, (See Court PLASTER.)

“Whatever might be her husband's politics,

she was at liberty to patch as she pleased,”—
Nineteenth Century, February, 1890, p. 58,

Patelin, The artful, dodger, The
French say, Savoir son Patelin (toknow
how to bamboozle you). Patelin is the
name of an artful cheat in a farce of the
fifteenth century so called. On. one oc-
casion he wanted William Josseaume to
sell him cloth on credit, and artfully fell
on praising the father of the merchant,
winding up his laudation with this ne
plus ultra: “He did sell on credit, or.
even lend to those who ‘wished to
borrow.”? This farce was reproduced
in 1706 by Brueys, under the name of
DT Avocat Patelin, beniitoen Saxe canoe
puconsider,: sir, I pray you, how plate
heaven the tacher of Williom dosseanme eald va,
more than this: ‘And he did lend to t) mee
were desirous to borrow of him,’”—Rabvelais
Pantagrusl, iia) 99TRO) YUM wh

ra

Patelinage

Yatelinage. Foolery, buffoonery ;
acting like Patelin in the French farce,

“1 never in my life laughed so much as at the
acting of that Patelinage.”—Rabelais: Pamtag-
ruel, ili. 34,
‘Patent Rolls, Letters patent col-
lected together on parchment rolls.
Each roll is a year, though in some
cases the roll is subdivided into two or
more parts, Each sheet of parchment
is numbered, and called a membrane:
for example, the 8th or any other sheet,
say of the 10th year of Henry IIL., is
cited thus: ‘‘ Pat. 10, Hen. ITZ., m. 8.”
If the document is on the back of the
roll it is called dorso, and ‘*‘ d’’ is added
to the citation.

Pat‘er Nos’ter. The Lord’s Prayer;
‘so called from the first two words in the
“Latin version. Every tenth bead of a

rosary is so called, because at that bead
‘the Lord’s Prayerisrepeated. Formerly
applied to the Rosary beads.

Pater Patrum. St. Gregory of
Nyssa was so entitled by the Nicewan
_Council. (332-895.)

Paternoster Row (London) was so
named from the rosary or paternoster
makers, We read of ‘‘one Robert
Nikke, a paternoster maker and citizen,
in the reign of Henry IV.”’ Some say it
was 60 called because funeral processions
“on their way to St..Paul’s began their
ra noster at the beginning of the

ow, and went on repeating it till they
reached the church-gate. ‘

Pathfinder. Major-General John
Charles Fremont, who conducted four
expeditions across the Rocky Mountains.
oe oo

Pathfinder, in Fenimore Cooper’s five
novels, is Natty Bumntppo, called the
Pathfinder, the Deerslayer, the Hawk-
eye, and the Trapper. (See Narry
Bumerro.)

Patience cry the Lepers. A pun-
ning proverbial phrase. Lepers seek
diligently the herb patience (enainin)
“relieve them from their suffering.

Patient (The), Albert IV., Duke of
Austria. (1377-1404.) (See Henena.)

' Patient Gris’el, Grisil'des, Grisild,
Grisilde, or Grisildis, according to
Chaucer, was. the wife of Wautier,
Marquis of Sal’uces (Clerkes Tale), Ac-
cording to Boccaccio, Griselda, a poor
country lass, became the wife of Gual-
tie're, Marquis of Saluzzo (Tenth Day,
novel x.), She.is put upon by her hus-
band in the most wanton and gratuitous

i eo
mls 8

949

Patrician

manner, but bears it all, not only without
a murmur, but even without loss of
temper. She is the model of patience
under injuries. The allegory means
that God takes away our children and
goods, afflicts us in sundry ways, and
tries us ‘‘so as with fire;’’ but we
should always say, ‘‘The Lord. gave,
and the Lord hath taken away ; blessed

be the name of the Lord.’’

Patin. Brother of the Emperor of
Rome, who fought with Am’‘adis of
Gaul, and had his horse killed under
him.

Pat/ina. A beautiful surface deposit
or fine rust, with which, in time, buricd
coins and bronzes become covered. It
is at once preservative and ornamental,
and may be seen to advantage in the
ancient bronzes of Pompefti. (Greek,
patané, a paten,)

Patmos (My). My solitude, my
place of banishment from society, my
out-of-the-way home. As ‘‘ Good-b’ye,
I must go to my Patmos.”? The allu-
sion, of course, is to the banishment of
St. John to the island of Patmos, in the
reign of Domitian,

Patois (2 syl.). Dialectic peculiarity,
provincialism. Asinius Pollio noticed
something of the kind in Livy, which
he called patavinitas, from Patavium,
Livy’s birth-town.

Patri-Passians. One of the most
ancient sectaries of the Christian Church,
who maintained the oneness of the God-
head. The founder was Praxeas, of
Phrygia, in the second century. The
appellation was given to them by their
opponents, who affirmed that, according
to their theory, the Father must have
suffered on the cross.

Patrician, properly speaking, is one
of the patres or fathers of Rome. These
patres were the senators, and their de-
scendants were the patricians. As they
held for many years all the honours of
the state, the word came to signify the
magnates or nobility of a nation.

N.B. In Rome the patrician class
was twice augmented: first by Tatius,
after the Sabine war, who added a whole
“century;’’? and again by Tarquinius
Priscus, who added another. ‘The Sa-
bine century went by the name of
patricians of the senior races (majo'rum
gentium), and the Tarquinian patricians
were termed of the junior creation
(mino'rum gentiwn).

Patrick

950

Patrocios

a

Patrick. Chambers says, ‘‘ We can
trace the footsteps of St. Patrick almost
from his cradle to his grave by the
names of places called after him.”’ Thus,
assuming fhe Scottish origin, he was
born at Wilepatriek (the cell of Patrick),
in Dumbartonshire ; he resided for some
time at Dal-patrick (the district of Pat-
rick), in Lanarkshire ; and visited Crag-
phadrig (the rock of Patrick), near
Inverness. He founded two churches,
Kirk - patrick in Kirkcudbright, and
Kirk-patrickinDumfries; and ultimately
sailed from Port-patrick, leaving behind
him such an odour of sanctity that
among the most distinguished families
of the Scottish aristocracy Patrick has
been a favourite name down to the
present day.

Arriving in England, he preached at
Patter-dale (Patrick’s valley), in West-
moreland; and founded the church of
Kirk-patrick, in Durham, Visiting
Wales, he walked over Sarh-badrig
(causeway of Patrick), which now forms
a dangerous shoal in Carnarvon Bay ;
and, departing for the Continent, sailed
from Llan-badrig (church of Patrick), in
the isle of Anglesea. Undertaking his
mission to convert the Irish, he first
landed at Innis-patrick (island of Pat-
rick), and next at Holm-patrick, on the
opposite shore of the mainland, in the
county of Dublin. Sailing northwards,
he touched at the Isle of Man, called
Inmis-patrick, where he founded another
church of Kirk-patrick, near the town
of Peel. Again landing on the*coast of
Ireland, in the county of Down, he
converted and baptised ‘the chieftain
Dichu on his own threshing-floor, an
event perpetuated in the word Saul—-i.e.
Sabbal-patrick (barn of Patrick). He
then proceeded to Zemple-patrick, in
Antrim; and from thence to a lofty
mountain in Mayo, ever since called
Croagh- patrick. In East Meath he
founded the abbey of Donmach-Padraig
(house of Patrick), and built a church
in Dublin on the spot where St, Patrick's
Cathedral now stands. In an island of
Lough Derg, in Donegal, there is Sé.
Patrick's Purgatory ; m_ Leinster, St.
Patrick's Wood ; at Cashel, St. Patrick's
Rock. There are scores of St. Patrick's
Wells from which he drank; and _he
died at Sm, March 17th, 493.
Days.) ;

** St, Patrick’s real name was Succat, changed
first into Cothraige, then to Magonus, and after-
wards (on his ordination) to Patricius. (See Dr.

Todd, in the Proceedings of the Royal Ivish Acad-
emy, Vol. Vi.)

Patrick’s Cave (S¢,), through which

(Book of .

was a descent to purgatory, for the be-
hoof of the living who wished to expiate
their evil deeds before death.“

Patrick’s Cross (S/.). The same
shape as St. Andrew’s Cross (X), only
different.in colour, viz. red on a white
field, (See ANDREW.)

Patrick’s Grave (St), in the yard
of Downpatrick cathedral. The visitor
is shown a spot where some of the mould
has been removed, and is told that pil-
grims take away a few grains as- a
charm, under the belief that the Telic
will insure good health, and help to
atone for sin.

Patrick’s Monument (St.), in. the
cemetery of Down peas cathedral.
Visitors are shown the spot where the
‘saint’? was buried, but, on asking why
there is no memorial, is informed that
both Protestants and Catholics agreed
to erect a suitable one, but could not
agree upon the inscription. Whatever
the Protestants erected in the day the
Catholics pulled down at night, and vice
versd. Tired of this toil of Penelopé, the
idea was abandoned, and the grave was
left unmarked by monumental stone.

Patrick’s Purgatory (St.), Ireland
described in the Italian romance called
Guerino Meschino. Here gourmands are
tantalised with delicious banquets which
elude their grasp, and are at the same
time troubled with colic. (See TANTALUS,)

Patrick and the Serpent ((v.).
According to tradition, St. Patrick
cleared: Ireland of its vermin; one old
serpent resisted him; but St. Patrick
overcame it by cunning, He made a box,
and invited’the serpent to enter it. The
serpent objected, saying it was too
small; but St. Patrick insisted it was
quite large enough to be comfortable.
After a fong contention, the serpent got
in to prove it was too sinall, when St.
Patrick slammed down the lid, and threw
the box into the sea. To complete this
wonderful tale, the legend says the
waves of the sea are made by the writh-
ings of this serpent, and the noise of the
sea is that of the serpent imploring the
saint to release it.

Pat'rico or Pater-cove. Hed
priests who for a fee married people
under a hedge, as Abraham-men G2).

Patroc'los, The gentle and amiable
friend of Achilles, in Homer’s Jlad,
When Achilles refused to fight in order —
to annoy Agamem'non, he sent his

b

Patten

951

Paulicians

friend Patroclos to battle, and he was
slain by Euphorbos,

Patten. Martha or Patty, says Gay,
was the daughter of a Lincolnshire
farmer, with whom the village black-
smith fell in love. To save her from

wet feet when she went to milk the:

cows, the village Mulciber invented a
clog, mounted on iron, which he called
patty, after his mistress. This pretty
fable is of no literary value,-as'the word
is the French patin (a high-heeled shoe
or skate), from the Greek patein (to
walk). .

Which from the’ biueeyed: Party. takes. its

name.” Gay: Trivia, i.

-Pattens-Money Se toe de la
Reina), Asubsidy levied in Spain on all
crown tenants at the time of a royal
marriage.
__. Patter. To chatter, to clack. Dr.
Pusey thinks it is derived from Pater-
noster*(the Lord’s Prayer). The priest
recited it in a low, mumbling voice till
he came to the words, ‘‘ and lead us not
into temptation,’”’ which he spoke aloud,
and the choir responded, ‘‘ but deliver
us from evil.’’ In our reformed Prayer
Book, the priest. is dirécted to say the
whole prayer “with a loud voice.”
Probably the “‘ pattering of rain ’’—i.¢,
the rain coming with its pit-pat, is after
all the better derivation.

*. Gipsy talk is so called from the French patoia,
(See PATAVINITY.)

Pattern. A corruption of patron.
Asa patron is.a guide, and ought to be
a@n..example, so the word has come to

signify an artistic model. (French,
patron Latin, patronus,)
Pattieson (Mr. Feter). Introduced

Sir Walter Scott in the Introductions
of the Heart of Midlothian and Bride
of Lammermoor. He is represented as
assistant’ at Gandercleugh, and
author of the Tales of My Landlord,
Pork rte posthumously by Jedidiah

leishbotham,

Paul (S¢.). Patron saint of prpgers
and tentmakers. Originally called Saul.
The name was changed in honour of
Sergine Paulus, whom he converted.

is symbol are a sword and open
book, the former the instrument of his

‘martyrdom, and the latter indicative of
the new law propagated by him as the

apostle of the Gentiles. He is repre-

_ sented of short stature, with bald head

&,

_ and grey, bushy beard.

_. Born at Giscalis, a town of Judea, from which
aa with his parents, to Tarsus, of
ci £ 7

Tribe, that of Benjamin,

Taught by Gamaliel.

Beheaded by a sword in the fourteenth year of
Nero, On the same day as Peter was crucified,

Buried in the Ostian Way.

(See Eusebius : Hicronymus,)

Paul Pry. An idle, meddlesome
fellow, who has no occupation, of his
own, and is always interfering with
other folk’s business, (John Poole:
Paul Pry, a comedy.) The original was
Thomas Hill.

Paul and Virginia, A tale by Ber-
nardin de St, Pierre. At one time this
little romance was as popular as Uncle
Tom’s Cabin.

Paul the Hermit (S¢.) is represented
as an old man, clothed with palm-leaves,
and seated under a palm-tree, near which
are a river and loaf of bread.

Paul of the Cross. Paul Francis,
founder of the Passionists,- (1694-1775.)

Paul's Man (4). A braggart; a
captain out of service, with a long
rapier; so called because St. Paul’s
Walk was at one time the haunt of stale
knights. Jonson called Bobadil (q.v.) a
Paul’s man.

Paul’s Pigeons. The boys of St.

‘Paul’s School, London,

Paul’s Walkers. Loungers who
frequented the middle of St. Paul’s, -
which was the Bond Street of London
up to the time of the Commonwealth.
(Bee Ben Jonson’s Every Man out of his
Humour, where are a variety of scenes
given in the interior of St. Paul’s.
Harrison Ainsworth describes these
‘“‘ walkers’ in his novel entitled Old
St. Paul's.)

“The young gallants... used to meet at the
central point, St. Paul's: and from this circum-
stance obtained the appellation of Paul's Walkers,
as we now say Bond Street Loungers.’"—Moser:
European Magazine, July, 1807. ,

Paulianists. A sect of heretics so
called from’ Paulia’nus Samosa’tanus
— of Samosa'ta), elected Bishop of

ntioch in 262.. He may be considered
the father of the Socinians.

Paulicians., <A religious sect of the
Eastern Empire, an offshoot of the Mani-
che’ans. It originated in an Armenian
named Paul, who lived under Justinian
II. Neander says they were the. fol-
lowers of Constantine of Mananalis, and
were called Paulicians because. the
apostle Paul was their guide. He says —
they rejected the worship of the Virgin
and: of ‘saints, denied the doctrine of
transubstantiation, arid maintained the

Paulina 952 Peace-makers

ee

right of everyone to read the Scriptures | is omitted on Maundy Thursday, from
freely. horror at the kiss of Judas.

Paulina, wife of Antig’onus, a Si- Pay (sea term). To cover with pitch.
eifian nobleman, takes charge of Queen | (Latin, picare, to cover with pitch.) .
Hermione, when unjustly sent to prison Here’s the devil to pay, and no pitch
by hex jealous husband, and after atime | hot. (See under DEVIL.)
presents her again to Leontes as a 5
statue “by that rare Italian master, Pay (Zo). To discharge a debt.
Julio Romano.” (Shakespeare : Winter's (French, payer.)

Tale.) ; ig ia rey the piper ? ee is .
" stand Sam? who is to pay the score:

Paulo. The cardinal, brother of | The phrase comes from the tradition
Count Guido Franceschini, who advised | about the Pied Piper of Hameln, who
his scapegrace bankrupt brother to | agreed to cure the town of Fata and
marry an heiress, in order to repair his SE

; : mice; when he hat done go, the people
fortune. (Robert Browning: The Ring ; } » Une, Dece
and the Book.) uf of Hameln refused to pay him, where-

upon he piped again, and led all the
Pa’van or Pavin. Every pavan has | children to Koppelberg» Hill, ‘which
its galliard (Spanish). Every sage has ; :

closed over them,
his moments of folly, Every white | From the corresponding French
must have its black, and every sweet its. | phrase, * payer les violons,” it would
sour, The pavan was a stately Spanish | seem to mean who is to pay the fiddler
_ dance, in which the ladies and gentle- | OF piper if we have a dance fon the

men ey ti ry peeorks : Cian green]; who is going to stand Sam ?

avo'nes), the gentlemen with their lon es
a OnSE of office, and the laflies with a Fiat (Zo). | To slacken cable ; BS,
trains like peacocks’ tails. e pavan, | «; diah away” [more ca e];, that is,
like the minuet, ended with a quick discharge”? more cable. (French,
movement called the galliard, a sort of payer.)
gavot'te. Pay (Zo). To requite, to punish.

Pavilion of Prince Ahmed (7Zze). Dil pay him out. TM be a match for
This pavilion was so small it could be him, I'll punish him.
covered with the hand, and yet would “They witha foxe-tale him soundly did paye.”
expand so largely as to encamp a whole The King and Northerne Man (1640).
army. (Arabian Nights : A med and Pay off old Scores (Zo). To pay
Pari-Banon.) (See SoLomon’s CARPET.) | off a debt, whether of money or revenge.

Pawnbroker. The three golden balls. . coin
The Lombards were the first money- idee Not 0" pe Sipe oe 4 bor
lenders in England, and those who bor- | can’ be anrbitig for debt when on the
rowed money of them deposited some | jnarch .
Sry or Pee hres. gilded pido, ea | 0:7 Hod MOEA TRS Se edt
allusion to their profession of medicine, Petar waikuaiae | F
were the richest merchants of Florence,
and greatest money-lenders, (See BALLS.).

*? Roscoe, in his Life of Lorenzo de
Medici, gives a different solution. He
says that Averardo de’ Medici, a com-
mander under Charlemagne, slew the
giant Mugello, whose club he bore as a
trophy. ‘This club or mace had three
iron balls, which the family adopted as
their device.

” Pawn is the Latin pign[us] (a pawn or pledge).

Pawnee. Brandy pawnee, Brandy |
grog. (Hindu, pa‘ni, water.) en
Pax, The ‘kiss of peace.’” Also a
_ ‘gacred utensil used when mass is cele-

brated by a high dignitary. It is some-
times a ‘crucifix, sometimes a tablet,
“and sometimes a reliquary, The pax

day ; ‘ §
He cares not for justices, beadles, or bum,
But pays all his debts with the roll .of the
drum.” ,O' Keefe.

Paynising. A process of preserving
and hardening wood invented by Mr.
Payne. (See KYANISE.) © titel

Pea-jacket (4). Dutch, pig or pie,
a coarse thick cloth or felt. A ‘“pije
jacket.’” : Makes
Peace. The Perpetual Peace. The

eace concluded January 24th, 1002,
Satins Eneland and Scotland. . But. a
few years afterwards the battle of, Flod-
den Field was fought. ° ~ tdntua

Peace-makers (Zhe). The nick-
name of the Bedfordshire regiment. So
called from having no battles on the
colours. “tgs

«

Peace

Peace of Antalcidas (Zc), between
Artaxerxes and the states of Greece. It
was brought about by Antal’cidas, the
Spartan (B.c. 387).

Peace of God. In 1035 the clergy
interfered to prevent the constant feuds
between baron and baron; they com-
manded all men to lay down their arms
on pain of excommunication.. The com-
mand and malediction were read daily
from the pulpits by the officiating priests
after the proper gospel:—‘‘May they
who refuse to obey be accursed, and
have their portion with Cain, the first
murderer; with Judas, the arch-traitor ;
and with Dathan and Abi'ram, who
went down alive into the pit. May
they be accursed in the life that now is;
and in that which is to come. may their
light be put out as a candle.’’ So say-
ing, all the candles were instantly ex-
tinguished, and the congregation had to
make its way in the dark out of church
as it best could.’

Peace with Honour. The rallying
cry of the late Lord Beaconsfield; it
originated with his speech after the Ber-
lin Conference (1878), when he stated
that he had brought back Peace with
Honour.

Peaceful (Zhe). Kang-wang, third,
of the Thow dynasty of China, in whose
reign no one was either put to death or
imprisoned. (1098-1152.) ©

Peach. To inform, to ‘‘split;” a
contraction of impeach.

Peacock. Let him keep peacock to
himself. Let him keep to himself. his
eccentricities. When George III. had
abo recovered from one of his attacks,

is Ministers got him to read the King’s »

Speech, but he ended every sentence with
the word ‘‘ peacock.’’? The Minister who
drilled him said that peacock was an
excellent word for ending a sentence,
only kings should not let subjects hear

it, but should whisper it softly. The .

result was a perfect success: the pause
at the close of each sentence had an
excellent effect.

_ By the peacock! A common oath which
at one time. was thought sacred. The
fabled incorruptibility of the peacock’s

flesh caused the bird to be adopted as a:

‘type of the resurrection.

_Peacock’s. Feather Unlucky :(A). —

‘The peacock’s. tail is emblem of an Evil

eeu an ever-vigilant traitor. The |

‘tale is this: Argus was the chief Minister

of Osiris, King of Egypt. When the

958

Pearl

king started on his Indian expedition,
he left his queen, Isis, ce and Argus
was to be her chief adviser. Argus,
with one hundred spies (called: eyes),
soon made himself so powerful and for-
midable that he shut up the queen-
regent in a strong castle, and proclaimed
himself king. Mergury marched against
him, took him prisoner, and cut off his
head ; whereupon Juno metamorphosed
Argus into a peacock, and set his eyes in
its tale.

Peak (The), Derbyshire. ‘‘ Tho
Queen of Scots’ Pillar’’ is a column in
the cave of the peak as clear as alabaster,
and so called because Mary Queen of
Scots proceeded thus far, and then re-
turned.

Peal. Zo ring a peal is to ring 5,040
changes; any number of changes less
than that is technically called a touch or
flourish. Bells are first raised, and then
pealed. (Qy. Latin pello, to strike ?)

“This society rung ... . a trueand complete
peal of 5,040 grandsire triples in three hours and
fourteen minutes,”—Jnscription in Windsor Cur-
few Tower.

Pearl (Zhe). Dioscor'idés and Pliny
mention the belief that pearls are formed
by drops of rain falling into the oyster-
shells while open; the rain-drops thus
received being hardened into pearls by
some secretions of the animal.

According to Richardson, the Persians
say when drops of spring-rain fall into
the pearl-oyster they produce pearls.

“Precious the tear as that rain from the sky

Which turns into pearls as it falls on the sea.”
Thomas Moore.

“Pearls .. . are believed to be the result of an
abnormal secretory process caused by an irrita-
tion of the mollusk consequent on the intrusion
into the shell of some foreign body, asa grain of
sand, an egg of the mollusk itself, or perhaps

-some cercarian parasite.”—G, F. King: Gems, etc.,
chap. xii, Dp. 211.
** Cardan says that pearls are polished
by being pecked and played with by
doves. (De Rerum Varietate, vii, 34.)

Pearl, For Cleopatra melting her
pearl in honour of Antony, sce CuxEo-
PATRA, | —

A similar act of vanity and folly is
told by Horace (2 Satire, iii. verse 239).
Clodius, son of Afsop the tragedian,
drew a pearl from his ear of great value,
melted it in a strong acid, and drank to
the health of Cecilia Metella, ‘Thisstory
is referred to by Valerius Maximus,
Macrobius, and Pliny. Horace says,.

“Qui sanior, ac si,
Illudidem in rapidum fiumen jaceretve cloacam 2’

Sir Thomas Gresham, it is said, when

| Queen Elizabeth dined with him at the

Pearl:

954

Pedlar’s Acre

City banquet, melted a pearl worth
£15,000, and drank to her health,

“ Here fifteen thousand pounds alone clap goes,
Instead of sugar, Gresham drinks the pear)
Unto his queen and mistress.”

. Thomas Heywood,

Pearl of the East. Zenobia, Queen
of Palmyra (reigned 266-272).

Peasant Bard, Robert Burns, the
lyric poet of Scotland. (1759-1796.),

Peasant-boy Philosopher (Zhe),
James Ferguson. (1710-1776.)

Peasants’ War (Zhe), between 1500
and 1525, "It was a frequent rising of
the peasantry of Swabia; Franconia,
Saxony, ahd other German states, in
consequence of the tyranny and oppres-
sion of the nobles.
rebellion called the Laced Shoe, from its
cognisance ; in 1514, the League of Poor
Comrad ; in 1523, the Latin War. The
inburgents were put down,-and whereas
they had been whipped before with
scourges, they were now .chastised with
‘Scorpions.

‘Peascod. Father of Peasblossom,

if Bottom’s pedigree may be accepted,

“T pray you commend me to Mistress Squash

your mother, and to Master Peascod your father,
good Master Peasblossom.”—Shakespewe: Mid-
swomer Night's Drew, iii. 1.

Winter for. shoeing, peascod for woo-
ing. The allusion in the latter clause
is to the custom of placing a peascod
with nine peas in it on the door-lintel,
under the notion that the first man who
entered: through the door would be the
husband of the person who did so.
Another custom is alluded to by
Browne—

“The peascod greene oft with no little toyle
Hee'd seeke for in the fattest, fertiPst soile,
And rend it from the stalke to bring it to her,
And in her bosome for acceptance woo her.”

$ Britwmia's Pastorals,

Pee, Eton slang for money. A con-
traction of the Latin pecu'nia.

Pecea'vi. Zo cry pecca'vi. To ac-
knowledge oneself im the wrong. It is
said that Sir Charles Napier, after the
battle of Hyderabad, in 1843, used this
word as a pun upon his victory —
“¢ Peeci’’ (I have sinned, ¢.c, Sinde).

Peck (4). Some food. ‘To have
a peck,” is to have something to eat.

Pechish. Wuangry, or desirous of some-
thing to eat. Of course ‘‘ peck”? refers
to fowls, etc., which peck their food.

“when shall I feel peckish again,”—Disrueli:
Sybil, Dook vi. chap. iii.

Pecker. Keep your pecker up. As
the mouth is in the head, pecker (the

In 1502 was the

mouth) means the head; and to “keep
pose pecker up,’? means to keep your
1ead up, or, more familiarly, “keep your
tail up;’’ ‘‘never say die,’

Peckham: All holiday at Peckham.
—i.e. no appetite, not peckish; a pun
on the word peck, as going to Bedford-
shire is a pun on the word bed.

Going to Peckham, Going to dinner.

cin

Peck’sniff. A canting hypocrite,
who speaks homilies of morality, does
the most heartless. things ‘‘as a duty
to society,”? and forgives wrong-doing
in nobody but himself. (Dickens: Marti
Chuzzlewit.)

Peculiar. A parisli dr church exempt
from episcopal jurisdiction, as’a royal
chapel, etc.

Peculiars (Zhe Court of). A branch
of the Court of Arches having juris-
diction over the “ peculiars’? of the
archbishop of Canterbury.: (See above.)

Pecu/lium. My own pecwwmun. > Pri-
vate and individual property or posses-
sion. The Roman slaves were allowed
to acquire property, over which their
masters had no right or control; this
was called their pecu'lium,.

Pecuniary; From pecus, cattle,
especially sheep.’ Varo says that sheep
were the ancient medium of barter and
standard of value. Ancient coin was
marked with the image of an ox or
sheep. We have the Gold Sheep (mou-
ton d’or) and Gold Lamb (agnea: d'or)
of ancient France, so called from the
figure struck on them, and worth about
a shilling. (Latin, pecuniaris, pecunia.)

Ped’agogue (3 syl.) means a boy-
leader. It was a slave whose duty it
was to attend the boy whenever he left
home. <A schoolmaster ‘leads’? his
boys, morally and otherwise, (Greek,
pars ago'geus.) 17 A

Pedlar is not a tramp who goes on
his feet, as if from the Latin pedes
(feet), but a man who carries a ped or
hamper without a lid, in which are
stored fish or other articles to hawk
about the streets. In Norwich there is
a place called the Ped-market, where
women expose eggs, butter, cheese, etc.,
in open hampers, "7? ee OBR AO OTe

Pedlar’s Acre (Lambeth). Actord-

: ing to tradition, a pedlar of this parish
eft

a.sum of money, on condition that
his picture, with a dog, should be on
served for ever in glass in one of tho

~~

Pedlars’ French

955

Peers

church-windows. In the south window
of the middle aisle, sure enough, such a

picture exists; but probably it is a rebus -

on Chapman, the name of some bene-
factor. In Swaffham church there is a
pore of one John Chapman, a great

enefactor, who is represented as a
pedlar with his pack; and in that town
‘ a similar tradition exists.

Pedlars’ French. The slang of the
piteop eB folk. Even Bracton uses the
word Frenchman as a synonym of
foreigner, and it is not long since that
_ everyone who could not epee English

wascalled a Frenchman. The Jews, with
a similar width, used the word Greek.

“Instead of Pedlars’ French, gives him plain
language.’ — Deaumont and Fletcher: Fuithful
Friends, i. 2.

Peebles. Poor Peter Peebles. The
panier litigant in’ Redgauntlet, by Sir

alter Scott,

Peel. 4 Peel district. <A clerical
district (not a parish) devised by Sir
Robert Peel-

Peeler souk Slang for a policeman ;
so called from Sir Robert Peel, who
reconstructed the police system. Bobby,
being the nickname of Robert, is applied
to the same force. (See BosBy.)

Peeler. Tt is an extraordinary circum-
stance that this word, now applied to a
policeman or thief-catcher, was in the
sixteenth century applied to robbers.
Holinshed, in his Scottish Chronicle
(1570), refers to Patrick Dunbar, who
‘delivered the countrie of these

elers.’’, Thomas. Mortimer, in his

ritish Plutarch ; Milton, in his Paradise
Regained (book iv.); and Dryden, all
use the word “‘peeler’’ as a plunderer
or robber. The old Border towers were
called ‘‘ peels.’? The two words are, of
course, quite distinct,

Peep. To look at. As a specimen of
the ingenuity of certain etymologists in
tracing our latiguage to Latin and Greek
sources, may be mentioned Mr. Casau-
bon’s derivation of peep from the Greek
opipteno (to stare at). (Pe-pe-pe bo !)
~ Playing bo-peep or peep-bo. Hiding or
Pakah bd mt cpaltone: in allusion to
the infant.nursery game.

Peep-o’-Day Boys. The Irish in-
surgents of 1784; so called because they

to visit the houses of their oppo-

nents (called idefiders) at peep of day

_ searching for arms or plunder,

Peeping Tom of Coventry. Leofric,
Earl of Mercia and Lord of Coventry,
imposed some very severe imposts on the
people of Coventry, which his countess,
Godi'va, tried to get mitigated. The
earl, thinking to silence her importunity,
said he would comply when she had
ridden naked from one end of the town
to the other. Godi’va took him at his
word, actually rode through the town
naked, and Leofric remitted the imposts,
Before Godi'va started, all the inhabi-
tants voluntarily confined themselves to
their houses, and resolved that anyone
who stirred abroad should be put to
death. A tailor thought to have a peep,
but was rewarded with the loss of his
eyes, and has ever since been called
Peeping Tom of Coventry. There is
still a figure in a house at Coventry
said to represent Peeping Tom.

‘} Matthew of Westminster (1307) is
the first to record the story of Lady
Godi'va: the addition of Peeping Tom
dates from the reign of Charles II.. In
Smithfield Wall is a grotesque figure of
the inquisitive tailor in ‘‘ flowing wig and
Stuart cravat.’

In regard to the terms made by Leo-
f'ric, it may be mentioned that Rudder,
in his History of Gloucester, tells us that
‘‘the privilege of cutting wood in the
Herduoles was granted to the parish-
ioners of St. Briavel’s Castle, in Glou-
cestershire, on precisely similar terms
by the Earl of Hereford, who was at
the time lord of Dean Forest,

Tennyson, in his Godiva, has repro-
duced the story.

Peerage of the Apostles. In the
preamble of the statutes instituting the
Order of St. Michael, founded in 1469
by Louis. XI., the archangel is styled
‘my lord,’? and is created a knight.
The apostles had ‘been already ennobled
and knighted. We read of ‘‘the Earl
Peter,”’? ‘‘Count Paul,’ ‘‘the Baron
Stephen,’? and so on,. Thus, in the
introduction of a sermon upon St.
Stephen’s Day, we have these lines :—

“ Contes vous vueille la patron
De St. Estieul le baron.”

“The Apostles were gentlemen of blonde...
and Christ... might, if He had esteemed of the
vayne glorye of this world, have borne coat
armour.”—The Blazon of Gentric.

. I myself was intimate with a rector who always
laid especial stress on the word Lord, applied to
Jesus Christ,

Peers of the Realm. The five
orders of duke, marquis, earl, viscount,
and baron. The word peer is ‘the Latin
pares (equals), and in feudal times all

| great vassals were held equal in rank,

Peg

956

Pelican

The following is well fitted to a dic-
tionary of Phrase and Fable :—

“Tt is well known that, although the English
aristocracy recruits itself trom the sons of barbers,
ns Lord Tenterden ; merchant tailors, as Count
Craven ; mercer's, as the Counts of Coventry, etc.,
it will never tolerate poverty within its ranks,
The male representative of Simon de Montfort is
now a saddler in Tooley Street ; the great-grand-
son of Oliver Cromwell, a porter in Cork market ;
and Stephen James Penny, Verger of St. George's,
Hanover Square, is a direct descendant of the
fifth son of Edward I1I."—Zhe Gaulois, ~

Peg or Peggy, for Margaret, cor-
rupted into Meg or Meggy. Thus, Pat
or Patty for Martha; Poll or Polly, for

Mary, corrupted into Moll or Molly; ete.

Peg too Low (A). Low-spirited,
moody. Our Saxon ancestors were
accustomed to use peg-tankards, or
tankards with a peg inserted at equal
intervals, that when two or more drank
from the same bowl, no one might
exceed his fair proportion. We are told
that St. Dunstan introduced the fashion
to prevent brawling.

r am a peg too low means, I want
another draught to cheer me up.

“ Come, old fellow, drink down to your peg!

But do not drink any farther, I beg.”
5 Longfellow : Golden Legend, iv.

To take one down a peg. To take the
conceit out of a braggart or pretentious
person. The allusion here is not to peg-
tankards, but to a oe ae colours, which
used to be raised and loweted by pegs;
the higher the colours are raised the
greater the honour, and to take them
down a peg would be to award less
honour,

5 Soe your party with intrigue,
And took your grandees down a peg.”
Butler : Hudibras, ti. 2.

There ave always more round pegs than
round holes. Always more candidates
for office than places to dispose of.

Peg’asos (Greek; Pegasus, Latin).
The inspiration of poetry, or, according
to Boiardo (Orlando Inamorato), the
horse of the Muses. A poet speaks of
his Pegasus, as “‘ My Pegasus will not

go this morning,’’ meaning his brain will '

not work, ‘I am mounting Pegasus’’
—i.e. going to write poetry. “I am
on my Pegasus,” i.c, engaged in writing
verses,

Peg’asus or Peg’asos, according to
classic mythology, was the winged horse
on which Beller’ophon rode against the
Chimera. When the Muses contended
with the daughters of Pi’eros, Hel’icon
rose heavenward with delight; but
Peg’asos gave it a kick, stopped its
ascent, and brought out of the mountain
the soul-inspiring waters of Hippocrene
[Hip'-po-creen].

Pegg (Katharine). One of the mis-
tresses of Charles II., daughter of

* Thomas Pegg, of Yeldersey, in Derby-

shire, Esquire.

Pegging Away (Heep). Keep on
attacking, and you will assuredly pre-
vail. ‘But screw yous courage to the
sticking-place, and we'll not fail” .
(Macbeth). Patience and perseverance
will overcome mountains. It was
President Lincoln who gave this advice
to. the Federals in the American civil
war,

Peine Forte et Dure. A species of
torture applied to contumacious felons.
In the reign of Henri IV. the accused
was pressed to death by weights; in
later reigns the practice prevailed of
tying the thumbs tightly together with
whipcord, to induce the accused to
plead. The following persons. were
pressed to death by weights:—Juliana
Quick, in 1442; Anthony Arrowsmith,
in 1598; Walter Calverly, in 1605 ;
Major Strangways, in 1657; and. even
in 1741 a person was pressed to death
at the Cambridge assizes, Abolished
1772,

Pela’gianism. The system or doc-
trines taught by Pela’gius (q.v.). He
denied what is termed birth-sin or the
taint of Adam, and he maintained that
we have power of ourselves to receive or
reject the Gospel, ;

Pela‘gius. A Latinised Greek form
of the name Morgan—the Welsh mér,
like the Greek pel'agos, meaning the sea,

Pelf. Jilthy pelf. Money. The
word was anciently used for refuse or
rubbish, ‘* Who steals my purse steals
trash.’ Filthy means ungodly; the
Scripture expression is “ unrighteous
mammon,’’ Itis certainly not connected
with pilfer, as it is usually given ; but it
may possibly be with the Anglo-Saxon

pila, a pile or heap.

* The old French word pelfre means
spoil.

Pel/ias. The hugo spear of Achilles,
which none but the hero could wield;
so called because it. was cut from an ash
growing on Mount Pel‘ion, in Thes-
saly. ~ P matitiiete
Pel'ican, in Christian art, is a symbol
of charity. It is also an emblem of
Jesus Christ, by ‘whose blood we are
healed’ (Bucherius and Jerome). (See
below.) LOREM AO Mosely

Pelican, A mystic emblem of Christ,
called by Dante nostro Pelican, St.

Pelides

957

Penang Lawyers

Hieronymus gives the story of the peli-
can restoring its young ones destroyed
by serpents, and his salvation by the
blood of Christ. The Bestia'rium says
that Physiol’ogus tells us that the peli-
can is very fond of its brood, but when
the young ones begin to grow they rebel
against the male bird and provoke his
anger, so that he kills them, the
mother returns to the nest in three
days, sits on the dead birds, pours her
blood over them, revives them, and they
feed ‘on the blood. (Bibi, Nat. Belg.,
No, 10,074.)

“Than sayd the Pellycane,
... When my byrdts be slayne
With my bloude I them reuyue [revive].
Scrypture doth record,
The same dyd our Lord,
And rose frum deth to lyue.”
Skelton: Armoury of Birdts

Pelicans. The notion that pelicans
feed their young with their blood arose
from the following habit :—They have a
large bag attached to their under bill.
When the parent bird is about to feed
its brood, it macerates small fish in this
bag or pouch, then pressing the bag
against its breast, transfers the mace-
‘rated food to the mouths of the young.

A pelican in her piety is the represen-
tation of a pelican feeding her young
'with her blood. The Romans called
‘filial love piety, hence Virgil’s hero is
called pius /ine’as, because he rescued
his father from the flames of Troy,

» Peli‘des. Sonof Peleus (2 syl.)—that
is, Achilles, the hero of Homer’s J/iad,
and chief of the Greek warriors that be-
sieged Troy.
“When, like Peli’des, bold beyond control,
Homer raised high to heaven the Joud impetuous
song.” Beattie: Minstrel.
Pelion. Heaping Ossa upon Pelion.
Adding difficulty to difficulty, embar-
rassment to embarrassment, etc. When
the giants tried to scale heaven, they
placed Mount Ossa upon Mount Pelion
for a scaling ladder.
“Ter sunt conati imponére Pélio Ossam "
Virgil: Georgics, i. 281,
’ A noteworthy hexameter verse.
The of ‘‘conati’’ does not elide, nor
yet the o of ‘‘ Pelio.”

Pell-mell, Headlong; in reckless
confusion. From the players of pall-
mall, who rush heedlessly to strike the
ball, The “pall”? is the ball (Italian,

wlla), and the ‘‘mall’’ is the mallet or
aut (Italian, maglia; Latin, malleus).
Sometimes the game is called ‘‘ pall
mall;’’ and sometimes the ground set
oa for the game, as Pall Mall, Lon-
See penton! 2k

| @ Itis not quite certain that pel/-mell
is the same compound word as pall-mall.

Pelle'an Conqueror. Alexander thie
Great, born at Pella, in Macedo’nia.

“Remember that Pellean conqueror.” _
Milton: Paradise Regained, \i.

Pel'leas (Sir), One of the knights of
the Round Table. Inthe Jaérie Queene
he goes after the ‘‘ blatant beast’? when
it breaks the chain with which it had
been bound by Sir Calidore,

Pelis. Clerk of the Pells. An officer
of the Exchequer, whose duty it was to
make entries on the pel/s or parchment
rolls. Abolished in 1834.

Pel’ops. Son of Tan’talos, cut to
pleacs and served as food to the gods.

he More’a was called Peloponne’sos or
the ‘‘island of Pelops,’’ from this my-
thical king.

The ivory shoulder of the sons of Pelops.
The distinguishing or distinctive mark
of anyone. The tale is that Deme’ter
ate the shoulder of Pelops when it was
served up by Tan’‘talos, and when the
gods put the body back into the cauldron
to restore it to life, he came forth lack-
ing a shoulder, Demeter supplied an
ivory shoulder, and all his descendants
carried this mark in their bodies. (Sce
PYTHAGORAS, ) _

Pelo’rus. Cape di Faro, a promon-
tory of Sicily, (Virgil: dineid, ii.

‘ ‘ "As when the force
Of subterranean wind transports a hill

Torn from Pelorus.” ’
Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. i, 232,

Pelos [mud]. Father of Physigna’-
thos, king of the frogs. (Battle of the
Frogs and Mice.)

Pelt, in printing. Untanned_sheep-
skins used for printing-balls. (French,
pelte, Latin, pellis, a skin.)

Pen Name, sometimes written 2om-
de-plume. A fictitious name assumed by
an author who does not wish to reveal
his real name, (See Nom DE GUERRE.)

Pen and Feather are varieties of
the same word, the root being the San~
skrit pat, to fly. (We have the Sanskrit
ean @ wing or instrument for flying;

atin, petna or penna, pen; Greck,
pteron; Teutonic, phathra; Anglo-
Saxon, fether ; our ‘ feather.’’)

* Analogous examples are TEAR and
Larmr, Nac and Eaquus,, Wig and
PERUKE, Heart and Cevr, ete.

Penang. Lawyers. Clubs. Penang
sticks come from Penang, or the Prince
of Wales Island, in the Malaccas.

Penates

958

Pennals

Pena'tes (3 syl.). The household

gods of the Romans.

Pencil of Rays. All the rafs that
issue from one point, or that can be
focussed at one peint (Latin, penicillus,
little tail, whence penicillum, a painter’s
brush made of the hair of a cow’s tail) ;
so called because they are like the hairs
of a paint-brush, except at the point
where they aggregate.

Pendennis (Arthur). The hero of
Thackeray’s novel, entitled The History
of Pendennis, ete.

Major Pendennis. A tuft - hunter,
similar in character to Macklin’s cele-
brated Sir Pertinax M‘Sycophant.

Penden'te Lite (Latin). Pending
the suit; while the suit is going on.

Pendrag’on. A title conferred on
several British chiefs in times of great
danger, when they were invested with
dictatorial power: thus Uter and Arthur
were each appointed to the office to
repel the Saxon invaders. Cassibelaun
was pendragon when Julius Cesar in-
vaded the island; and soon. The word
pen is British for head, and dragon for
leader, ruler, or chief. The word there-
fore means stunmus rex (chief of the
kings).

So much for fact, and now for the
fable: Geoffrey of Monmouth says,
when Aure'lius, the British king, was
poisoned by Ambron, during the in-
vasion of Pascentius, son of Vortigern,
there ‘‘ appeared a star at Winchester of
wonderful magnitude and brightness,
darting forth a ray, at the’end of which
was a globe of fire in form of a dragon,
out of whose mouth issued forth two
rays, one of which extended to Gaul
and the other to Ireland.’”’ Uter ordered
two golden dragons to be made, one of
which he presented to Winchester, and
the other he carried with him as his
royal standard, whence he received the
name of Uter Pendragon, (Books viii.
xiv. Xvi.) '

Penelope (4 syl.). Zhe Web or
Shroud of Penelope. A work ‘‘never
ending, still beginning ;’’ never done,
but ever in hand. Penelopé, according
to Homer, was pestered by suitors while
her husband, Ulysses, was absent at the
siege of Troy. To relieve herself of
their importunities, she promised to
make a choice of one as soon as she
had finished weaving a shroud for her
father-in-law. Every night she un-
ravelled what she had clone in the day,

and so deferred making any choice till _

Ulysses returned, when the suitors were
sent to the right-about without ceres
mony,

Penel’ophon. The beggar loved by
King Cophetua. (See CoPHETUA.):

Penei'va. A knight whose adven-
tures and exploits form a supplemental
part of the Spanish romance entitled
Am'adis of Gaul. The first four books
of the romance, and the part above re-
ferred to, were by Portuguese authors—
the former by Vasco de Lobeira, of
Oporto, who died 1403; the latter by an
unknown author,

Penetra'lia. The private rooms of
a house; the secrets of a family. That
part of a Roman temple into which the
priest alone had access; here were the
sacred images, here the responses of the
oracles were made, and here the sacred
mysteries were performed. The Hol
of Holies was the penetralia of the J poets

Temple. (Latin plural of penctralis.)
Penfeather (Lady ge) The
ir Walter

lady patroness of the Spa. (
Scott. St. Ronan’s Well)

Peninsular War. The war carried
on, under the Duke of Wellington,
against the French in Portugal and
Spain, between 1808 and 1812.

Penitential Psalms. The seven
psalms expressive of contrition—viz. the
Vi., Xxxii., Xxxvili., 1, cli,, cxxx., cxliil.,
of the Authorised Version, or Vi.,
Xxxi., xxxvii., ]., ci, cxxix., cxlii., of
the Vulgate.

Penmanship.

The ‘‘Good King Réné,” titular kin
of Naples in the middle of the fifteenth
century, was noted for his initial letters.

St. Theela, of Isauria, wrote the entire

Scriptures out without a blot or mis-
take. ;
St. Theodosius wrote the Gospels in
letters of gold without a single mistake
or blur. (See Longfellow’s Golden Legend,
iv.) (See ANGEL.)

Penmanship. Dickens says of John
Bell, of the Chancery, that he wrote
three hands: one which only he Aimsel
could read, one which only his cler.
could read, and one which nobody could
read. Dean Stanley wrote about as b
a hand as man could write. site

Pennals [pen-cases]. So the Fresh-
men of the Protestant universities of
Germany were called, from the pennale
or inkhorn which they carried with them
when they attended lectures. |

Pennalism

959

Pennyroyal

——— eee

Pen‘nalism. Fagging, bullying, petty
persecution. The pennals or freshmen
ofthe Protestant universities were the
fags of the elder students, called schorists,
Abolished at the close of the seventeenth
century. (See above.)

Pennant. The common legend is,
that when Tromp, the Dutch admiral,
appeared .on our coast, he hoisted a
broom on his ship, to signify his intention
of sweeping the ships of Bagland from
the sea; and that the English admiral
hoisted a horsewhip to indicate his in-
tention of drubbing the Dutch. Ac-
cording to this legend, the pennant
symbolises a horsewhip, and it is not
unfrequently called ‘‘ the whip.’’

Penniless (The), The Italians called
Maximilian I, of Germany Pochi Danari.
(1459, 1493-1519.)

Penny (in the sense of pound). Six-
penny, eightpenny, and tenpenny nails
-are nails of three sizes. A thousand of
the first will weigh six pounds; of the
second, eight pounds; of the third, ten
pounds,

reat sometimes expresses the duo-
deci rt, as tenpenny and eleven-
penny silver—meaning silver 10-12ths
and 11-12ths fine,

“One was to he tenpenny, another eleven, an-
yen! sterling silver.”—Weidenfeld : Secrets of the

Penny (4) (Anglo-Saxon, pening or
penig). Fos a hundred vena the anit
of money currency, hence pening -monegre
(a money-changer). There were two
coins so named, one called the greater =
the fifth part of a shilling, and the other
called the less=the 12th part of a
shilling.
My penny of observation (Love's La-
sane wenn My pennyworth of
wit; my natural observation or mother-
wit. obably * there is some pun
or confusion between penetration and
‘‘penny of observation’? or ‘‘penn’orth
hag fe thoughts, See

enny for your thoughts, See Hey-

et Drstogts pt. ii. 4. (See Penny-
WORTH.)

Penny-a-liner (4). A contributor
to the local newspapers, but nof on the
staff. At one time these collectors of
news used to be paid a penny a line,
and it was to their interest to spin out
their report as much as possible, The
word remains, but is now a misnomer.

~ Penny ‘Dreadfuls. Penny sensa-
tional papers, which delight in horrors,

Penny-father (4). A miser, a
penurious person, who ‘‘ husbands”? his
pence

“Good old penny-father was glad of his liquor,”
Pasquil : Jests (1629).

Penny Gaff (4). A theatre the
admission to which is one penny,
Properly a gaff is a ring for cock-
fighting, a sensational amusement which
has been made to yield to sensational
dramas of the Richardson type. (Irish,
g4f, a hook.)

Penny Hop (4). A rustic dancing
club, in which each person pays a penny
to the fiddler. In towns, private dancing
parties were at one time not uncommon,
the admission money at the doors being
one penny.

Penny Lattice-house (4). A low
othouse, Lattice shutters are a public.
ouse sign, being the arms of Fitz-

warren, which family, in the days of the
Henrys, had the monopoly of licensing
vintners and publicans,

Penny Pots. Pimples and spots on
the tippler’s face, from the too great
indulgence in penny pots of beer,

Penny Readings. Parochial enter.
tainments, consisting of readings, music,
etc., for which one penny-admission is
charged.

Penny Saved ied A penny saved
is twopence gained. In French, ‘‘ Un
centime épargné en vaut deux.”

‘Well, suppose a man asks twopence apiece for
his oranges, and a bageler. obtains hundred at a
penny apjece, would he save 200 pence by bis

» bargain? If so, let him go on spending, and he

will soon become a millionaire. Or suppose, ine
stead of paying £1,000 for a had bet, I had not
wagered any money at all, would this have been

worth £2,000 to me?

Penny Weddings. Wedding ban-
quets in Scotland, to which a number of
persons were invited, each of whom paid
a small sum of money not exceeding a
shilling. After defraying the expenses
of the feast, the residue went to the
newly-marryied pair, to aid in furnishing
their house. Abolished in 1645.

“Vera true, vera true. We'll havea’ to pay
... 2 sort of penny-wedding it will prove, where
all men contribute to the young folks’ mainten-
i A a Walter Scott : Fortunes of Nigel, chap,

Penny Wise. Unwise thrift. The
whole proverb is Penny wise.and pound
Joolish, like the man who lost his horse
from his penny wisdom in saviug-the
expense of shoeing it afresh when ‘ire of
its shoes was loose.

Pennyroyal. Flea-bane, the odour
being, as it is supposed, hateful to fleas.

Pennyweight

960

Paniventh

This is a real curiosity of blundering
derivation. The Latin word is pulécium,
the flea destroyer, from pulex, a flea,
softened into pelea and corrupted
into the English-Latin pule’-regium.
‘*Pule,’’ changed first into puny, then
into penny, gives us i ise er ium,”’
whence ‘‘penny-royal.’’ he French
call the herb pouliot, from pou (a louse
or flea).

Pennyweight. So called from being
the weight of an Anglo-Norman penny.
Dwt. is d = penny wt.

Pennyworth or Pen’oth. A small
quantity, as much as can be bought for
a penny. Butler says, ‘‘ This was the
pen’oth of his thought”? (Hudibras, ii.
3), meaning that its scope or amount
was extremely small.

He has got his pennyworth. He has
got due value for his money.

To turn an honest penny. To earn a
little money by working for it.

Pen'sion is something weighed out.
Originally money was weighed, hence
our pound, When the Gauls were bribed
ta leave Rome the ransom money was
weighed in scales, and then Brennus
threw his sword into the weight-pan.
(Latin, pendo, to weigh money.)

Pen’sioners at thé Universities and
Inns of Court. So called from the French
pension (board), pensionnaire (@ boarder,
one who pays a sum of money to dine
and lodge with someond else).

Pen'tacle. A five-sided head-dress
of fine linen, meant to represent the five
senses, and worn as a defence against
demons in the act of conjuration. It is
also called Solomon's Seal (signum Sala-
mo'nis). A pentacle was extended by
the magician towards the spirits when
they proved contumacious,

“ And on her head, lest spirits should invade,

A pentacle, for more assurance, laid.”
Rose: Orlando Furioso, jit. 21.

The Holy Pentacles numbered forty-four, of
which seven were consecrated to each of the
planets Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, and the Sun: five
to both Venusand Mercury : and six to the Moon.
The divers figures were enclosed in a double
circle, containing the name of God in Hebrew,
and other mystical words,

Pentap’olin. An imaginary chief-
tain, but in reality the drover of a flock
of sheep. Don Quixote conceived him
to be the Christian King of the Gara-
mantians, surnamed the Naked Arm,
because he always entered the field with
his right arm bare. The driver of a flock
from. the opposite direction was dubbed
‘by the Don the Emperor Alifanfaron

of the isle of Taproba‘na, a fered (Cer.
vantes: Don Quixote, pt. i. bk, iii, 4.)

Pentap’olis. (Greek, pente polts.)

(1) The five cities of the plain: Sodom,
Gomorrah, Admah, Zebo'im, and Zoar ,
four of which were consumed with fire,
and their site covered with the Lake
Asphalti'tés, or the Dead Sea.

(2) The five cities of Oyrena‘ica, in
Egypt: Bereni’cé, Arsin’oe, Ptolema’is,
Cyre’né, and Apollo’nia,

(3) The five cities of the Philistines
Gaza, Gath, As‘calon, Ash’dod, and
Ekron.

(4) The five cities of Italy in the
exarchate of Ravenna: Rim’‘ini, Pesaro,
Fano, Sinigaglia, and Anco’na.’ These
were given by Pepin to the Pope.

(5) The Dorian pentapolis: Cni’dos,
Cos, Lindos, Ial’ysos, and Cami’ros,

Pentateuch. . The first five books
of the Old Testament, supposed to be
written by Moses. (Greek, pente, five;
teuchos, a book.)

The Chinese Pentateuch. The five books
of Confucius:—(1) The Shoo- King, or
Book of History ; (2) The Lee-King, or
Book of Rites ; (3) The Book of Odes, or
Chinese Homer ; (4) The Yih-King, or
Book of Changes ; and (5) The Chun-
Ts’eu, or Spring and Autumn Annals,

The Samaritan Pentateuch. A version
of the Pentateuch in the Samaritan
character. It varies in some measure
from the Jewish version. Not earlier
than ihe fourth, nen i than the
seventh, century. ee ocrypha :
2 Esdras xiv. 21-48.) : ptoe ar

Pen'tecost (Greek, pen/ecosteé, fiftieth),
The festival held by the Jews on the
fiftieth day after the Passover; our
Whit-Sunday.

Penthesile’a. Queen of the Ama-
zons, slain by Achilles. Sir Toby Belch
says to Maria, in the service of Olivia —

“Good-night, Penthesilea [my fine woman)."—
Shakespeare: Twelfth Night, ii. 2. .

Pent’house. (2 syl.): A hat with a
broad brim. The allusion is to the hood
of a door, or coping of a roof. (Welsh,
penty ; Spanish, pentice ; French, ap-
pentice, also pente, a slope.) ~~

Pentreath (Dolly). The last person
who spoke Cornish. Daines Barrington
went from London to the Land’s End to
visit her. She lived at Mousehole. . -
“Hail, Mousebole ! birthplace of old Doll Pent

€ ?
The “ast who | jabbered Cornish, 80 says

Daines ..... yor
Peter Pindar (Ode %xi., To Myself).

Peony 961

Perdita

Peony (Zhe). So called, according
to fable, from Peon, the physician who
cured the wounds received by the gods
in the Trojan war. The seeds were, at
one time, worn round the neck as a
charm against the powers of darkness.
Virgil and Ovid speak of its sanative
virtues. Others tell us Peon was a
chieftain who discovered the plant.

“Vetustissima inventu peonia est, nomenque
auctoris retinet, quam quidam pentorobon appel-
lant, alii glycysiden,”"— liny, XXV. 10. rs

People. The people’s friend. Dr.
William Gordon, the Shneehopee,
(1801-1849, )

People’s Charter eh). The six
prints of the People’s Charter, formu-
ated in 1848, are :— gs

Manhood Suffrage (now practically
established).

Annual Parliaments,

Vote by Ballot (established).

Abolition of Property.

Qualification for Members of Parlia-
ment (the Qualification Test is abolished).

Wqual Electoral Districts,

Pepper. Zo pepper one well. To
give one a good on or thrashing.

To take ae V the nose. To take
offence. The French have a similar
locution, ‘Za moutarde lui monte au
nez,”?
enone ahansBaRt Cte te 72% mnt oe

Pepper Gate. When your daughter
is stolen close fepeer Gate, Pepper Gate
used to be on the east side of the city of
Chester. It is said that the daughter
of the mayor eloped, and the mayor
ordered the gate to be closed up. “Lock
the stable-door when the steed is stolen,”
(Albert Smith: Christopher Tadpole,
chap, i.) .

Pepper-and-Salt. A light gro
colour, especially applied to loth for
dresses.

Peppercorn Rent (4). A nominal
rent, A pepper-berry is of no appre-
ciable value, and given as rent is a
simple acknowledgment that the tene-
ment virtually belongs to the person to
whom the peppercorn is given,

Peppy . Alarge erratic boulder,
east a cith :

Per Saltum (Latin). Byadeap A
otion or degree given without go-
ing over the ground usually prescribed.
Thus, ,a cle an on being made a

B.D. degree, and waiting the usual tive
years,

“They dare not attempt to examine for the
superior degree but elect per saltwm.”—Nine-
teenth Century, January, 1893, p, 66.

Perce’forest (King). A prose ro-
mance, printed at Paris in 1528, and said
to have been discovered in a cabinet hid
in the massive wall of an ancient tower
on the banks of the Humber, named
Burtimer, from a king of that name
who built it. The MS. was said to be
in Greek, and was translated through
the Latin into French, ;

It is also used for Perceval, an Ar-
thurian knight, in many of the ancient
romances,

Perceval (Sin), of Wales. A knight
of the Round Table, son of Sir Pelli-
nore, and brother of Sir Lamerock. He
went in quest of the St. Graal (q.v.).
Chrétien de Troyes wrote the Roman

de Perceval. (1541-1596.) Menessier
wrote the same in verse, :
Per'cinet, A fairy prince, who

thwarts the malicious designs of Grog-
non, the cruel stepmother of Gracio’sa.
(Fairy Tales.)

Peroy [pierce-eye]. When Malcolm
III, of Scotland invaded England, and
reduced the castle of Alnwick, Robert
de Mowbray paought to him the keys of
the castle suspended on his lance; and,
handing them from the wall, thrust his
lance into the king’s eye; from which
circumstance, the tradition says, he re-
ceived the name of ‘‘ Pierce-eye,’’ which
has ever since been borne by the Dukes
of Northumberland.

“This is alla fable, The Percies are descended
from a great Norman baron, who came over with
William, and who took his name from his castle
and estate in Normandy.’—Sir Walter Scott : Tales
of a Grandfather, iv.

Per‘dita, Daughter of Leontés and
Hermi‘oné of Sicily. She was born when
her mother was imprisoned by Leontes
out of causeless jealousy. Paulina, a
noble pay hoping to soften the king’s
heart, took the infant and laid it at its
father’s féet,; but Leontes ordered it to
be put to sea, under the expectation that
it would drift to some. desert island.
The vessel drifted to Bohemia, where
the infant was discovered by a shepherd,
who brought it up as his own daughter.
In time Florizel, the son and heir of the
Bohemian king Polixenes, fell in love
with the ‘supposed shepherdess, The
match was forbidden by Polixenes, and
the young lovers fled, under the tharge
of Camillo, to Sicily, Here the story is

sper saltum—t, without taking the | cleared up, Polixénes and Leontes are

ishop has the degree of D.D. given
; 61

/

Perdrix

962

reconciled, and the young lovers married,
(Shakespeare: Winter’sTale.) Polixtnes
‘4 syl.), Leontes (3 syl.)

Perdrix, toujours Perdrix, Too
much of the same thing. Walpole tells
‘us that the confessor of one of the

rench kings reproved him for conjugal
infidelity, and was asked by the king
twhat he liked best. ‘‘ Partridge,’’ re-
plied the priest, and the king ordered
him. to be served with partridge every
day, till he quite loathed the sight of his
favourite dish. After a time, the kin
visited him, and hoped he had been on
served, when the confessor replied,
“ Mais our, perdrix, towours perdrix,”’
‘Ah! ah!’’ replied the amorous mon-
arch, ‘“and one mistress is all very well,
but not ‘perdria, toujours perdrix.’”

“Soup for dinner, soup for supper, and soup for
preakfast again.” — Farquhar: The Inconstant,
iv..2.

Pére Duchéne. Jacques Réné Hé-
bert, one of the most profligate charac-
ters of the French Revolution. He was
editor of a vile newspaper so called, con-
taining the grossest insinuations against
Marie Antoimette. (1755-1794.)

Pére la Chaise, the Parisian ceme-
tery, is the site of a great monastery
founded by Louis XIV., of which his
confessor, Pére la Chaise, was made the
superior. After the Revolution, the
grounds were laid out for a public ceme-
tery ; first used in May, 1804.

Peregrine (3 syl.) ran away from
home, and obtained a loan of £10 from
Job Thornbury, with which he went
abroad and traded; he returned a
wealthy man, and arrived in London on
the very day Job Thornbury was made
a bankrupt. Having paid the creditors
out of the proceeds made from the
hardwareman’s loan, he married his
daughter. (George Colman the Younger:
John Bull.)

Peregrine Falcon (4). Thefemale
is larger than the male, as is the ‘case
with most birds of prey. The female is
the falcon of falconers, and the male the
tercel. It is called peregrine from its
wandering habits.

Per’egrine Pic’kle. The hero of
Smolleté’s novel so called. <A savage,
ungrateful spendthrift; fond of practical
jokes to the annoyance of others, and
suffering with evil temper the misfor-
tunes brought on by his own wilfulness.

‘Perfeo'tionists. A society founded
hy Father Noyes in Oneida Creek. They
take St. Paul for their law-giver, but

Perillo Swords

read his epistles in a new light. They
reject all law, saying the guidance of
the Spirit is superior to all human codes.
If they would know how to act in
matters affecting othets, they consult
‘‘public opinion;””? expressed’ by a com-
mittee ; and the “law of sympathy” so
expressed is their law of action. In
material prosperity, this society is un-
matched by all the societies of North
America. (W. Hepworth Dixon: New
America, vil. 20, 21.)

Perfide Albion! (French),
words of Napoleon I.

Perfume (2 syl.) means simply
“from smoke’? (Latin, per fwmum), the
first perfumes having been obtained by
the combustion of aromatic woods and
gums. Their original use was in sacri-
fices, to counteract the offensive odours
of the burning flesh,

Perfumed Terms of the Time. So
Ben Jonson calls euphemisms.

Pe'ri (plur. Penis). Peris are delicate,
gentle, fairy-like beings of Eastern my-
thology, begotten by fallen spirits. They
direct with a wand the pure in mind the
way to heaven. These lovely creatures,
according to the Koran, are under the
sovereignty of Eblis; and Mahomet was
sent for their conversion, as well as for
that of man.

“ Like peris’ wands, when = out the road
For some pure spirit. to the blest abode,” _.
Thomas Moore. Lalla Rookh, pt. i.

Per'icles, Prince of Tyre (Shake-
speare). The story is from the Gesta

omano'rum, where Periclés is called
** Apollo‘nius, King of Tyre,”’ The story
is also related by Gower, in his Confessto
Amantis (bk. vili.).

Pericles’ Boast. When Pericles,
Tyrant of Athens,-was on his death-bed,
he overheard his friends recounting his
various merits, aud told them they had
omitted the greatest of all, that no
Athenian through his whole administra-
tion had put on De through his
severity—t.c. he had caused no Athenian
to be put to death arbitrarily.

Perillo Swords. Perillo is a ‘little

The

' stone,”? a mark by which Julian del

Rey, a famous armourer of Tole‘do and
Zaragoza, authenticated the swords of
his manufacture. All perillo swords
were made of the steel produced from
the mines of Mondragon, The swords
given by Katharine of Aragon to Hi

VIII. on his wedding-day were
Perillo blades. Wea t

nish

oa Perillos
35 S ane
The most common inscription was,
“* Draw me not without reason, sheathe me
not without honour.”

Perillos and the Brazen Bull.
Perillos of Athens made a brazen bull
for Phalaris, Tyrant of Agrigentum,

intended for the execution of criminals,

They were shut up in the bull, and, fires
being lighted below the belly, the metal
was made ‘‘red hot.’’ The cries of the
victims, reverberating, sounded like the
lowing of the bull. Phalaris admired
the invention, but tésted it on Perillos
himself. (See INVENTORS.)

_ Perilous Castle. The castle of Lord
Douglas was so called in the reign of
Edward I., because good Lord Douglas
destroyed several English garrisons sta-
tioned there, and vowed to be revenged
on anyone who should dare to take pos-
session of it. Sir Walter Scott calls it
**Castle Dangerous.”’ (See Introduction
of Castle Dangerous.)

- . Per'ion. <A fabulous king of Gaul,

father of ‘‘ Amadis of Gaul.’’? His en-
counter with the lion is one of his best
exploits. It is said that he was hunting,
-when his horse reared and snorted at
seeing a lion in the path. Perion leaped
to the ground and attacked the lion, but
the lion overthrew him ; whereupon the
king drove his sword into the belly of
the beast and killed him. (Amadis de
Gaul, chap. i.)

,Peripatet’ics. Jounder of the Peri-
fea eer Seatoile, who used to teach

is disciples in the covered walk of the
‘Lycéum. This colonnade was called the
perip'atos, because it was a place for
walking about (peri pateo).

Peris. (See Pert.)

'Peris’sa (excess or prodigality ;
Greek, I’rissos). Step-sister of Elissa

and Medina. These ladies could never
ree on any subject,
ioe bk, ii.)

Per'iwig. (See PERUKE.)

(Spenser - Faérie

963

Perseus

Perku’nos. God of the elements.
The Sclavonic Trinity was Perku’nos,
Rikollos, and Potrimpos. (Grimm:
Deutsche Mythologie.)

Perm’ian Strata. So. called from
Perm, in Russia, where they are most
distinctly developed.

Pernelle (Madame), A scolding old
woman in Moliére’s Zartuffe.

Perpendiculars. Parties called
crushes, in which persons have to stand
almost stationary from the time of
entering the suite of rooms to the time
ofleaving them.

“The night before I duly attended my mother
to three fashionable crowds, ‘ perpendiculars’
is the best name for them, for there is seldom
more than standing room.”~- dna Lyall: Dono-
van, Chap. ix.

Perpet’ual Motion. Restlessness ;
fidgety or nervous disquiet; also a
chimerical scheme wholly impracticable.
Many have tried to invent a machine
that shall move of itself, and never stop ;
but, as all materials must suffer from
wear and tear, it is evident that such an
invention is impossible.

“It were better to be eaten to death with rust,

than to be scoured to nothing with perpetual
motion.”—Shakespeme: 2 Henry IV., i. 2.

Pers,
Perse.»

Persecutions (Zhe ten great). (1)
Under Nero, a.p. 64; (2) Domitian, 95;
(3) Trajan, 98; (4) Hadrian, 118; -(5)
Pertinax, 202, chiefly in Egypt; (6)
Maximin, 236; (7) Decius, 249; (8)
Valerian, 257 ; (9) Aurelian, 272; (10)
Diocletian, 302.

“Tt would be well if these were the only reli-

gious persecutions ; but, alas ! those on the other
side prove the truth of the Founder: “TI came not

Persia ; called Fars. (French,

‘to send peace fon earth). but.a sword” (Matt. x.

34). Witness the longand relentless persecutions
of the Waldenses and Alhigenses, the six or seven
crusades, the wars of Charlemagne against the
Saxons, and the thirty years’ war of Germany.
Witness, again, the persecution of the Guises, the

Bartholomew slaughter, the wars of Louis XIV, ~

on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, the
Dragonnades, and the wars against Holland.
Witness the bitter rersecutions stirred up by
Luther, which spread to England and Scotland.
No wars so lasting, 80 relentless, so bloody as re-
ligious wars. It bas been no thin red line.

Persep’olis, called by the Persians
“The Throne of Jam-sheid,’’ by whom

it was founded. Jam-sheid removed

the seat of government from Balk to
Istakhar.

. Per’seus (2 syl.). A bronze statue
in the Loggia dei Lanzi, at Florence.

.The best work of Benvenuto Cellini

(1500-1562)... |

Persevere

964

Peter —

Perseus’ flying horse. A ship.

“Perseus conquered the head of Medu’sa, and
did make Peg’ase, the most swift ship, which he
always calls Perseus’ flying horse."—Destruction
of Troy. ”
“The strong-ribbed bark through liquid moun-

tains cut...
Like Perseus’ horse.”
Shakespeare: Troilus and Cressida, 1.3,

Perseve're (3 syl.). This word comes
from an obsolete Latin verb, sevéro (to
stick rigidly) ; hence sevérus (severe or
rigid), Asseverate is to stick rigidly to
what you say; persevere is to stick
rigidly to what you undertake till you
have accomplished it. (Per-sevévo.)

Persian Alexander (Zhe). Sandjar
(1117-1158). (Sce ALEXANDER.)

Persian Bucepha‘los (The). Sheb-
diz, the charger of Chosroes Parviz. (See
BUCEPHALOS. )

Person (Latin, persona, a mask 3 per-
sonwtus, one who wears a mask, an
actor), A ‘‘person’’ is one who imper-
sonates a character. Shakespeare says,
_ *All the world’s a stage, and all the

men and women merely players ” or per-
sons, When we speak of the ‘ person
of the Deity ’’ we mean the same thing,
the character represented, as that of the
Father, or that of the Son, or that of the
Holy Ghost. There is no more notion of
corporeality connected with the word
than there is any assumption of the body
of Hamlet when an actor impersonates
that character,

Persona Grata Gate)
ceptable person ; one liked.
.* The Count [Miinster] is not a persona grata at
court, as the royal family did not relish the course
he took in Hanoverian affairs in 1868,”—Truth,
October 22nd, 1885. ree
Perth is Celtic for a bush. The
ccunty of Perth isthe county of bushes.
Far Maid of Perth. Catherine Glover,
daughter of Simon Glover, glover, of
Perth. Her lover is Henry Gow, alias
Henry Smith, alias Gow Chrom, alias
Hal of the Wynd, the armourer, foster-
son of Dame Shoolbred. (Sir Walter
Scott: Fair Maid of Perth.) i
The Fiwe Articles of Perth were those
passed in 1618 by order of James VI.,
enjoining the attitude of kneeling to
receive the elements ; the observance of
Christmas, Good Friday, Easter, and
Pentecost; the right of confirmation,
etc. They were ratified August 4, 1621,
called Black Saturday, and condemned
oe General Assembly of Glasgow in

Peru. That’s not Peru. Said of
something utterly worthless. A French

An ac-

expression, founded on the notion that
Peru is the El Dorado of the world.”

Peru’vian Bark, called also Jeswt’s
Bark, because it was introduced: into
Spain by the Jesuits. ‘‘ Quinine,” from
the same tree, is called by the Indians
qumguina, (See CINCHONA.)

Peruke or Periwig. Menage in-
geniously derives these words from the
Latin pilus (‘‘hair”’), Thus, pilus, pelus,
pelu'tus, pehi'ticus, pehi'tica, perwa, per-
rugue. e wigs are first mentioned in
the 16th century; in the next century
they became very large. ‘The fashion
began to wane in the reign of George
Ill. Periwig is a corrupt form of the
French word perruque.

Pescec’ola, The famous swimmer
drowned in the pool of Charybdis. The
tale says he dived once into the pool,
and was quite satisfied with its horrors
and wonders; but the King Frederick
then tossed in a golden cup, which Pes-
cecola dived for, and was never seen
again. (See Schiller’s Diver.) ,

Pess/imist. One who fancies every-
thing is as bad as possible, (Latin,
pess'mus, the worst.) me

Petard’. Hoist on lis own petard.
Caught in his own trap, involved in the
danger he meant for others, The petard
was a conical instrument of war em=
ployed at one time for blowing open
gates with gunpowder; The engineers
used to carry the petard to the place
they intended to blow up, and fire it af
the small end by a fusee. Shakespeare
spells the word petar : ‘’Tis the sport to
have the engineer hoist with his own
petar.”’ (Hamlet, ii. 4.)

“Turning the muzzles of the guns Magdala»
wards, and getting a piece of lighted rope (the
party] blazed away as vigorously as possible...
and tried to hoist Theodore on his own petard,”—
Daily paper. 1

Petaud.. ’Tis the court of King
Letaud, where everyone is master, There
is no order or discipline at all. This is

a French proverb. | Petaud is a cor-
ruption of peto (I beg), and King
Petaud means king of t

e be gars, in
whose court all are equal. (See At-
SATIA.) rey
Peter, (Se¢BLUEPETER.)
Great Peter. - A bell in York Minster,
weighing 103 tons, and hung in 1845.
Lord Peter, The Pope in Swift's
Tale of a Tub. igual ss tebe
Rob Peter to. pay Paul. (See RoBBina.
St. Peter. Patron saint of fishers an
fishmongers, being himself a fisher-
man,

Peter Botte Mountain

965

Petitio Principii

St, Peter, in Christian art, is repre-
sented as an old man, bald, but with a
flowing beard ; he is usually dressed in a
white mantle and blue tunic, and holds
in his hand a book of scroll. His pecu-
liar symbols are the keys, and a sword,
the instrument of his martyrdom.

He has got St. Peters fingers—t.c, the
fingers of a thief, ‘The allusion is to the
fish caught by St. Peter with a piece of
money in its mouth. They say that a
thief has a fish-hook on every finger.

Peter Botte Mountain, in the is-
land of Mauritius; so called from a
Dutchman who scaled its summit, but

-lost his life in coming down, It is a
rugged cone, more than 2,800 feet in
height.

Peter Parley. The xo de plume of
Samuel G. Goodrich, an American
(1793-1860). F

Peter Peebles. ‘Peter Peebles’ Lav-
suit. In Sir Walter Scott’s novel of
Redgauntlet. Peter is a litigious hard-
hearted drunkard, poor as a church-
mouse, and a liar to the backbone. His
“ ganging plea’? is Hogarthian comic,
as Carlyle says. :

Peter-pence, An annual tribute of
one penny, paid at the feast of St. Peter
to the see of Rome.
collected from every family, but after-.
wards it was restricted to those ‘‘ who
had the value of thirty pence in quick or
live stock.’? This tax was collected in
England from 740 till it was abolished
by Henry VIII.

Peter Pindar. The nom de plume
of Dr. John Wolcot (WVool-cut), of Dod--
brooke, Devonshire. (1738-1819.)

Peter Porcupine. William Cob-
bett, when he was a Tory. We have
Peter Poreupine’s Gazette and the Porcu-'
pine Papers, in twelve volumes. (1762-
1835.)

Peter Wilkins was written by
Robert Pultock, ‘of Clifford’s Inn, and
sold.to Dodsley, the publisher, for £20.

Peter of Provence came. into pos-:
session of Merlin’s wooden horse. There’
is a French romance called L¢ter of
Provence and. the Fair Magalo'na, the
chief incidents of which are connected
with this flying charger,

“Peter the Great of Russia: built

St. Petersburg, and gave Russia a place |

among the nations of Burope. He laid
aside his crown and sceptre, came to
England, and worked as a common.

At one time it was |

labourer in our déckyards, that he might
teach his subjects how to build ships.

Peter the Hermit (in Tasso), ‘‘ the
holy author of the crusade” (bk, i.).
It is said that six millions of persons
assumed the cross at his preaching,

Peter the Wild Boy, found 1725 in
a wood near Hameln, in Hanover, at
the Supposed age of thirteen. (Died
1785.

Peterboat. A-boat made to go
either way, the stem and stern being
both alike.

Pe'terborough (Northamptonshire),
So called from the monastery of St.
Peter, founded in 655, Tracts relating
to this monastery are published in

Sparke’s collection,

Pe'terloo. The dispersal of a large
meeting in St. Peter’s Field, Man-
chester, by an armed force, August 16th,
1819. The assemblage consisted of
operatives, and the question was par-
liamentary reform. The word, suggested
by Hunt, is a parody upon what he ab-
surdly called ‘the bloody butchers of
Waterloo.”’

It isa most exaggerated phrase. The massacre
consisted of six persons accidentally killed by
the rush of the crowd, when the military and
some 400 special constables appeared on the tleld,

Petit-Maitre, A fop; a lad who
assumes the manners, dress, and affecta-
tions of aman. The term arose before
the Revolution, when a great. dignitary
was styled a grand-maitre, and a preten-
tious one a petit-maitre,

Petit Serjeantry. Holding lands
of the Crown by the service of rendering
annually some small implement of war,
as a bow, a sword, a lance, a flag, an
arrow, and the like. Thus the Duke
of Wellington holds his country seat
at* Strathfieldsaye and Apsley House,
London, by presenting a flag annually
to the Crown on the anniversary of the
battle of Waterloo. The flag is hung in
the guard-room of the state apartments
of Windsor Castle till the next anniver-
sary, when it becomes’ the perquisite of
the officer of the guard. The Duke of
Marlborough presents also a flag on the |
anniversary of the battle of Blenheim,
for his estate at Blenheim. This also is
Riaged in the guard-room of Windsor

astle, >

Petitio Princip'ii (4). A begging
of the question, or assuming in the pre-
mises the question you undertake to
prove, Thus, if a person undertook to

Petitioners

966

Phaeton

prove the infallibility of the pope, and
were to take for his premises—(1) Jesus
Christ promised to keep the apostles and
their successors in all the truth ; (2) the
popes are the regular successors of the
aposties, and therefore the popes are
infallible—it would be a vicious syllo-
gism from a petitio principii.

Petitioners and Abhorrers. Two
olitical parties in the reign of Charles
I. When that monarch was first re-
stored he used to grant everything he
was asked for; but after a time this be-
came a great evil, and Charles enjoined
his loving subjects to discontinue their
practice of ‘‘ petitioning.’”? Those who
agreed with the king, and disapproved
of petitioning, were called Abhorrers ;
those who were favourable to the
objectionable practice were nicknamed
Petitioners.

Petrarch. The English Petrarch.
Sir Philip Sidney; so called ‘by Sir
Walter Raleigh. Cowper styles -him
is eye of poetic prose.”? (1554-
~ 1586.

Pet'relL The stormy vpetrel. So
named, according to tradition, from the
Italian Petrello (little Peter), in allusion
to-St. Peter, who walked on the sea,

Our sailors call them ‘‘ Mother Carey’s.

chickens.”’ it are called stormy be-
cause in a gale they surround a ship to
catch small animals which rise to the
surface of the pe fh sea; when the gale
ceases they are no longer seen,

Petrified (3 syl.). The petrified city.
Ishmonie, in Upper Egypt, is so called
from the number of petrified bodies of
men, women, and children to be seen
there. (Latin, petra-fio, to become
rock.)

Petrobrus‘siansor Petrobrus'ians,
A religious sect, founded in 1110, and so
called from Peter Bruys, a Provencal.
He declaimed against churches, assertin
that a stable was as good as.a cathedra
for worship, and a manger equal to an
altar. He also declaimed against the
use of crucifixes,

Pet'ronel. Sir Petronel Flash. A
braggadocio, a tongue-doughty warrior.
“Give your scholler degrees and your lawyer

his foes,
And some dice for Sir Petronell Flash.”
Brit. Bibl.

Petru’chio, A gentleman of Verona
who undertakes to tame the haughty
Katharine, called the Shrew. He marries
her, and without the least personal
vhastisement brings’ her to lamb-like

,

submission, (Shakespeare: Taming of
the Shrovw.)

Petticoat. A woman.

“There's a petticoat will prove to be the caus
of this.’"—Hawley Smart: Struck Down, ediaw: ain

Petticoat Goverriment. Femalerule,

Petticoat and Gown. The dress.
When the gown was looped up, tho
petticoat was an important item of dress.

The poppy is said to have a red petti-
coat and a green gown; the daffodil, a
yellow petticoat and green gown; a
candle, a white petticoat; and so on in
our common nursery rhymes—

1 “ The king’s daughter is coming to town

With a red petticoat and a green gown.”

2 “ Daffadown dilly is now come to town,

In a yellow petticoat and a green gown.”

Petto. In petto. In secrecy, in re-
serve (Italian, im the breast). The pope
creates cardinals in petto—t.c. in his own
mind—and keeps the appointment to
himself till he thinks proper to. an-
nounce it. ;

ry ; a, . % i
in the ih tontion of the poopie, he Hebi test

Petty Cu'ry (Cambridge) means ‘‘The
Street of Cooks.”? It is called Parva
Coke'ria in a deed dated 138 Edward ITT,
Probably at one time it was part of the
Market Hall. It is a mistake to derive
Cury from Ecurie. Dr. Pegge derives it
from cwra’re, to cure or dress food.

Peutinge‘rian Map, <A map of
the roads of the ancient Roman world,
constructed in the time of Alexander
Seve’rus (A.D. 226), made known to us
by Conrad Peutinger, of Augsburg.

Peveril of the Peak. Sir Geoffrey
the Cavalier, and Lady Margaret his
wife ; Julian Peveril, their son, in love
with Alice Spero daughter of
Major Bridgenorth, a Roundhead; and
William Peveril, natural son of William
the Conqueror, ancestor of Sir Geoffrey.
(Si Walter Scott + Peveril of the Poa.)

Pewter.
one’s work,

“ But if she neatly scour her pewter,
Give her the money that is due t’ her,”
King: Orpheus and Ewrydice,

Phedria [wantonness]. Handmaid
of Acrasia the enchantress, She sails
about Idle Lake in a gondola. “Seeing
Sir Guyon she ferries him across the lake
to the floating island, where Cymoch’les

To scour the pewter. To de

| attacks him.

Pheedria. aed the
combatants desist, and the little wanton
ferries the knight. Temperanee over the
lake again. (Spenser: Faérie Queene, ii.)

Phaeton. The son of Phoebus, who.
undertook to drive the chariot of the

ae

Phalanx

967

Pharaoh

sun, was upset, and caused great mis-
chief; Libya was parched into barren
sands, and all Africa was more or less
injured, the inhabitants blackened, and
vegetation nearly destroyed.

“ Gallop apace, you flery-footed steeds,

Towards Phebus’ mansion ; such a waggoner

As Phaeton would whip you to the west,

And — in cloudy night immediately.”

5 hakespeare ; Romeo end Juliet, iii. 2.

Phe'eton. Asort of carriage ; so called
from the sun-car driven by Phaeton.
(See above.) ;

Phaeton’s bird. The swan. Cyenus
was the friend of Phaeton, and lamented
his fate so grievously that~ Apollo
changed her into a -swan, and plaeed
her among the constellations, :

Phalanx. The close order of battie
in which the heavy-armed troops of a
Grecian army were usually drawn up.
Hence, any number of people distin-
guished for firmness and solidity of union,

Phalaris. The brazen bull of Phal’-
aris. Perillos, a brass-founder of Athens,
proposed to Phal’aris, Tyrant of Agri-
gentum, to invent for him a new species
of punishment; accordingly, he cast a
brazen bull, with a door in the side. The
victim was shut up in the bull and
roasted to death, but the throat of the
engine was so contrived that the groans
of the sufferer resembled the bellowings
of a mad bull. Phal’aris commended
the invention, and ordered its merits to
be tested by Perillos himself.

The epistles of Phal'gris.. Certain let-
ters said to have been written by Phal’-
aris, Tyrant of Agrigen’tum, in Sicily.
Boyle maintained them to be genuine,
Bentley affirmed that they were forgeries.
No doubt Bentley is right.

Phaleg, in the satire of Absalom and
Aclitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is Mr.
Forbes, a Scotchman.

Phantom Ship. (Sce CARMILHAN.)

“Or of that phantom ship, whose form
Shoots like a meteor through the storm ;
When the dark scud comes driving hard,

And lowered is every topsail yard...
And well the doomed spectators know
"Tis harbinger of wreck and woe,”
Siv Walter Scott: Rokeby, ti. 11.
'Pha’on. A young man -greatly ill-
treated by Furor, and rescued by Sir
Guyon, He loved Claribel, but Phile’-
mon, his friend, persuaded him that
Claribel was unfaithful, and, to prove his
words, told him to watch in a given
lace. He-saw what he thought was
Maribel ied an assignation with
what seemed to be a groom, and, rushing
forth, met the true Claribel, whom he

slew on the spot. Being tried for the

with Hezeki‘ah

murder, it came out that the groom was
Philemon, and the supposed. Claribel
only her lady’s maid. He poisoned
Phil’emon, and would have murdered
the handmaid, but she escaped, and
while he pursued her hé was attacked by
Furor, ‘This tale is to expose the intem-
perance of revenge. (Spenser: Facrie
Queene, ii, 4, 28.)

Phar’amond. King of the Franks
and a knight of the Round Table. He
is said to have been the first king of
France. This reputed son of Marcomir
and father of Clo’dion, is the hero of one
of Calprenéde’s novels.

Pha’raoh (2 syl.). The king. It is
the Coptic article P and the word ouro
(king). There are eleven of this title
mentioned in Holy Scripture : —

i. Before Solomon’s time.

(1) The Pharaoh contemporary with
Abraham (Gen, xi. 25).

(2) The good Pharaoh who advanced
Joseph (Gen. xli.).

(3) The Pharaoh who ‘knew not
Joseph”? (Exod. i. 8).

(4) The Pharaoh who was drowned in
the Red Sea (Exod. xiv. 28); said to be
Menephthes or Meneptah, son of Ram’-

.eses IT.

(5) The Pharaoh that protected Hadad
(1 Kings xi. 19). .

(6) The Pharaoh whose daughter

Solomon married (1 Kings iti, 1; ix,
16).

li. After Solomon’s time,

(7) Pharaoh Shishak, who warred
against Rehobo’am (L Kings xiv. 25 26).

(8) Pharaoh Shabakok, or ‘‘ So,”? with
whom Hoshea made an alliance (2 Kings
xvii, 4).

(9) The Pharaoh that made a league

peoine Sennacherib,

called Tirhakah (2 Kings xviii. 21; xix.

9).

(10) Pharaoh Necho, who warred
against Josi‘ah (2 Kings xxiii. 29, etc.).

qt) Pharaoh Hophra, the ally of
Zedeki'ah (Jer. xliv. 30); said to be
Apries, who was strangled B.c. 570,
(dee Krya.)

* After Solomon’s time the. titular
word Pharaoh ig joined to a proper
name.

iii, Other Pharaohs of historic note.

(1) Cheops or Suphis I. (Dynasty IV.),
who built the great pyramid.

(2) Cephrenes orSuphis IT. ,hisbrother,
who built the second pyramid.

(3) Mencheres, his successor, who
pale the most beautiful pyramid .of the

ee,

Pharaoh

968

Pharos

(4) Memnon . or A-menophis III.
(Dynasty XVIIT.), whose musical statue
is so celebrated.

(5) Sethos I. the Great Sat Eo XIX.),
whose tomb was discovered by Belzoni.

(6) Sethos II., called Proteus (Dynasty
XIX.), who detained Helen and Paris in
Egypt. st :
(7) Phudris or Thusoris, who sent aid
to Priam in the siege of Troy.

(8) Rampsinitus or Rameses Néter,
the miser (Dynasty XX.), mentioned by
Heroddtos.

(9) Osorthon TV. or Osorkon (Dynasty
XXIII.), the Egyptian Hercules.

Pharaoh, in Dryden’s satire of Absa-
lom and Achitophel, means Louis XIV.
of France.

“ If Pharaoh’s doubtful succour he (Charles II.)
should use

A foreign aid would more incense the Jews

[English nation).”
_ Pharaoh who Knew not Jeseph.

Supposed to be Menephtah, son of

Rameses the Great. Rider Haggard
- adopts this hypothesis. After Rameses
the Great came a period of confusion in
Egypt, and it is supposed the Pharaoh
who succeeded wasa usurper. No trace
of the destruction of Pharaoh and his
host has been discovered by Egyptolo-
gists.
” His wife was Asia, daughter of Moza-
hem, Pharaoh cruelly maltreated her
for believing in Moses, He fastened her
hands and feet. to.four stakes, and laid a
millstone on her as she lay exposed to
the scorching sun; but God took her,
without dying, into Paradise.
Koran, xvi. note.)

Among women, four have been per-
fect: Asia, wife of. Pharaoh; Mary,
daughter of Imran ; Khadijah, daughter
of Khowailed (Mahomet’s first wife); and
Fatima, Mahomet’s daughter. Attri-
buted to Mahomet.

Pharaoh who made Joseph his
Viceroy. Supposed to be Osertesen IT.
There is a tablet in the sixth year of his
reign which: is thought to represent
Jacob and his household,

Pharaoh’s Chicken. The Egyptian
vulture, so called from its frequent re-
presentation in Egyptian hieroglyphics,

Pharaoh's Daughter, who brought
up Moses, Bathia,

“Bathia, the daughter of Pharaoh, came, at-
tended by ber maidens, and entering the water
she chanced to see the box of bulrushes, and,
pitying the infant,she rescued him from death.”

he Talnud,
Phar'ian Fields, Egypt. So called

(Sale: Al.

from Pharos, an island on the coast,

noted for its lighthouse,

“And passed from Pharian fields to Canaan”
land.” Milton: Psalm cxiv.

Pharisees means ‘separatists’?
(Heb. arash, to separate), men who
looked upon themselves as holier than
other,men, and therefore refused.to hold
social intercourse with them. ‘The Tal-
mud mentions the following classes :—

(1) The ‘Dashers,”? or ‘* Bandy-
legged”’ (Niksi), who scarcely lifted
their ieet from the ground in walking,
but,‘‘dashed them against the stones,’’
that propio might think them absorbed
in holy thought (Matt, xxi, 44),

(2) The ‘‘ Mortars,” who ‘wore a
‘<mortier,’? or cap, which would not
allow them to see the passers-by, that
their meditations might not be disturbed.
“Having eyes, they saw not’? (Mark
viii. 18).

(3) The ‘Bleeders,’” who inserted
thorns in the borders of their gaberdines
to prick their legs in walking.

4) The ‘‘Cryers,’’ or ‘‘ Inquirers,’’
who went about crying out, ‘* Let me
know my duty, and I will do it” (Matt
xix. 16-22).

(5)-The ‘* Almsgivers,”? who had a
trumpet sounded before them to summon
the poor together (Matt. vi. 2).

(6) The ‘‘Stumblers,’’ or ‘‘ Bloody-
browed,’”’ (Hizai), who shut their eyes
when they went abroad that they might
see no women, being ‘ blind leaders of
the blind’’ (Matt. xv. 14). Our Lord
calls them ‘‘ blind Pharisees,’’ ‘‘ fools
and blind.”

(7) The ‘‘Immovables,” who stood
like statues for hours together, ‘‘ praying
in the market places’? (Matt, vi. 5).

(8) The ‘‘ Pestle Pharisees’? (Medin-
kia), who kept themselves bent double
like the handle of a pestle.

(9) The ‘‘Strong-shouldered”’ (Shik-
mi), who walked with their back bent as
if carrying on their shoulders the whole
burden of the law.

(10) The ‘‘ Dyed Pharisees,”’ called by
our Lord ‘‘ Whited Sepulchres,’? whose
externals of devotion cloaked web seta
and moral_uncleanness. . (Talmud of
Jerusalem, Berakoth, ix; Sota, -v. 7;
Talmud of Babylon, Sota, 22b.)

Pha’ros, A lighthouse; so called
from the lighthouse built by Sostratus
Cnidius in the island of Pharos, near the
port of Alexandria, in Egypt. It was
450 feet high, and could be seen at the
distance of 100 miles. Part was blown,
down in 793. ‘This Pharos was one of
the Seven Wonders of the World,

Pharsalia

-Pharsa'lia. An epic in Latin hex-
ameters by Lucan. The battle of Phar-
salia was between Pompey and Cesar.
Pompey had 45,000 legionaries, 7,000
autre and a large number of auxili-
aries; Cesar had 22,000 legionaries and
1,000 cavalry. Pompey’s battle-cry was
“ Herculesinvictus ;”’ that of Cesar was
*‘Venus victriz.”” On this occasion Casar
won the battle.

Pheasant. So. called from Phasis, a
stream of the Black Sea.
-“ There was formerly at the fart of Potia pre-
‘serve of pheasants, which birds derive their
European name from the river Phasis (the pre-
sent Rion).”"—Liewt.-General Monteith.

Phe’be (2 8 Ms
(Shakespeare: As You Like It.)

Phelis, called the Fuir: The wife of
Sir Guy, Earlof Warwick. (See Guy.)

Phenom’enon (plural, « phenom’ena)
means simply what has appeared (Greek,
phamomai, to appear). It is used in
science to express the visible result of an
experiment. In popular language it
means‘a prodigy. (Greek, phainoménon.)

Phid'ias. The French Phidias. Jean*

Goujon (1510-1572); also called the
Correggio of sculptors. (2) J. B. Pigalle
(1714-1785).

Phiga'lian Marbles. A series of
twenty-three sculptures in alto-relievo,
discovered in 1812 at Phiga’'lia, in Ar-
ca'dia, and in 1814 purchased for the
British Museum. ‘They represent the
combat of the Centaurs and Lapitha,
and that of the Greeks and Am’azons.
fall are part of the ‘‘ Elgin Marbles’’
gJ.v.).

Philadelph'ia Stones, called’ Chris-
tian Bones. Itis said that the walls of
Philadelphia, in Turkey, were built of
the bones of Christians killed in the Hol
Wars. This idle tale has gained credit
from the nature of the stones, full of

res and very light, not unlike petrified

ones. Similar incrustations are found

at Knaresborough and elsewhere,

Philan’der (in Orlando Fwrioso), A
sort of Joseph. (See GABRINA.)

Philan‘dering. Coquetting with a

‘woman; paying court, and leading her
to think you love her, hut never declar-
ing your preference. The word is coined
from Philander, the Dutch knight who
coquetted with Gabri'na (q.¥.).’
Philanthropist (Zi). John How-
atd, who spent much of his life in visiting
the Eafe and hospitals of Europe,
(1726-1790.) (Greek, phil-antirépos,)

969

A shepherdess.

Pi ili “ 1

Phile‘mon and Baucis entertained
Jupiter and Mercury when everyone else
refused them hospitality. Being asked
to make a request, they begged that they
might hoth die at the same time. When
they were very old, Philemon was
changed into an oak, and Baucis into a

linden tree. (Ovid :. Metamorphoses, iii.

631, etc.)
Philip. Philip, remember thou art
mortal, A sentence repeated to the

Macedonian king every time he gave an
audience.

Philip sober. When a woman who
asked Philip of Macedon to do her jus-
tice was snubbed by the petulant mon-

varch, she exclaimed, ‘ Philip, I shall

appeal against this judgment.’’ ‘ Ap-
peal!’’ thundered the enraged king,

_*fand to whom will youappeal?”’ ‘To
Philip sober,’’ was her reply.

St. Philip is usually represented bear-
ing a large cross, or a basket containing

loaves, in allusion to St. John vi. 5-7.

Philip Nye (in Hudibras), One of
the assembly of Dissenting ministers,
noted for his ugly beard.

Philip Quarl. A castaway sailor,
solaced on a desert island by a monkey.
Imitation of Robinson Crusoe. (1727.)

Philippe ¥galité.- Louis Philippe
Joseph, Duc d’Orléans (1747-1793),

Philip’pic. A severe scolding; an
invective. So called from the orations
of Demos‘thenes against Philip of Mace-
don, to rouse the Athenians to resist his
encroachments. The orations of Cicero
against Anthony are called ‘ Philip-
pics,’?

Philip’pins. A Russian’ sect; so
called from the founder, Philip Pusto-
swiat, They are called Old Faith Men,
because they cling with tenacity to the
old service books, old version of the
Bible, old hymn-book, old prayer-book,
and all customs previous to the reforms
of Nekon, in the 17th century.

“Philips (John), author of The Splendid
Shilling, wrote a georgic on Cider in
blank verse-—a serious poem modelled
upon Milton’s epics.

“ Philips, Pomona’s bard, the second thou ~
Who nobly durst, in rhyme-unfettered verse..
With British freedom sing the British song.”

Thomson: Autumn.
Philis'ides (4 syl.). Philip Sidney

(Phil”’ Sid). ‘Spenser uses the word in

the Pastoral Aiglogue on the Death of Sir

Philip. é
Pw phitisides is aeaar

Philistines

Philistines, meaning the ill-behaved
and ignorant. The word so applied
arose in Germany from the Charlies or
Philisters, who were in everlasting colli-
sion with the-students; and in these
‘<town and gown rows ’” identified them-
selves with the town, called in our uni-
versities ‘* the snobs.” Matthew Arnold,
in the Cornhill Magazine, applied the
term Philistine to the middle class, which
he says is ‘‘ignorant, narrow-minded,
and deficient in great ideas,’’ insomuch
that the middle-class English are objects
of contempt in the eyes of foreigners.

Philis‘tines (3 syl.). Earwigs and
other insect tormentors are so called in
Norfolk. Bailifis, constables, ete. ‘‘The
Philistines are upon thee, Samson”
(Judges xvi.).

Philis'tinism. A cynical indifference
and supercilious sneering at religion.
The allusion is to the Philistines of
Palestine.

- Phillis, A play written in Spanish
by Lupercio Leonardo of Argensola.
(See Don Quixote, -vol. iti. p. 70.)

Philoc’lea, in Sidney’s Arcadia, is
Lady Penelope Devereux, with whom
he was in love; but the lady married
another, and Sir Philip transferred his
affections to Frances, eldest daughter of
Sir Francis Walsingham.

Philoctetés. The most famous

archer in the Trojan war, to whom -

Hercules, at death, gave his arrows.
He joined the allied Greeks, with seven
ships, but in the island of Lemnos, his
foot being bitten by a serpent, ulcerated,
and became ‘so offensive that the Greeks
left him behind. In the tenth year of
the siege Ulysses commanded that he
should ‘be sent for, as an oracle had de-
clared that Troy could not be taken
without the arrows of Herculés. Phil-
octetés accordingly went to Troy, slew
Paris, and Troy fell.

~ The Philoctetés of Sophoclés is one
of the most famous Greek tragedies.
Laharpe wrote a French tragedy, and
Warren, in 1871, a metrical drama on
the same subject.

Phil’omel or Philome'la. (See
NIGHTINGALE.):
Philome'lus. The Druid bard that

accompanied Sir Industry to the Castle
of Indolence, (Thomson, canto ii. 34.)

‘Philope’men, general of the Achwan
league, made Epaminondas his model,

970

Philosopher’s Stoné

He slew Mechan‘idas, tyrant of Sparta,
and was himself killed by poison.

Philos’opher. The sages of Greece
used to be called sophot (wise men), but
Pythag’oras thought the word too arro-
gant, and adopted the compound p/ilo-
soph'oi (lover of wisdom), whence “‘philo-
sopher,” one who courts or loves
wisdom.

Philosopher.. ‘‘' There was never yet
philosopher who could endure the tooth-
ache patiently, however they have writ
the. style of gods, and made a push.at
chance and sufferance.”? (Shakespeare:
Much Ado About Nothing, v. 1.)

The Philosopher. Marcus Aure’lius
Antoni‘nus is so called by Justm Martyr.
(121, 161-180.)

Leo VI., Emperor of the East. (866,

(233-

886-911.)

Porphyry, the Antichristian.
305. :

The Philosophor of China. Confucius.
His mother called him Little Hillock,
from a knob on.the top of his head,
(B.c, 551-479.)

The Philosopher of Ferney. Voltaire ;
so called from his chateau of Ferney,
near Gene’va. (1694-1778.

The Philsopher of Malmesbury. Thomas
Hobbes, author of Leviathan... (1588-
1679.) P :

The Philosopher of Persia. Abou Ebu
Sina, of Shiraz. (Died 1037.) ‘

The Philosopher of Samosa'ta, Lucan.

“ Just such another feast as -was that of the
Lapithw, described hy the philosopher of Samo-
sata.”—Rabelais: Pantagruel, book tv. 15.

The Philosopher of Sans-Souo’. Fred-
erick the Great (1712, 1740-1786).

The Philosopher of Wimbledon, John
Horne Took, author of Diversions of
Purley. (1736-1812.)

Philosopher with the Golden
Thigh. Pythagoras. General Zelislaus
had a golden hand, which was given
him by Bolislaus III. when he lost his
right hand in battle. . Nuad had an
artificial hand made of silver by Cred.
sore eae the golden thighs Rabelare? Pun:
tagruel (Prologue to book v.). sais te 2

Philosopher’s Egg (The). -A pre-
servative against poison, and a cure for
the plague; a panacea. The shell of a
new egg being pricked, the white. is
blown out, and the place filled with
saffron or a yolk of an egg mixed with
saffron, ; kin

Philosopher’s Stone. The way to
wealth. The ancient alchemists thought
there was a substance which would

Philosopher’s Tree

convert all baser metals into gold. . This
substance they called. the philosopher’s
stone. Here the word stone is about
equal to the word substratum, which is
compounded of the Latin sw) and stratus
(spread-under), the latter being related
to the verb stand, stood, and meaning
something on which the experiment
stands. it was, in fact , a red powder or
amalgam. to drive off the impurities of
baser metals. (Stone, Saxon, stan.)

Philosopher’s stone, According to
Tegend, Noah was commanded to hang
up the true and genuine philosopher’s
stone in the ark, to give light to every
living creature therein.

Inventions discovered in searching for
the philosopher’s stone. “It was in search-
ing for this treasure that Botticher
stumbled on the invention of Dresden
porcelain manufacture ; Roger Bacon on
the composition of gunpowder; Geber
on the properties of acids ; Van Helmont
on the nature of gas; and Dr. Glauber
on the ‘‘salts’’ which bear his name.

‘Philosopher’s Tree (7Z/ic), or Diana’s
tree. Anamalgam of crystallised silver,
obtained from mereury in a solution of
silver ; so called by the alchemists, with
whom Diana stood for silver.

Philosophers,

The Seven Sages or Wise Men of Greece.
Thalés, Solon, Chilon, Pit‘tacos, Bias,
Cleobu‘los,. Periander; to which add
Sosi’adés, Anacharsis the Scythian, My-
son the Spartan, Epimen’idés the Cretan,
and Pherecy’dés of Syros.

Philosophers of the Academic sect.
Plato, Speusippos, Xenoc’ratés, Pol’e-
mon, Cratés, Crantor, Arcesila’os, Care’-
adés, Clitom’achos, Philo, and Anti’:
ochos.

Philosophers of the Cynic sect. Antis’-
thenés, Diog’enes of Sino’pé, Mon’‘imos,
Onesie’ritos, Cratés, Metroc’'lés, Hippar’-
chia, Menippos, and Menede’mos of
Temasek

Philosophers of the Cyrendic sect.
Aristippos, Hege’sias, Annic’eris, Theo-
do’ros, and Bion. f ang

Philosophers of the Eleae or Eret'riac
sect. Pheedo, Plis’thenés, and Menede’-
mos of Eret’na.

Philosophers of the Eleatiie sect. Xen-
oph’anes, Parmen’idés, Melissos, Zeno of

‘arsos, Leucippos, Démoc’ritos, Pro-
— and Anaxarchos,
hilosophers of the Epicure’an. sect,
Epicu’ros, and a host of disciples. .
Philosophers of the Herach'tan sect.
Heracli'tos; the names of his disciples

reunknown,

971 Philter

Philosophers of the Ionie sect. Anaxi-
mander, Anaxim’enés, Anaxag’oras, and
Archela’os.

Philosophers of the Italie sect. -Pythag’-
oras, Emped'oclés, Epicharmos, Archy’-
tas, Alemzon, Hip’pasos, Philola’os, and
Eudoxos.

Philosophers of the Megarre sect.
Euclid, Eubu'lidés, Alex’inos, Euphantos,
Apollo’nios, Chron’os, Diodo’ros, Ich’
thyas, Clinom’achos, and Stilpo,

Philosophers of the Peripatet’ic sect,
Aristotle, Theophrastos, Straton, Lyco,
Aristo, Critola’‘os, and Diodo’ros,

Philosophers of the Sceptic sect. Pyrrho
and Timon.

Philosophers of the Socratic sect. Soc’-
ratés, Xenophon, Z@s‘chinés, Crito,
Simon, Glauco, Simmias, and Ce’bés.

Philosophers of the Stoic sect. Zeno,
Cleanthés, Chrysippos, Zeno the Less,
Diog’enes of Babylon, Antip’ater, Pane-
tios, and Posido’nios.

Philosophy. J ather of Philosophy.
Albrécht von Haller, of Berne. (1708-
1777.)

Philot‘imé. The word means lover of
honour. The presiding Queen of Hell,
and daughter of Mammon. (Spenser:
Faérie Queene, ii.)

“ And fair Philotimé, the rightly hight,
The fairest wight that wonneth under sky.”
Book ii: canto vii.

Philox’enos of Cythera. <A most
distinguished dithyrambic poef. He was
invited to the court of Dionysius of
Syracuse, who placed some poems in his
hand to correct.. Philoxenos said the
only thing to do was to run a line
through them and put them in the fire.
For this frankness he was cast into
prison, but, being released, he retired
to Ephesus. The case of Voltaire and
Frederick ITI. the Great of Prussia is an
exact parallel.

“ Bolder than Philoxenus.
Down the veil of truth I tear.”
Amand Charlemdgne: Les Grandes Verités.

Philox’enos of Leucadia. A great
epicure, who wished he had the neck of
a crane, that he might enjoy the taste of
his food the longer. (Aristotle: Ethics,
iii. 10.) ;

Philt’er (A). A draught or charm to
incite in another the passion of love.
The Thessalian philters were the most.
renowned, but both the Greeks and
Romans used these dangerous potions,
which sometimes produced insanity.
Lucre’tius is said to have been driven
mad by a love-potion, and Calig’ula’s
death is attributed to some philters

Phineus

972

Phenix Period

administered to him by his wife, Cx-
go’nia, Brabantio says to Othello—

“Thou hast practised on her [Desdemona] with
foul charms, t
Abused her delicate youth with drugs or min-
8

eral
ai age ae Shakespeare: Othello, 1.1.

% (‘Philter,” Greek, philtron, philos,
loving.)

Phi'neus (2 syl.). A blind king of
Thrace, who had the gift of prophecy.
Whenever he wanted to eat, the Harpies
came and took away or defiled his food.
“ Blind Tham’yris, and blind Mconidés,

‘And Tire’sias, and Phi/neus, prophets old,”
Milton : Paradiso Lost, iii. $4.

Phiz, the face, is a contraction ot
physiognomy.

Phiz. Hablot K. Browne, who illus-
trated the Pickwick Papers, etc.

Phleg’ethon, A river of liquid fire
in Hades. (Greek, phlego, to burn.)
“Fierce Phlegethon,
Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage.”
Milton: Paradise Lost, ii.
Phleg’ra, in Macedonia, was where
the giants attacked the gods. Encel’ados
was the chief of the giants.

Phlogiston. The principle or ele-

ment of heat, according to Stahl. When
latent the effect is imperceptible, but
when operative it produces all the
effects of heat from warmth to com-
bustion, Of coursé, this theory has long
been exploded. (Greek, phlogis'ton, in-
flammable.)

Phocensian Despair. Desperation
which terminates in vidti In the
days of Philip, King of Macedon, the
men of Phocis had to defend themselves
single-handed against the united forces
of all their neighbours, because they
presumed to plough a sacred field
belonging to Delphi. The Phocensians
suggested that they should make a huge
pile, and that all the women and
children should join the men in one vast
human sacrifice. The pile was made,
and everything was ready, but the men
of Phocis,' before mounting the pile,
rushed in desperation on the foe, and
obtained a signal victory.

Pho'cion, surnamed Zhe Good, who
resisted all the bribes of Alexander and
his successor. It was this real patriot
who told Alexander to turn his arms
against Persia, their common enemy,
rather than against the states of Greece,
his natural allies. :

“ Phocion the Good, in public life severe,

» To virtue still inexorably firm.”

3 Thowson: Winter,

Phoebé, The moon, sister of Phoebus.

Phebus. The sun or sun-god.
In Greek mythology Apollo is ed
Pheebos {the sun-god), from the Greek
verb phao (to shine).

“The rays divine of vernal Faaees shine.”

: omson : Spring.
Phoenix. Said to live a certain
number of years, when it makes in
Arabia a nest of spices, sings a melo-
dious dirge, flaps his wings to set fire to
the pile, burns itself to ashes, and comes
forth with new life, to repeat the former
one. (See PHanix PERIOD.)
“The enchanted pile of that lonely bird,
Who sings at the last-his own death-lay,
Andin music and perfume dies away.”
Thomas Moore: Paradise and the Peri.

Phenix, as a sign over chemists’ shops,
was adopted from the association of this
fabulous bird with alchemy. Paracelsus
wrote about it, and several of the al-
chemists employed it to symbolise their
vocatioti- ‘

A phenix among tvomen. A phenix of
his kind, A paragon, unique; because
there was-but-one phosnix at a time.

“ Jf she be furnished with a mind so rare,

She is alone the Arabian bird.”
Shakespeare: Cymbeline, 1, 7:

The Spanish Phenix. Lope de Vega
is so called by G. H. Lewes.

“ Insigne poeta, a cuyo Verso 0 prosa
Ninguno le aventaja ni aun Mega.”

Phoenix Alley (London). The alley
leading to the Phenix theatre, now
called Drury Lane.

Phoenix Park (Dublin). A corrup-
tion of the Gaelic Fion-uise (fair water),
so called from a spring at one time re-
sorted to as a chalybeate spa.

Phoenix Period .or Cycle, generally
supposed to be 500 years ; Tacitus tells
us it was 250 years; R. Stuart Poole
that it was 1,460 Julian years, like the
Sothic Cycle; and Lipsius that it was
1,500 years. Now, the phoenix is said,
to have appeared in Egypt five times:
(1) in the reign of Sesostris; (2) in the
reign of Am-asis; (3) in the reign of
Ptolemy Philadelphos ; (4) a year or two
prior to the death of Tiberius ; and (5) in
‘A.D. 334, during the reign of Constantine.
These dates being ee he a@ Phoenix
Cycle consists of 800 years: thus,
Seésostris, B.c. 866; Am-asis, B.c. 566;
Ptolemy, B.c. 266; Tiberius, a.D. 34;
Constantine, A.p. 334. In corroboration
of this suggestion it must be borne in
mind that Jesus Christ, who died a.p. 34,
is termed the Phenix by monastic writers.
Tacitus ‘mentions the first three of these
appearances, (Avueales, Vi 28

Phoenix Theatre 973

Piarists

Phenix Theatre.
ALLEY.)

Phenix Tree. The palm. In
Greek, phoiniz means both phoenix and
palm-tree.

“Now I will believe... that in Arabia
There is one tree, the phoenix’ throne—one

phoenix
At this hour reigneth there.” 7
Shakespewre : The Tempest, iii. 3,

Phoo'ka or Pooka. A spirit of most
malignant disposition, who hurries people
to their destruction. He sometimes
comes in the form of an eagle, and some-
times in that of a horse, like the Scotch
kelpie (¢.0.). (Irish superstition.)

Phor’cos. ‘The old man of the
sea.’’? He was the father of the three
Graim, who were grey from their birth,
and had but one eye and ong tooth
common to the three. (Greek myth-
ology.)

Phor'mio. A parasite who accom-
modates himself to the humour of every-
ove. (Zerence : Phormio.)

Phrygians. Anearly Christian sect,
so called from Phrygia, where they
abounded. They regarded Monta‘nus as
their prophet, and laid claim to the spirit
of prophecy.

Phry'’ne (2 syl.). A courtesan or
Athenian hetera. She acquired so
much wealth by her beauty that she
offered to rebuild the walls of Thebes if
she might put on them this inscription :
‘¢ Alexander destroyed them, but Phryné
the hetra rebuilt them.’’ The Cnidian
Venus of Praxit’elés was taken from this
courtesan. Apelles’ picture of Venus
Rising from the Sea was partly from his
wife Campaspe, and partly from Phryné,
who entered the sea with dishevelled hair
ag a model,

Phylac’tery. A charm or amulet.
The Jews wore on their wrist or forehead.
a slip of parchment bearing a text of
Scripture. Strictly speaking, a phylac-
tery consisted of four pieces of parch-
ment, enclosed in two black leather cases,
and fastened to the forehead or wrist of
the left hand. One case contained Ex.
xiii, 1-10, 11-16; and the other case,
Deut. vi. 4-9, xi. 13-21, The idea
arose' from the command of» Moses,
‘‘Therefore shall ye lay up these my
words in your heart . . . and bind them
. for asign upon yourhand .. . as front-
lets between your eyes”” (Deut. xi. 18).
(Greek, phylactérion, from the verb
phylasso to watch.)

(See PH@NIX

Phyllis. A count irl,
Eclogues, iii. and v.) sides
F * Country messes,
Which the neat-handed Phyllis dresses.”
ilton : L' Allegro.
Phyllisand Brunetta. Rival beauties
who for a long time vied with each other
on equal terms. For a certain festival
Phyllis procured some marvellous fabric
of gold brocade to outshine her rival ;
but Brunetta dressed the slave who bore
her train in the same material, clothing
herself in simple black. Upon this
sete, mortification Phyllis went home
and died. (Spectator.)

Phyllising the Fair. Philandering
—making soft speeches and winning
faces at them. Garth says of Dr.’ Atter-
bury—

“ He passed his easy hours, instead of prayer,

In madrigals and phyllising the fair.”

: The Dispensary, \.

Phynnod'deree [the radcat Pity A
Manx spirit, similar to the Scotch
‘ brownie,’’ and German ‘‘ kobold.’”? He
is said to be an outlawed fairy, and the
offence was this: He absented himself
without leave from Fairy-court on the
great levée-day of the Harvest-moon,
being in the glen of Rushen, dancing
with a pretty Manx maid whom he was
courting.

Physician. The Beloved Physician.
Lucius, supposed to be St, Luke, the
evangelist (Gl. iv. 14).

The Prince of Physicians,

(Virgil:

Avicenna,

the Arabian (980-1037).

Physician or Fool. Plutarch, in his
treatise On the Preservation of Health,
tells us that Tiberius was wont to say,
cA man of thirty is his own physician or
a fool.’

Physician, heal Thyself. ‘‘ First
cast out the beam from thine own eye,
and then shalt thou see clearly to cast
out the mote which is in thy brother’s
eye.”

Physigna'thos [one who swells the
cheeks], King of the Frogs, and son of
Pelus edad slain by Troxartas, the
Mouse-king.

“ Great Physignathos I, from Peleus’ race,

Begot in fair Hydromede’s embrace.

Where, by the nuptial bank that paints his side,
The swift Erid’anus delights to glide,”
Parnell: Battle of the Frogs, bk. 1.
Piarists, or Brethren of the Pious
School. A religious congregation founded
in the 16th century by Joseph of Cala-
sanza, for the better instruction and
education of the middle and higher
classes, #y

ders wrecks.

Pic-niec 974

Pic-nic. Dr. John Anthony derives
it from the Italian piccola nicchia (a.small
task), each person being set a small
task towards the general entertainment,
(French, pigque-mique.)

*s The modern casiom dates from 1802, but pic-
nics, called éranoi, where cach person contributed

something, ané one was appointed “ master of the
feast,” are mentioned by Homer, in his Odyssey, i.
226.

Pic’ador (Spanish). A horseman;
one who in bull fights is armed with a
gilt spear (pica-dorada), with which he
pricks the bull to madden him for the
combat.

Picards. Animmoral sect of fanatics
in the 15th century ; so called from
Picard of Flanders, their founder, who
called himself the New Adam, and tried
to introduce the custom of living nude,
like Adam in Paradise.

You areas hot-headed as a Picard. This
is a French expression, and is tantamount
to our ‘‘ Peppery as a Welshman.”

Picaroon. A pirate; one who plun-
(French, picoreur, picorer,
to plunder; Scotch, pikary, rapine;
Spanish, pecaron, a villain.)

Pic'atrix. The pseudonym of a
Spanish monk, author of a book on de-
monology, collected from the writings of
224 Arabic magicians, It was dedicated
to King Alfonso.

“at the time whenT was a student in the Uni-
yersity of Toulouse, that same reverend Picatrix
rector of the Diabolical Faculty, was wont to tell
us that devils did naturally fear the bright glanc-

ing of swords, as much as the splendour and light
of the sun,”—abelais: Pantagruel, iii. 23.

Piceadil’ly (London). So called from
Piccadilla Hall, the chief depot of a cer-
tain sort of lace, much in vogue during
the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The lace
was called piccadilly lace, from its little
spear-points (a diminutive of pica, a pike
or spear). In the reign of James I. the
high ruff was called a piccadilly, though
divested of its lace edging. Barnaby
Rice, speaking of the piccadillies, says—
‘He that some forty years sithen should
have asked after a piccadilly, I wonder
who would have understood him, and
would have told him whether it was fish
or flesh”’ (1614). Another derivation
is given in the Glossographia (1681).
Piccadilly, we are there told, was
named from Higgins’ famous ordinary
near St. James’s, called Higgins’s Picka-
dilly, *‘hecause he made his money by
selling piccadillies ”” &. 495). (See also
Hone: Everyday Book, vol. ii. p, 381.)

: “ where Sackville Street now stands was Pic
dilla Hall, where piccadillies or turnovers were
60ld, which gave name to Piccadilly."—Pennant,

,

Pickwick

Picci‘nists (1774-1780). A French
musico-political faction, who contended
that pure Italian musicis higher art than
the mixed German school. In other
words, that music is the Alpha and
Omega of opera, and the dramatic part
is of very minor importance.

Niccolo Piccino, of Naples (1728-1801), was the
rival of Christopher Glick, of Bohemia, and these
two musicians gave birth to a Jong paper war.
Those who sided with the Italian were called
Piccinists, those who sided with the German were
called Gliickists,

Pick. To throw; same as pitch.
The instrument. that throws the shuttle
is called the pieker. (Anglo-Saxon,
pye-an, to throw, pull, or pick.)

“J'll pick you o'er the pales.”
Shakespeare: Henry VITT., v. 3.

Pick Straws (Zo). ‘To show fatigue
or weariness, as birds pick up straws to
voake their nests (or bed).

“ Their eyelids did not once pick straws,
And wink, and sink away ;
No, no; they were as briskas hees, _
And loving things did say.”
Peter Pindar : Orson and Ellen, canto v:

Pick a Hole in his Coat (Zo).. To
find fault with’one ; to fix on some small
offence as censurable,

“ And shall such mob as thou, not worth a groat,
Dare pick a hole in such a great man’s coat?”
Peter Pindar: Epistle to John Nichols,

Pickanin’ny. A young child, A
West Indian negro word. (Spanish,
pequéno, little; mano, child.)

Pick’elher’ringe (5syl.) Abuffoon

is so called by the Dutch.

Pickers and Stealers. The hands.
In French argot hands are called harpes,
which is a contracted form of harpions ;
and harpion is the Italian arpione, a
hook used by thieves to pick linen, etc.,
from hedges, <A harpe d’un chien means
a dog’s paw, and “Jt mania trés bien ses
harpes”’ means he used his fingers very
dexterously. ie te

“ Rosencrantz. My lord, you once did love me.
Hamlet, And do still, by these pickers and
stealers.""—Shakespeave: Hamlet, iii. 3.

Pickle. 4 rod in pickle. One ready
to chastisé with at any moment. Pickled
means preserved for use. (Danish,
pekel.) i ree

I’min a pretty pickle. In asorry plight,
or state of disorder. — 4

““ How cam’st thou in this pickle?” ~
Shakespeare: Tempest, V.1.

Pickwick (i. Samuel). The hero
of the Pickwick Papers, by Charles
Dickens. He is a simple-minded, bene-
yolent old gentleman, who wears spec-
tacles, breeches, and short black gaiters,
has a bald head, and ‘‘good round belly.””
He founds a club, and travels with ite

Pickwickian

975

Pie Corner

members over England, each member
being under his guardianship.

Pickwickian. Jn a Pickwickian
sense. An insult whitewashed. Mr,
Pickwick accused Mr. Blotton of acting
in ‘fa vile and calumnious manner,”’
whereupon Mr, Blotton retorted by call-
ing Mr. Pickwick ‘‘a humbug.’” It
finally was made to appear that both had
used the offensive words only in a Pick-

wickian sense, and that each had, in |

fact, the highest regard and esteem for
the other. So the affront was adjusted,
and both were satisfied,

“ Lawyers and politicians daily abuse eich other
ina Pickwickian sense."—Bowditch.

Pic’rochole, Kiag of Lermné. <A
Greek compound, meaning ‘“bitter-
bile,” or choleric, The rustics of Utopia
one day asked the cake-bakers of Lerné
to sell them some cakes, but received
only abuse; whereupon a quarrel en-
sued. When Picrochole was informed
thereof, he marched with all his men
against Utopia. King Grangousier tried
to appease the choleric-king, but all his
efforts were in vain. Atlength Gargan-
tua arrived, defeated Picrochole, and put
his army to the rout. (Rabelais : Gar-
gantua, dk. i.)

King Piérochole’s statesman. One who
without his host reckons of mighty
achievements to be accomplished, ‘The
Duke of Smalltrash, Earl of Swashbuck-
ler, and Captain Durtaille advised King
Picrochole to divide his army into two
parts: one was to be left to carry on the
war in hand, and ‘the other to be sent
forth to make conquests, They were to
take England, France and Spain, Asia
Minor, the Greek Islands, and Turkey,
Germany, Norway, Sweden, Russia,
etc., and to divide the lands thus taken
i the conquerors. Hcheph’ron,
an old soldier, replied—‘' A shoemaker
bought a ha’poth of milk; with this he
was going to make: butter, the butter
was to buy a cow, the cow was tohave a
calf, the calf was to be changed for a
colt, and the man was to becomea nabob;
only he cracked his jug, spilt his milk,
and went Puppets to bed.” (Rabelais :
Gargantua, bk. i. 33.)

*t In 1870 the French emperor (Napo-
leon eats was induced to declare war

inst Germany. He was to make a
demonstration and march in triumph to
Berlin. . Having taken Berlin, he was to
march to Italy to restore the Pope to his
dominions, and then to restore the Queen
of Spain to her throne; but he failed in

the first, lost his throne, and Paris fell |

into the hands, of the allied..Prussian
army.

His uncle’s ‘‘ Berlin Decree,”’ for the
subjection of Great Britain, was a similar
miscalculation. This decree ordained
that no European state was to deal with
England; and, the trade of. England
being thus ruined, the kingdom must

erforce submit to Napoleon. But as
tngland was the best customer of the
European states, the states of Europe
were so impoverished that they revolted
against the dictator, and the battle of
Waterloo was his utter downfall.

Picts. The inhabitants of Albin,
north-east of Scotland. The name is

‘usually said to be the Latin picti (painted

[or iettaoeal with woad), but in the
Trish chronicles the Picts are called Pic-
tones, Pietores, Piccardaig, etc.

Picts’ Houses. Those underground
buildings more accurately termed ‘‘earth
houses,”’ as the Pict’s House at Kettle-
burn, in Caithness.

Picture. A model, or beau-ideal, as,

"He is the picture of health; A perfect

picture of a house. (Latin, pictira.)

The Picture. Massinger has borrowed
the plot of this play from Bandello of
Piedmont, who wrote novelles or tales in
the fifteenth century.

Picture Bible, (See Brsrza.)

Picture Galleries.

London is famous for its Constables,
Turners, Landseers, Gainsboroughs, etc,

Madrid for its Murillos, Van Dycks,
Da Vincis, Rubenses, etc.

Dresden for its Raphael, Titian, and
Correggio. -

Amsterdam for its Dutch masters.

Rome for its Italian masters.

Piakcecryba (See CABINET, CARTOONS,
etc.)

Pie. Looking for a pie’s nest iets
Looking for something you are nut likely
to find. (See below.)

He is in the pie’s nest (French). Ina
fix, in great doubt, in a quandary... The
pie places her nest out of reach, and for-
tifies it with thorny sticks, leaving only a
small aperture just large enough to ad-
mit her body. She generally sits with
her head towards the hole, watching.
against intruders.

* Je m’en vay chercher un grand peut-estre, 1
est au nid de la pie.”—Rabelaia,

Pie Corner (London). So named:
from an eating-house—the [Mag]pie, ~

Pie Poudre

976

Pig

Pie Poudre. A court formerly held
at a fair on St. Giles’s Hill, near Win-
chester. It was originally authorised by
the Bishop of Winton from a grant of
Edward IV. Similar courts were held
elsewhere at wakes and fairs for the
rough-and-ready treatment of pedlars
and hawkers, to, compel them and those
with whom they dealt to fulfil their con-
tracts. (French, pied poudreux, dusty
foot. A vagabond is called in French
pied poudreux.)

* Have its proceedings disallowed or
Allowed, at fancy of pie-powder.” :
Butler’: Hudibras, pt. ii. 2.

Piebald. Party-coloured. A corrup-
tion of pie-balled, speckled likea pie. The
words fal Dent and Favelarefrequently
given as names to cows. ‘‘ Ball’? means
the cow with a mark on its face ; *‘ Dun”’
means the cow of a dun or brownish-

ellow colour; and ‘‘ Favel’? means the

cow. (Baill, in Gaelic, meansa mark ;
ballach, speckled.)

_Pied de la Lettre (Aw).
_ literally.

“Of course, you will not take everything I have
gaid quite au pied de la lettre."—Fra. Olle: A
Philosophical Trilogy.

Pied Piper of Ham’elin. The Pied
Piper was promised a reward if he would
drive the rats and mice out of Hameln
(Westphalia). This he did, for he
gathered them together by his pipe, and
then drowned them in the Weser. As
the people refused to RY him, he next
led the children to Koppelberg Hill,
where 130 of them perished (July 22nd,
1376). (See ‘Histo’

“ To blow the pipe his lips be wrinkled,

And green and blue his sharp eyes twinkled...

And ere three notes his pipe had uttered...

Out of the houses rats came tumbling—

Great rats, small rats, lean rats, brawny rats,

Brown rats, biack rats, grey rats, tawny rats,

And step by step they followed bim dancing,

Till they came to the river Weser.”

Robert Browning.
‘ Hameln, on the river Hamel, is
where the Rattenfanger played this
prank, It is said that the children did
not perish in the mountain, but were led
over it to Transylvania, where they
formed a’German colony.

Pierre. A conspirator in Otway’s
Venice Preserved. He is described as a
patriot of the bluntest manners, and a
stoical heart.

' Uglier than Pierre du Coignet (French).
Coignéres was an advocate-general in
the reign of Philippe de Valois, who
ee opposed the encroachments of
the Church. The monks, in revenge,
called, by way of pun, those grotesque
monkey-like figures carved in stone,

Quite

used in church architecture, pierres du
Coignet or pierres dw Coignéres. At
Notre Dame de Paris they used to ex-
tinguish their torches in the mouths and
nostrils of these figures, which thus
acquired a superadded ugliness. (See
Recherches de Pasquier, iii. chap. xxvii.)

“You may associate them with Master Peter da
Coignet ...in the middle of the porch... to
perform the office of extinguishers, and with
their noses put out the lighted candles, torches,
tapers, and flamrbeaux.”—Habeluis,

Pierrot [ye'er-ro]. A character in
French pantomime representing a man
in growth and a child in mind and
manners. He is generally the eye
and thinnest maa that can be got, has
his face and hair covered with white
powder or flour, and wears a white
gown with very long sleeves, and a row
of big buttons down the front. The
word means Little Peter.

Piers. The shepherd who relates the
fable of the Kid and her Dam, to show
the danger of bad company. (Spenser:
Shepherd's Calendar.)

Piers Plowman. The hero of a
satirical poem of the fourteenth century.
He falls asleep, like John Bunyan, on
the Malvern Hills, and has different
visions, which he describes, and in which
he exposes the corruptions of society,
the dissoluteness of the clergy, and the
allurements to sin, with considerable
bitterness. The author is bbe to
be Robert or William Langland.

Pieta’. A representation of the Virgi
Mary embracing the dead body of her
Son. Filial or parental love was called
piety by the Romans. (See Pious.)

Pi'etists. A sect of Lutherans in
the seventeenth century, who sought to
introduce a more moral life and a more
‘evangelical ”’ spirit of doctrine into the
reformed church. In Germany the word
Pietist is about equal to our vulgar use
of Methodist.

Pie’tro (2 syl.). The putative father
of Pompil’ia, criminally assumed as his
child to prevent certain property from
Peoaie to an heir not his own. (Rodert

rowning : The Ring and the Book, ii.
580.) (See Rina.)

Pig (The) was held sacred by the
ancient Cretans, because Jupiter was
suckled by a sow; it was immolated in
the mysteries of Eleusis; was sacrificed
to Hercules, to Venus, the Lares (2 syl.),
and all those who sought relief ions
bodily ailments. The sow was sacrificed
to Ceres (2 syl.), “ because it taught men

Pig

977

Pigskin

to turn up the earth;” and in Egypt it
was slain on grand weddings on account
of its fecundity.

Pig. In the forefeet of pigs is a very
small hole, which may be seen when the
hair has been carefully removed. The
tradition is that the legion of devils
entered by these apertures. There are
also round it some six rings, the whole
together not larger than asmall spangle ;
they look as-if burnt or branded into the
skin, and the tradition is that they are
the marks of the devil’s claws when he
entered the swine (Mark y. 11-15).
(See Curist1AN TRADITIONS.)

Riding on a pig. It was Jane, after-
wards Duchess of Gordon, who, in 1770,
undertook ‘for a wager to ride down the
High Street of Edinburgh, in broad day-
light, on the back of a pig, and she won
her bet.

Some men there are love not a gaping
pig i Ploxodaet of Venice, iv. 1). Marshal
d’ Albert always fainted at the sight of
a a sucking pig. (See ANTIPATHY,

AT,

The same is said of Vaugheim, the
renowned Hanoverian huntsman. Keller
used to faint at the sight of smoked
bacon.

Pig-back, Picka-back, or a- Pigger-
back, does not mean as a pig is carried
by a butcher, but as a piga or child is
carried, It should be written apigga-
back. A butcher carries a pig head
downwards, with its legs over his
shoulders; but a child is carried with
its arms round your neck, and legs
under your arms.
wiguiiers” ie betrange heuapeck spon her

Pig-eyes. Very small. black eyes,
like those of a pig. Southey says,
‘* Those eyes have taught the lover
flattery.”? The ace of diamonds is called
“a pig’s eye.”

Pig Hunt (4). A village sport, in
which a certain number of persons
blindfolded hunt a small pis confined by
hurdles within a limited ‘space. The
winner, having caught the pig, tucks it
under his arm, and keeps it as his prize,

Pig-iron. This isa mere play upon
the word sow. When iron is melted it
runs off into a channel called a sow, the
lat’eral branches of which are called the
pigs ; here the iron cools, and is called
pig-iron.

‘Pig and Tinderbox, The Elephant
and Castle. —

Pig and Whistle, The bowl and
y 62 ae

‘

wassail, or the wassail-cup and wassail.
A piggeu.is a pail, especially a milk-pail ;
and a pig is a small bowl, cup, or mug,
making ‘‘ milk and wassail ;’’ similar to
the modern sign of Jug and Glass—
i.e. beer and wine. Thus a crockery-
dealer is called a pig-wwife.

Pig in a Poke (4). A blind bar-
gain. ‘The French say Acheter chat en
poche, The reference is to a common
trick in days gone by of substituting a
cat for a sucking-pig, and trying to
Fan it off ou greenhorns. If anyone

eedlessly bought the article without
examination he bought a ‘‘cat’’ for a
«PB ” put if he opened the sack he
“Jet the cat out of the bag,” and the
trick was disclosed. The French chat en
poche refers to the fact, while our pro-
verb regards the trick. Pocket is dimi-
nutive of poke.

Pigs. ee BaRTHOLOMEW PGs.)

He has brought his pigs to a pretty
market. He has made a very bad bar-
gain; he has managed his business in a
very bad way. Pigs were the chief
articles of sale with our Saxon herdsmen,
and till recently the village cottager
looked to pay his rent by the sale of his

igs.
, ae follows me about like an Anthony
pig, or such and such a one is a Tantony

ig; meaning a beggar, a hanger-on,

Stow says that the officers of the market
used to slit the ears of pigs unfit for
food. One day one of the proctors of St.
Anthony’s Hospital tied a bell about a
pig whose ear was slit, and no one would
ever hurt it. The pig would follow like
a dog anyone who fed it.

Please the pigs, If the Virgin permits,
(Saxon, piga, a virgin.) n the
Danish New Testament ‘‘maiden’’ is

enerally rendered pigen. ‘‘ Pig Cross,”’
Fadieaten to the Virgin Mary, is
Virgin Cross, or the Lady Cross. So
also ‘“‘Pig’s Hill,’”’ ‘‘Pig’s Ditch,’’ in
some instances at least, are the field and
diggin’ attached to the Lady’s Chapel,
though in others they are simply the hill
and ditch where pigs were offered for sale.
Another etymology is Please the pixies
(fairies), a saying still common in Devon-
shire.

It is somewhat remarkable that pige
should be Norse for maiden, and hog or
og Gaelic for young generally. Thus
ogan (a young man),-and gore (a young
woman).

Pigskin 4): A gentleman’s saddle,
made of Laces “To throw a leg
across a pigskin ’’ is to mount a horse.

Pigtails

978

Pigsney

Pigtails (Zhe). The Chinese; so
called because the Tartar tongure and
braided queue are very general.

“We laid away telling one another of the pig-

tails till we both dropped off to sleep.”—Tales
about the Chinese.

Pigeon (Zo). To cheat, to gull one
of his money by almost self-evident
hoaxes. Pigeons are very easily gulled,
caught by snares, or scared by malkins.
One easily gulled is called a pigeon. The
French pigeon means a dupe.

“Je me deffieroy tantost*que tu serois un de
ceux qui ite sé laissent si facilement pigeonner 4
ae ens,”"—Les Dialogues de Jacques Tahureau,

Flying the pigeons. Stealing coals
from @ cart or sack between. the coal-
dealer’s yard and the house of the
customer,

Flying the blue pigeon. Stealing: the
lead from off the roofs of churches or
buildings of any kind.

To yigeon a person is to cheat him
clandestinely. A gullible person is called
a pigeon, and in the sporting world
‘sharps and flats are called ‘‘rooks and
pigeons.’’ | The brigands of Spain used
to be called palomos (pigeons); and in
French argot a dupe is called pechon, or
peschon de ruby ; where pechon or peschon
is the Italian piccione (a pigeon), and de
ruby is a pun on dérobé, bamboozled.

To pluck a pigeon. 'To cheata gullible
fo his money. To fleece a green-

orn, (See GREENHORN. )

“ “Here comes anice pigeon to pluck, said one of
the thieves.”—C, Reade, :

Pigeon, Pigeons. Pitt says in
Mecca no one will kill the blue pigeons;
because they are held sacred.

The black pigeons of Dodo'na, Two
black pigeons, we are told, took their
flight from Thebes, in Egypt; one flew
to Libya, and the other to Dodo’na, in
Greece. On the spot where the former

alighted, the temple of Jupiter Ammon |

was erected ; in the place where the other
settled, the oracle of Jupiter was estab-
lished, and there the responses were made
by the black pigeons that inhabited the
surrounding groves. This fable is
probably based on a@ pun upon the
word peleiai, which usually means ‘old
women,” butin the dialect of the Epi'rots
signifies pigeons or doves.
Mahomet’s pigeon. (See MaHomer.)

In Russia pigeons are not served for
human food, because the Holy Ghost
assumed the likeness of a dove at the
baptism of Jesus; and part of the

marriage service consists in letting loose 1

,

two pigeons, (See The Sporting Magas
zine, aie 1825, p. 807.) a

Pigeon lays only two eggs. Hence the
Queen says of Hamlet, after his ‘fit -he
will bo— [ :

“ As patient as the female doye
‘When that her golden couplets are disclosed tha
hatched].” Hamlet, v. 1.

He who is sprinkled with pigeon’s blood
will never die a natural death, A sculp-
tor carrying home a bust of Charles I.
stopped to rest on the way; at the
moment a pigeon overhead was struck
by a hawk, and the blood of the bird fell
on the néck of the bust. The sculptor
thought it ominous, and after the king
was beheaded the saying became
current.

Flocks of wild pigeons presage the pesti-
lence, at leastin Louisia‘na. Longfellow
says they come with “‘naught in their
craws but an acorn.” (Hyangeline.)

Pigeon-English or Pigeon-talk,
A corruption of pes tatk, ee
business, bidginess, bidgin, ~ pidgin.
pigeon, A mixture of English, Portu-
guese, and Chinese, used in business
transactions in ‘The Flowery Empire.’’

“The traders care nothing for the Chinese lan-
guage, and are content to carry on their business
transactions in a hideous jargon called “pigeon
English.”—The Times. _ %

_Pigeon-hole (4). A small compart-
ment for filing papers. In pigeon-
lockers a small hole is left for the
pigeons to walk in and out, .

Pigeon-livered, Timid, _ easily
frightened, likea pigeon. The bile rules
the temper, and the liver the bile.

Pigeon Pair. A boy and girl, twins
It was once supposed that pigeons akways
sit on two eggs which produce a male
and a female, and these twin birds live
together in love the rest of their lives,

Pigg. (Sce under the word BREWER.)

Piggy-wiggy or Piggy-whidden.
A word of endearment ; a pet pig, which,
being the smallest of the litter, is called
by the diminutive Piggy, the wiggy
being merely alliterative, ;

Pightel or Pigh’tle. A small parcel
of land enclosed with. a hedge, the
eastern counties called a pike. ;

“Never had that'noyelty in manure whitened

the... pightels of Court Farm,’—Miss Mitford:
Our Village, Dp. 68.

Pigmy. A dwarf. In fabulous his-
tory the pigmies were a nation of dwarfs
devoured by cranes. (See PYGMIES.) _

Piganey or Pigsnie, A word of

>)

Pigwiggin 979

Pillar to Post

endearment to a girl. (Diminutive of
the Anglo-Saxon piga, a little girl.)

Pigwiggin. An elf in love with
Queen Mab. He combats the jealous
O’beron with great fury. (Drayton:
Nymphidia.)

Pike’s Head (4). A pike’s head has
all the parts of the crucifixion of Christ.
There are the cross, three nails, and a
sword distinctly recognisable. The Ger-
man tradition is that when Christ was
crucified all fishes dived under the waters
in terror, except the pike, which, out of
curiosity, lifted up its head and beheld
the whole scene, (See Pass1on FLOWER.)

Pikestaff. Plain as a pikestaf..
Quite obvious and unmistakable. The
pikestaffi was the staff carried by pil-
grims, which plainly and somewhat
ostentatiously announced their ‘‘devo-
tion,” It has been suggested that
“ pikestaff’’ is a corruption of “ pack-
staff,” meaning the staff on which a
pedlar carries his pack, but there is no
need for the change.

Pilate Voice. A loud ranting voice.
In the old mysteries alt tyrants were
made to speak in a rough ranting man-
ner. Thus Bottom the Weaver, after a
rant ‘*to show his quality,’ exclaims,
** That’s ’Ercles’ vein, a tyrant’s vein ;”’
and Hamlet describes a ranting actor as
‘*out-heroding Herod.’’

_ “In Pilate voys he gan to cry,
And swor by armés, and by blood and bones.”
Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 3126.

Pilate’s Wife, who warned Pilate to
have nothing to do with Jesus, is called
Procla, (£. Johnson: The Rise of
Christendom, p. 416.)

Others call her Justitia, evidently an
assumed name.

Pilatus (owt) in Switzerland.
The similarity of the word with the name
of Pontius Pilate has given rise to the
tradition that the Roman Governor, be-
ing banished to Gaul by Tiberius, wan-
dered to this mount and threw himself
into a black lake on its summit. But
Mont Pileatus means the ‘‘ hatted moun-
tain,’ because it is frequently capped
with clouds.

~ The story goes, that once a year
Pilate appears in his robes of office, and
whoever sees the ghost will die before
the yearisout. In the sixteenth century
a law was passed forbidding anyone to
throw stones in the lake, for fear of
bringing a tempest on the country.

Oy SF u Ly F
here is a town called Pilate in the island of
eea ds and a Mont Pilate in France,

Pilch. The flannel napkin of an
infant ; a buff or leather jerkin. (Anglo-
Saxon pylce, a pilch.)

Pilcher. A scabbard. (Anglo-Saxon,
pylee; Latin,. pellis, skin.)
“ Will you pluck your sword out of his pilcher ?”
—Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, iii. 1.

Pilgarlic or Pill’d Garlic (A).
One whose hair has fallen off from
dissipation. Stow says of one getting
bald: ‘‘ He will soon be a peeled garlic
like myself.”? Generally a poor wretch
avoided and forsaken by his fellows.
The editor of Notes and Queries says
that. garlic was a prime specific for
leprosy, so that garlic and leprosy be-
came inseparably associated. As lepers
had to pill their own garlie, they
were nicknamed P%l-garlics, and anyone
shunned like a leper was so called like-
aes (To pill = to peel; see Gen. xxx.

" It must be borne in mind that at
one time garlic was much more com-
monly used in England than it is now.

“ After this [feast] we jogged off to bed for the
night ; but never a bit could poor pilgarlic sleep
one wink, for the everlasting jingle of bells,’—
Rabelais: Pamtagruel, v. 7.

Pilgrim Fathers (Zie). The 102
English, Scotch, and Dutch Puritans
who, in December, 1620, went to North
America in the ship called the Mayflower,
and colonised Maine, New Hampshire,
fernonts Massachusetts, and Connec-
icut.

Pil’grimage (3 syl.). The chief
places in the West were (1) Walsingham
and Canterbury (England); (2) Four-
viéres, Puy, and St. Denis (France) ; (3)
Rome, Loretto, Genetsano, and Assisi
(Italy) ; (4) Compostella, Guadalupe,
and Montserrat (Spain) ; (5) Oetting,
Zell, Cologne, Trier, and Hinsiedelnu
(Germany). Chaucer has an admirable
account, chiefly in verse, of a pilgrim-
age to Becket’s tomb in Canterbury
Cathedral. The pilgrims beguile the
weariness of the way by telling tales.
These Canterbury Tales were never com-
pleted.

Pillar Saints or Styli'tés. A class
of ascetics, chiefly of Syria, who took
up their abode on the top of a pillar,
from which they never descended. (See
STYLITES. )

Pillar to Post. Running from pillar
to post—from one thing to another with-
out any definite purpose. This is an
allusion to the manéege. The pillar is
the centre of the riding ground, and
the posts are the columns at’ equal

Pillars

980 ‘Pin

distances, placed two and two round
the circumference of the ring.

Pillars of Heaven (Zhe). The
Atlas Mountains are so called by the
natives.

Pillars of Hercules (Zhe). The

opposite rocks at the entrance of the
Mediterranean Sea, one in Spain and
the other on the African continent. The
tale is that they were bound together till
Hercules tore them asunder in order to
get to Gadés (Cadiz). The ancients
called them Calpé and Ab’yla; we call
them Gibraltar Rock and Mount Hacho,
on which stands the fortress of Ceu'ta
(Ku'tah).

Pillory. The following eminent men
have been put in the pillory for literary
offences :—Leighton, for tracts against
Charles I, ; Lilburn, for circulating the
tracts of Dr. Bastwick ; Bastwick, for at-
tacking the Church of England ; Warton
the publisher; Prynne, for a satire on
the wife of Charles I.; Daniel Defoe,
for a pamphlet entitled Zhe Shortest
Way with i eeliere ete.

Pilot, according to Scaliger, is from
an old French word, pile (a ship).

Pilot Balloon (4). A political
feeler; a hint thrown out to ascertain
public opinion on some moot point.

“As this gentleman is in the confidence of
ministers, it is fair to assume that he was deputed
to start this statementas a pilot balloon.”—Newa-
paper leader, 1885.

Pilot Fish. So called because it is
supposed to pilot the shark to its prey.

Pilot that weathered the Storm
(The). William Pitt, son of the first
Farl of Chatham. George Canning, in
1802, wrote a song so called in com-
pliment to William Pitt, who steered us
safely through the European storm
stirred up by Napoleon,

Pilpay’ or Bidpay. The Indian
sop. His compilation was in Sanskrit,
and entitled Pantcha-Tantra, Khosru
(Chosroes) the Great, of Persia, ordered
them to be translated into Pehlvi, an
idiom of Medish, at that time the, lan-
guage of Persia. This was in the middle
of the sixth century.

Pim’lico (London). At one time a
district of public gardens much fre-
quented on holidays, According to
tradition, it received its name from Ben
Pimlico, famous for his nut-brown ale,
His tea-gardens, however, were near
Hoxton, and the road to them was
termed Pimlico Path, so that what is

now called Pimlico was so named from
the popularity of the Hoxton resort.

“Wave at thee, then, my merrie boyes, and beg
for old Ben Pimlico’s nut-prown ale.” — Newes
Jrom Hogsdon (1598).

Pimlico. Zo walk in Pimlico. To

‘~promenade, handsomely dressed, along

imlico Path.

“Not far from this place were the Asparagus
Gardens and Pimlico Path, where were fine wa 7)

cool arbours, etc., much used by the citizens o:
London and their families,"—Nat, Hist. Surrey, Vv.

21,

Pin (4). A oask holding 4% gallons
of ale or beer. This is the smallest of
the casks. Two pins = a firkin or 9
gallons, and 2 firkins = a kilderkin or
18 gallons.

: Pin. Not worth a pin, Wholly worth-
ess.

I don't care a pin, or a pin’s point, In
the least.

The pin. The centre; as, ‘‘the pm of
the heart’? (Shakespeare: Romeo and
Juliet, ii. 4), The allusion is to the pin
which fastened the clout or white mark
on a target in archery.

Weak on his pins. Weak iw his legs,
the legs being a man’s pegs or sup-
porters.

A merry pin. <A roysterer.

We are told that St. Dunstan intro
duced the plan of pegging tankards, to
check the intemperate habits. of the
English in his time. Called ‘*pin-tan-
kards,”’

In merry pin. In merry mood, in
good spirits. Pegge, in his Aronymiana,
says that the old tankards were divided
into eight equal parts, and each part was
marked with a silver pin. The cups held
two quarts, consequently the quantity
from pin to pin was half a Winchester
pint, By the rules of “good fellowship””
a drinker was supposed to stop drinking
only at a pin, and if he drank beyond it,
was to drink to the next one. As it was
very hard to stop exactly at the pin, the
vain efforts Bare rise to much mirth, and
the drinker had generally to drain the
tankard. (See PEG.) ;

“No Bong) np laugh, no jovial din

Of drinking wassail tothe pin.” __
Longfellow: Golden Legend..

I do not pin my faith upon your sleewve..
Tam not ie to take your ipse dixit’
for gospel. In feudal times badges were
worn, and the partisans of a leader used
to wear his badge, which was pinned on.
the sleeve, Sometimes these badges.
were changed for specific parece, Aad
persons learned to doubt. Hence the
phrase, ‘‘ You wear the badge, but I do

Pin Money

981

Pink of Perfection

not intend to pin my faith on your
sleeve,”

He tirled at the pim. Rattled at the
latch to give notice that he was about to
enter. e pin was not only the latch
of chamber-doors and cottages, but the
‘rasp’? of castles used instead of the
modern knocker. It was attached to a
ring, which produced a grating sound to
give notice to the warder.

“ Sae licht he a tg up'the stair,
And tirléd at the pin ;
And wha sae ready as hersel’
To let the laddie in.”
Charlite is my Darling.

Pin Money. A lady’s allowance of
money for her own personal expenditure.
Long after the invention of pins, in the
fourteenth century, the maker was al-
lowed to sell them in open shop only on
January lst and 2nd. It was then that
the court ladies and city dames flocked
to the depéts to buy them, having been
first provided with money by their hus-
anita, When pins became cheap and
common, the ladies spent their allow-
ances on other fancies, but the term pin
money remained in vogue.

It is quite an error to suppose that
pins were invented in the reign of

ngois I., and introduced into England
by Catherine Howard, the fifth wife of
enry VIII. In 1347, just 200 years
before the death of Francois, 12,000 pins
were delivered from the royal wardrobe
for the use of the Princess Joan, and
in 1400 (more than a century before
Francois ascended the throne) the
Duchess of Orleans purchased of Jehan
le Breconnier, espinglier, of Paris, sev-
eral thousand long and short pins, besides
500 de la fagon @ Angleterre, So that pins
were not only manufactured in England,
but were of igh repute even in the reign
of Henry IV. of England (1399-1413).

Pinabel'lo or Pin’abel (in Orlando
Furioso). Son of Anselmo, King of
Maganza. Marphi’sa, having over-
thrown him, and taken the steed of his
dame, Pinabello, at her instigation, de-

creed that nothing would wipe out the ©

disgrace éxcept a thousand dames and a
thousand warriors unhorsed, and spoiled
of their arms, steed, and vest. He was
slain by Brad’amant.

Pinch’beck. So called from Chris-
topher Pinchbeck, a musical-clock
maker, of Fleet Street. (Died 1732.) The
word is used for Brummagem gold; and
the metal is a compound of copper, zinc,
and tin.

“Where, in these pinchbeck days, can we ho,

to find the old agricultural virtue in all its
purity 2” —Anthony Trollope; Framley Porsonage.

Pindar. The French Pindar. Jean
Dorat (1507-1588). Also Ponce Denis
Lebrun (1729-1807).

The Itakan Pindar. Gabriello Chia-
brera ; whence Chuabreresco is in Italian
tantamount to ‘' Pindaric,’? (1552-
1637.)

Peter Pindar. Dr. John Wolcott
(1738-1812).

Pindar of England. George, Duke of
alg ees most extravagantly de-
clared Cowley to be the Pindar, Horace,
and Virgil of England.

In Westminster Abbey, the last line
of Gray’s tablet claims the honour of
ee Pindar for the author of The

ara.

“She fstab) felt a Homer's fire in Milton's
strains,
A Pindar’s rapture in the lyre of Gray.”

Pindar and the Bees, (See Pxato.)

Pindar of Wakefield (George-a-
Green) has given his name to a celebrated
house on the west side of the Gray’s Inn
Road ; and a house with that name still
exists in St. Chad’s Row, on the other
side of the street.s (Zhe Times.) (See
PINDER.)

Pindaric Verse. I:regular verse;
a poem of various metres, but of lofty
style, in imitation of the odes of Pindar.
Alexander’s Feast, by Dryden, is the
best specimen in English,

Pinder. One who impounds cattle,
or takes care of the cattle impounded ;
thus George-a-Green was the ‘‘ Pinder
‘of Wakefield,”? and his encounter with
Robin Hood, Scarlet, and Little John

| forms the subject of one of the Robin

Hood ballads,
fold.)

Pindo’rus (in Jerusalem Delivered).
One ot the two heralds; the other is

(Anglo-Saxon pund, a

Arideus,

Pine-bender (The). Sinis, the Cor-
inthian robber; so called because he
used to fasten his victims to two pine-
trees bent towards the earth, and then

| leave them to be rent asunder by the

rebound.

Pink (A). The flower is so called
because the edges of the petals are pinked
ornotched. (See below.

Pink of Perfection (Zhe). The
acmé ; the beau-ideal. Shakespeare has
‘the pink of courtsey’’ (Romeo and Juliet,
ii, 4); the pink of politeness. (Welsh,
pwne, a point, an acmé; our pink, ta
stab; pinking, cutting into points.)

Piony

982

Pirseus

Pi/ony or Peony. A flower; so
called from the chieftain Paion, who
discovered it, (Saxon Leechdoms, i.)

Piou-piou. An infantry soldier,
This is probably a corruption of pion, a
pawn or foot-soldier. Cotgrave, how-
ever, thinks the French foot-soldiers are
so called from their habit of pilfering
chickens, whose cry is piow piou,

Pi’ous (2 syl.). The Romans called a
man who revered his father pias ; hence
Antoni’nus was called piss, because he
requested that his adopted father (Ha-
drian) might be ranked among the gods.
fEne’as was called pins because he res-
cued his father from the burning city of
Troy. The Italian word pietd (g.v.) has
a similar meaning.

The Pious. Ernst I., founder of the
House of Gotha. (1601-1674.)

Robert, son_of Hugues Capet. (971,

996-1031.)
Eric IX. of Sweden. (*, 1155-1161.)

Pip. The hero of Dickens’s Great
Expectations. He is first a poor boy,
and then a man of wealth,

Pipe. Anglo-Saxon pw, a pipe or
flute.

Put that into you pipe and smoke it.
Digest that, if you can. An expression
used by one who has given an adversary
a severe rebuke. The allusion is to the
pipes of peace and war smoked by the
American Indians. z

Put your pipe out. Spoil your piping
or singing ; make you sing another tune,
or in another key. ‘‘ Take your shine
out” has a similar force, ;

As you pipe, I nust dance. I must
accommodate myself to your wishes.

To pipe your eye. To snivel; to cry.

‘Pipe Rolls or Great Rolls of the Pipe.
The series of Great Rolls of the Ex-
chequer, beginning 2 Henry II., and
continued to 1834, when the Pipe Office
was abolished. These rolls are now in
the Public Record Office, Chancery Lane.

“Take, for instance the Pipe Rolls, that magni-
ficent series of documents on which, from the
middle of the 12th century until well on in the
19th, we have a perfect account of the Crown
revenue, rendered by the sheriffs of the different
counties.”—Notes and Querics, J une 3, 1893, p. 421.

Office of the Clerk of the Pipe. A very
ancient office in the Court of Exchequer,
where leases of Crown lands, sheriffs’
accounts, etc., were made out. It existed
in the reign of Henry II., and was
abolished in the reign of William IV.
Lord Bacon says, *‘ The office is so called
because the whole receipt of the court is
finally conveyed into it by means of

_Leo’né,

divers small pipes or quills, as water into
‘a cistern,

Pipe of Peace. The North Ameri-
can Indians present a pipe to anyone
they wish to be on good terms with. To
receive the pipe and smoke together is
to promote friendship and goodwill, but
to refuse the offer is virtually a declara-
tion of hostility.

Pipéclay. Routine; fossilised mili-
tary dogmas of no real worth. In govern-
ment offices the term ved-tape is used to
express the same idea. Pipeclay was at
one time largely used by soldiers for
making their gloves, accoutrements, and
clothes look clean and smart.

Pipelet, A concierge or French
door-porter ; so called from a character
in Eugéne Sue’s Mysteries of Paris.

Piper. The Pied Piper. (See Prep.)

Who's to pay the piper? (See Pay.)

Tom Piper. So the piper is called in
the morris dance.

There is apparently another Tom
Piper, referred to by Drayton and others,
of whom nothing is now known. He
seems to have been a sort of Mother
Goose, or s'acontew: of short tales,

“Tom Piper is gone out, and mirth bewailes,

He never will come in to tell us tales.”

Piper that Played before Moses
(By the). Per tibicinem qui coram Mose
modulatus est. This oath is from Jules
im Blackwood {Magazine, May, 1838]:
Father Tom and the Pope (name of the
tale). (Notes an@ Queries, April 2, 1887,
p. 276.) ;

Piper’s News or Hawker’s News
Fiddler’s News. News known to all the
world. ‘‘ Le secret de polichinelle,””

Piping Hot. Hot as water which
pipes or sings. “a

Pippa Passes. A little leaven
leaveneth the whole lump. Some casual
influence has dropped good seed, which
has taken root and beareth fruit to per-
fection. The words are the title of a
dramatic poem by Robert Brownmg.
Pippa is a chaste-minded, light-hearted

easant maiden, who resolves to enjoy

ew Year’s Day, her only holiday.
Various groups of persons overhear her
as she passes-by singing her innocent
ditties, and some of her stray words,

| falling into their hearts, act with secret

but sure influence for good. (1842) 9.
Pire'us, Now called the port

iow 5 TRG

oe a3

4 WYs Novem T, 1885.

Pirie’s Chair

983

Pitri

“Pirie’s Chair. ‘‘The lowest seat 0’
hell.”” “ Tf you do. not mend your ways,

ou will be sent to Pirie’s chair, the -

west seat of hell.”’

“In Pirie’s chair you'll sit, I say,
The lowest seat o’ hell ;
If ye do not amend your ways,
It’s there that ye must dwell.”
Child's English and Scottish Ballads :
The Courteous Knight.

? Pirrie or pyrrie means a sudden
storm at sea (Scotch pirr). ‘‘ They were
driyen back by storme of winde and
pyrries of the sea.” (Worth: Plutarch,
p. 355.)

Pirith’ods. King of the: Lapiths,
proverbial for his love of Theseus (2 syl.),

ing of Athens. ;

Pis-aller (French). As a shift; for
want of a better; a dernier ressort ;
better than nothing.

“She contented hérself with a pis-aller, and
gaye her hand... in six months to the son of
the baronet’s steward.”—Sir W. Scott: Waverley,

chap. v.

Pisa’nio. A servant noted for his
attachment to Im’ogen, (Shakespeare :
Cymbeline.)

Piso’s Justice. That is Piso’s jus-
dice. Verbally right, but morally wrong.
Seneca tells us that Piso condemned a
man on circumstantial evidence for mur-
der; but when the suspect was at the
epee of execution, the man supposed to

ave been murdered exclaimed, ‘‘ Hold,
hold! I am the man supposed to have
been killed.”” The centurion sent back
the prisoner to Piso, and explained the
case to him ; whereupon Piso condemned
all three to death, saying, *‘Fiat justitia.”
The man condemned is to be executed
because sentence of death has been passed
upon him, and fiat justitia ; the centurion
isto be executed because he has disobeyed
orders, and fiat justitia ; the man sup-
posed to have been murdered is to be
executed because he has been the cause
of death to two innocent men, and fiat
Justitia etsi-cehim ruat.

Pistol. Falstaff’s lieutenant or an-
cient; a bully, but a coward, a rogue,
and always poor. (Shakespeare : 1 and
2 Henry LV. ; Merry Wives of Windsor.)

Pis'tols. So called from Pistoja, in
Tuscany, where they were invented in
1545.. tin, pistoriwn.)

To discharge one’s pistol in the air.
To fight a man of straw; to fight harm-
lessly in order to make up a foolish
air Piatithe Drercndat oo tie nesenns hae wre

ischarges his shot against objections which I
never made}. Giadstone ‘Nineteenth Cen-

Pistris, Pistrix, Pristis, or Pris-
trix. The sea-monster sent to devour
Androm’eda.. In ancient art it is re-
presented with a dragon's head, the neck
and head of a beast, fins for the fore-
legs, and the body and tail of a fish.
In Christian art the pistris was. usually
employed to represent the whale which
swallowed Jonah. (Aratus: Comment-
aries.) Aratus died a.D. 213,

Pit-a-pat. My heart goes pit-a-pat.
Throbs,. palpitates. ‘‘Pat’’ is a getitle
blow (Welsh, fut), and ‘pit’ is a mere
ricochet expletive. _We have a vast
number of such ricochet words, as
‘ fiddle -faddle,”” ‘“harum - scarum,’’
‘ ding-dong,’’ etc.

“ Anything like the sound ofa rat
Makes my heart go pit-a-pat.”’
Browning ; Pied Piver of Tamelin.

Pitch. Touch pitch, and you will be
defiled, -‘* The finger that touches rouge
will be red.’’ ‘* Evil communications
corrupt ‘good mannérs.”?. “‘A rotten
apple injures its companions,’”

Pitch. and Pay. Pitch down ‘your
money and pay at once. There isa
suppressed pun in the phrase: “to pay
a ship ” is to pitch it.

“The word is pitch and pay—trust none.”
Shakespeare: Henry V., ji, 3.

Pitch into Him. Thrust or dart

your fists into him,

Pitcher. The pitcher went once too
often to the well, The dodge was tried
once too often, and utterly failed. The
same sentiment: is proverbial in most
Europea languages,

Pitch’ers. Little pitchers have long
ears, Tittle folk or children hear what
is said when you little think it. The
ear of a pitcher is the handle, made in
the shape of a man’s ear. The handle
of a cream-ewer and of other small jugs
is quite out of proportion to the size of
the vessel, compared with the handles of
large jars.

Pithos. A large jar to keep wine or
oil in, Winckelmann has engraved a
copy of a curious bas-relief representing
Diogénés occupying a pithos and holding
conversation with Alexander the Great.
(Greek pithos, a large wine jar.)

Pitri (plur. Prraras). An order of
divine beings in Hindu mythology in-
habiting celestial regions of their own,
and receiving into their society the
spirits of those mortals whose. funeral
rites have been duly performed.

Pitt Diamond

984

Planets

Pitt Diamond or The Regent. Called
Pitt diamond because it once belonged
to Mr. Pitt, grandfather of the famous
Earl of Chatham, Called the Regent
diamond from the Duke of Orleans, Re-

ent of France, who purchased it. This

amous diamond was worn in the sword-
hilt of Napoleon, and now belongs to
the King of Prussia.

Pitt's Mark. The printer’s name
and place of business affixed to printed
books, according to William Pitt’s Act,
39 Geo. III., c. 79.

Pitt’s Pictures or Billy Pitt’s Pic-
tures. Blind windows; so called because
many windows were blocked up when
William Pitt augmented the Window
Tax in 1784, and again in 1797,

Pit’'tacus (Greek, Pittakos). One of
the ‘‘Seven Sages’? of Greece, His
great sayings were: (1) “Know the
right time”? (‘‘ Gno'tha kairon’’), and
(35 “Tis a sore thing to be eminent”?
- (*¢ Chalepon esthlon emmenai"’).

Pit'tance, An allowance of, victuals
over and above bread and wine. An-
thony du Pinet, in his translation of
Pliny, applies the term over and over
again to figs and beans, The word
originally comes from the people’s piety
in giving to poor mendicants food for
their subsistence. (Probably connected
with pietas, Monkish Latin, pictancia ;
Spanish, pitar, to distribute a dole of
food ; pitancero, one who distributes the
dole, or a begging friar who subsists by
charity.)

. Pixies (2 syl.). The Devonshire
Robin Goodfellows; said to be the
spirits of infants who haye died before
baptism. The Pixy monarch holds his
court like Titania, and sends his subjects
on their several tasks. The word is a
diminutive of Pix, probably the same as
Puck. (Swedish, pyke,; old English
pouk, bug, bogie; Danish, pog and poh. er.)
“Ne let the pouke nor other evil sprites . «.

Fray us with things that be not.’
Spenser: Bpithalamion.

Pixy-led (Devonshire), Poake-
Jedden (Worcestershire). Misled into
bogs and ditches.

Place aux Dames. Make way for
the ladies; give place to the ladies; the
ladies first, if you please. Indirectly it
means women beat the men hollow in
every contest, 5

Place’bo. One of the brothers of
January, an old baron of Lombardy.
When January held a family council to

know whether he should marry, Placebo
very wisely told him to do as he liked,
for says he—
“ A ful gret fool is eny counseloury
That servith aay lord of high honour’ ~ .
That dar présume, or ovnés [once] thenken it,
That his counseil’ schuld pass his lordés wit,”
Chaucer: The Marchaundes Tale, line 9,121, etc,
Lo sing Placébo. To seek to please ; to
trim in order not to offend, e word
Placébo is often used to denote vespers
for the dead, from the fact that itis the
ae word of the first Antiphon of that
Office.

Pla/giarist means strictly one who
kidnaps a slave. Martial applies the
word to the kidnappers of other men’s
brains, Literary theft unacknowledged
is called plagiarism. (Latin, plagia'rius.)

Plain (iia) The Girondists were so
called in the National Convention, be-
cause they sat on the level floor or plain
of the hall. After the overthrow of the
Girondists this part of the House «was
called the marsh or swamp (sar'ais), and
included such members as were under
the control of the Mountain (¢.v.).

Plain Dealer (Zhe). Wycherly was
so called, from his celebrated comedy of
the same title. (1640-1716.)

“The Countess of Drogheda inguired for the
Plain Dealer, ‘Madame,’ says Mr, Fairbeard,
‘since you are for the“ Plain Dealer,” there he is
for you,’ pushing Mr. W, cherly towards her,”—
Cibver : Lives of the Poets, lil, p, 252.

Plan of Campaign (The). Often
cited shortly as_‘‘The Plan,’’ promul-

ated by John Dillon in October, 1886,
ft provided that Irish tenants on an
estate should band together, and deter-
mine what abatement of rent they con-
sidered to be called for. If the landlord
accepted the abatement, well and good ;
if not, the tenants were to pay into a
campaign fund the amount offered to
the landlord, and the money thus funded
should be used in fighting the landlord
if he went to law to recover his rents.

“The Plan of Campaign proposed to. reduce
rents by an average of some fe Bek cent."—Nine-
teenth Century, April, 1894, ». |

* In 1885 the Land Commission re-
duced all the rents from 10 to 14 per
cent, ; so that 80 per cent. more would
equal from 40 to 40 per cent. ;

Planets. f sh
“4, In astrology there are seven
planets :— ies esi ae ah

APpoLLo, the sun, represents gold, =

DIAXA, the moon, representa silver,
MERCURY represents quicksilver,
VuNUS represents copper.

MARS represents iron,

JUPITER represents tin, — ‘
SATURN represents lead,

‘Planet-struck

985

Platform

ti. In woah d the arms of royal per-
sonages used to be blazoned by the names
of planets, and those of noblemen b
precious stones,instead of the correspond-
ing colours.
So1r—topaz—or (gold)—hezants.
LuNa—pearl—argent Sotiner nates.
SATURN—diamond—sablé (black)—pellets,
MARs—ruby—sgules (red)—torteaux.
JUPITER—sapphire—azuro (blwe)—hurts,
VRENUS—emerald—vert (green)—poinmes.
MERCURY—amethyst—purpure (violet)~golpes,

Inferior planets. Mercury and Venus ;
so called because their orbits are within
the orbit of the earth.

Superior planets. Mars, the Planet-
oids, Jupiter, Saturn, U’ranus, and Nep-
ture ; so called because their orbits are
outside the earth’s orbit—i.c, farther
from the sun.

iii, Planets represented by symbols.

Mercury, §; Venus, ? ; Kartu, @ ; Mars, d}
the PLANEToIDS, in the order of discovery—

©, @, ©, etc. ; Jurrren, 2] ; Saturn, h; URA-

nus, W ; Nupruns, } ;the Sux, 44% ; theMooy, ).
iv. The planets in Greece were sym-

bolised by-seven letters :

_ JUPITER, v(u-psilon); MARS, o (o0-micron); MER-

CURY, € (epsilon) ; THH MOON, a@ (alpha); BAT-

paent @ (Q-mega); THE SUN, ¢ (iola); VENUS,
a).

To be born under a lucky [or unlucky}
planet, pavesting. to astrology, some
planet, at the birth of every individual,
presides over his destiny. Some of the
planets, like Jupiter, are lucky; and
others, ike Saturn, are unlucky. In
casting a horoscope the ‘heavens must he
divided into twelve: parts or houses,
éalled (1) the House of Life; (2) the
House of Fortune; (3) the House of
Brethren; (4) the House of Relations;
®) the House of Children; (6) the

ouse of Health; (7) the House of Mar-
riage ; @®) the House of Death; (9) the
House of Religion; (10) the House of
Dagens (11) the House of Friends

Benefactors; (12) the House of
Enemies.. Each house had one of the
heavenly bodies as its lord. (See Star
IN THE ASCENDANT.)

Planet-struck. A blighted tree is
said to be planet-struck. Epilepsy,
' paralysis, lunacy, etc., are attributed to

the malignant i dd of the planets,
Horses are said to be planet-struck when
they seem stupefied, whether from want
of food, colic, or stoppage. The Latin
word is siderdtus,

“ Bvidentissimum id fuit, quod quacunque equo
invectus est, ibi haud secus quam pestifero sidére
icti pavébant.”—Livy, viii. 9. .

Plank ath Any one principle of a
political platform, (See PLaTroRM.) .

‘letters to be

Plank. To walk the plank. To be
about to die. Walking the plank was a
mode of disposing of prisoners at sea,
much in vogue among the South Sea
pirates in the 17th century.

Plantagenet, from planta genista
(orpome plans. the family cognisance
st assumed by the Earl of Anjou, the
first of his race, during a pilgrimage to
the Holy Land, asa symbol of humility.
o George Buck: Richard III.) Died

_ Plaster of Paris. Gypsum, found
in large quantities in the quarries of
Montmartre, near Paris.

Plate (4). A race in which a prize is
given out of -the race fund, or from some

' other source, without any stakes being

made by the owners of the horses en-
gaged. Usually- entrance money is re-
uired. (See SWEEPSTAKES, HANDICAP,
TE, SELLING RACE, WEIGHT-FOR-AGE
RAcE.)

= Platé, meaning silyer, is the Spanish
plata.

Plat’en, among printers, is the power
or weight which presses on the tympan
(q.¥.), to cause the impression of the
iven off and transferred to
the sheet, (French, plat, flat.)

~ In type-writing “machines, the
platen is the feeding roller on which the
paper rests to receive the proper im-
pressions.

Plates or Plates of Meat. Slang
for feet. One of the chief sources of
slang isrhyme. Thus meat rhymes with
feet, and ‘‘ warming my plates’? is slang
for warming my feet. Similarly, ‘‘ Rory
O’More’? is slang for door, and ‘‘ there
came 2 knock at the Rory O’More’”’
means there was a knock at the door.
A prescott is slang for waistcoat, (See
CHIVY.)

Platform, in the United States, is the
policy of a political or religious party.
Of course the meaning is the policy on
which the party stan An American
revival Hach separate principle is a
plank of the platform. 3

Queen Elizabeth,in answer to the Supplication
of the Puritans (offered to the Parliament in
1506), said she “had examined the platform,and

ccount it most prejudicial to the religion estab-
ite to her crown, her governnient, and her
subjects,” F,

‘Acain, the Rey. John Norris writes, in 1687. that
Plato said, ‘God created rv ovtwy wétpa. imply-
ing that all things were formed according to His:
a platforms, meaning the ideas formed in
the divine mind,”

The word has been resuscitated in
North America. Lily, in 1581, says he.

Plato

“discovered the whole platform of the
conspiracie.’”’? (Discovery of the New
World, p. 115.)

“Their declaration of principles=their ‘plat-
form,’ to use the appropriate term—was settied
and published to the world, Its distinctive ele-
ments, or ‘ planks,’ are financial,"—The Zimes.

Plato. His original name was Aris’-
toclés, but he was called Pluton from the
great breadth of his shoulders.

The German Plato, Friedrich Hein-
rich Jacobi (1743-1819).

The Jewish Plato, Philo Judeus, an
ae philosopher, (Flourished
0-40.

The Bika Plato. John Howe, the
Nonconformist (1630-1706).

Plato and the Bees, When Plato
was an infant, some bees settled on his
lips when he was asleep, indicating that
he would become famous for his honeyed
words. The same is said of Sophocles,
Pindar, St. Ambrose, St. Chrysostom,
and others,

“ Andas when Plato did i’ the cradle thrive.
Bees to his lips brought honey from their hive.”
W, Browne: Britannia’s Pastorats, ii.

Plato’s Year. <A revolution of
25,000 years, in which period the stars
and constellations return to their former
places in respect to the equinoxes.

Cut_out more work than can be done
In Plato's year, but finish none.”
Butler : Hudibras, pt. iii, 1.

Platonic Bodies. The five regular
geometric solids described by Plato—
viz. the tetrahedron, hexahedron, oct;4
hedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron,’
all of which are bounded by like, equal,
and regular planes, .

Platonic Love. Spiritual love be-
tween persons of opposite sexes. It is
the friendship of man and woman, with-
out mixture of what is usually called
love, Plato strongly advocated this pure
affection, and hence its distinctive name.

Platonic Puritan (Tic). John
ay the Nonconformist divine, (1630-
1706,

Platonism, The philosophical sys-
tem of Plato ; dialectics, Locke main-
tains that the mind is by nature a sheet
of white paper, the five senses being the
doors of nowledge. Plato maintained
the opposite theory, drawing a strong
line of demarcation between the province
of thought and that of sensations in the
production of ideas. (Sce Drazzctics.)

It is characterised by the doctrine of pre-exist-
ing eternal ideas, and teacbes the immortality and

re-existence of the soul, the dependence of vir-
ue upon discipline, and the trustworthiness of
Cognition, Sat

926

Pieasure

In theology, he taught that there are
two eternal, primary, independent, and
incorruptible causes of material things
—God the maker, and matter the sub-
stance.

In psychology, he maintained the ultt-
mate unity and mutual dependence of
all knowledge.

In physics, he said that God is the
measure of all things, and that from
God, in whom reason and being are one,
proceed human reason and those ‘fideas’’
or laws which constitute all that.can be
called real in nature.

Platter with Two Eyes (4). Em-
blematical of St. Lucy, in allusion to her
sending her two eyes to a nobleman who
wanted to marry her for the exceeding
beauty of her eyes. (See Lucy.)

Play. ‘This may be play to. you,
’tis death to us,’? The allusion is to the
fable of the boys throwing stones at some
frogs. (Roger L’Estrange.)

As good as a play. So said King
Charles when he attended the discussion
of Lord Ross’s ** Divorce Bill,’

Play the Deuce. ‘The Irish say,
Play the pooka, Pooka or Pouke is. an
evil spirit in the form of a wild colt, who
does great hurt to benighted travellers,

Played Out. Out of date; no longer
in vogue; exhausted.

“Valentines, I suppose, aré played ‘out, said
Milton.”—Truth: Queer Story, Feb. 18, 1886,

Playing to the Gods. Degrading
one’s vocation ad captanduin vulgus.
The gods, in theatrical phrase, are the
spectators in the uppermost gallery, the
ignobile vulgus, The ceiling of Drury

ane theatre was at one time painted
in imitation of the sky, with Cupids and
other deities here and there represented.
As the gallery referred to was near the
ceiling, the occupants were called the
gods. In French this gallery is nick-
named .paradis,

Please the Pigs. (Sve under P1Gs.)

Pleased as Punch. Greatly de-
lighted. Our old friend Punch *is
always singing with self-satisfaction in
all his naughty ways, and his evident
‘pleasure’? is contagious to the ‘be-
holders. tia

“You could skip over to Europe whenever you

liked ; mamma would be pleased.as Punch.”—R.

Grant, I wi wn
Pleasure, It was Xerxes who offered
a reward to anyone who could invent a
new pleasure, niiciialg Laitile

Plebeians

987

Pliny’s Doves

eee

Plebe'ians. - Common people; pro-
perly it means the free citizens of Rome,
who were neither patricians nor clients,
They were, however, free landowners,
and had their own ‘‘ gentés.’’? (Latin,
plebes, 2 syl.)

Pleb'iscite (3 sy!.). A decree of
the people. In Roman history, a law
enacted by the ‘‘comitia’’ or assembly
of tribes. In France, the resolutions
adopted in the Revolution by the voice of
the people, and the general votes given
during the Second Empire—such as the
general vote to elect Napoleon III,
emperor of the French,

Pledge. J pledge you in this wime—
i.e. I drink to yout health or success,

“ Drink to me only with thine eyes,
And I will pledge with mine.”
Ben Jonson (translated from Philostratus)
second century. e

To pledge. To guarantee. , Pledging
a drinker’s security arose in the tenth
century, when it was thought necessary
for one person to watch over the safety
-of a companion while in the act of
drinking. It was by no means unusual
-with the fierce Danes to stab a person
under such circumstances. i
“Were a, huge man, I should fear to tink wt meals,
‘Lest they should spy my windpipe’s dangerous
Great, men should drink with harness on their
throats.” Timon of Athens, i. 2.
. Plei’ades (3 syl.) means the “sailing
‘stars? (Greek, piéo, to sail), because the
‘Greeks considered navigation safe at the
return of the Pleiadés, and never at-
tempted it after those stars disappeared.
The PLEIADES were the seven daugh-
ters of Atlas and Pléioné (IMAniovn). .
‘They were transformed into stars, one
of which (Merdpé) is invisible: out .of
shame, because she alone married a
‘human being. Some ‘call the invisible
‘star “‘ Electra,’ and say'she hides her-
‘self from grief for the destruction of the
city and royal race of ‘Troy.
i, The Pleiad of Alexandria. A
‘group of seven contemporary poets in
the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphos; so |
called in reference to the cluster of
stars in the back of Taurus. Their
names are—Callim’achos, Apollo‘nios of |
Rhodes; Ara’tos, Philiscos (called Homer
the Younger), Ly’cophron, Nicander, and
Theoc'ritos.

7% There are in reality eleven stars in
‘| Doves of Pliny, one of the finest and
most perfectly preserved specimens of

the Pleiades. Laka
© Gi Lhe literary Pleiad “of Charle>
4nagne. ~ Alcuin (Albi‘nus), Angilbert!
(Homer), Adelard (Augustine), Riculfe —
Dan ;
nefrid, and Eginhard,

as), Charlemagne (David), Var- |

iii, Zhe first French Pleiad.’ Seven
contemporary poets in the ‘sixteenth
century, in the reign-of Henri III., who
wrote French poetry in the metres, style,
and verbiage of the ancient Greek and
Latin poetry. Of these, Ronsard was
by far the most talented ; but much that
would be otherwise excellent is spoilt by
pedantry and Frenchified Latin. The
seven names are Ronsard, Dorat, Du
Bellay, Remi-Belleau, Jodelle, Baif, and
Thiard.~*

The second French Pleiad. Seven con-
temporary ‘poets in the reign ‘of Louis
XIII., very inferior to thé ‘first Pleiad.’?
Their names are Rapin, Commire, Larue,
Santeuil, Ménage, Dupérier, and Petit.

iv. Zhe lost Pleiad, Electra, one
of the Pleiadés, wife of Dardanus, dis-
appeared a little before the Trojan war
(z.c. 1193), that she might be saved the
mortification of seeing the ruin. of her
beloved city. She showed herself oc-
casionally to mortal eye, but always in
the guise of a comet. Mons. Fréret
says this tradition arose from the fact
that a comet does sometimes appear in
the vicinity of the Pleiadés, rushes in a
northerly direction, and passes out of
sight. (See Odyss. v. and Iliad, xviii.)

Letitia, Elizabeth Landon published, in 1829, a
poem entitled The Lost Pleiady

(See above, PLEIADES.)

Plét is a lash like a knout, but not
made of raw hides. (Russian, pletu, a
whip.)

_ Pleydell (IL. Paulus)... Au advocate
in Edinburgh, formerly sheriff of Ellan-
gowan.

“Mr. Counsellor Pieydejl was a lively, sharp-
looking gentleman, with a professional shrewd-
ness in his eye, and, generally speaking, a profes-
sional formality in his manner ; but this he could
‘slip off on a Saturday evening, when...he
joined in the ancient pastime ‘of High’ Jinks,”—
Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering, Xxxix. ’ rs

Pli’able. One of Christian’s neigh
bouts, who went with him as far as the
Slough of Despond, and then turned
back again. (Bunyan: Pilgrin’s Pro-
gress, pt. i.) a ae

Pliny. The German Pliny... Konrad
yon Gesner, of Ziirich (1516-1565),
Pliny of the East. (See ZAKARISA;) ..

Pliny’s Doves. In one of the rooms
‘on the upper floor of the museum of the
Capitol at’ Rome are the celebrated

ancient mosaic. It represents four doves
drinking, with a beautiful border sur-
rounding the composition. The mosaic

_ | is formed of natural stones, so small

Plith

that 160 pieces cover only a square inch.
It is supposed to be the work of Sosus,
and is described by Pliny as a proof of
the perfection to which that art had
arrived. He says:—

“At Pergamos is a wonderful specimen of a
dove drinking, and darkening the water with the
sbadow of her head ; on the lip of the vessel are
other doves pluming themselves.”

This exquisite specimen of art was
found in Villa Adria’na, in 1737, by
Cardinal Furietti, from whom it was
purchased by Clement XIII.

Plith. -A piece of iron made hot and
put into an iron box, to be held for
punishment by a criminal. (See PLET.)

Plon-plon, The sobriquet of Prince
Napoleon Joseph Charles Bonaparte,
son of Jerome Bonaparte. He was nick-
named Craint-plon (Fear-bullet) in the
Criméan war (1854-1856), a nickname
afterwards. perverted into Plon-plon.
(1822-1891.)

Plot, in a theatrical sense, does not
_ only mean the incidents which lead to
the development of a play, but half a
dozen other things; thus, the ‘scene
plot ”’ is a list of the various scenes to be
used; the “‘flyman’s plot” is a list of
the articles required by the flyman in the
‘*flies ;”? there is also the ‘‘ gasman’s
plot; ”’ the “ property plot’? is a list of
all the properties required in the play,
for which the manager is responsible.

- Ploteock. The old Scotch form of
the Roman Pluto, by which Satan is
meant. Chaucer calls Plato the ‘‘king
of Faérie,’”? and) Dunbar names him
‘¢ Pluto the elrich incubus.”

Plough. Fond,’ Fool, or White
Plough. The plough dragged about a
village on Plough Monday. + Called
white, because the mummers who drag
it about are dressed in white, gaudily
trimmed with flowers and ribbons,
Called fond or fool, because the proces-
sion is fond or foolish—not serious, or of
‘a business character.

Plough Monday.” The first Monday
‘after Twelfth Day is so called because it
is the end of the Christmas holidays,
and the day when men return to their
plough or daily work. It was customary
on this day for farm labourers to draw a

vlough from door to door of the parish,

and solicit ‘‘ plough-money”’ to spend in
a frolic. The queen of the banquet was
called Bessy. (See DISTAFF.) E
Plover.
live on nothing, to live on air. Plovers
‘Qo not, however, live on air, but feed

r

988

To live like a plover, t.¢. to,

Pluck

largely on small insects. They also eat
worms, which they hunt for in newly-
ploughed fields.

Plowden. ‘' The case is altered.”
quoth -Plowden. Plowden was a priest,
very unpopular, and in order to bring
him into trouble some men inveigled him
into attending mass performed by a lay-
man, and then impeached him for so do-
ing. Being brought before the tribunal,
the cunning priest asked the layman if it
was he who officiated. ‘‘ Yes,’ said the
man, ‘And are you a priest??? said
Plowden. “‘No,’’saidthe man. ‘*Then,’?
said Plowden, turning to the tribunal,
‘‘that alters the case, for it is an axiom
with the church, ‘No priest, no mass.’ ””

Plowman. The Vision of Piers
Plowmanisa satirical poem by W. [or R.]
Langland, completed in 1362. The poet
ay eae? himself falling asleep on the
Malvern Hills, and in his dream sees
various visions of an allegorical charac-
ter, bearing on the vices of the times,
In one of the allegories, the Lady An'ima
(the soul) is placed in Castle Caro (jlesh)
under the charge of Sir Constable In-
wit, and his sons See-well, Hear-well,
Work-well, and Go-well. The whole
poem consists of nearly 15,000 verses,
and is divided into twenty parts, each
part being called a passus, or separate
Vision.

Pluck. To reject a candidate for
literary honours because he is not up to
the required mark. The rejected candi-.
date is said to be plucked.

When degrees are conferred the name
of each person is read out before he is
presented to the Vice-Chancellor. The
proctor used at one time to walk once
up and down the room, and anyone who
Ghjeoted to the degree being conferred
might signify his dissent by plucking or
twitching the proctor’s gown. This was
occasionally done by tradesmen to whom
the candidate was in debt; but now all
persons likely to be objected to, either by
tradesmen or examiners, know it before-
hand, and keep away. They are-virtually
plucked, but not really so. t4

A case of pluck. An instance of one
who has been plucked ; as ‘‘Tom Jones
isa case of pluck,’’ é.e. isa plucked man.

A man of pluck. Of courage or spirit.
The pluck is the heart, liver, and what-
ever else is ‘‘ plucked’’ away from the
chest of a baa or hog. We: also: uso
the expressions bold heart, lily-livered, a
man of another kidney, bowels of meres

ete, (See
itias u&

a vein of fun, it raised his bile,
LrvzEE.) _ bmdaigat

Pluck his Goose

989

Plymouth Brethren

* Pluck his Goose. J’1] pluck his
Gee for him, Thatis: I'll cut his crest,
"]1 lower his pride, I’ll make him eat
tumble pie. Comparing the person to a
goose, the threat is to pluck off his
feathers in which he prides himself.

Plaucked Pigeon (4). One fleeced
out of his money ; one plucked by a rook
or sharper.

“There were no smart fellows whom fortune
had troubled, ...no plucked pigeons or winged
rooks, no disappointed speculators, no ruined
miners."—Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak, c. xi.

Plugson of Undershot. Carlyle’s
typical commercial Radical in the middle
of the 19th century, who found that no
decent Tory would shake hands with

him; but at the close of the century |

found free-competition company with
latter-day Tories.
“There are two motive forces which may impel
the Plugsons of Toryism ... the pressure is not
reahenough to... overcome the vis inertia of
oe on and Co,”—Nineteenth Century, Dec., 1892,
Plum. A plwnbed (Devonshire). A
soft bed, in which the down lies light.
The dough plums well (Devonshire).
Rises well, and will not be heavy.
The cake is nice and plum (Devonshire).
Light. (Phimp, swelled out.)
é is worth a plum. The Spanish
penne means both plumage and wealth,
ence tiene pluma (he has feathered his
nest). We arbitrarily place this deside-
ratum at £100,000, and the man who has
realised only £50,000 has got only half
a plum. ‘Hither a plum or a plum-
stone ”’—i.e. “Aut Caesar aut nullus.”’

Plume Oneself (Zo). To be con-
ceited of . . .3 to boast. of...

lume‘is a feather, and to plume oneself
is to feather one’s own conceit,

“Mrs, Bute Crawley... plumed herself upon
her resolute manner of performing (what she
thought right).”—Thackeray: Vanity Fair.

Plumes. J borrowed plumes. As-
sumed merit; airs and graces not merited,
The allusion is to the fable of the jack-
daw who dressed up in peacock’s
feathers.

Plumper (4). Every elector repre-
sented in Parliament by two members
has the power of voting for both can-
didates at an election. To give a
plumper is to, vote for only one of the
candidates, and not to use the second
vote, . If he votes for two candidates of
opposite politics, his vote is termed a
split vote. e ;

~ Plunger. One who plunges, or
‘spends Le Reet Ae bets, etc. The
Marquis of Hastings was the first person

so called by the turf. One night he
played three games of draughts for
£1,000 a game, and lost all three. Me
then cut a pack of cards for £500 a cut ;
and lost £5,000 in an hour and a half.
He paid both debts at once before he left
the room.

Plus Ultra, Tho motto in the royal
arms of Spain. It was once Ne plus ultra,
in allusion to the pillars of Hercules, the
ne plus ultra of the world; but after the
discovery of America, and when Charles
V. inherited the crown of Aragon and
Castile, with all the vast American pos-
sessions, he struck out me, and. assumed
the words plus ultra for the national
motto, as much as to say Spain and the
plus ultra country.

Plush (John). A gorgéous footman,
conspicuous for his plush breeches.

To take plush. To take a subordinate
place in the ministry, where one can only
act as a government flunkey,

“ Lord Rosebery perhaps remembers that, years
ago, a young politician who had just finished his

. education, was warned by an old and affectionate

teacher ‘not to take plush... The reply was
‘I have been offered plush tied with red tape, aud
pete refused it.’"”—Nineteenth Century, Jan., 1892,

Plu’to. The grave, or the god of
that region where the déad go to before
they are admitted into Elysium or sent
to 'Lar’taros.

“ Brothers, be of good cheer, this night we shall
sup with Phuto."—Leonidas to the three hundred
Spartans before the battle of Thermopylae.

“ Give the untasted Papiion you have won...

To those who mock you, gone to Pluto's reign.”

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, canto 1.
Pluto, Many artists of great repute
have painted this god, the three most
famous being that by Jule-Romain
(1492-1546), a pupil of Raphael, in
Mantua; one by Augustin Carrache

1558-1601), in Modéna, generally called

l Famoso; and the third by Luc Gior-
dano (1632-1701), in the gallery of the
Palace Riccardi. Raphael has intro-
duced Pluto in his Assembly of the Gods.

In the Villa Albani of Rome is the
famous antique statue of Pluto and
Cerberus.

Pluton'ic Rocks. Granites, and
certain porphyries, supposed to be of
igneous, but not of volcanic, origin. So
called by Lyell from Pluto, the principle
of elemental fire.

Plutus. Rich as Plutus. In Greek
mythology Plutos is the god of riches,
Plutus and Pluto are widely different.

Piymouth Brethren. A sect that
protests against all sectarianism, and

Plymouth Cloak

990 Poets

advocates the unity of the ehurch ; some
even go so far as to advocate a com-
munity of goods. So called from Ply-
mouth, where they sprang into existence
in 1830.

Plymouth Cloak (4). A good stout
cudgel. In the time of the Crusades
many men of good family used to land at
Plymouth utterly destitute. They went
to a neighbouring wood, cut themselves
a good stout club, and, stopping the first
passenger that passed by, provided them-
selves with money and clothing, (J'dler:
Wortles.)

Pocahontas. Daughter of Pow-
hatan, an Indian chief of Virginia, who
rescued Captain John Smith when her
father’s hand was on the point of killing
him. She subsequently married John
Rolfe, and was baptised under the name
of Rebecca. (1595-1617.) (See Old amd
New London, ii. 481.)

Pocket (diminutive of poche, apouch),
To put ones hand in one’s pocket. To
give money (generally to some charity).
Put your pride in your pocket. Lay
your pride aside for the nonce,
To be in pocket, To be @ gainer by
some transaction.
Lo be out of pocket. To bea loser by
some transaction,

Pocket an Insult (Zo). To submit
to an insult without apparent displea-
sure.

Pocket Borough (4). A borough
where the influence of the magnate is so
powerful as to be able to control the
election of any candidate he may choose
to support. Well nigh a thing of the
past since the introduction of voting by
ballot.

Pocket Judgment (4). A bond
under the hand of a debtor, counter-
signed by the sovereign. This bond can
be enforced without legal process, but
has quite fallen into disuse.

Pocket Pistol (4). A dram-flask
for the pocket, in ‘‘self-defence,’’ be-
cause we may be unable to get a dram
on the road.

_- Pocket Pistol (Quecn Bess's). A
. formidable piece of ordnance given to
Queen Elizabeth by the Low Countries
in recognition of her efforts to protect
“them in their reformed religion. — It
‘used to overlook the Channel from
Dover Cliffs, but in 1894 was removed
_to make room. for a. battery of modern
guns, It. is said that it contains in

Flemish the equivalent of the following
words :—
“Load me well and keep me-clean, *
And I'll carry a ball to Caiais Green.”*\
But this translation is only fanciful.

Poco, rather, as a poco forte, poco
anvnatos iy ;

Pococurante: (5 syl.). Insouciant,
devil-may-care, easy-go-lucky. As the
‘* Pococurante Guardsman ’’ (the imper-
turbable and impassive...). Also
used for one who in argument leaves the
main gist and rides off on some minor
and indifferent point.

Pococurantism, Insouciance, im-
perturbability. Also inditference to im~-
portant matters, but concern about trifles.

Podgers. Toadies, venerators (real
or pretended) of everything and every-
one witha name. (John 'Hollapehead 3
The Birthplace of Podgers, a farce.)

Podsnap. A type of the heavy
gentry, lumbering and straight-backed
as Elizabethan furniture. (Dickens:
Our Mutual Friend.)

Podsnap’pery. The etiquette of
the fossil gentry, stiff-starched and ex-
tremely proper. ;

“Tt may not be so in the Gospel according to
Podsnappery... but it has been the truth since
tbe fonndations of the universe were laid.”—Our
Mutual Friend,

Poe (Ldgar Allan). The alias of
Arthur Gordon Pym, the American
poet, (1811-1849.)

Poet Squab. So Rochester calls
Dryden, who was very corpulent. (1681-
1761.)

‘Poets (Greek, poieo, to make).

Skalds of Scandinavia (etym., scalla,
to sing, Swedish, etc.)

Minnesingers of the Holy Empire
(Germany), love-singers.

Troubadours of Provenee in France
(troubar, to invent, in the Provencal
dialect),

Trouvéres of Normand Gnewoer, to
invent, in the Walloon dialect),

Bards of Wales (bardgan, a song,
Celtic). —

Poet of Haslemere(The). Alfred Tenny-
son (Lord Tennyson), poet laureate (1809-
1893). (See Barb.) ©
‘Poet of the poor. Rev. George Crabbe
(1754-1832), :

Prince of poets. Edmund Spenser is
so called on his monument in Westmin-
ster Abbey. (1553-1598.) Shain

Prince of Spanish pocts. Garcila'so
de la Vega, frequently so ealled by Cer-
vantes, -(1508-1586.). ek

Poets’ Corner 991

Point

Quaker poet (The).
(1784-1849).

Poets’ Cerner (Zhe). In Westmin-
ster Abbey. The popular name given to
the south corner, because some sort of
recognition is made of several British
poets of very varied merits. Asa national
Valhalla, it is a national disgrace. It is
but scant honour to be ranked with
Davenant, Mason, and Shadwell. Some
recognition is taken of five of our first-
class poets — viz. Chaucer, Dryden,
Milton, Shakespeare, and Spenser.
Wordsworth and Tennyson are recog-
nised, but not Byron, Pope, Scott, and
Southey. Gray is very properly acknow-
ledged, but not Cowper. Room is found
for Longfellow, an American, but none
for Burns and Hogg, both Scotchmen.

Bernard Barton

Poets Laureate, appointed by letters

patent.
Appointed, Buried.
BEN JONSON .. .. . 1615-6 Wemasster
Westminster

Str Wa. DAVENANT (!) .. 1638 Ase

ry.
Westminster
JoHN Dry¥DEN ++ os 1670 Abbey.

THOMAS SHADWELL (!) «+ 1688
NAHUMTATE(!) -- .. 1692

NICHOLAS Rowr® .._.. 1715. { Westminster

Abbey.
LAWRENCE EUSDEN (!) «+ 1718
COLLEY CIBBER*® .. Ee
WILLIAM WHITEHEAD (!) 1757
THOMAS WARTON?® .. +s 1785
HENRY JAMES PYE(!) «+ 1790
ROBERT SOUTARY .. «» 1813
Wa. WorRDSWORTH e+ 1843 aeltwaies
- = “4 estintnster
ALFRED TENNYSON (Loyd) 1850 ‘Abbey.
The following are sometimes included, though
notappointed by letters patent :—Chaucer, Gower,
Jon Key, Bernard, Skelton, Rob, Whittington,
Richard Edwards, Spenser,and Sam. Daniel.

(‘) Five of the fourteen known only by their |

names. * Three otbers quite third-rate poets.
The remaining five were distinguished men.

* A poet laureate is one who has re-
ceived a laurel crown. There were at
one time ‘‘ doctors lauréate,”’ ‘“‘ bachelors
laureate,” etc.

Poetaster. A very inferior poet.
The suffix -aster is depreciative (compare
“«disaster’’). At one time we had also
“¢ grammatic - aster,”’ ‘‘ politic - aster,”

“ critic-aster,’”’ and some others. (Ital- ,

ian, poetastro, a paltry poet.)
Poetical. (See AONTAN.)

_ Poetical Justice, That ideal justice
which. poets exercise in making the good
happy, and the bad unsuccessful in their
evil schemes. ;

Poetry on the Greek Model. (See
CHIABRERESCO: Aus és

» Father of English poetry. Geoffrey .

‘Chaucer’ (1328-1400); so called by

. dinner indeed.

Dryden. Spenser calls him ‘the pure
well of English undefiled.” He was not
the first English poet, but was so superior
to his predecessors that he laid the
foundation of a newera. He is some-
times termed ‘‘ the day-starre,’’? and
Spenser the ‘‘sun-rise’? of English
poetry.

Po’gram. A “‘creak-shoes,”? a Puri-
tanical starch mawworm.

Poille. An Apu'lian horse. The
horses of Apulia’ were very greatly
valued at one time. Richard, Arch-
bishop of Armagh in the fourteenth
century, says of St. Thomas, ‘‘ Neither
the mule of Spain, the courser of Apulia,
the repe‘do of Ethiopia, the elephant of
Asia, the camel of Syria, nor the English
faerie bolder or more combative than

e.
“ Therto so borsly, and so quyk of ye,
Asif a gentil Poille hys courser were ;
For certés, fro his tay! unto his cere
Nature ne art ne couthe him nought amend.”
Chaucer ; Cunterbury Tales, line 10,536.

Poins. One of the companions of
Sir John Falstaff, (Shakespeare: 1 and
2. Henry LV.)

Point. Defined by Euclid-as ‘‘ that
which hath no parts.’’?. Playfair defines
it as ‘‘ that which has.position, but not
magnitude,’’ and Legendre says it. ‘‘is a
limit terminating a line;’’ but none of
these definitions can be called either
philosophical or exact. A point is not
necessarily a “‘ limit terminating a line,’’
for if so a point could not exist, eyen in
imagination, without a line. Besides,
Legendre’s definition presupposes that
we know what a line is; but assuredly a
‘point’? precedes a ‘line,’? as a line

recedes a. ** superficies.’”? ‘T’o arrive at

egendre’s idea we must begin with a
solid, and say a superficies is the ‘‘ limit
terminating each face of a solid,’ lines
are the cimits terminating a superfi-
cies,’’? and points are the ‘‘limits ter-
minating a line.’?. In regard to. Euclid’s
definition, we say: Ex nihilo nihil: fit,

In good point. (French, embonpoint,
plump.) (See Stretch a point.) ,

To carry one’s point, To gain the
object sought for.” The allusion is to
archery. :
To dines on potatoes and point. To have
potatoes without salt, a very meagre
When salt was? very
dear, and the cellar*was,empty, parents

used to tell their children to- point» their

‘his was potato and point. In the tale
of Ralph Richards the Miser, we are told
that he gave his boy dry bread, and

Point-blank

992

Poigoners

ee er

whipped him for pointing it towards the
cupboard where a bit of cheese was kept
in a bottle. °

To make a point of (doing something}.
To consider the matter as a point of
duty, The reference is to the old Roman
way of voting by ballot. The ballot
tablets were thrown by the voters into
a chest, and were afterwards counted
by points marked on a tablet, and to
obtain every vote was to ‘‘ carry every

joint’? (“* Omne talit punctum” [| Horace}).

ence’ a point of duty or point of con-
science is a plank on the platform of
duty or conscience,

To stretch a point. To exceed what is
strictly right. Points were the tagged
laces used’ in ancient dress: hence, to
‘truss a point,”’ to truss or tie the laces
which held the breeches ; to ‘‘stretch a
point’ is to stretch these laces, so as to
adjust the dress to extra growth, or the
temporary fulness of good feeding. At
Whitsuntide these points or tags were
-given away by the churchwardens,

“Their points being broken, down fell their
hose.”--Shakespeare ; 1 Henry qT V., ii, 4.

Point-blank, Direct. A term in
gunnery; when a cannon is so placed
that the line of sight is parallel to the
axis and horizontal, the discharge is
elite and is supposed to go

irect to the object without a curve, ia
French point blanc is the white mark or
bull’s eye of a target, to hit which the

ball or arrow must not deviate in the |,

least from the exact path.

: “Now art thou within point-blank of our juris-"
diction regal."—Shakespeare: 2 Henry VI., iv. 7.

Point d’Appui (French), A stand- «
point ; a fulcrum ; a position from which
you can operate; a pretext to conceal
the real intention, ,Literally the point
of support.

“The material which gives name to the dish is"
but the point d'appui for the literary cayenne and
curry-powder, by which it is recommended to the
palate of the reader.”"—The Athenawm,

Point de ‘Judas (French). The
number 13. The twelve apostlesand our
Lord made thirteen at the Last Supper.

Point-devise. Punctilious; minutel
exact. Holofernes says, ‘“‘I abhor suc
‘insociable and ‘pen de vise companions,
‘such rackers of orthography.’? (French,
‘point de vise.)

’*“You are rather point de vise in your accoutre-
ments."—Shakespeare; As You Like It, iii. 2.:
- Points, Armed at all points. “ Armé
‘de toutes piéces,” or “ Armé jusqw aux
dents,” ** Armed at all

‘oap-a-pie.)” ;

oe

points exactly | |.

To stand on points. On punctilios; dee
licacy of behaviour.

“This fellow doth not stand upon points.”—
Shakespeare : Midsummer Night's Dream, v.1.

Points of the Escutcheon. There
are nine points distinguished in heraldry
by the first nine letters of the alphabet
—three at top, A, B, C; three down the
middle, D, E, F; and three at the bot-
tom, G,H,I. The first three are chiefs ;
the middle three are the collar point, fess
point, and nombril or navel point; the
bottom three are the base points.

Poison. It is said that poisons had
no effect on Mithrida’tes, King of Pontus.
This was Mithridates VI., called the
Great, who succeeded his father at the
age of eleven, and fortified his consti-
tution by drinking antidotes to poisons
which might at any moment be adminis-
tered to him by persons about the court.
(See Aqua TOFANA.)

Poison Detectors. ;

Aladdin’s ving was a_ preservative
against every evil

Gundoforus. No one could pass with
poison the gate of Gundoforus.

Nourgehan’s bracelet, When poison
was present the stones of this bracelet
seemed agitated.

Opals turn pale at the approach of
poison.

Peacocks ruffle their. feathers at the
sight of poison.

Rhinoceros, If poison is put into a
cup made of rhinoceros’ horn, the liquid
_will effervesce.

: ae of the Cross was supposed in the
Middle Ages to be a poison detector.

Venetian glass will shiver at the ap-
proach of poison, (See also PHILo-
S0PHER’S Ha.)

Poison’ of Khaibar refers to the
poisoned leg of mutton of which Maho-
met partook while in the citadel of
Khaibar. It was poisoned by Zainab,
a Jewess, and Mahomet felt the effects
of the poison to the end of his life.

Poisoners (Secret). ;

(1) Locusta, a woman of ancient Rome,
who was employed by the -Empress
Agrippi’na to poison her husband Clau-
dius. Nero employed the same woman
to poison Britannicus and others.

2) The Borgias (Pope Alexander VI.
and his children, Cesar and Lucrezia)
were noted poisoners. oh

(3) Hieronyma Spara and Toffania, of
Italy. (See Aqua ToraNa.) ~

(4) Marquise de Brinvilliers; a youn
profligate ‘Trendicvomnan taught the art

‘

LEAN}

- Poisson

993

Polixenes

by. an officer named Sainte Croix, who
learnt it in Italy. World of Won-
ders, part vii. p. 203.

. (5) Lavoisin and Lavigoreux, French
midwives and fortune-tellers,

(6) Anna Maria Zweinziger, sentenced
to death in 1811,

In English history we have a few in-
‘stances: ¢.g. Sir Thomas Overbury was
s0 murdered by the Countess of Somer-
set. King James, it has been said, was a
victim to similar poisoning, by Villiers,
Duke of Buckingham.

Pois’son d’Avril. An April fool.
The poisson @ Avril is the mackerel, and
we have the expression ‘* You silly
mackerel,’? and silly indecd are those
who allow themselves to be caught by
the palpable jokes. engendered on the
Ist of April. The Scotch say ‘‘hunting
the gowk” (cuckoo). It is said that the
best explanation is a reference to Matt.
xxix, 2,

*.” The mackerel, says Oudin, is called the poisson

ot xe mangent environ ce mois-la.” ‘
A correspondent of Notes and Queries (June 20,

1891, p, 494) says that the April fish is the aurata,
sacred to Venus,

Poke, A bag, pouch, or sack.

Poke. <A lazy ‘person, a loafer, a
dawdler.

Poke. To:thrust or push against; to
thrust or butt with the horns. Also to
busy oneself without any definite object,

“Poking about where we had no business,”—
Kingsley;: Two Years Ago.

To poke fun at one is to make one a
laughing-stock,. :

“At table he was hospitable and gorse always
poking gdod-natured fun at Luke."—#, Lynn
Lynton: Lizzie Lorton of Greyrigg, chap. xii.;

Poke Bonnet; A long, straight, pro-
jecting bonnet, formerly commonly worn

y women, ’

d@ Avril, “parce queles macquereaux se prennent

; Poker. A poker set leaning against
the upper bars of a fire to draw it up.
This is to make a cross to keep off Lob,
the house spirit, who loves to lie before
the fire, and, like Puck and Robin Good-
fellow, dearly loves mischief and practi-
cal jokes.

. Poker Pictures. Drawings executed
by the point,of a hot poker or “ heater’?
of anItalianiron, By charring different
parts more or less, various tints are
obtained. — :
Poker Talk. Gossip, fireside chit-
ehat. — Tao j "
x ttled forth this speci
BATT a acer an i

Pokers. . The ’squire Bedels who
carry a silver mace or poker before the
Vice-Chancellor are so called at Cam-
bridge.

Poky. Cramped, narrow, confined ;
as, a poky corner. Also poor and shabby.

“The ladies were in their pokiest old head-
gear.”"—Thackeray : The Newcomes, chap. \vii.

Po'lack. An inhabitant of Poland,
(French, Polaque.}

“So frowned he once, when, in angry parle,

® He smote the sledded Polacks on the ice.”
Shakespeare: Hamlet, i. 1.

Polarisation of Light is the ab-
sorption of those rays which are at right
angles to the rays preserved: Thus a B
A ce is one ray in which is re-
@ cOp e@r flected to B and B to a;
B H cCDisaray, in which ¢C is
reflected to D and p toc. Nn EGFuH,
if the light is polarised, either E F or
GH is absorbed. aBland cD are the
poles of light, or the directions in which
the rays are reflected.

Po'leas (2 syl.). . The labouring class
of India.
* Poleas the labouring lower clans are named,
By the proud Nayres the noble rank is,claimed.’
Poles. Under bare poles.. Said:of a
ship, when all her sails are furled.

Polichinelle. Le secret de...
SECRET.)

Polinesso (in Orlando Furioso), Duke
of Albany, who falsely accused Geneu'ra
of incontinency, and was slain in single
combat by Ariodantés.

. Polish off. To finish out of hand
In allusion to articles polished. r
Pil polish him of. in no time means
He set him down, 1’ll give him a drube

ing.
ci polish off a, meal isto eat it quickly,
and not keep anyone waiting.

Political Economy. This term was
invented by Francois Quesnay, the French
physician. (1694-1774.) #4

Polixene (3 syl.}. The name as-
sumed by Madelon in Moliére’s Précieuses
Ridicules. | x

Polix’enes (4 syl.), erm Bohemia,
being invited to Sicily by King Leontes,
excites unwittingly the jealousy of his
friend, because he prolongs his stay’ at
the entreaty of Queen Hermy’oné. Leontes
orders Camillo to poison the royal guest,
but, instead of doing so, Camillo flees
with him to Bohemia. In time Florizel,
the son and heir of Polixenes, falls-in
love with Perdita, the: lost daughter-of

(See

Poll 994

Polydamas

Leontes. Polixenes forbids the match,
and the young lovers, under the charge
of Camillo, flee to Sicily. Polixencs
follows the fugitives, the mystery of
Perdita is cleared up, the lovers are
married, and the two kings resume
their friendship. (Shakespeare : JVinter’s
Tale.)

Poll. Zo go out in the poll. To take
an ordinary degree—a degree without
university ‘‘honours.’? (Greek, hot
pollot, the many.)

Poll Degree. (Sve above.)

Poll Men. Those of the ‘hoi pol-
loi,’’ the’ many, not the honour-men,

Pollente. The puissant Saracen,
father of Mu’nera. He took his station
ou “Bridge Perilous,” and attacked
everyone who crossed it, bestowing the
cron upon his daughter. Sir Artegal
slew the monster. Pollente is meant for
Charles IX. of France, sadly notorious
for the slaughter of Protestants on St.
Bartholomew’s Eve. (Spenser; Faérie
Queene, book v. 2.)

Pollio, to whom Virgil addresses his
Fourth Eclogue, and to whom he ascribes
the remarkable advent of the “golden
age,’’ was the founder of the first public
library of Rome, (8.0, 76-a.D. 4.)

Pollux. The horses of Castor and
Pollua:. Cylaros and Har'pagos. Seneca
and Claudian give Cyllaros to Castor,

. but Virgil (Georgie iii.) to Pollux, The
two brothers mount it alternately on
their return from the infernal regions.
Har'pagos, the horse from Harpa’gium in
Phrygia, was common to both brothers.

Polly. Mary. The change of M for
P in pet names is by no means rare;
eg.—

Margaret, Maggie or Meggy; becomes
Peggie, and eee # Peg. mere

artha. Matty becomes Patty.

Mary. Molly becomes Polly or Poll.

Here we see another change by no
means unusual—that of + into Z or Ul,
Similarly, Sarah becomes Sally; Dorothea,
Dora, becomes Dolly ; Harry, Hal.

Polo‘nius. An old courtier, garru-
lous, conceited, and politic, He was
father of Opho'lia, and lord chamberlain
to the king of Denmark, (Shakespeare:
Hamlet.) )

Polo‘ny. A vulgar corruption of
Bole'gna sausage, e : B

' Polt-foot. A club-foot. Ben Jon-
sen calls Vulcan, who was lame, the

‘‘polt-footed philosopher.” (Swedish,
bult, a club; bulta, to beat; our bolt.)

Poltron. A bird of prey, with the
talons of the hind toes cut off to prevent
its flying at game. (Latin, podlicetrun-
cato, deprived of its toe or thumb.)

Poltroon’. A coward. Menage de-
rives it from the Italian poltro, a bed,
because cowards feign themselves sick
a-bed in times of war. Saumaise says it
means ‘‘ maimed of the thumb,” because
in times of conscription those who had
no stomach for the field disqualified
themselves by cutting off their right
thumb. More probably a poltroon is a
hawk that will not or cannot fly at game,
(See above.)

Polybo'tes (4 syl.). One of the
giants who fought against the gods,
‘The sea-god pursued him to the island of
Cos, and, tearing away part of thoislund,
threw it on him and buried him beneath
themass. (Greek fable.) (See GIANTS.)

Polycle’tus. A statuary of Sic’you,
who deduced a canon of the proportions
of the several parts of the human bedy,
and made a statue of a Persian body-
guard, which was admitted by all to
8 model of the human form, and. was
called ‘The Rule ’’ (the standard).

Polyc rates (4 syl.), Tyrant of Samos,
was so fortunate in all things that
Amasis, King of Egypt, advised him to
chequer his pleasures by relinquishing
something he greatly prized. eres
upon Polyer&tés threw into the sea a
beautiful seal, the most valuable of hig
jewels. A few days afterwards a fine
fish was sent him as q present, and in
its belly was found the jewel. Amasis,

| alarmed at this good fortune, broke off

his alliance, declaring that sooner or later
this good fortune would fail; and not
long afterwards Polycrates was shame-
perth to death by Orcetés, who had
invited him to his court,

“Richard [Mutimer], in. surveying his guests,
... had feelings not unlike thoge Shick lulled
King Polycratés of old."—@. Gissing : Demos,

chap. xii,
Polycrates’ Ring. (See above.y
Polycrat‘icon, in eight: books, by

John of Salisbury. This is his dhief

work, and is an exposé of the frivolities

of courtiers and philosophers. It is
learned, judicious, and very satirical.

(He died: 1182) ; ahi
Polyd’amds, A Grecian athlete of

immense size and strength. He killed a

tierce lion without any weapon, sto

a chariot in full career, lifted a mad bul

cd

Polydore 995

Pontiff

a

and died at last in attempting to stop a
falling rock. (See MILo.) i

Pol’ydore (3 syl.). The name as-
sumed by Guide'rius, in Shakespeare’s
Cymbeline.

Polyphe’me (3 syl.). One of the
Cyclops, who lived in Sicily. He was an
enormous giant, with only one eye, and
that in the middle of his forehead. When
Ulysses landed on the island, this mon-
ster made him and twelve of his crew
captives ; six of them he ate, and then
Ulysses contrived to blind him, and
make good his escape with the rest of
the crew. Polypheme was most passion-
ately in love with Galate’a, a sea-nymph,
but Galate’a had set her heart on the
shepherd Acis, whom Polypheme, in a fit
of jealousy, crushed beneath a rock.

In the gallery of the Farnése palace is a superb

inting of Polyphémus, in three parts ; (1) play-
Ing a flute to Galatea ; (2) hurling a rock at Acis ;
and (3) pursuing the sbips of Ulysses. Poussin
has also introduced, in one of his landscapes,
Polyphemus sitting on a rock and playing a fiute.

Po'ma Alcinoo Dare (2 syl.). (Sce
ALCINOO,)

Poma'tum. So called because it was
originally made by macerating over-ripe
apples in pres: (Dr. John Quincy :

xicon Physico-Medicum, 1723.)

Pommard (French).. Beer. This is
a pun on the word pomme. The Nor-
mans called cider pommeé ; whence pomat,
a sort of beer.

“Ts tiennent leure chaloupes... bien pourvues
ou garnies de pain, de vin, de pomat, cidre, outre
d’autre boisson. ,. .”—Cleirac: Les Us et Coutumes
de la Mer, p. 127.

Pommel., The pommel of a saddle
is the apple of it, called by the French
pommeau. The Spaniards use the ex-
pression pomo deespada (the pommel of a
sword). To ‘pommel a person”? is t
beat him with the pommel of your
sword. The ball used as an ornament
on pointed roofs is termed a pomel,
(Latin, pomen, an apple.)

Pomo’na. Fruit; goddess of fruits
and fruit-trees—one of the Roman

. divinities, (Latin, pom.)

“Bade the wide fabric unimpaired sustain
Pomo’na’s store, and cheese, and golden grain.”
_ Bloomfield: Farmer's Boy.
Pom'padonr, as a colour, is claret
urple. The 56th Foot is called the
Potepadours; from the claret facings of
their regimental uniforms. There is an
old song supposed to be an elegy on John
Broadwood, a Quaker, which introduces
the word :-—
__ # Sometimes he wore an old brown coat,
Prcslnrhey etelay bationst ‘up Dehind.
And sometimes down before.”

Pompey. A generic name for a black
footman, as Abigail used to be of a ludy’s
maid. Moll or Molly isa cook; Betty, a
housemaid ; Sambo, a black ‘‘ buttons ;””
etc. One of Hood’s jokes for a list of
library books was, Pompeii ; or, Memoirs
of a Black Footman, by Sir W. Gill.
(Sir W. Gell wrote a book on Pompeii.)
Pompey is also a common name for a

og.

Pompey’s Pillar, in Alexandria. A

pile erected by Publius, Prefect of

gypt, in honour of the Emperor Dio-
cletian, to record the conquest of Alex-
andria in 296. It has about as much
right to be called Pompcey’s pillar as tho
obelisk of Heliop’olis, re-erected by
Ram’eses II. at Alexandria, has to be
called Cleopatra’s Necdle, or Gibraltar
Rock to be called a Pillar of Her’culés,

Pompey’s pillar is a Corinthian column nearly
100 feet high, the shaft being of red granite,

Pompilia. The bride of Count
Guido Franceschini, who is brutally
treated by him, but makes her escape
under the protection of a young priest,
named Caponsacchi. She subsequently
gives birth to a son, but is stabbed to

eath by her husband. (Mobert Brown-
amg: The Ring and the Book.) (Sce
RING.)

Pongo. The terrible monster of Sicily,
A cross between a ‘land-tiger and
sea-shark,’’? He devoured five hundred
Sicilians, and left the island for twent
miles round without inhabitant. This
amphibious monster was slain by the
three sons of St. George. (The Seven
Champions of Christendom, iii. 2.) A
loose name for African anthropoid apes.

Ponoc'rates (4 syl.). Gargantua’s
tutor, in the romance of Fantag’ruel’
and Gargantua, by Rabelais,

Pons Asino'rum, The fifth pro-
position, book i., of Euclid—the first
difficult theorem, which dunces rarely
get over for the first time without
stumbling. It is anything but a
“bridge ;” it is really pedica asinorum,
the “‘ dolt’s stumbling-block.”

Pontefract Cakes, Liquorice lo-
zenges impressed with a castle ; so called
from being mdde at Pontefract.

“ Pont/efract” pronounce “* Pomfret.”

Pontiff means one who has charge of
the bridges. According to Varro, the
highest class of the Roman priesthood
had to superintend the construction of

Pontius Pilate

996 Pope

the bridges (pontes), (See Ramsay :
Roman Antiquities, p. 51.) i

“ Wellhas the name of Pontifex heen given
Unto the churtch’s bead, as the chief builder
And architect of the invisible bridge
That leads from earth to heaven,”

ore" =" Longfellow; Golden Legend, v.
*t Here Longfellow follows the general
notion that “‘ pontiff”’ is from pons-facio,
and refers to the tradition that a Roman
priest threw over the Tiber, in the time
of Numa, a sublician, or wooden bridge.

Sovlieins means made of timber or piles. There

were subsequently eight stone bridges, and
Amilius converted the sublician bridge into a
stone one, There were tifteen pontiffs in the time
gf Sylla. ~ - SOGzs;
Pontius Pilate’s Body-Guard.
‘The Ist. Foot Regiment, now called the
Royal Scots, the oldest regiment in the
service. When called Le Regiment de
Douglas, and in the French service, they
had a dispute with the Picardy regiment
about the antiquity of their respective
corps. C
- they were on duty on the night of the
Crucifixion, when the colonel of the Ist
Foot replied, ‘‘ If we had been on guard,
we should not have slept at our posts.””

Pony (A). Twenty-five pounds, A
sporting term; a translation crib = to
carry one over a difficulty,

Pony in vingt-et-un. The person on
the right-hand of the dealer, whose duty
it is to collect the cards for the dealer ;
so called from the Latin pone, ‘ behind,”
being behind the dealer.

Poona. A sovereign, Lingua Franca
for pound,

Poor. Poor as Job. The allusion is
to Job, who was by Satan deprived of
everything he possessed.

Poor as Lazarus, This is the beggar
Lazarus, full of sores, who was laid -at
the rich man’s gate, and desired to be
fed from the crumbs that fell from Divés’
table (Luke xvi. 13-31).

Poor as a church mouse. In a church

there is no cupboard or pantry, where
mice most do congregate.
» There are none poor but those whom
God hates. This does not mean that
poverty is a punishment, but that the
only poverty worthy of the name ‘is
poverty of God's grace. In this sense
‘Divés may be the poor man, and Lazarus
the beggar abounding in that “ blessing
of the Lord which maketh rich,”’

» Poor Jack or John (A). . Dried
ake. We have ‘‘john-dory,’’?a‘‘jack”’
(pike), a ‘‘ jack shark,” and a ‘jack
sof Dover,’ Probably the word Jack -is

The Picardy officers declared '

a mere play on the word ‘‘ Hake,”’ and
John a substitute for Jack.

“Tis well thou art not fish ; if thou hadst, thou
hadst been poor-jobn."—Shakespeare. Romco end
Juliet, i. 1.

*’ We haye a similar perversion in the schoot-
boy proof that a pigeon-pieis a fish-pie. A pigeon-
pie is a pie-john, and a pie-johnis a fick-pie, and
a jack-pie is a fish-pie.

Poor Man. The blade-bone of-a
shoulder of mutton, so called in Scot-
land. In some parts of England. it is
termed a “‘ poor knight of Windsor,’’ be-
cause it holds the same relationto Sir Loin
as a Windsor knight does to a baronet.
Sir Walter Scott tells of a Scotch laird
who, being asked by an English land-
lord what he would have for’ dinner,
produced the utmost consternation by
saying, ‘‘I think I could relish a morsel
of a poorman.”’ (See Bride of Lanumer-
moor, chap. xix.)

Poor Richard. The assumed name
of Benjamin Franklin in a series of
almanacks from 1732 to 1757. These
almanacks contain maxims and precepts
on temperance, economy, eleanliness,
chastity, and other homely virtues; and
to several of the maxims are added the
words, ‘‘as poor Richard says.’”? Nearly
a century before Robert Herrick had
brought out a series of almanacks under
the name of Poor Robin's Alinanack.

Poor Tassel (4). A poor hand, a
bad workman, no great shakes. The
tassel or tiercel was a-male goshawk,
restricted to,princes, and called a ‘* tassel
gentle,”’

“Venturing this opinion to the brick-maker, he

laughingly replied, ‘Come, then, and try your
hand ata brick.’ The trial, however, proved me
a‘ poor tassel,’ amidst the Jeers and laughter of
the men,’—C. Thomson: Autobiography, p. 52.
. Poorer than Irus (‘‘Jro paperior’’).
Irus was the beggar employed by the
suitors of Penelopé to carry to her their
tokens of love. When Ulysses returned
home, Irus attempted to prevent his en-
tering the gates, but Ulysses felled him
to the ground, and threw the dead body
into the road.

Pop the Question (7»). To propose
or make an offer of marriage, -As. this
important demand is supposed to be
unexpected, the question is said to be
popped. ] :

Pope lived at Twickenham.
1744.) ;

“ For though not sweeter his own Homer sings, .
~ Yet is his life the more endearing song.” ~~
bid gay Thomson: Summer. —

Pope (1 syl.), in Latin popa (plur.

ope). A priest whe’ knocked on the

ead the ox offered in sacrifice, and cut

(1688-

wi
a

Pope

997

Popinjay

it up, a very small part being burnt, and
all the rest distributed to those concerned
in the sacrifice. Wine was poured
between the horns, but the priest first
sipped it, and all those who assisted
him. After the beast had been stunned
#t was stabbed, and the blood was caught
in a vessel used for the purpose, for the
shedding of blood was indispensable in
every sacrifice. It was the duty of the
pope to see that the victim to be sacri-
ficed was without spot or blemish, and
to ascertain that it had never been
yoked to the plough. The head was
crowned with a fillet, and the horns gilt.
Apparently the Roman soldiers of Pon-
tius Pilate made a mockery imitation of
these Roman and Greek sacrifices.

Pope. The Pope changing his name.
According to Plati’na, Sergius II. was
the first pope who changed his name on
ascending the papal chair. His proper
name was Hogsmouth. Chambers says
his name was ‘‘ Peter di Porca,”’ and it
was the name Peter he changed, out of
deference to St. Peter, thinking it arro-
gant'to style himself PeterII. (844-847).

I knowno more about it than the Pope
of Rome—then a man living as far
off as the Cham of Tartary or Pope of
Rome. © :

Drunk like a pope. Benedict XII.
was an enormous eater and. such a
wine-drinker that he gave rise to the
bacchanalian. expression, bibtimus papa-
litey (See DRUNK.) ;

‘Pope. Titles assumed by the popes.

Unwersal Bishop. Prior to Gregory
the Great.

- Servus Servorum. Assumed by Gregory
the Greatin 591,

The Lamb of God which taketh away
the Sins of the World, Martin IV. in
1281.
~ Divine Majesty ; Husband of the
Church ; Prince of the? Apostles ; Key of
the whole Universe; the Pastor and
Physician possessed of all Power both in
Heaven and Earth. Leo X. in 1513.

Monarch of Christendom; Vice-God ;
Lord God the Pope. Paul V. in 1638.

Master of the World; the Universal
Father ; Viceregent of the Most High.
Subsequent to Paul V. ore :

_ (See Brady: Clavis Calendaria, 247.)

Pope Joan. Said to have succeeded
Leo IV. Gibbon says, ‘‘T wo Protestants,
Blondel and Bayle, annihilated her ;”’
but Mosheim seems half-inclined to be-
lieve there was such a person. The vul-

gar tale is that Joan conceived a violent -

passion for the monk Folda, and in order

to get admission to him assumed the
monastic habit. Being clever and popn-
lar, she got to be elected pope.

Pope’s Sermen (4). Only once has
a pope been known to preach a sermon
in three hundred years. In 1847 a great
crowd had assembled to hear the famous
Padre Ventura preach in Santa Andrea
della Valle, of Rome, but the preacher
failed to appear; whereupon Pius IX.
ascended the pulpit, and gave a sermon.

(De Liancourt : History of Pius IX.)

The Pope’s slave, So Cardinal Cajetan
calls the Church. (Sixteenth century.)

Pope’s Tiara (The). He calls him-
self (1) Head of the Catholic or Universal
Church ; (2) Sole Arbiter of its Rights ;
and (3) Sovereign Father of all the kings
of the earth. From these assumptions
he wears a triple crown—one as High
Priest, one as. Emperor, and one as
King.: (See Brady, 250, 251.)

% For the first five centuries the
Bishops of Rome wore a bonnet, like
other ecclesiastics. 2 t
~ Pope Hormasdas (514-528) placed on
his bonnet the crown sent him’ by
Clovis.

Boniface VIII. (1224-1303) added a
second crown during his struggles with
Phikip the Fair.

John XXII, (1410-1415) assumed*the
third crown, :

Popefigland. An island inhabited
by the Gaillardets (French, gaillard, gay
people), rich and free, till, being shown
one day the pope’s image, they ex-
claimed, ‘‘ A fig for the ‘pope!’? where-
upon the whole island was put to the
sword. Its name was then changed to
Popefigland, and the people were called
Popefigs, ,

Pop'injay. A butterfly man, a fop;
so called from the popinjay or figure of
a bird shot at for practice. The jay was
decked with parti-coloured feathers ‘so
as to resemble a pure and, being sus-~
pended on a pole, served as a target.
He whose ball or arrow brought down
the bird by cutting the string by which
it was hung, received the proud title of
“* Captain Popinjay,”’ or ‘‘Captainof the
Popinjay,”’ for the rest of the day, and
was escorted home in triumph. (See
Old Mortality, ch. ii.) fnery

“T then, all smarting with my wounas being cold,
To be So pestered with a popinjay, tt
Answered neglectingly I know not what,

- He should or he should not.” ,

WD Shakespeare: 1 Henry IV.,1.3.

’ The Festival of the Popinjay. The
first Swnday in May. (See above.) ~~ he

Popish Plot

998

Port

Popish Plot, A plot in the reign of
Charles II. to massacre the Protestants,
burn London, and assassinate the king.
‘Titus Oates invented this ‘‘wise’’ scheme,
and obtained great wealth by revealin
it; but ultimately he was pilloried,
whipped, and imprisoned. (See Gun-
POWDER PuLor.)

Poplar (The). (Latin, popilus, from
populus, the people.) Being symbolical of
the people, both because its leaves are
dark on one side and white on the other,
and also because they are never still, but
blown about by the least gust of wind.
In France, to the present day, the pop-
lar is an emblem of democracy. There
are black and white poplars, and the
aspen-tree is one of the species,

The white poplar was consecrated to
Her'culés, because he destroyed Ka’kos
in a cavern of Mount Aventine, which
was covered with poplars. In the mo-
ment of triumph the hero plucked a
_ branch from one of the trees and bound
jt round his head. When he descended
to the infernal regions, the heat caused
a profuse perspiration which blanched
the under surface of the leaves, while the
smoke of the eternal flames blackened
the upper surface. Hence the Hercu’-
lean poplar has' its leaves black on one
side and white on the other.

Porcelain (3 syl.), from porcelana,
**a little pig.’ So called by the Portu-
guese traders, from its resemblance to
cowrie-shells, the shape of which is not
unlike a pig’s back: The Chinese earthen-
ware being white and glossy, like the
inside of the shells, suggested the appli-
cation of the name. (See Marrydtt’s
History of Pottery and Porcelain.)

Perch (Zhe).
generally called Stoics (Greek, stoa, a

orch), because Zeno, the founder, gave
is lectures in the Athenian picture gal-
lery, called the porch Pe'cilé.

“The successors of Socratés formed societies
which lasted several centuries; the Academy,
phe Porch, the Garden,"—Professor Sceley: Ecce

lomo.

Porcupine. (See PETER.)

Porcus. The Latins call me “* porcus,”
A sly reproof to anyone boasting, show-
ing off, or trying to make himself appear
greater than heis. The fable says that
a wolf was going to devour a piguwben
the pig observed that it was Friday,
and no good Catholic would eat meat on
a Friday. Going on together, the wolf
said to the pig, ‘‘ They seem to call you
by many names,’”’ ‘‘ Yes,’’ said the pig,

A philosophic sect .

‘¢T am called swine, grunter, hog, and I
know not what besides, The Latins call
me porcus,’? ‘Porpus, do they?” said
the wolf, making an intentional blunder.
‘‘ Well, porpoise isa fish, and we may eat
fish on a Friday.’’ So saying, he devoured
him without another word.-

Porcus Litera’rum. A literary
glutton, one who devours books without
regard to quality,

Pork! Pork! Sylvester, in his trans.
lation of Du Baxtas, gives this instead of
caw, catv, as the cry of the raven.

Pork, Sir Thomas Browne says that
the Jews abstain from pork not from
fear of leprosy, as Tacitus alleges, but
because the swine is an emblem of im-
purity. (Vulgar Errors.)

Pork, Pig. The former is Norman-
French, the latter Saxon.

“Pork, I think, is good Norman-French ; and
89, when .the brute lives, and is in charge of a
Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name; but
becomes a Norman, and is called pork, when she
is carried to the castle-ball.”"—Sir Walter Scott :

Ivanhoe.

Porphyr’ion. One of the giants who.
made war with the gods, He hurled the
island of Delos against Zeus (Jupiter) ;
but Zeus, with the aid of Herculés,
overcame him. (Greek fable.) (See
GIANTS.)

Porridge. Everything tastes of por-
ridge. However we may deceive our-
selves, whatever castles in the air we
may construct, the fact of home life will
always intrude. Sir Walter Scott tells

“us of an insane man who thought the

asylum his castle, the servants his own
menials, the inmates his guests. ‘ Al-
though,”’ said he, ‘‘I am provided with
a first-rate cook and proper assistants,
and although my table is regulazly fur-
nished with every delicacy of the season,
yet so depraved is my palate that yy
thing I eat tastes of porridge.” i
palate was less .vitiated than his ima-
gination.

Port, meaning larboard or left side, is
an abbreviation of porta it timone (carry

the helm). Porting arms is carrying
them on the left han =
‘‘To heel to port’? is to lean on the

left side (Saxon, hyldan, to incline). “* To
lurch to port’? is to leap or rol] over on
the left side (Welsh, Wercian).

“She gave a heel, and then a lurch to port.
Analog: down head-foremost. sunk in short.*
Byron: Don Juan,

Port. Anair of music; martial music.
Hence Tytler says, ‘‘I have never been
able to meet with any of the portshere .

Port Royal Society

999

Posse

referred to’ (Dissertation on Scotch
Music). The word is Gaelic.

Port Roydl Society. In 1637, Le
Maitre, a celebrated advocate, resigned
the honour of being Counseiller d’ Etat,
aud with his brother De Sericourt .conse-
crated himself to the service of religion.
The two brothers retired to a small house
near the Port Royal of Paris, where in
time they were joined by their three
other brothers—De Sacy, De St. Elme,
and De Valmont. Afterwards, being
obliged to remove, they fixed their resi-
dence a short distance from the city, and
called it Port Royal desChamps. These
illustrious recluses were subsequently
joined by other distinguished persons,
and the community was called the Society
of Port Royal.

Port Wine. Lord Pembroke’s port
wine, This renowned wine is thus
made—-

27 gallons of rough.cider,
13 gallons of Bone Carlo wine,
3 gallons of brandy,

Porte (The) or The Sublime Porte,
The Ottoman Empire. In the Byzantine
Empire, the gates of the palace were the
place of assembly for judicial and legal
administration. The word sublime is
French for ‘‘lofty,’’ and the term was
adopted naturally, as French has long
been the language of diplomacy. The
whole building contains four Turkish
departments of state—viz. (1) the Grand
Vizierat ; (2) the Foreign Office; (3) the
Interior; and (4) the State Council.

“The government is to blame for not having
done all in ‘its power, like the Porte.” — The
Times,

Porteous Riot. This notorious tu-
mult took place at Edinburgh in Sep-
tember, 1736. Porteous was captain of
the city guard. At the examination ofa
criminalnamed Wilson, Captain Porteous,
fearing a rescue, ordered the guards to
fire on the mob, which had become tu-
multuous; in this discharge six persons
were killed, and eleven wounded. Por-
teous was tried for this attack and con-
demned to death, but reprieved. The
mob, at his reprieve, burst into the jail
where he was confined, and, dragging
him to the Grassmarket (the usual A e
of execution), hanged him by torchlight
on a dyer’s pole.

Por'tia. A rich heiress in Zhe Mer-
chant of Venice, in love with Bassa’nio.
Her father had ordained that three
caskets should be offered to all who
sought her hand—one of gold, one of
silver, and one of lead—with this

To make a hogs-
head of port.

proviso: he only who selected the casket
which contained the portrait of the lady
should possess her aud and fortune.
(Shakespeare.)

Portland Stone. So called from
the island of Portland, where it is quar-
ried. It hardens by exposure to the
atmosphere. St. Paul’s Cathedral and
Somerset House.(London) are built of
this stone.

Portland Vase. A cincrary urn of
transparent dark-blue glass, long in pos-
session of the Barberi’ni family. In 1770
it was purchased by Sir William Hamil-
ton, for 1,000 guineas, and came after-
wards into, the possession of the Duchess
of Portland. In 1810, the Duke of Port-
land, one of the trustees of the British
Museum, allowed it to be placed in that

' institution for exhibition. William Lloyd,

in 1845, dashed it to pieces; it. has since
been carefully repaired, but is not now
shown to the public. It is ten inches
high, and six in diameter at the broadest
part.

Portmanteau Word (4). A word,
like post, which contains several mean-
ings packed together; as, post \y stake),
post for letters, ‘post paper, slow as a
post, fast as a post, post-horses, and so
on.

Portobello Arms. A public-house
sign, The Mirror says: ‘‘In 1739, after
the capture of Portobello, Admiral
Vernon’s portrait dangled from every
sign-post, and he may figuratively be
said to have sold the ak, beer, porter,
and purl of England for six years.’? The
Portobello Arms is a mere substitution
for the admiral.

Portso’ken Ward (London), The
soken or franchise at the port or gate. It
was formerly a guild called the ‘‘ English
Knighten Guild,’ because it was ‘given
by King Edgar to thirteen knights for
services done by them. (See KNIGHTEN-
GuILD.)

Portugue’se (3 syl.), A native of
Portugal, the language of Portugal, per-
taining to Portugal, etc.; as Camoéns
was a Portuguese, and wrote in Portu-
guese,

Po’ser. ‘The bishop’s examining
chaplain ; the examiner at Eton for the
King’s College fellowship. (Welsh,

osiaw, to examine; French, poser ;
Latin, pono.) Hence, a puzzling ques-
tion.

Posse, A whole posse of men. A large
number; a crowd. (See newt article)

Posse Comitatus

1000

Pot

Posse Comita’tus (Latin). Power
of the county. The whole force of the
county—that is, all the male members of
a county over fifteen, who may be sum-
moned by a sheriff to assist in preventing
a riot, the rescue of prisoners, or other
unlawful disorders. Clergymen, peers,
and the infirm are exempt.

Posset properly means a drink taken
before going to bed ; it was milk curdled,
with wine.

“Jn his morning's draught... his concerves
or cates... and when le goeth to bedde his
bosset smoaking hot.”"—Man in the, Moone (1609),

Post means placed. (Latin, positus.)

Post, A piece of timber placed in the
ground,

A military post. A station where a
man is placed, with instructions not to
quit it without orders.

An official postis where a man is placed
in office,

Lo post accounts is to place them under
certain heads in methodical order.
(Zrench.)

Post haste. Travelling by relays of
horses, or where horses are placed on the
road to expedite the journey,

Post office.. An office where letters are
placed,

Post paper. So called from its water-
mark, a post-horn, or a post-boy blow:
ing his horn.

“The old original post [paper] with the stamp
in the corner representing a post-hoy riding for
life, and twanging his horn.’—317's, Gaskell: Crane
ford, chap. Vv.

Stiff’ as @ post: That is, stiff [in. the
ground) like a gate-post.

To run your head against a post. To
go to work heedlessly and stupidly, or
as if you had no eyes.

Post Factum (Latin),
has been committed.

Post Meridian (Latin). After noon,

“Twas post meridian half-past four,
By signal T from Nancy parted,” f
in: Sea Songs,

Post-mortem (Latin), After death;
Q's a post-mortem examination for the

Epos of ascertaining the cause of
death, . '

Post-mortem Degree oe A degree
after having failed at the poll. “
“He had not even the merit of being 4 plodding
man, and be finally took what used to be called a
post-mortem degree,"—My Rectors, p, 63.

Post Obit. An agreement to pay for
a loan a larger sum of money, together
with interest at death. (Latin ‘post
ob'itum, after the death of the person
named in the bond.)

After the act

Poste Restante (French). To re+
main at the post till called for. In the
British post-office letters so addressed
are kept one month, and then returned
to the writer.

Posted. Well posted wp in the stdbject.
Thoroughly informed. “The metaphor
is from posting up accounts, where one
can see everything at a glance.

Posteriori, An argument a yosterio'rt
is one from effects to cause.’ Thus, to
prove the existence of God @ posterio’ri,
we take the works of creation and. show
how they manifest power, wisdom, good-
ness, and so on; and then we claim the
inference that the maker of these things
is powerful, wise, and good. Robinson
Crusoe found the footprints of a man on
the sand, and inferred that there must
be a man on the island besides himself.
(See PrrioRt.)

Post‘humus (Le'ona'tus). Husband
of Imo’gen. Under the erroneous per-
suasion of his wife’s infidelity, he plots
her death, but his. plot: miscarries,
(Shakespeare : Cymbeline.) .

Posting-Bills. Before the Great
Fire the space for foot-passengers in
London was defended by rails and posts ;
the latter served for theatrical placards
and general announcements, which were
therefore called posters or posting-bills, °

Posy propery means a copy of verses
presented with a bouquet. Itnow means
the verses without the flowers, as the
“ posy of a ring,’’ or the flowers without
the verses, as a ‘‘ pretty posy.”’

“He could make anything in poetry, from thé
posy of a ring to the chronicle of its most heroie
wearer.” —Stedman : Victorian Poets (Landor), p. 47.

Pot. This word, like ‘‘ father,”
“ mother,’’ ‘‘ daughter,” etc., iscommon
to the whole A’ryan family. Greek,
potér, a drinking-vessel ; Latin, gpestituan
—i,e, potaculum; Irish and Swedish,

ota ; Spanish, inte ; German, pott ;

anish, potte ; French, Welsh, Anglo-
Saxon, pott, ete. Sriay ;

Gone to pot. Ruined, gone to the bad.
The allusion is.to the pot into which
refuse metal is cast to be remelted, or.
to be discarded as waste. ig

“Now and then a farm went to pot.”—Dr..
Arbuthnot, '

The pot calls the hettle black, This is
said of a person who accuses another of
faults committed by himself, The French.
say, “The shovel mocks the poker” (La
pelle se mogue di forrgon), eee

To betray the pot to the voses. To

betray the rose pot—that is, the pot

oa

Pot-boilers

which contains the rose-nobles. To

“let the cat out of the bag.’ (French,
Decowvrir le pot aux roses.)
Brazen and earthen pots. Gentlemen

and artisans, rich and poor, men of mark
and those unstamped. From the fable
of the Brazen and Earthen Pots.

“ Brazen and earthen pots float together in jux-

taposition down the stream of life."—Pall Mall
Gazette.
*-Pot-bpilers. Articles written for
periodicals or publishers, and pictures of
small merit drawn or painted for the
sake of earning daily bread, or making
the pot supply needful food.

Pot-luck. Come and take pot-luck
withme. Come and take a family dinner
at my house, The French pot au feu is
~ ordinary dinner of those who dine at

ome,

Pot Paper. A Dutch paper ; so called
isom its bearing a pot a8 its water-
mark,

Pot-Pourri (French). A mixture of
dried sweet-smelling flower-petals and
herbs preserved in a vase. Alsoa hotch-
potch or olla podri’da. In music, a
medley of favourite tunes strung to-
gether. (See Pasticcto.)

Powurrt means dead [flowers], and pot-pourri,
strictly speaking, is the vase containing the sweet
mixture,

Pot Valiant. Made. courageous by
liquor.

Pot-de:Biére. French slang for an
Englishman.

Pot of Hospitality (Zhe). The pot
au feu which in Ireland used to be shared
“with anyone who dropped in at meal-
times, or required refreshment.

“And the ‘pot ef hospitality’ was set to boil
upon. the fire, and there was much mirth and
heartiness and entertainment.’—Ninetecnth Cen-
tury, Oct., 1891, p. 643.

Potage (Jean). The Jack Pudding
of the French stage ; very like the Ger-
‘man ‘‘ Hanswourst,” the Dutch ‘‘Pickel
herringe,’’ and the Italian ‘‘ Macaro’ni.”’

. Potato-bogle. So the Scotch call a
scarecrow. ©The head of these bird-
‘bogies being a big potato or a turnip.

Potatosbury (4). A pit or trench
for preserving potatoes for winter use.
A turnip-bury is a similar pit for

‘turnips. ;
~Pota'to-talk. (German, Kartoffel
egesprach.) That chit-chat common in
Germany at the five o'clock fea-drinkings,
when neighbours of the ‘‘ gentler sex ”’
“take their work to the house of muster

1001

Pound

and talk chiefly of the dainties of the
table, their ingredients, admixture, and
the methods of cooking them,

Poteen (pion pu-teen)... Whisky that
has not paidduty. (Irish poitin, diminu-
tive of poite, a pot.)

“ Come and taste some good poteen
That has not paid a rap to the Queen.”

Pother or Bother. Mr. Garnett states
this to be a Celtic word, and says it often

| occurs in the Irish translations of the

Bible, in the sense of to be grieved or
troubled in mind. (Greek, pdtheo, to
regret.)
‘* Friends, cried the umpire, cease your pother,
The creature's neither one nor t’other.”

The Chameleon.
Pothooks. The 77th Foot; so called
because the two sevens resemble two
othooks. Now called the Second Batta-
ion of the Middlesex Regiment, The

first battalion is the old 47th.

Pot'iphar’s Wife. According to the
Koran her name was Zuleika, but some
Arabian writers cal] har Rail.

Pots. A Stock Exchange term, sigmi-
fying the ‘* North Staffordshire Railway
stock.’?. Of course, the word means
“the potteries.” (See Stock EXcHANGE
SLANG.) - ®

Potter. {To go poking about, med-
dling and making, in a listless, purpose-
less manner. udder, podder, pother,
bother, and puddle are varieties of the
same word. To pudder is to stir with a
puddering pole; hence, to confuse, Lear
says of the tempest—‘‘ May the great
gods that keep this dreadful pudder o’er
our head,” meaning confusion. To
puddle iron is to stir it about with a
puddering-pole.

Potwallopers, before the passing of
the Reform Bill (1832), were those who
claimed a vote because they had boiled
their own pot in the parish for ‘six
months. (Saxon, weallan to boil; Dutch,
opwallen , our wallop.)

Strictly speaking, a pot-walloper is one who
wallops or boils his own pot-au-feu.

Poult, a young turkey, Pullet, a
young chicken. (Latin, ped/us, the young
of any animal, whence poultry, young
domestic fowls; filly, a young horse ;
foal; French, poule ; Italian, pollo, etc.)

Pound. The unit of weight (Latin,

_pondus, weight) ; also cash to the value

of twenty shillings sterling, because in
the Carlovingian «period. the Roman

_pound (twelve ounces) of pure silver was
‘coined into 240 silver pennies.

The

Pound of Flesh

1002

Pragmatic Sanction

symbols £ and 7), are for libra, the Latin
for a pound, (Sce Penny for Pounp.)

Pound of Flesh. The whole bar-
gain, the exact terms of the agreement,
the bond literatim et verbatim. The
allusion is to Shylock, in The Merchant
of Venice, whe bargained with Antonio

or a ** pound of flesh,’’ but was foiled in
his suit by Portia, who said the bond was
expressly a pound of flesh, and therefore
(1) the Jew must cut the exact ae
neither more nor less than a just pound ;
and (2) in so dding he must not shed a
drop of blood.

Poundtext (Peter), An ‘indulged
pastor”? with the Covenanters’ army.
(Six Walter Scott: Old Mortality.)

Pourceaugnac (Monsieur de) (pron.
Poor-sone-yak). A pompous country

entleman who comes to Paris to marry

ulie, but the lady has a lover of her
own choice, and Monsieur is so mystified
and played Bpon. by Julie and her ami
du ceur that he relinquishes his suit in
despair. (Moliére: Pourceaugnac.)

Poussin. The British Poussin,
Richard Cooper, painter and engraver,
well known for his Views of Windsor,
(*-1806.)

Gaspar Poussin. So Gaspar Dughet;
the French painter, is called. (1613-
1675.)

Pouting Place of. Princes (The).
Leicester Square is so called by Pennant,
because George II., when Prince of
Wales, having quarrelled with his father,
retired to Leicester House; and. his son
Frederick, Prince of Wales, did the same,
for the very same reason.

Poverty ... Love. ‘‘ When poverty
comes in at the door, love flies. out at
the window.” ‘ Sine Cerere et Baccho
friget Venus,”

Powder. IJ’ll powder your jacket for
you. A corruption of youdrer (to dust).
(See Dust.)

“Lot in pomdnr [ausc) ye schall slepe,
For out of powdur fyrst ye came.”
Quoted by Halliwell under “ Poudre.”

Not worth powder and shot. “ Le jeu
ne vaut pas la chandelle.” The thin
pa won’t pay the cost of powder an
shot.

Poyning’s Law or Statute of Drog-
heda (pron. Dro'he-dah). Aa eh et
Parliament made in Ireland in 1496 (10
Henry VII., chap. 22), declaring all

neral statutes hitherto made in =
land to be in force in Ireland also. mt
received its name from Sir Edward

Poyning, Lieutenant of Ireland at the
time,

P.P., Clerk of this Parish. The
name given to a volume of memoirs,
written by Dr. Arbuthnot, as a satire on
Bishop Burnet’s Own Times.

Premonstraten’sian Monks, (See
PREMONSTRATENSIAN, )

Premuni're, <A barbarous word
from the Latin premone'ri (to be fore-
warned), The words of the writ begin
“ Premunire facias A.B.’’—i.e. Canse
A.B. to be forewarned,” to appear before
us to answer the contempt ereutth he
stands charged. If A, B. refuses to:do
80, he loses all civil rights, and before the
reign of Elizabeth might have been slain
by anyone with impunity.

Pragmatic Sanction. Sanctio in
Latin means a “decree or ordinance
with a penalty attached,” or, in other
words, a “‘ penal statute.” Pragmat'iens
means ‘‘ relating to state affairs,” so that
Pragmatic Sanction is a penal statute
bearing on some important question of
state. The term was first app lied by the
Romans to those statutes which related
to their provinces. The French ap-
plied. the phrase to certain statutes
which limited the jurisdiction of the
Pope; but enersl ya is applied to. an
ordinance, fixin g succession in a
certain line.

Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VII.

(of France), 1438, defining and limiting
the power of the Pope in France. By
this ordinance the authority ofa general
council was declared superior, to the
dictum of the Pope; the clergy were
forbidden to apeeee to Rome on any
point affecting the secular condition of
the nation ; and the Roman pontiff was
forbidden to appropriate a vacant bene-
fice, or to appoint either bishop or parish
priest.
: Pragmatic Sanction of St. Louis, 1268,
forbade the court of Rome to levy taxes
or collect subs¢riptions in France with-
out the express sanction of the king.» It
also gave plaintiffs in the ecclesiastical
courts the right to appeal to the. civil
courts. The . Constitutions of Claren-
don’ were to England what the “‘ Prag-
matic Sanction’? was to France.

Pragmatic Sanction of Germany, 1713.
Whereby the succession of the empire
was oy hereditary in the female. line,
in order to transmit the crown to Maria
Theresa, the daughter of Charles Vk

his is emphatically the Pragmatic Sanctio
unless some a nalifviiu word or “date is added, —
restrict itto some other instrument. =~

Prairie Fever

ic Sanction of Naples, 1759
y Oarlos II. of Spain ceded
his third son in per-

_———

Pr
wh
the succession to
petuity.

Prairie Fever (Zhe). Anenthusiastic
love of prairie life, which seems to be
part of our being, to strengthen our
strength, invigorate our spirit, and en-
dow us with-new life,

“What with gallops by day and the wild tales
by the night watch-fires, 1 became intoxicated
with the romance of my new life; I had caught
the prairie fever.”—Mayne Reid: The Scalp Hunt-
ers, ch. jii, ~

Prating Sophists. The doctors of
the Sorbonne were so called by Budeus
of Paris, (1467-1540.)

Prayer-book Parade. The prom-
enade in fashionable watering-places
and other places of resort, after morning
service on Sundays till luncheon or tarly
dinner-time,

Praying-wheels. It is said that the
Buddhists pray by machinery ; that the
ut prayers into a wheel, and unro
thers by the length, This notion arises
froma misconception. Saky’a-muni, the
Buddha, is said to have ‘‘ turned ‘the
wheel of the law ”’—i.c. to have preached
Buddhism incessantly—we should say as
a horse in a mill.

Pre-Ad’amites. Before Adam was
created. Isaac de la Peyreri maintained
that only the Jews are descended from
Adam, and that the Gentiles are de-
scended from a race of men existing
before Adam; as the book of Genesis is
the history of the Jews only, it does not
concern itself with otherraces, (1655.)

Pre-Raphaelites. A term intro-
duced by Hunt and his friends, who
wished to intimate that they preferred
the simplicity and truthfulness of the
painters who preceded Raphael. The
term now signifies a very-minute imita-
tion of nature, brilliant colouring, and
not much shadow. ‘

“Preacher (Zhe). Solomon, the author
of Ecclesiastes (the Preacher).

The glorious preacher. Saint John
- (347-407.)
he king of preachers. Louis Bour-
daloue. (1632-1704.)

The little preacher. Samuel de Marets,
Protestant controversialist. (1599-1663.)
_ Prebend, meaning a “cle
attached to a prebendal stall,” is a
vulgarism. The prebend is the stipend
given out of the revenues of the college
or cathedral , he who enjoys the prebend '

1003

Precious Stones

is the prebendary. (Latin, frebeo, to
give.)

Preca’rious is what depends on our
prayers or requests. A precarious tenure
is-one that depends solely on the will
of the owner to concede to our prayer ;
hence uncertain, not to be depended on.
(Latin, precor.)

Precep'tor. The superior of a pre-
cop tary was called by the Templars a

night Preceptor; a ‘‘Grand Preceptor’’
was the head of all the preceptories,
or houses of the Knights Templars, in
an entire province, the three of) highest
tank being the Grand Preceptors of Je-
rusalem, Tripolis, and Antioch. Houses
of these knights which were not pre-
ceptories were called commanderies.

Précieuses Ridicules (in Moliére’s
comedy so called). Aminte and. Pol-
ixéne, who assume the airs of the Hiétel
de Rambouillet, a coterie of savants of
both sexes in the seventeenth century.
The members of this-society. were termed.
precieuses—t.e, ‘persons. of distinguished
merit ’’—and the précieuses ridicules
means a ridiculous apeing of their ways
and manners,

Precio’sa, The heroine of Long-

fellow’s Spanish Student, threatened with
the. vengeance of the Inquisition.

Precious Stones. (1) Hach month,
according to the Poles, is under the in-
fluence of a precious stone :—

January -» Garnet «+ Constancy.
February -- Amethyst -. Sincerity.

March +» Bloodstone.- Courage.

April. «+ Diamond «. Innocence.

May «+ oe Emerald .- Success in love.
June +e ee Agate ee Health and long life.
July -- oe Cornelian .. Content.

Sardonyx ..

August +e y
Chrysolite ..

Conjugal felicity.
September.-

Antidote to madness.

October ‘e+ Opal o- Hope.
November -e Topaz es Fidelity.
December -- Turquoise -. Prosperity.

(2) In relation to the signs of the
Zodiac :—
Aries .. Ruby, —
Taurus -- Topaz.
Gemini .. Carbuncle.
Cancer .- Emerald.

Libra... Jacinth.
Scorpio — +. Agate.
Sagittarius .. Amethyst,
y Capricornus Beryl.
Leo _ -- Sapphire. Aquarius .. Onyx.
Virgo -+ Diamond. Pisces.. _-- Jasper.

(3) In relation to the planets :—

Saturn ee Turquoise «- Lead,
Jupiter «- Cornelian .- Jim.
Mars... e+ Bmerald ee Tronm ;
Sun -- eo» Diamond -«- Gold. t
Venus e+ Amethyst Copper.
Mercury «+ Loadstone «+ Quicksilver.
Moon eo Crystal «> Silver.
_ * The ancients divided precious stones
intomaleandfemale. The darker stones

were called the male, and the light ones
were called the females. Male sapphires

Précocious

approach indigo in colour, but the
female ones are sky-blue. Theophartos
mentions the distinction.

Preco’cious means ripened by the sun
before it has attained its full growth;
premature; a development of mind or
body beyond one’s age. (Latin, pre
coquo.)

“ Many precocious trees, and such as have their
spring in winter, may be found.”—Brown,

Prel’ate means simply a man pre-
ferred, a man promoted to an ecclesi-
astical office which gives him jurisdic-
tion over other clergymen. Cardinals,
bishops, abbots, and archdeacons were
at one time so called, but the term is re-
stricted in the Protestant Church to
bishops. (Latin, prefero, prelatus.)

Preliminary Canter (A). _ Meta-
phorically, means something which pre-
cedes the real business in hand. The
reference is to the preliminary canter of
horses before the race itself begins.

“The rea] business of the sessions commenced
- last night.... Everything that has preceded
the introduction of this measure bas been a pre-
liminary canter.'—Newspaper paragraph, April
14th, 1804.

Premier Pas. Ce n'est que le premicr
pas qui cotite, Pythagoras used to say,
‘‘The beginning is half the whole.’’

“ IncYpe Dimidium facti est cepisse."—Ausonius,

“Dimidium facti, qui cepit, babet.”"— Horace,

“ Well begun is half done,”

* The reverse of these proverbs is:
“ est le plus difficile que d@écorcher la
queue.”

Premonstraten’sian or Worbertine

Order. Founded in the twelfth century °

by St. Norbert, who obtained permission,
in 1120, to found a cloister in the diocese
of Laon, in France. A spot was pointed
out to him in a vision, and he termed the
spot Pré Montré or Pratim: Monstra'tum
(the meadow pointed out). The order
might be called the reformed Augustine,
or the White canons of the rule of St.
Augustine.

Prendre un Rat par la Queue. To
pick a pocket. This proverb is very old
—it was popular in the reign of Louis
XIII.

Prepense (2 syl.). Malice prepense
is malice designed or before deliberated.
(Latin, pre pensis.)

Prepos'terous means “‘ the cart be-
fore the horse.”? (Latin, pre posterus,
the first last and the last first.) ,

‘Presbyterian. (See BLuE.)

Prescott. A waistcoat.. Rhymin
slang. (See Curvy.) c

1004

Nubians to the aid of Charlema

Prester John

Pres’ents. now all. men by. these
presents—i.e, by the writings or docu-
ments now present. (Latin, per presentes,
by the [writings] present.)

Preserver [Sotér].. Ptolemy I. of
Egypt was called Soter by the Rhodians,
because he compelled Deme'trios to raise
the siege of Rhodes. (8.0. 367, 328-285.)

Press-money and Press-men do not
mean money given to impress men into
the service and men so impressed ; but
ready money, and men ready for service.
When a recruit has received the money,
he binds himself to be ready for service
whenever his attendance is required,
Similarly, a press-gang is a gang to get
ready men, (Old French prest, now
prét ; Italian presto.)

Prester John, according to Mande-
ville, a lineal descendant of Ogier the
Dane. This Ogier penetrated into the
north of India, with fifteen barons of
his own country, among whom he divided
the land. John was made sovereign of
Teneduc, and was called Prester because
he converted the natives, Another tra-
dition says he had seventy kings for his
vassals, and was seen by his subjects
only three times in a year. In Much
Ado about Nothing, Benedick says:—

“T will fetch you a tooth-picker from. the
farthest inch of Asia; bring you the length of
Prester Jobn‘s foot: fetch you a hair off the great
Cham’s beard... rather than hold three words’
conference with this harpy,”"—Act ii. 1.

Prester John (in Orlando Furioso, bk.
xvii.), called by his subjects Sena‘pus,
King of Ethiopia. He was blind. Though
the richest monarch of the world, he

ined ‘Sin plenty’s lap with endless

amine,” for whenever his table was
spread hell-born harpies flew away with
the food. This was in punishment of
his great pride and impiety in wishing
to add Paradise to his dominion. The
plague was to cease ‘‘ when a stranger
came to his kingdom on a winged horse.””
Astolpho came on his flying griffin, and
with his magic horn chased the harpies
into Cocy’tus. The king sent Ain
es they
were provided with horses by Astolpho,
whe hye Blanes into the ce which

ecame steeds fully equip Xviji.)
and were transported to Woaaee by As-
tolpho, who filled his hands with leaves,
which he cast into the sea, and they in-

-stantly became ships (bk. xix:)..’ When

Agramant was dead, the Nubians were

‘sent back to their sep and the ships
e

turned to leaves and the horses to stones

again. { srt tes en

i

m,

Prestige

1005

Pride

Prestige, This word has a strangely
metamorphosed meaning. The Latin
wigan means juggling tricks, hence
prestidig'itateur’ (French), one who jug-

les with his fingers, We use the word

or that favourable impression which
results from good antecedents. The his-
tory of thechange is this: Juggling tricks
were once considered a sort of enchant-
ment; to enchant is to charm, and to
charm is to win the heart.

Presto, Quick. A name given to
Swift by the Duchess of Shrewsbury, a
foreigner. Of course, the pun is obvious:
presto means swift (or quick),

Preston and his Mastiffs. To
oppose Preston and his mastiffs is to be
foolhardy, to resist what is irresistible,
Christopher Preston established the Bear
Garden at Hockley-in-the-Hole in the
time of Charles II, The Bible says he

‘that employs the sword ‘shall perish

by the sword,”? and Preston was killed
in 1709 by one of his own bears,
*.. .J'd as good oppose _
Myself to Preston and his mastiffs loose.”
Oldham: III, Satyr of Juvenal.
Pretender. Zhe Old Pretender.

James. F, EB. Stuart, son of James II,

(1688-1766, )

_ The Young Pretender. Charles Edward

Stuart, son of the ‘‘Old Pretender.”

(1720-1788.)

“God bless the king, I mean the faith's defender ;
God bless—no harm in blessing—the Pretender,
Who that Pretender is.and who is king —

God bless us all !—that’s quite another thing.”

John Byrom,
Pretenders. Tanyoxarkés, in the time
of Camby’ses, King of Persia, pretended
to be Smerdis; but one of his wives felt
his head while he was asleep, and dis-
covered that he had no ears.

Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck,
in the reign of Henry VIII.

Otrefief, a monk, pretended to be
Demetrius, ever son of Czar Ivan
Basilowitz II., murdered by. Boris in
1598. “In 1605 Demetrius ‘‘ the False ”’
became Czar, but was killed at Moscow
the year following, in an insurrection.

Pre'text. A pretence. From the
Latin pretexta, a dress embroidered in
the front worn bythe Roman magistrates,

riests, and children of the aristocracy

tween the age of thirteen and seven-
teen. The pretexta'te were dramas in
which actors personated those who wore
the pretexta ; hence persons who pre-
tend tobe what they are not.

: Prettyman. (Prince), who figures
sometimes as a fisherman’s son, and

‘

sometimes as a prince, to gain the heart
of Cloris. (Buckingham : The Rehearsal.)

Prevarica’tion. The Latin word
varico is to straddle, and prevaricor, to
go zigzag or crooked, The verb, says
Pliny, was first applied to men who
ploughed crooked Tha fos) and afterwards
to men who gave crooked answers in the
law courts, or deviated from the ‘straight
line of truth. (See DELIRIUM.)

Prevent. Precede, anticipate. (Latin
pre-venio, to go before.) And as what
goes before us may hinder us, so prévent
means to hinder or keep back.

“My eyes prevent the night watches.”—Psalm
CX1x. 148.

“Prevent us,O Lord,in all our doings.”—Com-
mon Prayer Book.

Previous Question. (See QUES-
TION. )
Pri‘am. Jing of Troy when that

city was sacked by the allied Greeks.
His wife’s name was Hec’uba ; she was
the mother of nineteen children, the
eldest of whom was Hector. When the
gates of Troy were thrown open by the
Greeks concealed in the Wooden Horse,
Pyrrhos, the son of Achilles, slew the
aged Priam. (See Homer’s Iliad and
Virgil’s ZEne’id.)

Pri‘amond. Son of Ag’apé, a fairy.
He was very daring, and fought on foot
with battle-axe tes | spear, He wasslain
by Cam’balo. (Spenser: Faérie Queene,
bk. iv.) (See DiamonD.)

Pria’pus, in classical mythology, is
a hideous, sensual, disgusting deity, the
impersonation of the principle of fertility.
(See Baa PEoR, ete)

Prick-eared. So the Roundheads
were called, because they covered their
heads with a black skull-cap drawn down
tight, leaving the ears exposed.

Prick the Garter. (See Fast anD
Loose.)

Pride, meaning ostentation, finery,
or that which persons are proud of.
Spenser talks of ‘‘lofty trees yelad in
summer’s pride:’’ (verdure). Pope, of a
‘“sword whose ivory sheath [was] in-
wrought with envious pride” (orna-
mentation) ; and in this sense the word
is used by Jacques in that celebrated
passage— j
“Why, who cries out on pride [dress]

That can therein tax any pn vate party ?

What woman in the city do J name

When that I say ‘ the city woman bears

The cost of princes on unworthy shoulders’?

... Whatis he of baser function

That says his bravery [finery] is not of my
cost?” Shakespeare: As You Like It, il. 7.

Pride of the Morning

1006

Primrose

Fly pride, says the peacock, proverbial
for pride. (Shakespeare: Comedy of
Errors, iv. 3.) The pot calling the kettle
“* black face.”’

Sir Pride. First a drayman, then a
colonel in the Parliamentary army.
(Butler » Hudibras.)

Pride of the Morning. That early
mist or shower which promises a fine
day. The Morning is too proud to come
out in her glory all at once—or the proud
beauty being thwarted weeps and pouts
awhile, eble uses the phrase in a
different sense when he says :—

“ Pride of the dewy Morning,
The swain's experienced eye
From thee takes timely warning,
Nor trusts the gorgeous sky.”
Keble: 25th Sunday after Trinity.

Pride’s Purge. The Long Parlia-
ment, not proving itself willing to con-
demn Charles I., was purged of its unruly
members by Colonel Pride, who entered
the House with two regiments of soldiers,
imprisoned sixty members, droveonehun-
dred and sixty out into the streets, and
left only sixty of the most complaisant.

Pridwen. The name of Priuce
Arthur’s shield.

“ He henge an his sweore [neck] acne sceld deore,
eet ae Brutisc [in British] Pridwen ibaten
called.”
Layamon: Brut (twelfth century)
Prid'win. Same as pridwen. This
shield had represented on it a picture
of the Virgin.
“The temper of his sword, the tried ‘Excaliber,’
The bigness and the length of ‘ Rone,’ his noble

spear,
With ‘ Pridwin, his great shield, and what the
proof could bear” Drayton,
Priest... Knight. J would rather
walk with Sir Priest than Sir Knight, 1
prefer peace to strife.

_Priest of the Blue-bag. A bar-
rister. A blue-bag is a cant name for a
barrister. (Sce BARRISTER’S Bac.)

“He (O°F lynn] had twice pleaded his own cause,

without help of attorney, and showed himself as
piaceleed in every Jaw quibble... as if he had
een a regularly ordained priest of the blue bag.”
—C. Kingsley : Alton Locke, chap. xx,
Prig. A knavish beggar in the Beggar's
Bush, by Beaumont and Fletcher.
eA A coxcomb, a conceited person.
Probably the Anglo-Saxon pryt or pryd.
Prig. To filch or steal. Also a pick-
pocket or thief. The clown calls Autol’-
yeus a “‘prig that haunts wakes, fairs,
and bear - baitings.” (Shakespeare -
Winter's Tale, iv. 3.)
In Scotch, to prig means to cheapen, or liaggle
over the price asked ; priggin means cheapening.
Prima Donna (Italian). A first-class
lady; applied to public singers.

y

Prima Facie (Latin), At first sight.
A prima facie case is a case or statement
which, without minute examination into
its merits, seems plausible and correct.

Tt would be easy to make out a strong prima

facie case, but I should advise the more cautious
policy of audi alteram partent.

Primary Colours. (Sce CoLouRs.) ‘

Prime (1syl.). In the Catholic Church
the first canonical hour after lauds.
Milton terms sunrise ‘‘ that sweet hour
of prime.” (Paradise Lost, bk. v. 170.)

“Allnight long... came the sound of chant-
ing. .asthe monks sang the service of matins,
lauds, and prime,”—Shorthouse: Jorn Inglesant,
cbap. 1. p. 10,

Primed. Full and ready to deliver
a speech, We say of a man whose head
is full of his subject, ‘‘ He is primed to
the muzzle.’? Of course, the allusion
is to firearms.

Primero. A game at cards.
“T left him at primero with the Duke of
Suffolk.”"—Shakespeare: Henry VIII, i. 2.

* “Four cards were dealt to each player, the
principal groups being flush, prime, and point
Flush was tbe same as in ‘poker,’ prime was one
card of each suit, and point was reckoned a3 in
‘ piquet.’""—Cyclopedia of Games, p, 270.

Primitive Fathers (Zhe). The five
Christian fathers supposed to be con-
temporary with the Apostles: viz.
Clement of Rome (30-102) ; Barnabas,
cousin of Mark the Evangelist, and
schoolfellow of Paul the Apostle;
Hermas, author of The Shepherd,
Ignatius, martyred a.p. 115; and Poly-
carp (85-169).

The first two Eptstles to the Corinthiuns are
probably by Clement Romanus, but everything
else ascribed to him is undoubtedly spurious,

The epistle ascribed to Barnabas is of very
donbtful authenticity. bs

) Hermas.—Iit is very doubtful whether this 1s a
proper name at al};and, if a proper namie, many
think it is a Hermas in the second century,
brother of Pius f. i

Polycarp, some say, was a pupil of John the
Evangelist, by whom he was made Bishop of
Smyrna, addressed in the Revelation ; but if the
Revelation was written in 96, Polycarp was not
eleven years old at, the time, and could not pos-
sibly have been a bishup, It is extremely doubt-
ful whetber he knew the Evangelist at all, and
certainly he did not know either the Fourth
Gospel or the Book of the Revelation.

Primrose (George). Son of the
worthy Vicar of Wakefield. He went to
Amsterdam to teach the people English,
but forgot that he could not do so till
he knew something of Dutch himself.
(Goldsmith : Vicar of Wakefield.) :

Moses Primrose. Brother of the above,
noted for giving in barter a good horse
for a gross of worthless green spectacles
with copper rims and shagreen cases.
(Goldsmith: Vicar of Wakefield,)

Mrs. Deborah Primrose. ¥ ther of the

' Primrose

1007

Printer’s Devil

above; noted for her motherly vanity,
her skill in housewifery, and her desire
to be genteel. Her wedding gown is a
pandas pisnile for things that ‘‘ wear
well.’’? Her daughters’ names are Olivia
ond, Sophia, (Goldsmith: Vicar of Wake-

The Rev. Dr. Primrose. Husband of
Mrs. Deborah, and Vicar of Wakefield.
As simple-minded and unskilled in the
world as Goldsmith himself, unaffectedly
pious, and beloved by all who knew him.
(Goldsmith : Vicar of Wakefield.)

Primrose. A curious corruption of
the French primeverole, Italian prim-
everola, compounds of the Latin prima
vera (first spring flower). Chaucer calls
the word primirole, which is a contrac-
tion of the Italian prime’rola. The
flower is no 7ose at all.

Pri‘mum Mo‘ile, in the Ptolema‘ic
system of astronomy, was the tenth (not
ninth) sphere, supposed to revolve from
east to west in twenty-four hours, carry-
ing with it all the other spheres. The
eleven spheres are: (1) Diana or the
Moon, (2) Mercury, (3) Venus, (4) Apollo
or the Sun, (5) Mars, (6) Jupiter, (7)
Saturn, (8) the starry sphere or that of
the fixed stars, *) the crystalline, (10)
the primum mo’bile, and (11) the em-
pyre’an. Ptolemy himself acknowledged
only the first nine; the two latter were
devised by his disciples. The motion of
the crystalline, according to this system,
causes the precession of the equinoxes,
its axis being that of the ecliptic. The
motion of the primum mobile produces
the alternation of day and night; its
axis is that of the equator, and its ex-
tremities the poles of the heavens.
bd They pass the planets scven, and pass the

fixed’ {starry 8 phere), ;
“And that crystal’lin sphere .. . and that ‘ First-
Moved.’" Milton: Paradise Lost, iii. 482.

Primum Mobile is figuratively applied
to that machine which communicates
motion to several others ; and also to
persons and ideas suggestive of com-
plicated systems, Socratés was the

rimum saopile of the Dialectic, Megaric,
Porentte, and Cynic systems of philo-
sophy.

Pri‘mus. The archbishop, or rather
‘presiding bishop,’’ of the Episcopal
Church or Scotland. He is elected by
the other six bishops, and presides in

Convocation, or meetings relative to

church matters,

Prince. The Latin prin’cipés formed
one of the great divisions of the Roman
infantry; so called because they were

originally the frst to begin the fight.
After the Hasta’ti were instituted, this
Eales was transferred to the new
ivision.

Prince, (See Buacx.)

Prince of alchemy. Rudolph IU.,
Emperor of Germany, also called The
German Hermes Trismegistus.

Prince of gossips. Samuel Pepys,
noted for his gossiping Diary, commenc-
ing January Ist, 1659, and continued for
nine years. (1632-1703.)

Prince of grammarians.
MARIANS, )

: “Fae of Peace. The Messiah (Isaiah
ix. 6).
Prince of the Power of the Air. Satan
Eph. i, 2). |

rince of the vegetable kingdom. So
Linneus calls the palm-tree,

Prince of Wales (Zc). This title
arose thus: When Edward I. subdued
Wales, he promised the Welsh, if they
would lay down their arms, that he
would give them a native prince. His

ueen having given birth to a son in

ales, the new-born child was entitled
Edward, Prince of Wales; and ever
since then the eldest son of the British
sovereign has retained the title.

Prince of Wales Dragoon Guards. The
8rd Dragoon Guards.”

Prince Rupert’s Drops. Drops of
molten glass, consolidated by fallin
into water. Their form is that of a tad-
pole. The thick end may be hammered

retty smartly without its breaking, but
if the smallest portion of the thin end
is nipped off, the whole flies into fine
dust with explosive violence. These
toys, if not invented by Prince Rupert,
were introduced by him into England.

Prince’s Peers. A term of contempt
applied to peers of low birth. The son
of Charles VII. of France (afterwards
Louis XI.), in order to weaken the in-
fluence of the aristocracy, created a host
of riff-raff peers, such as tradesmen,
farmers, and mechanics, who were tools
in his hands.

Princox or Princocks. (Probably
from prime and cock.) Capulet calls
Tybalt a princox, or wilful spoilt boy.
(hi aeenpuare : Romeo and Julret.)

Prink. She was prinked im all her
Jmery. Adorned. ‘Prink and prank.
Dutch pronken, to make a show ; Ger-
man prangen, Danish prange, Swedish
primka. ‘i
-Printer’s Devil. The newest ap-
prentice lad in the press-room, whose

(See Gram-

Printers’ Marks

1008

Privy Seal

duty it is to run errands, and to help the
pressmen.

Printing used to be called the Black
Art, and the boys who assisted the press-
men were called :mps. (See under DEVIL.)

Printers’ Marks,

? is {that is, the first and last letters
of guestio (question),

'is{, Jo in Latin is the interjection
of joy.

§ isa Greek p (7), the initial letter of
paragraph.

* ds used by the Greek grammarians
to arrest attention to something striking
(asterisk or star).

+ is used by the Greek grammarians to
indicate something objectionable (odelisk
or dagger),

(See Marks IN GRAMMAR, )

Printing. (Sce Em.)

Lather of English printing. William
Caxton (1412-1491).

¥ It is a mistake to suppose that.

Caxton (1471) was the first printer in
’ England. A book has been aecidentally
discovered with the date 1478 (Oxford).
The Rev, T. Wilson says, “ The press at
Oxford existed ten years before there
was any press in Europe, except those at
Haarlem and Mentz. The person who
set up the Oxford press was Corsellis,”’

Prio’ri. An argument @ priori is one
from cause to effect. To prove the ex-
istence of God @ priori, you must show
that every other hypoth’esis is more un-
likely, and therefore this hypothesis is
the most likely, All mathematical proofs
are of this kind. (See PosrErrort, )

Priscian’s Head. To break Priscian’s
head (in Latin, “ Diminutre Prisciani
cap'ut”’). To violate the rules of gram-
mar. Priscian was a great grammarian
of the fifth century, whose name is
almost synonymous with grammar,

“Priscian’s head is often bruised without re-
worse.”"— P, Thompson.

“ And held nosin so deeply red
As that of breaking Priscian‘s head.”
Butler: Hudibras, pt. ii, 2.
_Priscillianists. Followers of Pris-
cillian, a Spaniard; an heretical. sect
which sprang up in Spain in the fourth

century. They were a branch of the
Manicheans.
Prisoner at the Bar. The prisoner

in the dock, who is on his trial ; so called
because anciently he stood at the bar

which separated the barristers fromi the .

common pleaders.
Prisoner of Chillon’. Francois de

Bonnivard, a Frenchman confinéd for
E 4 my, a ‘ = a it

six years in the dungeon of ‘the Chateau
de Chillon, by Charles III: ‘of Savoy.
Lord Byron, in his poem:so ¢alled, has
welded together this incident ) With
Dante’s Cownt Ugoli’no.' (See CHILLON:)

Pri’thu. The favourite hero of th
Indian Pur4nas. . Vena having been
slain for his wickedness, and leaving no
offspring, the saints rubbed his right arm,
and the friction brought forth Prithu.
Being told that the earth had suspended
for a time its fertility, Prithu went forth
to punish it, and the Earth, under the
form of a cow, fled at his approach; but
being unable to escape, promised that in
future ‘‘seed-time and harvest should
mnever fail,”’ ‘

Priu'li. Senator of Venice, noted for
his unbending pride, and his unnatural
harshness to his daughter Belyide’ra,
(Otway : Venice Preserved.) i

Privolvans’. The antagonists of the
Subvolvans, in §. Butler’s satirical poem
called The Elephant in the Moon.

“ These,silly ranting Privolyans’ -
Have every summer their campaigns,
And muster like the warlike sons .
Of Rawhead and of Bloodybones.”
V. 85,.etc.

Privy Council. The council chosen
by the sovereign to administer public
affairs. It consists of the Royal Family,
the two Primates, the Bishop of London,
the great officers of State, the Lord
Chancellor and Judges of the Courts of
Equity, the Chief Justices of the Courts
of Common Law, the Judge Advocate,
some of the Puisne Judges, the Speaker
of the House of Commons, the Ambassa-
dors, Governors of Colonies, Commander-
in-Chief, Master-General of the Ord-
nance, First Lord of the Admiralty,
Vice-President of the Board of Trade,
Paymaster of the Forces, President of
the Poor-law Board, ete. etc. ; a com-
mittee of which forms the Cabinet or
Ministry. The number of neither the
Privy Council nor Cabinet is fixed, but
the latter generally includes about fifteen
or sixteen gentlemen. specially qualified
to advise on different departments of
state business. Much of the business of
the Privy Councilis performed by Boards
or subdivisions, as the Board of: Trade,
the Board of Quarantine, the Committee
of Council on Education, ete. 9 3

Privy Seal. The seal which the
sovereign uses in proof of assent fo a
document. In matters of minor import-
ance it is sufficient to pass the privy seal,
but instruments of greater moment must
have the great seal also.” VaR CF

Pro and Con 1009 Profound
Pro and Con. (Latin). For and Proclivity. His proclivities are all
against. ‘“Con.’? is a contraction of | evil. His tendencies or propensities have
contra. a wrong bias. The word means down-

Pro Tanto. As an instalment, good
enough as far as it goes, but not final ;
for what it is worth.

“{ beard Mr. Parnell accept the Bill of 1886 as a
measure that would close the differences between
the two countries ; but since then he stated that
he had accepted it as a pro tanto measure, ... It
was a parliamentary bet, and he hoped to make
future amendments on it.”—Mr. Chamberlain's
speech, April 10th, 1893.

Pro Tem'pore (3 en Temporarily ;
for the time being, till something is
permanently settled. Contracted into
pro tem,

Probate of a Will. A certified copy
of a will by an officer whose duty it is to
attest it. The original is retained in the
court registry, and executors act on the
proved copy. Anyone may see an official
copy of any will at the registry office on
payment of a shilling.

Probe. I must probe that matter to
the bottom—must narrowly examine into
it. The allusion is to a surgeon probing
a@ wound, or searching for some extrane-
ous substance in the body.

Prob’‘ole (3 syl.), as applied to Jesus
Christ, is this: that He was divine only
because He was divinely begotten; in
fact, He was a shoot of the divine stem,
This heterodox notion was combated by
Trenzus, but was subsequently revived
by Monta’nus and Tertulian. The word
is properly applied to the process of. a
bone—that is, a bone growing out of a
normal bone. (Greek, p0-dallo.)

Procés-VerbalL A minute and
official statement of some fact.

“We (says the procés-verbal) asked him what
use he had made of the pistol [i.e. We, says the
official report, etc,)."—The Times (Law Report).

Procession ofthe Black Breeches,
This is the heading of a chapter in vol.
ii. of Carlyle’s French Revolution. The
chapter contains a description of ‘the
mob procession, headed Santerre
carrying a pair of black satin breeches
on. a pole. . The mob forced its way into
the Tuileries on June 20th, 1792, and
presented the king (Louis XVI.) with the
bonnet rouge and a tricolour cockade.

Proclaim on the Housetop. To
procla or make known to everyone ; to
lab in public. Dr. Jahn says that the
ancient Jews ‘‘ascended their roofs to
announce anything to the. multitude, to
pray to God, and to perform sacrifices’?
(Matt. x. 27).

__“No secret can escape being proclaimed from
fie wodsctop-—Eondon Revo, proclaimed

64

hill tendency. (Latin, prochwis.)

Procris. Unerring as the dart of
Procris. When Procris fled from Ceph’-
alus out of shame, Diana gave her a do
that never failed to secure its prey, an
a dart which not only never missed aim,
but which always returned of its own
accord to the shooter. (See CEPHALUS.)

Procrustes’ Bed. Procrustes was
a robber of Attica, who placed all who
fell into his hands upon an iron bed. If
they were longer than the bed, he cut
off the redundant part; if shorter, he
stretched them till they fitted it. An
attempt to reduce men to one standard,
one way of thinking, or one way of
acting, is called placing them on Pro-
crustes’ bed, and the person who makes
the attempt is called Procrustes. (See
GIRDLE.)

“Tyrant more cruel than Procrustes old,
Who to his iron-bed by torture fits |
Their nobler parts, the souls of suffering wits.”
Mallet ; Verbal Criticism.
Procrustean. Pertaining to Pro-
crustes, and his mode of procedure. (See
above.)

Prodigal. Festus says the Romans
called victims wholly consumed by ‘fire
prodige hostie (victims prodigalhised);
and adds that those who waste their
substance are therefore called prodigals.
This derivation can hardly be considered
correct. Prodigal is pro-ago or prod-igo
(to drive forth), and persons who had
spent all their patrimony were ‘‘ driven
forth’? to be sold as slaves to their
creditors.

Prodigal (The). Albert VI., Duke of
Austria, (1418-1463.)

Prodigy. The prodigy of . France.
Guillaume Budé ; 80 calle by scone
(1467-1540.)

The prodigy of learning. Samuel
Hahnemann, the German, was 80 called
by J. Paul Richter. (1755-1843.)

Profane means literally before the
temple (Latin, pro fanum). Those per-.
sons who came to the temple and were
not initiated were called profane by the

| Romans.

Pro’file (2 syl.) means shown by a
thread. (Italian, projilo ; Latin, jilum,
a thread.) A profile is an outline. In
sculpture or painting it means to give
the contour or side-face. :

Profound (Zhe). Richard Middle-
ton, theologian, ( * -1304.)

1010

Proof Prints

Prog
The Profound Doctor. Thomas Brad-.
warden, a schoolman. (Fourteenth
century. ne
Most Profound Doctor. 2&gidius de

Columna, a Sicilian schoolman,
1316.)

Prog. Food (connected with prod,
and perhaps prov[ender]). Burke says,
‘¢ You are the lion, and I have been en-
deavouring to prog [procure food] for
you.’”’

* So saying, witha smile she left the rogue
To weave more lines of death, and plan for
prog.” Dr. Wolcot : Spider and Fly.
Progn’e or Prok’ne.
(See NIGHTINGALE.)
“ Ag Progné or a8 Philome‘la mourns . ,
That finds the nest by cruel hands dispoiled ;.,
So Bradamant laments her absent knight.”
Orlando Furios6, book xxiii.
Progress. To report progress, in par-
liamentary language, is to conclude for
the night the business of a bill, and defer
the consideration of all subsequent items
thereof till the day nominated by the
. chief Minister of the Crown.

(Died

The swallow,

Projec'tion. Powder of projection, -

or the ‘‘ Philosopher’s Stone,’’ A powder
supposed to have the virtue of changing
baser metals into gold or silver. A little
of this pos being cast into molten
metal of the baser sort, was to project
from it pure gold ‘or’ silver, Education
may be called the true ‘‘ powder of pro-
jection,”’

Proletaire (3 syl.). One of the
rabble, Prolétaires in French means the
lowest and poorest class in the commu-
nity. Proleta’rian, mean or vulgar. The
sixth class of Servius Tullius consisted
of proletarit and the capite censi—t.e.
breeders and human heads. .The prole-
taries could not enter the army, but
were useful as breeders of the race
(proles). The capite censt were not en-
rolled in the census by the value of their
estates, but simply by their polls. -

__ Proleta’riat.. Commonalty. (See
PROLETAIRE.)

“Italy bas & clerical aristocracy, rich, idle, and
corrupt ; and a clerical proletariat, needy and
grossly ignotant."—The Times,

Prome’theus (3 syl,.) made men o
clay, and stole fire from heaven to ani-
mate them. For this he was chained
by Zeus to Mount Cau’casus, where an
eagle preyed on his liver daily. The
word means Forethought, and one of
his brothers was Epime’theus or After-
thought.

* Faster bound to Aaron’s charming eyes
Than is Prometheus tied to Caucasus,”
Shakespeare: Titus Andronicus, ii. 1,

Prome’thean. Capable of. produc

us os pertaining to Prome’theus
G-V.)- ;
‘Prome'thean Fire. The vital prin-

ciple; the fire with which Prometheus
quickened into life his clay imagés. (See
PROMETHEUS. )
rine SnGhy Necehaams Promethean het
Shakespeare: Othello, v. 2.
Prome'thean Unguent (Zhe). Made
from a herb on which some of the blood
of Prométheus (3 syl.) had fallen. Medéa
gave Jason some of this unguent, which
rendered his body proof against fire and
warlike instruments,

Prome’theans. The first invention
which developed into Bryant and May’s
‘safety matches.’’? They were origin-
ally made in 1805 by Chancel, a French
chemist, who tipped cedar splints with
paste of chlorate of potash and sugar.
On dipping one of these matches into a
little bottle containing asb¥stas wetted -
with sulphuric acid, it burst into flanre
on drawing itout. Itwasnotintroduced
into “England till after the battle of
Waterloo. (See HucH PERRY.)

Promise of Odin (Zhe). The most
binding of all promisesto a Scandinavian,
In making this promise the person passed
his hand throngh a massive silver ring

‘kept for the purpose ; or through a sacri-
p Vi g:

ficial stone,
of Stennis.”?

“J will bind myself to you ... by the promise
of Odin, the most sacred of our northern rites."—
Sir W. Scott: The Pirate, chap. xxii,

Promised Land or Land of Promise.
Canaan ; so called because romised
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob that their
offspring should possess it,

Prone’sia (in Orlando Furioso). One
of Logistilla’s handmaids, famous for
her wisdom.

Proof. A printed sheet to be ex-
amined and approved before it is finall
printed. The jirst proof is that whi
contains all the workman’s errors; when
these are corrected the impression next
taken is called a clean proof and is sub-
mitted to the author; the final impres-
sion, which is corrected by the reader ad
unguem, is termed the press proof,

Proof Prints. The first impressions
ofan engraving. India-proofs are those
taken off on India-paper. Proofs before
lettering are those taken off before the
plate is sent to the writing engraver.
After the proofs the orders of merit are

e that called the “ Circle

Proof Spirit

1011

Pro.'s

=< the prints which have the letters

only in outline; (2) those in which the

letters are shaded with a black line; (3)

those in which some slight ornament is

introduced into the letters; (4) those

nell the letters are filled up quite
ck.

Proof Spirit. A mixture of equal
arts (by weight) of alcohol and water.
6 proof of spirit consists in little bub-
bles or beads which appear on the top of
the liquor after agitation. When any
mixture has more alcohol than water it
is called over proof, and when less it is
termed under proof.

Prooshan Blue (My). <A term of
great endearment. After the battle of
Waterloo the Prussians were immensely
popular in England, and in connection
with the Loyal True Blue Club gave rise
to the toasts, ‘‘ The True Blue”’ and the
‘ Prussian Blue.’’? Sam Weller addresses
his father as ‘ Vell, my Prooshan Blue.”’

Propagan’da. The name given to
the ‘congregation ”’ de propaganda fide,
established at Rome by Gregory XV., in
1622, for propagating throughout the
world the Roman Catholic religion. Any
institution for making religious or politi-
cal proselytes.

v Proper Names used as Common
Nouns.

Crebillon = terrible.
Dumas = imaginative
Fénelon = fabulous.
Le Sage = humorous,
Moliére = comic.
Monta = thoughtful.
Rabelacg = unclean.
Rousseau = amorous, |
Victor Hugo = incendiary.
Zola = licentious ; Zolaesque, in the manner or
style of Zola, the French novelist.

Property Plot (Zhe), in theatrical
language, means a list of all the ‘ pro-
perties’’ or articles which will be re-

uired in the play produced. Such as
the bell, when Macbeth says, ‘‘ The bell
invites me; ’’ the knock, when it is said,
‘“‘ Heard you that knocking ?’’ tables,
chairs, banquets, tankards, etc , etc.

Prophesy upon Velvet (Zo). To

rophesy what is already a known fact.
Thus, the issue of a battle flashed to an
individual may, by some chance, get to
the knowledge of a “‘sibyl,’’ who may
securely prophesy the issue to others;
but such a prediction would be a “ pro-
phecy on velvet;’’ it goes on velvet
slippers without fear of ens

A eeaceriry iy eg iene ea
Velvet." Sir W, Scott: The Purdie che xxi,

Prophet (Zhe). Mahomet isso called.
(570-632.)

The Koran says there have been
200,000 prophets, only six of whom have
brought new laws or dispensations;
Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus,

and Mahomet.
The Prophet. Jo’achim, Abbot of
Fio're. (1130-1202.)

Prophet of the Syrians,
Syrus (4th century).

The Great Prophets. Isaiah, Jeremiah,
Ezekiel, and Daniel; so called because
their writings are more extensive than
the prophecies of the other twelve.

The Minor or Lesser Prophets. Hose'a,
Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Micah, Jonah,
Nahum, Habak’kuk, Zephaniah, Haggai,
Zechari‘ah, and Mal’achi; so called be-
cause their writings are less extensive
than those of the four Great Prophets,

Prophetess (Zhe). Ay-e'shah, the
second wife of Mahomet; so called, not
because she had any gift of prophecy,
but simply because she was the favourite
wife of the ‘‘ prophet; ’’ she was, there-
fore, emphatically ‘‘ Mrs. Prophet.”

Propositions, in logic, are of four
kinds, called A, BE, I, O. ‘A’ is a
universal affirmative, and “E” a uni-
versal negative ; ‘‘I’’ a particular affirm-
ative, and ‘‘O” a particular negative.

* Asserit A, negat E, verum generaliter amho |!

Asserit I, negat O, sed particulariter ambo,”

A sccerte and E denies some universal propo-

I Sport aaa denies, but with particular pre-

cision,

/ Props, in theatrical slang, means pro-
San of which it is a contraction.

verything stored in a theatre for
peaccal use on the stage is a ‘'prop,’’

ut these stores are the manager’s props.
An actor’s ‘props’? are the clothing
and other articles which he provides for
his own use on the stage. In many
good theatres the manager provides
everything but tights and a few minor
articles ; but in minor theatres each actor
must provide a wardrobe and properties.

Proro’gue (2 syl.). The Parliament
was prorogued. Dismissed for the holi-
days, or suspended for a time, (Latin,
pro-rogo, to prolong.) If dismissed en-
tirely it is said to be ‘‘ dissolved,”?

Pro.’s. Professionals—that is, actors
by profession. ;

. “& big crowd slowly gathers,
And stretches across the street ;
The pit door opens sharply,
And I hear the trampling feet ;
And the quiet pro.’s pass onward
To the stage-door up the court.”
Sims: Ballads of Babylon; Forgotten, do, «

Ephraem

Prascenium

1012

Protector

Prosce’nium, The front part of the
stage, between the drop-curtain and
orchestra. (Greek, proskénion ; Latin,
proscénium.)

Proscrip'tion. A sort of hue and
ery ; 80 called because among the Romans
the names of the persons proscribed were
written out, and the tablets bearing their
names were fixed up in the public forum,
sometimes with the offer of a reward for
those who should aid in bringing them
before the court, If the proscribed did
not answer the summons, their goods
were confiscated and their persons out-
lawed. In this case the name was en-
graved on brass or marble, the offence
stated, and the tablet placed conspicu-
ously in the market-place.

Prose means straightforward speak-
ing or writing (Latin, ora’tio pro'sa—i.e.
proversa), in opposition to foot-bound
speaking or writing, oratio vincta (fet-
tered speech—i.e. poetry).

Prose, I/ y aplus de vingt ans que je
dis dela prose, sans que j’en susse rien.
I have known this these twenty years
without being conscious of it. (Moliére :
Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme.)

“* Really,’ exclaimed Lady Ambrose, brighten-
ing, Ily a plus devingt ans que je dis de la prose
gans que jen susse rien,” And 80 it seems that
have known history without suspecting it, just as
Mons. Jourdain talked prose,”"—Mallock : The New
Republic, bk. iii, chap, 3.

Father of Greek prose. Herod’otos
(Bic, 484-405),

Father of English prose, Wycliffe
Shikgulae ; and Roger Ascham (1515-

568

Father of French prose. Villehardouin
(pron. Veal-hard-whah'n.) (1167-1213.)

Proselytes (3 syl.) among Jewish
writers were of ive pln: “The
proselyte of righteousness’? and the
‘stranger of the gate.’”? The former
submitted to circumcision and conformed
to the laws of Moses, The latter ab-
stained from sip Soon ety to heathen
gods, and from working on the Sabbath.
“The stranger that is within thy gate’?
= the stranger of the gate.

“I must pontces that his society wasat first irk-

some; but... I now have hope that he may be-
Sagi stranger of the gate.”—Lidad the Pilgrim,
ch, iii.

Proser’pina or Pros’erpine (3 ey.
One day, as she was amusing herself in
the meadows of Sicily, Pluto seized her
and carried her off in his chariot to the
infernal repens for his bride. In her
terror she dropped some of the lilies she

had been gathering, and they turned te
daffodils,
“O Proserpina,
aos a fiowers now, that frighted thou ‘et’st
a \

From Dis’s waggon! daffodils,
That come before the swallow dares, and take

The winds of March with beauty.
Shakespeare; Winter's Tale, iv. 4.

Proserpine’s Divine Calidore.
Sleep. In the beautiful legend of Cupid
and Psyche, by Apuleings after Psyche
had long wandered about searching for
her lost Cupid, she is sent to Prosperine
for “‘ the casket of divine beauty,” which
shé was not to open till she came into
the light of day. Psyche received the
casket, but just as she was about to step
on earth, she thought how much more
Cupid would love her if she was di-
vinely beautiful; so she opened the
casket and found the calidore it con-
tained was sleep, which instantly filled
all her limbs with drowsiness, and she
slept as it were tho sleep of death.

This is the very perfection of allegory. Of
course, sleep is the only beautifier of the weary
and heart-sick ; and this calidore Psyche found
before Cupid again came to her,

Prosper’ity Rob‘inson. Viscount
Goderich, Earl of Ripon; Chancellor of
the Exchequer in 1823... In 1825 he
boasted in the House'of the prosperity of
the nation, and his boast was not yet
cold when the great financial crisis oc-
curred, It was Cobbett who gave him
the name of “‘ Prosperity Robinson.”

Pros’pero. Rightful Duke of Milan,

deposed by his brother. Drifted on a

desert island, he practised magic, and
raised a tempestin which his brother was
shipwrecked. Ultimately Prospero broke
his wand, and his daughter married the
son of the King of Naples, (Shake-
speare : Tempest.) ‘pia

Protag’/oras of Abde'ra was the first
who took the name of ‘‘ Sophist.’? (B.0,
480-411.)

Prote’an. Having the aptitude to
change its form : ready to assume differ-
ent shapes, (See PROTEUS.) a>

Protec'tionist. One who advocates
the imposition of «import duties, to
‘protect’? home produce or manufac-
tures. it aid

Prepon The Earl of Pembroke
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1122.
Richard, Duke of Gloucester (1483). |
The Duke of Somerset (1548).

The Lord Protector of the Common-
wealth. Oliver Cromwell (1653-1658), -

'Protesilaos

1018

Prussian Blue

Protesila’os,in Fénelon’s Télémaque,
ismeant to represent Louvois, the French
Minister of State,

Protestant. One of the party who
adhered to Luther at the Reformation.
These Lutherans, in 1529, ‘‘ protested ’”’
against the decree of Charles V. of
Germany, and appealed from the Diet of
Spires to a general council. A Protest-
ant now means one of the Reformed
Church.

Protestant Pope, Clement XIV.

Proteus (pron. Pro’-tuce). As many
shapes as Proteus—i.e. full of shifts,
aliases, disguises, ete. Proteus was Nep-
tune’s herdsman, an old man and a
Peo He lived in a vast cave, and

is custom was to tell over his herds of
sea-calves at noon, and then to sleep.
There was no way of catching him but
by stealing upon him during sleep and
binding him; ifnotso captured, he would
elude anyone who came to consult him
by changing his shape, for he had the
power of changing it in an instant into
any forn he chose.

“ The changeful Proteus, wnose prophetic mind,
The secret cause of Bacchus’ rage divined,
Attending, Jeft the flocks, his scaly charge,

To graze the bitter weedy foam at large.’
Camoens ; Lusiad, yi.
Pro'teus. One of the two gentlemen
of Verona; his serving-man is Launce.

Valentine is the other gentleman, whose

serving-man is Speed. (Shakespeare.

Two Gentlemen of Verona.)

Prothala’‘mion, Marriage song by
Edmund Spenser, peculiarly exquisite—
probably the noblest ever sung.

Proto-martyr. The first martyr.
Stephen the deacon is so called (Acts
V. Vii.), ;

Pro'tocol, The first rough draft or
original copy of a despatch, which is to
form the basis of a treaty. (Greek,
proto-kéleon, a sheet glued to the front
of a manuscript, and bearing an abstract
of the contents and purport. (Har-
molaus Barbarus.)

_ Protoplasm, Sarcode. The material
or cells of which all living things are
built up, Each isa jelly-like substance,
the former being the nucleus of plants
and the latter of animals. Max Schultz
proved the identity of these substances.

‘+2 Protoplasm is not a simple but a complicated
structure, sometimes called a.‘ colony of plasts,”’

or nuclear granules. (Greek, prote-plasma, the
first model ; proto-sarkodes, the first flesh-like
SRG ditt ts didatlo adi at ,

Protozoa. “The lowest class of
_ animal: life (Greek, protos odn). Ina

figurative sense, a young aspirant for
literary honours: ‘‘’They were young
intellectual protozoa.”’

Proud (The). Otho IV., Emperor of
Germany. (1175, 1209-1218.)

Tarquin II. of Rome. Superbus,
(Reigned B.¢. 535-510, died 496.)

The proud Duke. Charles Seymour,
Duke of Somerset. He would never
suffer his children to sit in his presence,
and would never speak to his servants
except by signs. (Died 1748.)

Proud as Lucifer ; proud as a peacock

Proud’fute (Oliver). A boasting
bonnet-maker of Perth. His widow is
Magdalen or Maudie. (Six Walter Scott :
Fair Maid of Perth.)

Prout, (See wnder FATHER. )

Prov'ince means a country previously
conquered. (Latin, p70 vinco.)

Provin‘cial. Like or in the manner
of those who live in the provinces.

Provincial of an Order. The superior
of all the monastic houses of a province.

Prudent Tree (Zhe). Pliny calls the
mulberry the most prudent of all trees;
because it waits till winter is well over
before it, puts forth itsleaves. . Ludovico
Sforza, who prided himself on his pru-
dence, chose a mulberry-tree for his
device, and was called ‘*// Moro.”

Prudhomme, 4 Mons. Prud'homme.
A man of experience and great prudence,
of estimable character and_ practical
goodsense. Your Mons. Prud’homme is
never a man of genius and originality,
but what we in England should term a
‘*¢ Quaker of the old school.”

The council of prud’/hommes. A council
of arbiters to settle disputes between
masters and workmen,

Prunello. Stuff. Prunello really
means that woollen stuff of which com-
mon ecclesiastical gowns used to be
made; it was also employed for the
uppers of women’s boots and shoes;
everlasting. A corruption of Brignoles.
“ Worth makes the man, and want of it the fellow ;

The rest is all but leather or prunello,” ~

Pope: oy on Man, iv.

Prussia means ear Russia, the
country bordering on Russia. In Neo-.
Latin, Borussia ; in Slavonic, Porussia ;

po in Slavonic signifying ‘‘ near.”’

Prussian Blue. So called because
it was discovered by a Prussian, viz.

Prussic Acid

Diesbach, a colourman of Berlin, in 1710.
It is sometimes called Berlin blue.

Prus'sic Acid means the acid of
Prussian blue. It is now termed in
science hydrocyan’‘ic acid, because it is
made from a cyanide of iron.

Psalm cv. 28. The Prayer Book
version is: ‘‘ They were not obedient
unto his word.’’

The Bible version and the new version
is: ‘* They rebelled not against his
word,’’

Psalms. Seventy-three psalms are
inscribed with David’s name, twelve
with that of Asaph the singer ; eleven go
under the name of the Sons of Korah, a
family of singers; one (i.e. Ps. xc.) is
attributed to Moses. The whole com-
pilation is divided into five books: bk. 1,
from i. to xli.; bk. 2, from xlii. to lxxii. ;
bk. 3, from lxxiii, to lxxxix.; bk. 4, from
xc. to evi. ; bk. 5, from cvii. to cl.

Psalmist, The sweet psalmist- of
israel. King David, who composed
many of the Bible Psalms, (See Psalm
lxxii. 20.)

Psalter of Tara (The). It contains
@ narrative of the early kings of Ireland
from Ollam Fodlah to B.c. 900.

“ Their tribe, they said; their high degree,

Was sung in Tara’s Psaltery.”
Campbell: O'Connor's Child.
Psaphon’s Birds (Psaph’onis aves).
Puffers, flatterers. Psaphon, in order
to attract the attention of the world,

reared a multitude of doa ns having -

taught them to pronounce
them fly.

“ To what far region have his songs not flown,
Like Psaphon’s birds, speaking their master’s
Moore : Rhymes onthe Road, iii.

is name, let

name.”

Psycar’pax [granary thief]. Son of
Troxartas, King of the Mice. e Frog-
king offered to carry the young prince
over a lake, but scarcely had he got mid-
way when a water-hydra appeared, and
King Frog, to save himself, dived under
water. e@ mouse, being thus left on
the surface, was drowned, and this catas-
trophe Brought about the battle of the
Frogs and Mice. ;

Br seal a ese Pareapes lives in ms

: arnell: Battle of the Frogs and Mice, 1.

Psyche [Sve], A beautiful maiden
beloved by pe » who visited her every
night, but left her at sunrise. Cupid
bade her never seek to know who he was,
but one night curiosity overcame her

prudence, and she went to look at him.

1014

Public-house Signs

A drop of hot oil fell on his shoulder,
awoke him, and he fled. Psyche n
became the slave of Venus, who treated
her most cruelly ; but ultimately she was
married to Cupid, and became immortal,
Mrs. Henry Tighe has embodied in six
cantos this exquisite allegory from
Apuléios,

This subject was represented by Raphael in a
suite of thirty-two pictures, and numerous artists
have taken the loves of Cupid and Psyche for
their subject; as, for example, Canova, Gerard,
Chaudet, etc. The cameo of the Duke of Marl-

borough is said to have been the work of Tryphon
of Athens.

* Raphael's illustrations of the adventures of
Psyche were ag DAS for a superb edition in 4to
(De la Fable de Psyche), published by Henri Didot.

“ Fair Psyche, kneeling at the ethereal throne,
Warmed the fond bosom of unconquered love."
Darwin: Economy of Vegetation, iv.
Psychogtaphy. Spirit - writing ;
writing said by spiritualists to be done
by spirits.

*Ptolemaiic System. The system
of Claudius Ptolemzus, a celebrated as-
tronomer of Palu'sium, in Egypt of the
eleventh century. He taught that the
earth is fixed in the centre of the uni-
verse, and the heavens revolve round it
from east to west, carrying with them
the sun, planets, and fixed stars, in their
tespective spheres. He said that the
Moon was next above the earth, then
Mercury, then Venus; the Sun he
placed between Venus and Mars, and
after Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, beyond
which came the two crystalline spheres.

*. This system was accepted, tilWt was replaced
in the sixteenth century by the Copernican
system.

Public. The people generally and
collectively ; the members generally of
a state, nation, or community.

Public-house Signs. Much of a
nation’s history, and more of its manners
and feelings, may be gleaned from its
public-house signs. A very large number
of them are selected out of compliment
to the lord of the manor, either use
he is the ‘‘ great man ”’ of the neighbour-
hood, or because the proprietor is some
servant whom ‘‘ it delighted the lord to _
honour;” thus we have the Earl of
March, ii compliment to the Duke of
Richmond: the Green Man or e-
keeper, married and promoted “to a

ublic.’”? When the name and titles of

he lord have been exhausted, wé get
his cognisance or his favourite pursuit,
as the Bear and Ragged Staff, the Fox
and Hounds. As the object of the sign
is to speak to the feelings and attract,
another fruitful source is either some

Public-house Signs

1018

Public-house Signs

national hero or great battle; thus we
t the Marquis of Granby and the
Duke a dengion, the Waterloo and
the Alma. The proverbial loyalty of
our nation has naturally shown itself in
our tavern signs, giving us the Victoria,
Prince of Wales, the Albert, the Crown,
and soon. Some signs indicate a spe-
ciality of the house, as the Bovoling
Green, the Skittles; some 2@ political
bias, as the Royal Oak ; some are an
attempt at wit, as the Five dlls ; and
some are purely fanciful. The follow-
as 3 list will serve to exemplify the
su rey —
Angel. Yn allusion to the angel
that saluted the Virgin Mary.
The Bag o’ Nailse A corruption of the
cchanals,””

The Bear. From the popular sport of
bear-baiting."

The Bear and Bacchus, in High Street,
Warwick. A corruption of Bear and
Baculus—i.e. Bear and Raggéd Staff,
the badge of the Earl of Warwick.

The Bear and Ragged Staff. The cog-
nisance of the Earl of Warwick, the
Earl of Leicester, etc.

The Beli, Yn allusion to races, a silver
bell having been the winner’s prize up to
the reign of Charles IT.

La Belle Sauvage. (See BELL SAVAGE.)

ee

The “a4 Boar, The cognisance of
The Blue Pig (Bevis Marks). A cor-
See above.)

ruption of the Blue Boar. (
ke Boar's He

cad. The cognisance of

the Gordons, etc. a) :

The Bolt-in-Tun. - The pone he-
raldic of Prior Bolton, last of
the ical rulers of Bartholomew’s,
previous to the Reformation.

Bosom’s Inn. A public-house sign in
St. Lawrence Lane, London; a corrup-
tion of Blossom’s Inn, as it is now called,
in allusion to the hawthorn blossoms
surrounding the effigy of St. Lawrence
on the sign.

The

Duke of York. The Black Bull is the

of the house of Clare.
Bulls Head, The cognisance of

The A i f
at Bully mf )/ corruption o:

without doubt, it is a compli-

men! sign of the manor castle.

-the

The Cat and Fiddle, A corruption of
Caton Fidéle—i.e. Caton, the faithful
governor of Calais. In Farringdon
(Devon) is the sign of La Chatte Fidéle,
in commemoration of a faithful cat.
Without scanning the phrase so nicely,
it may eeely indiente that the game of
eat (trap-ball) and a jiddle for dancing
are provided for customers.

e Cat and Mutton, Hackney, which
~ name to the Cat and Mutton
elds.

The Cat and Wheel, <A corruption of
“St. Catherine’s Wheel;’’ or an an-
nouncement that cat and balance-wheels
are provided for the amusement of cus-
tomers.

The Chequers. (1) In honour of the
Stuarts, whose shield was ‘‘ checky,”’ like
a Scotch plaid. (2) In commemoration
of the licence ted by the Earls of
Arundel or Lords Warrenne. (3) An in-
timation that a room is set apart for
merchants and accountants, where they
can be private and make up their ag-
counts, or use their ‘‘chequers”’ undis-
turbed. (See Lattice.)

The Coach and Horses. This sign
signifies that it is a posting-house, a
stage-coach house, or both.

he Cock and Bottle. -A corruption of
the “‘Cork and Bottle,’’ meaning that
wine is sold there in bottles. Probably
in some cases it may indicate that the
house provides poultry, eggs, and wine.

The Cow and Skittles, ‘The cow is the
real sign, and alludes to the dairy of the
hostess, or some noted ye in the
neighbourhood. Skittles is added to in-
dicate that there is-a skittle ground on
the premises.

he Cross Keys. Common in the me-
dizval ages, and in allusion to St. Peter,
or one of the bishops whose cognisance
it is—probably the lord of the manor or
the patron saint of the parish church.
The cross keys are emblems of. the

“papacy, St. Peter, the Bishop of Glou-
cester, St. Servatus, St. Hippotytus, St

Geneviéve, St. Petronilla, St. Osyth, St.
Martha, and St. Germa‘nus.

The Devil. A public-house sign two
doors from Temple Bar, Fleet Street.
The sign represents St. Dunstan seizing
the devil by thenose, (See under Devin,

ie? Se ee
@ . Tea ens a
Lambeth (sup ;_ to signify that

) >. to signify
sport so called. could be seen there.
A duck was put into water, and a dog
set to hunt it; the fun was fo see the
duck diving and the dog following it
under water. 1 a

Public-house Signs

1016

Public-house Signs

The Red Dragon, The cognisance of
Henry VIL. or the principality of Wales,

The Spread Eagle, ‘The arms of Ger-
many; to indicate that German wines
may be obtained within,

The Fox and Goose. To signify that
there are arrangements within for play-
ing the royal game of Fox and Goose.

St. George and the Dragon. In com-
pliment to the patron saint of England,
and his combat with the dragon. The
legend ‘is still stamped upon our gold
coin.

The George and Cannon. Acorruption
of. ‘‘ George Canning.”

The Globe. The cognisance of Al-
fonso, King of Portugal ; and intimating
that Portuguese wines may be obtained
within.

The Goat in Golden Boots. A corrup-
tion of the Dutch Goed in der Gouden
Boots (the god Mercury in his golden
sandals). 4

The Goat and Compasses. A Puritan
_ Sign, a corrupt hieroglyphic reading of
‘“God encompasses us.’?

The Black Goats. A public-house sign,
High Bridge, Lincoln, formerly Zhe
Three Goats—i.e. three gowts (gutters
or drains), by which the water from the
Swan Pool (a large lake that formerly
existed to the west of the city) was con-
ducted into the bed of the Witham.

The Golden Cross. This refers to the
ensigns carried by the Crusaders.

The Grecian Stairs. A. corruption of
‘““The Greesen or Stairs’ (Greesen is
gree, a step, our de-gree). The allusion
is to.a flight of steps from the New
Road to the MinsterYard, In Wickliffe’s
Bible, Acts xxi. 40 is rendered—‘‘ Poul
stood on the greezen,”’

“Let me speak like yourself, and lay 4 sentence
i bish, J Ke & grize or step, may help these
Into your favour.”

Shakespeare : Othello, i. 3.

The. Green: Man.
keeper of the lord of the manor turned
publican.. At one time these servants
were dressed in green.

The Green Man and. Still—i.e. the
pete bringing his herbs to be dis-

illed.

_ The Hare and Hounds. In compli-
ment to the sporting squire or lord of
the manor.

'» The Hole-in-the- Wall (London), So

called because it was approached by a

fears: or ‘Shole’”? in: the wall of the
ouse standing in front of the tavern.

The Iron Devil. A: corruption of
“ Hirondelle ” (the swallow). There are
numerous public-house signs referring

The late game- |

to birds ; as, the Blackbird, the Thrush,
the Peacock, the Martin, the Bird-in-the-
Hand, ete. etc.

The Three Kings.- A public-house sign
of the medieval ages, in allusion to the
three kings of Cologne, the Magi who

tesented offerings to the infant Jesus,
Vomy many public-house signs. of the
medieval period had a reference to ec-
clesiastical matters, either because their
landlords were ecclesiastics, or else from
@ superstitious reverence for )*‘ saints”?
and “‘ holy things.’’

The Man Laden with Mischief. A
public-house sign, Oxford Street, nearly
opposite to Hanway Yard. «The sign is
said to have been painted by Hogarth,
and represents a man. carrying a woman
ene good many other creatures on his
back.

The Marquis of Granby (London, etc.).
In compliment to John Manners, eldest
son of John, third Duke of Rutland
—a bluff, brave soldier, generous, and
greatly beloved by his men,

“ What conquest now will Britain boast,

Or where display her banners ?

Alas! in Granby she has lost eiep
True courage and good Manners.”*

The Packhorse. To signify that pack-
horses could be hired there,
The Palgrave’s Head. A public-house
sign near Temple Bar, in honour of
Frederick, Palgrave of the Rhine.: ~
The Pig and Tinder Box. A corrupt
rendering of The Elephant and Castle ;
the ‘‘ pig”? is really an elephant, and the
‘* tinder-box’’ the castle on its back.
The Pig and Whisile.. Wassail is made
of Ags sugar, and ale. oil
The Plum and Feathers. A publics
house sign near Stoken Church Hill,
Oxford. A corruption of the ‘Plume
of Feathers,’’ meaning that of the Prince
of Wales, we :
The Queen of Bohemia. In honour of
a Elizabeth Stuart. (See BoHEmta.)
The Queer Door. A corruption of Coeur
Dové (Goldén Heart). ght a
The Rose. A symbol of England, as
the Thistle is of Scotland, and the Sham-
rock of Ireland. ivalg %
The Red Rose. The badge of the
Penge per in the Civil War-of. the
Oses, : ic: somaeiago:
The White Rose. ..The badge of the
Yorkists in the Civil War of the Roses.’
The Rose of the Quarter Sessions... A
corruption of La Rose des Quatre
Saisons. 2 itt. shkes oA)
The Salutation and Cat, The ‘‘ Salu-
Ss Tee ea: ie Ped eine
saluting the Virgin Mary)'is thesign of
the house, and the ‘‘'Cat’is pi re

Publicans

signify that arrangements are made for
playing cat or tipcat.

he Saracen’s Head. In allusion to
what are preposterously termed ‘‘ The
Holy Wars; ”’ adopted probably by some
Crusader after his return home, or at
any rate to flatter the natural sympathy
for these Quixotic expeditions,

The Ship, near Temple Bar, and op-
posite The Palgrave’s Head ; in honour
of Sir Francis Drake, the circumnavi-
gator.

The Ship and Shovel. Referring to Sir
Cloudesley Shovel, a favourite admiral
in Queen Anne’s reign.

The Seven Stars. An astrological sign
of the medieval ages.

The Three Suns, The cognisance of
Edward IV.

The Sur and the Rose. The cognisance
of the House of York.

The Swan with Three Necks, A public-
house sign in Lad Lane, etc. ; a corrup-
tion of ‘‘ three nicks’ (on the bill)

The Swan and Antelope. The cog-
nisance of Henry V.

The Talbot (a hound]. The arms of
the Talbot coop

The Turk’s Head Alluding to the
Holy Wars, when the Crusaders fought
against the Turks.

The Unicorn. The Scottish supporter
in the royal arms of Great Britain.

The White Hart. The cognisance of
Richard II. ; the White Lion, of Edward
IV., as Earl of March ; the White Swan,
of Henry IV. and Edward III.

Publicans of the New Testament
were the provincial underlings of the
Magister or master collector who resided
at Rome. The taxes were farmed by a
contractor called the Manceps; this
Manceps divided his contract into dif-
ferent societies; each society had a
Magister, under whom were a number of
underlings called Publica’ni or servants
of the state.

Pucelle (Le) | The Maid of Orle’ans,
Jeanne d’Arc (1410-1431). (See Shake-
speare’s 1 Henry VI., v. 4.)

Puck or Robin Goodfellow. A fairy
and merry wanderer .of the night,
‘‘rough, knurly-limbed, faun-faced,
and shock-pated, a very Shetlander
afaong the gossamer-winged’* fairies
around him. (
summer Night’s Dream, ii. 1; iii. 1.)

_ Pucka, an Indian word in very com-

mon use, means real, bona fide ; as, ‘‘ He
is. a commander, but not ® pucka one”’
(i.e, not officially appointed, but only

1017

(See Shakespeare’s Mid-

Puff-ball

acting as such, pro tempore). ‘The

queen reigns, but her ministers are the

ucka rulers.’? A suffragan bishop, an

onorary canon, a Lynch-judge, a

lieutenant-colonel, the temporary editor

of a journal, are not ‘‘ pucka,”’ or bona
80.

Pudding. (See Jacx.)

Pudding-time properly means just
as dinner is about to begin, for our fore-
fathers took their padding before their
meat. It also means in the nick of time.

“But Mare ..
In pudding-time came to his aid.”
Butler: Hudibras, i, 2,

Pudens. A soldier in the Roman
army, mentioned in 2 Tim. iv. 21, in
connection with Linus and Claudia. Ac-
cording to tradition, Claudia, the wife
of Pudens, was a British lady; Linus,

' otherwise called Cyllen, was her brother ;

and Lucius, ‘‘the British king,’ the
grandson of Linus. ‘Tradition further
adds that Lucius wrote to Eleutherus,
Bishop of Rome, to send missionaries to
Britain to convert the people

Puff. Exaggerated praise. The most
popular etymology of this word is
pouff, a coiffure employed by the ladies
of France in the reign of the Grand
Monarque to announce events of in-
terest, or render persons patronised by
them popular. Thus, Madame d’Eg-
mont, Duke of Richelieu’s daughter,
wore on her head a little diamond
fortress, with moving- sentinels, after
her father had taken Port Mahon; and
the Duchess of Orleans wore a little
nursery, with cradle, baby, and toys
complete, after the birth of her son and
heir. These, no doubt, were pouffs and
puffs, but Lord Bacon uses the word
puff a century before the head-gear
was brought into fashion. Two other
etymons present themselves *’ the old

-pictures. of Fame puffing forth the
| praises of ges hero with her trumpet ;
Ly

and the puffing out of slain beasts and
birds in order to make them look
plumper and better for food—a plan
universally adopted in the abattoirs of
Paris. (German, puffen, to brag or
make a noise; and French, pouf, our

pufi.)
Puff, in The Critic, by Sheridan. An
impudent literary quack.

Puff-ball. <A sort of te oe The
word isa corruption of Puck or Pouk ball,
anciently called Puck-fist. .The Irish
name is Pooka-foot.. (Saxon, Pulker-
Jist, a toadstool.) Shakespeare alludes

Puffed Up

1018

Punch

to this superstition when Pros’pero sum-
mons amongst his elves—
“You whose pastime
Is to make midnight mushrooms.”
Shakespeare : Tempest, v. 1
Puffed Up. Conceited ; elated with
conceit or praise; filled with wind. A
puff is a tartlet with a very light or
puffy crust.
8 Nap no sey the be puffed up one against
Pug, 4 variant of puck,-is used to a
child, monkey, dog, etc., as a pet term.
You mischievous little pug. A playful
reproof to a favourite.
Pug. A mischievous little goblin in
a Jonson’s drama of The Devil is an
88.

Pugna Porco’rum (Battle of the
Pigs). The most celebrated poem of
alliterative verse, extending to 253 Latin
hexameters, in which every word begins
with p.

Puisne Judges means the younger-
born judges, at one time dalled puny
judges. They are the four inferior
judges of the Court of Queen’s Bench,
and the four inferior judges of the
Court of Common Pleas. (French,
pursne, subsequently born; Latin, yost
natus.)

Pukwa‘na (North American Indian),
The curling smoke of the Peace-pipe; a
signal or beacon.

Pull, <4 long pull, astrong pull, anda
pull all together—i.e. a steady, energetic,
and systematic co-operation. The re-
ference may be either to a boat, where
all the oarsmen pull together with a
long and strong pull at the oars; or it
may be to the act of hauling with a rope,
when a simultaneous strong pull is in-
dispensable.

Pull Bacon (Zo). To spread the
fingers out after having placed one’s
thumb on the nose. <

“The officers spoke to him, when the man put

his fingers to his nose and pulled bacon.”—Leeds
Police ort, Oct, 6, 1887. ae

Pull Devil, Pull Baker. Let each
one do the best for himself in his own
line of business, but let not one man in-
terfere in that of another.

“Tt's all fair pulling, ‘pull devil, pull baker ;’
someone has. to get the worst of it. Nowit's us
(bushrangers], now it’s them [the police] that gets
«+. rubbed out."—Boldrewood : Robbery under
Arms, chap. xxxvii.

Pulling. A Jockey trick, which used
to be called ‘‘ playing booty ’’—i.¢. ap-
pearing to use every effort to come in

first, but really determined to lose the
race

“Mr, Kemble {in the Jron Chest] gave a slight
touch of the jockey, and ‘played booty.’ He
seemed to do justice to the play, bat really ruined
its success,”—George Colman the Younger.

Pumblechook (Uncle). He bullied
Pip when only a poor boy, but when the
boy became wealthy was his lick-spittle,
fawning on him most servilely with his
‘‘ May I, Mr. Pip ” [have the honour of
shaking hands with you] ; “‘ Might I, Mr.
zip ” [take the liberty of saluting you].
(Dickens | Great Expectations.)

Pummel or Pommel. To_ beat
black and blue. (French, pommeler, to
dapple.)

Pump. To sift, to extract informa-
tion by indirect questions. In allusion
to pumping up water.

“ But pump not me for politics.”
Otway,

Pumpernickel. Brown George or
rye-bread used by Westphalian peasants.

His Transparency of Pumpernickel.
So the Times satirised the minor German
princes, ‘‘ whose ninety men and ten
drummers constituted their whole em-
battled host on the parade-ground before
their palace; and whose revenue was
supplied by a percentage on the tax levied
on strangers atthe Pumpernickel Kur-
saal,”? o uly 18, 1866.)

Thackeray was author of the phrase.

Pun is the Welsh pun, equivalent ; it
means a word equally applicable to two
things. The application should be re-
mote and odd in order to give piquancy
to the play. (See CALEMBOURG.)

Pun and Pickpocket. He who
would make a pun would pick a pocket,
Dr. Johnson is generally credited with
this silly dictum (1709-1784), but Dennis
had said before to Purcell, ‘‘ Any man
who would make such an execrable pun
would not pats to pick my pocket”
(1657-1734). (Sir W. H. Pyne: Wine
and Walnuts, vol. ii. p. 277.) %

The “execrable pun” was this: Purcell rang the
bell for the drawer or waiter, but no one answered
it. Purcell, tapping the table, asked Dennis “ why
the table was like the tavern?” Ans. “Because
there is no drawer in it.”- dedi

Punch, from the Indian word puny
(five) ; so called from its five ingredients
—viz. spirit, water, lemon, sugar, and
spice. It was introduced into England
from Spain, where it is called ponche.
It is called ‘‘ Contradiction,” because it
is composed of spirits to make it strong,
and zwater to make it weak; of lemon-
juice to make it sour, and sugar to make
it sweet, © 108 a)

Punch

1019

Purgatory

Ur, Punch, A Roman mime called
Maccus was the = of Punch. A
statuette of this buffoon was discovered
in 1727, containing all the well-known
features of our friend—the long nose
and goggle eyes, the hunch back and
protruding breast.

The most popular derivation of Punch
and Judy is Pontius cum Judeis (Matt.
xxvii. 19), an old mystery play of Pontius
Pilate and the Jews; but the Italian
policinello seems to be from pollicé, a
thumb (Tom-thumb figures), and our
Punch is from paunch.

The drama or story of our Punch and
Judy is attributed to Silvio Fiorillo, an
Italian comedian of the seventeenth cen-
tury. The tale is this: Punch, in a fit
of jealousy, strangles his infant child,
when Judy flies to her revenge. She
fetches a bludgeon, with which she be-
labours her husband, till Punch, exaspe-
rated, seizes another bludgeon and beats
her to death, then flings into the street
the two dead bodies. e bodies attract
the notice of a police officer, who enters
the house. Punch flees for his life ;
being arrested by an officer of the In-
quisition, he is shut up in prison, from
which he escapes by means of a golden
key. The rest is an allegory, showing
how Punch triumphs over all the ills that
flesh is heir to. (1) En’nui, in the shape
of a dog, is overcome; (2) Disease, in
the disguise of a doctor, is kicked out;
®) Death is beaten to death ; and (4) the

vil himself is outwitted.

Pleased as Punch, (See PLEASED.)

Punch, 4 Suffolk punch. A short,
thick-set cart-horse,

“1 did hear them call their child Punch, which
pleased me mightily, that word having become a
word of common use for everything that is thick
and short.”—Pepy3's Diary,

Punc'tual. No bigger than a point,
exact to a point or moment. (Latin, ad
punctum.) Hence the angel, describing
this earth to Adam, callsit ‘‘ This spa-
cious earth, this punctual spot”’—1.¢, a
spot no bigger than a point, (Milton:
Paradise Tae viii. 23.)

Punctuality. Punctuality is the
qian of kings. Attributed to Louis

Punctuation. The following advice
of Bishop Orleton to Gourney and Mal-
travers in 1327 is an excellent example
of the importance of punctuation :—
Edwardum ocecidere nolite timere bonum
est—‘* Refrain not to kill King Edward
is right.” I£ the point is placed after

the first word, the sentence reads, “Not |

to kill the king is right;”’ but if after
the second word, the direction becomes,
‘* Refrain not ; to kill the king isright.”’
(See ORACLE.)

Pundit. An East Indian scholar,
skilled in Sanskrit, and learned in law,
divinity, and science. We use the word
for a porcus litera'rum, one more stocked
with book lore than deep erudition.

Pu'nic Apple. A pomegranate; so
called because it is the pomum or ‘‘apple’’
belonging to the genus Pu'nica.

Pu'nic. Faith. Treachery, violation
of faith. “Punic faith” is about equal
to ‘*Spanish honesty.’? The Puni (a
corruption of Pceni) were accused by the
Romans of breaking faith with them, a
most extraordinary instance of the ‘‘ pot
calling the kettle black; ”? for whatever
infidelity the Carthaginians were guilty
of, it could scarcely equal that of their
accusers.

The Roman Pen is the word Phen:
(Phoenicians), the Carthaginians being
of Phoenician descent.

‘Our Punic faith
Is infamous, and branded toa proverb.” _
Addison: Cato, il.

Punigh a Bottle (70). To drink a
bottle of wine or spirits. When the
contents have been punished, the empty
bottles are ‘“‘dead men.”’

“ After we'd punished a couple of bottles of old

Crow whisky ... he caved in all of a sudden [he
got completely powerless]."—The Barton Experi-

ment, chap. xiv.
ab [jive feed They are the
Jelum, Chenab, Ravee, Be’as, and Sutlej;

called by the Greeks pente-potamia.

Pup properly means a little boy or

irl. A little dog is so éalled because it
isa pet. An insect in the third stage of
existence. (Latin, pupus, fem. pupa;

_ French, poupée, adoll; German, puppe.)

Purbeck (Dorsetshire). Noted for a
marble used in ecclesiastical ornaments.
Chichester cathedral has a row of columns
of this. limestone. The columns of the
Temple church, London; the tomb of
Queen Eleanor, in Westminster Abbey ;
and the throne of the archbishop in
Canterbury cathedral, are other speci-
mens.

Purgatory. The Jewish Rabbi be-
lieved that the soul of the deceased was

| consigned to a sort of purgatory for

twelve months after death, during which

| time it was allowed to visit its dead

body and the places or persons it es-

pedially loved. This intermediate state

they called by various names, as ‘‘ thé

Puritani

1020

Puss in Boots

bosom of Abraham,’’ ‘‘the garden of
Eden,” ‘‘ upper Gehenna.’’ The Sab-
bath was always a free day, and prayer
was supposed to benefit those in this
intermediate state.

Purita/ni (I). Zhe Puritans. Elvi'ra,
daughter of Lord Walton, a Puritan,
is affianced to Lord Arthur Talbot, a
Cavalier, On the day of espousals, Lord
Arthur aids Henrietta, the widow of
Charles I., to escape ; and Elvira, think-
ing him faithless, loses her reason. On
his return to England, Lord Arthur ex-
plains the circumstances, an@ the two
overs vow that nothing on earth shall
part them more. The vow is scarcely
uttered, when Cromwell’s soldiers enter
and arrest Lord Talbot for treason ; but
as they lead him forth to execution a
herald announces the defeat of the
Stuarts, and free pardon to all political
yoshi whereupon Lord Arthur is
iberated, and marries Elvira. (Bellini:
I Puritani ; libretto by C. Pepoh.)

Puritans, Seceders from the Re-
formed Church; so called because they
rejected all human traditions and inter-
ference in religion, acknowledging the
sole authority of the ‘“‘pure Word of
God,’’ without ‘‘note or comment.”
Their motto was: ‘‘ The Bible, the whole
Bible, and nothing but the Bible.’’? The
English Puritans were sometimes by the
Reformers called Precisionists, from
their preciseness in matters called ‘‘in-
different.’”? Andrew Fuller named them
Non-conformists, because they refused to
subscribe to the Act of Uniformity.

Purkinge’s Figures. In optics,
figures produced on a wall of uniform
colour when a person entering a dark
room with a candle moves it up and
down approximately on a level with the
eyes, From the eye near the candle an
image of the retinal vessels will appear
projected on the wall.

Purler (4). A cropper, or heavy
fall from one’s horse in a steeplechase or
in the hunting-field (probably allied to
hurl and whirl).

“Seraph’s white horse ... cleared it, but fall
ing with a mighty crash, gave him a purler on
hs opposite side."—Ouida: Under Two Flags,
chap, vi.

Pur'lieu (2 syl.). Frencn pourallé
liew (a plone free from the forest Bae
Henry I1., Richard I., and John made
certain lands forest lands; Henry III.
allowed certain portions all round to
be severed. These ‘‘rues,’? or forest
borders were freed from that servitude
which was laid on the royal forests. The

“ nerambulation ”’ oy which this was
effected was technically called pourallée,

“In the purlieus of this forest stands
A sheepcote fenced about with olive-trees.”
Shakespeare: As You Like It, iv. 3.

Purple (blue and red) indicates the
love of truth even unto martyrdom. (See
under CoLouR, for its symbolisms, ete.)

Purple (Promotion to the). Promo-
tion to the rank of cardinal in the Roman
Catholic Church,

“Dr. Moran's promotion to the purple is cer-
tain.”—Newspaper paragraph.

Purpure [purple]. One of the colours
of an heraldic escutcheon. It is ex-
pressed by vertical lines running down
towards the left hand (as you look at
the shield lying before you); ‘‘ Vert”

runs seal way. -

PURPLE.

English heralds vary escutcheons by seven
colours ; foreign heralds by nine. (See HERALDS.)

Pursy, Pursiness. Broken-winded,
or in a bloated state in which the wind
is short and difficult. (French, poussi-f,,
same meanings)

A fat and pursy man, Shakespeare
has ‘‘ pursy Insolence,” the insolence of
Jesurun, ‘* who waxed fat and kicked.”
In Hamlet we have ‘‘ the fatness of these
pursy times ”’—i.e, wanton or self-indul-
gent times.

Purura’vas and Urva’si. An Indian
myth. similar to that of ‘‘ Apollo and
Daphne.”’ Puriravas is a legendary
king who fell in love with Urva’si, a
heavenly nymph, who consented to be-
come his wife on certain conditions.
These conditions being violated, Urvasi
disappeared, and Pururatas, inconsol-
able, wandered everywhere to find her.
Ultimately he succeeded, and they were
indissolubly united. (See PsycHE.)

Pu'seyite G syl.). A High Church-
man; so called from Dr. Pusey, of Ox-
ford, a chief contributor to the Tracts
Sor the Times. (See TRACTARIANS,)

Puss. A cat, hare, or rabbit. (Irish,
pus, a cat.) It is said that the word,
applied to a hare or rabbit, is from the
Latin Jepus, Frenchified into fe pus,
True or not, the pun may pass muster. .

“ Oh, puss, it bodes thee dire disgrace,
When I defy thee to the race, a
Sang) EADS MME Se
a, shell u mile 4
wig The Hare and the Tortoise, —

Puss in Boots (Le Chat Botté], from
the “Bloventh Night of Strapatola’s

t
Bus

Put

1021

Pyrrhic Victory

Italian fairy tales, where Constantine’s
cat procures his master a fine castle and
the king’s heiress, First translated into
French in 1585. Our version is taken
from that of Charles Perrault. There is
a similar one in the Scandinavian nursery
tales. This clever cat secures a fortune
and'a royal partner for his master, who
passes off as the Marquis of Car’abas, but
18 in reality a young miller without a
penny in the world.

Put. A clown, a silly shallow-pate, a
butt, one easily ‘‘ put upon.”

“ Queer country puts extol Queen Beas‘s reign.”
Bramson,

Put the Cart before the Horse.
(See Caxt.)

Put up the Shutters (70). To an-
nounce oneself a bankrupt.

Do you think Iam going to put up the shutters
if we can manage to keep going ?

Putney and Mortlake Race. The
annual eight-oared boat-race between
the two universities of Cambridge and
Oxford.

Putting on Frills (American). Giv-
ing oneself airs.

Putting on Side. Giving oneself
airs. Side is an archaic word for a train
or trailing gown; also long, as ‘his
beard was side.” A side-coat means a
long trailing coat. (Anglo-Saxon. sid,
great, wide, long—as sid-feax, long
hair.)

“I do not like side frocks for little girls.”"—
Skinner.

Pygmalion. A statuary of Cyprus,
who hated women and resolved never to
marry, but fell in love with his own
statue of the goddess Venus. At his
earnest prayer the statue was vivified,
and he married it. (Ovid: Metamor-
phoses, x.; Earthly Paradise, August.)
“ Few, like Pygmalion, doat on lifeless charms,

Or care to clasp a statue in their arms,”

8. Jenyns: Art of Dancing, canto\.

% In Gilbert’s comedy of Pygmalion
and Galatéa, the sculptor is a married
man, whose wife Cornice) was jealous
of the animated statue (Ga’ pee, which,
after enduring great misery, voluntarily
returned to its original state. This, of
course, is mixing up two Pygmalions,
wide as the poles apart.

John Marston wrote certain satires called The
Metamorphoses of Pygmalion’s Image. These
Batires were suppressed, and are now very rare.

Pyg’mies (2 syl.). A nation of
dwarfs on the banks of the Upper Nile,
Every spring the cranes made war upon
them and devoured them. They cut

down every corn-ear with an axe.

When Hercules went to the country
they climbed up his goblet by ladders to
drink from it; and while he was asleep
two whole armies of them fell upon his
right hand, and two upon his left; but
Hercules rolled them all in his lion’s
skin. It is easy to see how Swift has
availed himself of this Grecian legend in
his Gulliver’s Travels, Stanley met with
Pd Gc of Pygmies in his search for Emin
2B.

Pyl’ades and Orestes, Two model
friends, whose names have become pro-
verbial for friendship, like those of Da-
mon and Pythias, David and Jonathan.

Pyramid. The largest is that of
Cholula, in Mexico, which covers fifty
acres of ground. The largest in Egypt
is that of Cheops, near Cairo, wien
covers thirteen acres. Sir William Tite
tells us it contains ninety million cubic
feet of stone, and could not be now built
for less than thirty millions of money
(sterling).

Pyr’amus. The lover of Thisbée.
Supposing Thisbe to be torn to pieces by
a lion, he stabbed himself, ee Thisbe,
finding the dead body, stabbed herself
also. Both fell dead under a mulberry-
tree, which has ever since borne blood-
red fruit. Shakespeare has a travesty
of this tale in his Midsummer Night's
Dream, (Ovid : Metamorphoses, bk. iv.)

Pyroc’les and Musidorus. Heroes
whose exploits, previous to their arrival
in Arcadia, are detailed in the Arcadia
of Sir Philip Sidney.

Pyrodes (3 syl.), son of Clias was so
called, according to Pliny (vii. 56), be-
cause he was the first to strike fire from
flint. (Greek, pur, fire; = ignitus.)

Pyrrha. Saculum Pyrrhe. The
Flood. Pyrrha was the wife of Deu-
calion (Horace : 1 Odes, ii, 6). So much
rain has fallen, it looks as if the days of
Pyrrha were about to return,

Pyr’rhic Dance, the most famous
war-dance of antiquity, received its
name from Pyrrichos, a Dorian. It
was danced to the flute, and its time
was very quick, Julius Cesar intro-.
duced it into Rome. The Romaika, still
danced in Greece, is a relic of the an«
cient Pyrrhic dance,

“ Ye have the Pyrrhic dance as often,
Where is the Pyrrhic phalanx gone

‘Pyrrhic Victory (4). A ruinous
victory. Pyrrhus, artter his victory over
the Romans, near the river Siris, said

Pyrrho

to those sent t. congratulate him, ‘‘One
more such victory and Pyrrhus is un-
done.”’

“The railway companies see that in fighting
their customers they gain but a very Pyrrhic
sort of victory."—Newspaper article, Feb. 13th,
1893,

rho. <A sceptic. Pyrrho was

the founder of the sceptical school of
philosophy, He was a native of Elis,
in Peloponne’ses,
“ Blessed be the day I'scaped the wrangling crew

From Pyrrho’s maze and Epicurus’ sty,’

Beattie; Minstrel,

Pyrrho'nian School (Zhe). The
sceptical platform founded by Pyrrho,
(See above.)

Pyr'rhonism. Infidelity. (See above.)

Pythag’oras, son of Muesarchos, was
called son vf Apollo or Pythios, from
the first two syllables of his name; but
he was called Pytha-goras because the
Pythian oracle predicted his birth.

Pythagoras, generally called The Long-
haired Sa'mian. A native of Sa’mos,
noted for his manly beauty and long
hair. The Greeks applied the phrase to
any venerable man or philosopher.

Pythagoras maintained that he dis-
tinctly recollected having occupied other
human forms before his birth at Samos:
(1) He was Asthal'ides, son of Mercury ;
(2) Euphorbos the Phrygian, son of Pan’-
thoos, in which form he ran Patroclos
through with a lance, leaving Hector to
dispatch the hateful friend of Achilles ;
(3) Hermoti/mos, the prophet of Clazo-
mene; and’(4) a fisherman. To prove his
Phrygian existence he was taken to the
temple of Hera, in Argos, and asked to
point out the shield of the son of Pan-
thoos, which he did without hesitation.
(See Rat.)

The golden thigh of Pythagoras. This
thigh he showed to Ab’aris, the Hyper-
borean priest, and exhibited it in the
Olympic games.

Abaris, priest of the Hyperbo’reans,
gave him a dart, by which he was carried
through the air, over inaccessible rivers,
lakes and mountains; expelled pesti-
lence ; lulled storms; and performed
other wonderful exploits,

Pythagoras maintained that the soul
has three vehicles: (1) the ethereal, which
is luminous and celestial, in which the
soul resides in a state of bliss in the
stars ; (2) the Zminows, which suffers the
punishment of sin after death; and (3)
the terrestrial, which is the vehicle it
occupies on this earth. F

Pythagoras asserted he could write on
the moon. His plan of operation was to

1022

or drawn the figure required by the
| proposition, _ vuntte and

Q.E.F.

write on a looking-glass in blood, and
place it opposite the moon, when the
inscription would appear photographed
or reflected on the moon’s disc.

Pythagoras. _Mesmerism was prac-
tised by Pythagoras, if we may credit
Iamblichus, who tells us that he tamed
a savage Daunian bear by ‘stroking it
gently with his hand; ”’ subdued an eagle
by the same means; and held absolute
dominion over beasts and birds by ‘‘ the
power of his voice,’’ or “influence of his
touch.””

Pythagore’'an System, Eyiha'gores
taught that the sun is a movable sphere
in the centre of the universe, and that
all the planets revolve round it. This
is substantially the same as the Coperni-
can and Newtonian systems,

Pyth'ian Games. The games held
by the Greeks at Pytho, im Phocis, sub-
sequently called Delphi, They took
place every fourth year, the second of
each Olympiad. :

Pythias. (See Damon.) -

Py'thon. The monster serpent hatched
from the mud of Deucalion’s deluge, and
slain near Delphi by Apollo,

a

Q. Qin acorner. Something not seen at
first, but subsequently brought to notice,
The thong to which seals are attached in
legal documents is in French called the
queue ; thus we have lettres scellées sur
simple queue or sur double queue, accord-
ing to whether they bear one or two
seals. In documents where the seal is
attached to the deed itself, the corner
where the seal is placed is called the
queue, and when the document is sworn-
to the finger is laid on the queue,

In a merry Q (cue). Humour, temper ;
thus Shakespeare says, ‘‘ My cue is vil-
lanous melancholy ’’ (King Lear, i. 2). —

Old Q. The fifth Earl of March,

afterwards Duke of Queensberry.

Q.E.D. Quod erat demonstrandum,
Three letters appended to the. theorems
of Euclid, meaning: Thus have .we
proved the proposition stated above, as

_ we were required to do.

Q.E.F. Quod erat facien'dum. ‘Three

‘letters appended to the problems of

Euclid, meaning: Thus have we done

fiw oh

OP.

1023

Quadruple Alliance

QP. Quantum placet. Two letters
used in prescriptions, meaning the quan-
tity may be as little or much as you
like, Thus, in a cup of tea we might say
«Milk and suger ¢.p.””

QS. Quantum sufficit. Two letters
appended to prescriptions, and meaning
as much as is required to make the pills
up... Thus, after giving the drugs in
minute proportions, the apothecary is
told to “‘mix these articles in liquorice
q.8’

Q.V. (Latin, quantum xs As much
as you like, or guantum valeat, as much

as 1s proper.
q.v. (Latin, guod vide). Which see.

Quack or Quack Doctor; once
called quack-salver. A puffer of salves,
(Swedish, gvak-salfvare ; Norwegian,
qvak-salver ; German, guacksalber.)

* “Saltimbancoes, quacksalvers, and charlatans
deceive the vulgar."—Sir Thomas Browne.

Quacks, Queen Anne’s quack oculists
were William Read (tailor), who was
knighted, and Dr. Grant (tinker).

Quad. 7 be in quad. To be con-
fined to your college-grounds or quad-
rangle; to be in prison.

Quadra. The border round a bas-
Yeljef,

In the Santa Crocé of Florence is a quadra

ound a bas relief representing the Madonna, in

hite terra-cotta, Several other figures are
introduced.

Quadrages'ima Sunday. The Sun-
day immediately preceding Lent; so

led because it is, in round numbers,
the fortieth day before Easter,

Quadrages‘imals. The farthings
or payments made in commutation of a

érsonal visit to the mother-church on

id-Lent Sunday ; also called Whitsun
farthings,

Quadrilat’eral. The four fortresses
of Peschie'ra and Mantua on the Mincio,
with Vero’na and Legna’go on the
Ad‘igé. Now demolished.

The Prussian Quadrilateral. . The for-
tresses of Luxemburg, Coblentz, Sarre-
louis, and Mayence,

Quadril’le (2 syl., French) means
& small square; a dance in which the

ersons place themselves in a square.
ntroduced into, England in 1813 by the

Duke of Devonshire, (Latin, yun,
& square.) — Ra

Le Pantalon, 8o called from the tune
to which it used to be danced.

“L’Ete, From & country-dance called

pas d’été, very fashionable in 1800;
which it resembles.

La poule, Derived from a country-
dance produced by Julien in 1802, the
second part of which began with the
imitation of a cock-crow.

Trenise. The name of a dancing-
master who, in 1800, invented the figure.

La- pastourelle. So named from its
melody and accompaniment, which are
similar to the vilanelles or peasants’
dances.

Quadvriloge (3 syl.). Anything
written in four parts or books, as Childe
Harold, Anything compiled from four
authors, as the Life of Thomas a Becket.
Any history resting on the testimony of
four independent authorities, as Zhe
Gospel History. .

“The very authors of the Quadriloge itselfe or
song of foure parts... doe all with one pen and
mouth acknowledge the same "—Lambarde: Per-
ambulation, p. 55.

Quadrivium, The four higher sub-
jects of scholastic philosophy up to thé
twelfth century. It embraced music,
arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy.
The guadrivium was the ‘‘fourfold way ’’
to knowledge; the ¢ri’viwmn (q.v.) the
“threefold way’? to eloquence; both
together comprehended the seven arts
or sciences. The seven arts are enu-
merated in the following hexameter :—
* Lingua, Tropus, Ratio, Numerus, Tonus, An

gulus, Astra.”
And in the two following :==
“Gram, loquitur, Dia, vera docet, Rhet. verba

colorat.

Mus. cadit, Ar. numerat, Ceo. ponderat, Ase.
colit astra.”

Quadroon’, <A person with one-

fourth of black blood; the offspring of
a mulatto woman by a white man, The
mulatto is half-blobded, one parent being
white and the other black. (Latin, gua-
tuor, four.) (See Lams.)

Quad'ruple Alliance of 1674,
Germany, Spain, Denmark, and Holland
formed an alliance against France to
resist the encroachments of Louis XIV.,
who had declared war against Holland.
It terminated with the treaty of Nime-
guen in 1678,

Quadruple Alianée of 1718-1719. An
alliance between England, France, Ger-
many, and Holland, to guarantee the
succession in England to the House of
Hanover; to secure the succession in
France to the House of Bourbon; and
to prohibit 8 and France from
uniting under one crown, Signed. at

Paris, 3%
Quadruple Alliance of 1834, The

Questio Vexata

1024

Quarter ‘

alliance of England, France, Spain, and
Portugal for the purpose of restoring
peace to the Peninsula, by putting down
the Carlists or partisans of Don Carlos.

Quezstio Vexa'ta. An open question.

Quail. A bird, said to be very sala-
cious, hence a prostitute or courtesan.
“ Here’s Agamemnon, an honest fellow enough,

and one that loves quails."—Shakespeare: Troilus
and Cressida, v. 1.

The Iliad of Homer is based on the story that
Agamemnon, being obliged to give up his mis-
tress, took the mistress of Achilles to supply her
place, This brought about a quarrel between
-Agamemnon and Actlrilles,and Achilles refused
te have anything more to do with the siege of
Troy.

_ Quaint means odd, peculiar, A
quaint phrase means a fanciful phrase,
one not expressed in the ordinary way.

“ His garment was very quaint and odd;...a
long, long way behind the time."— Dickens;
Christmas Stories ; Cricket on the Hearth, chap. i.

Quaker. It appears from the Jow'nal
of George Fox, who was imprisoned for
nearly twelve months in Derby, that the
Quakers first obtained the appellation
(1650) by which they are now known
from the following circumstance :—
“Justice Bennet, of Derby,’’ says Fox,
*‘ was the first to call us Quakers, be-
eause I bade him quake and tremble at
the word of the Lord.”? The system of
the Quakers is laid down by Robert
Barclay in fifteen theses, called Barclay’s
Apology, addressed to Charles II.

KG pet (that, like lanterns, bear

heir light within them) will not swear.”
Butler: Hudibras, ii. 2.
Qualm. A sudden fit ‘of illness, or
sickly languor. Hence, a qualm of
conscience = a twinge or uneasiness of
conscience.

Quanda'ry.
of hesitation.

Quanquam or Cancan. <A sian
manner of dancing quadrilles pecpiibed
in the public gardens of Paris, etc. The
word cancan is a corruption of the Latin
quamquamn, a term applied to the exer-
cises delivered by young theological
students before the divinity professors.
Hence it came to signify ‘‘ babble,’’
“‘jargon,”’ anything crude, jejune, etc.

Quaranti'ne (3 syl.). The forty
days that a ship suspected of being in-
fected with some contagious disorder is
obliged to lie off port. (Italian, guaran-
tina, forty ; French, guarantaine.)

Lo perform quarantine is to ride off

rt during the time of quarantine, (See

‘ORTY.)

A perplexity; a state

Quarll (Philip). A sort of Robinson
Crusoe, who had a chimpanzee for his
““man Friday.’’? The story relates the
adventures and sufferings of an English
hermit named Philip Quarll.

Quarrel. A short, stout arrow used
in the crossbow. (A corruption of car-
rial; Welsh, chwarel ; French, earreau.
So called because the head was originally
carré orfour-sided. Hence also a quarrel
or guarry of glass, meaning a square or
diamond-shaped pane; quarier, a square
wax-candle, etc.)

“ Quarelles qwayntly swappez thorowe knyghtez
ith iryne 50 wergrly ynehe tbey

that. w.
never. Morte d Arthure.

Quarrel. To quarrel over the bishop's
cope—over something which cannot pos-
sibly do you any good ; over goat’s: wool.
This is a French expression. newly-
appointed Bishop of Bruges entered the
town in pend A mnie e —- a

ople; and the people, i
Hae themselves, tore it to shreds,
each taking a piece.

Quarrel with your Bread and
Butter (Zo). To act con to your
best interest; to snarl at that which
procures your living, like a spoilt child,
who shows its mas 3 by throwing its
bread and butter to the ground. Tocut
off your nose to be avenged on your face.

Quarry (A). Theplace where stone,
marble, etc., are dug out and squared.
(French, qguarré, formed into square
blocks.) (Zomlinson.)

Quarry. Prey. -This is a term in
falconry. When a hawk struck the
object of pursuit and clung to it, she
was said to “‘ bind ;’’ but when she flew
off with it, she was said to ‘‘carry.”

e “carry”? or ‘“quarry,”’ therefore,
means the prey carried off by the hawk.
It is an error to derive this word from
the Latin quero (to seek).

“To tell the manner of it,
palsy, ttre Berto of inne murdered deer
Shakespeare: Macbeth, tv. 3.

Quart d’Heure (Mauvais). A time
of annoyance. The time between the
arrival of the guests and the announce-
ment of dinner is emphatically called
the mauvais quart d’heure; but the
phrase has a much larger application :
thus we say the Cabinet Ministers must
have had a mauvais quart d’heure when
opening a number of telegrams of a
troublesome character, © ras

Quarter. To grant quarter. To spare
the life of an enemy in your power. Dr.
Tusler says:—“ It originated from |

ava
oo wae

Quarter-days

1025

Queen Anne’s Bounty

agreement anciently made between the
Dutch and the Spaniards, that the ran-
som of a soldier should be the quarter of
his pay.”” (French, donner and de-
mander quartier.)

Quarter-days in England and
Treland :—

(1) New Style: Lady Day (March
osths, Midsummer Day (June 24th),
Michaelmas Day (September 29th), and
Christmas Day (December 25th).

(2) Old Style: Old Lady Day (April
6th), Old Midsummer Day (July 6th),
Old Michaelmas Day (October 11th),
and Old Christmas Day (January 6th).

Quarter-days in Scotland :—

Candlemas Day (February 2nd), Whit-
Sunday (May 15th), Lammas Day (Au-
gust Ist), and Martinmas Day (Nov. 11).

Quarter Waggoner. A book of sea-
charts. Waggoner, or rather Baron von
Waggonaer, is a folio volume of sea-
charts, pointing out the coasts, rocks,
routes, etc. Dalrymple’s Charts are
called The English Waggoner. ‘‘ Quar-
ter’? is a corruption of quarto

Quarters. Residence or place of
abode; as, winter quarters, the place
where an army lodges during the winter
months. We say ‘this quarter of the
town,” meaning this district or part ;
the French speak of the Latin Quartier
—i.é. the district or part of Paris where
the medical schools, etc., are located ;
the Belgians speak of quartiers a louer,
lodgings to let ; and bachelors in England
often say, ‘‘ Come to my quarters ’’—1.e.
apartments. All these are from the

rench verb écarter (to set apart).

“There shall no leavened bread be seen with
thee, neither shall there be leayen seen... in
alt thy quarters [any of thy houses).”—Exodus
xib.

Quarterdeck. The upper deck of a
ship from the main-mast to the poop; if
no poop, then from the main-mast to
the stern. In men-of-war it is used as
a promenade by officers only.

Quartermaster. The officer whose
duty it is to attend to the quarters of
the soldiers. He superintends the issue.
of stores, food, and clothing. (See
QUARTERS.)

As a nautical term, a quartermaster is
a petty officer who, besides other duties,
at to the steering of the ship.

Quartered. (Sce Drawn.)

Quarto. A book half the size of folio
—i.e. where each sheet is folded into
quarters or four leaves. 4to is the con-
traction. (The Italian, Libro in quarto ;
French, in quarto; from Latin guartus.)

Quarto-De’cimans, who, after the
decision of the Nicene Council, main-
tained that Easter ought to be held on
the fourteenth day of the first lunar
month near the vernal equinox, whether
that day fell on a Sunday or not.

Quashee. A cant generic name of a
negro; so called from a negro named.
Quassi. (See QUASSIA.)

Quasi (Latin). Something which is
not the real thing, but may be accepted
in its place; thus a

Quasi contract is not a real contract,
but something which may be accepted
as a contract, and has the force of one.

Quast tenant. The tenant of a house
sub-let.

Quasimo’do. A foundling, hideously
deformed, but of amazing strength, in
Victor Hugo’s Notre Dame de Paris,

Quasimodo Sunday. The first
Sunday after Easter; so called because
the ‘‘Introit’’ of the day begins with
these words :—‘‘ Quasi modo gen'iti in-
Santes”’ (1 Pet. ii, 2), Also called ‘Low
Sunday,” being the first Sanday after
the grand ceremonies of Easter.

Quas’sia. An American plant, or
rather genus of plants, named after
Quassi, a negro.

“Linneus applied this name to a tree of
Surinam in honour of a negro, Quassi,.., who
employed its bark asta remedy for fever; and
enjoyed sucha reputation among the natives as
to be almost worshipped by some,"—Lindley and
Moore: Treatise of Botuny, part ii, p, 947.)

Quatorziennes (fourteeners). Per-
sons of recognised position in society
who hold themselves in readiness to
accept an invitation to dinner when
otherwise the number of guests would
be thirteen. (See THIRTEEN.)

Queen. Greek, gyne (a woman) ;
Sanskrit, gont ; Swedish, gvenna ; Gothic,
queins ; Anglo-Saxon, cwen. (See SrR.)

Queen, “woman,” is equivalent to
‘‘mother.”? In the translation of the
Bible by Ulfilas (fourth century), we
meet with gens and gino (‘‘ wife” and
‘‘woman’’); and in the Scandinavian
languages karl and kone still mean
“man” and ‘wife,’ (See King.)

“He [Jesus] saith unto His mother, Woman,
behold thy son.”—St. John xix, 26,

Queen (The White). Mary Queen of
Scots; so called because she dressed in
white mourning for her French husband.

Queen Anne is Dead. The reply
made to the teller of stale news.

Queen Anne’s Bounty. A fund
created out of the firstfruits and tenths,

Queen Anne’s Style

1026

Queen’s Waré

which were part of the papal exactions
before the Reformation. The jirstfruits
are the whole first year’s profits of a
clerical living, and the tenths are the
‘tenth part annually of the profits of a
living. Henry VIII. annexed both these
‘to the Crown, but Queen Anne formed
them into a perpetual fund for the aug-
mentation of poor livings and the build
‘ing of parsonages. The sum equals
about £14,000 a year. ©

Queen Anne's Style (of architecture).
‘Noted for many angles, gables, quaint
features, and irregularity of windows,

Queen Consort. Wife of a reigning
king.

Queen Dick.
sometimes so called. (See Drox,
CALENDS.)

Queen Dowager.
deceased king.

Queen Passion (The Great). Love.

2 “ The gallant Jew
of mortal hearts the great queen passion knew.”
Peter Pindar ; Portfolio; Dinah,
‘Queen Quintessence. Sovereign of
Etéléchie (7.v.), in the romance of Gay-
gantua and Pantag'ruel, by Rabelais.

Queen Regnant. A queen who
holds the crown in her own right, in
contradistinction to a Queen Consort,
who is queen only because her husband
is king.

Queen-Square Hermit. Jeremy
Bentham, who lived at No. 1, Queen
Square, London, He was the father of
the political economists called Utilitar-
ians, whose.maxim is, ‘The greatest
happiness of the greatest number.”
1748-1832.)

Queen ofHearts. Elizabeth, daugh-
‘ter of JamesI. This unfortunate Queen
ef Bohemia was so called in the Low
Countries, from her amiable character
and engaging manners, even in her
Jowest estate. (1596-1662.) ‘

Queen of Heaven, with the ancient
Pheenicians, was Astarté ; Greeks, Hera ;
Romans, Juno; Trivia, Hecate, Diana,
the Egyptiun Isis, etc., were all so
called ; but with the Roman Catholics
it is the Virgin Mary.

In Jeremiah vii. 18: ‘The children
ee wood, . . . and the women

nead dough to make cakes to the queen
of heaven,’’ i.e. probably to the Moon,
to which the Jews, at the time, made
drink-offerings and presented cakes,
(Compare chapter xliv. 16-18.)

Richard Cromwell is
GREEK

The widow of a

Queen of the Dripping-pan. A
cook,

Queen of the Eastern Archipel’-
ago. The island of Java. |

Queen of the May. A village lass
chosen to preside over the parish sports
on May Day. Tennyson has a poem on
the subject.

Queen of the North. Edinburgh.
(See the proper name for other queens.)

Queen of the Northern Seas.
Elizabeth, who greatly increased the
English navy, and was successful against
the Spanish Armada, etc.

Queen’s Bench or King’s Bench.
One of the courts of law, in which the
monarch used to preside in person.

Queen’s College (Oxford), founded
in 1340 by Robert de Eglesfield, and so
called in compliment to Queen Philippa,
whose confessor he was. :

Queen’s College (Cambridge), founded
in 1448 b bre of Anjou, consort of
Henr c founded by Elizabeth
Woodville.

Queen’s Day. November 17th, the
day of the aecession of Queen Elizabeth.
first publicly celebrated in 1570, and still
kept as a holiday at the Exchequer, as
it was at Westminster school.

Nov. 17 at Merchant Taylors’ school
is a holiday also, now called Sir Thomas
White’s Founder’s Day.

“A rumour is spread in the court, and hath
come to the eares of some of the most honourable
counsell, how tbat I on the Queen's day last past
did forbidd in our college an aration to bee made
in praise of Her a government, etc.”—Dr.
Whittaker to Lord ‘Burghley (May 4th, 1590).

Queen’s English (The). Dean Alford
wrote a small book on this subject,
whence has arisen three or four phrases,
such as “clipping the Queen’s Eng-
lish,’’ ‘murdering the Queen’s English,”
etc. Queen’s English means grammatical
English,

Queen’s Heads. Postage-sfamps
which bear a likeness of the Queen’sa
[Victoria’s] head. (1895.)

Queen’s Pipe (Zhe). Anovenat the
Victoria Docks for destroying (by the
Inland Revenue authorities) refuse and
worthless tobacco, In 1892 the oven
was replaced by a furnace.

In the Queen’s Warehouse, near
the Monument, is a smaller pi for the
destruction of Contta bes neds

Queen’s Ware. Glazed earthen-
ware of a creamy colour,

mh

Queen’s Weather

1027

Questionists

Queen’s Weather. A fine day fora
féte ; so called because Queen Victoria
is, for the most part, fortunate in hav-
ing fine weather when she appears in
public.

Queenhithe (London).
or strand for lading and unlading barges
and lightersin the city. Called ‘queen”’
from wi fae of the dowry of Eleanor,

Queen of Henry II.
Queenstown Aes formerly
called the Cove of Cork, The name was

changed in 1850, out of compliment to
Queen Victoria, when she visited Ireland
with her husband, and created her eldest
son Earl of Dublin,

Queer, Counterfeit money.
To shove the queer. To pass counterfeit
money.

Queer Card (4). A strange or
eccentric person. In whist, etc., when
a wrong card is played, the partner says
to himself,‘‘ That isa queer card,’’ which,
being transferred to the player, means he
is a queer card to play in such a manner.
Hence any eccentric person, who does
not act in accordance with social rules,
is a ‘‘ queer card ”’

Queer Chap is the German guerkopf,
a cross-grained fellow

Queer Street. Zo live in Queey
Street. To be of doubtful solvency, To
be one marked in a tradesman’s ledger
with a gu@re (inquire), meaning, make
inquiries about this customer.

hat has put me in Queer Street, That
has posed or puzzled me queerly. In
this phrase queer means to puzzle; and
Queer Street = puzzledom,

Quency. A corruption of guintefeuil
(Sreneaved); the armorial device of the

‘amily,

Querelle @’Allemand, A contention
about trifles, soon provoked and soon
appeased. (See QUEUE.)

Quern-Biter, The sword of Haco I.
of Norway. (See Sworn.)

“ Quern-biter of Hacon the Good,
herewith at a stroke he hewed
The millstone through and through.’ .

ongfellow,

Quer’no. Camillo Querno, of Apulia,
hearing that Leo X. was a great patron
of poets, went to Rome with a harp in
his hand, and sang his Alerias, a poem
containing 20,000 verses. He was intro-
duced to the Pope as a buffoon, but was
promoted to the laurel.

* Rome a her Capitol saw Querno sit,
‘hronéd on seven hills, the:Antichrist of wit.”
: Dunciad, i,

The hithe -

Querpo (2 syl.), Shrell Querpo in
Garth’s Dispensary, was Dr. Howe.

In querpo. In one’s shirt-sleeves , in
undress. (Spanish, en cuerpo, without a
cloak.)

“Boy, my cloak and rapier ; it fits not a gentle-
man of my rank to walk the streets in querpo.”—
Beaumont and Fletcher : Love's Cure, ii. 1.

Questa Cortesissima (Italian).
Most courteous one; a love term used
by Dante to Beatrice.

“Tset myself to think of that most courteous
one fqussta cortesissima), and thinking of her
there fell upon mea sweet sleep "— Mrs. Oliphant:
Makers of Florence (Dante's description).

Questa Gentilissima (Italian). Most
gentle one, a love term used by Dante
to Beatrice

“Common mortals stand and gaze with bated
breath while that most gentle one (questa gentil-
issima) goes on her way "—Mrs. Oliphant : Makera
of Florence, p. 25.

Question. Zo move the previous
question Noone seems able to give any
clear and satisfactory explanation of
this phrase. Erskine May, in his Par-
liamentary Practice, p. 303 (9th edition),
says: ‘‘It is an ingenious method of
avoiding a vote upon any question that
has been proposed, but the technical
phrase does little to elucidate its opera-
tion, When there is no debate, or after
a, debate is closed, the Speaker ordinarily
puts the question as a matter of course,
. . » but by a motion for the previous
question, this act may be intercepted
and forbidden. The custom [used to
be] ‘that the question be now put,’
but Arthur Wellesley Peel, while
Speaker, changed the words ‘be now
put’ into ‘be mot put.’’? The former
process was obviously absurd, To con-
tinue the quotation from Erskine May:
‘Those who wish to avoid the putting
of the main ‘question, vote against the
previous (or latter question); and if it
be resolved in the negative, the Speaker
is prevented from putting the main
question, as the House has refused to
allow it to be put, It may, however,
be brought forward again another day.””

Of course this is correct, but what it means is
quite another matter ; and why “the main ques-
tion" is called the “previous question” is past
understanding

Question, When members of the House
of Commons or other debaters call out
Question, they mean that the person
speaking is wandering away from the
subject under consideration.

Questionists, In the examinations
for degrees in the University of Cam-
bridge it was customary, at the begin-
ning of the January term, to hold
‘Acts,’ and the candidates for the

re Questions

1028

Quicksilver

oO

Bachelor’s degree were called ‘‘ Ques-
tionists.” They were examined by a
moderator, and afterwards the fathers
of other colleges ‘‘ questioned ”’ them for
three hours—i.e. one whole hour and
parts of two others, (I began my Act
about a quarter to eleven and finished
about half-past one.) It was held alto-
gether-in Latin, and the words of dis-
missal uttered by the Regius Professor
indicated what class you would be placed
in, or whether the respondent was
plucked, in which case the words were
simply ‘‘ Descendas domine.”

Questions and Commands. A
Christmas game, in which the commander
bids his subjects to answer a question
which is asked. If the subject refuses,
or fails to satisfy the commander, he
must pay a forfeit or have his face
smutted.

“ While other young ladies in the house are
dancing, or playing at questions and commands,
she [the devotee] reads aloud in her closet."—The

- Spectator, No, 354 (Hotspur's Letter), April 16, 1712.

Queu'bus, The equinoctial of Queu-
bus. “This line has Utopia on one side
and Medani’othi on the other. It was
discovered on the Greek Kalends by
Outis after his escape from the giant's
cave, and is ninety-one degrees from the
poles,

“Thou wast in very gracious fooling last night,
when thou spokest of Pigrogrom/‘itus, the Yapians
passing the equMoctial of Queu’bus. "Twas very
good, i’ faith.’—Shakespeare: Twelfth Night, ii. 3.

Queue, Gare la queue des Allemands.
Before you quarrel, count the conse-
quences, (See QUERELLE.)

Queux, The seneschal of King
Arthur.

Quey Calves are dear Veal. Quey.
calves are female calves, which should
be kept and reared for cbws. Calves
' for the butcher are generally bull calves,

The proverb{is somewhat analogous to’

killing the goose which lays the golden
egg. (Danish g ‘ie, a heifer.)

Qui. Zo give e man the qui. When
aman in the printing business has had
notice to quit, his fellow-workmen say
they “have given him the qui.??. Here
gui is the contraction of guic'tus (dis-
charge). (See QuiErTus.) ‘

Qui s’Excuse, s’Accuse. He who
apologises condemns himself, —

Qui-Tam, A lawyer; so called from
the first two words in an action on a
penal statute. Qui tam pro dom'ind
Regi’nd, quam pro se-ipso, sequitur (Who
sues on the Queen’s account as much as
on his own),, ©

Qui Vive? (French). Who goes
there? The challenge of a sentinel,

To be on the gui vive. On the alert;
to be quick and sharp; to be on the
eS of expectation, like a sentinel.
(See above.)

Quia Emptores, A statute passed
in the reign of Edward I., and directed
against the formation of new manors,
whereby feudal lords were deprived of
their dues. It isso called from its first
two words.

Quibble. An evasion ; a juggling with
words, is the Welsh chwidio OP asi
and not the Latin quid libet (what you
a

please), as is generally given.

Quick, Living; hence animated,
lively ; hence fast, active, brisk (Anglo-
Saxon, ewice, living, alive), Our expres-
sion, ‘‘ Look alive,’’ means Be brisk.

Quick at meat, quick at work. Tow
French, ‘‘ Bonne béte s’échauffe en man-
geant,” or “ Hardi gagneur, hardi man-
geur.”” The opposite would certainly

e true: 4 dawdle in one thing is a
dawdle in all. *

The quick and dead, The living and

the dead.

Quick Sticks (Jn). Without more
ado; quickly. To cut one’s stick (¢.v.)
is to start off, and to cut one’s stick
quickly is to start off immediately,

Quickly (Dame). Hostess of a tavern
in Eastcheap. (Shakespeare: Henry IV.,
parts 1 and 2.) \ :

Mistress Quickly. Servant of all-work
to Dr. Caius. She says: ‘‘ I wash, wring,
brew, bake, scour, dress meat and drink,
make the beds, and do all myself.” She
is the go-between of three suitors to
Anne Page, and to prove her disin-

‘terestedness she says: ‘I would my

master had Mistress Anne, or I would
Master Slender had her, or in sooth
I would Master Fenton had her, I will
do what I can for them all three, for so

‘I have promised; and I’ll be as good as

for Master
erry Wives of

my word; but specious
Fenton,” (Shakespeare :
Windsor.)

Quicksand is sand which shifts its.
place as if it were alive. (See QuicK.)

Quickset is living hawthorn set in
a hedge, instead ‘of dead wood, hurdles,
and palings, (SeeQuion)

Quicksilver is argen'twn vivum
(living silver). silver that moves about

Quid

1029

Quilp

like a living thing.
ewreseolfor.)
“ Swift as quicksilver
It courses through the natural gates
And alleys of the body.”
Shakespeare ; Hamlet, 1. 5,
Quid, a sovereign; Half a Quid,

a sovereign ; Quids, cash or money

generally. A suggested derivation may

(Anglo-Saxon,

mentioned, uo = anything, and
Quid pro quo means an equivalent
generally. now @ person is offered

anything on sale he might say, I have
not a quid for your quo, an equivalent
in cash.

“ Then, looking at the gold piece, she added, ‘1

ness you don't often get one of these quids,’ "=

iberty Review, June 9, 1894, p. 437,

Quid Libet. Quid-libets and quod-
Jibets, Nice and knotty points, very
subtile, but of no value. Quips and
quirks, (Latin.)

Quid of Tobacco. A corruption of
- (a morsel). We still say ‘‘ chew the
cu

Quid pro Quo, Tit fortat; areturn
iven as good as that received; a Ro-
fand for an Oliver; an equivalent.

Quid Rides. It is said that Lundy
Foot, a Dublin tobacconist, set up his
carriage, and asked Emmett to furnish
him with a motto. The words of the
motto chosen were Quid vides. The
witticism is, however, attributed to H.
Callender also, who, we are assured,
ek jae it to one Brandon, a London
tobacconist.

“Rides," in English, ono syllable, In Latin
(why do you laugh ?) it is a word of two syllables,

Quiddity. The essence of a thing,
or that which differentiates it from other

things, Schoolmen say Quid est (what
is it?) and the reply is, the Quid ig
so and so, the What or the nature of

the thing is as follows. The latter gud
being formed into a barbarous Latin
noun becomes Quidditas. Hence Quid
est (what is it)? Amswer: Talis est
quidditas (its essence is as follows).

“Heknew... ...
Where entity and quiddity |
(The ghosts of defunct bodies) fly.”
Butler: Hwdibras, i, 1,

Quiddity. A crotchet; a trifling dis--

tinction. (See above.)

Quidnune. A political Paul Pry, a
pr tical village politician ; a' political
tchér or jobber. Gnidnine is the chief
haracter in Murphy’s farce of .The
Vakaiearih ar What News ? The words
are Latin, and mean “What now?”
“What has turned up?” The original
of this political busybody was the father

of Dr. Arne and his sister, Mrs, Cibber,
who’ lived in King Street, Covent
Garden. (See The Tatler, 155, etc.)

“Yamiliar to a few quidnuncs/’—The Times,

So rep ep antes whts seem to lose sight
eet ore nak mane ¢ these gentlemen now

Quidnunkis, otopkey oliticians,
Gay has a fable called The duidnunkis
to show that the death not even of the
duke regent will cause any real gap in
nature. A monkey who had ventured
higher than his neighbours fell from his
estate into the river below. For a few
seconds the whole tribe stood panic«
struck, but as soon as the stream
carried off Master Pug, the monkeys
went on with their gambols asif nothing
had occurred,

“ Ah, sir! you néver saw thé Ganges;
There dwell the nation of Quidnunkis
(So Monomotapu calls monkeys),”
Gay: Fates.

Qui’efist (4). One who believes
that the most perfect state of man is
when the spirit ceases to exercise any of
its functions, and is wholly passive.
This sect has cropped up at sundry
times; but the last who revived it was
Michael Moli’‘nos, a Spanish priest,’ in
the seventeenth century.

Quie’tus. The writ of discharge
formerly granted to those barons and
knights who personally attended the
king on a foreign expedition. At their
pinned they were exempt from the
claim of scutage or knight’s fee. Sub-
sequently the term was applied to the
acquittance which a sheriff receives on
settling his account at the Exchequer;
and, later still, to any discharge of an
account: thus Webster says—

“ Y6u bad the trick in audit-time to be sick till
I had signed your quietus,”’—Duchess of Malfy
(1623),

Quietus, A severe blow; a settler;
death, or discharge from life,

“Who would fardels bear...
When he himself might his quietus make

With a bare bodkin ? é
Shakespeare: Hamlet, iii. 1.

Quill-drivéers, Writing clerks.

Quillet. An evasion, In French
“pleadings” each separate allegation in
the plaintifi’s charge, and every distinct

lea in the defendant’s answer used to

egin with gw’il est ;- whence our quillet,
to signify a false charge, or an evasive
answer, :
a he authority how to proceed ;

Boing tricks, some quilleba, how to cheat the

Ghakespenve + Love's Labour's Lost, iv. 8.

Quilp, A hidgous dwarf, both fierce

Quinapalus

1080

Quixada

and cunning, in The Old Curiosity Shop,
by Dickens.

Quinap’alus, The Mrs, Harris of
‘authorities in citations.’ If anyone
wishes to clench an argument by some
quotation, let him cite this ponderous
collection,

“What says Quinapalus: ‘Better _a witty fool,
— a foolish wit.”"—Shakespeare: Twelfth Night,
. 5.

Quinbus Flestrin, The man-moun-
tain, So the Lilliputians called Gulliver
(chap. ii.), Gay hasan ode to this giant.

“ Bards of old of hima told,
When they said Atlas’ head
Propped the skies.”

Guy : Lilliputian Ode.

Quince (Peter) A carpenter, and
manager of the play in Midsummer
Nights Dream. He 1s noted for some
strange compounds, such as laughable
tragedy, lamentable comedy, tragical
mirth, etc.

Quino’nes (Suero de), in the reign of
Juan IL., with nine other cavaliers, held

_ the bridge of Orbigo against all comers

s

for thirty-six days, overthrowing in that
time seventy-eight knights of Spain and
France. Quinones had challenged the
world, and such was the result.

Quinquages'ima Sunday (Latin,
jiftieth), Shrove Sunday, or the first
day of the week which contains Ash-
Wednesday. It is so called because in
round numbers it is the fiftieth day be-
fore Easter.

Quinsy. This is a curious abbrevia-
tion. The Latin word is eynanchia, and
the Greek word kunanché, from kuon
anche, dog strangulation, because persons
suffering from quinsy throw open the
mouth like dogs, especially mad dogs.
From kunanche comes kw’anchy, kuansy,
quinsy.

Quintessence. The fifth essence.
The ancient Greeks said there are four
elements or forms in which matter can
exist—fire, or the imponderable form ;
air, or the gaseous form; water, or the
liquid form; and earth, or the solid form.
The Pythagore’ans added a fifth, which
they called ether, more subtile and pure
than fire, and possessed of an orbicular
motion. This element, which flew up-
wards at creation, and out of which the
stars were made, was called the jifth
essence ; quintessence therefore means
the most subtile extract of a body that
can be procured. It is quite an error to
suppose that the word means an essence
five times distilled, and that the term
came from the alchemists. Horace
speaks of ‘‘kisses which Venus has

y

imbued with the quintessence of her
own nectar,’’

“ Swift to their several quarters hasted then
The cumbrous elements—earth, flood, air, fire ;
But this ethereal quint‘essence of heayen’ .
Flew upward... and turned to stars
Numberless as thou seest.”

Milton ;. Paradise Lost, iii. 16,

Quintilians. Disciples of Quintil’‘ia,
held to be a prophetess, ‘These heretical
Christians made the Eucharist of bread
and cheese, and allowed women to be-
come priests and bishops,

Quip Modest (The). Sir, it was done
to please myself. Touchstone says: “If
I sent a person word that his beard was
not well cut, and he replied he cut
it to please himself,”” he would answer
with the quip modest, which is six re-
moves from the lie direct ; or, rather,-the
lie direct in the sixth degiee.

Quis custodiet Custo’des? [The
shepherds keep watch over the sheep],
but who is there to keep watch over the
shepherds P

Quisquilix. Light, dry fragments
of things; the small twigs and leaves
which fall from trees; hence rubbish,
refuse.

Quit. Discharged from an obligation,
‘‘acquitted.’?

“To John I owed great obligation ;
But John unbappily thought fit
To publish it to all the nation—
Now I and John are fairly quit.” if

Cry quits. When two boys quarrel,
and one has had enough, he says, ‘“ Cry
quits,”” meaning, ‘‘ Let us leave off, and
call ita drawn game,’’ Soinan unequal
distribution, he who has the largest share
restores a portion and “cries quits,”
meaning that he has made the distribu-
tion equal. Here quit means ‘‘acquittal??
or discharge,

Double or quits. In gambling, especi-
ally in a small way, one of the players
says to the other, ‘“‘Double or quits???
—that is, the next stake shall be double
the present one, or the winnings shall
be returned to the loser, in which case
both players would leave off as they
began. ‘

Quit Rent. A rent formerly paid
by a tenant whereby he was released
from feudal service.

Quixa‘da ( Gwent Lord of Villa-
garcia, He discharged a javelin at Sire
de Haburdin with such force as to pierce
the left shoulder, overthrow the knight,
and pin him tothe ground, Don Quixote
calls himself a descendant of this
knight.

brave

Quixote

1031 R

Quixote (Don) is intended for the
Duke of Lerma. (Rawdon Brown.)

Don Quixote. The romance so called
is a merciless satire by Cervantes on the
chivalric romances of the Middle Ages,
and had the excellent effect of putting
an end to knight-errantry.

- Don Quixote’s horse. Ros'inante (Span-
ish, rocin-ante, a jade previously). (See
Horse.)

The wooden-pin wing-horse on which
he and Sancho Panza mounted to achieve
the liberation of Dolori‘da and her com-

anions was called Algie’'ro Clavile'no
Pein doin wing-bearer).

Quixote of the North. Charles
XII. of Sweden, sometimes called the
Madman, (1682, 1697-1718.)

Quixotiic. Having foolish and un-
ee ideas of honour, or schemes for
he general good, like Don Quixote, a
half-crazy reformer or knight of the
supposed distressed.

Quiz. One who banters or chafis
another, Daly, manager of the Dublin
theatre, laid a wager that he would in-
troduce into the language within twenty-
four hours a new word of no meaning.
Accordingly, on every wall, or all places
accessible, were chalked up the four
mystic letters, and all Dublin was in-
quinng what they meant. The wager
was won, and the word remains current
in our language.

Quo Warranto. A writ against a
defendant (whether an individual or a
corporation) who lays claim to something
he has no right to; so named because
the offender is called upon to show quo
warranto [rem] usurpa'vit (by what right
or authority he lays claim to the matter
of dispute).

Quod. To be in quod—in prison. A
corruption of gzad, which is a contrac-
tion of quadrangle. The quadrangle is
the prison enclosure in which the prison-
ers are allowed to walk, and where
whippings used to be inflicted.

“Flogged and whipped in quod.”
Hughes: Tom Brown's Schooldays.

Quodling (The Rev. Mr.). Chaplain
to the Duke of Buckingham. (Sir
Walter Scott: Peveril of the Peak.)

“ Why,’ said the duke, ‘I had caused my little
Quodling to go through his oration thus: That
whatever evil reports had passed current eet
the lifetime of the worthy matron whom they hac
restored to dust that day, Malice herself could not
deny that she was born well, marricd well, lived
well, and died well ; since she was barn in Shad-
well, married to Cresswell, lived in Camherwell
a died in Bridewell,"—Peverilof the Peak, chap,
ain >

Quondam (Latin), Former. Wea
say, He is a quondam schoolfellow—my
former schoolfellow ; my quondam friend,
the quondam candidate, etc.; also the
quondam chancellor, etc.

“ My quondam barber, but ‘his lordship’ now.”
Dryden.

Quo’rum, Such a number of persons:
as are necessary to make up a committee:
or board; or certain justices without
the presence of whom the rest cannot.
act. Thus, suppose the commission to
be named A, B, C, D, E, etc., it would
run—‘‘Of these I wish [A, B, C, D,
or EB] to be one”’ (guorum unum esse
volumtus). These honoured names are
called ‘* Justices of the Quorum.’”’
Slender calls Justice Shallow justice of
the peace and quorum. (Shakespeare :
Merry Wives of Windsor, i. 1.)

Quos Ego. A threat of punishment
for disobedience. The words are from
Virgil’s Aineid (i, 135), and were
uttered by Neptune to the disobedient
and rebellious winds.

“Neptune had but to appear and utter a quos ego
for these wind-hags to collapse,and become the
most subservient of salaried public servants.”—
Truth, January, 1886.

Quot. Quot linguas calles, tot homines
vales, Asmany languages as you know,
so many separate individuals you are
worth, Attributed to Charles V.

Quota (Latin). The allotted portion
or share ; the rate assigned to each. Thus
we say, ‘‘ Every man is to pay his quota
towards the feast,”’

Quotem (Caleb), <A parish clerk and
Jack-of-all-trades, in The Wags of
Windsor, by Colman.

R

bee prescriptions. The ornamental
part of this letter is the symbol of Jupiter
(2), under whose special protection all
medicines were placed. The letter itself
(Rectpe, take) and its flourish may be
thus paraphrased: ‘‘ Under the good
auspices of Jove, the patron of medi-
cines, take the following drugs in the
proportions set down.’’ It has been
suggested that the symbol is for Respon-
sum Raphae’lis, from the assertion of
Dr. Napier and other physicians of the
seventeenth century, that the angel
Raphael imparted them. 2

R is called the dog-letter, because a
dog in snarling utters the letter r-r-r-r,

R.A. P.

1082

Races

LL

r-r, Y-r-r-r-r, efc.—sometimes preceded
by ag. :
“ Irritata canis quod RR quam plurima dinas.®
“ [RJ that’s the dog’s name. R is for the dog.”

~—Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, ii. 4.

The three R’s. Sir William Curtis
being asked to give a toast, said, ‘I will
give you the three R’s—writing, read-
ang, and arithmetic.”’ .

“The House is aware that no payment is made
except on the ‘three R’s."—Mr. Cory, M.P.:
Serna to the House of Commons, February 28th,

R. A. P. Rupees, annas, and seed
in India ; corresponding to our £ s, d.

R.1.P. Reguiescat in pace.

R.M.T. In the reign of William III.
all child-stealers (comprachios) appre-
hended were branded with red-hot iron:
R (rogue) on the shoulders; M (man-
slayer) on the right-hand; and T (thiet)
on the left.

Rab/agas. A demagogue in the
kingdom of the king of Monaco. He
_ Was won over to the court party b
being invited to dine at the palace, (i.
Sardou : Rabagas, 1872.)

, Rabbi Abron of Trent. A ficti-

tious sage and wonderful linguist, ‘‘ who .

knew the nature of all manner of herbs,
beasts, and minerals.” (Reynard the
Fox, xit.)

Rabbi Bar-Coch’ba, in the reign of
the Emperor Hadrian, made the Jews
believe that he was the Messiah, because
he had the art of breathing fire. (Beck-
mann: History of Inventions,)

Rabbit. A Welsh rabbit. Toasted
cheese, or rather bread and cheese
toasted together, (Qy. “‘rare-bit.’’)

Rab'elais. The English Rabelais.
Swift, Sterne, and Thomas Amory have
been socalled. Voltaire so calls Swift.

The'modern Rabelais. William Maginn
(1794-1842).

Rabelais’ Dodge. Rabelais one day
was at a country inn, and finding he had
no money to pay his score, got himself
arrested as a traitor who was forming a
project to poison the princes. He was
immediately sent to Paris and brought
before the magistrates, but, as no tittle
of evidence was found against him, was
liberated forthwith. By this artifice he
not only got out of his.difficulty at the
inn, but he algo got back to Paris free
of expense. Fathered on Tarleton also,

Rabelais'ian Licence.
grotesque of Rabelais, whether in words
or artistic illustrations,

The wild |

Rabica‘no or Rabican. The name
of Astolpho’s horse, Its sire was Wind,
and its dam Fire. It fed on unearthly
food. (Orlando Furioso.)

go celle steed in Orlando Innamorato
is called by the same name. (See Horse.)

Raboin or Rabuino (French). Tho
devil ; so called from the Spanish rubo
(a tail). In the mediaval ages it was
vulgarly asserted that the Jews were
born with tails; this arose from a con-
fusion of the word rabbi or rabbins with
raboin or rabuino.

Rab’sheka, in the satire of Absalom
and Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is
meant for Sir Thomas Player. Rab-
shakeh was the officer sent by Senna-
cherib to summon the Jews to surrender,
and he told them insolently that resist-
ance was in vain. (2 Kings xviii.)

“ Next him, let railing Rabsheka have place—

So full of zeal, he has no need of grace.”
(Pt. ii.)

Raby (Aurora). The model of this
exquisite sketch was Miss, Millbank, as
she appeared to Lord Byron when he
first knew her. Miss Millpond (a little
farther on in the same canto) is the
same lady after marriage. In cantoi.,
Donna |Inez is an ono portrait of
the same person. Lord Byron describes
himself in the first instance under the
character of Don Juan, and in the last
as Don José.

Races, Goodwood Races. So called
from Goodwood Park, in which they are
held. They begin the last Tuesday of
July, and continue four days, of which
Thursday (the ‘‘ cup-day ’’) is the princi-
pal. These races are very select, and
a pei conducted. Goodwood Park
was purchased by Charles, first Duke of
Richmond, of the Compton family, then
resident in Hast Lav'ant, a village two
miles north of Chichester.

The Newmarket Races. There are
seven annual race meetings at New-
market: (1) The Craven; ae first spring ;

3) second spring ; (2 uly ; @) first
ctober ; (6) second October; (7) the

Houghton. i
The Epsom. So called from Epsom

Downs, where they are held. They last -

four days, ‘

The Derby. The seoond day (Wed-
nesday) of the great May meeting at
Epsom, in SREY» so called from the
Earl of Derby, who instituted the stakes
in 1780. - This’ is the great ‘ Classic
Saas ”” for colts and fillies three years

old. :
The Oaks, The fourth day (Friday)

Races

1038

Radegasté

of the great Epsom races; so called from
‘*Lambert’s Oaks,’’ erected on lease by
the ‘‘ Hunter’s Club.’’ The Oaks estate
passed to the Derby family, and the
twelfth earl established the stakes so
called. This is the great ‘‘ classic race’’
for fillies three years old.

The St. Leger. The great Doncaster
race; so called from Colonel St. Leger,
who founded the stakes in 1776. This
is the great ‘‘classic race” for both
colts and fillies of three years old.
Horses that have competed in the Derby
and Oaks may take part in the St. Leger.

Ascot Races, held on Ascot Heath, in
Berks.

Races (Lengths run).

(i) Weir ee and a half :—

The Newmarket Stakes, 1 mile 2 fur-
longs.

The Prince of Wales’s Stakes (at
Leicester), rather less.

The Eclipse Stakes, 1} mile.

The Kempton Park Stakes, 11 mile.

The Lancashire Plate (at the Sep-
tember Manchester meeting) is only: 7
furlongs. ‘<0

In 1890 the Duke of Portland won all these five
races; Ayrshire won two of them,and Donovan
the other three.

(ii) Long distances (between 12 and 3
miles) :—

ate Great Northampton Stakes, 13
mile,

Ascot (Gold Vase), 2 miles.

Ascot (Gold Cup), 24 miles,

Ascot (Alexander Plate), 3 miles.

The Chester Cup, 21 miles.

The Great Metropolitan Stakes (in the
Epsom Spring Meeting), 2} miles.

The Hardwicke Stakes, the Goodwood
Cup, 2} miles (in July), and the Don-
caster Cup, 2°634 miles (in September),
are long races.

Rach’aders. The second tribe of
giants or evil genii, who had frequently
raade the earth subject to their kings,
put were ultimately punished by Shiva
and Vishnoo. (Indian mythology.)

Rache. A ‘‘setter,’’ or rather a dog
said to hunt wild beasts, birds, and even
fishes by scent. The female was called a
brache—i.e. bitch-rache, (Saxon, rece ;
French, draque.)

“A leyshe of ratches to renne an hare.”—
lton: Magnificence

Rack. eke seud, drifting clouds,
celandic, res, drift; verb, recka, to
ive.)

“ The cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous palaces,
The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
——— which it inherit, shall dissolve
And... leave nota rack bebind,”

Shakespeare: Tempest, iv. 1,

Rack, The instrument of torture so
called was a frame in which a man was
fastened, and his arms and legs were
stretched till the body was lifted by the
tension several inches from the floor.
Not unfrequently the limbs were forced
thereby out of their sockets. Coke says
that the rack was first introduced into
the Tower by the Duke of Exeter, con-
stable of the Tower, in 1447, whence it
was called the ‘‘Duke of Exeter’s
daughter.”’ (Dutch, rak ; verb, rakken,
to he Danish, rag ; Anglo-Saxon,
rede,

Rack-rent. The actual value or
rent of a tenement, and not that modi-
fied form on which the rates and taxes
are usually levied. (Saxon, recan, to
stretch ; Dutch, racken.)

“A rent which is equivalent, or nearly equiva-
lent in amount, to the full annual value of the
land, is a rack-rent.”"—Encyclopedia Britannica,
vol, xx. p. 403.

Rack and Manger. Housekeeping.

To lie at rack and manger. To live
at reckless expense.

“When Virtue was a country maide,
And had nq skill to set up trade,
She came up with a carrier's jade,
And lay at rack and manger.”
Life of Robin Goodfellow. (1628.)

Rack and Ruin. Utter destitution.
Here “‘ rack’’ is a variety of wrack and
wreck,

“The worst of all University snobs are those
unfortunates who go to rack and ruin from their
desire to ape their betters.’—Thackeray : Book of
Snobs, chap. XV. p. 87. =

Racket. Noise or confusion, like that
of persons playing racket or tennis,

Racy. Having distinctive piquancy,
as racy wme. It was first applied to
wine, and, according to Cowley, comes
to us from the Spanish and Portuguese
raz (root), meaning having a radical or
distinct flavour ; but probably it is a
corruption of ‘‘ relishy ’’ (French, reléché,
flavorous).

“Rich, racy verse, in which we see
The soil from which they come, taste, smell, and
see.” Cowley.

Racy Style. Piquant composition,
the very opposite of mawkish.

Radcliffe Library (Oxford).
Founded by Dr. John Radcliffe, of
Wakefield, Yorkshire, (1650-1714.)

“When King William [IT1.] consulted [Rad-
cliffe] on his swollen ankles and thin body, Rad-
cliffe said,‘ I would not have your Majesty’s two
legs for your three kingdoms.'’—Leigh Hunt :.
The Town, chap. vi.

Radegaste. <A tutelary god of the
Slavi. The head was that of a cow,
the breast was covered with an egis,
the left hand held .a.spear, and a

Radegund

cock surmounted its helmet. (Slavonic

mythology.)

Rad’egund. Queen of the Am’azons,
‘“thalf like a man.’”’? Getting the better
of Sir Art’egal in a single combat, she
compelled him to dress in ‘‘ woman’s
weeds,’’ with a white apron before him,
and to spin flax. Brit’omart, being in-
formed by Talus of his captivity, went to
the rescue, cut off the Amazon’s head,
and liberated her knight. (Spenser:
Faérie Queene, book v. 4-7.)

St. Radegonde or Radegund, wife of
Clothaire, King of France.

St. Radegonde’s lifted stone. A stone
sixty feet in circumference, placed on
five supporting stones, said by the his-
torians of Poitou to have been so ar-
ranged in 1478, to commemorate a great
fair held on the spot in the October of
that year, The country people insist
that Queen Radegonde brought the
impost stone on her head, and the five
uprights in her apron, and arranged
~ them all as they appear to this day.

Radevore (8 syl.). Tapestry.

“This woful lady ylern'd had in youthe
So that she worken and embrowden kouthe,
And weven in stole (the loom] the radevore,
As byt of wommen had be woved yore.”
Chaucer,
Rad'ical. An ultra-Liberal, verging
on republican opinions, The term was
first applied as a party name in 1818 to
Henry Himt, Major Cartwright, and
others of the same clique; who wished to
introduce radical reform in the repre-
‘sentative system,. and not merely to
‘distranchise and enfranchise a borough
or two. Lord Bolingbroke, in his Dis-
courses on Parties, says, ‘Such a remedy
might have wrought a radical cure of
the evil that threatens our constitution.”

Radiometer. The name ofan instru-
ment invented by Crookes for measuring
the mechanical effect of radiant energy.
It is like a miniature anemometer, and
is made to revolve by the action of
light, the cups of the anemometer being
replaced by discs coloured white on one
side and black on the other, and the in-
strument is enclosed ina glass globe from
which the air has been exhausted, so that
no heat is transmitted.

Radit UsqueadCutem. He fleeced
him to. the skin; he sucked him dry,
He shaved off all his hair (instead of
only trimming it). :

Rag. A tatter, hence a remnant,
hence a vagabond or ragamuffin.

* Lash hence these overweening rags of France.”
~ Shakespeare: Richard III., y. 3,

1034

Ragnarok

Rag. A cant term for a farthing,
Paper money not easily convertible ‘is
called ‘‘ rag-money.””

“Money by me? Heart and good-will you might,

But surely, master, not a rag of money.”

Shakespeare: Comedy of Errors, iv, 4.

Rag (Zhe). The Army and Navy
Club. ‘The rag,’? of course, is the
flag,

“*By the way, come and dine to-night at the
Rag, said the major,”—Truth, Queer Story, April 1,
1886, ‘

Rag-water. Whisky, (Thieves?
Jargon.)

Rags of Antisthenes. Rank pride
may be seen peering through the rags of
Antis'thenés’ doublet. (See ANTISTHENES.)

_ Rags and Jags. Rags and tatters,
A jagged edge is one that is toothed,
“ Hark, hark! the dogs do bark,
The beggars are coming to town ;
Some in rags and some in jags, :
And some in silken gown.”
Nursery Rhyme.
Ragamuffin (French, maroujfle), A
muff or muffin is a poor thing of a
creature, a ‘‘regular mufi;”’ so that a
ragamuffin is a sorry creature in rags,

“T have Jed my ragamuffins where they are
peppered.’"—Shakespeare : 1 Henry I V., v.3.

Ragged Robin. A wild-flower. The
word is used by Tennyson to mean a
pretty damsel in ragged clothes,

“ The prince
Hath picked a ragged robin from the hedge.”
Tennyson: Idylis of the King; Enid,

Raghu, A legendary ne of Oude,
belonging to the dynasty of the Sun.
The poem called the Raghu-vansa, in
nineteen cantos, gives the history of these
mythic kings,

?

Ragman Roll originally meant the
‘* Statute of Rageman”’ (De Ragemannis),
a legate of Scotland, who compelled all
the clergy to-give a true account of their
benefices, that they might be taxed at
Rome accordingly.':.Subsequently it was
applied to the four great rolls of parch-
ment recording the acts of fealty and
homage done by the Scotch nobility to
Edward I. in 1296; these four rolls con-
sisted of thirty-five pigces sewn together,
The originals patishom but a record of
them is preserved in the Rolls House,
Chancery Lane,

Ragnarok [twilight of the gods]. The
day of doom, when the present world
and all its inhabitants will be annihilated,

Vidar of Vali will survive the conflagra-
tion, and reconstruct the universe on

4

Ragout 1035 Railways
an imperishable basis. (Scandinavian B. &L.J.R Bourn and Lynn Joint
mythology.) Railway.
Bi magn Teresa, aeR Away Mime Haphkt tie ee

Frithio f-Sage: Frithiof's Joy.

Ragout is something ‘more-ish,”’
something you will be served twice to.
(Latin, re-gustus, tasted again ; French,
re-goute.)

Ra‘hu,. Thedemon thatcauses eclipses,
One day Rahu stole into Valhalla to
ap some of the nectar of immortality.

e was discovered by the Sun and Moon,
who informed against him, and Vishnu
cut off his head. As he had already
taken some of the nectar into his mouth,
the head was immortal, and he ever after-
wards hunted the Sun and Moon, which
he caught occasionally, causing eclipses.
(Hindu mythology.)

Rail. Zo sit on the rail. To shuffle
off a direct answer ; to hedge or to fence ;
to reserve the decision of one’s vote.
Here rail means the fence, and ‘‘to sit
on the rail’’ to sit on one side. A com-
mon American phrase.

“It poeais : Yes,’ there was an end toany church
Bupport at once ; if ‘No,’ he might as well go home
at once. So he tried to sit on the rail aguin."—Z.
Terrell: Lady Delmar, chap. i.

Railway Abbreviations.

. C.&D. Collected and delivered—i.e,
the rate quoted includes the entire charge
from sender to consignee. Such goods
are collected by the railway company and
delivered according to the address at the
ptice stated.

S. to S. From station to station.
This does not include collecting and de-
livering.

O. R. Owner’ 8 risk,

C. R. Company’s risk.

O. C.S. On company’s service ; such
parcels go free.

C. by B. Collection from the sender
to the barge, both included.

O/C. Overcharged.

O/S. Outstanding.

Railway King. Geor me Hudson,
of Yorkshire, chairman of the North
Midland Company, and for a time the
Dictator of the railway speculations.
In one day he cleared the large sum of
ps 000. It was the Rev. Sydney

who gave him this designation.
(1800-1871 si

Railway Signals. (See Fuaa Sic-

NALS.)

A. & B.R, Aylesbury and Bucking-
ham Railway.

B. & Ny. C. R. Belfast and Northern
Counties Railwa

Cal. R. Caledonia Railway.

Cam. KR, Cambrian Railway.

C.K. & P.R. Cockermouth, Keswick,
and Penrith Railway.

‘i Cheshire et Committee,
embracing the G@. N., M. 8. & L., and
Mid. Coys.

One Colne Valley and Halstead

Railwa race hag
& ©, R, Central Wales and
Ontniaeitten Railway.
C, &C.R, Carmarthen and Cardigan
Railway.
D. R. & C.R. Denbigh, Ruthin, and
Corwen Railway.
BE. L. R. East London Railway.
E.& W.J.R. East and West Junc-
tion Railway,
Fur. R. Fiévntee Railway.
G.& K.R. Garstang and Knotend
Railway.
G.& S. W.R. Glasgow and South-
Western Railway.
G. E.R. Great Eastern Ruilwa
G.N.S8.R. Great Northern of Scot.
land Railway.
G. at R. Great Northern Ruilway.
G.N. I. R. Great Northern of Ire-
land Railway.
G. 8. & W. R. Great Southern and
Western Railway.
G. W.R. Great Western Railway.
H.R. Highland PAN Em
I. of M. R- Isle of Man Railway.
I. of W. R. Isle of Wight Railway.
L. & Y.R. Lancashire and Yorkshire
Railway.
L. B. & 8. C. R. London, Brighton,
and South Coast Railway.
L. C.. & D..R London, Chatham,
and tee ee oe
L. D. & E.C. R: Lancashire, Derby,
and Bast Coast Railway.
L. & N. W. R. London and North-
Werte Railway.
& 8. W. RB

London and South-
Western Railway.
L. T. & 8. R. London, Tilbury, and

Southend ah Mh
a ohn anchester and Milford

a $ Veh, R. Munchester, Sheffield,

and Lincolnshire Railway.

M, 8, J. & A. R. Manchester, South
Junction, and Altrincham Railwa:

M. & ©, R. Corie and Carlile
Railway,

Rain

1036

Raleigh

Met, R. Metropolitan Railway.

Met. D. R. Metropolitan District
Railway.

M.R. Midland Railway.

M.W.R. Mid-Wales Railway.
M.G. W.1I. R. Midland Great-Wes-
of Ireland Railway.

.&B.R. Neath and Brecon Rail-

. & B. J. R. Northampton and
Junction Railway.

. North British Railway.

. North-Eastern Railway.

. North London Railway.

. North Staffordshire Rail-

ae
Ba Au

iA AA

-E

24
Bos
q

and Severn Bridge Railway.
8. & D. J. R. Somerset and Dorset
Joint Railway.
E. R, South? Bacon! Railway.
: M. & A. R. Swindon, Marl-
borough, and Andover Railway.
T.V.R. Taff Vale Railway.
W.&L.R. Waterford and Limerick
ey.
Ww. P. R. R. Watlington and
Princes Risboro’ Railway.
W.R. Wigtownshire Railway.
W.M.&C.Q.R. Wrexham, Mold,
and Connah’s Quay Railway.

Rain. To rain cats and dogs. In
northern miythology the cat is supposed
to have great influence on the weather,
and English sailors still say, ‘* The cat
has a gale of wind in her tail,” when she
is unusually frisky. Witches that rode
upon the storms were said to assume the
form of cats ; and the stormy north-west
wind is called the cat’s-nose in the Harz
even at the present day.

The dog is a signal of wind, like the
wolf, both which animals were attendants
of Odin, the storm-god. In old German
pictures the wind is figured as the.““head
of a dog or wolf,” from which blasts
issue, :

The cat therefore symbolises the down-
pouring rain, and the dog the strong
gusts of wind which accompany a rain-
storm ; and a “rain of cats and dogs”? is
5. Bay rain with wind, (See Cat anp

OG. .

+ The French catadoupe or catadupe
means a waterfall, * x :

Rain Gauge, An instrument or con-
trivancée for measuring the amount of
rain which falls on a given surface, ©

Rainbow. (See Crrcre oF Uxt04.)

Rainbow Chasers. Preblematical
politicians and reformers, who chase
rainbows, which cannot possibly be
caught, to ‘‘find the pot of gold at the
foot thereof.’’? This alludes to an old
joke, that a pot of gold can be dug ur
where the rainbow touches the earth.

Raining Tree (Zhe). The Til, a
linden-tree of the Canaries, mentioned
by a host of persons. Mandelolo de-
scribes it minutely, and tells us that the
water which falls from this tree suffices
for a plentiful supply for men and
beasts of the whole island of Fierro,
which contains no river. Glas assures
us that ‘‘the existence of such a tree is
firmly believed in the Canaries” (His-
tory of the Canary Islands). Cordeyro
(Historia Insulana, bookii. chap. v.) says
it is an emblem of the Trinity, and that
the rain is called Agua Santa. Without
doubt a rain falls from some trees {as
the lime) in hot weather.

Rainy Day (A). Evil times.
Lay by something for a rainy day.
Save something against evil times.

Raise the Wind. To obtain ready
money by hook or crook. A sea phrase.
What wind is to a ship, money is to
commerce.

“T’ve tried queer ways
The wind to raise,
But ne’er had such a blow."
Judy (My Lost Dog), Mar. 27, 1889,

Rajah. (Sanskrit for king, cognate
with the Latin reg’ or rex.) Maha-rajah
means the ‘‘ great rajah.”’

Rake. A libertine. A contraction
of rakehell, used by Milton and others,

“ And far away amid their rakehell bands
They speed a lady left all succourless.”

Francis Quarles.

Rak’shas, Evil spirits who guard
the treasures of Kuvera, the god of
riches. They haunt cemeteries and de-
vour human beings; assume any shape
at will, and their strength increases as
the day declines. Some are hideously
ugly, but others, especially the female
spirits, allure by their beauty. (Hindu
my thology.) + ion

Rakush. Rustem’s horse in the Shah
Nameh of Firdusi, the Homer of Koras-
san. (See Horse.) if

Raleigh. Sir Walter Scott introduces
in Kenilworth thé tradition of his laying
down his cloak’on a miry spot for the
queen to step on, (0

“ Hark ye, Master Raleigh, see thou fail not to
wear thy muddy cloak, in token of penitence, till
our pleasure be further known,’—Sir Walter
Scott: Kenilworth, chap, xv. 3

hott mrad.

Rally

“Rally is re-alligo, to bind together

again. (French radiier.) In Spenser it
is spelt re-allie—

“ Before they could new coneels re-allie.”

‘aéric Queene,
* Yes, we'll rally round the flag, boys,

e’ll rally once again.
@. F, Root: Battle-cry of Freedom, stanza i,

Ralph or Ralpho. The squire of
Hudibras. The model was Isaac Robin-
son, a zealous butcher in Moorfields,
always contriving some queer art of
church government. He represents the
Independent party, and Hudibras the
Presbyterian, Ralph rhymes with half
and safe.

“ He was himself under the < Sy of scruples
as unreasonable as those of .. . Ralpho.’—
Macaulay.

Ralph Roister Doister. The title
of the earliest English comedy ; so called
from ‘the chief chiricter. ritten by
Nicholas Udall. (16th century.)

Ram. The usual prize at wrestling
matches, Thus Chaucer says of his
Mellere, ‘‘ At-wrastlynge he wolde bere
away the ram.” (Canterbury Tales:
Prologue 550.)

Ram Feast (Zhe). May morning is
0 called at Holne, near Dartmoor, ae
cause on that day a ram is run down in
the ‘‘ Ploy Field.’ It is roasted whole,
with its skin and fur, close by a granite
pillar. At mid-day a scramble takes
ere for a slice, which is supposed to
ring luck to those who get it. Said to
be a relic of Baal worship in England.

Ram and Teazle (Zhe). A public-
house sign, is in compliment to the
Clothiers’ Company. The ram with the
golden fleece is emblematical of wool,
and the ¢eaz/e is used for raising the nap
of wool spun and woven into cloth.

Ram of the Zodiac (Zhe). This is
the famous Chrysomallon, whose golden
fleece was stolen by Jason in his Ar-
gonautic expedition. It was transposed
to the stars, and made the first sign of
the Zodiac.

The Vernal signs the Ram begins ;
Then comes the Bull; in May the Twins:

The Crab in June ; next Leo shines ;

And Virgo ends the northern signs. £.C. B.
_Ram’s Horn (4). A loud, vulgar,
unpolished speaker, A smooth-tongued

orator is called a ‘‘ silver trumpet.’’

Rama. The seventh incarnation of
Vishnu.

The first was the fish ; the second, the
tortoise ; the third, the boar ; the fourth,
the man-lion ; the fifth, the dwarf; the
sixth, Parus'u-Rama, son of Jamadagni ;

1037

Raminagobris

the seventh, Rama, son of Das’‘aratha,
King of Ayodhya ; the eighth, Krishna
or Crishna ; the ninth, Buddha; andthe
last (tenth) will be Kalki, and the con-
summation of all things—a kind of
millennium.

Rama performed many wonderful ex-
ploits, such as killing giants, demons,
and monsters. He won Sita to wife be-
a he was able to bend the bow of

iva.

Rama-Yana. The history of Rama,
the best great epic poem of ancient India,
and worthy to be ranked with the Iliad
of Homer,

Ram/‘adan, The ninth month of the
Mahometan year, and the Mussulman’s
Lent or Holy Month.

“November is the financial Ramadan of the
Sublime Porte.”"—The Times.

That is, when the Turkish Government
promises all kinds of financial reforms
and curtailments of national expenses,

Rambouillet. Hé6tel de RambouiHet.
The réunion of rank and literary genius
on terms of equality; a coterie where
sparkling wit with po ished manners pre-
vails. The Marquise de Rambouillet, in
the seventeenth century, reformed the
French soirées, and purged them of the
gross morals and licentiotis conversation
which at that time prevailed. The pre-
sent good taste, freedom without licen-
tiousness, wit without double entendre,
equality without familiarity, was due to
this illustrious Italian. The Précieuses
Ridicules of Moliére was a satire on those
her imitators who had not her talent and
good taste, Catherine, Marquise de
Rambouillet (1588-1665).

Ramee Samee. The conjurer who
swallowed swords, and could twist him-
self into a knot as if he had neither bones
nor joints.

Ram’eses (3 syl.). The title of an
ancient B yp jan dynasty; it means
Offsprin of the Sun. This title was first
assumed towards the close of the High-
teenth Dynasty, and ran through the
Nineteenth,. meses III. is called
Rhampsini'tos by Herod’otos. Sesostris
is supposed to be identical with Rameses
the Great, (Hses, i.e. Isis.)

Ramriel (2 syl.). One of the fallen
angels cast out of heaven. The word

| means one that exalts himself against

God.

Raminago’bris. A cat; a vile poet.
La Fontaine in several of his fables gives
this name to the cat, Rabelais under

Rampallian

1038

Rape of the Lock

this name satirises Guillaume Crétin, an
old French poet in the reigns of Charles
VIII., Louis XII., and Francois I.
(Rabelais : Pantagruel, iii. 21.)

Rampal'lian. A term of contempt;
probably it means a rampant or wanton
woman; hence in 4 New Trick to Cheat
the Devil (1639) we have this line:
‘And bold rampallian-like, swear and
drink drunk,”’

“Away, you scullion! you rampallian! you fus-
tilarian! J’ll tickle your catastrophe,”—Shuke-
speare: 2 Henry IV., ii. 1.

Ramsay the Rich. Ramsay used
to be called the Croesus of our English
abbeys. It had only sixty monks of the
Benedictine order, to maintain, and its
revenues allowed £1,000 a year to the
abbot, and £100 a year for each of its
monks,

David Ramsay. The old watchmaker
near Temple Bar.

Margaret Ramsay. His daughter, who
became the bride of Lord Nigel, (Sir
Walter Scott: Fortunes of Nigel.)

Ramsbottom (Mrs.). A vile speller
of the Queen’s English. It was the
signature of Theodore Hook in his letters
published in the John Bull newspaper,
1829.

Ra‘na, Goddess of the sea, and wife
of the sea-god Aeger. (Scandinavian
mythology.)

“* May Rana keep them in the deep,
Asis her wont,
And no one save them from the grave,’
Cried Helgehont,”
Frithiof-Saga; The Banishment.
Randem-Tandem. _ A tandem of
three horses, (University term.)

Random (Roderick), A young Scotch
scapegrace in quest of fortune; at one
time basking in prosperity, at another in
utter destitution. He is led into dit-
ferent countries, whose peculiarities are
described ; and into all sorts of society,
as that of wits, sharpers, courtiers,
courtesans, and so on. Though occa-
sionally lavish, he is inherently mean;
and though possessing a dash of humour,
is contemptibly revengeful. His treat-
ment of Strap is revolting to a generous
mil. Strap lends him money in his
necessity, but the heartless Roderick
wastes the loan, treats Strap as a mere
Servant, fleeces him at dice, and cuffs
him when the game is adverse. (Siollett:
Roderick Random.) »

Rank and File. Soldiers of any
grade below that of lance-sérgeant are
80 called, collectively, in military phrase-
ology, and any two soldiers of such

grade are spoken of as ‘‘a file;” thus,
100 rank and file would equal 50 file,
that is, 50 men standing behind each
other ina row. No soldier ever talks of
Jiles in the plural, or about “a file of
fours.” As there are two ina “ rank,”’
there is a /eft file and a right file; and
men may move in ‘‘single file” or in
“double file.” A line of soldiers drawn
up side by side or abreast is a rank.

Rank distinguished by Colour.
In China the emperor, empress, and
prince imperial wear yellow; the other
wives of the emperor wear violet; high
state officers wear blue; officials of
lower rank wear red; and the general
public wear black or some dark shade.

Ranks. Risen from the ranks. From
mean origin ; a self-made man, A mili-
tary term applied to an officer who once
served as a private soldier. Such an
officer is now often called a ‘‘ranker.”?

Ran'tipole (3syl.). A harum-scarum
fellow, a madcap (Dutch, randten, to
be in a state of idiotcy or insanity,
and pole, a head or person), The late
Emperor Napoleon III. was called
Rantipole, for his escapades at Stras-
bourg and Boulogne. In 1852 I myself
Saw a man commanded by the police to
leave Paris within twenty-four hours for
calling his dog Rantipole.

“Dick, be a little rantipolish.”—Colman ; Heirs
at-Law,

Ranz des Vaches. Simple melo-
dies played by the Swiss mountaineers
on their Alp-horn when they drive their
herds to pasture, or call them home ( pour
ranger Cee vaches, to bring the cows to
their place).

Rap. Wot worth arap. The rap was
a base halfpenny, intrinsically worth
about half a farthing, issued for the
nonee in Ireland in 1721, because small
coin was so very scarce. There was
also a coin in Switzerland called a rappe,
worth the seventh of a penny.

“Many counterfeits passed about under the
name of raps.”—Swift; Drapier’s Letters,

Rape (1 syl.). The division of a
county. Sussex is divided into six
rapes, each of which has its river, forest,
and castle. Herepp is Norwegian for
a parish district, and rape in Doomsday
Book is used for a district under military
jurisdiction. (Icelandic hreppr, a dis-
trict.) fons

Rape of the Lock. Lord Petre, in
a thoughtless moment of frolic gallantry,
cut off-a lock of Arabella Fermor’s hair;
and this liberty gave rise to a bitter feud

Raphael

1039

Rashleigh,

between the two families, which Alex-
ander Pope has worked up into the best
heroi-comic poem of the language. The
first sketch was published in 1712 in two
cantos, The machinery of sylphs and
gnomes is most happily conceived.
Pope, under the name of Esdras Barne-
velt, apothecary, says the poem is a
covert satire on Queen Anne and the
Barrier Treaty. In the poem the lady
is called Belinda, and the poet says she
wore gn her neck two curls, one of which
the baron cut off with a pair of scis-
sors borrowed of Clarissa, Belinda, ‘in
anger, demanded back the ringlet, but
it had flown to the skies and become a
meteor there. (See Coma BERENI‘CES.)
* Sayav bast strange motive, goddess, could compel
1l-bred ofd to assault a gentle belle ;
art SCranger cause, yet unexplored,
ke a gentle belle reject a lord.”
Introduction to the Poem.
Raph’ael. The sociable archangel
who travelled with Tobi’as into Me’dia
and back again, instructing him on the
way how to marry Sara and to drive
away the wicked Hin Milton intro-
duces him as sent by God to advertise
Adam of his danger. (See SEVEN Sprrits. )
“Raphael, the sociable spirit, hath deigned
To travel with Tobias,and secured
His marriage with the seven-times-wedded
maid.” Paradise Lost, v. 221-3.
Raphael, according to Longfellow, is
the angel of the Sun, who brings to may
the ‘* gift of faith.”’

“Tam the angel of the Sun,
Whose flaming wheels began to run
When God Almighty’s breath
Said to the darkness and the night,
*Let there be light,’ and there was light,—
I bring the gift of faith.”
Golden Legend : The Miracle Play, iii.
St, Raphael, the archangel, is usually
“distinguished in Christian art by a
pilgrim’s staff, or carrying a fish, in
allusion to his aiding Tobias to capture
the fish which performed the miraculous
cure of his father’s eyesight.
The French Raphael. Bustace Lesueur
(1617-1655).

Raphael of Cats (Zhe). Godefroi
Mind, a Swiss painter, noted for his cats.
(1768-1814:)

Rapparee’. A wild Irish plunderer ;
80 called from his es nh with a
pe i or half-pike. (Irish rappire, a
robber.)

Rappee. A coarse species of snuff,
manufactured from dried tobacco by. an
instrument called in French a rdpe,
‘instrument en metal percé de plusieurs

_trous, dorit on se sert pour réduire les
corps en pulpe ou en fragments. On se

Yy
Could

sert surtout dela rape dans les ménages
pour le sucre, le chocolat, le poivre; et
dans les usines, pour le tabac, les bette-
raves, les pommes de terre qu’on réduit
en fécule, etc.”” (Bouillet : Dictionnaire
des Sciences.)

Ra'ra A'vis (Latin, a rare bird). A
phenomenon; a prodigy; a something
quite out of the common course, Black
swaps are now familiar to us; they are
natives of Australia, and have given its
name to the ‘‘Swan river.’”? At one
time a black swan was emphatically a
Tara avis, . oh

“Rara avis in terris nigroque sitiillima cygne.”

Juvenat.

Rare Ben; So Shakespeare called
Ben Jonson, the dramatist. (1574-1637.)
Aubrey says that this inscription on his
tablet in the ‘‘ Poets’ Corner,’ West-
minster Abbey, ‘‘ was done at the charge
of Jack Young (afterwards knighted),
who, walking there when the grave was
covering, gave the fellow eighteenpence
to cut it.”” At the late relaying of the
pavement, this stone was unhappily re-
moved. When Sir William Davenant
was interred in Westminster Abbey,
the inscription on his covering-stone
was, ‘‘O rare Sir William Davenant”’
—showing how nearly the sublime and
the ridiculous often méet.

Raree Show, A peep-show; ashow
carried aboyt in a box.

Rascal. . Originally applied in the
chase to a lean, worthless deer, then a
collective term for the commonalty, the
mob; and popularly to a base fellow.
Shakespeare says, ‘‘ Horns! the noblest
deer hath them as huge as the rascal ’’
{deer]. Palsgrave calls a starveling
animal, like the lean kine of Pharaoh,
**a, rascall refus beest’? (1530). The
French have racaille (riff-raff),

“Come, you thin thing; come, you raseal.”—
Shakespeare: 2 Henry IV., v. 4

Rascal Counters. Pitiful or paltry
£s.d. Brutus calls money paltry come
pared with friendship, etc.

“when Marcus.Brutus grows so covetous, 4
To lock such rascal counters from his frien
Be ready, gods, with all your thunderbolts,
Dash him to pieces.” ,

~ Shakespeare. Julius Cesar, iv. 5.

Rasher. Aslice, asarasher of bacon,

Rash‘leigh Osbaldistone. An ac-
complished but deceitful villain, called
“the scholar,’? He is the youngest of
the six hopeful sons of Sir Hildebrand
Osbaldistone. The six brothers were
nicknamed ‘‘the sot,’? ‘‘the bully,”
““the gamekeeper,”’ “ the horse-j ockey?”

Rasiel

‘the fool,” and the crafty “scholar,”
(Sir Walter Scott: Rob Roy.)

. Ra‘siel. The angel who was the
tutor of Adam. (Zulmud.) ’

Raspberry, Rhyming slang for
‘theart,” as “it made my artes
beat.” (See Curvy.) 7

, ° eh a Site

Ras'‘selas. Prince of Abyssinia, in
Dr. Johnson’s romance so called.

**Rasselas' is a mass of sense, and its moral
provente are certainly conveyed in striking and

appy language, The mad astronomer who im-
egined that he possessed the regulation of the
weather and the distribution of the seasons, is an
original character in romance; and the happ
valley in Chshasselas resides is sketched with
Doetical feeling.’—Young.

Rat. The Egyptians and Phrygians
deified rats, The people of baukcah
Cambay to the present time forbid their
destruction. In Egypt the rat symbol-
ised ‘utter destruction ;” it also sym-
bolised ‘‘judgment,” because rats always
choose the best bread for their repast.

Rat. Pliny tells us (bk. viii. ch. lvii.)
that the Romans drew presages from
these animals, and to seo a white rat
foreboded good fortune. The bucklers
at Lanu’vium being gnawed by rats pre.
saged ill-fortune, and the battle of the
Marses, fought soon after, confirmed this
superstition. Prosperine’s veil was em-
broidered with rats,

Lrish rats rhymed to death. It was
once a prevalent opinion that rats in pas-
turages could be extirpated by anathema-
tising them in lene verse or by me-
trical charms, is notion is frequently
alluded to by ancient authors. Thus,
Beh Jonson says: ‘“‘Rhyme -them to
death, as they do Irish rats’ (Poetaster) ;
Sir Philip Sidney says: ‘‘ Though I will
not wish unto you .. . to be rimed to
death, as is said to be done in Ireland”
Defence of Foesié); and Shakespeare
makes Rosalind say: ‘“‘I was never so
berhymed since . . . I was an Irish rat,”
alluding to the Pythagore’an doctrine of
the transmigration of souls (4s You Like
it, iii. 2). (See Cuarm.)

Ismelia rat. I Dexoolye there is some-
thing concealed which is mischievous.
The allusion is to a cat smelling a rat.

Rat (Zo). To forsake a losing side for
the stronger party. It is said that rats
forsake ships not weatherproof. A rat
is one who rats or deserts hi. party.
Hence workmen who work during a
strike are called “‘ rats,” j

“ Averting...
“ The cup of sdrrow from their lips,
And fly like rats from sinking ships.”
Swift: Lpistle to Mr. Nugent,

1040

Raul

Rat (Un) Apurse. Hence, a young
boy thief is called a Raton. A sort of
pun on the word rapt from the Latin
vapto, to carry off forcibly. Courix Je
rat, to rob or break into a house at
night-time, :

To take a’rat by the tail, or Prendre un
rat par la queue, is to cut a purse. A
ay dating back to the age of Louis

III., and inserted in Cotgtave’s Dic-
tionary. Of course, a cutpurse would
cut the purse at the string or else he
would spill the contents,

Rat, Cat, and Dog.

“ The Rat, the Cat, and Lovell the Dog,
Rule all England under the hog.”

? The Rat, t.e. Rat-cliff ; the Cat, i.e.
Cat-esby ; and Lovel the dog, is Francis,
Viscount Lovel, the king’s “ spaniel.”
The hog or boar was the crest of Richard
Iii. William Collingham, the author of
this rhyme (1413), was put to death for
his pregnant wit.

Rat-killer. Apollo received this
aristocratic soubriquet from the follow-
ing incident :—Crinis, one of his priests,
having neglected his official duties
Apollo sent against him a swarm of
rats: but the priest, seeing the invaders
coming, repented and obtained forgive-
ness of the god, who annihilated the
swarms which he had sent with his far-
darting arrows, For this redoubtable
exploit the sun-god received the oe,
tion of Apollo the Rat-killer. (Classic
anythouhe

Rat’atosk. The squirrel that runs
up and down the mythological tree
Vegdraail’ (Scandinavian mythology.) ,

Ratten (To). ,To annoy for refusing
to join a t.ade union, or for not submit-
ting to its demands. This is done by
destroying or taking away a workman’s
tools, or otherwise incapacitating him
from doing work. ‘‘ Torat’’ isto desert
one’s party ; to work for less than the
price fixed by a trade union; and “‘ rat-
ten”’ is to act the-part of arat. (See Rar.)

Rattlin (Jack). A famous naval
character in Smollett’s Roderick Random.
Tom Bowling is another naval character
in the same novel. : :

Raul. Sir Raul di Nangis, the Hu-
guenot, in love with Valenti‘na, daughter
of the Comte de St. Bris, governor of the
Louvre. Being sent for by Marguerite,
he is offered the hand of Valentina in
marriage, but rejects it, because he
fancies she is betrothed to the Comte
de Nevers, Nevers is slain in the

Ravana

1041

Ravenglass

Bartholomew massacre, and Valentina
confesses her love for Raul. They are
united by Marcello, an old Puritan ser-
vant, but scarcely is the ceremony ended
when both are shot by the musketeers
under the command of St. Bris. (Meyer-
beer : Gli Ugonotti, an opera.)

Rava‘na, according to Indian myth-
ology, was Stewart down between
heaven and earth for 10,000 years by
Siya’s leg, for attempting to move the
hill of heavento Ceylon. Heis described
as a demon giant with tenfaces, (Hindu
mythology.)

Ravelin (Zhe) or demi-lune, in fortifi-
cation. A work with two faces, form-
ing a salient angle, placed beyond the
main ditch, opposite the curtain (g.v.),aud
separated from the covered way (q.v.) by
a ditch which runs into the main ditch.

Raven. A bird of ill omen. They
are said to forebode death and bring in-
fection. The former notion arises from
their following an army under the expec-
tation of finding eand bodies to raven
on; the latter notion is a mere offshoot
of the former, seeing pestilence kills as
fast as the sword,

“The boding raven on her cottage sat,

Ané with hoarse croakings warned us of our

tate,”” Gay: Pastorals; The Dirge,
“Tike tok saq-presaging raven that toils

@ giék nan’s passport in her hollow beak,
he n the shadow of the silent night, |

oes shake contagion from her sable wing.”

arlowe : Jew of Maltu (1638).

Rtwen. “Jovianus Ponta’nus relates
two skirmishes between ravens and kites
near Beneventum, which prognosticated
a@ great battle. Nice’tas speaks of a
skirmish between crows and ravens as

resaging the irruption of the Scythians

to ace. He also tells us that his
friend Mr. Draper, in the flower of his
age and robust health, knew he was at
the point of death because two ravens
flew intd his chamber. Cicero was fore-
warned of his death by the fluttering of
ravens, aud Macaulay relates the legend
that a raven entered the chamber of the
great orator the very day of his murder,
and pulled the clothes off his bed. Like
many other birds, ravens indicate by
their cries the approach of foul weather
but “it is ful unleful to beleve that Gad
sheweth His ptevy counsayle to crowes,
as Isidore sayth.’

He has the foresight of a raven, K
raven was accounted at one time @ pre-
phetic bird. (See above.)
mio papas cbratac hr gesnanted, te
ef oat istrict, “Yo naverlie attsieh of araven®
lay: History of St, Kid, ph
66

i

Ravens bode famine. When a flock of
ravens forsake the woods we may look
for famine and mortality, because
‘Cravens bear the characters of Saturn,
the author of these calamities, and have
a very early perception of the bad dis-
position of that planet.’? (See Athenian
Oracle, Supplement, p. 476.)

“As if the great god Jupiter had nothing else
to doe but to dryve about jacke-dawes and
ravens.” —Carneades,

Ravens were once as white as swans,
and not inferior in size; but one day a
raven told Apollo that Coro’nis, a
Thessalian nymph whom he passionately
loved, was faithless. The god shot the
nymph with his dart; but, hating the

_ tell-tale bird—

“ Hoe blacked the raven o’er,
And bid him prate in his white plumes no mere,”
Addison: Translation of Ovid, bk. ii.

Ravens in Christian art. Emblems of
God’s Providence, in allusion to the
ravens which fed Elijah. St, Oswald
holds in his hand a raven with a ring in
its mouth; St. Benedict has a raven at
his feet; St. Paul the Hermit is drawn
with a raven bringing: him a loaf of
bread, ete.

The fatal raven, consecrated to Odin,
the Danish war-god, was the emblem on
the Danish standard.. This raven was
said to be possessed of necromantic
power. The standard was termed Lan-
deyda (the desolation of the country),
and miraculous powers were attributed
to it, The fatal raven was the device of
Odin, god of war, and was said to have
been woven and embroidered in one
noontide by the daughters of Regner
Lodbrok, son of Sigurd, that dauntless
warrior who chanted his - death-song
ie Krakamal) while being stung to

eath in a horrible pit filled with deadly
serpents. If the Danish arms were
destined to defeat, the raven hung his
wings; if victory was to attend them, he
stood erect and soaring, as if inviting the
warriors to follow. ~ -

“The Danish raven, lured by annual prey

Hung o'er the land incessant.”

Thomson : Liberty, pt. iv,

Lhe two ravens that sit on the shoulders
of Odin are called Hugin and Munnin

Hind gnd Memory).

Oné raven will not pluck another's cyes
out (German, ‘* Keine kréhe hackt der
anderen die aigen qus’’). Friends will
not “‘peach’’ friends; you are not to
take for granted all that a friend says of
a friend.

Ravenglass (Cumberland). A cor-

| ruption of Afon-giass (Blue river).

Ravenstone

Ra'venstone. ‘The stone gibbet of
Germany; so called from the ravens
which are wont to perch on it. (German
rabenstein.)

“Do you think
I'll honour you so much as save your throat
From the Ravenstone, by choking you myself?”
Byron: Werner, ii. 2.

Ra‘venswood (Allan, Lord of). A
decayed Scotch nobleman of the Royalist
party. _

‘Master Edgar Ravenswood. His son,
who falls in love with Lucy Ashton,
daughter of Sir William Ashton, Lord-
Keeper of Scotland. The lovers plight
their troth at the Mermaid’s Fountain,
but Lucy is compelled to marry Frank
Hayston, laird of Bucklaw. ‘The bride,
in a fit of insanity, attempts to murder
the bridegroom and dies in convulsions.
Bucklaw recovers, and goes abroad.
Colonel Ashton, seeing Edgar at the
funeral of Lucy, appoints a hostile meet-
ing ; and Hdgar, on his way to the place
appointed, is lost in the quicksands of
‘Kelpies-flow. we Walter Scott : Bride
of Lammermoor. i

In Donizetti’s opera of Lucia di Lam-
mermoor, Bucklaw dies of the wound
‘inflicted by the bride, and Edgar} heart-
broken, comes on the stage and kills
himself, that ‘‘ his marriage with Lucy,
forbidden on earth, may be consummated
in heaven.”

Raw. Zo tovch one on the raw. To
mention something that makes a person
wince, like touching a horse on a raw
place in cleaning him,

Raw Lobster (4). A policeman,
Lobsters before they are boiled are a
dark blue. A soldier dressed in scarlet
is a lobster; a policeman, or sort of
soldier, dressed in dark blue is a raw
lobster, The name was given to the
new force by the Weekly Dispatch news-
paper, which tried to write it down.

Rawhead and Bloody-Bones. A
bogie at one time the terror of children,
. "Servants awe children and keep them in sub-
ee pe them of Rawhead and Bloody-

Ray'mond (in Jerusalem Delivered).
Master of 4,000 infantry, Count of Tou-
louse, equal to Godfrey in the “wisdom
of cool debate’ (bk. iii.). This Nestor
of the Crusaders slew Aladine, the king
of Jerusalem, and planted the Christian
sada upon the tower of David (bk.
xx.)

Rayner Raine (Essex). Go and sa
your prayers at Raine. The old chuyck

1042

Reader

of Raine, built in the time of Henry IT.
famous for its altar to the Virgin, an

much frequented at one time by preg-
nant women, who went to implore the
Virgin to give them safe deliverance.

Razed Shoes, referred to in Hamlet,
are slashed shoes,

“Would not this, sir... with two Provencal
roses on my razed shoes, get mea fellowship in a
ery of players, sir ?”—Act ili. 2

Razee (raz-2za). A ship of war cut
down to a smaller size, asa seventy-four
reduced to a frigate. (French, 2ase".)

Razor. Hewmg blocks with a razor.
Livy relates how Tarquidius Priscus,
defying the power of Attus Navius, the
augur, said to him, ‘‘ Tell me, if you are
so wise, whether I can do what Iam now
thinking about,”? ‘Yes,’ said Navius,
‘““Ha! ha!’ cried the king; ‘I was
thinking whether I could cut.in twain
that whetstone with a razor.’ ‘Cut
boldly !’’ answered the augur, and the
king cleft it in twain at one blow.

Raz’zia, An incursion made by the
military into an enemy’s country, for the
purpose of carrying off cattle or slaves,
or for enforcing tribute. It isan Arabic
word much employed in connection with
Algerine affairs.

“ War iss razzia rather than an art to the...
merciless Pelissier,”—The Standard,

Re (Latin). Respecting; in refer-
ence to; as, ‘‘7¢ Brown,” in reference
to the case of Brown.

Reach of a river. Ihe part which
lies between two points or bends; so
called because it reaches from point to
point.

“ When he drew near them he would turn from
re Toudly whistle till he passed the Reach.”
Crabbe: Borough,

Read between the Lines. (Sve
ender LINES.)

Reade or Read (Simon), alluded to
by Ben Jonson in the Alchemist, i. 2,
was Simon Read, of St. George's,
Southwark, professor of physic, Rymer,
in his Fadéra, vol. xvi., says, “he was
indicted for invoking evil spiritsin order
to find out the name of a person who,
in 1608, stole £37 10s, from Tobias
Mathews, of St. Mary Steynings, London,

Reader, In the University of Oxford,
one who reads lectures on scientifio
subjects. In the Inns of Court, one who
reads lectures in law. In printing, one
who reads and corrects the proof-sheets
of any work before publication ; a cor-
rector of the press, : me

Ready

1043

Rebus

_ Ready (The). An elliptical expres-
sion for ready-money. Goldsmith says
“ Hs in presenti perfectum format

“ Ready-money makes a man perfect”),

Eton Latin Grammar.)

“ Lord Strut was not véry flush in the ‘ready? ”
—Dr. Arbuthnot, 4 ap red

Ready -to-Halt. A pilgrim that
journeyed to the Celestial city on
crutches. He joined the party under
the charge of Mr. Greatheart, but
‘¢ when he was sent for’’ he threw away
his crutches, and, lo! a chariot bore
him into Paradise. (Bunyan: Pilgrim’s
Progress, part ii,)

Real Jam. Prime stuff, a real treat,
something delightful. Of course, the
allusion is to jam given to children for a
treat.

“There must have been a charming climate in
Paradise, and [the] connubial bliss [there]...
was real jam.”—Saim Slick ; Human Nature.

Real Presence. The doctrine that
Christ Himself is really and substantially

resent in the bread and wine of the

ucharist after consecration.

Rear-mouse or Rere-mouse. The
bat. (Anglo-Saxon hrere-mus, the flut-

ing-mouse ; verb, ircre-an, to flutter.)
Of course, the ‘‘ bat” is not a winged
mouse,

Reason. The Goddess of Reason,
November 10th, 1793. Mlle. Candeille,
of the Opéra, was one.of the earliest of
these piddess, but Mme. Momoro, wife
of the printer, the Goddess of Liberty,
was the most celebrated. On November
10th a festival was held in Notre Dame
de Paris in honour of Réason and
Liberty, when women represented these
“‘ goddesses,’”? Mlle. Candeille wore a

Phrygian cap, a white frock, a blue
mantle, and tricolour ribbons. Her
head was filleted,with oak-leaves, and
in her hand she carried the pike of
Jupiter-Peuple. In the cathedral a sort
of temple was erected on a mound, and
in this ‘‘ Temple of Philosophy ’’ Mlle.
Candeille was installed. Young girls
erowned with oak-leaves were her at-
tendants, and sang hymusin her honour.
imilar installations were repeated at

yons.and other places. (See LiseRTyY,
Goddess of.)
Mile. Maillard, the actress, is mentioned by

Lamartine as one of these goddesses, but played
the part much'‘against her will.

~ Mule. Aubray was another Goddess of Reason.
Rebec’ca. ay aes of Isaac the
Jew, in love with Ivanhoe. Rebecca,
with her father and Ivanhoe, being taken

prisoners, are confined in Front de Boouf’s

‘events).

castle. Rebecca is taken to the turret
chamberand left with the old sibyl there;
but when Brian de Bois Guilbert comes
and offers her insult she spurns him with
heroic disdain, and, rushing to the verge
of the battlements,. threatens to throw
herself over if he touches her. Ivanhoe,
who was suffering from wounds received
in a tournament, is nursed by Rebecca.

| Being again taken prisoner, the Grand

Master commands the Jewish maiden to
be tried for sorcery, and she demands a
trial by combat. The demandis granted,
when Brian de Bois Guilbert is appointed
as the champion against her; and Ivan-
hoe undertakes her defence, slays Brian,
and Rebecca is set free. To the general
disappointment of novel-readers, after all
this excitement’ Ivanhoe tamely marries
the lady Rowen’a, a “‘ vapid piece of still
life.” Rebeeca pays the newly-married
pair a wedding visit, and then goes abroad
with her father to get out of the way.
(Sir Walter Scott : Lvankoe.)

Rebec’caites (4syl.). Certain Welsh
rioters in 1843, whose object was to de-
molish turnpike gates. The name was
taken from Rebekah, the bride of Isaac,
When she left her father’s house, Laban
and his family ‘‘ blessed her,”’ and said,
** Let thy seed possess the gate of those
that hate them ’’ (Gen. xxiv. 60).

Rebellion (Zhe). The revolts in
behalf of the House of Stuart in 1715
and 1745; the former in behalf of the
Chevalier de St. George, son of James
II., called the Old Pretender, and the
latter in favour of Charles Edward,
usually termed the Young Pretender.

The Great Rebellion, The revolt of
the Long Parliament against Charles I.
(1642-1646.)

The Great Irish Rebellion, 1789. It
was caused by the creation of numerous
Trish societies hostile to England, es-
pecially that called ‘‘ The United Ivish-
men.’’ There haye been eight or nine
other rebellions, In 1865 the Irish
applied to France for soldiers; in 1597
they offered the crown of Ireland te
Spain ; in 1796 they concluded a treaty
with the French Directory.

Rebus (Latin, with things). A hiero-

lyphic riddle, ‘‘ non verbis sed rebus,”’

he origin of the word and custom is
this: The basochiens of Paris, during the
carnival, used to satirise the current
follies. of the day in squibs called De
rebus que geruntur (on the current
That these squibs might not
be accounted libellous, they employed
hieroglyphics either wholly or in part,

Reception

Reception (Zo get a), in theatrical
language means to be welcomed with
applause from the front, when you make

our first appearance for the night.
This signifies that the audience recog-
nises your established reputation,

Re'chabites (3 syl.). A religious
sect founded by Jonadab, son of Rechab,
who enjoined his family to abstain
from wine and to dwell in tents, (Jer.
xxxy, 6, 7.)

Receipt is a direction for compound-
ing or mixing together certain ingre-
dients to make something required. It
also means @ written discharge to a
debtor for the payment of a debt.

Recipe (3 syl.), Receipt. Recipe is
Latin for take, and contracted into R is
used in doctor’s prescriptions. The dash
through the R is an abbreviated form
of 1, the symbol of Jupiter, and B means
Recipe, deo volente.

Reck his own Rede (70). Give
-heed to his own counsel. (Old English,
Reo[an], to heed ; Red, counsel, advice.)

Reckon (J). A peculiar phraseology |

common in the Southern States of
America. Those in New England say,
**T guess.” (See Cazcizare}

Reckoning without your Host.
To guess what te expenses at an hotel
will be before the bill has been delivered ;
to enter upon an enterprise without
knowing the cost.

“We thought'that now our troubles were over ;
++; but we reckoned without our host."—Mac-
imillan's Magaatne, 1887.

“ Recla‘im (2 syl.). To turn from evil
ways. This is a term in falconry, and
means to call back the hawk to the wrist,
This was done when it was unruly, that
it might be emoothed and tamed. (Latin,
re-clomo.)

Recorded. Death recorded means
that the sentence of death is recorded
or written by the recorder egainst the
criminal, but not verbally pronounced
by the judge. This is done when capital
punishment is likely to be remitted. It
18 the verbal sentence of the judge that
is the only sufficient warrant of an exe-
cution, @ sovereign is now not con-
sulted about any capital punishment,

Reec’reant is one who cries out .

(French, récrier); alluding to the judicial
combats, when the person who wished to
give in cried for mercy, and was held a
coward and infamous. (See Craven.)

Reeotor, (See Cruntoat Trruns.)

1044
ee E—E—E—E————

_A Tartar phrase, referring to a custom

Red Boots

Reculer pour Mieux Sauter, To
run back in order to give a better jump
forwards; to give way a little in order
to take up a stronger position,

“Where the empire sets its foot, it cannot
withdraw without much loss of credit, whereas
reouler pour nieux sauter must often be the most
effective action in that tide of European ciyilisa-
tion, which is slowly, but surely, advancing into
the heart of the Dark Continent."—Nineteenth
Century, December, 1892, p, 990,

Recul'ver. The antiquities of this
place are fully described in Antiguitates

utupine, by Dr. Battley (1711). It
was a Roman fort in the time of
Claudius.

Red. The colour of magic.

“ Red is the colour of magic in age country,
and has been so from the very earliest times.
The caps of fairies and musicians are well-nigh
always red.”— Yeates: Fairy and Folk Tales of the
Irish Peasantry, p. 61.

Red applied to gold. Hence a geld
watch is a “red kettle,”
‘Thou alate an honest nature ; weep’st for thy

master ;
There's a red rogue to buy the handkerchief.”
Beaumont and Fletcher: Mad Lover, v. 4.

Red Basque Cap. The cognisance
of Don Carlos, pretender to the Spanish
throne,

Red Book. The book which gave
account of the court expenditure in
France before the Revolution was so
called because its covers were red. We
have also a ‘‘ Red Book” in manuscript,
containing the names_of all those who
held lands yer baro'nian in the reign of
Henry II., with other matters -pertain-
ing to the nation before the Conquest.
(Ziyley, 667.)

Red Book of the Exchequer (Zhe).
Liber Rubens Scaccarii in the Record
Office. It was compiled in the reign of
Henry JEI, (1246), and contains the
returns of the tenants in capite in 1166,
who certify how many knights’ fees
they hold, and the names of those who
hold or held them, also much other
inatter from the Pipe Rolls and other
sources, It has not yet (1895) been
printed, but is described in Sims’ Manual
(p. 41), Thomas’s Handbook (p. 256),
and in the Record Report of 1837 (pp.
166-177). A separate account of it was
printed by Hunter in 1837. It contains
the only known fragment of the Pipe
Roll of Henry II., and copies of the
important Fa esc returned into the
exchequer in 13 John. It is not written

in red ink. (Communicated by A.
Oldham.) : : % gat
Red Boots, A pdir of red boots,

w>

.

Red-breasts

1045

Red Herring

of cutting the skin of a victim round the
upper part of the ankles, and then
stripping it off at the feet. A Tartar
will say, ‘‘ When you come my way
again, I will give you a pair of red bovts
to go home in.”’

Red-breasts. Bow Street runners,
who wore a scarlet waistcoat.

“The Bow Street runnets ceased out of the
land soon after the introduction of the new police,
I remember them very well as standing about the
door of the office in Bow Street. They had no
other uniform than a blue dress-coat, brass
buttons... and a bright red cloth waistcoat. :.
The slang name for them was ‘Red-breasts.’ "—
Dickens: Letters, vol. ii. p. 178.

Red Button (4). A mandarin of
the first class, whose badge of honour is
a red button in his cap.

“An interyiew was granted to the admiral
{Elliot] by Kishen, the imperial commissioner, the
third manin the empire, a mandarin of first class
and red button.”—Howitt: History of Englund,
1641, D. 471,

Red Cap (Mother). An old nurse “ at
the Hungerford Stairs.’”’ Dame Ursley
or Ursula, another nurse, says of her
rival—

“She may do very well for skipper's wives,
chandlers’ daughters, and sucb like, but nobody
shall wait on pretty Mistress Margaret... ex-
cepting and saving myself.”"—Sir Walter Scott;
Fortunes of Nigel.

Red Coats in fox-hunting (or scarlet)
is a badge of royal livery, fox-huntin
being ordained by Henry II. a roya
sport,

Red Cock, The ved cock will crow in

his house, His house will be set on fire.
“* we'll see if the red cock craw not in his

bonnie barn-yard ae morning.’ * What does she
mean?” said Mannering. .. .*Fire-raising, an-
BW the... dominie.”—Sir Walter Scott; Guy
DMuannering, chap. iii,

Red Com’yn. Sir John Comyn of
Badenoch, son of Marjory, sister of King
John Balliol; so patted from his rudd:
complexion and red hair, to distinguis
him from his kinsman ‘‘ Black Comyn,”’
whose complexion was swarthy and hair
black. He was stabbed by Sir Robert
Bruce in the church of the Minorites at
Dumfries, arid afterwards dispatched by
Lindesay and Kirkpatrick.

Red Cross (The). The badge of the
royal banner of England till those of
St. Patrick and St. Andrew were added.

“The fall of Rouen (1419) was the fall of the
whole province . . . and the red cross of England
waved on all the towers of Normandy.” —Howitt :
History of England, vol. i. p. 545.

Red Cross Knight, in Spenser’s
Faérie Queene, is the impersonation of
holiness, or rather the spirit of Chris-
tianity. Politically he typifies the
Church of England. The knight is sent
forth by the queen to slay a dragon

which ravaged the kingdom of Una’s
father. Having achieved this feat, he
marries‘Una (g.v.). (Book i.) i

Red Feathers (Zhe). The Duke of
Cornwall’s Light Infantry. They cut to
pieces General Wayne’s brigade in the
American War, and the. Americans
vowed to give them no quarter. So
they mounted red feathers that no others
might be subjected to this threat. They
still wear red puggarees on Indian ser-
vice. (See LACEDRMONIANS. )

Red Flag (4). (i) Inthe Roman em-
pire it signified war and a call to arms.

(ii) Hoisted by British seamen, it indi-
cates that no concession will be made.

As a railway signal,it intimates danger, ané
warns the engine-driver to stop,

Hiii) In France, since 1791, it has been
the symbol of insurrection and terrorism.

(iv) It is a synonym of Radicalism
and Anarchy.

“Mr. Chamberlain sticks to the red flag, and ap-
parently believes in its ultimate success,’"—Wews-
paper paragraph, January, 1886,

Red Hand of Ulster. In anancient
expedition to Ireland, it was given out
that whoeyer first touched the shore
should possess the territory which he
touched; O’Neill, seeing another boat
likely to outstrip his own, cut off his left
hand and threw it on the coast. From
this O’Neill the princes of Ulster were
descended, and the motto of the O’Neills
is to this day ‘“‘Lamh dearg Eirin”’ (ved
hand of Erin), (See Hann.)

Red-handed. In the very act; with
red blood still on his hand.

“T had some trouble to save him from the fury
of those who had caught him red-handed,"—The
Times (a correspondent).

Red Hat (The). The cardinalate.

“ David Beatoun was born of goed family... .
and was raised toa red hat by Pope Paul I[I[.”—
Prince: Parallel History, vol. li. p. 81.

Red Heads, (See ScutitTEs.)

Red Herring (The) of a novel is a
hint or statement in the early part of
the story to put the reader on the wrong
scent, In all detective stories a red
herring is trailed across the scent. The
allusion is to trailing a red herring on
the ground to destroy the scent and set
tis done at fault. ‘‘red herring’? is
a herring dried and smoked.

Red Herring. Drawing ared herring
across the path. Trying to divert atten-
tion from the main question by some
side-issue. A red herring drawn across
a fox’s path destroys the scent and sets.
the dogs at fault. é

Red Indians

1046

Red Snow

eee

Neither fish, flesh, nor good red herring.
Something insipid and not good eating.
Neither one thing nor another,

Red Indians (of Newfoundland),
So called because they daub their skin,
garments, canoes, weapons, and almost
everything with red ochre.

‘Whether it is merely a custom, or whether
they daub their skin with red ochre to sen it
from the attacks of mosquitos and black-flies,
which swarm by myriads in the woods and wilds
during the summer, it is not possible to say.”—
Lady Blake: Nineteenth Century, Dec. 1888, D. 905,

Red Kettle (4). Properly a gold
‘watch, but applied, in thieves’ slang, to
any watch.

Gold is often called red, hence ‘red
ruddocks ”’ (gald coin).

Red-laced Jacket. Giving a mana
red-laced jacket, Military slang for giv-
ing a soldier a flogging,

Red Land AEN The jurisdiction
over which the Vehmgericht of West-
phalia extended.

Red-lattice Phrases. Pot-house
talk. Red-lattice at the doors and win-
dows was formerly the sign that an ale-
house was duly licensed; hence our
chequers, In some cases ‘lattice’? has
been converted into Jettuce, and the
colour of the alternate checks changed to
green: such a sign used to be in Brown-

ow Street, Holborn. Sometimes, with-
out doubt, the sign had another meaning,
and announced that ‘tables’? were
layed within; hence Gayton, in his
otes on Don Quixote (p. 340), in
speaking of our public-house signs, re-
fers to our notices of ‘billiards, kettle-
noddy-boards, tables, truncks, shovel-
boards, fox-and-geese, and the like,”
It is quite certain that shops with the
sign of the chequers were not uncommon
among the Romans, (See a view of the
left-hand street of Pompeii, presented by
Sir William Hamilton to the Society of
Antiquaries.) (See Larrioz.)

“Tar Here sometimes, leaving the fear of
heaven on the left hand, .. , am fain to shuffle, to
hedge and to lurch ; and yet you, rogue, will en-
under dtu a ot bu htteut bars
Merry Wives of Windsor, ii, 2, \ Stead

Red Laws (Zhe). The civil code of
ancient Rome. Juvenal says, “ Per lege
aubras majoram leges’? (Satires, xiv. 193),
The civil laws, being written in vermil-
lion, were called rubrica, and rubrica
vetavit means, It is forbidden by the
civil laws.

The pretor’s laws were inscribed In white lébters.
i ii. 3 *

bey ye ae snsors i, (x if et 3 pa
BUG in aloo proponeban and im: jal rescr 3
were written in purple, = a

Red-letter Day. A lucky day; a
day to be recalled with delight. In
almanacks, saints’ days and holidays are
printed in red ink, other days in black.

“ That day,... writes the doctor, was trulya red-
letter day to me.”—Wauters: Stanley's Emin Ex
pedition, chap. vi. p. 111.

Red Man. The French say that a
red man commands the elements, and
wrecks: off the coast of Brittany those
whom he dooms to death. The legend
affirms that he appeared to Napoleon
and foretold his downfall.

Red Men. W. Hepworth Dixon tells
us that the Mormons regard the Red
Indians as a branch of the Hebrew tace,
who lost their priesthood, and with it
their colour, intelligence, and physiog-
nomy, through disobedience. In time the
wild-olive branch will be restored, be-
come white in colour, and will act asa
nation of priests, (New America, i, 15.)

Red Rag (Zhe). The tongue, In
French, Le chiffon rouge; and balancer
le chiffon rouge means to prate.

“ Discovering in his mouth a tongue,
He must not his palaver balk ;
So keeps itrunning all day long,
And faticies his red rag can talk.”
Peter Pindar: Lord 8. and his Motions.

Red Republicans, Those extreme
republicans of France who scruple not
to dye their hands in blood in order to
accomplish their political object. They
used to wear a red cap. (See CARMAG-
NOLE.)

Red Rose Knight (The) Tom
Thumb or Tom-a-lin. Richard John-
son, in 1597, published a “history of
this ever-renowned soldier, the Red Rose
Knight, surnamed the Boast of Eng-
Landes sie 62

Red Rot (The). The Sun-dew (g.v.);
80 called because it occasions the rot in
sheep.

Red Sea. Fhe sea of the Red Man—
t.e. Edom, Also called the ‘‘sedgy sea,”’
pee of the sea-weed which collects
there,

Red-shanks. <A Highlander; so
called from a buskin formerly worn by
them ; it was made of undressed deer’s
hide, with the red hair outside. :

Red Snow and Gory Dew. The
latter is a slimy damp-like blood which
appears on walls. Both are due to the

resence of the alge called by botanists
Palmela cruenta and Heematococcus san-

gumeus, which are of the lowest forms
| of vegetable life, ray d dias

Red Tape

104?

Redgauntilet

Red Tape. Official formality; so
called because lawyers and government
officials tie their papers together with
red tape. Charles Dickens introduced
the phrase.

“There is a good deal of red tape at Scotland
Yard, as anyone may find to his cost who has any
business to transact there."—W. Terrell: Lady
Delmar, bk. iii, 2.

Red Tape. Dressing Edward VI.

“ First a shirt was taken up by the Chief Equerry-
in-Waiting, ¢
bs passed it to the First Lord of the Buck-
Gy

unds,
who passed it to the Second Gentleman of
the Bedchamber,
who sed it to the Head Ranger of
Windsor Forest, i
got pane it to the Third Groom of the

tole,
avho passed it to the Chancellor Royal of
the Duchy of Lancashire, ,
who passed it to the Master of the Wardrobe,
‘who passed it to Norroy King-of-Arms,
who passed it to the Constable of the Tower,
*~who passed it to the Chief Steward of the
Housebold, ;
who passed it to the Hereditary Grand
Diaperer, "
who passed it to the Lord High Admiral of

ng lan
who passed it to the Archbishop of Canter-

who "pessed it to the First Lord of the
»Bedchamher,
Who put it on the young king.”

Mark Pwain: The Prince and the Pauper, p. 143.

Red Tapism. The following is from
Truth, Feb. 10th, 1887, p. 207:—There
was an escape of gas at Cambridge
Barracks, and this is the way of pro-
ceeding : The escape was discovered by a
private, who reported it to his corporal ;
the corporal reported it to the colour-
sergeant, and colour-sergeant to the
quartermaster-sergeant. The quarter-
master-sergeant had to report it to the
Par Rca and the quartermaster to
the colonel commanding the regiment.
The colonel had to report it to the com-
missariat officer in charge of the bar-
racks, and the commissariat officer to the
barrack-sergeant, who had to report it
to the divisional officer of engineers,
This officer had to report it to the
district officer of engineers, and he to
the clerk of works, Royal Engineers,
-who sends for a gasman to see if there is
un escape, and report back again. While
the reporting is going on the barracks
are burnt down.

Red Tincture. That preparation
which the alchemists thought would
convert any baser metal into gold. It
is sometimes called the Philosopher’s
Stone, the Great Elixir, and the Great
Magisterium. (See WHITE TINCTURE.)

Redan’. The simplest of fieldworks,
and very opr y Slee Sabi It con-
sists simply of two faces and an angle

formed thus A, the angle being towards
the object of attack, A corruption of
redens, (Latin.)

Redder (Zhe). The adviser, the
person who redes or interferes, Thus
the proverb, ‘‘ The redder gets aye the
warst lick of the fray.’

“ Those that in-quarrels interpose «
Must wipe themselves a bloody nose.”

Redding-straik (4). A blow re-
ceived by a peacemaker, who interferes
between two combatants to ed or
separate them ; proverbially, the severest
blow a man can receive.

“Said I not to ye, ‘Make not, meddle not ;’ be-
ware of the redding-straik ?”—<Sir W. Scott: Guy

Mamnering, chap. xxvii.

Redgaunt'let. The sobriquet of
Fitz-Aldin, given him from the great
slaughter which he made of the South-
ron, and his reluctance to admit them to
quarter. The sobriquet was adopted by
him as a surname, and transmitted to
his posterity. A novel by Sir W. Scott,
(See chap. viii.)

Redgauntlet. A novel told ina
series of letters by Sir Walter Scott. Sir
Edward Hugh Redgauntlet, a Jacobite
conspirator in favour of the Young Pre-
tender, Charles Edward, is the hero.
When George III. was crowned he per-
suaded his niece, Lilias Redgauntlet, to
pick up the glove thrown down by the

ing’s champion. The plot ripened, but
when the prince positavely refused to
dismiss his mistress, Miss Walkinshaw—
a sine gué non with the conspirators—
the whole enterprise was given up.
General Campbell arrived with the mili-
tary, the prince left. Scotland, Red-
gauntlet, who embarked with him,
became a prior abroad, and Lilias, his
niece, married her brother’s friend,
Allan Fairford, a ‘heer advocate.

Redgaunt'let (Sir Aberick), An an-
cestor of the family so called.

Six Edward. Son of Sir Aberick,
killed by his father’s horse.

Sir Robert. An old Toryin Wandering
Wiihe’s Tale. He has a favourite
monkey called “Major Weir.”’ Sir Jo/uz,
son and successor of Sir Robert. Sir
Redwald, son of SirJohn. __ _

‘Sir Henry Darsic. Son of Sir Red-
wald. Lady Henry Darsie, wife of Sir
Henry Darsie. Sir Arthur Darsie alias
Darsie Latimer, son of Sir Henry and
the above lady. Miss Lilias alias Green-
mantle, sister of Sir Arthur; she marries
Allan Fairford. ;

Sir Edward Hugh. A political enthu-

_ siast and Jacobite conspirator, uncle of

Redlaw

1048

Reekie

OM @#4'"“""- O—OPOOPOOWPOwOwWwoOw——

Sir Arthur Darsie.. He appears as
‘*Laird of the Lochs,’’ ‘‘ Mr, Herries, of
Birrenswork,’’ and ‘“‘Mr, Ingoldsby.”
‘* When: he frowned, the puckers of his
brow formed a horseshoe, the special
mark of his race.’ (Sir Walter Boot g
Redgauntlet.)

Redlaw (M7). The haunted man,
professor of chemistry in an ancient
college. Being haunted, he bargained
with his spectre to leave him, and the
condition imposed was that Redlaw (go
where he would) should give again ‘‘the
gift of forgetfulness”? bestowed by the
spectre, From this moment the chemist
carried in his touch the infection of
sullenness, selfishtiess, discontent, and
ingratitude. On Christmas Day the
infection ceased, and all those who had
suffered by it were restored to love and
gratitude, (Dickens : The Haunted Man.)

Redmain. Magnus, Earl of North-
umberland, was so called not from his
red or bloody hand, but on account of
this long red beard or mane. He was
slain in the battle of Sark (1449).

“He was remarkable for his long red beard,and
was therefore called by the English Magnus Red-
beard; but the Scotch in derision called him
Bap NS with the Red Mane.’"—Godscroft, fol.

78.

Redmond O’Neale. Rokeby’spage,
who is beloved by Rokeby’s daughter
Matilda. Redmond turns out to be
Mortham’s son and heir, and marries
Matilda. {Sir Waiter Scott : Rokeby.)

Reductio ad Absurdum. A proof
of inference arising from the demonstra-
tion that every other hypothesis involves
an absurdity. ‘Thus, suppose I want to
prove that the direct road from two given

places is the shortest, I should say, ‘It.

must either be the shortest or not the
shortest. If 2ot the shortest, then some
other road is the direct road ; but there
cannot be two shortest roads, therefore
the direct road must be the shortest.’’.

Reduplicated or Ricochet Words, |

of intensifying force. Chit-chat, click-
clack, clitter-clatter, dilly-dally, ding-
dong, drip-drop, fal-lal, flim-flam, fiddle-
faddle, flip-flop, fliffy-fluffy, flippity-
floppity, handy-pandy, harum-scarum,
helter-skelter, heyve-keyve (Halhivvell),
hibbledy-hobbledy, higgledy-piggledy,
hob-nob, hodge-podge, hoity -toity,
hurly-burly, mish-mash, mixy-mexy
(Brockett), namby-pamby, niddy-noddy,
niminy-piminy, nosy-posy, pell-mell,
pit-pat, pitter-patter, randem-tandem,
randy-dandy, ribble-rabble, riff-raff,
roly-poly, rusty-fusty-crusty, see-saw,

shilly sie, slip-slop, slish-slosh, snick-
snack, spitter-spatter, splitter-splutter,
squish-squash, teeny-tiny, ek-tack’
tilly-valley, tiny-totty, tip-top, tittle-
tattle, toe-toes, wee-wee, wiggle-wagele,
widdy-waddy (Halkwell), widdle-
waddle, wibble-wobble, wish-wash,
wishy-washy ; besides a host of rhyming
synonyms, as bawling aqua aaa mew-
ling-pewling, whisky-frisky, musty-
fusty, gawky-pawky, slippy-sloppy,
rosy-posy, right and tight, wear an
tear, high and mighty, etc.; and many
more with the Anglo-Saxon letter-
rhyme, as safe and sound, jog-trot, etc.

Ree. Right. Thus teamers say toa
leading horse, ‘‘ Ree!” when they want
it to turn to the right, and “Hey!” for
the contrary direction, (Saxon, reht ;
German, recht ; Latin, reetus ; various

| English dialects, r¢et, whence s¢efle, ‘ to

put to rights,’’)

“Who with a hey and ree the beasts command.”
Micro-Cynicon (1599).

Riddle me, riddle me ree. Expound
my riddle rightly.

Reed. 4 broken reed. Something
not to be trusted for support. Egypt is
called @ broken reed, to which ‘Hezekiah,
could not trust if the Assyrians made
war on Jorusalem, ‘‘ which broken reed

| if a man leans on, it will go into his

hand and pierce it.’
sticks are referred to.
A bruised reed, in Bible language,
means a believer weak in grace.
bruised reed [God] will not break.

Reed Shaken by the Wind (A),
in Bible language, means a person blown
about by every wind 6f doctrine. John
the Baptist (said Christ) was not a “reed
shaken by the wind,” but from the very
first had a firm belief in the Messiahship
of the Son of Mary, and this conviction
was not shaken by fear or favour,

Reef. He must take in a reef or so.
He must reduce his expenses; he must
retrench. <A reef is that part of a sail
which is between two rows of eyelet-
holes. The object of these eyelet-holes
is to reduce the sail reef by reef as it is
required. «

Reekie (Auld), Chambers says:
‘‘An old patriarchal laird (Durham of
Largo) was in the habit of r ting
the time of evening worship by the a
pearance of the smoke of Edinburgh.
. .. When it increased in density, in
consequence of the good folk pete
supper, he would... say, ‘ft is time

Reed walking

| noo, bairns, to tak the buiks and gang”

Reel

1049

Regius Professor

to our beds, for yonder’s auld Reekie, I

see, putting on her night-cap.’”

“Yonder is auld Reekie. You may see the
smoke hover over her at twenty miles’ distance.”
—Sir W, Scott: The Abbot, xvii.

Reel, Right off the reci. Without
intermission. A-reel is a device for
winding rope. A reel of cotion is a
certain quantity wound on a bobbin.
(Anglo-Saxon reé/.)

Reel. A Scotch dance.
righil.)

“We've been travelling best part of twenty-four
honrs right off the reel.”—Boldrewood: Robbery
under Arms, chap. xxxi.

Reeves Tale. Thomas Wright says

that this tale occurs frequently in the
jest- and story-books of the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries. Boccaccio has
given it in the Decameron, evidently
from a fabliau, which has been printed
in Barbazan under the title of De Gom-
bert et des Deux Clers, Chaucer, took
the story from another fabliau, which
Wright has given in his Anecdota Liter-
aria, p. 1d.
__ Refresh’er. A fee paid toa barrister
daily in addition to his retaining fee, to
remind him of the case intrusted to his
charge,

Refreshments of public men, etc.

Branam’s favourite refreshment was
bottled porter. .

Byron almost lived on uncanny foods,
such as garlic pottage, raw artichokes
and vinegar, broths of bitter herbs,
saffron biscuits, eggs and lemons.

CATALANT’S favourite refreshment was
sweetbreads,

CoNTRALTO SINGERS can indulge even
in pork and pease-pudding.

Cook (G@. F.) indulged in everything
drinkable.

(Gaelic,

DisRaEvt (Lord Beaconsfield), cham- °

agne,
MERY, cold brandy and water.

GLADSTONE, an egg beaten up in
sherry. ba!

. HENDERSON, gum arabic and sherry.

Inctepon (M. rs.), Madeira.

_ JORDAN (Afrs.), Calves’ -foot jelly dis-
solved in warm sherry,

~ Kean (Edmund), beef-tea for break-
fast ; brandy neat.

KemsrtE (both John and Charles),
rump-steaks and kidneys. John indulged
in opium,

Lewis, oysters and mulled wine.

MALrsraN, a dozen native oysters and
a pint of half-and-half,

IDDONS (Jfrs.), mutton- chops, either
neck or chump, and porter,

Suite (William), coffee.

SopRANOS eschew much __butcher’s
meat, which baritones may indulge in.

TENORS rarely indulge in beef-steaks
and sirloins.

Woop (Mrs.), draught porter.

Rega'le (2 syl.). To entertain like a
king. (Latin, rega'lis, like a king,
kingly.)

Re’gan and Gon’eril. Two of the
daughters of King Lear, and types of
unfilial daughters, (Shakespeare ; King
Lear.)

Regatta. (Italian). Originally ap-
plied to the contests of the gondoliers
at Venice.

Regent (Zhe). (Sce Surrs.)

Regent's Park (London). This park
was originally attached to a palace of
Queen Elizabeth, but at the beginning
of the seventeenth century much of the
land was let on long leases, which fell in
early in the nineteenth century, The
present park was formed under the
direction of Mr. Nash, and received
its name in compliment to George IV., -
then Prince Regent.

Regime de la Calotte. Adminis-
tration of government by ecclesiastics.
The calotte is the small skull-cap worn
over the tonsure,

Regiment de la Calotte. A society
of witty and satirical men in the reign of
Louis XIV. When any public character
made himself ridiculous, a calotte was
sent to him to ‘‘ cover the bald or brain-
less part of his noddle,’’ (See above.)

Regi'na (S¢.), the virgin martyr, is
depicted with lighted torches held to her ~
sides, as she standg fast bound to the
cross on which she suffered martyrdom.

Regiomonta’nus. The Latin equiva-
lent of Kinigsberger. The name adopted
by Johann Miiller, the mathematician.
(1486-1476.)

Re'gium Do‘num (Latin). An an-
nual grant of public money to the Pres-
byterian, Independent, and Baptist
ministers of Ireland, It began in 1672,
and was commuted in 1869.

Re’gius Professor.‘ One who holds
in an English university a professorship
founded by Henry VIII. Each of the
five Regius Professors of Cambridge re-
ceives a royally-endowed stipend of
about £40. Th the universities of Scot-
land they are appointed by the Crown.
om present stipend is about £400 or

500, *

Remember

Regulars 1050
Reg’ulars (The). All the British | officially shown in Rome, and publicly
troops except the militia, the yeomanry, adored by the highest dignitaries of the
and the volunteers, There are no ir- | Christian Church, with ail the magnifi-

regulars in the British army, but such a
force exists among the black troops.

Rehobo'am (4). A clerical hat.

“He [Mr. Helstone] was short of stature fand
wore} a rehoboam, or shovel hat, which he did
not... remove.’— Currer Bell” : Shirley, chap. i.

Rehoboam. 4 rehoboam of claret or
rwm is a double jeroboam. (2 Chr. xiii, 3.)

lrehohoam = 2 jeroboams or 32 pints.

1 jeroboam = 2 tappet-hens or 16 pints,

1 tappet-hen = 2 magnums or 8 pints,

2 magnum = 2 quarts or 4 pints,

Reign of Terror. The period in the
French Revolution between the fall of
the Girondists and overthrow of Robes-
ype der It lasted 420 days, from May

Ist, 1793, to July 27th, 1794.

Reimkennar (4). A sorceress, a
ythoness; one skilled in numbers.
Beary and Chaldean numbers are sy-
nonymous terms, The Anglo-Saxon rim-
stafus means charms or conjuration, and

' the Norse reim-kennar means one skilled

in numbers or charms. Norna of the
Fitful Head was a Reimkennar, ‘a con-
troller of the elements.”’

Reins. To give the reins.
unrestrained ; to give licence,

To take the reins. To assume the
guidance or direction.

Reins (Zhe). The kidneys, supposed
by the Hebrews and others to be the seat
ot knowledge, pleasure, and pain. The
Psalmist says (xvi. 7), ‘My reins instruct
me in the night season,”’ 7,¢. my kidneys,
the seat of knowledge, instruct me how
to trust in God, Solomon says (Prov.
xxiii, 16), ‘‘ My reins shall rejoice when
[men] speak right things,” 7.e, truth ex-
cites joy from my kidneys ; and Jeremiah
says (Lam. iit. 18), God ‘‘caused His
arrows to enter into my reins,’ i.e. sent
ee into my kidneys. (Latin, ren, a

idney.)

Rel'dresal. Principal secretary for
private affairs in the court of Lilliput,
and great friend of Gulliver. When it
was proposed to put the Man-Mountain
to death for high treason, Reldresal
moved as an amendment, that the
“traitor should have both his eyes put
out, and be suffered to live that he might
serve the nation,” (Swift: Gulliver's
Travels ; Voyage to Lilliput.)

Relics. A writer in the Twentieth
Century (1892, article Romn) says:
‘*Some of the most astounding relics are

To let go

cence of ecclesiastical pomp and ritual.”
The following are mentioned :—.

A BOTTLE OF THE VIRGIN’S MILK, -

. THE CRADLE AND SWADDLING CLOTHES of the
infant Jesus.

THE CROSS OF THE PENITENT THIEF,

THE CROWN OF THORNS.

THE FINGER OF THOMAS, with which he touched
the wound in the side of Jesus,

HAIR OF THE VIRGIN MARY,

THE HANDKERCHIEF OF ST. VERONICA, on
ee Ay face of Jesus was miraculously
pictured,

aay oe THE MANGER in which the infant Jesus
was laid,

HEADS OF PETER, PAUL, AND MATTHRW.

THE INSCRIPTION set over the cross: by the
order of Pilate,

NA1LS used at the crucifixion.

PIECE OF THE CHEMISE of the acta Mary.

THE SILVER MONEY given to Judas by the
Jewish priests, which he flung into the Temple.
and was expended in buying the potters’ fleld as a
cemetery for Strangers.

THE TABLE on which the soldicrs cast lots for
the coat of Jesus,

? Brady mentions many others, some
of which are actually impossibilities, as,
for example, a rib of the Verbum caro
JSactum, a vial of the sweat of St. Michael
when he contended with Satan, some of
the rays of the star which guided the
wise men. (See Clavis Calendaria,

p. 240.)

Relief (Zhe). In fortification, the
general height to which the defensive
masses of earth are raised. The direc-
tions in which the masses are laid out
are.called the tracings,

Rem Acu. You have hit the mark;
you have hit the nail on the head. Rem
acu tetigisti (Plautus). A phrase in
archery, meaning, You have hit the
white, or the bull’s-eye.

“* Rem acu once again,’ said Sir Piercie.”"—The
Monastery, chap. xvi.

Remember. The last injunction of
Charles I., on the scaffold, to Bishop
Juxon. A probable solution of this
mysterious word is given in Notes and
Queries (February 24th, 1894, p. 144).
The substance is this: Charles, who was
really at heart a Catholic, felt persuaded
that his misfortunes were a divine visita-
tion on him for retaining the church
property confiscated by Henry VIII.,
and made a'vow that if God would re-
store him to the throne, he would restore
this property to the Church. This vow
may be seen in the British Museum:
His injunction to the bishop was to re-
member this vow, and enjoin his son
Charles to carry it out. Charles II.,
however, wanted all the money he could
get, and therefore the church lands were
never restored., ;

Remigius

1051

Reply Churlish

Remig’ius (St.). Rémy, bishop and
confessor, is Cee as carrying a
vessel of holy oil, or in the act of anoint-
ing therewith Clovis, who kneels before
him. When Clovis presented himself for
baptism, Rémy said to him, ‘ Sigam-
brian, henceforward burn what thou
hast worshi ped, and worship what thou
hast burned.”” (438-533.)

Remis atque Velis (Latin). With
oars and sails, Tooth and nail ; with all
despatch,

“We were going remis atque velis into the in-
terests of the Pretender, since a Scot had pre-
sented a Jacobite at court,”—Sir W. Scott; Red-
gauntlet (conclusion),

Renaissance (French). A term ap-
pte in the arts to that peculiar style of

ecoration revived by Raphael, and
which resulted from ancient paintings
exhumed in the pontificate of Leo X.
(16th een) he French Renaissance
is a Gothic skeleton with classic details.

Renaissance Period (Zhe). That
period in French history which began
with the Italian wars in the reign of
Charles VIII. and closed with the reign
of Henril{. Itwas theintercourse with
Italy, brought about by the Italian war
(1494-1557), which ‘‘ regenerated ’’. the
arts and sciences in France ; but as every-
thing was Italianised—the language,
dress, architecture, poetry, prose, food,
manners, etc.—it was a period of great
false taste and national deformity.

Renard. Une qucue de renard. A
mockery. At one time a common prac-
tical joke was to fasten a fox’s tail be-
hind a person against whom a laugh was
designed. ‘‘ Panurge never refrained
from attaching a fox’s tail or the ears
of a leveret, behind a Master of Arts or
Doctor of Divinity, whenever he encoun-
tered them.”’—Rabelais: Gargantua, ii.
16. (See REYNARD.)

“ C’est une petite vipére
Qui n’epargneroit pas son pére,
Et qui par nature ou par art
Scait couper la quené au renard.”
Beaucaire; L'Embarras de la Foire,

‘Renarder (French). To vomit, es-

cially after too freely indulging in
intoxicating drinks. Our word fox
means also to be tipsy. -

“ TL luy visite la machoire, :

Quand l’autre luy renarde aux yeux,
Le baume qu'ils venoient de boire
Pour se le rendre a qui mieux mieux.”

_ Sieur de St. Amant : Chambre de Desbauche.

‘Rena'ta, Renée, daughter of Louis
XII. and Anne of Bretagne, married
Hercules, second son of Lucretia Borgia

Alphonso, — ;

Renaud. French form of Rinaldo
(9.2.).

Renault of Montauban. In the
last chapter of the romance of Aymon’s
Four Sons, Renault, as an act of penance,
carries the hods of mortar for the build-
ing of St. Peter’s, at Cologne.

“Since I cannot improve our architecture, ...
Iam resolved to do like Renault of Montauban,
and I will wait on the masons,... AS it was not
in my good luck to be cut out for one of them, I
will live and die the admirer of their divine
writings.” — Rabelais: Prologue to Book V. of
Pantagr uel,

Rendezvous. The place to which
you are to repair, a meeting, a place of
muster or call. Also used as a verb.
(French, rendez, betake ; vous, yourself.)

His house is a grand rendezvous of the élite of

aris,

The Imperial Guard was ordered to rendezvous
in the Champs de Mars.

René (2 syl.). Le bon Roi René. Son
of Louis II., Duc d’Anjou, Comte de
Provence, father of Margaret of Anjou.
The last minstrel monarch, just, joyous,
and debonair ; a friend to chase and tilt,
but still more so to poetry and music.
He gave in largesses to knights-errant
and minstrels (so says Thiebault) more
than he received in revenne. (1408-1480.)

“Studying to promote, as far as possible, the
immediate mirth-and good humour of his subjects
... be was never mentioned by them excepting
as Lé bon Roi René,a distinction , .. due to him
certainly by the qualities of his heart, if not by
those of his head.”—Sir Walter Scott: Anne of
Geierstein, chap. xxix.

René Leblanc. Notary-public of
Grand Pré (Nova Scotia), the father of
twenty children and 159 grandchildren.
(Longfellow ; Evangeline.)

Rep’artee’ properly means a smart
return blow in fencing. (French, re-
partir, to return a blow.)

Repenter Curls. ‘The long ringlets
of a lady’s hair. epentir is the French
for a penitentiary, and les repentirs are
the girls sent there for reformation.
Repentir, therefore, is a Lock Hospital
or Magdalen. Now, Mary Magdalen is
represented to have had such Jong hair
that she wiped off her tears therewith
from the feet of Jesus. Hence, Mag-
dalen curls would mean the long hair of
a Mary Magdalen made into ringlets.

Reply Churlish (Zhe). Sir, you are
no judge; oo opinion has no weight
with me. Or, to use Touchstone’s illus.
tration: ‘If a courtier tell memy beard it
not wéll cut, and I disable his judgment,

_ I give him the reply churlish, which is

the fifth remove from the lie direct, or,
rather, the lie direct in the fifth gegree,”’

Reproof Valiant

1052

Revulsion

Reproof Valiant (The). Sir, allow
me to tell you that is not the truth. To
use Touchstone’s illustration: ‘If a
courtier tells me my beard is not well
cut, and I answer, ‘ That is not true,’ I
give him the reply valiant, which is the
fourth remove from the lie direct, or
rather, the lid direct in the fourth
degree.’”

The reproof valiant, the countercheck quarrel-
some, the lie circumstantial, and the lie direct,
are not clearly defined by Touchstone, The fol-
Jowing, perhaps, will give the distinction re-
quired: That is not true; How dare you utter
such a falsehood ; Jf you said 80, you are a liar;
You are a liar, or you lie,

Republican Queen. Sophie Char-
lotte, wife of Frederick I. of Prussia.

‘Republicans, : (See Brack.)

Resolute (Zhe). John Florio, the
hilologist, tutor to Prince Henry; the

olofernes of Shakespeare. (1545-1625.)

The resolute doctor. John Bacon-
thorp (*-1346),

The most resolute doctor. Guillaume

Durandus de St. Pourgain (*-1332),

Rest (Zhe). A contraction of resid’ue
—thus, resid’, resit, res’t.

Rest on One’s Oars. (See Oars.)

Res’tive (2 syl.) means inclined to
resist, resist-ive, obstinate or self-willed.
It has nothing to do with rest (quiet),

Restora'tionists. The followers of
Origen’s opinion that all persons, after a
purgation proportioned to their demerits,
will be restored to Divine favour and
taken to Paradise. Mr. Ballow, of
America, has introduced an extension of
the term, and maintains that all retribu-
tion is limited to this life, and at the
resurrection all will be restored to life,
joy, and immortality.

Resurrection Men. Grave robbers.
First applied to Burke and Hare, in 1829,
who rifled graves to sell the bodies for
dissection, and sometimes even murdered
people for the same purpose.

Resurrection Pie is made of broken
cooked meat. Meat réchauffé is some-
times oalled ‘‘ resurrection meat.’’

Retia‘rius. A gladiator who made

use of a net, which he threw over his

adversary.
“ Asin thronged amphitheatre of old,
The wary Retiarius trapped his foe.”
Thomson; Castle of Indolence, canto ii.

Retort Courteous (Zhe). Sir, lam
not of your opinion; I beg to differ
from you; or, to use Touchstone’s illus-'
tration, ‘‘ If I said his beard was not cut
well, he was in the mind it was,’’ The

lie seven times removed; or rather, the
lie direct in the seventh degree.

Reuben Dixon. A village school-
master ‘ of ragged lads,”’
“ Mid “logs and dirt,and stench, and play, and

rate,
He calinly cuts the pen or views the slate.”
Crabbe: Borough, letter xxiv.

Reveillé [re-vay'-ya]. The beat of
drum at daybreak to warn the sentries
that they may forbear from challenging,
as the troops are awake. (French, ré-
veiller, to awake.)

Revenons 2 nos Moutons,
Movrons.)

Reverend. An archbishop is the
Most Reverend [Father in God]; a
bishop, the Right Reverend’; a dean,
the sei Reverend ; an archdeacon, the
Venerable; all the rest of the clergy,
the Reverend.

Revetments, in fortifications. In
‘permanent fortification ” the sides of
ditches mapper’ by walls of masonry
are so called. (See Cocicrianoeean "

Review. The British Review was

(See

-nicknamed ‘‘My Grandmother,’? In

Don Juan, Lord Byron says, he bribed

“ My Grandmothers Review, the British.”
ABER aes

The editor. took this in dudgeon and

gave Byron the lie, but the poet turned

the laugh against the reviewer. —

“Am I flat, I tip ‘My Grandmother’ a bit of
prose.”—Nocles Ambrosiane,

Revi'se (2 syl.). The second proof-
sheet submitted to an author or
*reader,”’

“T at length reached a vaulted room, ...and
beheld, seated by a lamp and employed in reading
a blotted revise ... the author of Waverley.”—
Sir Walter Scott: Fortunes of Nigel (Introduction).

Revival of Letters in England
dates from the commencement of the

eleventh century.

Revival of Painting and Sculp-
ture began with Niccola Pisano, Giunta,
Cimabue, and Giotto (2 syl.).

Revo'ke (2 syl.). When a player at
cards can follow suit, but plays some
other card, he makes a revoke, and by
the laws of whist the adversaries are en-
titled to score three points,

“Good heaven ! Revoke 1 cen ene set

Be lost, in honour you shou Fit BS eho bich.

Revulsion (in philosophy). Part ofa
substance set off and formed into a dis-
tinct existence; as when a slip is cut
from a tree and planted to form a dis-
tinct plant of itself. Tertullian the
Montanist taught that the second person.

Rewe

1053:

Rhone

er AS

of the Trinity was a revulsion of the
oe (Latin, revulsio, re-vello, to pull
ack,

Rewe. A roll or slip; as Ragman’s
Rewe. (See RaAGMAN.)

“There is a whole world of curious history con-
tained in the phrase ‘ragman's rewe,’ meaning a
list, roll, catalogue,. . . charter, scroll of any
kind, In Piers Plowman’s Vision it is used for the
pope's bull.” —Edinburgh Review, July, 1870.

“In Fescenium was first invented the joylitee
of mynstrelsie and syngyng merrie songs for
makyng laughter, hence called ‘Fescennia Car-
mina,’ which 1 translate a‘Ragman’s Rewe’ or
Bible.”"—Udall.

Reynard the Fox. The hero in
the beast-epic of the fourteenth century.
This prose poem -is a satire on the state
of Germany in the Middle Ages. Rey-
nard typifies the church;
Isengrin the wolf, typifies the baronial
element ; and Nodel the lion, the regal.

The word means deep counsel or wit. |

(Gothic, raginohart, cunning in counsel ;
Old Norse, hreinn and ard; German,
reineke.) Reynard is commonly used as
a synonym of fox. (Heinrich von Alk-
maar.)
“ Where prowling Reynard trod his nightly

round.” Bloomfield: Farmer's Boy.

Reynard the For. Professedly by
Hinreck van Alckmer, tutor of the Duke
of Lorraine. This name is generally
supposed to be a pseudonym of Hermann
Barkhusen, town clerk and book printer
in Rostock. (1498.)

False Reynard. So Dryden describes
the Unitarians in his Hind and Panther.

(See RENARD.)
“With greater guile
False Reynard fed on consecrated spoil ;
The graceless beast by Athana/sius first
Was chased from Nicé, then by Socinus nursed.”
Part i. 51-54,

Reynar’dine (3 syl.). The eldest son
of Reynard the Fox, who assumed the
names of Dr. Pedanto. and Crabron.

(Reynard the Fox.)

Reynold of Montalbon. One of
Charlemagne’s knights and paladins,

Rezio. (See Doctor REZzI0.)

Rhadaman’'thos. One of the three
judges of hell; Minos and Aacos being
the other two. (Greek mythology.)

Rhampsini’tos. The Greek form
of Ram‘eses III., the richest of the
Egyptian king , who amassed seventy-
seven millions sterling, which he secured
in a treasury of stone, but by an artifice
of the builder he was robbed every
night.

i t two
eae ats esses: td

that they placed in the wall a removable stone,
through w: ich they crept every night to purloin

is uncle,

the store. The king, after a time, noticed the
diminution, and set a trap_to catch the thieves;
One of the brothers was caught in the trap, but
the other brother, to prevent detection, cut off
his head and made good his escape.

* This tale is almost identical with that of
Trophonios, told by Pausanias. Hyrieus (3 syl.)
a Beotian king employed Trophonios and his
brother to build him a treasury. Inso doing they
also contriyed to place in the wall a removable
stone, through which they crept nightly to pur-
loin the king’s stores. Hyrieus also set a trap to
catch the thicf, and one of the brothers was
caught ; but Trophonios cut off his head to prevent.
detection, and made eS his escape. There can-
not be a doubt that the two talesarein reality one
and the same.

Rhapsody means songs strung to-
gether. The term was originally applied
to the books of the Iliad and Odyssey,
which at one time were in fragments,
Certain bards collected together a num-
ber of the fragments, enough to make a
connected “ballad,’”? and sang them as
our minstrels sang the deeds of famous
heroes. Those bards who sang the Iliad
wore a red robe, and those who sang the
Odyssey a blue one. Pisis’tratos of
Athens had all these fragments care-
fully compiled into their present form»
(Greek rapto, to sew or string together ;
odé, a.song.)

Rhene (1 syl.). The Rhine. (Latin,
Rhenus.)

“To pass

Rhene or the Danaw [Danube].”
Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. i: 353.

Rhine or Rhineland. The country
of Gunther, King of Burgundy, is so
called in the Nibelungen-Lied.

“Nota lord of Rhineland could follow where he
flew.” Letisom’s Nibelungen-Liea, st. 210.

Rhino. Ready money. (See Nosy.)
May not this explain the phrase ‘‘ pay-
ing through the nose”’ (par le nez), that
is, paying ready rhino, Rhino = money
is very old.

“Some, as I know,

Have parted with their ready rhino.”
The Seaman's Adieu (1670).

Rhod/alind. A princess famous for

' her “ knightly ” deeds; she would have

been the wife of Gon'dibert, but he
wisely preferred Birtha, a country girl,
the daughter of the sage As'tragon,

Rhodian Bully (Zhe). The colossus
of Rhodes,
“Yet ate wouldst thou the crouching world be-
stride J
t like the Rhodian bully o'er the tide.”
as peter Pindar : The Lusiad,canto 2.
Rho'dian Law. The earliest system
of marine law known to history ; com-
piled by the Rhodians about 900 B.c.

Rhone. Zhe Rhone of Christian elo-
quence. St. Hillary ; so called from the
vehemence of his style. (300-368.)

Rhopalic Verse

Rhopal‘ic Verse (wedgs-verse). A
line in which each successive word has
more syllables than the one preceding it
(Greek, rhopalon, a club, which from the
handle to the top grows bigger.)

Rem tibi confeci, doctissime, dulcisonorum,
Gpes deus eternx-est stationig conciliator.
Hope cver solaces eas gabe ne

1 2 3

Rhyme. Neither rhyme nor reason.
Fit neither for amusement nor instruc-
tion. An author took his book to Sir
Thomas More, chancellor in the reign of
Henry VII!., and asked his opinion,
Sir Thomas told the author to turn it
into rhyme. He did so, and submitted
it again to the lord chancellor. ‘‘Ay!
ay!’? said the witty satirist, “that will
do, that will do. °*Tis rhyme now, but
before it was neither rhyme nor reason.”

-Rhymer. Thomas the Rhymer.
Thomas Learmount, of Ercildoune, who
lived in the’ thirteenth century. This
was quite a different person to Thomas
Rymer, the historiographer royal to
William IIT. (who flourished 1283). . (See
TRUE THOMAS.)

Rhyming to Death. The Irish at
one time believed that their children and
cattle could be ‘‘ eybitten,’’ that is, be-
witched by an evil eye, and that the
*‘ eybitter,’’ or witch could ‘‘rime’’ them
to death. (2. Scott: Discovery of Witch-
craft.) (See Rats.)

Rib’aldry is the language of a ribald.
French, ribaud ; Old French, ribaudte ;
talian, ribalderia, the language of a

vagabond or rogue.)

Ribbon Dodge (Zhe). Plying a

erson secretly with threatening letters
in order to drive him out of the neigh-
bourhood, or to compel him to do some-
thing he objects to. The Irish Ribbon
men sent threatening letters or letters
containing coffins, cross-bones, or dag-
gers, to obnoxious neighbours.

Ribbonism. A Catholic association
organised in Ireland about 1808. Itstwo
main objects were (1) to secure “ fixity of
tenure,’’ called the tenant-right ; and (2)
to deter anyone from taking land from
which a tenant has been ejected. The
name arises from a ribbon worn as a
badge in the button-hole. ~

Ribston. Pippin. So called from
Ribston, in Yorkshire, where Sir Henry
Goodricke planted three pips, sent to
him from Rouen, in Normandy. Two
pips died, but from the third came all
the Ribston apple-trees in England,

1054

Richard

Ricardo, in the opera of J Purita'ni,
is Sir Richard Forth, a Puritan, com-
mander of Plymouth fortress. Lord
Walton promised to give him:his daugh-
ter Elvi‘ra mm marriage, but Elvira had
engaged her affections to Lord Arthur
Talbot, a Cavalier, to whom ultimately
she was married.

Ricciardet’to. Son of Agmon and
brother of Bradamante. (Ariosto : Or-
lando Furioso.)

‘Rice Christians. Converts to Chris-
tianity for worldly benefits, such as a
supply of rice to Indians. Profession of
Christianity born of lucre, not faith,

Rice thrown after a Bride. It
was an Indian custom, rice being,
with the Hindts, an emblem of fecun-
dity. The bridegroom throws’ three
handfuls over the bride, and the bride
does the same over ‘the bridegroom.
With us the rice is thrown by neighbours
and friends, (See MargraGe Kwor,)

Rich as Croesus. (See CRasvs.)

Rich as a Jew, This expression
arose in the Middle Ages, when Jews
were almost the only merchants, and
were certainly the most Mb of thé
people. There are still the Rothschilds
among them, and others of great wealth,

Richard Coéur de Lion. (Sea
Boi. )

“His tremendous name was employed by the
Syrign mothers to silence their infants ; and if a
horse suddenly started from the way, his rider was
wont to exclaim, ‘ Dost thou think King Richard
is hes bush ??"—Gibbon: Decline and Fall, eto.,

~xi, 146,
Richard II.’s Horse. Roan Barbary.
(See Horse.)

“ Oh, how it yearned my heart when I beheld
In London streets, that coronation day,
When Bolingbroke rode on roan Barbary,
That horse that thou so often hast bestrid,
That horse that I so carefully bave dressed.”
Shakespeare: Richard IT., v. 5.
Richard III.’s Horse. White Surrey
(See Horse.)
“Saddle White Surrey for the field to-morrow.”
Shakespeare: Richard IIL, v. 8.
Richard Roe. (See Doz.)_ _

Richard is Himself again, These
words are not in Shakespeare’s Richard
ITT., but were interpolated from. Colley
Cibber by John Kemble.

Richard of Cirencester. Some-
times called ‘“‘The Monk of West-
minster,” an early English chronicler.
His chronicle On the Ancient State of
Britain was first brought to light by
Dr. Charles Julius Bertram, professor

. of English at Copenhagen in 1747; but

Richarda

1058

Ridotto

the original (like the original of Mac-
herson’s Ossian and of Joe Smith’s
ook of Mormon) does not exist, and
grave suspicion prevails that all three
are alike forgeries, (See SANCHONIATHO.)

Richar’da, wife of Nicholas d’Este.
A widow who, with her son Hercules,
was dispossessed of her inheritance by
Lionello.and Borso. Both were obliged
to go into exile, but finally Hercules
recovered his lordship.

Richborough, Richeboro’, or
Ratesburgh (a Roman fort in the time
of Claudius), called by Alfred of Bever-
ley, Richberge; by the Saxons (accord-
ing to Bede) Reptacester, and by others
Ruptimuth ; by Orosius, the port and
city of Rhutubus; by Ammianus,
Rhutupia Statio; by Antoninus, Rhit-
upis Portus ; by Tacitus, Portus Trutu-
lensis for Rhutupensis; by Ptolemy,
Rhutupie. (Camden.) ;

Rick Mould. This is an April fool
joke transferred to hay-harvest. The
joke is this; some greenhorn is sent a
good long distance to borrow a rick-
mould, with strict injunction not to
drop it. -The lender places something
very heavy in a sack or bag, which he
hoists on the greenhorn’s back. He
carries it carefully in the hot sun to the
hayfield, and gets well laughed at for
his pains,

Rickety Stock. Stock bought or
sold for a man of straw. If the client
cannot pay, the broker must.

Ricochet [rikko-shay]. Anything
Ph sir hee over and over again. The
fabulous bird that had only one note
was called the ricochet; and thé re-
bound on water termed ducks and
drakes has the same name. Marshal
Vauban (1633-1707) invented a battery
of rebound called the ricochet battery,
the application of which was ricochet

Riddle. Josephus relates how Hiram,
King of Tyre, and Solomon had ‘once a
contest in riddles, when Solomon won a
large sum of money ; but he Pobeaneny
lost it to Abde’mon, one of Hiram’s
subjects.

iddle. Plutarch states that Homer
died of chagrin because he could not
solve a certain riddle. (See SpHinx.)

Father of riddles. So the Abbé Cotin
dubbed himself, but posterity has not

confirmed his right to the title. (1604-
1682.) (See RzE.)
Riddle of Claret (4). ‘Thirteen

bottles, a magnum and twelve quarts.

So called because in golf matches the
magistrates invited to the celebration
dinner presented to the club a ‘‘ riddle of
claret,”’ sending it in a riddle or sieve.

Ride. To ride abroad with St. George,
but at home with St. Michael; said of a
hen-pecked braggart. St. George is
represented as riding on a war charger
whither he listed; St. Michael, on a
dragon, Abroad a man rides, like
St. George, on a horse which he can
control and govern; but at home he has
‘a dragon’’ to manage, like St, Michael.
(French.)

Ride for a Fall (Zo).
race and lose it intentionally.

“There were not wanting people who said that
government had ‘ridden for a fall,’ in their
despair of carrying out thetr policy,”—Newspaper
paragraph, November, 1885.

Ride up Holborn Hill (Zo). To go
to the gallows.

“T shall live to see you ride up Holborn Hill.”—
Congreve: Love for Love, —

Rider. An addition to a manuscript,
like a codicil to a will; an additional
clause tacked to a bill in parliament ; so
called because it over-rides the preceding
matter when the two come into collision.

“ Perhaps Mr. Kenneth will allow me toadd the
following as a rider to his suggestion.”—Notes
aud Queries, “ MLN."

Riderhood (Rogue). The villain in
Dickens’s Our Mutual Friend.

Ridicule (Lather of). Francois
Rabelais (1495-1553).

Riding [of Yorkslure]. Same as trith-
ing in Lincolnshire; the jurisdiction of
a third part of a county, under the
government of a reeve (sheriff). The
word ding or thing is Scandinavian, and
means a, legislative assembly ; hence the
great.national diet’ of Norway is still
called a ‘stor-thing (great legislative
assembly), and its two chambers are the
lag-thing (law assembly) and the odels-
thing (freeholders’ assembly). Kent was
divided into daths, Sussex into rapés,
Lincoln into parts. The person who
presided over a trithing was called the
trithing-man; he who presided in the
lath was called a lath-grieve,

Ridol'phus (in Jerusalem Delivered).

One of the band of adventurers that
joined the Crusaders. He was slain by

To ride a

| Argantes (bk. vil.).

Ridot’to (Italian). An assembly
where the company is first @ntertained
toe music, and then joinsindancing. The
word originally meant music reduced to
afullscore, (Latin, reductus.) :

1056

Right as a Trivet

Rienzi
Rien’zi (Nicolo Gabdri‘ni). The Re-
former at Rome (1313-1354). Bulwer

Lytton (Lord Lytton) has a novel called
Rienzi, and Wagner an opera.

Rif or Rifle (French), -dvoir rifle et
rafie. To ave everything. Also, the
negative, W’avoir ni rif ni raf (to have
nothing).

“ Hélas! j'ai goute miseraigne, |
J'ai rifle et rafie, et roigne et taigne.”
Les Miracles de Ste. Genevieve.

Riff-raff.

The offscouring of society,

or rather, “‘refuseand sweepings.”” Rief.

is Anglo-Saxon, and means a rag; Raff
is also Anglo-Saxon, and means sweep-
ings. (Danish, rips-raps.) The French
have the expression ‘‘Avoir rifle et rajle,”
meaning to have everything; whence
radoux ‘(one who has everything), and
the phrase ‘‘ Z/ n’a laissé ni rif ni raf”
(he has left nothing behind him).

“T have neither ryff nor ruff [rag to cover me
nor Book over my head].”"—Sharp: Coventry Myst.,

. 224.
“Tika man agayne his tae he gaffe

‘That he bad tane with ryfe and raffe.”
Quoted by Halliwell in his Archaic Dictionary.

Riffe is from the German reifeln (to
hollow into tubes). In 1851 the French
minié rifle was partially’supplied to the
British army. In 1853 it was superseded
by the £njield rifle, which has three
grooves. Sir William Armstrong’s gun,
which has numerous small sharp grooves,
was adopted by the government in 1859.
The Whitworth gun has a_ polygonal
bore, with a twist towards the muzzle.
(‘* Rifle’? is Norwegian for a groove or
flute. }

. ¢ Rifles are either “ breech-loaders” or“ maga-
zine rifles" Breecb-loading rifles Joad at the
breech instead of at the muzzle ; magazine rifles
are those which contain a chamber with extra
ceamides 2 4

The chief breech-loading rifles are the Ballard,
the Berdan, the Chaffee, the Chassepot (a French
needle-gun, 1870-1871), the Flobert-Gras (an im-
proved Chassepot, 1874-1880), the Greene, the Hall,
the Minie-Henry (Great Britain, 1890), the Maxim,
the Muagnard, the Minie, the Morgensten, the
Peabody, the Peabody-Martini (Turkey), the
Scott, the Sharp, the Springfleld (United States.
1393), the Werder (Bavaria), the Werndi, the
Whittemore, the Westley-Richards, and the Win-
chester. f

*- The magazine or repeating-vifles are also very
numerous. The best Known to the general pub-
lic are Colt’s revolver and the Winchester repeat-
ing-rifle of 1892. They are of three classes: @
those in which the magazine is in the stock; (2)
those in which the magazine is a tube parallel
with the barrel (as in Colt’s revolver): and (3)
those in which the magazine is either a fixed or

etachable box near.the lock. Tbe once famous

nfield rifle was loaded at the muzzle. In Spen-
cer's rifle the magazine was in the stock.

Rift in the Lute (4). A small de-
fect which mars the general result.

© Unfaith in aught is want of faith in all.
Ft is the little rift within the lute.
That by-and-hy will make the music mute,
And éyer widening, slowly silence all.”
Tonnyson: Merlin and Vivien; Vivien's Song,
*verses 1, 2.
be

,

foot first.

Rig. A piece of fun, a practical joke.
The Scotch say of a man who indulges in
intoxication, *‘He goes the rig.” The
same word is applied in Scotland to a
certain portion or division of a field.
A wanton used to be called a rig.
(French, se rigoler, to make merry.) -

“ He little thought when he set out’
Of running such a rig.” : .
Cowper: John Gilpin, +

Rig. To dress; whence rigged out, to
rig oneself, to rig a ship, well-rigged, etc.
(Anglo-Saxon, wrigan, to dress; hregl,
a garment.) :
lace witha feather in his capr—f-Betrange,

Rig-Marie. Base coin. The word
originated from one of the billon coins
struck in the reign of Queen Mary, which.
bore the words Reg. Maria as part of
the legend.
ais UDR TESS eh eycernenmeraa

Rigadoon. A French figure-dance
invented by Isaac Rig’adon.

“ And Jsaac’s Rigadoon shall live as long

As Raphael's painting, or as Virgil's song.”"
Jenyns;: Art of Dancing, canto ii.

Rig’dum Fun’nidos, in Carey’s bur-

lesque of Chrononhotonthologos,

igdum Funnidos. A sobriquet given
by Sir Walter Scott to John Ballantyne,
his publisher. So called because he was
full of fun. (1776-1821.)

“A quick, active, intrepid little fellow, .. . full
of fun and merriment, .. . allover.quaintness and
humorous mimicry, ... a keen and skilful devo-
tee of all manner of fleld-sports from fox-hunting
to badger-baiting inclusive.”"—Lockhart.

Right Foot. Put the shoeon the right
The twelfth symbol of the
'Protreptics of Iamblichus. This audi-
tion is preserved in our word ‘“awk-
ward,” which means “left-handed”
(awke, the- left hand), seen also in the
French gauche. Pythagoras meant to
teach that his disciples should walk dis-
creetly and wisely, not basely and feebly
or gauchely,

Right Foot Foremost. In Rome
a boy was stationed at the door of
a mansion to caution visitors not to cross
the threshold with their left foot, which
would have been an ill omen.

Right Hand. The right-hand side

_ of the Speaker, meaning the Ministerial

benches. . In the French Legislative
Assembly the right meant the Monarchy
men. In the National Convention the
Girondists were called the right hand,
because they: occupied the Ministeri
benches.
Right as a Trivet, The trivetisa

'

Right of Way.

metallic .plate-stand with three legs.
Some fasten to the fender and are de-
sigaed to hold the plate of hot toast,
etc. (Auglo-Saxon, thryfot, three-foot,
tripod.)

Right of Way uchledl The legal
tight to make use of a certain passage
whether high-road, by-road, or private
road. Watercourses, ferries, “rivers,
ete., are included in the word ‘‘ ways,”’
Private right of way may be claimed
by immemorial usage, special permission,
or necessity; but a funeral cortége or
bridal party having passed over a certain
field does not give to the public the right
of way, a8 Many suppose,

Rights. Declaration of- Rights. An
instrument submitted to William and
Mary, on-their being called to the throne,
setting forth the fundamental principles
of the constitution. The chief items are
these: The Crown cannot levy taxes, nor
keep a standing army in times of peace;
the Members of Parliament are free to
utter their thoughts, and a Parliament
is to be convened every year; elections
are to be free, trial by jury is to be in-
violate, and the right of petition is not
to be interfered with.

Riglet. A thin piece’ of wood used
for stretching the canvas of pictures;
and in printing to regulate the margin,
ete. ench, 7¢g/et, a rule or regulator ;
Latin, reg’wla, a rule.)

Rig’ol. A circle or diadem. (Italian,
rigolo, a little wheel.)
“ [Sleep] That from this golden rigol hath divorced
So many English kings,”

Shakespeare: 2Henry I'V., iv. &

Rigolette (3 syl.). <A grisette, a
courtesan ; so called from Rigolette, in
Eugéne Sue's Mysteries of Paris,

Rigoletto. An opera describing the
agony of a father obliged to witness the
rostitution of his own child. The li-
retto is borrowed from the drama called
Le Roi s’ Amuse, by Victor Hugo; the
music is by Guiseppe Verdi.
Rigwoodie. Unyielding; stubborn.
A rigwiddie is the chain which crosses
the back of a horse to hold up the shafts
of a cart (rig = back, withy = twig.)
' “* Withered beldams, auld and droll,
Rigwoodie hags.” ¢
_ Burns: Tam O'Shanter,
Rile. Don’t rile the water. Do not
stir up the water and make it muddy.
The water is riled—muddy and unfit to
drink. Common Norfolk expressions ;
also, & boy is riled (out of temper), J’sy,
together, Joe Smith was regularly riled, is
“inaiaae .
.

1057

Ring

uite Norfolk. The American oid has
the ‘same meaning. A corruption of
fomisor French, brouiller ; our
row.) Theadjective rily, turbid,angry,
is more common,

Ri'mey. Chief god of Damascus; so
called from the word rimé, a ‘‘pome-
granate,’’ because he held a pomegranate
in his right hand. The people bore a

omegranate in their coat armour. The

mans called this god-Jupiter Cassius,
from Mount Cassius, near Damascus,

Rimfaxi [Frost-mane]. The horse
of Night, the foam of whose bit causes
dew. (Scandinavian mythology.)

Rimmon. A Syrian: god, whose seat
was Damascus. ~

“ Him followed Rimmon, whose delightful seat
Was fair Damascus. on the fertHe bank
Of Ab’bana and Pharpbar, lucid streams.”
Milton: Parudise Lost, bk, i. 467.

Rimthur’sar. Brother of Y'mer.
They were called the ,‘‘Eyil Ones.”
(Scandinavian mythology.

Rinaldo (in Jerusalem Delivered). The
Achilles of the Christian army. ‘‘ He
despises gold and power, but craves re-
nown"’ (bk, i.). He was the son of
Bertoldo and Sophia, and nephew of
Guelpho, but was brought up by Matilda.
At the age of fifteen he ran away and
joined the Crusaders, where he was en-
rolled in the adventurers’ squadron,
Having slain Gernando, he was sum-
moned by Godfrey to public. tial,
but went into voluntary exile. The
pedigree of Rinaldo, of the noble house
of Este, is traced from ‘Actius on the

« male side and Augustus on the female to

Actius VI. (bk. aa

Rinaldo (in Orlando Furioso). Sonof
the fourth Marquis d’Este, cousin of Or-
lando, Lord of Mount Auban or Albano,
eldest son of Amon or Aymon, nephew
of Charlemagne, and’ Bradamant’s
brother. (Sce AtBa’No,) He was the rival
of his cousin Orlando, but Angelica de-
tested him. He was called ‘* Clarmont’s
leader,”’ and brought an auxiliary force
of English and Scotch to Charlemagne, °
which ‘ Silence ’’ conducted into Paris.

Rimaldo or Renaud, one of the-paladins
of Charlemagne, is always painted with
the characteristics of a borderer—valiant, .
ingenious, rapacious, and unscrupulous. _.

Ring. If a lady or gentleman is wil-
ling to marry, but not engaged, a ring
should be worn on the index finger of
the left hand; if engaged, on the second
finger’ if married, on the third finger; .
but if either has no desire to marry

; on.
+ the little finger. (Ife, C. de la Tour.)

Ring

1058

Ring Posies

A ring worn on the forefinger indicates
a haughty, bold, and overbearing spirit ;
on the long finger, prudence, dignity,
and discretion ; on the marriage finger,
love and affection ; on the little finger, a
masterful spirit.

Ring given in marriage, because it was
anciently used as a seal, by which orders
were signed (Gen. xxxviii. 18.; Esther iii.
10-12) ; and the delivery of a ring was a
ign that the giver endowed the person
who received it with all the power he
himself possessed (Gen, xli. 42). The
woman who had the ring could issue
commands as her husband, and was in
every respect his representative.

“In the Roman espousals, the man gave the
woman.a ring by way of pledge,and the woman
se it on the third finger of her left hahd, because

t was beHeved that a nerve ran from that finger
to the beart."—Macrobius : Sat. vii. 15.

Ring. The Ring and the Book, An
idyllic epic by Robert Browning, founded
on a cause célébre of Italian history
(1698). Guido Franceschi'ni, a Floren-

-tine nobleman of shattered fortune, by
the advice of his brother, Cardinal
Paulo, marries Pompilia, an heiress, to
repair his state. N ow Porepius was
only a supposititious child of Pietro,
supplied by Yictaante for the sake of
preventing certain property from goin:
to an heir not hisown. PW en the bride
discovered the motive of the. bridegroom,
she revealed to him this fact, and the
first trial occurs to settle the said pro-
perty. The count treats his bride so
rutally that she quits his roof under
the protection of Caponsacchi, a young
pry and takes refuge in Rome. Guido
ollows the fugitives and arrests them
at an inn; a trial ensues, and a se -
tion is permitted. Pompilia intends foe
a divorce, but, pending the suit, gives
birth to a son at the house of her puta-
tive parents. The count, hearing thereof,
snurders Pietro, Violante, and Pompilia ;
but, being taken red-handed, is executed.

Ring (Zhe). The space set apart for

Poeae iors, horse-racing, etc, So called

use the spectators stand round in a
ring.

Ring. To make a ring, To combine
in order to control the price of a given
article. Thus, if the chief merchants of
any article (say salt, flour, or sugar)
combine, they can fix the selling price,
and thus secure enormous profits.

Ring. Jt has the true ring—has in-
trinsic merit; bears the mark of real
pee pe Meabasg taken from us
custom of judging genuine money
its “ring’’or.sound. Ring, a circlet, is

omising men’s

the Anglo-Saxon hring ; ring, to sound
a bell, etc,, is the verb hring-an._

Ring Down. Conclude, end at once.
A theatrical phrase, alluding to the cus-
tom of ringing a bell to give notice for
the fall of the curtain. Charles Dickens
says,. ‘‘It is time to ring down on these

remarks.” (Speech at the Dramatic
Féte.)
Ring Finger. Priests used to wear

their ring on the fore-finger (which re-

presents the Hoiy Ghost) in token of
their spiritual office. (See WEDDING
FINGER.)

The ring finger represents the human-
ity of Christ, and is used in matrimony,
which has only to do with humanity.
(See FINGER BENEDICTION.)

Ring finger. Aulus Gellius tells us
that Appia’nus asserts in his Egyptian
books that a very delicate nerve runs
from the fourth finger of the left hand
to the heart, on which account this
Wee is used for the marriage ring.
(Noctes, x. 10.)

The fact has nothing to do with the
question; that the ancients believed it
is all we require to know. In the
Roman Catholic Church, the thumb and
first two fingers represent the Trinity :
thus the bridegroom says, ‘‘ In the name
of the Father,’’ and touches the thumb}
‘¢in the name of the Son,’’ and touches
the first finger; and ‘‘in the name of
the Holy Ghost’’ he touches the long or
second finger. The next finger is the
husband’s, to whom the woman owes
allegiance next to God. The /eft hand
is chosen to show that the woman is to
be subject to the man. In the Hereford,
York, and Salisbury missals, the ring is
directed to be put first on the thumb,
then on the first finger, then on the long
finger, and lastly on the ring-finger,
quia in illo dig'ito est quedam vena pro-
ce’dens usgue ad cor.

The ring finger. Mr. Henry Swin-
burne, in his Treatise of Spousals, printed
1680 (p. 208), says: “The finger on
which this ring Nar wedding-ring} is to
be-worn is the fourth finger of the left
hand, next unto the little finger; be-
cause by the received opinion of the
learned . . . in ripping up and anat-
bodies, there is a vein of
blood, called vena amoris, which
from that finger to the heart.”

Ring Posies or mottoes.

(1) A E E (Greek for “ Always").
&) Tn'eice, my chores, do rejolony

n i
a Let love increase, °

Ring a Ding-ding

1059

Ringing Changes

Not two but one, Till life is gone,
My heart and I, Until I die.
3 When this you see, Then think of me,
9) Love is heaven, and heaven is love.
(0) Wedlock, ’tis said, In heaven is made.

Right to wear a gold ring. Amongst
the Romans, only senators, chief magis-
trates, and in later times knights, en-
joyed vaca bed annult aurei. ‘The em-
perors conferred the right upon whom
they pleased, and Justinian extended
the privilege to all Roman citizens,

Ring a Ding-ding.

Ring a ding-ding, ring a ding-ding! af

The Parliament soldiersare gone to the king ;

Some they did laugh, and.some they did cry,

To see the Parliament soldiers go by.” :

The reference is to the several re-
movals of Charles I, from-one place of
captivity to another, till finally he was
brought to the block. The Parliament
ak laughed at their success, the

oyalists wept to see the king thus
treated.

Ring in the Ear. A sign of slavery
or life-long servitude.

“Then Eldad took an awl, and, piercing his
(Jetur’s] ears against the doorpost, made him his
fhe, and: Midnd ‘pats fing through the cars of
Jethr, asa sign eto — eg become his property.”

Ring of Invisibility (Zhe), which
belonged to Otnit, King of Lombardy,
as to him by. the queen-mother when

e went to gain in marriage the soldan’s
daughter. The stone of the ring had
the virtue of directing the wearer the
’ right road to take in travelling. (The
Heldenbuch.) (See Gyazs’ Ria.)

Ring One’s Own Bell (70). To be
one’s own trumpeter. Bells are rung
to announce any joyous event, or the
advent of some celebrity.

Rings Noted in Fable.

Agramant’s ring. This enchanted
ring was given by Agramant to the
dwarf Brunello, from whom it was
stolen by Brad’amant and given to
Melissa. It passed successively into the
hands of Roge’ro and Angelica (who
carried if in her mouth), (Orlando
Furioso, bk. v.) :

The ring of Amasis. The same as the
ring of Polycratés (g.v.).

he Doge’s ring. The doge of Venice,
on Ascension Day, used to throw a ring
into the sea from the ship Bucentaur, to
denote that the Adriatic was subject to
the republic of Venice as a wife is sub-
ject to her husband.

The ring of Edward the Confessor.
It is said that Edward the Confessor
‘was once asked for alms by an old man,

; May God above Increase our love,
6
7;
8

‘ring to

and gave him his ring. In time some
English pilgrims went to the Holy Land
A, happened to meet the same old
man, who told them he was John the
Evangelist, and gave them the identical
take to ‘Saint’? Edward. It
was preserved in Westminster Abbey.

The ring of Gyges (2 syl.) rendered
the wearer invisible when its stone was
turned inwards.

The ring % Ogier, given him by the
Morgue de Fay. It removed all in-
firmities, and restored the aged to youth
again. (Sce OGIER.)

Polyc'ratés’ ring was flung into the sea
to propitiate Nemesis, and was found
again by the owner inside a fish, (See
GLascow ARMS.)

The ring of Pope Innocent. On-May
29th, 1205, Pope Innocent III. sent
John, King of England, four gold rings
set with precious stones, and in his letter
says the gift is emblematical. He thus
beast ae matter: The rotundity sig-
nifies eternity—remember we are passing
through time into eternity. The number
signifies the four virtues which make up
constancy of mind—viz. *‘ justice, forti-
tude, prudence, and temperance.’’? The
material signifies ‘‘ wisdom from on
high,” which is as gold purified in the
fire. The green emerald is emblem of
‘‘ faith,’? the blue sapphire of ‘‘ hope,”’
the red garnet of ‘‘charity,” and the
bright topaz of ‘‘ good works.” (Rymer:
Federa, vol, i. 139.)

_ Reynard’s wonderful ring. This ring,
which existed only in the brain of Rey-
nard, had a stone of three colours—red,
white, and green. The red made the
night as clear as the day; the white
cured all manner of diseases; and the
reen rendered tho wearer of the rin
invincible. (Reynard the Fox, chap. xii.

He must have got possession of Rey-
nard’s ring. He bore a charmed life;
he was one of Nature’s favourites; a!
he did prospered. Reynard affirmed
that he had sent King Lion a ring with
three gems—one red, which gave light in
darkness; one white, which cured all
pains and wounds, even those arising
from indigestion and fever; and one
green, which guarded the wearer from
every ill both in peace and war. (Alk-
mar: Reynard the Fox, 1498.)

Solomon’s ring, among other wonde=ful
things, sealed up the refractory Jins in
jars, and cast them into the Red Sea.

Ringing Changes. Bantering each

other; turning the tables on a jester.

The allusion is to bells. (See PEAL.)

Ringing the Changes

1060

Rising in the Air

———————

Ringing the Changes, A method
of swindling by changing gold and silver
in payment of goods. For example: A
man goes to a tavern and asks for two-
pennyworth of whisky. He lays on the
counter half a sovereign, and receives
nine shillings and tenpence in change,
Oh!” (says the man) “give me the
half-sovereign back, I have such a lot of
change.”’ He then takes up ten shillings
in silver aud receives back the half-
sovereign. The barmaid is about to
take up the silver when the man says,
“Give me a sovereign in lieu of this
half-sovereign and ten shillingsworth of
silver.”” This is done, and, of course, the
barmaid loses ten shillings by the trans-
action.

_ Ringing Island. The Church of
Rome. It is an island because it is
isolated or cut off from the world, It is
8 ringing island because bells are inces-
santly ringing : at matin and vespers, at
mass and at sérmon-time, at noon, vigils,
eves, and so on. It is entered only after
four days’ fasting, without which none
in the Romish Church enter holy orders,

Ringleader. The person who opens
a ball or leads off a dance (see Holly-
band’s Dictionary, 1693). ‘The dance.
referred to was commenced by the party
taking hands round in a ring, instead of
in two lines as in the country dance.
The leader in both cases has to set the
figures. One who organises and leads a
party.

Riot. Zo run viot. To act in a very
disorderly way. Riot means debauchery
or wild merriment.

“ See, Riot her luxurious bow! prepares.”
Tableau of Cebes,

Rip a He's a regular rip, A rip
of a fellow. A precious rip. Applied
to children, means one who rips or tears
his clothes by boisterous play, careless-
ness, or indifference, Anglo-Saxon
ryplan], to spoil, to tear, to break in
pieces.

He is a sad rip. A sad rake or de-
bauchee; seems to be a perversion of
rep, as in demitep, meaning rep, i.e,
rep-robate.

“Some forlorn, worn-out old rips, broken-kneed
and broken-winded,”— Du Maurier: Peter Ibbet-
Gon, part Vi. p. 376,

Rip. To rip up old grievances or sores.

To bring them again to recollection, to
recall them. The allusion isto breaking
up a place in search of something hidden
and out of sight. (Anglo-Sazxon.)

“They ripped up all that had been done fro:
the beginning of the Rehbellion.”—Clarendon. ™

,

Rip Van Winkle slept twenty years
in the Kaatskill mountains, ~ (See
WINKLE.)

Ripaille, J am living at Ripaille—~in
idleness and pleasure. ° oe Faire
Ripaille.) Amadeus VIII., Duke of
Savoy, retired to Ripaille, near Geneva,
where he threw off all the cares of state,
and lived among boon companions in the
indulgence of unrestrained pleasure,
(See SYBARITE.)

Riph’ean or Ehiphw’an Rocks,
Any cold mountains in a north country,
The fabled Rhiphean mountains were in
Scythia,

“ Cold Riphean rocks, which the wild Russ

Believes the stony girdle of the world.”
Thomson: Autumn.

The .poet here speaks of the Weliki
Camenypoys (great stone girdle) supboved
by the.early Russians to have girded the
whole earth.

Rip’on. True as Ripon steel, Ripon
used to be famous for its steel spurs,
which were the best in the world, The
spikes of a Ripon spur would strike
through a shilling-piece without turning
the point. _ .

Riquet with a Tuft, from the French
Riquet a la Houppe, By Charles Per-
rault, borrowed from The Nights of
Straparola, and imitated by Madame
Villeneuve in her Beauty and the Beast,
Riquet is the beau-ideal of ugliness, but
had the power of endowing the person

‘he loved best with wit and intelligence,

He falls in love with a beautiful woman’
as stupid as Riquet is ugly, but possess-
ing the power of endowing the person
she loves best with beauty. The two
marry and exchange gifts.

Rise. To take arise out of one. Hot-
ten says this is a metaphér from fly-fish-
ing; the fish rise to the fly, and are
caught,

Rising in the Air, In the Middle
Ages, persons believed that saints were
sometimes elevated from the ground by
religious ecstasy, St. Philip of Neri
was sometimes raised to the height of
several yards, occasionally to the ceiling.
of theroom. Ignatius Loyola was some-
times raised up two or feet, and
his body became luminous. St. Robert
de Palentin was elevated in his ecstasies
eighteen or twenty inches. St, Dunstan,
a little before his death, was observed to
rise from the ground. And Girolamo
Savonarola, just prior to execution, knelt
in prayer, and was lifted from the floor
of hiscell into mid-air, where heremained

Rivals

suspended fora considerabletime, (Acta
Sanctorum.

Rivals. ‘‘ Persons dwelling on oppo-
site sides of a river.’? Forsyth derives
these words from the Latin riva'lis, a
riverman, Cslius says there was no
more fruitful‘source of contention than
river-right, both with beasts and men,
not only for the benefit of its waters, but
also because rivers are natural boun-
daries. Hence Ariosto compares Orlando
and Ag’rican to “two hinds quarrelling
for the river-right ” (xxiii. 83).

River Demon or River Horse was
the Kelpie of the Lowlands of Scotland.

River of Paradise. St. Bernard,
Abbot of Clairvaux, “the Last of the
Fathers,’ was so called. (1091-1153.)

River Flowing from the Ocean
Inland. The stream from the Bay of
Tadjoura, on the , north-east coast of
Africa. It empties itself into Lake

Rivers. Miles in length.
2,578, the Nile, the longest river in

ee the Volga, the longest river in

urope.

3,314, the Yang-tze-Kiang, the longest
fiver in Asia.
_, #0416, the Mississippi, the longest river
in. America.

Roach. Sound as a roach (French,
Sain comme une roche), Sound as a rock.

Road. Gentlemen of the road or
Knights of the road. Highwaymen.
In the latter a double pun is implied.

A first-class highwayman, like Robin |

Hood, is a “ Colossus of Roads.”’

King of Roads eas ieee . John Loudon
Macadam (1756- 3

The law of theo
“ The law of the road is 2 paradox quite,

In riding or driving.along ; ;
If you go to theteft you are sure to go right, ,
If you go to the right you go wrong.”

Road or Roadstead, as ‘‘ Yarmouth
Roads,’”” a place where ships can ride at
anchor. (French, 7ader, to anchor in a
vade ; Anglo-Saxon, rad, a road or place
for riding.) :
ragent. A highwayman in the

Road. :
mountain districts of. North America.

“ Road-agent is the ndme applied in'the moun- |

tains to a rufilan who bas given up honest work
in the store, in the mine, in the ranch, for the
rilsand profits of the highway.’—W. Hepworth
v: New America, i. 14.
Roads. All roads lead to Roine.
efforts of thought converge in a common
centre. eka we &

1061

All

| game given

Rob Roy

Roan. A reddish-brown. . This ig
the Greek eruthron or eruthreon; whence
the Latin rufum. (The Welsh have
rhudd@ ; German, roth; Anglo-Saxon,
vud ; our ruddy.)

Roan Barbary. The famous charger
of Richard II., which ate from his royal
hand. (See Riowarp II.)

Roarer. A broken-winded horse is
so called from the noise it makes in
breathing.

Roaring Boys or Roarers. The
riotous blades of Ben Jonson’s time,
whose delight it was to annoy quiet folk.
At one time their pranks in London were
carried to an alarmiing extent.

“ And bid them think on Jones amidst this glee,

in hope to get such roaring boys as he.” -
Legend of Capiuin Jones (1659).

Roaring Forties (Zhe). What sea-
men understand by this term is a zone
of strong winds about lat. 40° S., where.a
strong wind prea throughout the
year, from W.N.W. to E.S.E. There is
@ similar zone in .the northern hemi-
sphere, but the current of the wind is
interrupted by the prevalence of land.
The tendency, however, is from W.S.W.
to E.N.E.

Roaring Game (The). “So the Scotch
call the game of curling.

Rearing Trade. He drives aroarin
trade. He does a great business; his
employees are diiven till all their wind

is gone, Hence fast, quick. (See above.)
Roast. “Lo rule the roast, To have

the chief direction; to be paramount.

¥ It is usually thought that ‘roast?’
im this phrase means vdost, and that the
reference is to a cock who decides which
hen is to roost nearest to him, but the
subjoined quotation favours the idea of
* council.”

“John, Duke of Burgoyne, ruled the rost, and
governed both King Charles... and his whole
reaime,”—/au : Union (1548). :

Reasting Ons. To give one a roast-
ing. To banter him, to expose him to
sharp words. Shakespeare, in Hamlet,

| speaks of roasting ‘‘in wrath and fire.”

Rob. A sort of jam. It is a Spanish
word, taken from the Arabic rood. (the
juice of fruit). - ¢

Faire un rob (in whist). To win the
rubber; that is, either two successive
games, or two out of three, Borrowed
trom the game of bowls, pet 38

“Rob Roy [Robert the Red}. A nick.
o Robert M‘Gregor, who

Robber

1062

Robin Goodfellow

assumed the name of Campbell when
the clan M‘Gregor was outlawed by the
Scotch Parliament in 1662. He may be
termed the Robin Hood of Scotland.

“Rather beneath the middle size than,above it,
his limbs were formed upon the very strongest
model that.is consistent with agility,... Two
points in his person interfered with the rules of
dymmneétry : his ‘shoulders were so broad . . . as to

ive him the air of being too square in respect to

is stature ; and his arms, though round, sinewy,
ahd strong, were 80 very long as to he rather a
deformity.”—Sir Walter Scott » Rob Roy McGregor,
xxiii.

Robber. "The highwayman who told
Alexander thi he was the greater robber
of the two was named Dion‘idés. The
tale is given in Evenings at Home under
the title of Alexander and the Robber.

Robber. Edward IV. of England
was called by the Scotch Edward the
Robber.

Robbing Peter to pay Paul. On
December 17th, 1550, the abbey church
of St. Peter, Westminster, was advanced
to the dignity of a cathedral by letters

d angie ; but ten years later it was joined

the diocese of London again, and
many of its estates appropriated to the
repairs of St. Paul’s Cathedral. (Winkle:
Cathedrals.)

“Tanquam siquis crucifigeret Paulum ut re-
dimeret Petrum.” (Twelfth century.)

“It was not desirable to rob St. Peter's altar in
order to build one to St. Paul.”—Viglius : Com,
Dec. Denarii, i. 9 (1569),

Robert. King Robert of Sicily. A
metrical romance of the Trouveur, taken
from the Story of the Emperor Jovinian
in the Gesta Romano'rum, and borrowed
from the Zalmud. It finds -a place
in the Arabian Nights, the Turkish
Tutinameh, the Sanskrit. Pantschatantra,
and has been réchauffé by Longfellow
under the same name.

Robert, Robin. A highwayman.

Robert Francois Damiens, who
attempted to assassinate Louis XV., is
called ‘‘ Robert the Devil.’’ (1714-1757.)

Robert Macaire, He’s a Robert
Macaire. A bluff, free-living, unblush-
ing libertine, who commits the most
horrible crimes without stint or com-
punction, It is a character in M. Dau-
mier’s drama of L’ Auberge.des Adrets.
His accomplice is Bertrand, a simpleton
and villain. (See MacarRE.)

Robert Street (Adelphi; London).
So called from Robert Adams, the
builder.

Robert le Diable. The son of
Bertha and Bertramo. The former was
daughter of Robert, Duke of Normandy.
and the latter was a fiend in the guise of

a knight. The opera shows the struggle
in Robert between -the virtue inherited
from his mother, and the vice imparted
by his father. He is introduced as a
libertine; but Alice, his foster-sister,
places in his-hand the will of his mother,
“‘which he is not to read till he is
worthy.” Bertramo induces him to
amble till he loses everything, and
ally claims his soul; but Alice counter-
plots the fiend, and finally triumphs by
reading to Robert the will of his mother.
(Meyerbser: Roberto it Diavolo, an opera.)

Robert the Devil. Robert, first
Duke of Normandy; so called for his
daring and cruelty, The Norman tradi-
tion is that his wandering ghost will not
be allowed to rest till the Day of Judg-
ment, He is also called Robert the Mag-
nificent. (1028-10388.)

Robert of Brunne, that is, of
Bourne, in Lincolnshire. His name
was Robert Manning, author of an
old English Chronicle, written in the

reign of Edward III. It consists of two

parts, the first of which is in octo-
syllabic rhymes, and is a translation o:
Wace’s Brut; the second is in
Alexandrine verse, and is a

¢ slation
of the French chronicle of Piers de
Langtoft, of Yorkshire.
“ Of Brunne I am, if any me blame,
Robert Mannying is my name...
In the thrid Edwardes tyme was I
When I wrote alle this story,”
Preface to Chronicle,
Robert’s Men. Bandits, marauders,
etc. So called from Robin Hood, the

outlaw,

Robespierre’s Weavers. The fish-
women and other female rowdies who
joined the Parisian Guard, and helped
o line the avenues to the National Tn
sembly in 1793, and clamour ‘‘ Down
with the Girondists!”’

Robin Goodfellow. A ‘drudging
fiend,’’ and merry domestic fairy, famous
for mischievous pranks and practical
jokes. At, night-time he will sometimes
do little services for the family over
which he presides. The Scotch call this
domestic spirit a brownie ; the Germans,
kobold or Knecht Ruprecht. The Scandi-
navians called it Nissé God-dreng,
Puck, the jester of Fairy-court, ,is-the
same,

“ Rither I mistake your shape and ees quite,
Or else you are that shrewd and knayish sprite
Called Robin Goodfellow. . ..

Those that Hob-goblin call you, and sweet Puc
zon a their work, and they shall have g
uc.

Shakespeare: Midsummer Night's Dream, il. 1,
(See Farry.) ccacotia

Robin Gray . 1068

Robin Hood

Robin Gray (Auld). Words by Lady
Anne Lindsay, daughter of the Earl of
Balcarres, and afterwards Lady Barnard,
in 1772, written to an old: Scotch tune
called ‘‘The bridegrogm grat when the
sun gaed down.’”” Auld Robin Gray was

the herdsman of her father. When Lady,

Anne had written a part, she called her
younger sister for advice. She said, ‘‘T
am writing a ballad of virtuous distress
in humble life. I have oppressed my
heroine with sundry troubles: for ex-
ie a I have’ sent her Jamie ‘to sea,
broken * her father’s arm, made her
mother sick, given her Auld Robin Gray
for a lover, and want a fifth sorrow; can
you help me to’‘one?”’ ‘Steal the cow,
sister Anne,” said the little Elizabeth;
80 the cow was stolen awa’, und the song
completed.

Robin ‘Hood is' first mentioned by
the Scottish historian Fordun, who died
in 1386, According to Stow, he was an
outlaw ‘in the reign ‘of Richard I.
(twelfth century).
hundred tall men, all good archers, with
the spoil he took, bu pe suffered no
woman to be,oppressed, violated, or
otherwise molested; poore men’s goods
he spared, abundantlie. relieving them
‘with that which by theft he got from
abbeys and houses of rick carles.’’ He
was an immense favourite with the com-
mon people, who havedubbed him anearl.
pes aed he was Robert Fitzooth,
Earl of Huntingdon, (See Roper.)

Appearing. to one tradition, Robin
Hood and Little John were two heroes
defeated with Simon de Montfort at the
battle of Evesham, in 1265. erat in
his Worthies, considers him an ‘historical
character, but Thierry says he simply
represents a class—viz. the remnant of
the old Saxon race, which lived in per-
petual defiance of the Norman oppres-
sors fromthe time of Hereward.

Other examples of similar combina-
tions are the Cumberland bandits, headed
by Adam Bell, Clym of the Clough, and
William of Clondesley.

An old sporting magazine of De-
cember, 1808, says the true name of
Robin Hood was Fitzooth, and Fitz
being omitted leaves’ Ooth, and con-
verting th into d it became ‘*Ood.”
He was grandson of Ralph Fitzooth,
Earl of Kyme, a Norman, who came to
England in the reign of William Rufus.
His maternal grandfather was Gilbert
de Gaunt, Earl of Lincoln, and his
grandmother was Lady Roisia de Bere,
sister to the Earl of Oxford. His father

was under the guardianship of Robert,

e entertained one’

Earl of Oxford, who, by the king’s
order, gave him in marriage the third
daughter of Lady Boisia, (Notes and
Queries, May 21st, 1887.)

’ The traditions about Fulk Fitz-
Warine, great-grandson of Warine of
Metz, so greatly resemble those con-
nected with ‘* Robin Hood,’’ that some
suppose them to;be both one. Titz-
Warine quarrelled with John, and when
John was king he banished Fulk, who
became a bold forester, (Seo Notes and
Gueriss, November 27th, 1886, pp. 421-

24.)

Bow and arrow of Robin Hood. Tho
traditional bow and arrow of Robin
Hood are religiously preserved-at Kirk-
lees Hall, Yorkshire, the seat of Sir
George Armytage; and the site of his
grave is pointed out in the park.

Death of Robin Hood. He was bled
to death treacherously by a nun, insti-
gated to the foul deed by his kinsman,
the prior of Kirklees, Yorkshire, near
Halifax. Introduced by Sir Walter
Scott in Lvanhoe,

Epitaph of Robin Hooa.

“ Hear, underneath this latil stean,
Laiz Robert, ourl of Huntingtom ;
Nea arcir vél az hie sae gond,
An pipl kauld him Robin Heud,
Sich utlaz az he an biz men
Vil Bogland nivr si agen,"
1Obit, 34, Kalend Dikembris, 1247.

? Notwithstanding. this epitaph, it is
generally thought that Robin Hood died
in 1325, which would bring him into the
reign of Edward II., not Richard I., ac-
cording to Sir Walter Scott.

In the accounts of King Edward II.’s
household is an item which states that
‘*Robin Hood received his wages as
king’s valet, and a gratuity on leaving
the service.’’? One of the ballads relates
how Robin Hood took service under this

king.
Math talk of Robin Hood who never

shot with his bow, Many brag of deeds in
which they took no part. any talk of
Robin Hood, and wish their hearers to
suppose they took part in his adventures,
but they never put a shaft to one of his
bows; nor could they have bent it even
if they had tried.

To sell Robin Hood’s pennyworth is to
sell things at half their value. As Robin
Hood stole his wares, he sold them, under
their intrinsic value, for just what he
could get on the nonce,

Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne.
Robin Hood and Little John, having
had a tiff, part company; when Little
John falls into the hands of the sheriff of
Nottingham, who binds him to a tree,

Robin Hood Wind

Meanwhile, Robin Hood meets with Guy
of Gisborne, sworn to slay the ‘‘ bold
forrester.’”? The'two bowmen struggle
together, but Guy is slain, and Robin
Hood rides till he comes to the tree
where Little John is bound. The sheriff
mistakes him for Guy of Gisborne, and
gives him charge of the prisoner, Robin
cuts the cord, hands Guy’s bow to Little
John, and the two soon put to flight the
sheriff and his men. (Perey: Reliques,
etc., series i.)

Robin Hood Wind (4). A cold
thaw-wind, Tradition runs that Robin
Hood used to say he could bear any cold
except that which a thaw-wind brought
with it.

Robin Mutton (4). A simpleton.

“Do you see this ram? His name is Robin,
Here, Rabin. Robin, Robin. ... We will get a
pair of scales, and then you, Robin Mutton [Pan-
urge], shall be weighed: paeee Tup Robin,...
etc,”—Nubeldis ; Pantagruel, iv.:7.

Robin Redbreast. The tradition is
that when our Lord was on His way to
Calvary, w robin picked a thorn out of
His crown, and the blood which issued
from the wound falling on the bird dyed
its breast with red. (See Curistian
TRADITIONS.)

Rob Redbreasts. Bow Street runners
were so called from their red waistcoats.

Robin and Ma‘kyne (2 syl.). An
ancient Scottish pastoral. Robin is a
shepherd for whom Makyne sighs. She
goes to him and tells her love, but Robin
turns a deaf ear, and the damsel goes
home to weep. After a time the tables
are turned, and Robin goes to Makyne
to plead for her heart and hand; but the
damsel replies— ~

“ The man that will net when he may

Sall have nocht when he waid.”
‘Percy: Reliques, etc., series ii,

Robin of Bagshot. Noted for the
number of his aliases (sce ALrtas) ;~ but
Deeming had nine: viz. Williams, Ward,

Swanston, Levey, Lord Dunn, Lawson, .

Mollatt, Drewe, and Baron Swanston.

“You have as many aliases as Robin of Bag:
shot."

Robinson Crusoe. Alexander Sel-
kirk was found in the desert island of
Juan Fernandez, where he had been left
by ee nae Stradling. He remained on
‘the island four years and four months,
when he was rescued by Captain Rogers,
and brought to England, The embryo
of De Foe’s novel may be seen in Captain
Burney’s interesting narrative,

~ Robinsonians. They were followers
of John Robinson, of Leyden. The

1064

Rochester

Brownists were followers of Robert
Brown. The Brownists were most rigid
separatists ; the Robinsonians were ouly
semi-separatists.

‘Roc. A fabulous white bird of enor-
mous size, and such strength that it can
‘‘truss elephants in its talons,’ and
carry them to its mountain nest, where
it devours them, (Arabian Nights ; The
Third Calender, and Sinbad the Sailor.)

Roch (Si.). Patron of those afflicted
with the plague, because he devoted his
life to their service, and is said to inter-
cede for them in his exaltation. He is
depicted. in a pilgrim’s habit, lifting his
dress to display a plague-spot on his
thigh, which an. angel is touching that
he may cure it. Sometimes he is uccom-
panied by a dog bringing bread in his
mouth, in allusion to the legend that a
hound brought him bread daily while he
was perishing in a forest of pestilence.

St. Roch’s Day (August 16th), for-
mertly celebrated in England asa general
harvest-home, and styled ‘‘the great
August festival.”” The Anglo-Saxon
name of it was hamfest (herb-feast), the
word herb meaning autumn (German
herbst), and having no relation to what
we call herbs.

St. Roch et son chien,
Darby and Joan,

Roche. Men of la vieille roche. Old-
fashioned men ; men of fossilised ideas ;
non-progressive men. A geological ex-
pression. 1

“Perhaps it may be justly attributed toa class
of producers, men of la viecille roche, that they
have been s0 slow to apprehend the changes
which are daily presenting themselves in the re-
quirements of trade.”—The Times.

Sir Boyle’ Roche's bird. Sir Boyle
Roche, quoting from Jevon’s play (Zhe
Devil of a Wefe), said on one occasion
in the House, ‘‘Mr. Speaker, it is im-
possible I could have been in two places
at once, unless I were a bird.’”’

“Ppresuming that the duplicate card is the
knave of hearts, you may make a remark on the
ubiquitous nature of certain cards, which, like
Sir Boyle Roche's bird, are in two places at once,”
—Drawing-room Magic. a ;

Rochelle Salt. So called because it
was discovered by an apothecary of
Rochelle, named Seignette, in 1672.

Roches (Catharine des) had a collec-
tion of poems written on her, termed La
Puce de Grands-jours de Poitiers. “

Rochester, according to: Bede,»de-
rives its name from ‘ Hrof,” a dutcon
chieftain, (Hrofs-ccaster, Hrot’s castle.)

al

Inseparables ;

Rock

1065

Rodolpho

Rock. A quack; so called from one
Rock, who was the ‘Holloway’ of
Queen Anne’s reign.

“ Oh, when his nerves had once received a shock,
Sir Isaac Newton might have gone to Rock.”
Crabbe: Borough.

The Ladies’ Rock. A crag in Scotland
under the castle rock of Stirling, where
ladies used to witness tournaments.

“In the castle hill is a hollow called The Valley
about a square acre in extent, used for justings
and tournaments. On the south sideof the valley
is a small rocky pyramidical mount, called The
Ladies’ Hill or Rock, where the ladies sat to wit-
ness the-spectacle.’—Nimmo ; History of Stirling-
shire, p. 282.

People of the Rock. The inhabitants
of Hejaz or Arabia Petrea,

aptain Rock. A fictitious name as-
sumed by the leader of the Irish insur-
gents in 1822.

Rock ahead (4). A sea-phrase,
meaning that a rock is in the path of the
ship, which the helmsman must steer
clear of ; a danger threatens; an oppo-
nent ; an obstruction.

“That yonker ... has been a rock ahead to me
all = ife."—Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering,
chap, liv,

‘Rock Cork. A variety of asbestos,
resembling cork. It is soft, easily cut,
and very light.

Rock Crystal, The specimens which
enclose hair-like substances are called
Thetis’s hair-stone, Venus’s hair-stone,
Venus’s pencils, Cupid’s net, Cupid's
arrows, etc,

Rock Day. The day after Twelfth-
day, when, the Christmas holidays being
over, women returned to their rock or
distaff.

Rococo. (est du rococo. It is mere
twaddle; Brummagem BURY 4 make-
believe. (Italian 7'oco, uncouth.)

Roco’co Architecture. A debased
style, which succeeded the revival of
Italian architecture, and very prevalent
in Germany. The ornamentation is with-
out principle or taste, and may be desig-
nated ornamental design run mad. The
Rock-temple of Ellora, in India, is most
lavishly decorated.

“The sacristy of St. Lorenzo. . . was the hegin-
ning of that wonderful mixture of antique regu-
larity with the capricious bizarrerie of modern
times, the last barren fruit of which was the
rococo.” — H, Grimm: Michel Angelo, vol. ii.
chap. xi. p. 173.

Roco'co Jewellery, strictly: speak-
ing, means showy eer eery made up of
several different stones. Moorish decora-
tion and Watteau’s paintings are rococo.
The term is now generally used depre-

ciatingly for flashy, gaudy. Louis XIV..

furniture, with gilding and ormolu, is
sometimes termed rococo.

Rod. To kiss the rod, (See Kiss THE
Rop.)

Rod-men. Anglers, who use line
and fishing-rod,

“You will be nearly sure to meet one or two old
rod-men sipping their toddy there.”—J, K. Jerome:
Three Men in a Boat, chap. xvii.

Rod in Pickle (A). A scolding in
store. The rod is laid in pickle to keep
it ready for use.

Rod'erick, the thirty-fourth and last
of the Visigothic kings, was the son of
Theod’ofred, and grandson of King
Chindasuin’tho. Witi’za, the usurper,
put out the eyes of Theod’ofred, and
murdered Favil’a, a younger brother of
Roderick; but Roderick, having re-
covered his father’s throne, put out the
eyes of the usurper. The sons of
Witi’za, joining with Count Julian, in-
vited the aid of Muza ibn Nozeir, the
Arab chief, who sent Tarik into Spain
with a large army. Roderick was
routed at the battle of Guadale’te, near
Xeres de la Fronte’ra (July 17th, 711).
Southey has taken this story for an epic
poem in twenty-five books—blank verse.
(See RopRrico.)

Rod’erick Random. - (See Ranpom.)

Roderigo. A Venetian gentleman in
Shakespeare’s Othello. He was in love
with Desdemona, and when the lady
eloped with Othello, hated the ‘‘noble
Moor.’”’? Iago took advantage of this
temper for his own ends, told his dupe
the Moor will change, therefore ‘‘ put
money in thy purse.’’ The burden of
his advice was always the same—‘ Put
money in thy purse.”’

This word is sometimes pronounced
Rod’r-igo: ¢.g. ‘‘Itis as sure as you are
Roderigo;’’ and sometimes Rode-ri’go: |
e.g. ‘On, good Roderigo; Ill deserve
your pains.’? (Acti. scene 1,)

Rodhaver. The lady-love of Zal, a
Persian hero. Zal wanted to scale her
bower, and Rodhaver let down her long
tresses to assist him; but the lover
managed to climb to his mistress by
fixing his crook into a projecting beam.
(Champion: Ferdosi.)

Rodilar’dus. A huge cat which
scared Panurye, and which he declared
to be a puny devil. The word means
‘ onaw-bacon’? (Latin, sodo-lardum).
(Rabelais: Gargantua and Pantagruel,
iv. 67.)

Rodol'pho (Count). The count, re-
turning from his travels, puts up for the »

Rodomont

1066

Rogero

night at an inn near his castle. While
in bed, a lady enters his chamber, and
speaks to him of her devoted love. It is
Ami’na, the somnambulist, who has wan-
dered thither in her sleep. Rodolpho
perceives the state of the case, and quits
the apartment. The villagers, next
morning, come to congratulate their lord
on his return, and find his bed occupied
by-a lady, The tongue of scandal is loud
against her, but the count explains to
them the mystery, and his tale is con-
firmed by ‘their own eyes, which see
Ami’na at the moment getting out of
the window of a mill, and walking in
her sleep along the edge of a roof under
which the wheel of the mill is rolling
with velocity. She crosses the crazy
bridge securely, and everyone is con-
vinced of her innocence. (Bellini: La
Sonnambula.) (See Amina, Etvrno.)

Rod'omont. (in Orlando Inamorato
and Orlando Furioso). King of Sarza
or Algiers, Ulien’s son, and called the
‘Mars of Africa,’”” He was commander
both of horse and foot in the Saracen
army sent against Charlemagne, and may
be termed the Achilles of the host. His
lady-love was Dor'alis, Princess of
Grana‘da, who ran off with Mandri-
cardo, King of Tartary. .At Roge'ro’s
wedding-feast Rodomont rode up to the
king of France in full armour, and
accused Roge’ro, who had turned Chris-
tian, of being a traitor to King Agra-
mant, his master and a renegade;
whereupon Roge’ro met him in single
combaf, and slew him. (See RogEro.

“Who more brave than Rodomont?”—Cer-
vantes : Don Quixote.

Rod’omonta’de (4 syl.). From Ro-
domont, a brave but braggart knight
in Bojardo’s Orlando Inamorato. He is
introduced into the continuation of the
story by Ariosto (Orlando Furioso), but
the braggart part of his character is
greatly toned down. Neither Rodo-
mont nor Hector deserves the oppro-
bium.which has been attached to their
names. (See Ropomonr.)

Rodrigo [Hod-t04 -99) or Roderick,
King of Span, conquered by the Arabs,
He saved his life by flight, and wandered
to Guadalet’e, where he saw a shepherd,
and asked food. In return he gave the
shepherd his royal chain and ring. He
passed the night in the cell of a hermit,
who told him that by way of penance he
must pass certain days in a tomb full of
snakes, toads, and lizards. After three
days the hermit went to see him, and he
was unhurt, “because the Lord kept His

anger against him.’”’ The hermit went
home, passed the night in prayer, and
went again to the tomb, when Rodrigo
said, ‘They eat me now, they eat me

now, I feel the adder’s bite.”” So his sin
was atoned for, and he died,
Rogation Days. The Monday,

Tuesday, and Wednesday before Ascen-
sion Day. Rogation is the Latin equiva-
lent of the Greek word “‘ Litany,” and on
the three Rogation days “‘the Litany of
the Saints’’ is appointed to be sung by
the clergy and people in public proces.
sion. (‘‘Litany,’? Greek ditaneia, sup-
plication. “ Rogation,”? Latin rogatio,
same meaning.)

Rogation Week used to be called
Gang Week, from the custom of gangin,
round the country parishes to mar
their bounds. Similarly, the weed Milk-
wort is still called Rogation or Gang-
flower, from the custom of decorating
the pole (carried on such occasions by
the charity children) with these flowers.

Rogel of Greece. A knight, whose
exploits and adventures form a supple-
mental part of the Spanish romance
entitled Amadis of Gaul. This part
was added by Feliciano de Silva.

Roger. The cook in Chaucer’s Can-
terbury Tales. ‘‘ He cowde roste, sethe
broille, and frie. Make mortreux, and
wel bake a pye;”’ .but Herry Bailif, the
host, said to him—

* Now telle on Rogervand loke it he good ;

For many @ Jakk of Dover hastow sold.
That hath be twyés boot and twyés cold.”

: c Verse 4343,
Roger Bontemps. (See BONTEMPS,
The Jolly Roger, ‘The black flag, the

fayourite ensign of pirates,

“Set all sail, clear the deck, stand to quarters,
up with the Jolly Roger !"—Sir Walter Scott: The
Pirate, chap. xxxi.

Roger of Bruges. ie van der
Weyde, painter. (1455-1529.)

Koger de Coverley. A dance invented
by ihe great-grandfather of Roger de
Coverley, or Roger of Cowley, near
Oxford. Named after the squire de-
scribed in Addison’s Spectator. _

Roger of Hoveden or Howden, in York-
shire, continued Bede’s History from
732 to 1202. The reigns of Henry II.
and Richard I. are very fully given.
The most matter-of-fact of all our old
chroniclers; he indulges in no epithets
or reflections. ‘

Roge’ro, Ruggiero, or Rizierl of
Risa (in Orlando Furioso), was brother
of Marphi’sa, and son of Rogero and
Galacel He married Brad’amant,

Rogue Ingrain

1067

Roland

Charlemagne’s niece, but had no issue,
Galacella being slain by Ag’olant and
his sons, Rogero was nursed by a lioness,
Rogero deserted from the Moorish army
to the Christian Charles, and was bap-
tised. His marriage with Bradamant
and election to the crown of Bulgaria
conclude the poem.

Rogero was brought up by Atlantes, a |

magician, who gave him a shield of such
dazzling splendour that everyone quailed
who set eyes on it. Rogero, thinking it
unknightly to carry a charmed shield,
threw it into a well.

“Who more courteous than Rogero?"—Cer-
vantes : Don Quixote,

Rogero (in Jerusalem Delivered),
brother of Boemond, and son of Roberto
Guiscardo, of the Norman race, was one
of the band of adventurers in the cru-
sading army. Slain by Tisaphernes.
(Bk, xx.)

Rogue Ingrain (4). Ingrain colours
aire what we call ‘‘ fast colours,’’ colours
which will not fly or wash out. A,rogue
ingraln means one rotten to the core, one
whose villainy is deep-seated,

“Tis ingrain, sir; ‘twill endure “ad and
weather.’—Shakespeare: Twelfth Night, t. 5. +

Roi Panade [King of Slops]. Louis

XVIII. was so nicknamed. (1755, 1814-
1824.) °

Roland, Count of Mans and Knight
of Blaives, was son of Duke Milo of Aig-
lant, his mother being Bertha, the sister
of Charlemagne. His sword was called
Durandal, and his horse Veillantiff. He
was eight feet high, and ‘had an open
countenance, which invited confidence,
but inspired respect. In Italian romance
he is ¢alled Orlando, his sword Duran-
da'na, and his horse Veglianti'no. (See
Song of Roland.)

“T knew of no one to compare him to but the
Archangel Michael.""—Croquemitaine, iii.

Roland, Called the Christian Theseus
(2 syl.), or the Achilles of the West.

Roland or Rolando (Orlando in Italian).
One of Charlemagne’s paladins and
‘nephews. He is represented as brave,
loyal, and simple-minded. On the return
of Charlemagne from Spain, Roland,
who commanded the rear-guard, fell
into an ambuscade at Roncesvalles, in
the Pyrenees, and perished with all the
flower of French chivalry (778). He
is the hero of Theroulde’s Chanson de
Roland ; the romance ealled Chronig de

re ; Boiardo’s epic Orlando in Love

ai
nd, after slaying Angoulaffre, the

Tu
— lian) ; and Ariosto’s epic of Orlando .
ad A ‘

Saracen giant, in single combat at Fron-
sac, asked as his reward the hand of
Aude, daughter of Sir Gerard and Lady
Guibourg; but theynever married, as Ro-
land fell at Roncesvalles, and Aude died
of a broken heart. (Crogquemitaine, xi.)

A Roland for an Oliver. “A blow for
a blow, tit. for tat. Roland and Oliver
were two of the paladins of Charlemagne,
whose exploits are so similar that-it is
very difficult to keep them distinct.
What Roland did Oliver did, and what
Oliver did Roland did. At length the
two met in single combat, and fought
for five consecutive days on an island in
the Rhine, but neither gained the least
advantage. (See in La Légende des
Siécles, by Victor Hugo, the poem en-

| titled Le Mariage de Roland.)

The etymologies connecting the pro-
verb with Charles IT., General Monk,
and Oliver Cromwell, are wholly un-
worthy of credit, for even Shakespeare
alludes to it: ‘“‘Hngland all Olivers and
Rolands bred”? (i Henry VI4- i022) 5
and Edavard Hall, the historian, almost
a century before Shakespeare, writes—

“But to have a Roland to resist an Oliver, he
sent solempne ambassadors to the Kyng of Enge
lande, offeryng hym hys doughter in mariage.”—
Henry VI. :

(See OLIVER, BRECHE.)

*’ In French, 2 bon chat bon rat,

' To die like Roland. To die of starva-
tion or thirst. Itis said that Roland, the
great paladin; set upon in the defile of
Roncesvalles, escaped the general slaugh-
ter, and died of hunger and thirst: in
seeking to cross the Pyrenees.

“Post ingentem Hispano/rum cedem propé
Pyrenwi satus juga... siti miserrime extinctum.
Inde nostri intolera/bili siti et immi’ti volentes
significa’re se torqué, face’re aiunt, Rolandi morte
se perire.”—John de la Bruiere Champie: Re Ci
bar’ia, xvi, 5.

Faire le Roland. ‘To swagger.

Like the blast of Roland's horn. When
Roland was set upon by the Gascons at
Roncesvalles, he sounded his horn to

ive Charlemagne notice of hig danger,

t the third blast it cracked in two, but
so loud was the blast that birds fell dead
and the whole Saracen army was panic-
struck. Charlemagne heard the sound
at St. Jean Pied de Port, and’ rushed-to
the rescue, but arrived too late.

* Oh, for one blast of that dread horn
‘ On Fontarabian echoes borne,
That to King Charles did come,”
, Sir Walter Scott: Marmion, vi. 38,

Song of Roland. Part of the Chansons
de Geste, which treat of the achievements
of Charlemagne and his paladins. Wil-
liam of Normandy had it sung at the
head of his 8 when he came to.in~
vade England, © Uns Te

Roland

Song of Roland. When Charlemagne
had been six yearg in Spain by the
advice of Roland, his nophew, he sent
Gantlon on an embassy to Marsillus, the
pagan king of Saragossa. Ganelon, out
of qououys betrayed to Marsillus the
route which the Christian army designed
to take on its way home, and the pagan
king arrived at Roncesvalles eee as
Roland was conducting through the pass
a rearguard of 20,000 men, Roland
fought till 100,000 Saracens lay slain, and
only 50 of his own men survived, At
this juncture another arm , consisting of
50,000 men, poured from the mountains.
Roland now blew his enchanted horn,
and blew so loudly that the veins of his
neck started. Charlemagne heard tho
blast, but Ganelon persuaded him that
it was only his nephew hunting the door,
Roland died of his wounds, but in dying
threw his trusty sword Durandal into a
poisoned stream, where it remained,

Roland de Vaux (Sir). Baron of
Triormain, who woke Gyneth from her
long sleep of five hundred years and
married her. (Six Walter Scott : Bridal
of Triermain.)

Rolandseck Towor, opposito the
Drachenfels. The legend is that when
Roland went to the wars, a false oe
of his death was brought to his betrothed,
who retired to a vonvent in the isle of
Nonnowerth. When Roland returned
home flushed with glory, and found that
his lady-love had taken the veil, he built
the castle which bears his name, and
overlooks the nunnéry, that he might at
leust see his heart-treasure, lost to him
for ever,

Roll, The flying roll of Zechariah
(v. 1-5). ‘* Predictions of évils to come
on @ nation are like the Flying Roll of
Zechariah.”’ This roll phage cubits long
and ten wide) was full of maledictions,
threats, and calamities about to befall
tho Jews. The parchment being un-
rolled fluttered in the air.

Rolls [Chancery Lane, London]. So
called from the records kept there in
rolls of paperoeat The house was ori-
finally built by Henry ILI. for converted
Jows, and was called ‘Domus Conver-
so’rum,'” It was Edward ITT. who ap-
propriated the place to the conservation
of records. ‘*Conversi’? means lay-

monks, (Ducange, vol, ii, p. 703.)
Glover's Roll, A copy of the lost
Roll of Arms, made by Glover,

Somerset horald, It isa rollof the arms
borne by Henry ILL, his princes of the

1068

Roman

blood, barons, and knights, between 1216
and 1272.

The Roll of Caerlaverock. An heraldic
poem in Norman-French, reciting the
namos and arms of the knights present
at the siege of Caerlaverock, in 1300,

Rolling Stone, A rolling stone gathers
NO moss.

Greck : Mog kvdwS8opevos ro hucog ov moret.
Cs Sante : Proverbs ; Assi-
uitas,)

Saxum volutum non obducitur
he (or Saxum volubile
eww,

Planta que a transfertu
non coalescit, (Fabins.)
Swpius plantata arbor fructum

profert exiguum,

Pierre qui roule n’amasse
jamais mousse,

La pierre souvent remuée
n’amasse pas volontiers
mousse,

Pierre souvent remuée n’attire
pas mousse,

Italian : Pietra mossa non fa muschio.

“ Three removes are as bad as a fire,”
“T never anw an oft-removed tree,

Nor yet an oft-removed family. :

That throve so wall as those that settled he,”

Rollrich or Rowldrich Stones,
near Chipping Norton (Oxfordshire). A
number of large stones in a circle, Which
tradition says are men turned to stone,
The highest of them is called the King
who ‘‘ would have been king of Bn: land
if he could have caught sight of "Long
Compton,’’ which may be seen a few'steps
farther on; five other large stones aro
called the knights, and the rest common
soldiers,

Roly-poly (pron. vow/-y purty A
crust with jam rolled up into a pudding ;
a little fat child, Roly is a thing rolled
with the, diminutive added. In some

arts of Scotland the game of nine-pins
is Called rouly-pouly.

Roma‘ic. Modern or Romanised
Greek.

Roman Chal tn

Jean Dumont, the. French painter, le
Romain (1700-1781).

Stephen Picart, the French engraver,
le Romain rhe et
; ul ippi, Giulio Romano (1492+
546),

Adrian van Roomen, the mathemati-
cian, Adria’nus Roma nus (1561+1615). »

Most learned of the Romans, Mareus
‘Terontius Varro (p.c. 116-28),

Latin :

French:

Last of the Romans, Rienzi (18105
1364),

Roman Birds

Last of the Romans. Charles James
Fox (1749-1806.). (See Srpnery.)

Ultimus Romanorum. Horace Wal-
pole (1717-1797), (See Last.)

Roman Birds. LTagles; so culled
because the ensign of the Roman legion
was an eagle.

“ Roma’nas aves propria legio’num nwmina,”—
Tacitus,

Roman Remainsin England. The
most remarkable are the following :—

The pharos, church, and trenches in
Dover.

Chilham Castle, Richborough, and
Reculver forts,

Silchester erkshire), Dorchester,
Nisconium (Salop), and Caerleon, am-
phitheatres,

Hadrian’s wall, from Tyne to Boul-
ness.

The wall, baths, and Newport Gate of
Lincoln.

Verulam, near St. Albans.

York (Eboracum), where Sevérus and
Constantius Chlorus died, and Constan-
tine the Great was born,

Bath, etc.

Roman de Chevalier de Lyon,
by Maitre Wace, Canon of Caen in Nor-
mandy, and author of Le Brut, The
romance referred to is the same as that
entitled Ywain and Gawain,

Roman de la Rose. (See In1ap, The
French.)

Roman des Romans. A French
version of Am/adis of Gaul, greatly ex-
tended, by Gilbert Saunier and Sieur de
Duverdier,

Romance. A tale in prose or verse
the incidents of which are hung upon
what is marvellous and fictitious.

These tales were originally written in
the Romance language (q.v.), and the
expression, ‘‘In Romance we read,”’came
in time to refer to the tale, and not to the
a in which it was told.

‘omance

into three

all their glory ; in the third (which be-
Spanish

1069

1) ancien’

Rome

Romanes’que (3 syl.).

In painting. Fanciful and romantic
rather than true to nature,

In architecture. Byzaiitine, Lombard,
Saxon, and, indeed, all the debased
Roman styles, between the time of Con-
stantine (350) and Charlemagne (800).

In literature, The dialect of Langue-
doe, which smacks of the Romance.

Roman ic or Romance Languages.
Those modern languages which are the
immediate offspring of Latin, as the
Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and French,
Early Fyench is emphatically so called ;
hence Bouillett says, “ Le roman était
universellement parlé en Gaule au dixiéme
siécle,””

“ Prankis speechis called Romance
So say clerks and men of France.
Robert Le Brunn,

Ro'manism. Popery, or what _re-
sembles Popery, the religion of modern
Rome, (A word of implied reproach.)

Roman'tic School. The name as-
sumed, at the beginning of the nineteenth
century, by a number of young poets
and critics in Germany, who wished to
limit poetry and art to romance. Some
twenty-five years later Victor Hugo,
Lamartine, and Dumas introduced it
into France.

Roma/nus (S/.), a Norman bishop of
the seventh century, is depicted fighting
with a dragon, in allusion to the tale
that he miraculously conquered a dragon
which infested Normandy,

Roma’ny. Gipsy language, the
speech of the Roma or Zinca‘li. This
has nothing to do with Rome.

“A learned Sclavonian ... said of Rommany,
that he found it interesting to be able to study a
Hindu dialect in the heart of Europe,”—Leland:
English Gipsies, chap, viii, p. 109.

Rome. Virgil says of Romulus,
“ Mavortia condet menia, Romanosque
suo de nomine dicet’? (Atneid, i. 276).
The words of the Sibyl, quoted by Ser-
vius, are ‘‘ Pwuator Pwov masdes.’? Romu-
lus is a diminutive or word of endear-
ment for Romus. F

The etymology of Rome from Roma
ces of Romulus and Remus), or

rom Romulus, the legendary founder of
the city, or from rwna (a dug), in allu-
sion to the fable of a wolf suckling the
outcast children, is not tenable. Nie-
buhr derives it from the Greek word
rhoma (strength), a sogpeetion confirmed
by its other name Valentia, from valens
(strong. . Michelet prefers Rumo, the
name of the river Tiber,

Rome

Rome. Founders of Rome. (1)Romu-
lus, the legendary founder, 8,0, 752; (2)
Camillus was termed the Second Romulus,
for saving Rome from the Gauls, 3.0,
365 ; (8) Caius Ma‘rius was called tho
Third Romulus, for saving Rome from
the Teuto’nes and Cimbri, 3.0, 101,

From Rome to May. A bantoring ox-
pression, equivalent to the following :—
*¢ From April to the foot of Westminster
Bridges” ‘Inter pascha Rennesque feror”
(Reinardus, ti, 690); “ Inter Cluniactm
et Sancti festa Johannis obit”’ (Reinardus,
iv. 972) ; ** Cela s'est passé entre Maubeuge
et la Pentecdte,”’

*Tis ill sitting at Rome and striving
with the Pope. Never tread on aman’s
corns. ‘Never wear a brown hat in
Friesland” (q.v.).

“Mr, Harrison the steward, and Gudyell the
butler, are no very fond o' us, and it's ill witcing at
Rome and striving with the pope, sno T thought it
best to flit before ill came,"—Sir W, Scott; Old
Mortality, chap, vill,

Oh, that all Rome had but one head,
that I might strike tt of’ at a blow!
Caligula, the Roman emperor, is said to
have uttered this amiable sentiment.

When you go & Rome, do as Rome does—
i.e, conform to the manners and customs
of those amongst whom you live, and
don’t wear a brown hat in Friesland. St,
Monica and her son St. Augustine,
said to St. Ambrose ; At Rome hey fast,
on Saturday, but not so at Milan ; which

ractice ought to be observed ? To which

t. Ambrose replied, “When TI am at
Milan, I do as they do at Milan; but
when I go to Rome, I do as Rome does,”
perieris XXXVi.) Compare 2 Kings vy,

8, 19,

Rome of the West. Aachen, or Aix
la Chapelle, the favourite city of Charle-
magne, where, when he died, he was
seated, embalmed, on a throne, with the
Bible on his lap, his sword (La Joyouse)
by his side, the imperial crown on his
head, and his sceptre and shield at hig
feet, So well bat the Bgyptians em-
balmed him, that he seitcien only to be
asleep,

Rome was not Built in a Day.
Achievements of great pith and moment,
are ngt accomplished without putiont
perseverance and a considerable interval
of time, The French say, Grand bien ne
vient pas en peu d heures,’ but the Eng«
lish proverb is to be found in the Fronch
also: ‘Rome n'a pas éléd faite en un
Jour.” (1615.)

Rome was not built Hi ry day, ike Anchiale, ee

Cilicia, Where Sardanapatus was buried, tig sak
that Abchiale was wotually Dullt in a day.

1070

chil

Roncesvalles

Rome's best Wealth is Patriotism,
So said Mettius Curtiusy when he Jumped
into the chasm which the soothsayors

rave out would never close till Rome
threw therein ‘its best wealth,”

Romeo (4). <A devoted lover; a
lady’s man; from Romeo in Shake-
speare’s tragedy. (See Romeo and Juliet.)

* James In an evil hour went forth to woo

Young Juliet Mart, and wag her Romeo,”

rabbe;: Borough,

Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare),
The story is taken from a pootical version
by Arthur Brooke of Boisteau’s novel,
called Lhomeo and Julietta. Boisteau
borrowed the main incidents from a story
by Luigi da Porto, of Vicenza (1536),
entitled La Giulietta, In many respects
it resembles the Zphest'aca (in ten rae
of Mphe'sius Xenophon, whose novel
recounts the loves of Habroc'omas and
Anthia,

Rom/ulus. We need no Romulus to
account for Kome. We require no hypo-
thetioal person to account for a plain
fact,

* Romulus and Remus were suckled
by a wolf; Atalanta by a she-bear,

Ron or Rone, The name of Prince
Arthur's spear, made of ebony.
“His spere he nom took) an bonde, tha Tron was
thaten [ealledy],
Layamon : Brut (twelfth century),
Ronald. Lord Ronald gave Lady
Clare a lily-white doe as a love-token,
and the cousins were to be married on
the following day. Lady Clare opened
her heart to Alice the nurse, an Vm
thon, informed that she was not Lacy
Clare at all, but the nurse’s child, an
that Lord Ronald was rightful -heir to
the estate, ‘‘Lady”’ Clare dressed her-
solf as a peasant, and went to reveal the
mystery to her lord, Ronald replied,
wye ou are not the heiress botn, we
will be married to-morrow, you
shall still be Lady Claye.”? (Zennyson.)

Roncesval'les (4 syl.). A dofile in
the Pyrenees, famous for the disaster
which here befell the rear of Charle-
muagnoe’s army, on the return march from
Saragossa. Ganelon betrayed Roland,
out of jealousy, to Marsillus, King of the
Saracens, and an ambuscade at joking
tho Franks, killed every man of them,
Amongst the slain were Roland, Oliver,
Tuspio, and Mitaino, the emperor's god.

. ‘Anaccount of this attack is von.
in the Sellen of Croquemitaine ; but
the historical narrative is derived ’
Wginhard, ee ae

Rondo

ss.

Rondo. Father ¥ the rondo. Jean
Baptiste Davaux; but Gluck was the
first to introduce the musical rondo into
France, in the opera of Orpheus.

Rone (1 syl.). (See Ron.)

Ron'yon or Ronion. A term of
contempt toa woman. It is the French
rogneux (scabby, mangy).

“You hag, you baggage, you polecat, you
ronyon ! out, aut !"—Shakespeare: Merry Wives of
Windsor, iv. 2r

“*Aroint thee, witch!’ the rump+fed ronyon
cries.” Shakespeare: Macbeth, i.3.
Rood Lane (London). So called

from a rood or ‘Jesus on the Cross ”’
placed there, and in Roman Catholic
times held in great veneration.

Rood-loft (Zhe). Thescreen between
the nave and chancel, where the rood
or crucifix was elevated. In some cases,
on each side of the crucifix were either
some of the evangelists or apostles,
and especially the saint to whom the
church was dedicated.

“* And then to zee the rood-loft,

Zo bravely zet with zaints,”
Percy: Ballad of Plain Truth, ii, 292.

Roodselken. Vervain, or “ the herb
of the cross.”
“ Hallowed be thou, vervain, as thou growest in
the ayosee
For in the Mount of Calvary thou wast found,
Thou bealedst Christ our Saviour, and staunch-
Jedst His bleeding wound.
In the name of Father, Son and Holy Ghost, I
- take thee from the ground.”
Folkard: Plant Lore, p. 47.
Rook (A). A cheat. ‘To rook,’
to cheat; ‘‘to rook a pigeon,’’ to fleece
a greenhorn. Sometimes it simply
means, to win from another at a game
of chance or skill. (See RooKERY.)
**My Lord Marquis,’ said the king, ‘ you rooked
me at piquet last night, for which disloyal deed
thou shalt now atone, by givinga couple of pieces

to this honest youth, and five to the girl..”—Sir
Wulter Scott: Peveril of the Peak, chap. xxx.

Rook’s Hill (Lavant, Chichester),

celebrated for the local tradition that
the golden calf of Aaron is buried there.

Rookery (3 syl.). Any low neigh-
bourhood frequented thieves and
vagabonds. A person fleeced or liable
to be fleeced is a pigeon, but those who
prey upon these ‘gulls’? are called

“The demolition of rookeries has not proved an
efficient remedy for overcrowding.”—A. Egmont
Hake: Free Trade in Capital, chap. xv, ‘

Rooky Wood (Tie). Not the wood
whete rooks do congregate, but the
misty or durk wood. The verb reek (to
emit vapour) had the preterite roke,

1071

Rope-dancers

rook, or roak ; hence Hamiltoh, in his
Wallace, speaks of the ‘' rooky mist.’’
“ Light thickens, and the crow
Makes wing to the roaky wood.”
Shakespeare: Macbeth, iii. 2.

Boom. Your room is better than your
company, occurs in Green’s Quip for an
Upstart Courtier,

_Roost. A strong current or furious
tide betwixt island groups,

“This lofty promontory is constantly exposed
to the current of a strong and furious tide, which,
setting in betwixt the Orkney and Zetland is-
lands, and running with force only inferior to
that of the Pentland Frith,... 1s called the,
Roost of Sumburgh (from the headland).”—sSir
Walter Scott: The Pirute, chap. i,

Roost. Gone to roost. Gone to bed.
(Anglo-Saxon, hrost.)

“The chough and crow to roost are gone.”
Glee (words by Joanna Baillie, music by Bishop).

Rope. The Brahmin teaches that
‘whoever hangs himself will wander
eternally with a rope round his neck.’’
(Asiati¢ Researches.

Rope. To fight with a rope round
one’s neck. To fight with a certainty of
being hanged unless you conquer.

“You must send in a large force; .. . for, ashe
fights with a rope round bis neck, he will struggle
to the last.”"—Kingston : The Three Admirals, viii.

To give one rope enough. To permit a,

rson to continue in wrong-doing, till
he reaps the consequences.

Rope. You carry a rope in your
pocket (French), Said of a person very
lucky at cards, from the superstition
that a bit of rope with which a man has
been hanged, carried in the pocket, se-
cures luck at cards.

“You have no occupation?’ said the Bench,
inquiringly, toa vagabond at the bar. ‘Beg your
worship’s pardon! was tbe rejoinder: ‘I deal in
bits of halter for the use of gentlemen as plays,’”’
—The Times (French correspondent). a

- Rope-dancer (The). Yvo de Grent-
mesnil, the crusader, one of the leaders
of Robert, Duke of Normandy’s party
against Henry I. of England,

“Tyo was one of those who escaped from
Antioch when it was besieged. He was Jet down
by a rope over the wall, and hence called ‘The
Rope-dancer,’"—Gentleman's Magazine.

‘Rope-dancers, Jacob Hall, in the
reign of Charles II., greatly admired by
the Duchess of Cleveland.

Richer, thé celebrated rope-dancer at
Sadler’s Wells (1658).
- Signora Violante,
Queen Anne,
The Turk who astonished everyone
who saw him, in the reign of George II.
Froissart (vol. iv. chap. xxxviii. fol, 47)
tells us: of ‘‘a mayster from Geane,’

in. the reign of

Rope-walk

1072

Rosalia

who either slid or walked down a rope
suspended to the highest house on St.
Michael’s bridge and the tower of Our
Lady’s church, when Isabel of Bavaria
made her public entry into Paris. Some
say he descended dancing, placed a
crown on Isabel’s head, and, then re-
ascended.

A similar performance was exhibited
in London, February 19th, 1546, before
Edward VI. The rope was slung from
the battlements of St. Paul’s steeple.
The performer of this feat was a man
from Aragon.

The same trick was repeated when
Felipe of Spain came to marry Queen
Mary. (See Holinshed : Chronicle,. iii.
p. 1121.)

Rope-walk [darristers’ slang]. Old
Bailey practice. Thus, ‘‘ Gone into the
rope-walk ’? means, he has taken up
practice in the Old Bailey, (See Ropss.)

The ways of London low life are called “ ropes,”
und to Wnow the ropes means to be au fait with the
minutia of all sorts of dodges. (See RoPEs.)

Ropes. Fought back to the ropes.
Fought to the bitter end. <A pugilistic
phrase.

“Itisa battle that must be fought game, and
right back to the ropes."—Boldrewood: Robbery
Under Arms, chap, xxxiii.

Ropes. Tricks, artifices, A term in
horse-racing. To rope a horse is to pull
it in or restrain its speed, to prevent its
winning a race. When a boxer or any

other athlete loses for the ose, he is”
age

accused of roping. ‘‘ ow the
ropes’ is to be up to all the dodges of
the sporting world. Of course, the ropes
mean the reins,

“IT am no longer the verdant country squire,
the natural prey of swindlers, blacklegs, and
Sharks, No, sir, I ‘know the ropes,’ and these
gentry would find me but sorry sport.’—Truth:
Queer Story, September 3rd, 1835.

Ropes, She ison her high ropes, In
a distant and haughty temper. The
allusion is to a rope-dancer, who looks
down on the spectators. The French
say, Hire monté sur ses grands chevaux
(to be on your high horse).

Roper. Margaret Roper was buried
with the head of her father, Sir Thomas
More, in her arms,

“ Her, who clasped in her last trance
Her murdered father's head.” Tennyson.

Mistress Roper.
to the marines by British sailors. The
wit, of course, lies in the awkward way
thiat marines/hamdle the ship’s ropes.

To marty Mistress. Roper isto enlist in:

‘the marines,

A cant name given :

Roque (1 syl.), A blunt, feeling old
man in the service of Donna Floranthe.
(George Colman; The Mountaineers.)

Saint Roque. Patron saint of those
who suffer. from plague or pestilence $
this is because ‘‘he worked miracles on
the plague-stricken, while he was himself
smitten with the same judgment.”

Roque Guinart. A famous robber,
whose trie name was Pédro Rocha
Guinarda, leader of los Nicerros, which,
with the dos Cadelles, levied heavy con-
tributions on all the mountain districts
of Catalo’nia in the seventeenth century..
He was a Spanish Rob Roy, and was
executed in 1616, (Lellicer.)

Roquelaure. A cloak; so called from
the Duke de Roquelaure. (George II.)

“*Your honour’s roquelaure,’ replied the cor-
poral, ‘has not once been had on since the night
before your honour received your wound.’”—
Sterne: Tristram Shandy ; Story of Le Fevre,

Rory O’More. Slang for @ door,
(Explained under the word Curvy.)

Ros-crana. Daughter of Cormac,
King of Moi-lena, wife of Fingal.
(Ossian : Tamora, iv.)

Ro’sa (Salva'tor). An Italian painter,
noted for his scenés of savage nature,
gloomy grandeur, and awe-creating
magnificence. (1615-1673.) *

“ Whate'er Lorrain light touched with softened
ue.

or, sevege Rosa dashed, or learnéd Poussin

we
Thomson : Castle of Iadolence, canto.

Rosabelle. The-favourite palfrey of

Mary Queen of Scots. (See HoRsz.)

*T could almost Swear — am at this Bor eid
mounted on {at own fivourite Rosahbella, who -was
never matched in Scetiand for swiftness, for eas:
of motion, and ‘for sureness of footy Bir »
Scott: The Abbot, chap. xxxVi. ‘

Rosa'lia or St. Rosalie, Anativa of
Palermo, who was catried ‘by angels to
an inaccessihle mountain, where she lived
for many years in the cleft of @ rock,
a part of which she wore away with her
knees in her . devotions. anyone
doubts it, let him know that a rock with
a hole in it may still -be seen, and folks
less sceptical have’ built’a chapel there,
with a marblg statue, to commemorate
thie event. see's :

“ That grot where olives nod, :
Where, darling of each heart and eye,
From all the youths of Sicily,
St. Rosalie retired .to ‘ :
Sir Walter Scatt: Harinion, |. 2;

St. Rosalia, in Christian-art, te @epicted

in-a cave with a cross and skull; or else

. in the act of recéiving’a rosary or chap-

let of roses from the. irgin, iD

Rosalind

1073

Roscius

Ros’alind. Daughter of the banished
duke, but brought up with Celia in the
court of Frederick, the duke’s brother,
and usurper of his dominions. When
Rosalind fell in-love with Orlando, Duke
Frederick said she must leave his house
and join her father in the forest of Arden.
Celia resolved to go with her, and the
two ladies started on their journey. For
better security, they changed their names
and assumed disguises; Celia dressed
herself as a peasant-girl, and took for
the nonce the name of Aliena; Rosalind
dresséd as her brother, and called herself
Gan’ymede. They took up their quarters
in a peasant’s cottage, where they soon
encountered Orlando, and (to make a
long tale short) Celia fell in love with
Oliver, the brother, of Orlando, and
Rosalind obtained her father’s consent
to marry Orlando. (Shakespeare :*As
You Like I t.) , é

Ros‘alind, in the Shepherds’ Calendar,
is the maiden vainly beloved by Colin
Clout, as her. choice was fixed on a shep-
herd named Menaleas. (See below.)

Ros’‘alinde (3 syl.), The anagram
of ‘‘Rose Danil”’ or ‘‘ Rose Daniel,’’ with
whom Spenser was in love, but the young
lady married John Florio, lexicographer,
In the Shepherds’ Calendar Rose is called
*€ Rosalinde,’? and Spenser calls himself
** Colin Clout.’? Shakespeare introduces
John Florio in Love’s Labour's Lost,
under the imperfect anagram Holofernes
(-Hnes Floreo)..

--Ros‘aline (3 syl.). A negress of
sparkling wit and great beauty, attend-
ing on the Princess of France, and loved
by Lord Biron’, a nobleman in the suite
of Ferdinand, King of Navarre. (Shake-
speare ; Love's Lubour’s Lost.)

Ros’amond (fuir). Higden, monk
of Chester, says: ‘‘She was the fayre
daughter of Walter, Lord Clifford, con-
cubine of Henry II., and poisoned by
‘Queen Elianor, a.p. 1177. Henry made
‘for her a house of wonderfull working,
80 that no man or woman might come to
her, This house was named Labyrinthus,
and was wrought like unto a knot in a
garden called a maze, But the queen
came to her by a clue of thredde, and so
dealt with her that she lived not long
after. She was buried at Godstow, in
an house of nunnes, with these verses
upon her tombe: _

“Hic jacet in tumba Rosa mundi, non Rosa
— _munda ;
Non redolet, sed olet, quae redole’ré solet.”

_ Here Rose the graced, not Rose the chaste, re-_

fray 35, nined a F
q Tho smell that rises is no smell of roses, B.C. B,
68.

“Rosamond Clifford is introduced by
Sir Walter Scott in two of his novels—
The Talisman and Woodstock.

* Jane Clifford was her name, as books aver ;
Fair Rosamond was but het nom deguerre.”
Dryden; Epilogue to Henry IT.

Rosa’na, Daughter of the Queen of
Armenia. She aided the three sons of
St. George to quench the seven lamps of
the Knight of the Black Castle. (The
Seven Champious of Christendom, ii, 8-9.)
(See Lames.)

Ro’sary [the rose article]. A name
given to’ the bead-roll employed by
Roman Catholics for keeping count of
their repetitions of certain prayers. It
consists of three parts, each of which
contains five mysteries connected with
Christ or His virgin mother. The entire
roll consists of 150 Ave Marias, 15 Pater
Nosters, and 15 doxologies. * The word
is said by some to be derived from the
chaplet of beads, perfumed with roses,
given by the Virgin to St. Dominic.
(This cannot be correct, as it was in use
A.D. 1100.) Others say the first ‘chaplet
of the kind was made of rosewood ;
others, again, maintain that it takes its
name from the ‘‘ Mystical. Rose,”’ one of
the titles of the Virgin... The set is some-
times called ‘‘fifteens,” from its con-
taining 15 ‘‘doxologies,” 15 ‘Our
Fathers,’’ and 10 times 15 or 150 ‘ Hail
Marys.” (Latin, rosdriwm.)

*” The “ Devotion of the Rosary " takes different
forms :—(1) the Greater Rosary, or recitation of the
whole fifteen mysteries ; (2) the Lesser Rosary, or
recitation of one of the mysteries ; and (8) the
Living Rosary, or the recitation of the fifteen
yy states by fifteen different persons in combina-

on.

In regard to the “rosewood,” this etymalogy is
extremely doubtful, The beads are now made of
berries, wood, stone, ivory, metal, etc,, sometimes
of considerable value,

Ros‘ciad. A satire’ published by
Charles Churchill in 1761; it canvasses
the faults and merits of the metropolitan

actors.

Ros‘cius. A first-rate actor; so
called from the Roman Ros¢jus, un-
rivalled for his grace of action; melody
of voice, conception of character, and
delivery, He was paid thirty pounds a
day for acting ; Pliny says four thousand
a year, and Cicero says five thousand. _~
“ What scene of death hath Roscius now to act ?”

Shakespeare; 3 Henry VI, v. 6,

Another Roscius. So Camden terms
Richard Burbage (1566-1619), »

The British Roscius, Thomas Better-
ton, of whom Cibber says, ‘‘ He alone

_was born to speak what only Shakespeare

knew to write.’? (1635-1710.) —
David Garrick (1716-1779). ©

Rose

1074

Rosé

nS

_ Lhe Roscius of France: Michel Boyron,
fenerally called Baron. - A ake

. The Young Roscius. illiam Hen
West Betty, who in fifty-six nights real-
ised £34;000. (Bied 1874, aged 84.)

Rose, Sir John Mandeville says—
A Jewish maid of Bethlehem (whom
Southey names Zillah) was beloved by
one Ham'uel, a brutish sot. Zillah re-
jected his suit, and Hamuel vowed ven-

eance. He gave out that Zillah was a

emoniac, and she was condemned to be
burnt; but God averted the flames, the
stake budded, and the maid stood un-
harmed under a rose-tree full of white
and red roses, then ‘‘ first seen on earth
since Paradise was lost.’’

Rose. An emblem of England. It is
also the cognisance of the Richmonds,
hence the rose in the mouth of one of
the foxes which support the shield in the

ublic-house oatiod the Holland Arms,

ensington. The daughter of the Duke

of Richmond (Lady Caroline Lennox) ran

‘away with Mr. Henry Fox, afterwards

Baron Holland of Foxley. So the Fox
stole the Rose and ran off with it.

Rose. In the language of flowers,
different roses have a different significa-
tion. For example :—

The Burgundy Rose signifies simplicity
and beauty.

; mi China Rose, grace or. beauty ever
res

The Daily Rose, a smile.

The Dog Rose, pleasure mixed with

ain. ,
e A Faded Rose, beauty is fleeting.
_.The Japan Rose, beauty your sole
attraction.

The Moss Rose, voluptuous love,

The Musk Rose, capricious beauty.

The Provence Rose, my heart is in
flames,
, The White Rose Bud, too young to

ove.

The White Rose full of buds, secrecy.
__ A-wreath of Roses, beauty and virtue
rewarded.

The Yellow Rose, infidelity.

.. Rose. The ved rose, says Sir John
Mandeville, sprang from theextinguished
brands heaped around a virgin martyr at
Bethlehem, named Zillah. (See Rose.)

The Red Rose [of Lancaster]. (See
Roses, The Wars of the Roses.)

The Red Rose (as a peblin-house sign).
Camden says the red rose, was the ac-
cepted badge of Edmund Plantagenet,
who was the second son of Henry IIL.,
and of the first Duke of Lancaster, sur-
named Crouchbacke, It was also the

cognisance of John of Gaunt, second
Duke of Lancaster, in virtue of his wife,
who was Godetuld of Edmund Crouch-
backe, and his sole heir. (See above.)

The white rose, says Sir John Mande-
ville, sprang from the unkindled brands
heaped around the virgin martyr at
Bethlehem, (Sce RosE.)

The White Rose (as a public-house
sign) was not first adopted by the York-
ists during the contest for the crown, as
Shakespeare says. It was an hereditary
coghisance of the House of York, and
had been borne by them ever since the
title was first created. It was adopted
by the Jacobins as an emblem of the
Pretender, because ‘his adherents were
obliged to abet him sb rosa (in secret).

0 rose without a thorn. ‘There isa
crook in every lot” (Boston); ‘No joy
without alloy ;’’ ‘There is a poison-
drop in man’s purest cup;’’ ‘Every
path hath its puddle ’’ (Scotch),

French; “Tl n’y a point de roses sans
épines,’’ or ‘‘ Point de rose sans épine ; ”’
“Tl n’est si gentil mois d’Avril qui n’ait
son chapeau de grésil.”’

Italian : ‘* Non v’é rosa senza spina ;”
‘* Ogni medaglia ha il suo reverso.””

Latin: ‘Nihil est ab omni parte
beatum’’ (Horace: 2 Odes, x. 27) ;
‘* Curte nescio quid semper abest rei.’

Under the rose (sub rosa). In. strict
confidence. Cupid gave Harpoc'rates (the
god of silence) a rose, to bribe him not
to betray the amours of Venus. Hence
the flower became the emblem of silence.
It was for this reason sculptured on the
ceilings of banquet-rooms, to remind the
guests that what was spoken sub vino
was not to be uttered sub divo. In 1526
it was placed over confessionals. The
banquet-room ceiling at Haddon Hall is
decorated with roses, (French, parler
sows la rose.) ;

Rose (in Christian art). The attribute
of St. Dorothe’a, who carries roses in a
basket; of St. Casilda, St. Elizabeth of
Portugal, and St. Rose of Viterbo, who
carry roses either in their hands or caps.
St. Rosa’lia, St._An’gelus, St. Rose of
Lima, St. Ascylus, St. Victoria, etc.,
wear crowns of roses,

“Rose, elle a vecu ce que vivent les roses

L'espace d'un matin.”
aiherbe: AMme, du Perrier, sur la Moris
de sa Fille.

Like other roses, thy sweet rose survived
While shone the morning sun, then crseped
and died, E.0.B.°

Rose for Rose-noble. A gold coin
worth 6s. 8d. struck in 1344, under
Edward TIZ.; so called because it had

Rose Sunday

1075

Rosetta Stoné

a rose, the badge of the Lancastrians
and Yorkists,
“De la pistole,
De la guinée, et de l'abole,
Du louis d'or, du ducaton
De Ja rose, et du patagon.”
Jucques Moreau, in Virgils Travesti.

Rose Sunday. The fourth Sunday in
Lent, when the Pope blesses the ‘Golden
Rose,” He dips it in balsam, sprinkles
it with holy water, and incenses_it.
Strange as it may seem, Pope Julius IL.,
in 1510, and Leo X. both sent the sacred
rose to Henry VIII. In 1856 Isabella IT.
of Spain received the “ Rose;”’ and
both Charlotte, Empress of Mexico, and
Eugenie, Empress of France, were
honoured by it likewise.

The Rose Alley ambuscade. The attack
on Dryden by hired ruffians in the
employ of Rochester and the Duchess
of Portsmouth, December 18th, 1679,
This scandalous outrage was in revenge
of: 4 satire by Mulgrave, erroneously
attributed to Dryden.

Attacks of this kind were not uncom-
mon in “the age of chivalry ;’’ witness
the case of Sir John Coventry, who was
waylaid and had his nose shit by some
young men of rank for a reflection on the

ing’s theatrical amours. ‘This attack
gave rise to the ‘‘ Coventry Act” against
maiming. and preuaiing. Of,a similar
nature was the. cowardly assassination
of Mr. Mountford, in Norfolk Street,
Strand, b
Hill, for the hypothetical offence of his
admiration for Mrs, Bracegirdle.

The Rose le howe, formerly called
“The Red Cow,’’? and subsequently
““Will’s,”’ at the western corner of Bow
Street, where John Dryden presided over
the literature of the town. ‘‘ Here;’’
says Malcolm, ‘‘appeal was made to him
ye every literary dispute.”? (Spence :
necdotes, p. 263.)

This coffee-house is referred to as
‘Russell Street Coffee House,” and
‘“¢ The Wits’ Coffee-house,””

“ Will's continued to be the resort of the wits at
feast till 1710. Probably Addison established his
servant [Button] in a new house about 1712,"—
Spence; Anecdotes, p. 263.

This Button had been a servant of
the Countess of Warwick, whom Addison
married ; and Button’s became the head-
quarters of the. Whig Mterati, as Will’s
had been of the Tory.

Rose of Jericho. Also called Rosa
Mavia or Rose of the Virgin,

_ Rose of Raby (The). Cicely, the
twelfth and bine est daughter of Ralph
woe of Westmoreland, (1415-

Lord Mohun and Captain .

Roses. The Wars of the Roses. A
civil contest that lasted thirty years, in
which eighty princes of the blood, a
larger portion of the English nobility,
and some 100,000 common soldiers were
slain. It was a contest between the
Lancastrians and Yorkists, whose sup-
porters wore in their caps as badges a
red or white rose, the Jed rose (gules)
being the cognisance of the House of
Lancaster, and the White rose (argent)
being the badge of the House of York.
(1455-1488.)

Ro’semary is os-mari'nus aes
dew), and is said to be ‘‘ useful in
love-making.’? , The reason is this:
Both Venus, the love-goddess, and
Rosemary or sea-dew, were offspring
of the sea; aud as Love is Beauty’s
son, Rosemary is his nearest relative.

“ The sea his mother Venus came on ;

And hencé sume reverend men approve
Of rosemary in making love.”
Butler: Hudibras, pt. ii. c.1.

Rosemary, an emblem of remembrance.
Thus Ophelia says, ‘‘There’s rosemary,
that’s for remembrance.’’ According to
ancient tradition, this herb strengthens
the memory. As Hungary water, it was
once very extensively taken to quiet the
nerves, It was much used in weddings,
and to wear rosemary in ancient times
was as significant of a wedding as to
wear a white favour. When the Nurse
in Romeo and Juliet asks, ** Doth not
rosemary and Romeo begin both with
a [t.e. one] letter?” she refers to these
emblematical characteristics of the herb.
In the language of flowers it means
‘“ Fidelity in love.”

Rosemary Lane (London), now
called Royal Mint Street,

Rosewood. So called because when
cut it yields a perfume like that of roses,

Ro'sencran'tz and Guild’enstern.
Time-serving courtiers, willing to betray
anyone, and do any ‘‘genteel”’ dirty -
work to please a king. (Shakespeare :
Hamlet.)

Roset'ta (Africa), The orchards af
Rosetta are filled with turtle-doves.

“ Now hangs listening to the doyes
In warm Rosetta.”
T. Moore: Paradise and the Pert.

Rosetta Stone (The), A stone found
in 1799 by M. Boussard, a French officer
of engineers, in an excavation made at
Fort St. Julien, near Rosetta. Ithas an
inscription in three different languages
—the hieroglyphic, the demotic, and the
Greek. It was erected B.c. 195, in
honour of Ptolemy Epiph’anés, because

Rosicrucians

1076

Rothschild

=

he remitted the dues of the sacerdotal
body. The great value of this stone is
that it furnished the key whereby the
Egyptian hieroglyphics have been de-
ciphered,

Rosicru’cians. Not rosa crux, rose
cross, but ros crux, dew cross. Dew was
considered by the ancient chemists as
the most powerful’ solvent of gold:
and ¢ross in alchemy is the synonym of
light, because any figure of- a cross
contains the three letters L V X (light).
“Tux” is the menstruum of the red
dragon (i.e. corporeal light), and this
gross light properly digested produces
gold, and dew is the digester, Hence
the Rosicrucians are those who used dew
for digesting fux or light, with the object
of finding the philosopher’s stone,

“As for the Rosycross philosophers,

Whom you will have to be but sorcerers,

What they pretend to is no more

Than Thismegistus did before,

Pythagoras, Old Zoroaster,

And Apollonius their master.”

Butler; Hudibras, pt. ii. 3.

Ross (Celtic), A headland; as Ros-
lin, Culross, Rossberg, Montrose, Rox-
burg, Ardrossan, etc.

fioss, from the Welsh rhos (“a moor’’);
found in Welsh and Cornish names, as
Rossal, Rusholme, etc.

The Man of Ross. A name given to
John Kyrle, a native of Whitehouse, in
Gloucestershire. He resided the greater
part of his life in the village of Ross,
Herefordshire, and died 1724.

“ Who tanght.that heaven-directed spire to rise ?
“The Man of Ross,’ each lisping babe replies.”

Pope: Moral Essays.
Rosse (2 syl.). A famous sword
which the dwarf Elberich gave to Otwit,
King of Lombardy. It struck so fine a
cut that it left no “‘gap.’’ It shone like
glass, and was adorned with gold. (See
SWorD and BaLMuNG.)
“ This sword to thee I give: it is all brightof
2) Caseig
Whatever it may cleave, no gap will there
> engue.
From @imari I brought it, and Rossé is its
name ; ° .
Wherever swords are drawn, ‘twill put them all
“to shame.” The Heldenbuch.

_Ross’el. One of Reynard’s sons.

The word means ‘‘ reddish,” (Reynard
the Fox.)
Rossignol (French). Rossignol

@’ Arcadie. A donkey ; so called because
its bray is quite as remarkable as the
nightingale’s song, and Arcadia is called
the land of asses and fools. (See Fun
NIGHTINGALE.)
Ros'trum. A pulpit;
in B

: properly, the
beak of @ ship. ome, t.

© pulpit

from which orators addressed the public
was ornamented with the rastra or ship-
prows taken from the Carthaginians.

Ro’ta or Rota Men. A political club
formed in 1651 by Harrington, author of
Océana, Its objects were to introduce
rotation in office, and voting by ballot,
It met at the Turk’s Head, in New
Palace Yard, Westminster, where the
members drew up a popular form of
commonwealth, which will be found in
Harrington’s Oceana. It was called
Rota because a third part of the mem-
bers were roted out by ballot every year,
and were not eligible for re-election for
three years.

Rota Aristote'lica (Aristotle’s
wheel), A problem in mechanics
founded on the motion of a wheel about
its axis. First noticed by Aristotle.

Rota Romana. An ecclesiastical
court composed of twelve Catholic
prelates, to adjudicate when a conflict
of rights occurs,

Rote. To learn by rote is to learn
by turning words round and round in
the memory-as a wheel. ‘Fo “learn by
heart”’ is to learn thoroughly (French,
apprendre par ceur). Shakespeare speaks
of the “‘heart of loss,’? meaning entire
loss, and to love with: ‘‘all our heart ” is
to love thoroughly. (Latin, rota, a
wheel.) :

“Take hackneyd jokes from Miller got by rote.”

Byron: English Bards, ete.

Rothschild [Red Shield]. Mayer
Amschel, in 1763, made his appearance.
in Hanover barefoot, with a sack on his
shoulders and a bundle of rags on his
back. Successful in trade, he returned
to Frankfort and set up a small shop,
over which hung the siguboard of a red
shield. As a dealer in old coins he be-
came known to William I.,- Hlector of
Hesse-Cassel, who appointed him confi-|
dential agent. The serene elector being’
rere to fly his country Mayer.
Amschel.took charge of his cash, amount-
ing to £250,000. When Napoleon was
banished to Elba, and the elector re-
turned, Amschel was dead, but his son
Auselm restored the money, an act of
noble honesty which the elector men-

| tioned at the Congress of Vienna. Hence

arose the greatness of the house, which
assumed the name of the Red Sbield. ;
In 1863 Charles rpcainad Ae millions
sterling as his personal share an l re-
tiring pension from the firm of the five

brothers, _ ab 30h 7 .

Rotten Row

1077

Rough-shod

Rotten Row. Musterrow. Camden
derives the word from. rotteran (to mus-
ter); hence rot, a file of six soldiers,
Another derivation is the Norman Jtatten
Row (roundabout way), being the way
corpses were carried to avoid the public
thoroughfares, Otherssuggest Route du
rot; and others the Anglo-Saxon rot,
pleasant, cheerful; or rotten, referrin
to the soft material with which the roa
is covered.

Rotundity of the Belt (Washington
Irving). Obesity; a large proj ecting
paunch; what Shakespeare calls a “fair
round belly with good capon lined.” (4s
You Like Jt, ii. 7.)

Roué. The profligate Duke of Or-
leans, Regent of, France, first used this
word in its modern sense. It was his
ambition to collect round him companions
as‘worthless as himself, and he used
facetiously to boast that there was not
one of them who did not deserve to be
broken on the whee/—that being the most
ordinary punishment for malefactors at
the time; hence these profligates went
by the name of Orleans’ roués or wheels.
The most notorious roués were the Dukes
of Richelieu, Broglie, Biron,:and Brancas,
together with Canillac and Nocé: in
England, the Dukes of Rochester and
Buckingham.
A notorious roue. A libertine.

Rouen. Aller d Rouen. To go to
ruin. The French are full of these puns,
and our merry forefathers*indulged in
them also.

(1) Il a fait son cours d Asniéres. He
knows nothing ; he graduated at Dunse
[Dunce] College. ‘ ;

(2) Aller a Cachan, To give leg-bail,
or “se cacher”” [de ses créanciers]; to go
to Hyde [Hide] Park.

(3), Aller &° Dowrdam. To go to be
whipped (douder, étre battu); to be on
the road to Flogny.

(4) Vous étes de Lagny, vous n’ avez pas
héte. I see you are a man of Laggon,
Don’t hurry yourself, Mr. Slowcoach,

(5) Il est de Lunel, Il a une chambre a
Lunel, Il est des Luniers @ Orléans, or It
est Logéa la Lune, He isa lunatic. _

(6) Envoyer & Mortaigne, Tobeslain,
or sent to Deadham. :

(7) Aller @ Patras. To die; to be
gathered to one’s fathers (ad pates).

~~ (8) Aller a Versailies. Tobe going to

the bad. Here the pun is between Ver-
sa-illes and renverser. This wretched
pun is about equal to such a phrase as
**Gaing to Downham.”

The Bloody Feast of Rowen (1356).
Charles the ana gave a banquet to
his private friends at Rouen, to which
his brother-in-law Charles the Bad was
invited. While the guests were at table
King Jean entered the room with a
numerous escort, exclaiming, ‘ Traitor,
thou art not worthy to sit at table with
my son!” Then, turning to his guards,
he added, ‘‘Take him hence! By holy
Paul, I will neither eat nor drink till his
head be brought me !’’ Then, seizing an
iron mace from one of the men-at-arms,
he struck another of the guests between
the shoulders, exclaiming, ‘‘ Out, proud
traitor ! by the soul of my father, thou
shalt not live!’’ Four of the guests
were beheaded on the spot.

Rouge (A), i.e. a red cap, a red re-
publican, a democrat.

“She had all the furious prejudices and all the
instinctive truths in her of an uncompromising
Rouge.”—Ouida: Under Two Flags, chap, xxxiv.

Rouge Croix. One of the pursui-
vants of the heraldic establishment. So
called from the red cross of St. George,
the patron saint of England.

Rouge Dragon. The. pursuivant
founded by Henry VII:; it was the
ensign of Cadwaladyr, the last king of
the Britons, an ancestor of Henry
Tudor.

Rouge et Noir (French, ved avd
black). A game of chance; so called
because of the red and black diamonds
marked on the board. The dealer deals
out to noir first till the sum of the pips
exceeds thirty, then to rouge in the same
manner. That packet which comes
nearest to thirty-one is the winner of the
stakes,

Rough-hewn. Shaped in the rough,
not finished, unpolished, ill-mannered,
raw; as a ‘‘rough-hewn seaman’’
(Bacon); a “frough-hewn discourse ’’
(Howel),

Rough Music, called in Somersetshire
skimmity-ridimg, and by the Basques:
toberac, A ceremony which takes place
after sunset, when the performers, to
show their indignation against some man
or woman who has outraged propriety,
assemble before the house, and make an
appalling din with bells, horns, tin pans,
and other noisy instruments. . }

Rough-shod. Ridiny rouyh-shod over
one. Treating one without the least
consideration. The allusion is to riding .

a. horse rough-shod, ik

Rough and Ready

peer

Rough and Ready. Said to be de-
rived from Colonel Rough, who was in
the battle of Waterloo. The story says
that the Duke of Wellington used to
say ‘‘ Rough and ready, colonel,” and
the family adopted the words as their
motto.

Rough and Ready. So General
Zachary Taylor, twelfth president of the
United States, was called. (1786-1853.)

Roughs (Zhe). The coarse, ill-be-
haved rabble, without any of the polish
of good breeding.

Roun’cival. Large, of gigantic size.
Certain large bones of antediluvian ani-
mals were at one time said to be the
bones of the heroes who fell with Roland
in Roncesvalles. ‘+ Rounceval peas”’ are
those large peas called ‘‘ marrowfats,”’
and a very large woman is called a
rouncival,

“ Hereof, I take it, it comes that seeing f great
woman, we say she i8 a rowncival.”—Mandeville.

Round. A watchman’s beat. He
starts from one point, and comes round
again to the same place.

To walk the Round. The lawyers used
frequently to give interviews to their
clientsin the Round church ; and ‘‘ walk-
ing the Round” meant loitering about
the Round church, under the hope of
being hired for a witness.

Round (Zo). To whisper. (Anglo-
Saxon, runian; German, raunen, to
whisper.) (See ROUNDED.)

That lesson which I will round you in
the car—which I will whisper in your
ear. (Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress.)

“Prance .. . rounded in the ear with [by]...
cominodity [self-interest] bath resolved to [on] a
a base . peace.”—Shakespeare: King John,

“ And ner the feend he drongh as nought ne were,
Ful privély, and rounéd in his eere,
*Herké, my brother, herké, by.thi faith . .
Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 7132.
Round Dealing. Honest, straight-
forward dealing, without pra off
into underhand tricks, or deviating from
the straight path into the by-ways of
finesse.

“ Round dealing is the honour of man’s natnre.”
—Bacon.

Round Numbers (Jn). In whole
numbers, without regarding the frac-
tions. Thus we say the population of
the British Isles is forty millions in
round numbers, and that of London four
millions (1895). The idea is that what
is round is whole or perfect, and, of
course, fractions, being broken numbers,
cannot belong thereto,

1078

Round Table ie

Round Peg. Round in the
sqteare hole, and square peg in the round
hole. The wrong man in the wro
place; especially applied to governmen’
officials. The expression was used in
1855, by Mr. Layard, speaking of the
‘¢ Administration Reform Association.”
The allusion is to such games as crib-
bage, German tactics, etc.

In 1804, Sydney Smith, in his Moral Philosophy,
said: “ You choose to represent the various parts
in life by holes upon a table... . We shall gener-
ally find that the triangular person bas got into
the square hole, the oblong into the triangular
hole. and the round person has squeezed himself
into the square hole.”

Round Robin. A petition or protest
signed in such a way that no name
heads the list. Of course, the signatures
are placed.in a circular form, The
device is French, and the term is a cor-
ruption of rond (round) reban (a ribbon).
It was first adopted by the officers of
ae as a means of making known

eir grievances.

Round Sum. A good round sun.
A large sum of money. Shakespeare
says the Justice has a ‘‘ big round belly,
with good capon lined; ”” and the notion
of puffed out or bloated is evidently the
idea of Shylock when he says to Bas-
sa’'nio, **’Tis a good round sum.”

Round Table. Made by Merlin at
Carduel for Uter Pendragon. Uter gave
it to King Leodegraunce, of Camelyard,
and King Leodegraunce gave it to
Arthur when the latter married Guin-
ever, his daughter. It seated 150
knights, and a place was left in it for
the San Graal.

What is usually meant by Arthur's
Round Table is a smaller one for the
accommodation of twelve favourite
knights. Henry VIII. showed Fran-
cois I. the table at Winchester, which
he said was the one used by the British
king.

The Round Table, suys Dr. Percy, was
not peculiar to the reign of King
Arthur, but was common in all the ages
of chivalry. Thus the King of Ireland,
father of the fair Christabelle, says iu
the ballad—

“ Is there never a knighte of my tound tabdlé

This matter will undergo?” Sir Cautine.

Round Table. In the eighth year of
Edward L, Roasy de Mortimer estab-
lished a Round Table at Kenilworth
for ‘the enooureg Pri of military.
pectin At this foundation 100

ights and as many ladies were enter~
tained at the founder's expense, About

Round Table

1079

Rout

seventy + Sopa later, Edward ITI. erected

a splendid table at Windsor. It was
200 feet in diameter, and the expense
of entertaining the knights thereof
amounted to £100 a week,

A round table. A tournament. ‘‘So
called by reason that the place wherein
they practised those feats was environed
with a strong wall made in a round
form ” (Dugdale). We still talk of tabie-
land,

Holding a round table. Proclaiming or
holding a grand tournament, Matthew
of Paris frequently calls justs and tour-
naments Hastilu'dia Mense Rotunde
(lance games of the Round Table).

Knights of the Round Table, There
were 150 knights who had “sieges”? at
the table. King Leodegraunce brought
over 100 when, at the wedding of his
daughter Guinever, he gare the table to
King Arthur; Merlin filled up twenty-
eight of the vacant seats, and the king
elected Gawaine and Tor; the remaining
twenty were left for those who might
prove worthy. (History of Prince
Arthur, 45, 46.)

Knights of the Round Table, The
most celebrated are Sirs Acolon,* Ag’-
ravain, Am’oral of Wales, Ball’amore,*
Benier, Beaumans,* Beleo’bus,* Bevi-
dere, Belvour,* Bersunt,* Bliom’beris,
Borro or Bors * (Arthur's natural son),
Brandiles, Brunor, Caradoc the Chaste
(the only knight who could quaff the

olden cup), Col’grevance, Din‘adam,

riam, Dodynas the Savage, Eric,
Floll,* Galahad or Galaad'the Modest,*
Gareth,* Gaheris,* Galohalt,* Gawain
or Gauwin the Gentle * (Arthur’s
nephew), Grislet,* Hector of Mares (1
syl.) or Ector of Marys,* Iwein or

waine * (also written Yvain), Kay,*
Ladynas, Lamereck or Lamerock,*
Lancelot or Launcelot du Lac* (the
seducer of Arthur’s wife), Lanval of the
Fairy Lance, Lavain, Lionell,* Lucan,
Marhaus,* Melia’dus, Mordred the
Traitor (Arthur’s nephew), Morolt or
Morhault of the Iron Mace, Pag’inet,*
Palamede or Palame’dés,* Phar’amond.
Pell'eas,* Pell’inore, Persuant of Inde
(meaning of the indigo or blue armour),
Per'civall,* Peredur, Ryence, Sag'ra-
mour le Desirus, Sa’gris,* Super’bilis,*
Tor o Torres * (reputed son of Ariés
the cowherd), Tristram o7 Tristran
the Love-lorn,* Tur’quine,* Wig‘alois,
‘Wig’amor, Ywain (see Iwein).

_% The thirty marked with a star (*)
are seated with Prince Arthur at

_ Round Table, in the frontispiece of the.

Famous History of the Renowned Prince
Arthur.

“ There Galaad sat with manly grace,
Yet maiden meekness in bis face ;
There Morolt of the iron mace,

And love-lorn Tristrem there;
And Dinadam with lively glance,
And Lanval with the fairy. lance,
And Mordred with his looks askance,

Brunor and Bevidere,

Why should I tell of numbers more ?
Sir Cay, Sir Banier, and Sir Bore,

Sir Caradoc the keen,

The gentle Gawain's courteous lore,
Hector de Mares, and Pellinore,
And Lancelot, that evermore

Looked stol’n-wise on the queen.”

Sir Walter Scott; Bridal of Triermain, ii. 13,

Knights of the Round Table, Their
chief exploits occurred in quest of the
San Graal or Holy Cup, brought to
Britain by Joseph of Arimathe’a.

Harcourt’s Round Table, (See Har-
COURT’S.. .)

Round as a Ball; ., . as an apple,
as an orange, eto,

Roundabout (.4),

“ His desire of his companion s Pict’s camp, or
Roundabout,”— Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary,

chap. i,
Puritans; so called

A Pict’s camp,

Roundheads,
because they wore their hair short, while
the Royalists wore long hair covering
theirshoulders. 7% ©

“ And ere their butter ‘gan to coddle,

A bullet churnd i’ th’ Roundhead’s noddle,”
Men Miracles, p, 43 (1656),

Roundle, in heraldry, is a charge of
a round or circular form. They are of
eight sorts, distinguished by their tinc-
tures: (1) a Bezant, tincture ‘' or ;’’ (2)
a Plate, tincture ‘‘argent;” (3) a Tore
teau, tincture ‘‘gules;’’ (4) a Hurt,
tincture ‘‘ azure ;’’ (5)an Ogress or Pellet,
tincture ‘‘ sable ;’’ (6) a Goftpe, tincture
““purpure ;’’ (7) a Guze, tincture ‘ san-
i Ne (8) an Orange,| tincture

Rounfi, So the Britons called ogres,
and the servants or attendants of the
ogres they called Grewnds,

Rouse (4). A contraction of ca-
rousal, a drinking bout, (Swedish,
rus; Norwegian, rus, drunkenness ;
Dutch, roes, a bumper.) Rouse (1 syl.),
“The king doth wake to-night, and takes his

rouse, Shakespeare: Hamlet, |, 4,

Rou'sing. A rousing good fire.
Rousing means large, great; hence a
try falsehood (mendacium magnifi-
cum),

Rout (4). A large evening party
Welsh, rhawter, a crowd.) (See DRUM,

UBBICANE, eto.)

Routiers

1080

Royal Titles

nee eaten iii ial) uaa

Rou'tiers. Adventurers who made
war a trade and let themselves out to
anyone who would pay them. — So called
because they were always on the rowte
or moving from place to place. (Twelfth
century.)

Rove (1 syl.). To shoot with roving
arrows—i.¢é. arrows shot at a roving
mark, either in height or distance.

To shoot at rovers. ‘To shoot at certain
marks of the target so called; to shoot
at random without any distinct aim.

“ Unbelieyers are said by Clobery to ‘shoot at
rovers. ’"—Divine Glimpses, p. 4 (1659). -

Running at rovers. Running wild;
being without restraint.

Row (rhyme with vow). A tumult.
It used to be written rowe, and referred
to the night encounters of the roués or
profligate bon-vivants whose glory it
was to attack the ‘‘Charleys”” and dis-
turb the peace. (See RovE.)

Row. (rhyme with low). The Row
means ‘‘ Paternoster Row,’’ famous for
publishing firms and wholesale book-
sellers, or Rotten Row (9.v.). (Anglo-
Saxon, raw, a line.)

Rowdy (rhyme with cloudy), A
ruffian brawler, a ‘‘rough,”’ a riotous or
turbulent fellow, whose delight is to
make a row or disturbance.

Rowe’na. A Saxon princess, and
pride of Ivanhoe. (Sir Walter Scott :
Ivanhoe.)

Rowland. (Sce ROLAND.)

Childe Rowland. Youngest brother
of the ‘‘fair burd Helen.”? Guided by
Merlin, he undertook to bring back his
sister from Elf-land, whither the fairies
had carried her, and succeeded in his
perilous exploit. (Ancient Scotch ballad.)

“ Childe Rowland to the dark tower came ;

His word was still ‘ Fie, foh, and fum,

I smell the blood of a Britishman.’”

Shakespeare: King Lear, iii. 4.

Rowley (Thomas). The fictitious

pacet of Bristol, said by Chatterton to
ave been the author of certain poems,
which he (Chatterton) published.

_ Rowned in the Ear, Whispered
in the ear, The old word rown, rowned
(to whisper, to talk in private). Polonius
says to the king in Famlet—* Let his
ueen-mother all alone entreat him to
show his grief—let her be rowned with
him;”’’ not blunt and loud, but in
private converse, (See Rouny, To.)
Roxburghe Club for printing rare
works or MSS., the copies being rigidly
confined to members of the, club, It

was called after John, Duke of Rox-
burghe, a celebrated collector of ancient
literature, who died 1812. Since the
establishment of this club, others of a
similar character have sprung up, as
(1) the Camden, Cheetham, Percy,
Shakespeare, Surtees, and Wharton, in
England; (2) the Abbotsford, Bannatyne,
Maitland, and Spalding, in Scotland:
and (8) the Celtic Society of Ireland:

Roy (Le) [or la Reine] s’avisera.
This is the royal veto, last put in force
March 11,1707, when Queen Anne refused
her assent to a Scotch Militia Bill.

During the agitation for Catholic
emancipation, George III. threatened a
veto, but the matter was not brought to
the test.

Royal Arms worn bya subject. (See
LANE.)

Royal Goats (Zhe). The Royal
Welsh Fusiliers, noted for their nauny-
goat. This gallant regiment was at
Blenheim, Oudenarde, Malplaquet, Det-
tingen, Vittoria, Alma, Inkermann, and
many another field,

Royai Merchant. In the thirteenth
century the Venetians were masters of
the sea, and some of their wealthy mer-
chants—as the Sanu'dos, the Justinia‘ni,
the Grimal’di, and others—erected prin-
cipalities in divers places of the Archi-
pelago, which their descendants enjoyed
for many centuries. ‘These self-created
princes were called ‘‘royal merchants.”
( Warburton.)

“ Glancing an eye of pity on his losses,

That have of late so huddled on his back,
Enough to press a royal merchant down.”
‘Shakespeare: Merchant of Venice, tv. 1.

* Sir Thomas Gresham was called a

‘*yoyal merchant,”

Royal Road to Learning. Euclid,
having opened a school of mathematics
at Alexandria, was asked by King
Ptolemy whether he could not explain
his art to him in a more’ compendious
manner. ‘‘ Sire,’ said the geometrician,
“ there is tio royal road to learning.”

Royal Titles. (1) Of England— .
Henry IV. was styled His Grace; Henry
VI., His Excellent Grace ; Edward IV.,
High and Mighty Prince ; Henry VIl.,
His Grace and His Majesty; Henry VIII., .
His Highness, then His Majesty. Sub-_
sequently kings were styl 1s Sacred
Majesty. Our present style is Her Jost
Gracious Majesty. ' ?
(2) Royal titles, their meaning : Abime-
lech (Father King), Autocrat self-poten-— 5
tate, i.e, absolute). Cesar (in compliment

Royston

to Julius Cesar). Calif (successor), Cham
(chieftain). Czar (autocrat, a contraction
of Samodersheta), Darius (holder of
the empire). Duke (leader). Emperor
(commander). Hospodar (Slavonic, master
of the poe. aiser (Cesar), Khan
(provincial chief), Khedive on HK
ing (father), Landgrave (land reeve
Maharajah (great sovereign). Margrave
(border veeve), Nejus (lord protector).
Nizam (ruler), Pharaoh (light of the
world), Queen (mother). Rajah (prince
or sovereign), Shah or Padishah Aiea
tector, sceptred protector), Sheik (elder).
Sultan (reer).

Royston (Herts) means king’s town ;
so called in honour of King Stephen, who
erected a cross there. (French, 7ov.)

A Royston horse and Cambridge Master
of Arts will give way tono one, A Cam-
bridgeshire proverb, Royston was a
village famous for malt, which was sent
to London on horseback. These heavy-
laden beasts never moved out of the
way. The Masters of Arts, being the
great dons of Cambridge, had the wall
conceded to them by the inhabitants out
of courtesy,

Rozinante (4 Bhs A wretched jade
of ariding-horse. Don Quixote’s horse
was so called, (Spanish, rocin-ante, a
hack before.)

“Tt is the only time he will sit behind the
wretched Rosinante, and it would be Quixotic of
him to expect speed,”—London Review,

(See Horsx, )

Ruach. The Isle of Winds, visited
by Pantag’ruel and his fleet on their
way to the Oracle of the Holy Bottle, is
the isle of windy hopes and unmeaning
flattery. The le of this island live
on nothing but wind, eat nothing but
wind, and drink nothing but wind. They
have no other houses but weathercocks,
seeing everyone is obliged to shift his
way of life to the ever-changing caprice
of court fashion ; and they sow no other
seeds but the wind-flowers of promise
and flattery. The common people get
only a fan-puff of food very occasionally,
but the richer sort banquet daily on huge
mill-draughts of the same unsubstantial
stuff. (Rabelais ; Pantag'ruel, iv. 43.)

Rub. An impediment. The expres-
sion is taken from bowls, where ‘‘rub”?
means that something hinders the free
movement of your bowl.
“ Without rub or interruption.”"—Swift. .

o
wiehont fe rabeesscn ie, ieee an

Rubber of Whist (4

cards called ‘“ whist,”

ere e of
“Rubber” is

1081

Rubric

transferred from bowls, in which the
collision of two balls is a rubber, be-
cause they rub against each other,

Rubens’ Women, The portrait of
Helena Forman or Fourment, his second
wife, married at the age of 16, introduced
in several of his historical paintings ; but
the woman in Mubens and His Wife,
in the Munich gallery, is meant for
Isabella Brandt, of Antwerp, his first
wife,

Rubi. One of the Cherubim or
“ Spirits of Knowledge,’? who was pre-
sent when Eve walked in Paradise. He
felt the most intense interest in her,
and longed, as the race increased, to find
one of her daughters whom he could
love. He fixed upon Lir‘iis, young and
proud, who thirsted for knowledge, and
cared not what price she paid to obtain
it. After some months had elapsed,
Liris asked her angel lover to let her see
him in his full Blory so Rubi showed
himself to her in all his splendour, and
she embraced him. Instantly Liris was
burnt to ashes by the radiant light, and
the kiss she gave on the angel’s forehead
became’a brand, which shot agony into
his brain. That brand was “left for ever
on his brow,’ and that agony knew no
abatement. (Zhomas Moore; Loves of
the Angels, story ii,)

Ru'bicon. Zo pass the Rubicon. To
adopt some measure from which it is
not possible to recede; Thus, when the
Austrians, in 1859, passed the Tici’no,
the act was a declaration of war against
Sardinia ; and in 1866, when the Italians
passed the Adige, it was a declaration of
war against Austria. The Rubicon was
a small river separating ancient Italy
from Cisalpine Gaul (the rovinee al-
lotted to Julius Cmsar). hen Cesar
crossed this stream he passed beyond the
limits of his own province and became
an invader of Italy.

Rubo'nax, Sir Philip Sidney says,
Rubonax ‘' was driven by a poet’s verses
to hang himself.’’ (Defence of Poesie.)

Rubric (from the Latin rudrica, “red
ochre,’ or ‘ vermilion’’), An ordin-
ance or law was by the Romans called
arubric, because it was written with ver-
milion, in contradistinction to pretorian
edicts or rules of the court, which were
posted on a white ground. (Juvenal,
xiv. 192.)

“\Rubrica vetavit" = the law has forbidden it,
(Persius, Vv, 99.)

“Pretdres edicta sua in albo proponebant, ac
rubricas [i.e jus civile) tranelalgrunt.’—Quintt-
tian, xil, 8,11, m L

Ruby

1082

Rue

“Rules and orders directing’ how, when, and
where all things in divine service are to be per-
formed were formerly printed in red characters
(now generally in italics), and called rubrics.”—
Hook: Church Dictionary,

Ru'by. The King of Ceylon has the
finest ruby ever seen. ‘“‘It is a span
long, as thick as a man’s arm, and with-
out a flaw.” Kublai-Khan offered the
value of a city for it, but the king
answered that he would not part with it
if al] the treasures of the world were laid
at his feet. (M€arco Polo.)

‘Ruby (The). The ancients considered
the ruby to be an antidote of poison,
to preserve persons from plague, to
banish grief, to repress the ill effects of
luxuries, and to divert the mind from
evil thoughts,

Ruby (Zhe Perfect).
her’s stone,
UN.)

Ruchiiel. Godoftheair. (Hebrew,
ruch, air; el, god.) (Jewish mythology.)

Rudder. Who won’t be ruled by the
rudder must be ruled by the rock. Who
won’t listen to reason must bear the
consequences, like a ship that runs upon
a rock if it will not answer the helm,

Ruddock. The redbreast, ‘sacred
to the household gods,”? The legend
says if a redbreast finds a dead body in
the woods it will ‘‘ cover it with moss.”’
Drayton alludes to this tradition—

“ Covering with moss the dead’s unclosed eye,

The little yedbreast teacheth charitie.”
The Owl.
Shakespeare makes Arvir’/agus say over
Imogen— ~

‘The vhiloso-
(See FLOWER OY THE

“Thou shalt not lack
The flower that’s like thy face, pale primrose ; nor
The azured harebell . . . the ruddock would
With charitable bill . .. bring theeall these.”
Cymbeline, iv. 2.
So also in the folk tale of The Babes in

the Wood—
_“The Robins so red
Fresh strawberry-leaves did over them spread.”

Ruddy-mane on erie ae . The
infant son of Sir Mordant: so called be-
cause his hand was red with his mother’s
blood. She had stabbed herself because
her husband had been paralysed by a.
draught from an Derkamtl stream..
(Spenser: Faerie Queene, bk. ii. 1, 3.)

Rudge (Barnaby). <A half-witted

lad, who had for his companion a raven,
(Dickens : Barnaby Rudge.)

Rudiger (3 syl.). Margrave of
Bechelar’en, a wealthy Hun, liegeman of
King Etzel. In the tbelungen- Lied he

is represented as a most noble character.
He was sent to Burgundy by King Etzel,
to conduct Kriemhild to Hungary if she
would consent to marry the Hunnish
king. When Gunther and his suite went
to pay a visit to Kriemhild, he enter-
tained them all most hospitably, and
gave his daughter in marriage to Kriem-
hild’s youngest brother, Gis‘elher; and
when the broil broke out in the dining-
hall of King Etzel, and Rudiger was
compelled to take part against the .Bur-
gundians, he fought with Kriemhild’s
second brother, Gernot. Rudiger struck
Gernot ‘‘ through his helmet,’’ and the
prince struck the margrave ‘ through
shield and morion,’”’ and ‘‘down dead
dropped both together, each by the other
slain.’ —Nibelungen- Lied,

Rudol'phine Tables (Zhe). Tabule
Rudolphine, 1627. Astronomical calcu-
lations begun by Tycho Brahé, and con-
tinued by Kepler, under the immediate
patronage of Kaiser Rudolph IL, after
whom Kepler named the work.

Rudolph gave Tycho Brahéan annuity of £1,500
sterling. George III. gave Herschel an annuity
of £200,

Rudolstadt (La Comtesse de), or
‘¢ Consuelo,”? who marries the Count of
Rudolstadt. (Romance by George Sand :
Madame Dudevant,) (See CONSUELO.)

Rudra. Father of the tem: st-gods.

| The word means ‘run about cryig,

and the legend says that the boy rau
about weeping because he had no name,
whereupon Brahma said, ‘‘ Let thy name
be Rud-dra.”? (Sanskrit, rud, weep;
dra, rtin.) (Vedic mythology.)

Rue, to grieve for something done,
to repent, is the Anglo-Saxon reow, con-
trition; German, reve. Rue (1 syl.)

Rue, called ‘‘ herb of grace,”’ because
it was employed for sprinkling holy
water. Without doubt it was so used
symbolically, because to rwe means to
be sorry, and ee brings the water
of ce with it. (Latin, ruta, from
the Greek rhwo, so called because it sets

_ persons’ free from disease and death.)

(See DifFERENCE.) Ophelia says— _—
“There’s rue for you, and here's some for me!
we may call it ‘herb of grace’ o’ Sundays,.”—
Shakespeare ; Hamlet, iv. 5. :
Rue. A slip of land (free of all mano-
rial charges and claims) encompassing or
bounding manorial land. It certainly is
not derived from the French rwve, a street,
nor is it a corruption of row. (See
REWE.)

aes

Ruftfe

1083

Rump-fed

Rewe is a roll or slip, hence Ragman’s
rewe or roll (¢.v.). ~

“ There is a whole world of curious history con-
tained in the phrase Ragman’s rewe, meaning a
roll. In Piers Plowman’s Vision, the pope's bull
is called a rewe,.”—Edinburgh Review, July, 1870.

Ruffe (1 syl.). A game at cards, now
called slamm; also playing a trump,
when one cannot follow suit.

“A swaggerer is one that plays at ruffre, from

whence he took the denomination of ruffyn.”—J.
H. (Gent.) Satirical Epigrams, 1619.

Ruffian Hall. That part of West
Smithfield which is now the horse-
maxket, where ‘‘tryals of skill were plaid
by o¥dinary ruffianly people with sword
and buckler.”? (Blount, p. 562.)

Rufus (The Red). William Il. of
England. (1056, 1087-1100.)

Otho II. of Germany ; also called The
Bloody. (955, 973-983.)

Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester,
son-in-law of Edward I. (Slain 1313.)

Ruggiero. (See RoGERO.)

Rukenaw (Dame). The one's wife
in the tale of Reynard the Hor, The
sword means noisy insolence,

Rule (St.) or St. Reg’ulus, 2 monk
of Patre in Achaia, is the real saint of
Scotland. He was the first to colonise
its metropolitarrsee, and to convert the
inhabitants (370). The name Killrule
(Cella Reg’ uli) perpetuates this fact, St.
Andrew superseded the Achzan.:

“ But [have solemn vows to pay...
To far St. Andrew’s bound,
Within the ocean-cave to pray,
Where good St, Rule his holy lay

Sung to the billow's sound.”
4 _ Bix Walter Scott: Marmion, i. 20. |

Rule, Britannia. Words by Thom-
gon, author of The Seasons ; music by
Dr. Arne. It first appeared in a masque
entitled Alfred, in which the name of
David Mallett is associated with that of
James Thomson, and some think he was
the real author of this ‘‘political hymn,”
(August 1, 1740.)

Rule Nisi. A ‘‘rule”’’ is an order
from one of the superior courts, and a
“‘rule nisi’? is such an order ‘‘to show
cause.’? That is, the rule is to be held

‘ubsolute unless the party to whom it

applies can “show cause”’ why it should
not beso,
Rule of Thumb pile). _ A rough
ess-work measure. Measuring lengt
by the thumb. In some places the heat
required in brewing is determined by
flipping the thumb into the vat.

Rule of thumb. In the legend of
Knockmany Fin, Mr, Coul says :—

«That baste Cucullin [is coming], ... for my
thumb tells me so.’ To which his wife replies:
‘ Well, my Cully, don’t be cast down... . Maybe
I'll bring you better out of this scrape than ever

referring to the pricking of the thumb].’"—W. B,
Treats: Fairy Tales of the Irish Peasantry, p. 270.
Again, p. 274, Fin knew by the “pricking of his
thumb” that the giant Cucullin would arrive at
two o'clock. In these cases the “rule of thumb"
refers to the prognostics ef the thumh, referred
to by the witches of Macbeth. .“ By the pricking
af my thumhs, something evil this way comes,”

Rule of the Road (7Z/e).

© The rule of the road’s an anomaly quite,
In riding or driving along:
If you go to the left you are sure to go right,
If you go to the right you go wrong.”

It is not so in France.

Rule the Roost (Zo). The cock
rules which of the hens is to have the
honour of roosting nearest him, (See
under Roast.)

“Geate you nowe up into your pulpittes like
bragginge cocks on the rowst, flappe your winges
and crowe out aloude,”—Jewell.

. bet could bring yourself by your rule of thumb

Rum. Queer, quaint, old-fashioned.
This word was first applied to Roman
Catholic priests, and subsequently to
other clergymen. Thus Swift speaks of
‘‘a rabble of tenants and rusty dull
rums” (country parsons)’ As these
‘rusty dull rums’’ were old-fashioned
and quaint, a ‘“‘rum fellow’’ came to
signify one as odd as a ‘rusty dull
rum.’

*? Professor De Morgan thought that
the most probable derivation was from
booksellers trading with the West Indies.
It is said that in the eighteenth century
they bartered books for rum, but set
aside chiefly such books as would not sell
in England.

Ru'minate (3 syl.). To think, to
meditate upon some subject; properly,
‘to chew the cud”’ (Latin, ru’mino),

eae. chew the cud’of sweet and bitter fancy."—-
rv i.
“On a flowery bank he chews the cud.”—Dryden..

Rumolt. Gunther’s chief cook.
“ Sore toiled the chief cook, Rumolt; ah ! how his
orders ran
Among his understrappers! how many a pot
and pan, 4
How many-a mighty cauldron rattled and rang
ngain }.
They dressed a world of dishes for the expected
rain. ‘
Letisom's Nibeltungen-Lied, stanza 800.

Rump-fed, that is, fed on scraps

such as liver, kidneys, chitlings, an

other kitchen perquisites.

“araint thee, witch! the rump-fed ronyon
-cries,.” Shakespeare: Macbeth, i.3,

t 3 A ronyou or ronian is a kitchen.

Rump Parliament

1084

Running Footman

wench fed on scraps (French, rognon,
a kidney).

Rump Parliament. Oliver Crom-
well (1648) sent two regiments to the
House of Commons to coerce the mem-
bers to condemn Charles I. Forty-one
were seized and imprisoned in a lower
room of the House, 160 were ordered to
go home, and the sixty favourable to
Cromwell were allowed toremain. These
sixty were merely the fag-end or rump
of the whole House. (See PRIDE’S
PURGE.)

The name was revived again in the
protectorate of Richard Cromwell. Sub-
sequently the former was called The
Bloody Lump, and the latter The Rump

of a Lump,
pf “The few,

Because they're wasted to the stumps,
Are represented best by rumps,”
Butler: Hudibras, pt. iti. 2.

Bampelstilzehen|Lvyolei
skin]. A passionate. little deformed
~ dwarf. A miller’s daughter was en-
joined by a king to spin straw into gold,
and the dwarf did it for her, on con-
dition that she would give him her first
child, The maiden married the king,
and grieved so bitterly when her first
child was born that the dwarf promised
to relent if within three days she could
find out his name. Two days were spent
in vain guesses, but the third day one
of the queen’s servants heard a strange
voice singing—

“« Little dreams my dainty dame
Rumpelstilzchen is my name.”

The queen, being told thereof, saved her
child, and the dwarf killed himself with
rage. (German Popular Stories.)

Rumping Dozen. A corruption of
Rump: and Dozen, meaning a rump of
beef and a dozen of claret; or a rump
steak and dozen oysters.

Run. A long run, a short run. We
say of a drama, “It had a long run,”’
meaning it attracted the people to the
house, and was represented over and
over again for many nights. The allu-
sion is to a runner who continues his
race for a long way. The drama ran
on nicht after night without change.

In the long run,
This allusion is to race-running: one
may get the start for a time, but in the
long run, or entire race, the result may
be different. The hare got the start,
but in the long run the patient per-
severance of the tortoise won the race.

To go with arun. Aseaman’s phrase.
A rope goes with a run when it is let

In the final result.

go entirely, instead of being slackened
gradually.

Run Amuck. - (See AMUCK.)

“Tt was like a Malay running amuck, only with

a more deadly weapon,”"—The Times.

“ Frontless ané satire-proof he scours the streets,
And runs an Indian-muck at all he meets.”
Dryden: The Hind and the Panther.

Run a Rig (Zo). To play a trick,
to suffer a sportive trick. Thus, John
Gilpin, when he set ont, “little thought
of running such a rig’’ as he suffered.
Florio gives as a meaning of rig, “the
tricks of a wanton;”’ hence frolicsome
and deceptive tricks. The rig of a ship
means the way it is rigged, hence its
appearance ; and, as pirates deceive by
changing the rig of their vessel, so rig
came to mean a trick to deceive, a trick,
a frolicsome deception,

Run Riot (Zo). To run wild. A
hunting term, meaning to run at a
whole herd.

‘Run Thin (Zo). To start from a
bargain. When liquor runs thin it
indicates that the cask is nearly empty.

Run a Man Down (70). To abuse,
depreciate. A hunting term.

Run of the House (The). He has
the run of the house. Free access to it,
and free liberty to partake of whatever
comes to table. A ‘‘run of events”’
means a series of good, bad, and in-.
different, as they may chance to succeed
each other. And the “‘frun of. the
house’? means the food and domestic
arrangements as they ordinarily occur.

Runs. The tub runs—leaks, or lets
out water. In this and all similar
phrases the verb run means to “‘be in a
running state.’? Thus we have ‘the
ulcer runs,’’ ‘‘the cup runs over,” *‘ the
rivers run blood,” ‘‘ the field runs with
blood.”’

Runs may Read (He that). The
Bible quotation in Habakkuk ii. 2 is,
“Write the vision, and make it plain,
that he may run that readeth it.”
Cowper says—

“ But truths, on which depends our main cons

shine by the side of every path we tread
With such a lustre, he that runs may read.”
. Tirocinium.
. Running: Quite out of the running.
Quite out of court, not worthy of con-
sideration. A horse which has been
‘scratched? is quite out of
ning, (SeeScRATCHED.) =

Running Footman. ‘The last of

these menials died out with the infamous
Duke of Queensberry. In the early part

the run- —

Running Leather

of the eighteenth century no great house
was complete without some half-dozen
of them. Their duty was to run before
and alongside the fat Flemish mares of
the period, and advise the innkeeper of
the coming guests, The pole which
they carried was to help the cumbrous
coach of their master out of the nu-
merous sloughs on the northern and
western high-roads. (See Bow SrREet
RUNNERS, ESTAFETTE.)

Running Leather.
made of running leather.

His shoes are
He is given to

roving. Probably the pun is between
roar and run,
Running Thursday. In the be-

ginning of the reign of William III. a
rumour ran that the French and Irish
Papists had landed; a terrible panic
ensued, and the people betook them-
selves to the country, running for their
lives. Joseph Perry says: ‘“‘I was dis-
mally affrighted the day called Running
Thursday. It was that day the report
reached our town, and I expected to be
killed’? (his Life). The day in ques-
tion was Thursday, Dec. 13, 1688.

Running Water. No enchantment
can subsist in a living stream ; if, there-
fore, a person can interpose a brook
betwixt himself and the witches, sprites,
or goblins chasing him, he is in perfect
safety. Burns’ tale of Zam o’Shanter
turns upon this superstition.

Running the Hood. It is said that
an old lady was passing over Haxey Hill,
when the wind blew away her hood,
Some boys a tossing it from one to
the other, and the old lady so enjoyed
the fun that she bequeathed thirteen
acrés of land, that thirteen candidates
might be induced to renew the sport on
the 6th of every January,

Runcible Spoon (4). A horn spoon
with a bowl at each end, one the size of
a table-spoon and the other the size of a
tea-spoon. There is a joint midway
between the two bowls by which the
bowls can be folded over

Runes. The earliest alphabet in use
among the Gothic) tribes of Northern
Europe. The characters were employed
either for Epos of secrecy or for
divination. | Rin is Gaelic for. *‘ secret,”’
and helrin means “ divination.”’

There were several sorts of runes in Ceitic iny-
thology : as (1) the Evil Rune. employed when evil
was inyoked ; (2) tbe Securable Rune, to secure
from misadventure; (3) the Victorious Rurte, to
prveure victory over enemies ; (4) Medicinal Rune,

‘or restoring to health the indisposed, or for
averting danger: and (5) the Maledictory Rune.
to bring dow
Balaam and Balak.)

1085

nm curses on enemies. (Compare

Rush

Runic Rhymes. Rhymes in imita-
tion of the Edda or Book of Runie My-
thology ; rude, old-fashioned poetry of
a Runic stamp.

Runic Wands. Willow wands with
mystic characters inscribed on them,
used by the Scandinavians for magic
ceremonies.

Runnymede, The nom de guerre of
Disraeli in the Times. (1805-1881.)

Rupee. A silver coin = 2s. English
(a florin). A lac of rupees = £10,000
sterling. Since the depreciation of silver
the value of a rupee is considerably less.

* In 1870.an ounce of silver was worth 60}d, ; in
1876 it fell to 49d. ; to-day (May, 1895) it is quoted
between 58d, and 59d. ; and at New York at 67§d.

per ounce.
Rupert of Debate. Edward Geof-
frey, fourteenth Earl of Derby. It was
wheu he was Mr. Stanley, and the oppo-
nent of the great O (i.e. O’Connell), that
Lord Lytton so describes him. (1799-
1869.)
“The brilliant chief, irregularly great,
Frank, haughty, bold—the Rupert of Debate.”
New Timon,

Rupert’s Balls, or Prince Rupert's
Drops. Glass bubbles first brought to
England by Prince Rupert. “Each bubble
has a tail, and if the smallest part of the
tail is broken off the bubble explodes,
The French term is larme Batavique,
because these toys were invented in
Holland,

“The first production of an_author. . . is
usually esteemed as a sort of Prince Rupert's
drop, which is destroyed entirely if a person make
on it but a single scratch.”—Household Words,

Rupert’s Head (Sir), Devonshire.
The legend is that the young wife of Sir
Rupert Leigh eloped with a paramour,
and the guilty pair, being pursued, were
overtaken on the Red Cliff. The woman
fell over the cliff, and the paramour
sneaked off ; but Sir Rupert let. himself
down some thirty feet, took up the fallen
woman, and contrived to save her. She
was terribly mutilated, and remained a
sad disfigured cripple till death, but Sir
Rupert nursed her with unwearied zeal.
From this story the cliff received its name.

Rush, Not worth arush. Worthless.
The allusion is to the practice of strewing
floors with rushes before carpets were
invented, Distinguished guests had
clean fresh rushes, but those of inferior
grade had either the rushes which had
been already used by their superiors, or
none at all. The more modern expres-
sion is ‘‘ Not worth a straw.”

“Strangers have green rushes, when daily
pas ure not worth’a rush."—Lilly : Sappho and_
aon. :

Rush-bearing Sunday

1086

Ryot

Friar Rush. Will-o’-the-Wisp; a
strolling demon, who once on a time got
admittance into a monastery asascullion,
and played the monks divers pranks.
(See Frtar’s LANTHORN.)

Rush-bearing Sunday. <A Sunday,
generally near the time of the festival of
the saint to whom the church is dedi-
cated, when anciently it was customary
to renew the rushes with which the
church floor was. strewed. The festival
is stillobserved at Ambleside, Westmore-
land, on the last Sunday in July, the
church being dedicated to St. Anne,
whose day is July 26. The present
custom is to make the festival a flower
Sunday, with rushes and flowers formed
into fanciful devices, The preceding
Saturday is a holiday, being the day
when the old rushes were removed,

Rush’van. The angel who opens and

shuts.thé gates of Paradise or Al Janat,
(The Koran.)
Ruskine’se (3 syl.). Words and

hrases introduced by Ruskin, or coined
@ la Ruskin, The word is used in Zhe
Times ;—

“ Such writers as Ruskin and Carlyle have made
for themselves technical terms, words, and
phrases ; some of which will be incorporated into
the language . , . while others may remain em-
blems of Ruskinese and Carlylism,.”— June ll,

Russ. The Russian language; a
Russian.

Rus’‘sel. A common name given to
a fox, from its russet colour.

“ Dann Russel, the fox, stert up at oones,
And by the garget hente Chaunteclere
And on his bak toward the wood him here,”
‘ Chaucer: The Nonne Prestes Tale,

Russia, “ Great Russia’”’ is Muscovy.
‘¢ White or Little Russia’? is that part
acquired in 1654 by Alexei Mikalowitch,
including Smolensk. The emperor is
called the “‘Czar of All the Russias.”
(See Buack RussiA.)

Rus’sian. The nickname of a Rus-
sian is ‘¢a Bear,” or the ‘‘ Northern
Bear.”

Rustam. The Deev-bend and Persian
Hercules, famous for his victory over
the white dragon named Asdeev’, He
was the son of Zal, prince of Sedjistan.
The exploits attributed to him must have
been the aggregate of exploits performed
by numerous persons of the same name:
His combat for two days with Prince
Isfendiar is a favourite subject with the
Persian poets. The name of his horse
was Reksh. Matthew Arnold’s poem,
Sohrab and Rustam, gives an account of

,

Rustam fighting with and killing his son
Sohrab.

Rusty. He turns rusty. Like a rusty
bolt, he sticks and will not move.

Rusty-Fusty. That odour and filth
which accumulates on things and in
places not used.

“Then from the butchers we bought lamb and
sheepe,

Beer from the alehouse, and a broome to sweepe

Our cottage, that for want of use was musty,
And most extremely rusty-fusty dusty.”
Taylor: Workes, ii. 24.

Ruyde’ra. The duenna of Belerma
She had seven daughters, who wept so
bitterly at the death of Durandarte. that
Merlin, out of pity, turned thenr into
lakes or estuaries, (Don Quimote pt. ii,
bk, ii. ch. 6.)

Ry. A Stock Exchange expression
for any sharp or dishonest practice, It
originated in an old stock-jobber, who
had practised upon a young man, and,
being compelled to refund, wrote on the
cheque, ‘‘ Please to pay to R. Y.” etc.,
in order to avoid direct evidence of the
transaction.

Rye-house Plot. A conspiracy to
assassinate Charles II. and his’ brother
James on their way from Newmarket.
As the house in which the king was
lodging accidentally caught fire, the
royal party left eight days sooner than
they had intended, and the plot mis-
carried- It was called the Rye House
Plot because the conspirators met at the
Rye House Farm, in Hertfordshire.
(1683.)

Rykell (John). A celebrated